Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma

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== Neman Ra’ayi kan Sabon Proposal: Inganta Hausa Wikiquote ==

Assalamu alaikum al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia, Ina so na sanar da ku cewa na gabatar da wani proposal a shirin tallafin (Nigeria National Funding Program) domin inganta aikin Hausa Wikiquote wanda yake a Incubator tun a shekarar 2022 amma har yanzu ba a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken Wikimedia project ba.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 18:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===


== Buƙatar Sake Amincewa da Ni a Matsayin Admin ==


Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.  

Bayan cikar wa’adin watanni shida na hidimatawa a matsayin Admin na Hausa Wikimedians User Group kamar yadda tsarin ƙungiya ya tanada,  ina miƙa buƙatata ga al’umma domin a sake duba yiwuwar ba ni wannan dama na wani sabon zango.
 
Ina da ƙuduri da niyyar ci gaba da ba da gudummawata domin bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia tare da kiyaye gaskiya,  adalci da haɗin kai. 
Ina roƙon al’umma da su sake ba ni amincewa domin ci gaba da hidima. 
Na gode da lokacinku da kulawarku.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 13:29, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] na amince sosai tare da goyan baya akan wannan kudiri me kyau [[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 20:51, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


=== Support ===
:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]]na amince domin kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:03, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
:na amince don ka cigaba da muhimmiyar aiki da ka faro wata shida da suka wuce. Allah ya kara basira da kwarin gwiwa  [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:07, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

*Ina goyon baya sosai, hakan ƙarin ci gaba ne a Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:41, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon baya sosai akan hakan. Wannan cigaba ne ga Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya 
[[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 13:52, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon bata dari bisa dari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:56, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya saboda wannan edita ya sake zama admin saboda ya cancanta kuma sake ba shi wannan damar zai ƙara haɓaka maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 20:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa da Neman Goyon Baya ==


Barka da wannan lokaci

Ina fatan kuna lafiya, zanyi amfani da wannan damar domin in sanar daku cewa muna shirin gudanar da campaign mai take &quot;Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia should have&quot;, idan Allah ya yarda. Dan haka muke sanar daku tare da neman shawarar ku. Wannan campaign din zai kawo cigaba a ɓangaren ƙirƙira tare da inganta muƙalu da ake buƙata a Hausa Wikipedia. Nagode

[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:43, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Allah ya bada nasara ya kuma sa a cimma manufa [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 07:11, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Support Hakan na da Karanci dan haka wannan abu me kyau ne kwarai kuma muna goyon bayan Allah ya bada saa  [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.206.75|105.112.206.75]] 09:18, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:* support Allah ya bada saa muna goyon baya
:[[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:20, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:Enah goyan bayanka [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] domin wanan campaign din zai kawo mana cigaba a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:47, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaban al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 07:38, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' hakan yayi kuma yana da kyau, Allah ya bada sa'a da nasara akai [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 08:25, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
[[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]])
Support Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaan al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya mahmud maby (talk) 12:05 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari domin zai kawo ci gaba sosae a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 13:31, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

''' Support'''
Ina goyon bayan yin hakan Allah ya tabbatar da alkhari.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:06, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan fatan Allah ya ba da Nasara [[User:Mamman Ali|Mamman Ali]] ([[User talk:Mamman Ali|talk]]) 21:23, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
~~Ina goyan bayan hakan Allah ytabbatar da Alkairi~~

== Hausa Community Streets vox pop campaign==
 Barkan kuda wannan lokacin. 
 Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa. muna shishirye shiryen kawo muku campaign Wanda zaiyi hira da mutanen arewacin nigeria akan yadda suka san Wikipedia da kuma yadda suma zasu fara gyara a cikinta. inda zaayi vidiyo din interview din a watsa a duniyar yanar gizo domin kowa ya gani kuma ya iya anfani dashi. a matsayina na content creator mai tasowa wannan damace sosai gamu hausawa baki daya. muna goyan bayanku zuwa wannan lokaci. mungode.
 [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 08:04, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
#[[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:36, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Muna goyon bayan wannan kamfe saboda shine na farko a wannan manhaja ta Hausa, hakika zai kawo cigaba ga jama'a. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 07:39, 29 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

Sanarwa da Neman Goyan baya  [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:50, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== WikiAcademics - Fadada Wikimedia a Jami'o'in Arewacin Najeriya ==

Assalamu alaikum,  

Kungiyar Hadaka Open Learning Network tana jagorantar wani aikin tallafi na Wikimedia Community Fund mai taken '''WikiAcademics''': Fadada Wikimedia a Jami’o’in Arewacin Najeriya&quot;.  

Manufar aikin:  
* Ƙarfafa ɗalibai da malaman jami’o’i su shiga aikin Wikipedia.  
* Samar da horo da koyarwa domin bunkasa rubuce-rubuce a Hausa Wikipedia.  

Cikakken bayani da aikace-aikace [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/WikiAcademics:Expanding_Wikimedia_in_Northern_Nigerian_Universities_(ID:_23544402) Na Nan].

Ku shiga, ku bada ra’ayi, ku taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimi!  

'''Hadaka Open Learning Network'''

== Hausa Vital Articles III – Sabon Shiri don Inganta Hausa Wikipedia ==

Sannunku masu ba da gudunmawa.

Ina farin cikin sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia cewa, mun miƙa ƙarin wani shiri mai taken &quot;Hausa Vital Articles III&quot; ga Nigeria National Funding Program. 
Wannan shiri ne na cigaba daga inda muka tsaya a ayyukanmu na baya, wanda manufarsa ita ce mu ci gaba da haɓaka da kuma inganta muƙaloli (articles) masu matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin Hausa Wikipedia. Manufarmu ita ce mu tabbatar da cewa Hausa Wikipedia ta samu matsayin da ya kamata ta hanyar samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu karatu.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 11:30, 8 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

=== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ===
Assalamu alaikum yan uwa da abokan arziki editoci na Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku tare da neman goyon baya da shawarwari game da wani Rapid Grant mai taken '''Preserving Bauchi’s History and Culture Through Reliable Knowledge Creation on Wikimedia.''' da nake nema.
Manufar wannan aiki ita ce tattara da rubuta tarihi da al'adu game da abinda ya shafi Bauchi da ta hanyar inganta tsofaffin muƙaloli da ƙirƙirar sabbin, bayanai, da hotuna a kan dandalan Wikimedia. Wannan zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa tarihi da al’adun Bauchi sun samu tsari kuma sun kasance a bude ga kowa a duniya. [[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 06:58, 28 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks  ==

Assalamualaikum Ina maku Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwa editors da kuma shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedis tare da fatan kowa yana lafiya amin. Bayan haka, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu shirya wani proposal mai taken:'''Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks''' da fatan zamu samu shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, harda ma gyare-gyaren ku. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 08:19, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

==Hausa Wiktionary Harmonization and Community Initiative Activities==

Barkan mu,ina mai farin cikin gayyatarku zuwa wurin shirin dazamu gudanar na cigaban aikin mu dan habaka Hausa Wiktionary ta hanyar inganta kalmomi wanda ya kunshi daura hoto,daura Audio da wasu sabbin ayyuka ma kamar su Synonym da Anagrams.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 23:20, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] An fidda lokaci da wuri? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 09:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::Yanzu hakadai project din yana under review,kome ake ciki zamu sanar daku nan gaba. [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 13:36, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
:::Ok nayi zatan har funding anyi, naji kace &quot;gayyata&quot;. Na fahimta yanzu. Kamar neman goyon baya kenan ko? To Allah ya tabbatar da hakan ina goyon baya. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::::Ga link din discussion page domin nuna goyon baya:https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grants_talk:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Hausa_Wiktionary_Harmonization_and_Community_Initiative_Activities_(ID:_23550226)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1. Nagode [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 12:20, 4 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa akan biki zagayowar shekara ta wikidata ==

Barkan mu da war haka.

Ina mai farin chikin sanar da jama'ar wannan tafiya ta wikipedia Hausa cewa muna kokarin kaddamar da bukata na neman tallafi don gudanar da wayar da kai akan wikidata a Adamawa da kuma Nasarawa dafatan Allah ya bamu nasara Amin. [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 01:48, 31 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia Voice For All ==
Barkan ku da wannan lokacin. 
Inama editocin Hausa fatan Alkhairi. nazo na sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen kawo muku campaign na mata a Wikipedia Hausa saboda haryanzu mun rasa kwararrun editoci mata a shafin mu, wanda idan muka duba wasu shafin Wikipedia zamuga yadda mata suke taka rawar gani sosai. da fatan wannan taro namu me taken Wikipedia Voice For All zai kawo cigaba ga matan mu editors. nagode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:59, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan shirin saboda karfafa mata akan ayyukan Wikipedia da kuma samun kwararrun editoci mata da masu wakilci ta bangaren mata. Allah ya bada Sa'a.
[[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 21:06, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan yunƙuri na karfafa muradin mata da bayyana tarihin su a Wikipedia.
Na jima da ganin yadda gudummawar mata ke ƙaranci a cikin babbar kundin ilimi na duniya. Lokaci ya yi da za a gyara hakan.
Allah ya Bada sa'a [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 21:03, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Global discussion on Welcome messages ==

&lt;div lang{{=}}&quot;en&quot; dir{{=}}&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sorry that this message is in English. {{int:please-translate}}. There is a request for comment at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Welcoming policy]] on a proposal to forbid sending [[:m:welcome messages|welcome messages]] to users who have not made an edit, which is currently in practice at your wiki. Your comment on this matter would be appreciated.&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:38, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for reaching out,  the welcome messags sent by new user have Tutorials on it, for new users it's better for them know how to edit on our Wiki first before practicing it in order to avoid violations.
:Thank you @[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] for reaching out. The welcome messages sent to new users contain tutorials. For new users, it's better for them to learn how to edit on our wiki first before practicing, in order to avoid violations. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:29, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

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== Murnar zagayowar Shakarar Wikidata a Gombe Network ==

Assalamu alaikum

Muna farin cikin sanar da ku cewa Gombe Network zata yi murnar zagayowar shekarar wikidata ta goma sha uku, kuma muna so mu yi amfani da wanna rana don fassara abubuwan wikidata zuwa yaren Hausa. Muna neman fatan alkhairi da kuma shwawarwari daga wannan alummah mai albarka. mun gode [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:00, 15 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.&lt;/span&gt; 
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'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|ha}}.
*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. 

'''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Ci Gaba Da Zama Mai Gudanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum yan’uwa masu bada gudunmawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia.  
Hakika ina daga cikin masu gudanarwa (administrators) a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, kuma ga shi wa'adin gudanarwata yana dab da ƙarewa, hakan ta sanya make fatan ci gaba da wannan aiki domin kula da tsari, tsafta, da kuma kare wannan shafi daga duk wani abin da zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa.  
Saboda haka nake neman goyon bayan ku da amincewar ku domin in ci gaba da zama mai gudanarwa (administrator). Goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni da kuma al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya. Na gode. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 22:42, 26 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* :Ina bada goyon baya dari bisa dari [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:35, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
* :'''Support''' Ina mai bayyana goyon bayana a bisa ci gaba da kasancewrsa admin a Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim]] ([[User talk:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|talk]]) 13:40, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' hakika ka kasa ce edita mai bada gudummawa sosai a Hausa Wikipedia, dan haka sake baka wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ga shafin Hausa Wikipedia na bunƙasa shi, dan haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:54, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas Ina goyon bayan ka sake kasancewa Admin a karo na biyu. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 07:52, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina goyon baya sosai domin cigaba da kula da ayyukan editici da kuma kawo cigaba wajan gyara ayyukan da suka saɓa ƙa'ida. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:11, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina matukar goyon bayan wannan shawara ta sake zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia,sabi da ka kasance cikakken mai bada gudunmawa a Wikimedia baki daya don haka ina goyon bayan.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 13:16, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* Lallai wannan edita jajirtaccen ne wurin bada gudunmawa a wannan shafi na Wikipedia da sauran ƴan uwanta, ina goyon bayan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai gudanarwa a wannan shafi '''Support''' [[User:Hamza DK|Hamza DK]] ([[User talk:Hamza DK|talk]])
* Ina goyan bayan samun wannan dama a karo na biyu. Hakan karin jawo cigaba ne ga Hausawa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

* '''Support''' ina goyan bayan ka dan sake zama Admin saboda irin gudummawar da kake bayarwa.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 05:20, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:Ina bada goyan baya akan ka zama mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewa da kuma gudunmawa da kake badawa a manhajar Wikipedia musamman a bangaren yaren Hausa.  [[User:Captain1044|Captain1044]] ([[User talk:Captain1044|talk]]) 11:46, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Goyon Bayan Zama Mai Gudanarwa (Administrator) ==
Salam, Dafatan kuna lafiya Yan uwa.
ina mai neman goyon bayanku. na kasance mai gyara gyare a Wikipedia musan man ta Hausa tun 2019. inada sha'awar gyare gyare musan man akan abunda ya shafi ka'idojin rubutu, gaba dake tsakanin rubutu, saka manazarta da kuma gyara fassarori zuwa ga tabbacciyar ingantaciyar rubutu wanda za'a iya karantawa. Ina neman goyon bayanku. 
nagode. 
[[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 13:15, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:* '''Strongly Support SS ''' [[User:Omoty77|Omoty77]] ([[User talk:Omoty77|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*:Gaskiya enah goyon bayan [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] kazama Admin sabo da ɗadewan da kayi kana bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 07:05, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:* '''Support''', ƙwararren edita ne kuma yana da kishi. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.
:[[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:53, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Walaikumus Salam ɗan uwa. Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina goyon bayan wannan editan ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan alkhairi [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 13:34, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina go yan baya dari bisa dari. Saboda mun yaba da yanda yake jajircewa wajen wayan ma sababbin editors Kai da kuma basu gudun mawa wajen basu Illumin da yakamata wajen yin ingan tacen editing yada yakamata.
([[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|Abubakar Yusuf Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 20:33, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC))

* '''Support''' Gaskiya ina goyon bayan ka dan zama Admin dari bisa dari domin gudummawar da kake badawa a wikipedia.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 04:25, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas wannan babban edita ya cancanci ya zama edita domin ya daɗe yana bada gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, sannan yana da gurin bunƙasa maƙalolin shafin Hausa Wikipedia, bashi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce gare mu baki ɗaya na cigaba da bunƙasa shafin Hausa Wikipedia, dan Haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:41, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' ƙwararren edita ne da ya daɗe yana bada gudummowa. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* {{s}} Tabbas Hausa Wikipedia na bukatan kwararrun editoci wanda suka dade suna bada gudummawa da jajircewa wajen kawo cigaba a wannan shafi. Saboda haka ina goyon bayan haka.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:21, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:* ''' Support''' Ina goyan bayan bama wannan editan admin ganin dacewar shi da kuma dadewar shi yana bada gudunmawa
*:[[User:Sadauki11|Sadauki11]] ([[User talk:Sadauki11|talk]]) 14:20, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin karo na biyu ==

Assalam, da fatan kuna lafiya. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku akan sabunta wa'adin zama Admin a karo na biyu domin kula da nagartaccin ayyuka da kuma tankaɗe ayyuka masu kyau. Nagode..  Bissalam.

[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:36, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Support ina mai goyon bayan haka 100% duba da irin koqsrin dakake na ganin an inganta muqalu da jajircewa gurin koyarda sabbin editors  [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:24, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan sosai domin inganta hausa Wikipedia. Tabbas hakan zai kawo ci gaba [[User:Najeebbabi|Najeebbabi]] ([[User talk:Najeebbabi|talk]]) 13:42, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya 100% domin jajirtaccen aikin da kakeyi a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Moherhh|Moherhh]] ([[User talk:Moherhh|talk]]) 13:47, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya saboda jajircewa da kwazo na wannan edita.
*Support [[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 15:19, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)Ina goyon bayan hakan saboda kwazo da jajircewa wannan editan
*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari
*'''Support'''' Ina goyon baya [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:51, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*’’’Support’’’ Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa dari saboda hazaka da jajircewar wannan editan
*'''Support''': Tabbas ina goyon bayan sake kasancewarka mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewarka wajen ganin an tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia daga dukkan wani koma baya. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 19:33, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:*'''Support''' support 100% [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' ina goyan bayan sosai, domin cigaba da ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

== Ku fadi ra'ayinku: zaben 2025 Kwamitin Amintattu ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Barkan mu,

Lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Zaɓen Kwamitin Amintattu]] ya buɗe. 'Yan takara na neman kujeru biyu (2) a Kwamitin.

Don duba cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a, da fatan za a ziyarci [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|shafin cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a]].

Ƙara koyo game da su ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|karanta bayanan aikace-aikacen su da kallon bidiyon takararsu]].

Lokacin da kun shirya, ku je zuwa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|shafin zabe na SecurePoll don kada kuri'a]].

'''Za a buɗe zaɓe daga 8 ga Oktoba a 00:00 UTC zuwa Oktoba 22 a 23:59 UTC.'''

Gaisuwa mafi kyau,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Shugaba, Kwamitin Zabe&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa tare da neman goyon baya ==

Ƴan'uwa masu daraja dafatan kuna lafiya, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wiki Loves Africa 2026 In Kebbi and Niger insha Allah,  muna neman goyon bayan ku tare da haɗin kai da kuma shawarwarin da kuke ganin ya dace nagode. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:55, 21 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Kakaranta muƙalar da ƙyau kafin ka wallafa ta ==

Assallamu'alaikum malam [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] Sannu da ƙokari kalura da abin da kake fassarawa kafin ka wallafa, wanan muƙalan mai suna [[Labarin inganci abinci na Tarayyar Turai: Tarihin sauye-sauyen]] bata da Ma'ana ko ƙadan kaje ka inganta ta dan Allah in koma baga inganta ta ba zan gogeta nan da kwana biyu nagode [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 14:00, 22 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikifunctions will be deployed on your wiki on 2025-11-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hi all, we want to let you know that [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] is coming to your project soon! When enabled, you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles.

A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. Think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks!

Please check out [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|these tutorials]] for more details. You’re also invited to [[:f:Special:CreateObject|create functions]] that you find useful, or [[:f:Wikifunctions:Suggest a function|ask for help from the Wikifunctions community]].

We would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels into your language, so that more users in your community can more easily reuse them on the project. You can also translate the messages for the Wikifunctions interface on TranslateWiki ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-ve&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for VisualEditor messages], and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-user&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for the Wikifunctions interface proper]).

Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me [[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|on my talk page]].
&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--[[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Hi all, unfortunately due to a technical problem we couldn't deploy Wikifunctions on your project. We will keep you updated about the next date of deployment. Thanks for your comprehension! [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:57, 6 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman masu sa kai don shiga da dama daga cikin kwamitocin motsi. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kowace shekara, yawanci daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, da yawa daga cikin kwamitocin motsi suna neman sabbin masu sa kai. 

Kara karantawa game da kwamitocin akan shafukansu na Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kwamitin Alaƙa (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Hukumar Ombuds (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kwamitin Binciken Harka (CRC)]]

Aikace-aikacen kwamitocin suna buɗe 30 Oktoba 2025. Aikace-aikace don Kwamitin Alaƙa, da kuma aikace-aikacen Hukumar Ombuds kuma Kwamitin Binciken Harka ya rufe 11 Disamba 2025. Koyi yadda ake nema ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|ziyartar shafin alƙawari akan Meta-wiki]]. Aika zuwa shafin magana ko imel cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org tare da kowace tambaya da kuke da ita.

Ga Tawagar Taimakon Kwamitin,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ko shawara ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Yan'uwa editocin Wikipedia, dafatan kuna lafiya, ina amfani da wannan damar domin na sanar da ku shirin mu na Wikipedia birthday @ 25 karkashin Kaduna Network, shirin zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasu daga cikin makalolin Hausa Wikipedia da sauran su, dafatan zaku bamu goyon baya da haɗin kai [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 19:10, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Duplicate articles ==

Hello, this would be entirely in English as I do not speak or understand Hausa. 
These two articles are about the same topic, and I think they could be merged together: [[Ganuwar Benin]] and [[Benin Moat]]. I will suggest merging the contents of [[Ganuwar Benin]] into [[Benin Moat]] or whichever works best.
Pinging editors who I think could handle this, anyone else could: {{ping|Uncle Bash007|Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Gwanki|Pharouqenr}}

Thank you, and happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:18, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you @[[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] i have noticed it, and [[Ganuwar Benin]] is more reliable than [[Benin Moat]]. So i have deleted [[Benin Moat]] now. And thank you for reaching out and wishing you all the best. 
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 07:30, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] You could redirect [[Benin Moat]] to [[Ganuwar Benin]], since it is more or less the English name, instead of nuking it entirely. 
::Happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:31, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa, akan Zamar Karshen shekara a Gombe Network ==

Muna sanar da jama'ar mu chewa Wikimedia User Group Nigeria, Gombe Network, tana kokarin neman tallafi na gudanar da zaman karshen shekara don kara sanayya da fihimta game da shiryeshiryen mu na shekara mai zuwa [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 21:36, 14 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

== Neman admin akaro na biyu ==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:21, 22 Disamba 2025 (UTC)}}
Ina neman goyon bayanku domkn kasancewa admin akaro na biyu domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na gari da kuma bada gudumuwa ta hanyar taimakon editoci. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 10:52, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

===Support===
#'''Support''' Tabbas ina goyon baya sosai. Hakan zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:07, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Support''' Haƙiƙa wannan edita ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin dake ƙoƙarin bunƙasa shafukan Hausa Wikipedia, tabbas sake ba shi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ta cigaba da tsaftace maƙalolin dake Hausa Wikipedia tare da inganta su dan haka ina goyon baya. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:15, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Goyan baya''' Ina mai goyan bayan ba ka damar mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu, duba da hakan zai taimaka wajen kara kawo cigaba da ma tsaftace Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa Dari domin cigaban Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 23:27, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Zama Admin Ƙaro Na Biyu  ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:48, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Ina fatan kuna cikin ƙushien  lafiya. Enah Wannan rubutu nawa ne domin sake gabatar da buƙatata karo na biyu na samun damar zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia. A baya na riga na gabatar da irin wannan buƙata, kuma a wannan karo ina ƙara jaddada sha’awata da ƙudirin da nake da shi na ci gaba da yi wa Hausa Wikipedia hidima.
Na dade ina ba da gudunmawa ta hanyar ƙirƙira, gyarawa da inganta muƙaloli, tare da taimakawa sababbin masu gyara su fahimci ka’idoji da tsarin aikin Wikipedia. Ina da cikakken shiri da niyyar ɗaukar nauyin da ke tattare da matsayin Admin, musamman wajen kula da muƙaloli, da dakile masu lalata muƙala, da tabbatar da ingancin bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina roƙon Editors din Hausa Wikipedia da su sake duba wannan buƙata ta tare da ni, tare da ba ni wannan dama idan sun ga na cancanta. Zan yi farin cikin karɓar duk wata shawara ko gyara da za ta taimaka wajen inganta aikina
Nagode. [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 09:46, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)

:Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina mai goyon bayan ka domin zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia saboda jajurcewar ka wajen inganta rubutan Hausa a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan Allah ya bada nasara ameen. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 17:23, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:42, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya sosai... hakan zai kawo cigaba [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 20:49, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyi sabo da jajir cewanka [[User:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo]] ([[User talk:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|talk]]) 21:06, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Kasancewar ka edita mai bada gudummawa a kusan koda yaushe, ina goyon baya domin sake baka damar zai ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 22:07, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# Ina goyon Bayan ka sake Zama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajircewar ka Hakan Zai Kara kawo cigaba sosae[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 22:14, 29 Disamba 2025 
# ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia domin yana kawo wa [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 05:16, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayanka kazama Admin karo na biyu sabo da ƙoƙarin da kake yi [[User:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|Asma,u Khamis hussaini]] ([[User talk:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|talk]]) 17:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Ifteehern|Ifteehern]] ([[User talk:Ifteehern|talk]]) 17:25, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya sosai sabida zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya, Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina goyan bayan kazama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajir cewarka [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:42, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan bayan kasancewar ka a matsayin mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu a sakamakon irin jajircewa da gudummawar da kake bayarwa domin tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 18:22, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan sake dawowar ka... Allah ya taimaka. [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 18:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Neman Admin a karo na biyu ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:47, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 10:00, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
#Ina goyon byan hakan domin zai kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 18:13, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#ina mai goyon  bayen hakan domin hakan zai kawo cigaba gaba sosai a wikipedia [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]]) 21:11, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 22:03, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina Mai goyan bayan hakan
#ina gonyon baya dari bisa dari dan zai kawo kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 22:06, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina mai bada goyon baya dari bisa dari akan wannan domin zai kawo cigaba sosai. [[User:Abdoulmerlic|Abdoulmerlic]] ([[User talk:Abdoulmerlic|talk]])
#'''Support''', duba da irin gudunmawarka a ko yaushe, hakan zai kawo cigaba wajen ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina goyon baya Dari bisa Dari [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 11:49, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:35, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 12:41, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) 
# [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) Ina Goyan bayan hakan domin zaya kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]])
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina gonyan baya dari bisa Dari kazamu admin Dan kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:33, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:49, 9 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''SUPPORT'''...Ina goyon bayan wannan Kuduri [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:45, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Sanarwa ==
Muna sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia game da shirin '''Celebrating International Women’s Day Through The Wikimedia Projects 2026''', wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa wakilcin mata da haɓaka gudunmawar su a ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman a harshen Hausa. Muna maraba da ra’ayoyi da shawarwari daga al’umma. [[User:Sirjat|Sirjat]] ([[User talk:Sirjat|talk]]) 11:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

==

==Logo don murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 16:18, 22 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
[[File:WP25 potential birthday logo-ha.svg|link=|thumb|right|280px|Logon murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25]]

A cikin wannan watan Wikipedia ke cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da kafuwa. Inason yin amfani da wannan lokaci domin taya daukacin editocin Hausa Wikipedia murnar cikar wannan shekaru. Wannan babbar nasara ce garemu baki daya.

Saboda murnar wannan lokacin, ina son mu canza logon mu domin taya Wikipedia murna.

A nan gefe zaku iya ganin sabon hoton logon murnar, wanda aka fassara da Hausa daga logon Turanci wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta bada saboda murnar zagayowar lokacin.

Idan kuna goyon bayan haka sai ku rubuta a nan ƙasa. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:03, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya sosai domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 18:49, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Yayi kyau, ina goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 09:00, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''Support''' ina goyon baya [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai, ina kuma taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:41, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon Baya domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekara 25[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 13:33, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== SANARWA TARE DA NEMAN GOYON BAYA ==

Assalamu alailum, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wikipedia a jihar Niger insha Allah, wanda shirin zai bunƙasa shafukan Wikipedia da kuma yan'uwanta, sannan shirin zai bunƙasa samar da sabbin esitoci a Hausa Wikipedia. Allah ya bamu sa'a da nasara [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 12:26, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum editoci masu albarka,fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya Allah yasa haka ne amin. Ina mai amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku da neman goyon bayanku game da kasancewa na admin a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. In a fatan mu cigaba da kasancewa lafiya amin ya Rabbal alamin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 10:52, 13 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya.. Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 16:05, 14 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. I support  [[User:Anasysmart|Anasysmart]] ([[User talk:Anasysmart|talk]]) 07:12, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan baya 100% ..Allah ya taimaka [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 09:59, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayanka kazama Admin sbd jajircewanka a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:14, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa  ==

assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa na editors, Ina sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal game da '''Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausaal Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausa'''. Idan akwai shawarwari ko ƙarin bayani a shirye nake da yin amfani da su. Nagode sosai. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 20:22, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

muna goyan bayan sa saboda jajir ciwar shi [[User:Musa650|Musa650]] ([[User talk:Musa650|talk]]) 07:19, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ==

Barkann mu da wannan lokacin yan'uwana editoci, muna shirin gudanar da wani taro nan bada jimawa ba a jihar Plateau, dan haka nake sanar da ku tare da neman shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, Nagode [[User:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu]] ([[User talk:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|talk]]) 20:25, 17 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwatarwa ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ina rubuto maka ne domin sanar da kai cewa an buɗe lokacin bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwtarwa. Kana iya ba da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, 2026. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko cikin jerin matakai da za a ɗauka domin bitar shekara-shekara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Karanta ƙarin bayani kuma ka samu tattaunawa da za ka shiga a shafin UCoC a Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kwamitin Daidaita Aiwatar da Universal Code of Conduct]] (U4C) wata ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ta sadaukar da kai wajen tabbatar da adalci da daidaitaccen aiwatar da UCoC. Wannan bitar shekara-shekara an tsara ta kuma an aiwatar da ita ne ta hannun U4C. Don samun ƙarin bayani da kuma fahimtar nauyin da ke kan U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kana iya duba Kundin Tsarin U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan bayanin zuwa ga wasu mambobi a cikin al'ummarku inda ya dace.

-- A cikin haɗin gwiwa da U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|tattaunawa]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa game da shirin kaddamar da project na WikiFemme Learning Lab in Bauchi  ==

Assalamu alaikum,

Muna sanar da fara aikin WikiFemme Learning Lab In Bauchi, wani aikin Rapid Fund daga Wikimedia Community Fund da ke nufin ƙarfafa mata su shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman Wikipedia. Aikin zai ba da horo da tallafi don mata su koyi gyara da ƙirƙirar abubuwan ilimi, tare da rage gibi a wakilcin mata a cikin abun da ke kan Wikipedia.

Muna gayyatar al’umma su ba da shawarwari da goyon baya domin tabbatar da nasarar wannan aiki da ƙara tasirinsa a Bauchi da kewaye.

Na gode. [[User:Santa MMD|Santa MMD]] ([[User talk:Santa MMD|talk]]) 22:02, 27 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects ==

Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa da shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa Editors na wannan manhajar cewa, zamu rubuta proposal game da &quot;'''Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects'''&quot; muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwarin ku, Nagode sosai.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:19, 29 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum sanunku da warhaka, ina shirya neman Wikimedia Rapid Fund don aiki a kan inganta **bayanan lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia**. Aikin, *&quot;Bridging Women’s Health Knowledge in Hausa,&quot;* zai ƙunshi fassara labarai masu kyau daga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi zuwa Hausa, wanda ya shafi batutuwa kamar lafiyar uwa, lafiyar haila, lafiyar haihuwa, da cututtukan da ke shafar mata. Muna kuma shirin ɗaukar nauyin  horo ta hanyar intanet da kuma aikin editing don tallafawa sabbin editoci da ƙwararru wajen koyon yadda ake fassara da inganta abubuwan lafiya ta amfani da nassoshi masu inganci.

Wannan shiri zai faɗaɗa samun ingantattun bayanai game da lafiya a cikin Hausa Wikipedia musamman ga mata, sa' anan zai rage gibin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mata, da kuma ƙarfafa janyo sabin edtoci zuwa shiga cikin al'ummar Hausa Wikimedia. Muna maraba da ra'ayoyin al'umma kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, sha'awar shiga a matsayin edita ko mai ba da shawara, da duk wani shawarwari da za su iya taimakawa wajen inganta wannan aiki. Ra'ayoyinku za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa aikin ya cika buƙatun al'umma kuma yana da tasiri mai ma'ana. [[User:Umabruka|Umabruka]] ([[User talk:Umabruka|talk]]) 20:54, 1 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 11:26, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia  ==

Assalamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci a wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 22:49, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#Ina goyon baya sosai. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 23:05, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:45, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#:ina Mai goyon Baya Dari bisa Dari[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:08, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon bayan zaman wannan ƙwararren edita ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia, domin ina da tabbacin zai taimaka da ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin da ke Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbin maƙaƙolin, dan haka ina hoyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:11, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026
# Ina Matugar Nuna goyon baya akan hakan [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|&amp;#126;2026-85864-0]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|talk]]) &lt;span style=&quot; color:Green ; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Muktee1494&lt;/span&gt;
# ina goyon baya  don inganta wikipedia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 06:31, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya don kwazo day jajircewar wannan edita[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 08:19, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#inagoyon baya dari bisa dari Allah yataimaka[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 21:36, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wikimedia knowledge sharing in America University of Nigeria ==
Assalamu alaikum jama,a naxo ne  domin in sanar da ku cewa na shirya wani aiki da zai wayar da kan jama'a game da harkar Wikimedia a Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya. Dake garin Adamawa Aikin yana da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan Wikimedia da horar da sabbin editoci kan yadda za su ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikimedia. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarwarinku  domin samun nasarar aikin. na gode. [[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 15:16, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Sannu da kokari, amma babu cikakken bayani game da aikin dan haka bamu san wacce irin shawara zamu bayar ba. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:19, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Campaign in Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria ==

assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign  mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:00, 10 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Wa'alaika Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Ko zamu iya samun ƙarin bayani game da gangamin? Yana da kyau a rinka saka cikakken bayani saboda kada a samu hadaka wajen gudanar da irin wannan aikin. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:21, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] An dakatar da maganar wannan aiki sai nan gaba. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:23, 17 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games ==

Assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwana editoci na wannan manhajar, ina mai sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal mai taken '''Wiki for Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games'''. Ina mai neman goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku.Nagode@[[User:Salahu Gwanki|Salahu Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Salahu Gwanki|talk]]) 18:39, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron Infectious Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria on Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria. Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin lafiya. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:54, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 16:47, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron karawa juna sani na administrators ==

Assalam,

Ina mai farin cikin sanarwa cewa zamu gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na masu kula da shafukan Hausa Wikipedia don kara gogewa game da ayyukan kula da shafukan Wikipedia. Wannan taro zai nunawa admin muhimmancin aikinsu musamman a wannan lokaci da bayanan karya ke da saukin yaduwa.

Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 16:30, 13 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State ==

Assalaalaikum, 

Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwana editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhajar ta Hausa Wikipedia, inama kowa fatan alheri. Bayan haka, ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta proposal game da '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State''' insha Allahu. Muna neman shawarwarin ku da neman goyon bayan ku, da kuma ƙarin haske ko bayani. Nagode sosai, Sanarwa daga @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 15:59, 14 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum ƴan'uwa masu albarka, ina amfani da wannan damar domin sanar da ku shirin mu na gudanar da taro a makarantun gaba da secondary a Daura, wannan wannan shirin insha Allah zai buƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia, Wikidata, sanya hotuna masu inganci uwa uba tare da samar da sabbin editoci masu sa kai a shafukan Hausa Wikipedia da ƴan'uwanta, ina neman goyon bayan ku. Na gode daga Yusuf Sa'adu [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:11, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:24, 17 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]].

We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community.
* Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently &lt;code&gt;&quot;:n&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&quot;:1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;book_reference-1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;).
* Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name.
* Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation).
* Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. &quot;title&quot; or &quot;last&quot;+&quot;first&quot;) – defined by the community.

=== Feedback ===
[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]].

'''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism.
We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic.

Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings.

Thank you for participating!&lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|hira]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:15, 19 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Shirye shiryen taron Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa mun fara shirye-shiryen gudanar da &quot;campaign dinmu na Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria&quot;. Wannan taron zai kara inganta Hausa Wikipedia akan muƙalu da suka shafi Ilimi. Nagode [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:01, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Women-Focused Digital Skills, Photo Walks, and Audio Recording in Kaduna Hausa Communities ==

Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, in yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan ina man barka da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, zan gudanar da taron karawa juna ilimi kamar yadda taken shi yake a sama. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku da kuma bada shawarwari da zasu ciya da wannan aiki gaba. Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi.  Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 15:30, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikipedia User Retention Workshop ==
Salamu Alaikum warahmatullah. yan uwa masu albarka. ina mana fatan alkahiri da kuma fatan an gama Azumi kuma anyi Sallah lafiya. mafi yawan cin lokaci muna hada taruka kuma muna kawo sabbin editoci.amma da an gama taron ko gasar shikenan saika ga wannna sabbin editocin sun daina gyara da kuma rubutu a Wikipedia. wannna matsala ce babba. muna da sama da editoci dubu arbain amma bamu da tsayyen editoci ko dari biyar. wannna taron zaiyi gyara akan haka. ina mai neman goyon bayanku dan wannan aiki. nagode sosai. ku bada shawarwarinku a kasan wannan rubutun. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 07:00, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


== Sanarwa Da Neman Goyon Baya ==
Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa da abokan arziki editor's na wannan gida mai Albarka ina yima kowa fatan Alkairi tare da fatan kowa yayi bikin sallah lafiya,ina mai amfani da wannan dama wajen neman goyon bayan ku akan proposal dana nema mai taken Documentin and Enhancing Agricultural and Environmental Vocabulary on Hausa Wiktionary . Wannan project zai cike gibin da muke dashi na karancin kalmomin da suka danganci noma da muhalli a Hausa Wiktionary. Bissalam mu kwana lafiya Allah ya sadamu da Alkairan sa.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 19:49, 28 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Kamfe na Wikiquote a Daura ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu gudanar da kamfe don wayar da kai game da WIkiquote a Daura a wannan zagaye. Da fatan zaku bamu gudummawa. Nagode [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 06:48, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Wikipedia Trend Video  Awareness Campaigns==
Salam, yan uwa. duba da koma baya da ake samu a Wikipedia da sauran yan uwanta. muke shirin kawo muku video awareness wanda zai zama kamar drama haka.domin samun hankali da kuma kulawar al'ummar mu dake anfani da shafuka na internet.ku fada mana ra'ayinku.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aliyu shaba&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Aliyu shaba|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:30, 28 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons ==

Assalamualikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabannin wannan manhajar da ƴan uwansa editors Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa na rubuta proposal game da '''Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons''' wanda insha Allahu za'a gudanar da shi a Jihar Adamawa. Muna neman. Nagode sosai @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:20, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikimedia Awareness for educated/elite women in Northern Nigeria ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Ina mai mika gaisuwa ta girmamawa ga daukacin 'yan uwan wannan shafi. Na rubuta wannan wasika ne domin gabatar da shirinmu a hukumance, wanda zamu tsara domin fadakarwa da kuma karfafa gwiwar mata masana da masu ilimi a fadin Arewacin Najeriya. Babban burin wannan aiki shi ne samar da karin mata editoci a Wikipedia daga yankinmu, tare da daukaka matsayin mata wajen rike mukaman shugabanci a karkashin gidauniyar Wikimedia. Ta hanyar wannan horo, mahalarta za su samu kwarewa ba kawai a fannin gyara Wikipedia ba, har ma da karfin gwiwar taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan tafiya. [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_Funding_Program/Wikimedia_Awareness_for_educated/elite_women_in_Northern_Nigeria]]

[[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 11:49, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:11, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

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== Neman Kasancewa Admin a karo na Uku ==

Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na uku domin cigaba da tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 20:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
#Ina goyon baya domin cigaban wikipidia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 21:19, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon Bayan Hakan Dari bisa Dari Domin cigaban Wikipedia[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 21:30, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
#ina mai goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari dan kawo cigaba. [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 21:27, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari
#Ina goyon baya sosai. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 21:38, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyen bayen hakan dari Bisa dari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai ~~
#Ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 22:18, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Don cigaba da tsabtacewa gami da bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia, muna bukatar jajirtattu irinka.Lallai ina goyon bayan hakan [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyu sbd jajircewan ka akan Kula da mukaloli a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:55, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa Dari sosai sosai[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 05:28, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai domin Yana kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 05:57, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Tabbas ka kasance daga cikin jajirtaccin Admins a Hausa Wikipedia, faruwar hakan nasara ce babba a wannan man haja. Fatan Alkhairi. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 06:13, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai saboda gudummawar da kake bayarwa a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 06:16, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:57, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;

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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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== Taron Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna &quot;Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project&quot; Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi Kimiyya, Fasaha, Lissafi, da kuma Injiniyanci. [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 19:53, 7 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaigns for Preserving Heritage, Improving Knowledge Access, and Promoting Inclusion through Photo Contests and Training Programs ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna &quot;Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaigns for Preserving Heritage, Improving Knowledge Access, and Promoting Inclusion through Photo Contests and Training Programs&quot; Domin ingantawa da kuma dora hotuna a wiki Commons. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 17:48, 11 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Bauchi State  ==

Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa na editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedians, inama kowa fatan alheri tare sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta Grant project mai taken '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Bauchi State'''. Dan haka muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwari ko gyara.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 17:30, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== SheSaid Hausa 2026- Phase IV ==

Assalam, 

Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na SheSaid na Hausa a karo na hudu wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin September zuwa Oktoba in Allah ya yarda. 

Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 07:46, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirin gudanar da taron Cultivating Knowledge: Hausa Wikipedia Agriculture 2026 Campaign ==

Assalam,

Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na Cultivating Knowledge:Hausa Wikipedia Agriculture 2026 Campaign na Hausa a karo na farko  wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin September zuwa Oktoba in Allah ya yarda.

Bissalam [[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] ([[User talk:Dev ammar|talk]]) 17:03, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|hira]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

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== Empowering Women Changing the World ==
Assalamu alaikum Al Umman Hausa Wikipedia naxo ne na sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Empowering Women Changing the World. Domin cigaban matan mu na Arewa kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin mata. Nagode [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_Funding_Program/Umar_Aliyu/Empowering_Women_Changing_the_World#Resources]]
[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 12:03, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)
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== Neman zama admin na din din din ==

assalamu alaikum ina neman goyon bayanku na kasan cewa admin na din din din domin tabbata da ingancin wannan man haja ta wikipedia da kuma taimakawa sabin editoci batare da samin tsaiko ba wajen gudanar da aiki nagode. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 19:50, 16 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 16:52, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ina mai goyon baya

==Support==
*Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 19:58, 16 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari....[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 17:25, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)

*Ina goyon baya sosai.

== Support ==

Ina goyon Bayan haka, sakamakon gudummuwar da kake badawa. [[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] ([[User talk:Dev ammar|talk]]) 20:13, 16 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari ~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:05, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
::# support [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 17:39, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)ina mai goyon baya

== Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia Should Have 2026 Campaign Phase II ==

Assalam,

Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na '''Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia Should Have 2026 Campaign Phase II''' a karo na biyu wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin Disamba zuwa Janairu in Allah ya yarda.

Bissalam, [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 19:30, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC)


== Preserving Hausa Indigenous Health Knowledge Through Wikipedia: Medicinal Plants, Traditional Practices and Indigenous Health Terminology ==

Assalamualaikum,
Ina mai farincin amfani da wannan dama wajen sanar daku cewa muna shirin kaddamar da kamfen na '''Preserving Hausa Indigenous Health Knowledge Through Wikipedia: Medicinal Plants, Traditional Practices and Indigenous Health Terminology''' wanda zai gudana acikin watan Disamba [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:20, 5 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki for Social Change by Addressing Women and Child Vulnerability through Open Knowledge and Community Engagement in Northern Nigeria ==
Assalamu Alaikum Jama'an wannan gida mai albarka. in mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa, akwai taron wayar da kai da kara wa juna sani daza mu gudanar a Jihar Taraba Jalingo insha'allahu daga shekaran nan zuwa farkon sekara mai zuwa. Muna bukatar shawar warin ku tare da neman goyon bayan ku. Fatan Allah yayi mana jagora amin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 11:13, 11 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Bilkisu mahmood  ==
bilkisu mah [[User:Bilkeesi|Bilkeesi]] ([[User talk:Bilkeesi|talk]]) 14:13, 12 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Neman izinin zama admin na din din din ==
aslm ina mai neman goyon bayanku domin zama admin na din din din domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na kwarai a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 12:23, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
===Support===

* ina mai goyan bayan hakan dari bisa dari duba da Irin gudummuwar da kakebadawa a wannan kafa[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 12:31, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon baya saboda muhimmiyar gudummuwar da yake badawa a Hausa wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 19:25, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya sosai. Wannan editan ya cancanci wannan muƙamin. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:19, 20 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya sosai 
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 10:47, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba ==
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.&lt;/span&gt;

'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

* Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|ha}}.
* Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

* Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. 

'''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

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== Neman Admin Na Din-din ==
Assalamu alaikum

Jama'a barkan mu da wannan lokaci fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya. Inason inyi amfani da wannan damar don neman kasancewa admin (mai kula da shafuka a Hausa wikipedia) na din-din. Nayi admin na wucin gadi har sau biyu a Hausa wikipedia, wannan dalilin ne yasa nake ganin akwai bukatar in nema admin na din-din, don saukake mun ci gaba da ayyukan admin ba tare da wani mushaqqa ba. Fatan yan'uwa editoci zaku bani goyon baya domin samun damar ci gaba da ayyukan admin a Hausa wikipedia. Na gode, Ina ma kowa fatan nasara! [[User:Salihu Aliyu|S Ahmad Fulani]] 14:01, 17 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
Ina mai goyon baya bisa wannan cigaba [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 09:01, 21 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Kamfen Faith and Knowledge in Hausa: Documenting Religious History, People and Heritage ==
Assalam. Muna farin cikin sanar daku kamfen da zamu gudanar cikin watan Disamba zuwa junairu mai taken '''Faith and Knowledge in Hausa: Documenting Religious History, People and Heritage''' kamfen din zai maida hankali wajan ƙirƙirar muƙalu da suka shafi addinai a Hausa Wikipedia. nagode [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 19:47, 21 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki Economics - Za ku so ku taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kayan aiki na ma'aunin lafiyar al'umma  ==
Sannu kowa,

''An shirya wannan sigar ne da taimakon kayan aikin fassara ta atomatik da AI. Don Allah a gyara harshen, kalmomin fasaha ko abin da ke ciki; muna maraba da kowace taimako. Sigar Turanci tana biye a ƙasa.''

Sannu, ni Wikimedian ne daga Faransa da ke aiki kan yanayin karatu da gyare-gyare a cikin harkarmu. Na ga cewa muna rasa kayan aiki masu sauƙin amfani don ganin da kuma bibiyar lafiyar al'ummomin masu gyara a tsawon lokaci, don haka na fara Wiki Economics.

Me ya sa Wiki Economics? Domin da farko ina amfani da alamomin tattalin arziki na ƙasa baki ɗaya wajen ƙirƙirar samfurin lafiyar al'umma (wannan shi ne wurin farawa na), amma ina ƙara wasu alamomi a hankali.

Wannan sigar beta ce. Ina amfani da hawiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na rukunin farko na nazari, tare da sigogin harsuna da aka zaɓa don rufe yankuna, harsuna da girman al'umma daban-daban. Ba ta cika ba, saboda haka ana maraba musamman da ra’ayoyinku game da abubuwan da suka ɓace, matsaloli ko abubuwan gida da ke bayyana tsarin da ba a saba gani ba.

Wannan rukunin na farko zai taimaka wajen gano matsaloli, bayanan da suka ɓace da muhimman abubuwan gida, kamfen, sauye-sauyen manufofi ko wani yanayi da zai iya bayyana tsarin da ba a saba gani ba. Manufar ita ce mu koyi daga ra’ayoyin al'ummomi kafin mu faɗaɗa ɗaukar bayanai.

Da zarar an rufe nau'ikan Wikipedia yadda ya kamata, zan yi haka ga dukkan ayyukan Wikimedia.

Wannan aiki ne na tallafa wa al'ummomi, ba rahoton hukuma na Wikimedia Foundation ba. Ba ya amfani da bayanan sirri, bayanan CheckUser ko API da ba na jama'a ba. Kowane sakamako yana ɗauke da lokacin bayanan, ma'anoni, hanya, tushe da taka-tsantsan. Wasu alamomi na iya kasancewa babu su ko ba su dace da wannan wiki ba, kuma bai kamata a ɗauki lokacin da bai cika ba a matsayin cikakkiyar yanayin shekara ba. Ana samun bayani da ma'anoni a [[m:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|shafin Wiki Economics na Meta-Wiki]].

Don ganin ƙididdiga: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/#choose-wiki zaɓi Wikipedia] ko ka shiga bayanin martabar hawiki kai tsaye: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/gdp?wiki=hawiki].

Zan yi farin ciki da ra’ayoyinku game da:

* Shin ma'anoni sun dace da yadda wannan al'umma ke aiki?
* Shin akwai hanyoyin sintiri/bita na gida, kamfen na bots, sauye-sauyen manufofi ko abubuwan da suka faru da ke bayyana ƙimomi marasa saba?
* Waɗanne alamomi ne masu amfani, masu rikitarwa ko suka ɓace?

Da fatan a raba ra'ayoyi ko a wannan shafi ko a [[m:Talk:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|shafin tattaunawar Wiki Economics a Meta-Wiki]]. Ana samun lambar tushe a [[github:schiste/wiki-economics|GitHub]]. Na gode da taimaka min wajen sa binciken ya zama mai amfani ga dukkan al'ummominmu. [[User:Schiste|Schiste]] ([[User talk:Schiste|talk]]) 12:28, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

=== Wiki Economics - Would you like to help create a community health metrics tool ===
Hello everyone,

Hi, I'm a French Wikimedian working on readership and editorship trends across our movement. I felt we were lacking accessible tools to look at and monitor the health of our editing communities over time, so I started Wiki Economics.

Why Wiki Economics? I started by using macroeconomic indicators to model community health (that was my starting point), and I add other indicators over time.

This is a beta. I am using hawiki as part of the first analysis batch, alongside language editions selected to cover different geographies, languages, and community sizes. It is not perfect and, as a result, your feedback about missing things, problems, or local events that explain unusual patterns is especially welcome.

This first batch should help identify issues, missing information, and important local events, campaigns, policy changes, or other context that may explain unusual patterns. The goal is to learn from community feedback before expanding coverage.

Once the Wikipedia editions are covered properly, I’ll do the same for all Wikimedia projects.

This is a community-facing project, not an official Wikimedia Foundation report. It uses no private data, CheckUser data, or non-public APIs. Each result includes its snapshot, definitions, methods, provenance, and caveats. Some indicators may be unavailable or not applicable, and an incomplete period should not be read as a full-year trend. Background and definitions are on [[m:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|the Wiki Economics page on Meta-Wiki]].

To view the statistics: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/#choose-wiki choose a Wikipedia] or directly access hawiki’s profile: [https://wiki-economics.toolforge.org/gdp?wiki=hawiki].

I would appreciate your feedback on:

* Do the definitions match how this community works?
* Are there local patrol/review mechanisms, bot campaigns, policy changes, or events that explain unusual values?
* Which indicators are useful, misleading, or missing?

Please share feedback either on this page or on [[m:Talk:Next_25/Wiki_Economics|the Wiki Economics talk page on Meta-Wiki]]. The codebase is available on [[github:schiste/wiki-economics|GitHub]]. Thank you for helping me make the analysis more useful to all our communities.[[User:Schiste|Schiste]] ([[User talk:Schiste|talk]]) 12:28, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=31067455 --&gt;

== Hausa Wikipedia Strengthening and Stub Articles Rebuilding &amp; Hausa Wiktionary Edit-a-thon and Entries Clean-up  ==
Jama'a Hausawa masu albarka barkan ku da kokari. Ina jinjina maku akan namijin aikin da kuke yi ba dare ba rana, na kara bukasa Wikipedia ta hausa. Kada in sha'afa ina mai sanar da ku zamu gabatar da taron Wikipedia ta hausa da kuma wiktionary don kara habaka Wikipedia hausa da wiktionary. Dubun godiya a gare ku. [[User:M I Idrees|M I Idrees]] ([[User talk:M I Idrees|talk]]) 09:01, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Wikiqoute Awareness in Daura ==
Assalam ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku zamu gudanar da taron wikiqoute a daura da fatan zaku samu damar halarta [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 12:59, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Hausa Green Ecosystem Translation Campaign ==
Assalamu Alaikum yan'uwa barka da wannan lokaci, ina sanar daku cewa na rubuta proposal mai taken &quot;Hausa Green Ecosystem Translation Campaign&quot; wanda zamu gudanar a watan Disamba in Allah ya yarda. [[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] ([[User talk:Dev ammar|talk]]) 13:50, 26 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Wikipedia Training and Editathon at Amlak Technology CBT Center Gusau, Zamfara State ==
Assalamu Alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatahu. Ina farincin sanar daku akan project din danayi proposing metakin suna &quot; Wikipedia Training and Editathon at Amlak Technology CBT center Gusau, Zamfara State&quot; wanda zai kasan a watan December in Allah ya kaimana rai. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarware akan wannan project din. kofa abude take dan bada gudun mawan ku. Nagode. 

[[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|AY&amp;#39;Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 13:43, 28 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Tattaunawa Don Ciyar da Wikipedia Gaba==
Salamullahi Alaikum. Ina Kanawa, Ina mutanen arewacin Nigeria. Ina anfani da wannan damar sanar daku cewa tattauna nanan zuwa Jihar Kano domin sanin yadda ake anfani da Wikipedia a arewacin Nigeria. Ina neman goyon bayan ku. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 16:41, 28 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zaman Admin==
Assalamualaikum ina Neman Zaman Admin a Hausa Wikipedia domin na samun damar ci gaba da aiwatar da aiyukan gudanarwa na bunkasa Hausa Wikipedia.
Domin bani goyon baya a saka suna da bayani a kasa.[[User:Saad Nuhu|Saad Nuhu]] ([[User talk:Saad Nuhu|talk]]) 12:38, 29 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

==Closing the Gender Gap on Hausa Wikipedia==
Assalamu Alaikum Al’uman wannan gida mai Albarka shuwagabani da yan uwana editoci ina muku barka da wannan lokaci. Ina sanar daku cewa zamu gudanar da wayar dakai na matan Hausa Wikipedia nan bada jimawa ba idan Allah ya kaimu ina Neman goyan bayan ku da shawarwarinku Nagode.[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 20:52, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

=== Goyon baya ===
*

==Empowering Knowledge Through Wikimedia at American University of Nigeria==
Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, ina yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan barkanku da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, muna shirin wayarda ilimin Wikipedia a jami’an American University dake garin Adamawa.
Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi Bissalam.[[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 21:01, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Creation and patrolling of Hausa sound in Hausa Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons  ==
Assalamu alaikum, and Hello community member, I would like to seize this very opportunity to inform you that We currently apply for a project titled “Creation amd patrolling of Hausa sound in Hausa Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons” it is project that is designed to enroll participants, engage existing members coming together to acquire skills and knowledge on audio creation and patrolling base on Wikimedia guidelines policy.

Furthermore, the project is design to take participants through a series of trainings to acquire skills about audio, licensing format, skills on using audio Wikimedia  tools like spell4wiki and Lingua libre. 

Lasy, there are a lot to learn during the project training and workshops, feel free to join us or leave us a message, thank you  [[User:Anasskoko|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#00BFFF&quot;&gt;An@ss_koko&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#7F007F&quot;&gt;(Yi Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 21:21, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices (Turn on beta in your Preferences settings) ==
''(Apologies for typing in English)''

Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop?

Since April 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. To try it out, make sure the beta feature is still enabled in your Preferences ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures Beta features] --&gt; &quot;Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices&quot;). Then visit any Item on your mobile.

Please test it and share your feedback while it's still in beta, so we can refine it for you before it goes live in the coming weeks. If you run into issues or have feedback, please share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].

Happy editing on mobile.
–[[User:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Zage (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Zita Zage (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:29, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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      <sha1>ae7hl59c95jzp1dt5yf965cl1c80sgr</sha1>
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    <title>Fulani</title>
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        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
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[[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]]
[[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]]
[[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]]
[[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]]
[[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]]
[[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]]
[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]]
[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]]
'''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') &lt;ref&gt;Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa&lt;/ref&gt;[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yammah Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n dabbobi musammanma shanu  da kuma sayar da nono&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]&lt;/ref&gt;, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin &lt;ref&gt;Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta,  da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fulbe&quot;. homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Andrew F. (1996). &quot;The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization&quot;. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]]
[[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]]

==Harshen [[fulani]]==
[[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. &lt;ref&gt;The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.&lt;/ref&gt;Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]]  da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.&lt;/ref&gt;Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.&lt;ref&gt;https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]]

=== ASALIN KALMAR FULANI&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA492&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda  ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.&lt;ref&gt;Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people&quot;. Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.&lt;/ref&gt;A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga [[Annabi]] Nuhu (A.S) Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah  Ta Ala a Alkur'ani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.&lt;ref&gt;Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). &quot;The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd&quot;. Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust&quot;. dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa.


Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su

A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka.Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe.


ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA

Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A.S.

Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce &quot;RaduTori Sinin&quot;, watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin.5A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan.


ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU

Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yammah.


ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU

Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.SAka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci.


==[[Tarihi]]==
Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO 

== [[Arziki]] ==

== [[Wasanni]] ==

== Fannin tsarotsaro ==

== Kimiya da Fasaha ==

== [[Sifiri]] ==

=== Sifirin Jirgin Sama ===

=== Sifirin [[Jirgin ƙasa|Jirgin]] Kasa ===

== [[Al'adu]] ==

=== [[Mutane]] ===

=== [[Abinci]] ===
Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]].

=== [[Tufafi]] ===

== [[Ilimi]] ==

== [[Addini|Addinai]] ==

=== [[Musulunci]] ===

== [[Hotuna]] ==

=== Maza ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana.
File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne.
File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani.
File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa.
File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi.
File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mata ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta.
File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani
File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su.
File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono.
File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada.
File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]]</text>
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        <id>49197</id>
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[[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]]
[[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]]
[[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]]
[[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]]
[[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]]
[[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]]
[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]]
[[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]]
'''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') &lt;ref&gt;Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa&lt;/ref&gt;[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yammah Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n dabbobi musammanma shanu  da kuma sayar da nono&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]&lt;/ref&gt;, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin &lt;ref&gt;Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta,  da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.&lt;ref&gt;Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fulbe&quot;. homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin sa biyar a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Andrew F. (1996). &quot;The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization&quot;. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]]
[[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]]

==Harshen [[fulani]]==
[[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. &lt;ref&gt;The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.&lt;/ref&gt;Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]]  da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.&lt;/ref&gt;Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.&lt;ref&gt;https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]]

=== ASALIN KALMAR FULANI&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA492&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda  ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.&lt;ref&gt;Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people&quot;. Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.&lt;/ref&gt;A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga [[Annabi]] Nuhu (A.S) Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah  Ta Ala a Alkur'ani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.&lt;ref&gt;Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). &quot;The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd&quot;. Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust&quot;. dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa.


Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su

A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka.Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe.


ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA

Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A.S.

Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce &quot;RaduTori Sinin&quot;, watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin.5A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan.


ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU

Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yammah.


ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU

Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.SAka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci.


==[[Tarihi]]==
Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO 

== [[Arziki]] ==

== [[Wasanni]] ==

== Fannin tsarotsaro ==

== Kimiya da Fasaha ==

== [[Sifiri]] ==

=== Sifirin Jirgin Sama ===

=== Sifirin [[Jirgin ƙasa|Jirgin]] Kasa ===

== [[Al'adu]] ==

=== [[Mutane]] ===

=== [[Abinci]] ===
Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]].

=== [[Tufafi]] ===

== [[Ilimi]] ==

== [[Addini|Addinai]] ==

=== [[Musulunci]] ===

== [[Hotuna]] ==

=== Maza ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana.
File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne.
File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani.
File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa.
File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi.
File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mata ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta.
File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani
File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su.
File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono.
File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada.
File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sunnah</title>
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[[File:Al-Haram mosque-Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | thumb| Masallacin Harami dake [[Makkah]] waje ne na daya mafi tsarki a wajen [[Musulmi]] Mabiyan Sunnar Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W.)]]
[[File:Islam symbol.svg|thumb]]
'''Sunnah Shi''' ne ɓangare mafi girma da tsari daga cikin ɓangarorin addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asalin sunan ya zo ne daga kalmar '''''Sunna'''''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunnah&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunnah&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.islamicstudies.org/what-is-sunnah/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2293{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, wato koyi da yin dukkan abinda da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W.) ya aikata, ko ya yi umarni, da a aikata ko kuma aka aikata shi a gabansa amma baiyi hani akan abun da aka aikatan ba. Bambanci tsakanin aƙidun Sunnah da kuma na [[Shi'a]] ya samo asali ne tun daga taƙaddama a kan wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci al'umar Musulmi bayan wafatin Annabi (S.A.W.), wato wanda ya cancanci ya yi Khalifanci. A ɓangaren fahimtar mabiya Sunnah sun ce, tunda yake Annabi (S.A.W) bai yi nuni ba da wani cewa shi za'a bi to sai suka yanke hukuncin a bai wa surukinsa wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] ya zamo Khalifa na farko.
[[Fayil:Flag of Ahlu Sunnah Waljamaca.svg|thumb|[[Fayil:Sunnah mosque IMG 0067.jpg|thumb|Masallacin sunnah]]]]
Amma a ɓangaren Mabiya [[Shi'a]] kuwa sai suka ce ai a ranar [[Ghadir Khumm]] Annabi (s.a.w) ya sanar da cewa ba wanda zai gaje shi sai ɗan'uwansa kuma sirikinsa wato [[Sayyadina Aliyu|Sayyadina Ali]]  sun ce saboda shi jininsa ne kuma surukinsa wato mijin ƴarsa, Sayyida [[Fatima Bint Nabiy|Fatima &quot;Bint Nabiy&quot;]]. 

Tun daga nan ne rikicin ɓangaren Sunnah dana ɓangaren Shi'a ya samo asali.

A shekarar 2009 Musulmai mabiya Sunnah sun kai 87% zuwa 90%. Haka zalika Mabiya Ɓangaren Sunnah su ne ɓangare a [[Addini]] wanda suka fi ko wanne yawa a [[duniya]] bayan [[Katolika]] a addinin Kiristanci. Sanannu ne a sunan da suka yi fice da shi wato Ahlul Sunnah Wal Jama'a wato (al'umma mabiya sunnah).

== Aƙidun mabiya Sunnah ==
Ga jerin aƙidojin Sunnah kamar Haka:
* [[Izala]] 
* [[Darika]] 
* [[shi'a]] 
* [[Ikwan]] 
* [[Muslim brothers]]

== Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Shika-shikan [[Musulunci]] a wajen mabiya sunnah guda biyar ne sune.

==Imani da Allah da Annabi Muhammada (S.A.W.)==

Wato mutum ya furta kalmar ''SHahada'' kamar haka '''LA ILAHA ILALLAH MUHAMMAD RASULULLAH''' ma'ana mutum ya hakikance a ransa cewa '''BABU WANI ABIN BAUTAWA DA CANCANTA DA GASKIYA SAI ALLAH SANNAN ANNABI MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.) BAWAN ALLAH NE KUMA MANZON ALLAH NE'''.

==Tsai Da Sallah==

Yin salloli guda biyar a kowacce rana watau a kowane yini da dare.

==Da Azumi Watan Ramadan==

Sai yin azumin watan Ramadana  wato wata na tara a lissafin kalandar [[Musulunci]].

==Da Bada Zakka==

Shi ne mutum ya cire wani adadi da shari'a ta faɗa na dukiyar sa wadda ta kai nisabi ya bayar da shi ga mabuƙata [[Zakka]] saboda Allah.

== Aikin Hajji ==


Idan Musulmi ya kasance yana da dukiyar da takai zai iya biyan ta wajen zuwa [[Saudiyyah]] kuma yana da ƙarfin lafiya to [[Hajji]] ta wajaba a kansa.

== Shika-shikan imani a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Shika-shikan Imani a aƙidar mabiya sunnah guda shida ne, gasu kamar haka.
*Imani da [[Allah]].
*Imani da Mala'iku.
*Imani da Litattafai Saukakku.
*Imani da Manzannin [[Allah]].
*Imani da Ranar Kiyama(Ranar Sakamako). 
*Imani da Kaddara(Mai dadi ko mara dadi).

== Matsayin Hadisai a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Sanannun litattafan Hadisannan guda shida wato ''Kutub al-Sittah'' sune litattan hadisan da mabiya sunnah suka yi imani da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su
Ga jerin su:
*Sahih al-Bukhari na Muhammad al-Bukhari.
*Sahih Muslim na Mislim ibn al-Hajjaj.
*Sunan al-Sughra na Al-Nasa'i.
*Sunan Abu Dawud na Abu Dawood.
*Jami' at-Tirmidhi na Al-Tirmidhi.
*Sunan Ibn Majah na Ibn Majah.

Amma ba iyakar wadannan kadai bane litattafan da mabiya sunnah suka amince da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su ba, akwai wadansu litattafan da dama wadanda suka hada da:

*Musannaf na Abd al-Razzaq na ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani
*Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal
*Mustadrak na Al Haakim
*Muwatta na Imam Malik
*Sahih Ibn Hibbaan
*Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah of Ibn Khuzaymah
*Sunan al-Darimi na Al-Darimi

== Iyalan gidan Annabi (S.A.W.) a mahangar Sunnah ==
Su ne DUKKAN DANGIN Manzon Allah (SAW) waɗanda sadaka ta haramta garesu, da kuma MATANSA da ZURIYYARSA. Allah ya yarda da su gaba ɗaya.
Sabanin Akidun''Shi'a'' ko ''Rafidanci'' Wadanda suke cewa Iyakacin '''Nana Fatima''' da '''Imamuna Aliyu''' da suran zurriyar su,sune kadai Iyalan gidan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.). Wannan gurguwar fahimta ce a mahangar Mabiya Sunnah.

Ahlus Sunnah sun yi ITTIFAQI akan WAJABCIN Son Ahlul Baiti, da kuma HARAMCIN Cutar dasu,ko Munana musu,da magana ko aiki.

== Sahabbai a mahangar mabiya Sunnah ==

[[File:Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|thumb|right]]

Sahabbai Sune dukkan mutanen da suka ga Annabi (S.A.W.) sanna Kuma suka bayar da gaskiya da shi, a lokacin da yake da rai.
Waɗannan mutane suna da matsayi mai girma tare da samun girmamawa daga wajen mabiya aƙidar sunnah.

Mabiya Sunnah suna yin cikakkiyar soyayya da biyayya ga sahabbai ne sakamakon wadansu ayiyin [[Alkur'ani]] inda Allah da kansa yake yabon su,kamar haka:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Kuma magabatan farko na Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa, Allah ya yarda da su kuma sun yarda da shi,kuma ya yi musu tattalin gidajen aljanna, qoramu suna gudana a qarqashinsu, suna madawwama a cikinsu har abada. Wancan ne rabo mai girma.''

- Suratut Taubah: 100
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

A wannan aya mutane sun kasu kashi uku. Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa ba da zagi ba.

Sai kuma aya ta gaba:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Muhammad manzon Allah ne. Kuma waɗanda da ke tare da shimasu tsanani ne a kan kafirai, masu rahama ne a tsakaninsu, ka na ganinsu suna masu ruku’i masu sujada, suna neman falala daga Ubangijinsu, da yardarsa. Alamarsu tana a cikin fuskokinsu, daga kufan sujuda. Wannan ita ce siffarsu a cikin Attaura. Kuma siffarsu a cikin Linjila ita ce, kamar tsiron shuka wanda ya fitar da reshensa, sa’an nan ya qarfafa shi, ya yi kauri, sa’an nan ya daidaita a kan qafafunsa, yana bayar da sha’awa ga masu shukar, domin (Allah) ya fusatar da kafirai game da su. Kuma Allah ya yi alqawali ga waxanda suka yi imani kuma suka aikata ayyukan qwarai daga cikinsu da gafara da lada mai girma''

- Suratul Fathi, Aya ta 29
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''Sahabbai guda goma waɗanda aka yi masu albishir da shiga [[Aljannah]] tun suna a duniya'''.
Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana da Sahabbai 120,4000. Duk da cewa dukkan waɗannan Sahabbai 'yan Aljanna ne to amma akwai waɗanda aka yi musu bishara da Aljanna tun suna da rai.

Akwai guda goma wannan Manzon [[Allah]] (S.A.W.) ya fada a hadisi cewa an yi musu bishara da gidan Aljanna, wato ASHARATUL MUBASHSHIRUN. Wannan Sahabbai sune:
#Abubakar Saddik (R.T.A.)
#Umar Bin Khaddab (R.T.A.)
#Usman Bin Affan (R.T.A.)
#Aliyu Bin Abi Dalib (R.T.A.)
#Dhalha Ibn Ubaidullah (R.T.A.)
#Zubair Ibnul Awwam (R.T.A.)
#Abdurrahman Bin Auf (R.T.A.)
#Sa'ad Bin Wakkas (R.T.A.)
#Sa'id Bin Zaid Bin Amr (R.T.A.)
#Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (R.T.A.)

Allah Madaukin Sarki ya bamu albarkacin wadandan bayi nasa. 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunnah}}
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[[File:Al-Haram mosque-Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | thumb| Masallacin Harami dake [[Makkah]] waje ne na daya mafi tsarki a wajen [[Musulmi]] Mabiyan Sunnar Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W.)]]
[[File:Islam symbol.svg|thumb]]
'''Sunnah Shi''' ne ɓangare mafi girma da tsari daga cikin ɓangarorin addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asalin sunan ya zo ne daga kalmar '''''Sunna'''''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunnah&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunnah&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.islamicstudies.org/what-is-sunnah/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2293{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, wato koyi da yin dukkan abinda da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W.) ya aikata, ko ya yi umarni da a aikata, ko kuma aka aikata shi a gabansa amma baiyi hani akan abun da aka aikatan ba. Bambanci tsakanin aƙidun Sunnah da kuma na [[Shi'a]] ya samo asali ne tun daga taƙaddama a kan wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci al'umar Musulmi bayan wafatin Annabi (S.A.W.), wato wanda ya cancanci ya yi Khalifanci. A ɓangaren fahimtar mabiya Sunnah sun ce, tunda yake Annabi (S.A.W) bai yi nuni ba da wani cewa shi za'a bi to sai suka yanke hukuncin a bai wa surukinsa wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] ya zamo Khalifa na farko.
[[Fayil:Flag of Ahlu Sunnah Waljamaca.svg|thumb|[[Fayil:Sunnah mosque IMG 0067.jpg|thumb|Masallacin sunnah]]]]
Amma a ɓangaren Mabiya [[Shi'a]] kuwa sai suka ce ai a ranar [[Ghadir Khumm]] Annabi (s.a.w) ya sanar da cewa ba wanda zai gaje shi sai ɗan'uwansa kuma sirikinsa wato [[Sayyadina Aliyu|Sayyadina Ali]]  sun ce saboda shi jininsa ne kuma surukinsa wato mijin ƴarsa, Sayyida [[Fatima Bint Nabiy|Fatima &quot;Bint Nabiy&quot;]]. 

Tun daga nan ne rikicin ɓangaren Sunnah dana ɓangaren Shi'a ya samo asali.

A shekarar 2009 Musulmai mabiya Sunnah sun kai 87% zuwa 90%. Haka zalika Mabiya Ɓangaren Sunnah su ne ɓangare a [[Addini]] wanda suka fi ko wanne yawa a [[duniya]] bayan [[Katolika]] a addinin Kiristanci. Sanannu ne a sunan da suka yi fice da shi wato Ahlul Sunnah Wal Jama'a wato (al'umma mabiya sunnah).

== Aƙidun mabiya Sunnah ==
Ga jerin aƙidojin Sunnah kamar Haka:
* [[Izala]] 
* [[Darika]] 
* [[shi'a]] 
* [[Ikwan]] 
* [[Muslim brothers]]

== Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Shika-shikan [[Musulunci]] a wajen mabiya sunnah guda biyar ne sune.

==Imani da Allah da Annabi Muhammada (S.A.W.)==

Wato mutum ya furta kalmar ''SHahada'' kamar haka '''LA ILAHA ILALLAH MUHAMMAD RASULULLAH''' ma'ana mutum ya hakikance a ransa cewa '''BABU WANI ABIN BAUTAWA DA CANCANTA DA GASKIYA SAI ALLAH SANNAN ANNABI MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.) BAWAN ALLAH NE KUMA MANZON ALLAH NE'''.

==Tsai Da Sallah==

Yin salloli guda biyar a kowacce rana watau a kowane yini da dare.

==Da Azumi Watan Ramadan==

Sai yin azumin watan Ramadana  wato wata na tara a lissafin kalandar [[Musulunci]].

==Da Bada Zakka==

Shi ne mutum ya cire wani adadi da shari'a ta faɗa na dukiyar sa wadda ta kai nisabi ya bayar da shi ga mabuƙata [[Zakka]] saboda Allah.

== Aikin Hajji ==


Idan Musulmi ya kasance yana da dukiyar da takai zai iya biyan ta wajen zuwa [[Saudiyyah]] kuma yana da ƙarfin lafiya to [[Hajji]] ta wajaba a kansa.

== Shika-shikan imani a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Shika-shikan Imani a aƙidar mabiya sunnah guda shida ne, gasu kamar haka.
*Imani da [[Allah]].
*Imani da Mala'iku.
*Imani da Litattafai Saukakku.
*Imani da Manzannin [[Allah]].
*Imani da Ranar Kiyama(Ranar Sakamako). 
*Imani da Kaddara(Mai dadi ko mara dadi).

== Matsayin Hadisai a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Sanannun litattafan Hadisannan guda shida wato ''Kutub al-Sittah'' sune litattan hadisan da mabiya sunnah suka yi imani da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su
Ga jerin su:
*Sahih al-Bukhari na Muhammad al-Bukhari.
*Sahih Muslim na Mislim ibn al-Hajjaj.
*Sunan al-Sughra na Al-Nasa'i.
*Sunan Abu Dawud na Abu Dawood.
*Jami' at-Tirmidhi na Al-Tirmidhi.
*Sunan Ibn Majah na Ibn Majah.

Amma ba iyakar wadannan kadai bane litattafan da mabiya sunnah suka amince da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su ba, akwai wadansu litattafan da dama wadanda suka hada da:

*Musannaf na Abd al-Razzaq na ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani
*Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal
*Mustadrak na Al Haakim
*Muwatta na Imam Malik
*Sahih Ibn Hibbaan
*Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah of Ibn Khuzaymah
*Sunan al-Darimi na Al-Darimi

== Iyalan gidan Annabi (S.A.W.) a mahangar Sunnah ==
Su ne DUKKAN DANGIN Manzon Allah (SAW) waɗanda sadaka ta haramta garesu, da kuma MATANSA da ZURIYYARSA. Allah ya yarda da su gaba ɗaya.
Sabanin Akidun''Shi'a'' ko ''Rafidanci'' Wadanda suke cewa Iyakacin '''Nana Fatima''' da '''Imamuna Aliyu''' da suran zurriyar su,sune kadai Iyalan gidan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.). Wannan gurguwar fahimta ce a mahangar Mabiya Sunnah.

Ahlus Sunnah sun yi ITTIFAQI akan WAJABCIN Son Ahlul Baiti, da kuma HARAMCIN Cutar dasu,ko Munana musu,da magana ko aiki.

== Sahabbai a mahangar mabiya Sunnah ==

[[File:Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|thumb|right]]

Sahabbai Sune dukkan mutanen da suka ga Annabi (S.A.W.) sanna Kuma suka bayar da gaskiya da shi, a lokacin da yake da rai.
Waɗannan mutane suna da matsayi mai girma tare da samun girmamawa daga wajen mabiya aƙidar sunnah.

Mabiya Sunnah suna yin cikakkiyar soyayya da biyayya ga sahabbai ne sakamakon wadansu ayiyin [[Alkur'ani]] inda Allah da kansa yake yabon su,kamar haka:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Kuma magabatan farko na Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa, Allah ya yarda da su kuma sun yarda da shi,kuma ya yi musu tattalin gidajen aljanna, qoramu suna gudana a qarqashinsu, suna madawwama a cikinsu har abada. Wancan ne rabo mai girma.''

- Suratut Taubah: 100
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

A wannan aya mutane sun kasu kashi uku. Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa ba da zagi ba.

Sai kuma aya ta gaba:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Muhammad manzon Allah ne. Kuma waɗanda da ke tare da shimasu tsanani ne a kan kafirai, masu rahama ne a tsakaninsu, ka na ganinsu suna masu ruku’i masu sujada, suna neman falala daga Ubangijinsu, da yardarsa. Alamarsu tana a cikin fuskokinsu, daga kufan sujuda. Wannan ita ce siffarsu a cikin Attaura. Kuma siffarsu a cikin Linjila ita ce, kamar tsiron shuka wanda ya fitar da reshensa, sa’an nan ya qarfafa shi, ya yi kauri, sa’an nan ya daidaita a kan qafafunsa, yana bayar da sha’awa ga masu shukar, domin (Allah) ya fusatar da kafirai game da su. Kuma Allah ya yi alqawali ga waxanda suka yi imani kuma suka aikata ayyukan qwarai daga cikinsu da gafara da lada mai girma''

- Suratul Fathi, Aya ta 29
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''Sahabbai guda goma waɗanda aka yi masu albishir da shiga [[Aljannah]] tun suna a duniya'''.
Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana da Sahabbai 120,4000. Duk da cewa dukkan waɗannan Sahabbai 'yan Aljanna ne to amma akwai waɗanda aka yi musu bishara da Aljanna tun suna da rai.

Akwai guda goma wannan Manzon [[Allah]] (S.A.W.) ya fada a hadisi cewa an yi musu bishara da gidan Aljanna, wato ASHARATUL MUBASHSHIRUN. Wannan Sahabbai sune:
#Abubakar Saddik (R.T.A.)
#Umar Bin Khaddab (R.T.A.)
#Usman Bin Affan (R.T.A.)
#Aliyu Bin Abi Dalib (R.T.A.)
#Dhalha Ibn Ubaidullah (R.T.A.)
#Zubair Ibnul Awwam (R.T.A.)
#Abdurrahman Bin Auf (R.T.A.)
#Sa'ad Bin Wakkas (R.T.A.)
#Sa'id Bin Zaid Bin Amr (R.T.A.)
#Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (R.T.A.)

Allah Madaukin Sarki ya bamu albarkacin wadandan bayi nasa. 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunnah}}
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[[File:Al-Haram mosque-Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | thumb| Masallacin Harami dake [[Makkah]] waje ne na daya mafi tsarki a wajen [[Musulmi]] Mabiyan Sunnar Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W.)]]
[[File:Islam symbol.svg|thumb]]
'''Sunnah Shi''' ne ɓangare mafi girma da tsari daga cikin ɓangarorin addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asalin sunan ya zo ne daga kalmar '''''Sunna'''''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunnah&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunnah&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.islamicstudies.org/what-is-sunnah/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2293{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, wato koyi da yin dukkan abinda da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W.) ya aikata, ko ya yi umarni da a aikata, ko kuma aka aikata shi a gabansa amma baiyi hani akan abun da aka aikatan ba.

Bambanci tsakanin aƙidun Sunnah da kuma na [[Shi'a]] ya samo asali ne tun daga taƙaddama a kan wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci al'umar Musulmi bayan wafatin Annabi (S.A.W.), wato wanda ya cancanci ya yi Khalifanci, a ɓangaren fahimtar mabiya Sunnah sun ce, tunda yake Annabi (S.A.W) bai yi nuni ba da wani cewa shi za'a bi to sai suka yanke hukuncin a bai wa surukinsa wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] ya zamo Khalifa na farko.
[[Fayil:Flag of Ahlu Sunnah Waljamaca.svg|thumb|[[Fayil:Sunnah mosque IMG 0067.jpg|thumb|Masallacin sunnah]]]]
Amma a ɓangaren Mabiya [[Shi'a]] kuwa sai suka ce ai a ranar [[Ghadir Khumm]] Annabi (s.a.w) ya sanar da cewa ba wanda zai gaje shi sai ɗan'uwansa kuma sirikinsa wato [[Sayyadina Aliyu|Sayyadina Ali]]  sun ce saboda shi jininsa ne kuma surukinsa wato mijin ƴarsa, Sayyida [[Fatima Bint Nabiy|Fatima &quot;Bint Nabiy&quot;]]. 

Tun daga nan ne rikicin ɓangaren Sunnah dana ɓangaren Shi'a ya samo asali.

A shekarar 2009 Musulmai mabiya Sunnah sun kai 87% zuwa 90%. Haka zalika Mabiya Ɓangaren Sunnah su ne ɓangare a [[Addini]] wanda suka fi ko wanne yawa a [[duniya]] bayan [[Katolika]] a addinin Kiristanci. Sanannu ne a sunan da suka yi fice da shi wato Ahlul Sunnah Wal Jama'a wato (al'umma mabiya sunnah).

== Aƙidun mabiya Sunnah ==
Ga jerin aƙidojin Sunnah kamar Haka:
* [[Izala]] 
* [[Darika]] 
* [[shi'a]] 
* [[Ikwan]] 
* [[Muslim brothers]]

== Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Shika-shikan [[Musulunci]] a wajen mabiya sunnah guda biyar ne sune.

==Imani da Allah da Annabi Muhammada (S.A.W.)==

Wato mutum ya furta kalmar ''SHahada'' kamar haka '''LA ILAHA ILALLAH MUHAMMAD RASULULLAH''' ma'ana mutum ya hakikance a ransa cewa '''BABU WANI ABIN BAUTAWA DA CANCANTA DA GASKIYA SAI ALLAH SANNAN ANNABI MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.) BAWAN ALLAH NE KUMA MANZON ALLAH NE'''.

==Tsai Da Sallah==

Yin salloli guda biyar a kowacce rana watau a kowane yini da dare.

==Da Azumi Watan Ramadan==

Sai yin azumin watan Ramadana  wato wata na tara a lissafin kalandar [[Musulunci]].

==Da Bada Zakka==

Shi ne mutum ya cire wani adadi da shari'a ta faɗa na dukiyar sa wadda ta kai nisabi ya bayar da shi ga mabuƙata [[Zakka]] saboda Allah.

== Aikin Hajji ==


Idan Musulmi ya kasance yana da dukiyar da takai zai iya biyan ta wajen zuwa [[Saudiyyah]] kuma yana da ƙarfin lafiya to [[Hajji]] ta wajaba a kansa.

== Shika-shikan imani a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Shika-shikan Imani a aƙidar mabiya sunnah guda shida ne, gasu kamar haka.
*Imani da [[Allah]].
*Imani da Mala'iku.
*Imani da Litattafai Saukakku.
*Imani da Manzannin [[Allah]].
*Imani da Ranar Kiyama(Ranar Sakamako). 
*Imani da Kaddara(Mai dadi ko mara dadi).

== Matsayin Hadisai a wajen mabiya Sunnah ==

Sanannun litattafan Hadisannan guda shida wato ''Kutub al-Sittah'' sune litattan hadisan da mabiya sunnah suka yi imani da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su
Ga jerin su:
*Sahih al-Bukhari na Muhammad al-Bukhari.
*Sahih Muslim na Mislim ibn al-Hajjaj.
*Sunan al-Sughra na Al-Nasa'i.
*Sunan Abu Dawud na Abu Dawood.
*Jami' at-Tirmidhi na Al-Tirmidhi.
*Sunan Ibn Majah na Ibn Majah.

Amma ba iyakar wadannan kadai bane litattafan da mabiya sunnah suka amince da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su ba, akwai wadansu litattafan da dama wadanda suka hada da:

*Musannaf na Abd al-Razzaq na ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani
*Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal
*Mustadrak na Al Haakim
*Muwatta na Imam Malik
*Sahih Ibn Hibbaan
*Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah of Ibn Khuzaymah
*Sunan al-Darimi na Al-Darimi

== Iyalan gidan Annabi (S.A.W.) a mahangar Sunnah ==
Su ne DUKKAN DANGIN Manzon Allah (SAW) waɗanda sadaka ta haramta garesu, da kuma MATANSA da ZURIYYARSA. Allah ya yarda da su gaba ɗaya.
Sabanin Akidun''Shi'a'' ko ''Rafidanci'' Wadanda suke cewa Iyakacin '''Nana Fatima''' da '''Imamuna Aliyu''' da suran zurriyar su,sune kadai Iyalan gidan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.). Wannan gurguwar fahimta ce a mahangar Mabiya Sunnah.

Ahlus Sunnah sun yi ITTIFAQI akan WAJABCIN Son Ahlul Baiti, da kuma HARAMCIN Cutar dasu,ko Munana musu,da magana ko aiki.

== Sahabbai a mahangar mabiya Sunnah ==

[[File:Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|thumb|right]]

Sahabbai Sune dukkan mutanen da suka ga Annabi (S.A.W.) sanna Kuma suka bayar da gaskiya da shi, a lokacin da yake da rai.
Waɗannan mutane suna da matsayi mai girma tare da samun girmamawa daga wajen mabiya aƙidar sunnah.

Mabiya Sunnah suna yin cikakkiyar soyayya da biyayya ga sahabbai ne sakamakon wadansu ayiyin [[Alkur'ani]] inda Allah da kansa yake yabon su,kamar haka:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Kuma magabatan farko na Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa, Allah ya yarda da su kuma sun yarda da shi,kuma ya yi musu tattalin gidajen aljanna, qoramu suna gudana a qarqashinsu, suna madawwama a cikinsu har abada. Wancan ne rabo mai girma.''

- Suratut Taubah: 100
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

A wannan aya mutane sun kasu kashi uku. Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa ba da zagi ba.

Sai kuma aya ta gaba:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''Muhammad manzon Allah ne. Kuma waɗanda da ke tare da shimasu tsanani ne a kan kafirai, masu rahama ne a tsakaninsu, ka na ganinsu suna masu ruku’i masu sujada, suna neman falala daga Ubangijinsu, da yardarsa. Alamarsu tana a cikin fuskokinsu, daga kufan sujuda. Wannan ita ce siffarsu a cikin Attaura. Kuma siffarsu a cikin Linjila ita ce, kamar tsiron shuka wanda ya fitar da reshensa, sa’an nan ya qarfafa shi, ya yi kauri, sa’an nan ya daidaita a kan qafafunsa, yana bayar da sha’awa ga masu shukar, domin (Allah) ya fusatar da kafirai game da su. Kuma Allah ya yi alqawali ga waxanda suka yi imani kuma suka aikata ayyukan qwarai daga cikinsu da gafara da lada mai girma''

- Suratul Fathi, Aya ta 29
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

'''Sahabbai guda goma waɗanda aka yi masu albishir da shiga [[Aljannah]] tun suna a duniya'''.
Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana da Sahabbai 120,4000. Duk da cewa dukkan waɗannan Sahabbai 'yan Aljanna ne to amma akwai waɗanda aka yi musu bishara da Aljanna tun suna da rai.

Akwai guda goma wannan Manzon [[Allah]] (S.A.W.) ya fada a hadisi cewa an yi musu bishara da gidan Aljanna, wato ASHARATUL MUBASHSHIRUN. Wannan Sahabbai sune:
#Abubakar Saddik (R.T.A.)
#Umar Bin Khaddab (R.T.A.)
#Usman Bin Affan (R.T.A.)
#Aliyu Bin Abi Dalib (R.T.A.)
#Dhalha Ibn Ubaidullah (R.T.A.)
#Zubair Ibnul Awwam (R.T.A.)
#Abdurrahman Bin Auf (R.T.A.)
#Sa'ad Bin Wakkas (R.T.A.)
#Sa'id Bin Zaid Bin Amr (R.T.A.)
#Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (R.T.A.)

Allah Madaukin Sarki ya bamu albarkacin wadandan bayi nasa. 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunnah}}
[[Category:Musulunci]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hadisi</title>
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      <comment>/* Ma'anar Hadisi */ ƙarin bayani</comment>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar)To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]]. Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu,Aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa.Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu.To tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah,aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101. wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]]. Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu,Aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa.Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu.To tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah,aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101. wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Ma'anar Hadisi */</comment>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]]. Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu.To tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah,aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101. wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu.To tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah,aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101. wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T07:46:59Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
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      <comment>/* Ma'anar Hadisi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10684" sha1="l6ogqs177i3g5th3dmgd31kd0yo94ex" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101. wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T07:48:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi */ gyara link din shi'a</comment>
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      <text bytes="10690" sha1="e99imz2zrupu9iths4bv6gbs94okx40" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101. wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]],aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba. kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi */</comment>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W]. Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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        <id>20279</id>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W], kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba, ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa, sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu, to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani, saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba, amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait, domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi, kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali, mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W], kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba, ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa, sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu, to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani, saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba, amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait, domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi, kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali [AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali, saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah, kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali, mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana, ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi, kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W], kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba, ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa, sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu, to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani, saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba, amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait, domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi, kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali [AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali, saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah, kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah. Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali, mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>965101</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T08:19:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
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      <comment>/* Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10717" sha1="l2yxvduhc1ideqns68i3lx5y5w6ymyu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana, ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi, kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi, alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi, har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W], kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba, ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa, sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu, to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani, saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba, amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait, domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi, kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali [AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali, saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah, kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah.

Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali, mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali [AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T08:22:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
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      <comment>/* Ma'anar Hadisi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10721" sha1="4x4g9arowx2dcqk74zka63m99xb34oj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana, ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi, kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi, alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi, har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W], kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba, ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa, sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu, to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. 

Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba, amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait, domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi, kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali [AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah, wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali, saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah, kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah.

Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali, mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W].

Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali [AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Hadith Books.jpg|thumb|right|Littattafan hadisi.]]
[[File:Almodavina tul jamia.jpg|thumb]]
'''Hadisi''' ko '''Hadith:''' (da [[Larabci]] حديث), a [[Musulunci]] ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) yayi ko yasa ayi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komai ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.

==Ma'anar Hadisi==
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu, ma’anarsa a luggance Wato (a Harshe) da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance Wato (a ma'anar kalmar). To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajen su ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;H-EoI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&amp;pg=PA280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba. Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah kenan wato [[Sunni Islam|Sunnah Islam]].

Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na [[Shi'a]], hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu, aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa. Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah [S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait [AS] Anan saboda Iiti} adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. 

Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu, to tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah, aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.

==Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi==

Tarihin rubuta [[Hadisi]] a mahangar [[Shi'a|shi’a]] da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman [[sunnah]] suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar. Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.

Wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan, amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana, ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi, ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka. domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah [SWA] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu, wasu ma konawa suka yi, kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a [[Madinah|madina]], aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai. Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.

Kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W], tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi, alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi, har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah [S.A. W], kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba, ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah [S.A.W] da  ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa, sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu, to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani. 

Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba, amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait, domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi, kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa, mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. 

Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali [AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah, wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali, saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah, kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah.

Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar [[malikiyya]] da  ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da  ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da  ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali, mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.&lt;ref name=&quot;fath&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S.A.W]. Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah [S] da kuma tattara su shi ne [[Sayyadina Aliyu]] AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah [S.A.W].

Akwai ma manyan littafai  na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma [AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali [AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu. Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima [AS] ta ji, musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen [[Musulmi]] na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne. Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani, wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah [S.W.T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima, Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba  haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne  hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari. Na uku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu, to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne? Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da  su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba  haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani, ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali [AS]  shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda, in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai  da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah [S.A.W] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta, mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi? sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik, wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya, da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah. Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah [S A W] kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu  baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu, kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah [S A W]. Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai, Wato saboda  hani da su  Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani, alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadisi}}
[[Category:Musulunci]]</text>
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[[File:Masjid_Abu_Bakir_Asadeek_in_Turmus_Ayya,_Palestine_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg  |thumb|Masallacin Abu Bakr Assadeek dake Turmus Ayya na kasar Falasdinu ]] 
[[File:Abu_Bakar_ash-Shiddiq_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG  |thumb|Abu Bakar ash-Shiddiq Imam Khairul Annas ]] 
[[Fayil:Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|thumb|Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.]]
'''Abū Bakr aṣ-Ṣiddīq''' ‘Abdallāh bin Abī Quḥāfah (Larabci: أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن أبي قحافة‎; Ya rayu daga shekara ta dari biyar da saba'in da uku 573 CE zuwa ashirin da uku 23 Agustan shekarar dari shida da talatin da uku 634 CE), An haife shine a 27 ga watan Octoban shekara ta 573 a garin [[Makkah]]  Kasar [[Saudiya]].Ya rasu a 23 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 634, a garin [[Madina]] an fi sanin sa da sunan Abu Bakar, Ya kasance Babban [[Sahabi]] kuma Sirikin Manzon Allah ne, Annabi [[Muhammad (SAW)|Muhammad]] tsira da aminci Allah su tabbata a gare shi. Abu Bakar shi ne mutum na farko daya musulunta wanda badaga cikin dangin manzon Allah yake ba, Abu Bakar ya kasance mai biyayya ga Manzon Allah yayin rayuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d#Kit%C4%81b_al-%E1%B9%ACabaq%C4%81t_al-Kab%C4%ABr&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;pg=PP1&lt;/ref&gt;

Abu Bakar
أبو بكر
Al-Siddiq

Amir al-Mu'mineenn Lokacin Khalifancinsa 8 Yuni 632 zuwa 23 Agusta 634 Shi ne Kalifa na farko da aka Samar akan wanda zai jagoranci musulmai bayan rasuwar Manzon Allah. An binne shi a masallacin Manzon Allah, a garin Madinah.&lt;ref&gt;https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yar-i-gar&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Abu Bakr a shekara ta 573 CE ga Abu Quhafa da Umm Khayr.  Shi dan kabilar Banu Taim ne.  A zamanin jahiliyya, ya kasance mai tauhidi kuma yayi Allah wadai da bautar gumaka.  A matsayinsa na hamshakin dan kasuwa, Abubakar ya kasance yana ‘yanta bayi.  Bayan musulunta a shekara ta 610, Abu Bakr ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga Muhammadu, wanda ya ba shi lakabin &quot;al-Siddiq&quot; ('Mai Gaskiya/Mai adalci').  Na farko dai ya halarci kusan dukkan yakokin da aka yi a karkashin manzon Allah.  Ya ba da gudummawar dukiyarsa da yawa don tallafawa aikin Muhammadu da kuma cikin makusantan Muhammad.  Ya kuma raka Muhammad akan hijirarsa zuwa Madina.  Ta hanyar gayyatar Abubakar, manyan Sahabiyawa da yawa sun zama Musulmai.  Ya kasance babban mashawarci na kusa ga Muhammadu, kasancewar kusan duk rikice-rikicen sojansa.  Babu Muhammadu Abubakar ya jagoranci sallah da balaguro.

Bayan mutuwar Muhammad a shekara ta dari shida  da talatin da biyu 632, Abu Bakr ya ci nasarar jagorancin al'ummar musulmi a matsayin Halifa Rashidun na farko.  Zaben nasa dai ya samu adawa da dimbin jagororin kabilu masu tawaye, wadanda suka yi ridda daga Musulunci.  A lokacin mulkinsa, ya sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da dama, wadanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ridda, wanda a sakamakon haka ya sami damar hada kai tare da fadada mulkin daular Musulmi a kan daukacin yankin Larabawa.  Ya kuma ba da umarnin fara kutsawa cikin daulolin Sassaniya da Byzantine makwabta, wanda a cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan mutuwarsa, za su haifar da mamayar musulmi na Farisa da Levant.  Baya ga siyasa, Abu Bakr kuma ana yaba masa don harhada Alqur'ani, wanda ya kasance yana da kundin rubutun halifa na kansa.  Abubakar ya nada babban mashawarcinsa Umar (r. 634–644) a matsayin magajinsa kafin ya rasu a watan Agustan 634. Tare da Muhammad, an binne Abu Bakr a cikin 'Green Dome' a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi a Madina, wuri na biyu mafi tsarki.  a Musulunci.  Ya rasu ne sakamakon rashin lafiya bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu 2 da watanni 2 da kwana 14, Halifan Rashidun daya tilo da ya rasu a dalilin halitta.
&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0221.xml&lt;/ref&gt;
Duk da cewa lokacin khalifancinsa bai yi kankanta ba, amma ya hada da mamaye dauloli biyu mafiya karfi na lokacin, nasara mai ban mamaki a cikinta.  Ya kafa wani yanayi na tarihi wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata zai kai ga daya daga cikin manyan dauloli a tarihi.  Nasarar da ya yi a kan sojojin Larabawa 'yan tawaye na cikin gida wani muhimmin bangare ne na tarihin Musulunci.  Abu Bakr yana da girma a tsakanin [[musulmai]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0221.xml&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasaba da Lakabi ==

Cikakken sunan Abubakar shine Abdullahi bn Abi Quhafa bn Amir bn Amr bn Ka'b bn Sa'd bn Taym bn Murrah bn Ka'b bn Lu'ayy bn Ghalib bn Fihr.
Zuriyarsa ta hadu da zuriyar Muhammad a ƙarni na shida tare da Murrah ibn Ka'b.  An ambace shi a cikin Alkur'ani sau biyu.

=== Abdullahi ===

A  Larabci, sunan Abd Allah yana nufin “bawan Allah”.  Wannan shine sunan haihuwarsa.

=== Abubakar ===

Wannan laƙabin (kunya) an yi masa suna tun yana ƙarami lokacin da ya girma a cikin ƙabilar ƙauye kuma ya kasance mai son raƙuma.  Ya yi wasa da ’yan maruƙa da awaki, yana samun wannan laƙabin “Abubakar,” ma’ana “uban raƙumi”.  &quot;bakir&quot; a cikin Larabci matashi ne amma ya riga ya girma raƙumi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ateeq ===

Ɗaya daga cikin sunayensa na farko, kafin musuluntarsa, shine Ateeq, ma'ana &quot;mai ceto&quot;.  A wata ruwaya mai rauni a cikin Tirmizi, Annabi Muhammad daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan suna inda ya ce Abubakar shi ne “Ateeq Allah daga wuta” ma’ana “amince” ko “amince” da tarayya da Allah yana nuna kusanci da kariyarsa.  wallahi.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=3xJjNG5CNdwC&amp;pg=PA119&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Siddiq ===

Muhammad ne ya kira shi Al-Siddiq (Mai gaskiya) bayan ya gaskata shi a waki’ar Isra’ila da Mi’iraji lokacin da wasu mutane ba su yi ba, kuma Ali ya tabbatar da wannan lakabi sau da yawa.  An kuma ruwaito shi a cikin Alkur’ani mai girma a matsayin “na biyu na biyun da ke cikin kogo” dangane da waki’ar Hijira, inda tare da Muhammad ya boye a cikin kogon Jabal Thawr daga jam’iyyar Makka da aka aiko bayansu.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Sahib ===

An kira shi da daraja da sunan “al-sahib” (sahabi) a cikin Alkur’ani yana mai bayyana matsayinsa na sahabi Annabi Muhammad a lokacin da ya buya daga kuraishawa a kogon Jabal Thawr a lokacin Hijira zuwa Madina:

 &quot;Ba kome idan kun ki ku taimake shi, kuma lalle ne Allah Yã taimake shi a lõkacin da kãfirai suka fitar da shi daga Makka, kuma bai kasance ba fãce dayan biyu.  Yayin da su biyun ke cikin kogon, sai ya tabbatar wa abokin nasa, “Kada ka damu;  Lalle Allah yana tare da mu.&quot;  Sai Allah Ya saukar da natsuwarSa a kan Annabi( SAW), kuma Ya taimake shi da rundunonin da ba ku gani ba, kuma Ya sanya kalmar kãfirai mafi ƙasƙanta, kuma kalmar Allah ita ce maɗaukakiya.  Kuma Allah Mabuwayi ne, Mai hikima.[9:40 -Alqur'ani bayyananne].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Atqa ===

A cikin wani hadith da ibn Abbas ya ruwaito tafsirin sura ta 92 na Alqur’ani daga bakin imam Suyuti zamu sami kalmar “al-atqā” (Larabci: الأتقى), ma’ana “mafi tsoron Allah,” “mafi adalci”.  “ko kuma “mafi tsoron Allah” ana nufin Abubakar a matsayin misali ga muminai.

Sabõda haka, Nã yi muku gargaɗi da wata wutã mai hushi, bãbu mai ƙõnuwa a cikinta fãce mafi shaƙãwa, kuma ya kãfirta, kuma ya bijire.  Amma salihai za a tsira daga gare ta—waɗanda suke ba da ˹wasu daga cikin dũkiyõyinsu kawai don tsarkake kansu, ba wai don neman yardar wani ba, amma suna neman yardar Ubangijinsu, Maɗaukaki.  [92:14-21] Lalle ne za su yarda.

=== Al-Awāh ===
“Al-Awāh” (Larabci: الأواه) yana nufin wanda ya yawaita roƙon Allah, mai jin ƙai, kuma mai tausasawa.  Ibrahim al-Nakha'i ya ce Abubakar kuma ana kiransa al-awāh saboda halinsa na jinƙai.

== Farkon Rayuwa ==

An haifi Abu Bakr a Makka a wani lokaci a shekara ta 573 AZ, ga wani gida mai arziki a kabilar Banu Taym na kawancen kabilar Kuraishawa.  Sunan mahaifinsa Uthman kuma an ba shi kunya Abu Quhafa, mahaifiyarsa kuwa ita ce Salma bint Sakhar wacce aka yiwa laqabin Ummul-Khair.

Ya yi ƙuruciyarsa kamar sauran yaran Larabawa na lokacin, daga cikin Badawiyyawa waɗanda suke kiran kansu Ahl-i-Ba'eer- mutanen raƙumi, kuma suka sami sha'awar raƙuma.  A shekarunsa na farko ya yi wasa da ’ya’yan rakumi da akuya, kuma son rakumi ya sa ake masa lakabi da (kunya) “Abubakar”, mahaifin marakin rakumi.

Kamar sauran ƴaƴan dangin ƴan kasuwa na Makka, Abu Bakr ya kasance mai ilimi kuma ya sami sha'awar waƙa.  Ya kasance yana halartar bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara a Ukaz, kuma yana shiga cikin baje kolin wakoki.  Yana da kyakkyawan tunani kuma yana da kyakkyawar masaniya game da asalin  ƙabilun Larabawa, labaransu da siyasarsu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/usurping-land-fadak&lt;/ref&gt;

An adana labari cewa, lokacin yana ƙarami, mahaifinsa ya kai shi ɗakin [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]], ya roƙe shi ya yi addu'a a gaban gumaka.  Mahaifinsa ya tafi don halartar wani kasuwanci, kuma Abubakar ya kasance shi kaɗai.  Da yake yiwa wani gunki magana, Abubakar ya ce: &quot;Ya Ubangijina, ina bukatan tufafi masu kyau, ka bani su&quot;.  Tsafi ya kasance ba ruwansa.  Sai ya yi wa wani gunki magana, ya ce, “Ya Allah ka ba ni abinci mai dadi, ka ga ina jin yunwa”.  Tsafi ya yi sanyi.  Hakan ya gagara haqurin saurayi Abubakar.  Ya ɗaga dutse, ya yi magana ga gunki, ya ce, &quot;Ga shi, ina nufin dutse, idan kai ne Allah ka tsare kanka.&quot;  Abubakar ya jefi gunkin ya bar Ka'aba.  Ko ta yaya, ya rubuta cewa kafin ya musulunta, Abubakar ya kasance dan hanif ne kuma bai taba bautar gumaka ba.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/138&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karbar Addinin Musulinci ==

Lokacin da ya dawo daga balaguron kasuwanci a Yemen, abokai sun sanar da shi cewa a cikin rashi, Muhammadu ya ayyana kansa a matsayin manzon Allah.  Masanin tarihi Al-Tabari, a cikin littafinsa Tarikh al-Tabari, ya kawo daga Muhammad bn Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas, wanda ya ce:
&quot;Na tambayi mahaifina ko Abubakar shine farkon musulmi?  Ya ce: A’a, fiye da mutane hamsin ne suka musulunta kafin Abubakar;  amma ya fi mu a matsayinmu na musulmi.  Kuma Umar bn al-Khattab ya musulunta bayan maza arba'in da biyar mata ashirin da ɗaya.  Amma wanda ya fi kowa a fagen Musulunci da imani, shi ne Ali bn Abi Talib.&quot;

Wasu Sunni da dukkan [[Shi'a]]  sun yarda cewa mutum na biyu da ya karɓi Muhammad a matsayin manzon Allah a bainar jama'a shine Ali ibn Abi Talib, farkon matar Muhammad Khadija.  Ibn Kathir, a cikin Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, yayi watsi da wannan.  Ya bayyana cewa mace ta farko da ta musulunta ita ce Khadijah.  Zayd ibn Harithah shine bawa na farko da ya 'yanta ya musulunta.  Ali bn Abi Talib shi ne yaro na farko da ya musulunta, domin bai kai ma balaga ba a lokacin, yayin da Abubakar shi ne mutum na farko da ya musulunta.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.twelvershia.net/2014/05/08/fadak-prophetic-inheritance-qa/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rayuwa ta gaba a Makka ===

Matarsa  Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza  ba ta karɓi Musulunci ba sai ya sake ta.  Wata matarsa, Um Ruman, ta musulunta.  Duk 'ya'yansa sun yarda da Musulunci in ban da Abd al-Rahman, wanda Abubakar ya barranta daga gare shi.  Musuluntarsa kuma ya jawo mutane da yawa zuwa Musulunci.  Ya ja hankalin abokansa na kut-da-kut da su musulunta, ya kuma gabatar da Musulunci ga sauran abokansa ta yadda da yawa daga cikinsu ma suka yarda da imani.  Wadanda suka musulunta bisa nacewar Abubakar su ne:
*Uthman Ibn Affan (wanda zai zama halifa na uku)
*Al-Zubayr (wanda ya taka rawa a yakin Masar na musulmi)
*Talha bn Ubayd-Allah, baffansa kuma babban sahabin annabi.
*'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf (wanda zai kasance wani muhimmin bangare na Halifancin Rashidun)
*Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas (wanda ya taka rawa a fafatawar musulunci na Farisa)
*Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah (wanda ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar Rashidun a Levant)
*Abu Salama, dan uwa ne ga Annabi Muhammadu.
*Khalid bn Sa’id (wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar a karkashin rundunar Rashidun a Sham).

Karɓar Abubakar ta zama wani ci gaba a cikin aikin Muhammadu.  Bauta ta zama ruwan dare a Makka, kuma bayi da yawa sun karɓi Musulunci.  A lokacin da dan ’yanci na gari ya karbi Musulunci, duk da adawar da ake yi masa, zai samu kariya daga kabilarsa.  Ga bayi, duk da haka, babu irin wannan kariyar kuma yawanci suna fuskantar tsanantawa.  Abubakar ya ji tausayin bayi, sai ya sayi takwas (maza hudu da mata hudu) sannan ya ‘yanta su, ya biya dinari 40,000 don ‘yancinsu. Mazajen sune:

#Bilal bin Rabah
#Abu Fukah
#Ammar bin Yasir
#Abu Fuhayra

Matan sun kasance:
#Lubaynah
#Al-Nahdiah
#Ummu Ubay
#Harithah bint al-Muammil

Mafi yawan bayin da Abubakar ya 'yanta, ko dai mata ne ko kuma tsoffi kuma maza ne masu rauni.  Da baban Abubakar ya tambaye shi me ya sa bai ‘yanta bayi masu karfi da matasa ba, wadanda za su iya zama madogara a gare shi, sai Abubakar ya amsa masa da cewa yana ‘yanta bayi ne saboda Allah, ba don kansa ba.

=== Zaluncin Kuraishawa, 613 ===

BABBAN LANARIN: Zaluntar Musulmai daga Makka
Shekaru uku bayan haifuwar Musulunci, Musulmai sun asirta imaninsu.  A cikin 613, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, Allah ya umurce Muhammadu ya kira mutane zuwa Musulunci a fili.  Abu Bakr ya gabatar da jawabin farko ga jama'a don yin mubaya'a ga Muhammad.  A fusace samarin kabilar kuraishawa suka garzaya wurin Abubakar suka yi masa duka har sai da ya suma.  Bayan faruwar wannan lamari sai mahaifiyar Abubakar ta musulunta.  Kuraishawa sun tsananta wa Abubakar sau da yawa.  Ko da yake da akidar Abubakar da danginsa sun kare, amma ba haka ba ne ga daukacin kabilar Kuraishawa.
==== Shekarar karshe a Makka ====
A shekara ta 617, Kuraishawa sun tilasta wa [[Banu Hashim]] kauracewa.  Muhammad tare da magoya bayansa daga Banu Hashim, an yanke su ne a hanyar wucewa daga Makka.  An yanke duk wata alaka ta zamantakewa da Banu Hashim kuma jiharsu ta kasance a gidan yari.[Bayyanawa] Kafin a yi hijira da yawa daga Musulmai zuwa Abyssinia (yanzu Habasha).  Abu Bakr yana cikin bacin rai ya tashi ya nufi kasar Yemen daga nan ya nufi Abisiniya.  Ya gamu da wani abokinsa mai suna Ad-Dughna (shugaban kabilar Qarah) a wajen Makka, wanda ya gayyaci Abubakar don neman kariyarsa daga kuraishawa.  Abu Bakr ya koma Makka, hakan ya masa sauki, amma jim kadan saboda matsin Kuraishawa, sai Ad-Dughna ya yi watsi da kariyarsa.  Kuraishawa sun sake samun 'yanci don tsananta wa Abubakar.

A shekara ta 620, kawun Muhammad kuma mai kare shi, Abu Talib bn Abd al-Muttalib, da matar Muhammad Khadija ya rasu.  'Yar Abubakar Aisha  ta kasance ango da Muhammad;  duk da haka, an yanke shawarar cewa za a gudanar da ainihin daurin auren daga baya.  A cikin 620 Abu Bakr shine mutum na farko da ya fara ba da shaida ga Muhammad Isra'i da Mi'raj (Tafiyar Dare).

== Matansa ==

* Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza (sun rabu)
* Umm Rumān Asma bint Umais
* Habibah bint Kharijah

==Yaransa Maza==
#Abdullah ibn Abi Bakar
#Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakar
#Muhammad ibn Abi Bakar

== Yaransa Mata ==
#Asma bint Abi Bakar
#Aisha
Ummu Khultum bint Abi Bakar

== Cikakken suna ==
(Abū Bakar) Abdullāh bin Abī Quḥāfa
(عبد الله بن أبي قحافة (أبو بكر

== Mahaifinsa ==
Uthman Abu Quhafa

== Mahaifiyarsa ==
Salma Umm-ul-Khair

== Yan'uwansa maza ==

* Mu'taq  
* Utaiq 
* Quhafah ibn Uthman

== Yan'uwansa   mata ==
*
* ta: Fadra Qareeba Umme-e-Aamer Kabila: Quraysh (Banu Taym) Zuri'arsu: Siddiqui Addini: Islamah Sana'arsa: Kasuwanci, yayi Khalifanci na tsawon shekara.

== Hijira zuwa madina ==

A shekara ta 622, bisa gayyatar musulmin Madina, Muhammad ya umurci musulmi da su yi hijira zuwa Madina.  An fara hijira a cikin batches.  Ali shi ne na karshe da ya ci gaba da zama a Makka, wanda aka ba shi alhakin daidaita duk wani lamuni da musulmi suka karba, kuma ya shahara a kwance a gadon Muhammad lokacin da Kuraishawa karkashin jagorancin Ikrima suka yi yunkurin kashe Muhammad a lokacin da yake barci.  Ana cikin haka sai [[Abubakar]] ya raka [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) zuwa Madina.  Saboda hatsarin da Kuraishawa ke da shi, ba su bi hanyar ba, sai dai sun bi ta wata hanya, inda suka fake a wani kogo na Jabal Thawr, mai nisan mil biyar kudu da Makka.  Abd Allah bn Abi Bakr ya kasance yana sauraren tsare-tsare da tattaunawa na kuraishawa, kuma da dare ya kan kai labari zuwa ga wadanda suka gudu a cikin kogon.  Asma bint Abi Bakr ‘yar Abubakar ta rika kawo musu abinci kullum.  Aamir, bawan Abubakar, yakan kawo garken awaki a bakin kogon kowane dare, inda ake shayar da su.  Kuraishawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin bincike ta kowace hanya.  Wata ƙungiya ta zo kusa da ƙofar kogon, amma ta kasa ganinsu.  Saboda haka, aya Qur'ani 9:40  ta sauka.  A’isha da Abu Sa’id al-Khudri da Abd Allah bn Abbas suna tafsirin wannan ayar sun ce Abubakar shi ne sahabin da ya zauna tare da Muhammad (S.A.W) a cikin kogon.

Bayan sun zauna a cikin kogon na tsawon kwana uku da darare uku, [[Abubakar]] da Muhammad (S.A.W) suka wuce Madina, suka zauna na wani lokaci a Quba, wata unguwar bayan [[Madina]].

== Rayuwar sa a Madinah ==

A Madina, Muhammad(S.A.W) ya yanke shawarar gina masallaci.  Sai aka zabi wani fili, sannan Abubakar ya biya kudin kasar.  Musulmai, gami da Abubakar, sun gina masallaci mai suna Al-Masjid al-Nabawi a wurin.  Abubakar ya kasance tare da Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (wanda ya kasance daga Madina) a matsayin ɗan'uwa a cikin imani.  Dangantakar Abubakar da Khaarijah ta kasance mafi kyawu, wanda hakan ya kara karfi lokacin da Abubakar ya auri Habiba ‘yar Khaarijah.  Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari ya zauna a garin Sunh, wata unguwar Madina, shi ma Abubakar ya zauna.  Bayan iyalan Abubakar sun isa Madina, sai ya sayi wani gida kusa da na Muhammad.

Yayin da yanayin Makka ya bushe, yanayin Madina ya yi dauri kuma saboda haka ne akasarin bakin haure suka yi rashin lafiya a lokacin da suka isa.  Abu Bakr ya kamu da zazzabi na tsawon kwanaki, inda Khaarijah da iyalansa suka halarta.  A Makka, Abubakar ya kasance mai sana’ar sayar da kaya, kuma ya fara sana’ar a Madina.  Ya bude sabon kantinsa a Sunh, daga nan kuma aka kawo kayan sawa zuwa kasuwa a Madina.  Ba da daɗewa ba kasuwancinsa ya bunƙasa.  A farkon shekara ta 623, 'yar Abu Bakr, Aisha, wadda ta riga ta auri Muhammadu(S.A.W), an aika zuwa gidan Muhammad(S.A.W) bayan bikin aure mai sauki, wanda ya kara karfafa dangantaka tsakanin Abubakar da Muhammad.(S.A.W).

== Wafatin Shugaba Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ==

Akwai hadisai da dama dangane da kwanaki na karshe na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen karfafa ra'ayin babban abota da amana da aka ce sun kasance tsakaninsa da Abubakar.  A cikin irin wannan al'amari, yayin da Muhammadu(S.A.W) ke gab da rasuwa, ya sami kansa ya kasa gudanar da sallah kamar yadda ya saba.  Ya umurci Abubakar da ya maye gurbinsa, ya yi biris da damuwar A’isha cewa mahaifinta yana da taurin kai ga wannan matsayi.  Daga baya Abubakar ya hau matsayin, kuma a lokacin da Muhammad(S.A.W) ya shiga dakin sallah wata rana da safe a lokacin sallar asuba, Abubakar ya yi yunkurin komawa baya don ya bar shi ya dauki inda ya saba ya jagoranci.  Muhammad(S.A.W) kuwa ya kyale shi ya cigaba.  A wani lamari makamancin haka, a daidai wannan lokaci ne Muhammad(S.A.W) ya hau kan mimbari ya yi jawabi ga jama'a yana mai cewa: &quot;Allah ya bai wa bawansa zabi tsakanin duniya da abin da ke wurin Allah kuma shi ne ya zabi na karshen.&quot;  Abu Bakr, yana fahimtar haka da cewa Muhammadu(S.A.W) bai daɗe da rayuwa ba, sai ya ce, “A’a, mu da ’ya’yanmu za su zama fansarka.  Muhammad(S.A.W) ya yi ta’aziyya ga abokin nasa kuma ya ba da umarnin a rufe dukkan kofofin da suke shiga masallacin ban da abin da ke fitowa daga gidan Abubakar, “domin ban san wanda ya fi shi abokina ba.”

Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu(S.A.W), al'ummar musulmi ba su shirya don rasa shugabansu ba kuma mutane da yawa sun fuskanci kaduwa sosai.  Umar ya shafi musamman, a maimakon haka ya bayyana cewa Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya je neman shawara da Allah kuma nan ba da jimawa ba zai dawo, yana tsoratar da duk wanda zai ce Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya rasu.  Abubakar bayan ya koma Madina ya kwantar da hankalin Umar ta hanyar nuna masa gawar Muhammadu(S.A.W), yana mai gamsar da shi game da mutuwarsa[61].  Daga nan sai ya yi jawabi ga wadanda suka taru a masallacin, inda ya ce, “Duk wanda ya bauta wa Muhammadu(S.A.W), Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya rasu, duk wanda ya bauta wa Allah, to, Allah rayayye ne, ba mai mutuwa ba”, don haka ya kawo karshen duk wani shakulatin bangaranci a cikin al’umma.  Daga nan sai ya karkare da ayoyin Alqur’ani cewa: “(Ya Muhammad)(S.A.W) Lallai kai mai mutuwa ne, kuma su ma za su mutu”.  [39:30] &quot;Muhammad bai zama ba face manzo, kuma lalle ne manzanni da yawa sun shude a gabaninsa, idan ya mutu ko aka kashe shi, to, za ku juya a dugaduganku? Kuma wanda ya juya a kan dugadugansa  , ba zai cutar da Allah ko kadan ba, kuma Allah zai saka wa masu godiya.&quot;

== Saqifa ==

Bayan wafatin Muhammad, an gudanar da taron Ansar' ('yan asalin Madina) a unguwar Saqifah na kabilar Banu Sa'ida, abin da aka sani a lokacin shi ne manufar taron ita ce.  don Ansar su yanke shawara a kan sabon shugaban al'ummar musulmi a tsakanin su, tare da keɓe Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka), ko da yake daga baya wannan ya zama batun muhawara.

Amma duk da haka Abubakar da Umar da suka sami labarin taron sai suka damu da yiwuwar juyin mulki, suka gaggauta zuwa wurin taron.  Da isarsu, Abubakar ya yi wa mutanen da suka taru jawabi tare da gargadin cewa yunƙurin zaɓen shugaba ba na ƙabilar Muhammad ba, Quraishawa, zai iya haifar da sabani, domin su kaɗai ne za su iya ba da umarnin girmama da ya dace a tsakanin al'umma.  Sannan ya kama hannun Umar da Abu Ubaidah ya mika su ga Ansaru a matsayin zabin da zai dace.  Habab ibn Mundhir wani jigo a yakin Badar ya mayar da martani da nasa shawarar cewa Kuraishawa da Ansar su zabi shugaba kowanne daga cikinsu, wanda zai yi mulki tare.  Kungiyar ta yi zafi da jin wannan shawara kuma ta fara jayayya a tsakaninsu.  Masani na Orientalist William Muir  ya ba da lura da yanayin:

Lokacin yana da mahimmanci.  Haɗin kai na Imani ya kasance cikin haɗari.  Ƙarfin da aka raba zai faɗi guntu, kuma duk yana iya ɓacewa.  Tufafin Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama dole ne ya hau kan Magaji xaya, kuma a kan xaya.  Mulkin Musulunci ya bukaci a yi halifanci da ba a raba;  kuma Larabawa ba za ta amince da wani shugaba ba sai daga cikin Kuraishawa.

Umar ya yi gaggawar riko hannun Abubakar ya rantse wa na baya, misali da mutanen da suka taru.  Taron dai ya watse ne a lokacin da wata hatsaniya ta barke tsakanin Umar da Sarkin Banu Sa’ida, Sa’ad bn Ubadah.  Wannan yana iya nuni da cewa ba za a yi ijma'i akan zabin Abubakar ba, tare da tada jijiyoyin wuya a sakamakon sabanin.

Abu Bakr ya kasance kusa da duniya an yarda da shi a matsayin shugaban al'ummar musulmi (karkashin lakabin Khalifa) sakamakon Saqifah, ko da yake ya fuskanci sabani saboda gaugawar taron.  Sahabbai da dama, wadanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu su ne Ali ibn Abi Talib, da farko sun ki amincewa da ikonsa.  A cikin ’yan Shi’a, an kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a baya an naɗa Ali a matsayin magajin Muhammadu, tare da kallon zaben a matsayin wanda ya saba wa burin na biyu.  Daga baya Abubakar ya aika Umar ya fuskanci Ali, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici wanda watakila ya hada da tashin hankali.  Sai dai bayan wata shida kungiyar ta yi sulhu da Abubakar kuma Ali ya yi masa mubaya'a.

== Jihadi tare da Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) ==

=== Yakin Badar ===

A shekara ta 624, Abubakar ya shiga yakin farko tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishawa na Makka, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Badar, amma bai yi yaki ba, a maimakon haka ya zama daya daga cikin masu gadin tantin Muhammad.  Dangane da haka, daga baya Ali ya tambayi abokansa a kan wanene suke ganin ya fi kowa jarumta a cikin mutane?  Kowa ya ce Ali ya fi kowa jarumtaka.  Sai Ali ya amsa da cewa:

A'a Abubakar shine mafi jarumtar mazaje.  A yakin Badar mun yi tanadin wani rumfa ga Annabi, amma da aka ce mu ba da kanmu aikin gadinsa babu wanda ya fito sai Abubakar.  Da takobi a zare ya dauki matsayinsa a gefen Manzon Allah yana tsare shi daga kafirai ta hanyar kai hari ga wadanda suka kuskura su ci gaba da wannan hanya.  Don haka ya kasance jarumin mazaje.

A cikin lissafin Ahlus-Sunnah, a lokacin irin wannan harin, fayafai guda biyu daga garkuwar [[Abubakar]] sun shiga cikin kuncin Muhammad.  Abubakar ya ci gaba da niyyar ciro wadannan fayafai amma Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah ya bukaci ya bar masa al'amarin, ya rasa allurarsa guda biyu a yayin aikin.  A cikin wa] annan labarun daga baya Abubakar, tare da wasu sahabbai, suka jagoranci Muhammadu(S.A.W)zuwa wurin tsira.

=== Yakin Uhudu ===

A shekara ta 625, ya halarci yakin Uhudu, inda aka fatattaki mafi yawan musulmi, kuma shi da kansa ya samu rauni.  Kafin a fara yakin, dansa Abd al-Rahman, wanda a lokacin har yanzu ba musulmi ba ne, kuma yana yaki a bangaren Kuraishawa, ya fito ya jefar da kalubalen fada.  Abubakar ya yarda da kalubalen amma Muhammad ya hana shi.  Daga baya Abdurrahman ya matso kusa da mahaifinsa ya ce masa &quot;Kai an tona mini asiri ne, amma na kau da kai ban kashe ka ba.&quot;  Don haka sai Abubakar ya amsa da cewa &quot;Duk da haka, da a ce an bijire mini a matsayin abin hari da ban kau da kai daga gare ku ba.&quot;  A kashi na biyu na yakin, sojojin dawakan Khalid bn al-Walid sun far wa musulmi daga baya, inda suka canza nasarar musulmi zuwa ga ci.  Da yawa sun gudu daga fagen fama har da Abubakar.  Duk da haka, bisa ga nasa lissafin, shi ne &quot;wanda ya fara dawowa&quot;.

=== Yakin Khandaki ===

A shekara ta 627 ya halarci Yakin Rarara da ma Banu Qurayza.  A yakin Rarara, Muhammadu ya raba ramin zuwa sassa da dama kuma an sanya wata tawaga da za ta gadin kowane sashe.  Daya daga cikin wadannan runduna ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Abubakar.  Makiya sun yi ta kai hare-hare akai-akai a kokarinsu na ketare ramin, inda aka fatattake su.  Domin tunawa da wannan taron an gina wani masallaci, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', a wurin da Abubakar ya kori tuhumar da makiya ke yi.

=== Yakin Khaibar ===

Abubakar ya halarci yakin Khaibar.  Khaybar yana da kagara guda takwas, mafi karfi da tsaro a cikinsu ana kiransa Al-Qamus.  Muhammad ya aiki Abubakar tare da gungun mayaka domin su yi yunkurin dauka, amma ba su samu ba.  Haka kuma Muhammadu ya aika Umar tare da gungun mayaka, amma shi ma Umar bai iya cin galaba a kan Al-Qamus ba.  Wasu musulmi ma sun yi yunƙurin kame katangar, amma ba su yi nasara ba.  A ƙarshe, Muhammadu ya aika Ali, wanda ya ci nasara da shugaban abokan gaba, Marhab.

== Yaƙin shekarun ƙarshe na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) ==

A shekara ta 629 Muhammad ya aika Amr bn al-'As zuwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal, sannan Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah ya biyo baya don amsa kiran karfafawa.  Abubakar da Umar sun jagoranci wata runduna a qarqashin al-Jarrah, sai suka kai farmaki suka fatattaki maqiya.

A cikin 630, lokacin da Musulmai suka ci [[Makka]], Abu Bakr yana cikin sojoji.  Kafin a ci Makka babansa Abu Quhafa ya musulunta.

== Yakin Hunayni da Ta'if ==

A shekara ta 630, maharba daga kabilun yankin sun yi wa sojojin musulmi kwanton bauna a lokacin da suke wucewa ta kwarin Hunain, mai nisan mil goma sha daya daga arewa maso gabashin Makka.  Ba tare da an sansu ba, sai jami'an gaba na sojojin musulmi suka gudu a firgice.  An sami rudani sosai, rakuma, dawakai da mutane sun yi karo da juna a ƙoƙarin neman mafaka.  Muhammad kuwa ya tsaya kyam.  Sahabbai tara ne suka rage a wajensa, ciki har da Abubakar.  Karkashin umarnin Muhammadu, kawun nasa Abbas ya yi kira da babbar murya, &quot;Ya ku Musulmai, ku zo wurin Annabin Allah&quot;.  Sojojin musulmi ne suka ji kiran suka taru a gefen Muhammad.  Lokacin da Musulmai suka taru a adadi mai yawa, Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a gurfanar da abokan gaba.  A fadan hannu da hannu da ya biyo bayan kabilun an fatattaki su suka gudu zuwa Autas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAB/18/2 |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131259/http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAB/18/2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muhammad ya aika da tawagar da za su gadin wucewar Hunain kuma ya jagoranci babbar runduna zuwa Autas.  A arangama da aka yi a Autas kabilun sun kasa daurewa musulmi hari.  Gaskanta ci gaba da tsayin daka ba shi da amfani, kabilun sun balle kuma suka koma Ta'if.

Muhammad ne ya nada Abubakar ya jagoranci harin da aka kai wa Ta'if.  Kabilan sun kulle kansu a cikin kagara kuma suka ki fitowa fili.  Musulmai sun yi amfani da katafalu, amma ba tare da wani sakamako na gaske ba.  Musulman sun yi yunkurin yin amfani da wata hanyar gwaji, inda wasu gungun sojoji da ke da garkuwa da rigar saniya suka yi gaba suka kona kofar.  Duk da haka, abokan gaba sun jefa jajayen tarkacen ƙarfe a kan gwajin, wanda ya sa ya zama mara amfani.

An kwashe makonni biyu ana kewaye, kuma har yanzu babu alamar rauni a cikin kagara.  Muhammad ya gudanar da majalisar yaki.  Abubakar ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya tayar da wannan kawanya, kuma Allah ya yi tanadin faduwar kagara.  An yarda da shawarar, kuma a cikin Fabrairu 630, an tayar da kewayen Ta'if kuma sojojin musulmi suka koma Makka.  Bayan ‘yan kwanaki sai Malik bin Auf kwamanda ya zo Makka ya musulunta.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/islamicempire0000nard&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubakar a matsayin Amirul Hajji ==

A shekara ta 631 miladiyya, Muhammad ya aika da tawaga musulmi dari uku daga Madina domin gudanar da aikin Hajji bisa ga sabuwar hanyar Musulunci, ya nada Abubakar a matsayin shugaban tawagar.  Washegari bayan Abubakar da tawagarsa sun tafi aikin Hajji, Muhammadu ya sami sabon wahayi: Suratu Tawbah, sura ta tara na Alqur'ani.  An ruwaito cewa lokacin da wannan wahayi ya zo, wani ya ba wa Muhammad shawarar ya aika da labarinsa ga Abubakar.  Muhammad yace mutumin gidansa ne kadai zai iya shelanta wahayi.

Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya kira Ali, ya tambaye shi ya shelanta wani yanki na Suratu Tawbah ga mutane a ranar layya lokacin da suka taru a Mina.  Ali ya fita bisa rakumin Muhammadu mai tsinke kunne, ya riski Abubakar.  Lokacin da Ali ya shiga jam’iyyar, Abubakar ya so sanin ko ya zo ne domin ya ba da umurni ko ya isar da su.  Ali ya ce bai zo ne ya maye gurbin Abubakar a matsayin Amirul Hajji ba, kuma aikin sa kawai shi ne isar da sako na musamman ga mutane a madadin Muhammad(S.A.W).

A Makka, Abu Bakr ya jagoranci bikin Hajji, kuma Ali ya karanta sanarwar a madadin Muhammad.  Manyan batutuwan sanarwar sun hada da:

#Don haka ba a ba wa waɗanda ba musulmi damar ziyartar Ka'aba' ko yin aikin hajji ba.
#Kada wani ya yi dawafin Ka'aba tsirara.
#Ba a yarda da shirka ba.  Inda musulmi suka yi wata yarjejeniya da mushrikai irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin za a girmama su na tsawon lokacin da aka kayyade.  Inda babu yarjejeniyoyin sai aka bayar da wata huxu (hudu) sannan kuma ba za a baiwa mushrikai kwata kwata ba.

Tun daga ranar da aka yi shelar sabon zamani ya waye, kuma Musulunci ne kawai ya zama koli a Larabawa.

== Fitar Abubakar(R.A) yaki ==

Abu Bakr ya jagoranci balaguron soji guda daya, watau Bakin Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,[51] wanda ya gudana a Najd, a watan Yuli 628 (wata na uku 7AH a kalandar Musulunci).  Abu Bakr ya jagoranci wani babban kamfani a Nejd bisa umarnin Muhammad.  An kashe da yawa an kuma kai su fursuna.  Littafin Hadisin Sunna Sunan Abu Dawud ya ambaci taron.

== Fitar Usama bin Zayd yaki ==

A cikin 632, a cikin makonni na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a kai hari zuwa Siriya don ɗaukar fansa kan cin nasarar da aka yi wa Musulmai a Yaƙin Mu'tah wasu shekaru baya.  Wanda ya jagoranci kamfen shine Usama bn Zayd, wanda aka kashe mahaifinsa, ɗan riƙon Muhammad Zayd ibn Harithah, a rikicin baya.  Bai fi shekara ashirin ba, ba a gogewa ba kuma ba a gwada shi ba, nadin Usama ya yi ta cece-kuce, inda ya zama matsala musamman a lokacin da aka sanya tsofaffin sojoji kamar su Abubakar, da Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah da Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas  karkashin jagorancinsa.  Duk da haka, an aika da balaguro, ko da yake ba da daɗewa ba bayan an tashi, an sami labarin mutuwar Muhammadu, wanda ya tilasta sojojin su koma Madina.  Ba a sake shiga yakin ba sai bayan hawan Abubakar zuwa halifanci, inda a nan ne ya zabi ya kara tabbatar da umarnin Usama, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasara.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/usurping-land-fadak&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwar(Wafatin) sa ==

A ranar 23 ga Agusta 634, Abubakar ya yi rashin lafiya kuma bai warke ba.  Zazzabi mai zafi ya kamashi ya kwanta.  Ciwonsa ya daɗe, kuma da yanayinsa ya tsananta, sai ya ji kamar ƙarshensa ya kusa.  Da ya gane haka sai ya aika aka kirawo Ali ya bukace shi da ya yi tafsirinsa tunda Ali ma ya yi wa Muhammad.
Abubakar ya ga ya kamata ya nada magajinsa don kada lamarin ya zama sanadin sabani a tsakanin musulmi bayan rasuwarsa, duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan rashin nada Ali.  Ya nada Umar a kan wannan aiki bayan ya tattauna da wasu Sahabbai.  Wasu daga cikinsu sun fifita nadin, wasu kuma ba sa son ta, saboda taurin hali na Umar.
Don haka Abubakar ya yi wasiyyarsa ta karshe ga Usman bn Affan kamar haka:
 &quot;Da sunan Allah Mai rahama.  Wannan ita ce wasiyyar Abubakar xan Abu Quhafa, a lokacin da yake cikin sa’a ta qarshen duniya, kuma ta farkon lahira;  Sa'ar da kafiri ya yi imani a cikinta, azzalumai ya gamsu da munanan ayyukansu, na zabi Umar dan Khaddab a matsayin magajina.  Saboda haka, ku ji shi, ku yi masa biyayya.  Idan ya yi daidai, tabbatar da ayyukansa.  Niyyata tana da kyau, amma ba zan iya ganin sakamakon nan gaba ba.  Kuma waɗanda suka yi zãlunci, to, zã su yi wa kansu hisãbi mai tsanani a bãyan haka.  Lafiya lau.  Da fatan za a kasance tare da yardar Ubangiji ta albarka&quot;.
Umar  ya jagoranci sallar jana'izarsa kuma an binne shi a gefen kabarin Muhammad (S.A.W).
Allah shi dada haske a kabarin sa. &lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Feo9AAAAYAAJ/page/n102&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Awka ta Arewa</title>
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[[Fayil:SC-82 (1926).svg|thumb|Arewa awka]]
'''Awka ta Arewa''' wata Ƙaramar Hukuma ce da ke Jihar [[Anambra]], a yankin tsakiyar kudancin [[Nijeriya]]. Garuruwan da suka haɗa ƙaramar hukumar sun haɗa da Awba Ofemili, Ugbenu, Ugbene, Ebenebe, Achalla (babban birni), Urum, Amansea, Amanuke, Isu Aniocha da Mgbakwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Central Senatorial District |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-central-senatorial-district/ |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017005156/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-central-senatorial-district/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan Ƙaramar Hukuma tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Arewa a Jihar Anambra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana [[Achalla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 112,192.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ƙasa da Yanayi ==
Yankin Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Arewa yana fuskantar yanayi biyu mabambanta, wato damina da kuma rani, tare da kiyasin yawan ruwan sama da ya kai milimita 2950. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na yankin ya kai digiri 27 a ma’aunin Celsius, yayin da matsakaicin danshin iska a Awka ta Arewa ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awka North Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/112/awka-north |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Yanayi ==
A lokacin damina, yanayin Awka ta Arewa yakan kasance mai ɗumi, mai yawan gajimare kuma wani lokaci mara daɗin yanayi, yayin da lokacin rani yakan kasance mai zafi, danshi da kuma ɗan yawan gajimare a wasu lokuta. Yawan zafin jikin yankin yakan sauya a lokuta daban-daban na shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awka Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/55058/Average-Weather-in-Awka-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Tattalin Arziki ==
Ana noma amfanin gona iri-iri a Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Arewa, ciki har da shinkafa, doya, rogo da masara, kuma noma na daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan tattalin arziƙin yankin. Baya ga kasuwanci, mazauna Awka ta Arewa suna kuma gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi a koguna da rafukan yankin. Kasuwanni irin su na Eke Awka da Aforigwe suna zama manyan cibiyoyin ciniki da musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka iri-iri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awka North Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/112/awka-north |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Makarantu a Awka ta Arewa ==
Ga jerin makarantun da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Arewa:ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government Secondary Schools in Awka North, Anambra State |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/government-secondary-schools/lga/112/awka-north |website=www.manpower.com.ng |access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Nwaokike Memorial School of Excellence, Ebenebe
*Favour of Grace International School, Ebenebe
*Signs &amp; Wonders Secondary School, Ebenebe
*Holy Spirit Secondary School, Ebenebe
*Community Secondary School
*Community High School, Ugbenu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community Secondary School, Amansea |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/15404/community-secondary-school-amansea |website=www.manpower.com.ng |access-date=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Community Secondary School, Isu Aniocha
*Community Secondary School, Ebenebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community Secondary School Ebenebe |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/130979/community-secondary-school-ebenebe |website=www.manpower.com.ng |access-date=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Community Secondary School, Mgbakwu
*Community Secondary School, Achalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community Secondary School Achalla |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/15401/community-secondary-school-achalla |website=www.manpower.com.ng |access-date=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Community Secondary School, Amanuke
*Community Secondary School, Urum
*Community Secondary School, Awba Ofemili.
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Awka ta Arewa}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]]</text>
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'''Awka ta Kudu''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Ƙaramar Hukuma]] ce dake cikin Jihar  [[Anambra]], a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Ƙaramar hukumar ta ƙunshi garuruwa tara (9), wato Amawbia, Awka, Ezinato, Isiagu, Mbaukwu, Nibo, Nise, Okpuno da Umuawulu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Postcodes.NG - Rural Areas in Awka South L.G.A. |url=http://postcodes.naijaz.com/directory/states/anambra/lgas/awka-south/ruralAreas |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=postcodes.naijaz.com |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629101714/http://postcodes.naijaz.com/directory/states/anambra/lgas/awka-south/ruralAreas |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Awka ta Kudu tana ƙarƙashin [[Majalisar dattawa ta arewacin Anambra|mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Arewa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai manyan tituna uku da suka ratsa yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Zik Avenue, Works Road da Arthur Eze Avenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OBI CONTINUES TO MAKE IMPACT IN AWKA |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/obi-continues-to-make-impact-in-awka/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005001637/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/obi-continues-to-make-impact-in-awka/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A da, mutanen Awka ta Kudu sun shahara sosai wajen sana’ar ƙira da sarrafa ƙarfe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Headliners |date=2022-01-02 |title=Build blacksmith village in Awka, Monarch tells Anambra, Federal govts {{!}} Nigeria News Headlines Today |url=https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/vanguard-newspaper/2022/01/02/build-blacksmith-village-in-awka-monarch-tells-anambra-federal-govts/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105611/https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/vanguard-newspaper/2022/01/02/build-blacksmith-village-in-awka-monarch-tells-anambra-federal-govts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau kuma ana girmama su a tsakanin al’ummar Igbo na Najeriya saboda ƙwarewarsu a fannoni na fasaha da kasuwanci. Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 189,654.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Awka''' wani gari ne da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=2018-04-18 |title=List Of Towns And Villages In Awka South L.G.A, Anambra State |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-awka-south-anambra-state/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce cibiyar gwamnatin jihar kuma tana da fitattun mutane da dama a ciki da wajen Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra State – SEREDEC |url=https://southeast.ng/the-region/anambra-state/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amawbia kuma ita ce cibiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar, wato gidan gwamna da kuma gidan yarin jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ene |date=2022-08-31 |title=Towns &amp; Villages in Akwa South « Anambra State « Nigeria. |url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/akwa-south/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Towns &amp; Villages |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Nise yana da muhimman cibiyoyi irin su babban ofishin WAEC (West African Examinations Council) na jihar da kuma St. Paul University College.

Al’ummar Isiagu wata gari ce da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Kudu. Yankin yana daga cikin wuraren noma a jihar saboda yalwar ƙasa mai ni’ima da ta dace da noma. Ana kuma kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin garuruwan yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya (ƙasar Igbo).

Al’ummar Isiagu sun taɓa samun sarakunan gargajiya guda biyu kacal zuwa yanzu. Sarkin gargajiyar yankin na yanzu shi ne Igwe Augustine Nwankwo, wanda ake kira Igwe Agu I na Isiagu.

Isiagu na da makarantu firamare guda biyu da makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya. Garin ya shahara da zaman lafiya da kuma ƙarfi wajen kiyaye al’adu da gargajiyarsa, kuma har zuwa yau al’ummar Isiagu suna ci gaba da riƙe al’adunsu da gargajiyarsu.

==Manazarta== 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Awka ta Kudu}}
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    <title>Anambra ta Gabas</title>
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{| class=&quot;infobox ib-settlement vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Anambra Gabas&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Taswirar hulɗa ta Gabashin Anambra&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Hanyar daidaitawa: 6°20′08′′N 6°51′46′′E / 6.3356799°N 6.86283945°E / 6.6356799; 6.86283745&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anambra_East&amp;params=6.3356799_N_6.86283945_E_type:city(659380)_region:NG-AN &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;6°20′08″N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;6°51′46″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;6.3356799°N 6.86283945°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;6.3356799; 6.86283945&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon nowrap&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] &lt;/span&gt;[[Nigeria|Najeriya]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[States of Nigeria|Jiha]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Anambra State|Jihar Anambra]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Gwamnati&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Irin wannan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|Karamar Hukumar]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Shugaban Karamar Hukumar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ifeanyi Chiweze &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;145&quot;&gt;[https://nigerianleaders.com/local-government-areas-anambra-state-chairmen/ &quot;List Of Local Government Areas In Anambra State, And Their Chairmen&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;146&quot;&gt;27 September 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yankin&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |616.4 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (238.0 sq mi) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yawan jama'a (2022) [2]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt; (2022)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA004__anambra/ &quot;Anambra State: Subdivision&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |659,380
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1,070/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,771/sq mi) &amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+1]] ([[West Africa Time|WAT]]) 
|}
'''Anambra ta Gabas''' wata Ƙaramar Hukuma ce da ke Anambra State, a yankin tsakiyar kudancin Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hedikwatarta tana garin Otuocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Garuruwan da suka haɗa Ƙaramar Hukumar sun haɗa da: Aguleri, Enugwu Aguleri, Eziagulu Otu Aguleri, Enugwu Otu Aguleri, Mkpunando-Otu Aguleri, Ikem Ivite, Igbariam, Umuoba Anam, Nando, Umueri, da Nsugbe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Government Area &amp; Towns |url=https://anambrastate.gov.ng/local-government-communities/ |website=Anambra State Government |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017160202/https://anambrastate.gov.ng/local-government-communities/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin na daga cikin Babban Birnin Onitsha (Greater Onitsha Metropolis). Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Tsakiya a Jihar Anambra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 152,149.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas, an gano dimbin albarkatun man fetur da iskar gas a bakin garin Aguleri. Shugaban ƙasa ya ƙaddamar da aikin bincike da haƙar man a yankin, kuma kamfanin 'Orient Petroleum Resources' na shirin kafa babban ofishinsa na gudanarwa tare da wani sabon rukunin gidaje a garin Aguleri.

A halin yanzu, Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas ta kafa tarihi bayan jirgin sama kirar &lt;nowiki&gt;'''Embraer ERJ 145''' na kamfanin Air Peace ya samu nasarar sauka da kuma tashi daga yankin. Haka kuma, gwamnatin Anambra State ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna mai darajar dala biliyan biyu tare da kamfanonin '''Orient Petroleum Resources''' da '''Elite International Investment Limited'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; domin gina wani birnin filin jirgin sama na ƙasa da ƙasa a Umueri da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra East local government area – Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/anambra-east-local-government-area/ |access-date=3 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obiano Signs Two Billion Dollars Airport City MoU |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/04/12/obiano-signs-two-billion-dollars-airport-city-mou/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Doya, shinkafa, rogo da ƙocoyam su ne manyan amfanin gonar da ake nomawa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas, wadda ta shahara a fannonin noma da kasuwanci. Kasuwanni irin su Kasuwar Otuocha, New Parts Market da Kasuwar Afia Ama suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yankin. Baya ga noma da kasuwanci, Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas tana kuma da yalwar albarkatun ma’adinai, musamman bayan gano dimbin ɗanyen mai a garin Aguleri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra East Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/109/anambra-east |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas na da matsakaicin zafin jiki da ya kai digiri 27.5 a ma’aunin Celsius (81.5 °F), tare da matsakaicin danshin iska na kashi 79 cikin 100. Yankin na da manyan yanayi biyu, wato lokacin rani wanda ke gudana daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris, da kuma lokacin damina wanda yake daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra East Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/109/anambra-east |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahararrun mutane a Anambra ta Gabas ==

* [[Willie Obiano]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra State Governor |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/568-anambra-state-governor |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=www.nggovernorsforum.org |archive-date=14 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314230528/https://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/568-anambra-state-governor |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tony Nwoye]]
* Emeka Idu 
* HRM Igwe Benneth Izuchukwu Emeka

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anambra ta Yamma</title>
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[[Fayil:Anambra lga map.gif|thumb|Taswiran Anambra Da Yankunan ta ]]
[[Fayil:Flag of Anambra State.png|thumb|Tutar Anambra ]]
'''Anambra ta Yamma''' wata Ƙaramar Hukuma ce da ke yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], a [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Otuocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Tsakiya a Jihar Anambra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra West L.G.A List of towns and villages {{!}} Nigeria Zip Codes |url=https://geo.mycyber.org/nigeria/anambra-west/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=geo.mycyber.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 167,303.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ƙasa da Yanayi ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma na da matsakaicin danshin iska da ya kai kashi 79 cikin 100, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki da ya kai 27.5°C (81.5°F). Yankin yana da manyan yanayi biyu, wato lokacin rani wanda ke gudana daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris, da kuma lokacin damina wanda yake daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra West Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/110/anambra-west |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra West (Local Government Area, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/anambra/NGA004003__anambra_west/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Tattalin Arziki ==
Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma na da dimbin albarkatun ƙasa. Haka kuma, kamun kifi na daga cikin muhimman sana’o’in tattalin arziki da al’ummar yankin ke yi. Ana noma amfanin gona iri-iri a yankin, ciki har da doya, rogo, masara da sauran kayan lambu. Kasuwanci ma yana bunƙasa sosai a Anambra ta Yamma, inda shahararrun kasuwanni irin su Kasuwar Eke Nnokwa da Kasuwar Owelle Central ke zama cibiyoyin saye da sayar da kayayyaki iri-iri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra West Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/110/anambra-west |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anambra ta Yamma}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]]</text>
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    <title>Anaocha</title>
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[[Fayil:Agulu Post Office, Nwagu Junction Okpuifite Village, Agulu, Anaocha Local Government Area, Anambra State.jpg|thumb|anaocha]]
[[Fayil:Nigeria location map.svg|thumb|taswirar anaocha]]
'''Anaocha''' wata [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Anambra|Anambra]], a yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Garuruwan da suka haɗa ƙaramar hukumar sun haɗa da Aguluzigbo, Agulu, Neni, Ichida, Adazi-Ani, Adazi-Enu, Adazi-Nnukwu, Akwaeze, Nri da Obeledu, yayin da hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar take a Neni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaramar Hukumar Anaocha tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Kudu a Jihar Anambra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai mutane 284,215.As at the 2006 census, this LGA has a total population of 284,215 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tattalin arziki==
Masana’antar noma a Ƙaramar Hukumar Anaocha tana bunƙasa sosai, inda ake noma dimbin amfanin gona irin su ƙocoyam, doya da rogo. Wata muhimmiyar sana’ar tattalin arziki a yankin ita ce sarrafa itace. Haka kuma, mazauna yankin suna gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi da kasuwanci, yayin da fitattun kasuwanni irin su Kasuwar Eke da ke Adazi-Ani, Kasuwar Afor da ke Agulu da kuma Kasuwar Nkwor da ke Adazi-Enu ke taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin ƙaramar hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anaocha Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/111/anaocha |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ƙasa da Yanayi ==
Ana ganin matsakaicin zafin jiki na Ƙaramar Hukumar Anaocha ya kai digiri 27.5 a ma’aunin Celsius, tare da matsakaicin danshin iska na kashi 79 cikin 100. Yankin na da manyan yanayi biyu, wato lokacin rani wanda ke gudana daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris, da kuma lokacin damina wanda yake daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anaocha Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/111/anaocha |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Fitattun mutane ==
* [[Emeka Nwokedi]] — jagoran ƙungiyar waƙa kuma darektan kiɗa
* [[Peter Obi]] — tsohon gwamnan Anambra State
* [[Basil Ezeanolue]] — farfesa a fannin ilimin cututtukan kunne, hanci da maƙogwaro (Otorhinolaryngology)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People  - Anaocha |url=https://anaocha.com/people/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119003006/https://anaocha.com/people/ |archive-date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Anaocha |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayamelum</title>
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[[Fayil:Ime-Aba River, Umerum, Ayamelum LGA, Anambra State.jpg|thumb|rafin Garin Ayamelum]]
[[Fayil:Major Deity 003.jpg|thumb|babbar hanya zuwa Ayamelum]]

'''Ayamelum''' wata Ƙaramar Hukuma ce da ke jihar [[Anambra]], a yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tare da hedikwatarta a Anaku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216174654/https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Ayamelum yana kan iyakar tsakanin Enugu State da Jihar Anambra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayamelum Local Government Area – Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/ayamelum-local-government-area/ |access-date=2022-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al’ummomin yankin sun shahara wajen samar da abinci. Ayamelum tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Tsakiya a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayamelum L.G.A List of towns and villages {{!}} Nigeria Zip Codes |url=https://geo.mycyber.org/nigeria/ayamelum/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=geo.mycyber.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 158,152.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙaramar hukumar na da ƙarfin tattalin arziki da damar noma waɗanda za su iya samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da ayyukan yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-06-09 |title=Anambra 2021: George Moghalu Meets Stakeholders of Ayamelum Local Government Area |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/anambra-2021-george-moghalu-meets-stakeholders-of-ayamelum-local-government-area/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-13 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garuruwa irin su Anaku, Ifite Ogbari, Umumbo da Omor sun shahara musamman wajen noman shinkafa. Saboda haka, yankin yana amfana daga hukumar '''Lower Anambra-Imo River Basin Development Authority''' wadda ke taimakawa wajen bunƙasa harkokin noma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-12-26 |title=No road to Anambra's food basket |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/no-road-to-anambras-food-basket/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-13 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sai dai Ayamelum na fama da matsalar rashin hanyoyin shiga masu kyau. Babbar hanyar shiga yankin ita ce hanyar gwamnatin tarayya ta Otuocha–Anaku–Adani, wadda ta daɗe tana cikin mummunan hali. Wannan ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa yana hana mazauna yankin kai kayayyakin amfanin gonarsu zuwa garuruwa da birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayamelum}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]]</text>
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    <title>COVID-19 a Najeriya</title>
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Farkon samun bullar ibtala'in '''annobar cutar COVID-19 ko [[Koronavirus 2019]] a [[Najeriya]]''' ya bulla ne a [[Lagos|Jahar Lagos]] ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 2020, lokacin da wani dan kasar [[Italiya]] ya shiga kasar dauke da cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria|title=FIRST CASE OF CORONA VIRUS DISEASE CONFIRMED IN NIGERIA|date=28 February 2020|publisher=[[Nigeria Centre for Disease Control]]|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302150128/https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/africa/nigeria-coronavirus.html|title=Nigeria Responds to First Coronavirus Case in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=28 February 2020|last1=Maclean|first1=Ruth|last2=Dahir|first2=Abdi Latif|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2020, aka samu labarin bullar annobar a karo na biyu a ƙasar ta Najeriya a [[Ogun|Jahar Ogun]], Inda aka samu wani dan Najeriya yayi mu'amala da dan kasar Italiya mai dauke da cutar shima ya kamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/03/09/breaking-nigeria-records-second-case-of-coronavirus|title=Nigeria records second case of Coronavirus|date=9 March 2020|website=[[P.M. News]]|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Shimfida==

[[File:COVID-19 cases in the Lagos Metropolitan Area.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Jahar Lagos inda annobar tafi shafa, wannan taswira ce ta ranar 7/5/2020]]
A ranar 28 ga watan  Janairu shekara ta 2020, ne Najeriya ta aiyana tsagaita zirga-zirga a wasu filayen jirgin sama na ƙasar duka dai domin ganin an dakile yaduwar annobar ta COVID-19 a fadin kasar. Tashoshin Jiragen saman Kano,  Inugu, Lagos, Ribas da [[Abuja|Babban birnin taraiya]] ne gwamnagin ta sanar da rufe su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/374865-coronavirus-nigeria-strengthens-surveillance-at-five-international-airports.html|title=Coronavirus: Nigeria 'strengthens' surveillance at five international airports|publisher=[[Premium Times]]|date=29 January 2020|accessdate=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar dake kula da yaduwar annoba ta kasar ta sanar da shirinta na tunkarar annobar COVID-19 a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/01/28/coronavirus-nigeria-announces-preventive-measures-releases-numbers|title=Coronavirus: Nigeria announces preventive measures, releases numbers|publisher=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post Nigeria]]|last=Odunsi|first=Wale|date=28 January 2020|accessdate=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan  Janairu shekara ta 2020 ne gwamnatin ta shirya rukuni na masana domin shirya yadda za'a dakile bazuwar cutar a kasar. Hakan kuwa nazuwa ne tuntun bayan ganin yadda annobar ta [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ke kara mamaye birane ka kasar [[Sin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/31/fg-sets-up-coronavirus-preparedness-group|title=FG Sets up Coronavirus Preparedness Group|last=Ifijeh|first=Martins|publisher=[[This Day|This Day Newspaper]]|date=31 January 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/steps-nigeria-is-taking-to-prepare-for-coronavirus/ar-BBZqjKe|title=Steps Nigeria is taking to prepare for coronavirus|date=29 January 2020|access-date=10 March 2020|website=[[MSN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan ranar dai Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta lisafta Najeriya cikin jerin ƙasashen [[Afrika]] 13 da ibtala'in ka iya afkawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/02/01/coronavirus-spread-who-lists-nigeria-among-high-risk-countries|title=Coronavirus Spread: WHO Lists Nigeria Among High Risk Countries|last1=Ezigbo|first1=Onyebuchi|last2=Ifijeh|first2=Martins|publisher=[[This Day|This Day Newspaper]]|date=1 February 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga watan  Fabarairu shekara ta  2020, wani dan ƙasar Sin ya kai kansa wajen gwamnatin jihar Lagos domin ta dubashi koda yana dauke da cutar, inda aka kaishi asibitin ''Reddington'' kuma aka sallame shi bayan kwana daya, bayan sakamakon gwaji ya tabbatar baya dauke da cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-coronavirus-scare-in-lagos-govt-announces-test-result-on-chinese-citizen|title=BREAKING: Coronavirus scare in Lagos, govt announces test result on Chinese citizen|publisher=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|last=Gesinde|first=Seyi|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ƙididdiga==
Ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2020 aka samu bullar cutar karon farko a Najeriya, lokacin da wani dan kasar [[Italiya]] ya baro birnin [[Milan]] ya sauka a filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammed, dake Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria |title=Nigeria Centre for Disease Control |website=ncdc.gov.ng |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302150128/https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |title=Nigeria confirms first coronavirus case |date=28 February 2020 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302181240/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ConfirmedNigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/02/28/breaking-deadly-coronavirus-confirmed-in-lagos-nigeria-at-last/|title=Breaking: Deadly Coronavirus confirmed in Lagos, Nigeria at last|date=25 February 2020|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228011403/https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/02/28/breaking-deadly-coronavirus-confirmed-in-lagos-nigeria-at-last/|archive-date=28 February 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/02/28/breaking-deadly-coronavirus-confirmed-in-lagos-nigeria-at-last|title=Breaking: Deadly Coronavirus confirmed in Lagos Nigeria at last|last=Ugbodaga|first=Kazeem|date=28 February 2020|website=[[P.M. News]]|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nigeria-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus/1748081|title=Nigeria confirms first case of coronavirus|last=Tih|first=Felix|date=28 February 2020|website=[[Anadolu Agency]]|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 gaga watan  garin shekara ta  2020,  aka samu bayanin bullar annobar karo na biyu a garin Ewekoro na [[Ogun|Jahar Ogun]], wanda shima yayi huldahulda da dankasar Italiya mai dauke da cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/09/breaking-nigeria-confirms-second-case-of-coronavirus|title=Nigeria Confirms Second Case Of Coronavirus|publisher=[[Channels TV]]|date=9 March 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/380886-updated-coronavirus-second-case-confirmed-in-nigeria.html|last=Owoseye|first=Ayodamola|title=UPDATED: Coronavirus: Second case confirmed in Nigeria|publisher=[[Premium Times]]|date=9 March 2020|accessdate=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dont-panic-says-govt-as-nigeria-gets-second-coronavirus-case|title=Don't panic, says govt as Nigeria gets second coronavirus case|publisher=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation Newspaper]]|date=10 March 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mari shekara ta 2020, ne Najeriya ta fitar da sanarwar wanda aka samu na biyu dauke da cutar bashi da ita bayan anyi masa gwaje gwaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-nigerian-who-tested-postive-for-coronavirus-now-negative|title=UPDATED: Nigerian who tested positive for coronavirus now negative|last=Atoyebi|first=Olufemi|date=13 March 2020|accessdate=13 March 2020|publisher=[[The Punch|The Punch Newspaper]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ranar 17 ga watan  Maris shekara ta  2020, gwamnatin jihar Lagos ta fitar da rahoton tabbacin samun mutum na uku dauke da cutar. Wata mata ce yar shekara 30 wadda ta dawo daga kasar [[Birtaniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-third-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-lagos|title=Third coronavirus case confirmed in Nigeria|last=Olatunji|first=Haleem|date=17 March 2020|publisher=[[TheCable]]|access-date=17 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2020, Najeriya ta kara tabbatar da samun Karin mutum biyar dauke da cutar.

Ranar 23 ga watan  Maris, shekara ta  2020 ne Hukumar da ke hana yaduwar cutuka ta Najeriya NCDC ta ce mutum daya daga cikin mutum 35 da suka kamu da cutar Coronavirus ya mutu.
A shafinta na Twitter, hukumar ta ce mutumin mai shekara 67 ya koma Najeriya daga kasar Burtaniya.
NCDC ta kara da cewa da ma marigayin yana fama da cutar suga da daji inda ake yi masa gashi a asibiti.&lt;ref&gt;https/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51999825?iorg_service_id_internal=624173547714020%3BAfp6jJ_X84Vs5_nf&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara gano cutar korona a Najeriya ne a jikin wani baturen kasar Italiya ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu bayan ya shiga kasar ta filin jirgin sama na Murtala Mohammed da ke Legas.
Shi da mutum na farko da ya kamu da cutar ranar 20 ga watan Maris a arewacin Najeriya, Mohammed Atiku duk sun warke kuma an sallame su daga asibiti.
A ranar Juma'a 17 ga watan Afrilu ne cutar korona ta yi sanadin mutuwar Malam Abba Kyari, shugaban ma'aikatan fadar shugaban Najeriya. Shi ne mutum mafi girman mukami da ya mutu dalilin korona a kasar.
Gwamnoni irinsu Bala Mohammed da Nasir El-rufa'i da kuma Seyi Makinde na jihar Oyo duk sun kamu da annobar kafin su warke daga bisani.
Har yazuwa ranar Alhamis 27 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2020, a hukumance ba a samu bullar cutar a jihohin Kogi da Cross river ba, amma wasu na da ra'ayin cewa hakan ta faru ne saboda ba a gwajin cutar a cikin johohin biyu.
Hukumomin Najeriya dai sun ce sun rubanya adadin gwaje-gwajen da suke yi a kasar, inda a yanzu suka ce akan yi gwaji kimanin dubu guda cikin sa'a 24.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
!An wallifayi
! Sombodi tere gowayi in farko
! Ga ga amfani  hukuma?
! Sabuntayi
Godom
! Geographic
Mataki
! Jerin lokuta
! Gwaji
Shafukan
! Gwaji
Lamba
! lamuran
! Asibiti
! Moto
! Alurar riga kafi
Shafukan
! Alurar riga kafi
Lamba
! Bosa
|-
| Codeers Against COVID / GIScorps 
| Maris [[22]], 2020 
| Ee, ta FEMA  da Jihar California 
| Kullum
| Point (lat/dogon)
| Ee
| Ee
| A'a
| A'a
| A'a
| A'a
| Ee
| A'a
| Saitin Bosa in Beyi gwaji in COVID-19 ga Amurka da Puerto Rico
|-
| Boi Amurka 
| Afrilu 24, 2020 
| Ee, ta CDC 
| Kullum
| Hukuma dole
| Ee
| A'a
| A'a
| Ee
|
| Ee
| A'a
| A'a
| Takaddun bosa game ga cututtukan coronavirus-matakin gundumomi da mace-mace da ake sabuntawa kowace rana
|-
| Ruta Doppa COVID 
| Maris 7, 2020 
| A'a
| Kullum
| Jiha
| Ee
| A'a
| Ee
| Ee
| Ee
| Ee
| A'a
| A'a
| Kididdiga gwaji ga ƙididdiga in likita ga anin ele  gudanarwa ga Amurka
|-
| Binciken Hankali na sake diwayi in anin amfani gako tuntuɓar COVID-19 inko ganako  ruta sara
| Maris 2021 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  saitin boi an tun niyya in Tallifa nazarin ra'ayi  sake diwa na anin amfani gako COVID-19 tuntuɓar aikace-aikacen wayar Sara.
|}

== Duba ==
* [[Koronavirus 2019]]
* [[Koronavirus a Nijar]]
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Godswill Obioma</title>
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'''Godswill Obioma''' dan asalin kauyen Amaokpu ne, Nkpa, karamar hukumar [[Bende (Nijeriya)|Bende]], [[Abiya|jihar Abia]]. A cikin shekara ta 1975, ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku inda ya karanci lissafi da kimiyyan lissafi, ya kammala da mataki na farko, kuma shi ne dalibi da yafi kowa ne dalibi hazaka. A shekara ta 1979, ya kammala karatun sa daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka]] inda ya karanci lissafi da ilimi, inda ya kammala a matsayin dalibin da ya fi kowa digiri. A shekarar 1982, &lt;ref&gt;Umeh, Kanayo (22 May 2020). &quot;Buhari appoints Professor Godswill Obioma as NECO registrar&quot;. The Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Asishana, Justina (27 August 2020). &quot;NECO Registrar lauds COVID-19 compliance in schools&quot;. The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 25 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a fannin auna ilimi da kimantawa a wannan jami'ar. A shekarar 1985, ya ci gaba da karatu a jami'ar  kuma ya kammala karatun sa na digirin digirgir a wannan fannin kuma ya sami lambar yabo daga shugaban jami'a, a kan digirin digirgir mafi kyawun karatun.
== Ayyuka ==
A cikin shekara ta 1979, Obioma ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka a matsayin abokin bincike, bayan da makarantar ta ci gaba da rike shi a lokacin da ya kammala karatu. Ya bar jami'a a shekara ta 1988 ya koma Jami'ar Jos kuma ya zama shugaban sashin bincike na sashen ilimi a matsayin babban jami'in bincike. 

A shekarar 1991 yana da shekara 38 da haihuwa, aka ba shi matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi da kimantawa a Jami'ar Jos, inda ya zama shugaban sashen, sashen ilimin kimiyya, lissafi da fasahar kere kere a shekarar 1993. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman kan sanya ido da kimantawa ga mai kula da harkokin soja na Jihar Abiya a shekara ta 1994. 

Obioma yayi aiki a matsayin darakta, sa-ido da kimantawa na Hukumar Ilimin Firamare ta Kasa, a Kaduna kuma daga 1994 zuwa 2000 kafin ya zama darekta, sa ido da kimantawa, Tsarin Ilimin Ilimin Firamare, a Abuja 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta, sa ido, bincike da kuma kididdiga, Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Fasaha (NABTEB), [[Benin City|Garin Benin]] daga 2003 zuwa 2005. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga ministan ilimi, kafin ya yi wa'adi biyu a matsayin babban sakatare, Hukumar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimin Najeriya, Sheda, Abuja daga Maris 2005. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Resident Electoral Commissioners&quot;. Independent National Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;Ya shiga Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, INEC, inda ya zama Kwamishinan Zabe na [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nigeria: Pa Obioma, Lover of Education, Goes Home in Trail of Blaze&quot;. AllAfrica.com. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki a NECO ==
[[Muhammadu Buhari|Shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Obioma a matsayin mai rejista na Hukumar Jarrabawa ta Kasa, NECO na tsawon shekaru biyar don maye gurbin Abubakar Gana daga 14 ga Mayu 2020.  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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'''Godswill Obioma''' dan asalin kauyen Amaokpu ne, Nkpa, karamar hukumar [[Bende (Nijeriya)|Bende]], [[Abiya|jihar Abia]]. A cikin shekara ta 1975, ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku inda ya karanci lissafi da kimiyyan lissafi, ya kammala da mataki na farko, kuma shi ne dalibi da yafi kowa ne dalibi hazaka. A shekara ta 1979, ya kammala karatun sa daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka]] inda ya karanci lissafi da ilimi, inda ya kammala a matsayin dalibin da ya fi kowa digiri. A shekarar 1982, &lt;ref&gt;Umeh, Kanayo (22 May 2020). &quot;Buhari appoints Professor Godswill Obioma as NECO registrar&quot;. The Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Asishana, Justina (27 August 2020). &quot;NECO Registrar lauds COVID-19 compliance in schools&quot;. The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 25 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a fannin auna ilimi da kimantawa a wannan jami'ar. A shekarar 1985, ya ci gaba da karatu a jami'ar  kuma ya kammala karatun sa na digirin digirgir a wannan fannin kuma ya sami lambar yabo daga shugaban jami'a, a kan digirin digirgir mafi kyawun karatun.
== Ayyuka ==
A cikin shekara ta 1979, Obioma ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka a matsayin abokin bincike, bayan da makarantar ta ci gaba da rike shi a lokacin da ya kammala karatu. Ya bar jami'a a shekara ta 1988 ya koma Jami'ar Jos kuma ya zama shugaban sashin bincike na sashen ilimi a matsayin babban jami'in bincike. 

A shekarar 1991 yana da shekara 38 da haihuwa, aka ba shi matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi da kimantawa a Jami'ar Jos, inda ya zama shugaban sashen, sashen ilimin kimiyya, lissafi da fasahar kere kere a shekarar 1993. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman kan sanya ido da kimantawa ga mai kula da harkokin soja na Jihar Abiya a shekara ta 1994. 

Obioma yayi aiki a matsayin darakta, sa-ido da kimantawa na Hukumar Ilimin Firamare ta Kasa, a Kaduna kuma daga 1994 zuwa 2000 kafin ya zama darekta, sa ido da kimantawa, Tsarin Ilimin Ilimin Firamare, a Abuja 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta, sa ido, bincike da kuma kididdiga, Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Fasaha (NABTEB), [[Benin City|Garin Benin]] daga 2003 zuwa 2005. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga ministan ilimi, kafin ya yi wa'adi biyu a matsayin babban sakatare, Hukumar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimin Najeriya, Sheda, Abuja daga Maris 2005. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Resident Electoral Commissioners&quot;. Independent National Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;Ya shiga Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, INEC, inda ya zama Kwamishinan Zabe na [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nigeria: Pa Obioma, Lover of Education, Goes Home in Trail of Blaze&quot;. AllAfrica.com. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki a NECO ==
[[Muhammadu Buhari|Shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Obioma a matsayin mai rejista na Hukumar Jarrabawa ta Kasa, NECO na tsawon shekaru biyar don maye gurbin Abubakar Gana daga 14 ga Mayu 2020.  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Cangas del Narcea Asturies map.svg|thumb|taswirar kasar]]
'''Adralés''' ya kasan ce kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin majami'u 54 a cikin Cangas del Narcea, wata karamar hukuma ce a cikin lardin kuma tana da ikon mallakar Asturias, a arewacin [[Ispaniya|Spain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adralés, Spain on the map — exact time, time zone, airports nearby |url=https://mw.utc.city/2444618 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=mw.utc.city}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikklesiyar ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka uku: Adralés, Villar de Adralés da El Altu Santarvás. Kauyen Adralés yana da nisan kilomita uku kudu maso gabas na babban birnin Cangas del Narcea.

Tattalin arzikin Adralés koyaushe yana dogara ne akan kiwon shanu. Dangane da kusancin ƙauyen da garin Cangas del Narcea, manoma daga Adralés koyaushe suna cikin kasuwannin ta har ma suna iya ba shi madara, alhali mafi yawan ƙauyukan karamar hukumar suna kiwon shanu ne kawai don naman su tunda ba su iyawa safara ko adana madara. A halin yanzu yawancin mazaunan Adralés manoma ne da suka yi ritaya ko matasa da ke aiki a Cangas.

A kuma ƙarnin da suka gabata mutane da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa [[Cuba]] da [[Filipin|Philippines]] daga wannan yankin. A zahiri, &quot;Adrales&quot; suna ne gama gari a cikin Filipinas, wanda ya samo asali daga wannan lardin na Asturia.

A cikin ƙarni na 19 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1970s, Adralés ya rasa yawancin yawansa zuwa ƙaura . Yawancin ƙaura sun yi hanyar zuwa [[Madrid]] a matsayin masu tsaron dare. Yawancin mutane sun yi ƙaura zuwa [[Argentina]] da [[Venezuela]], yayin da a cikin shekarun 1960s da 1970s kusan kowane magidanci a ƙauyen ya aika ɗayan membobinsa zuwa [[Switzerland]] .

== Shahararrun mazauna ==
José Calvo Martínez, ya kasan ce wani babban sakatare na Unión de Campesinos Asturianos (Union of Asturian Farmworkers) tun 1995

Aurelio Ordás Rodríguez (1942-), wanda ya kafa kuma ya taɓa zama shugaban cibiyar Asturian sau uku a Basel, Switzerland da kuma darektan gida na Socialungiyar Partyan kwadagon Spanishan kwadagon Spain a Basel. Yayi hijira zuwa [[Faransa]] a 1961 sannan daga baya zuwa Switzerland. Ya kuma kasance darektan sauran ƙungiyoyin baƙi na ƙasar Sifen a Switzerland.

Daniel Ordás Menéndez (1974-), ɗan Aurelio Ordás Rodríguez, lauya kuma sakatare-janar na SSWP a Switzerland daga 2001 zuwa 2004; tsohon memba na Hukumar Zartarwa ta Tarayyar SSWP a Turai; memba na Kwamitin Tarayya na SSWP; wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ofungiyar Ma'aikatan Mutanen Espanya Masu Amincewa da Freean wasa a Switzerland.
==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964961</id>
      <parentid>964518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:28:46Z</timestamp>
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        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
      <origin>964961</origin>
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      <text bytes="7152" sha1="fkoarvvcsq6rccww1j8zy5sxsuifnr3" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|[[User:Justus Tolutope Kolawole|Justus Tolutope Kolawole]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Justus Tolutope Kolawole|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|2
|[[User:PharaohCrab|PharaohCrab]]
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|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|3
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|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|4
|[[User:Xhuks|Xhuks]]
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|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|5
|[[User:Fudge68|Fudge68]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fudge68|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|6
|[[User:Alex Blokha|Alex Blokha]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Alex Blokha|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|7
|[[User:Alsmoowhohoo|Alsmoowhohoo]]
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|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|8
|[[User:Haruna Usman Ginsau|Haruna Usman Ginsau]]
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|Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:ISheix|ISheix]]
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|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:Ummujannah|Ummujannah]]
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|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:犭|犭]]
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|[[User:Fyzzyio|Fyzzyio]]
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|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:ساجده امیری|ساجده امیری]]
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|-
|21
|[[User:SpanskKo|SpanskKo]]
|[[Special:Contributions/SpanskKo|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
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|[[Special:Contributions/Massaoud Illa Sadikou|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
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|[[User:RJ Raawat|RJ Raawat]]
|[[Special:Contributions/RJ Raawat|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
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|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
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|Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026
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|27
|[[User:Nitrotree|Nitrotree]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Nitrotree|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[Special:Contributions/Mwidunn|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[User:MRN2electricboogaloo|MRN2electricboogaloo]]
|[[Special:Contributions/MRN2electricboogaloo|Gudummuwa]]
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|-
|30
|[[User:Limbaar|Limbaar]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Limbaar|Gudummuwa]]
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|31
|[[User:Kosher001|Kosher001]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Kosher001|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|32
|[[User:Sakai Yayoi|Sakai Yayoi]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sakai Yayoi|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|33
|[[User:Alexandraaaacs1989|Alexandraaaacs1989]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Alexandraaaacs1989|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|34
|[[User:Westosteel|Westosteel]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Westosteel|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|35
|[[User:Wikiritter|Wikiritter]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Wikiritter|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:Sheikh Malam Muhammadu Khalifa|Sheikh Malam Muhammadu Khalifa]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sheikh Malam Muhammadu Khalifa|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
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|[[User:Usamatu Abibakar|Usamatu Abibakar]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Usamatu Abibakar|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|38
|[[User:Ishaku lawan|Ishaku lawan]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ishaku lawan|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|39
|[[User:AndreyKva|AndreyKva]]
|[[Special:Contributions/AndreyKva|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|40
|[[User:Hippolyte Lebas|Hippolyte Lebas]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Hippolyte Lebas|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|41
|[[User:Mujahiddin30|Mujahiddin30]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mujahiddin30|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|42
|[[User:Patandor|Patandor]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Patandor|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|43
|[[User:معتبر مورخ|معتبر مورخ]]
|[[Special:Contributions/معتبر مورخ|Gudummuwa]]
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|-
|44
|[[User:PacmanD|PacmanD]]
|[[Special:Contributions/PacmanD|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|45
|[[User:Mujahid isa bello|Mujahid isa bello]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mujahid isa bello|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|46
|[[User:Musanura Musa|Musanura Musa]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Musanura Musa|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|47
|[[User:0308641u|0308641u]]
|[[Special:Contributions/0308641u|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|48
|[[User:Fedebrun|Fedebrun]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fedebrun|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|49
|[[User:Jackspro75|Jackspro75]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Jackspro75|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|50
|[[User:Usman Idris Bamai|Usman Idris Bamai]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Usman Idris Bamai|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|51
|[[User:Mivoltz|Mivoltz]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mivoltz|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|52
|[[User:Bookku|Bookku]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Bookku|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|53
|[[User:Asiya13|Asiya13]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Asiya13|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|54
|[[User:ThucManoWitz|ThucManoWitz]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ThucManoWitz|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|55
|[[User:Fishhead64|Fishhead64]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fishhead64|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|56
|[[User:Tamara Logisddha|Tamara Logisddha]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Tamara Logisddha|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|57
|[[User:Briotin416|Briotin416]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Briotin416|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
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|58
|[[User:Fatima abuba|Fatima abuba]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fatima abuba|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 8 ga Oktoba 2026
|-
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƴancin Tsabtace Tsarin Jirgin Sama Turkiyya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964743</id>
      <parentid>551346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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[[File:ESB Turkish Airlines 2005.jpg|thumb|Tsaftace joragen saman turkiyya]]
'''Yancin Tsabtace Tsarin Jirgin Sama a Turkiyya''' (RtCAP) ( {{Lang-tr|Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu}}   ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta maida hankali kacokan kan matsalar gurɓatar iska a [[Turkiyya]].

== Manufofi. ==
Don kare lafiyar jama'a RtCAP na da nufin tsaftace iska daga ƙasar Turkiyya har sai a kalla ta haɗu da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) da shawarar lafiya. 

A cikin shekara ta 2018, RtCAP ta buga wasu shawarwari game da manufofi guda 10, ga gwamnati sune kamar haka: 

# Abin dogaro gwargwadon gurɓatacciyar iska.
# Yi doka don saduwa da jagororin gurɓata iska na WHO.
# Haɗa PM 2.5, a cikin sama.
# Saki ƙarin bayanai ga jama'a.
# Yi amfani da samfurin zamani na watsawa na yanayi a cikin kimanta tasirin tasirin muhalli.
# Gabatar da kimanta tasirin kiwon lafiya.
# Dakatar da ba da tallafi ga burbushin mai.
# Inganta doka don hanawa da ramawa don gurɓatar iska.
# Inganta madadin zuwa ayyukan gurɓata.
# Hada kai tsakanin sassan gwamnati da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin kwararru.

== Membobi. ==
Membobin wannan dandalin sune: CAN Turai, General Practitioner Association of Turkey, Greenpeace Mediterranean, Green Peace Law Association, Green Thought Association, Lafiya da Kawancen Kawance (HEAL), Likitocin kungiyar kare muhalli, Gidauniyar TEMA (Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Soasa yashewa, domin Reforestation da Kariya Halitta wuraren), Turkish Medical Association (TTB), Turkish Neurological Society, Turkish numfashi Society, Turkish Society of sana'a Lafiya Kwararru (İMUD), Turkish Society of Public Health Kwararru (HASUDER), Yuva Association, WWF Turkiyya, 350.org.

== Aiki. ==
[[File:Airport Nurnberg DC-10 Turkish Airlines.jpg|thumb|tsaftace muhallin jiragen saman turkiyya]]
Wannan dandamali ya biyo baya ne daga sarki Byzantine Justinian I wanda ya amince da mahimmancin iska mai tsafta a shekara ta 535, AD,  da kuma tsarin mulkin jamhuriyyar Turkiyya da ke cewa &quot;Wajibi ne ga Jiha da 'yan ƙasa su inganta yanayin yanayi, don kare lafiyar muhalli da kuma kiyaye gurbatar muhalli.importance of clean air in 535, AD,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mosley|first=Stephen|title=Environmental History of Air Pollution and Protection|url=https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C09/E6-156-15.pdf|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Constitution of Turkey|url=https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf|access-date=2020-09-20|website=global.tbmm.gov.tr|archive-date=2020-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209123304/https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Gawayi. ===
A cikin shekarar 2019, dandalin ya jawo hankalin 'yan majalisa don hana gurbata muhalli daga tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka harba a Turkiyya, kuma suka gudanar da wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bayar da shawarwari ta hanyar jaridun kasar. Daga baya majalisar ta kada kuri'ar don takaita wannan gurbatarwar.  Suna kuma yakin neman zabe kan tallafin da Turkiyya ke bayarwa kan kwalpollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.env-health.org/step-forward-for-health-protection-in-turkey-proposal-to-extend-the-pollution-exemptions-given-to-privatised-coal-power-plants-withdrawn/|title=Health and Environment Alliance {{!}} Step forward for health protection in Turkey: Proposal to extend the pollution exemptions given to privatised coal power plants withdrawn|date=2019-02-15|website=Health and Environment Alliance|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also campaign against [[Coal_in_Turkey#Subsidies|Turkey's subsidies to coal]].

===Muhalli mai Gina.===
Su suna wayar da kai  a turkey domin kawo tsaftatacciyar karshen muhalli mai Guba mai suna PM 2.5&lt;ref name=Policy&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.temizhavahakki.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Life-Beyond-Limits-01072019V2.pdf|title=Life Beyond Limits “Policy Brief on Air Pollution and Health in Turkey”|publisher=Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey|year=2018|access-date=2021-07-11|archive-date=2019-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831140531/https://www.temizhavahakki.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Life-Beyond-Limits-01072019V2.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Musamman. ===
A dandamali ne da yakin neman zabe ga Turkey don saita mai shari'a iyaka a kan yanayi lafiya particulates da aka sani da PM 2.5.  Sun bayyana cewa za a iya hana rigakafin mace-mace sama da dubu 50, a cikin shekara ta 2017, idan da PM2.5, sun kasance ƙasa da jagororin WHO.

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/Default.ltr.aspx Taswirar Ingancin iska (Baturke)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119145451/http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/Default.ltr.aspx |date=2017-01-19 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032710/http://hkadtmk.org/wcac2019/files/downloads/WCAC2019-Abstract-Book.pdf Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019 a Istanbul]
[[Category:Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akudo Oguaghamba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>964966</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:45:56Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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'''Akudo Oguaghamba''' ƴar gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na [[Najeriya]]  kuma malama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pamela Adie|url=https://9jafeminista.wordpress.com/tag/pamela-adie/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=9jafeminista|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga labarai kan LGBTQ- da haƙƙin jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AKUDO OGUAGHAMBA|url=https://equitas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Akudo-O.jpg|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Equitas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ita ce ta kafa Lafiya ta Mata da Hakkokin Daidaita WHER&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-04|title=Nigerian site invites reports of human rights abuses|url=https://nostringsng.com/nigerian-site-invites-reports-human-rights-abuses/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=NoStringsNG – Voice of LGBTQ+ Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005041815/https://nostringsng.com/nigerian-site-invites-reports-human-rights-abuses/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://grantcraft.org/content/blog/stronger-together-an-activist-funder-dialogue-on-resourcing-young-feminist/ |title=Stronger Together: An Activist-Funder Dialogue on Resourcing Young Feminist Organization |last1=Johnson |first1=Ruby |last2=Sanjuan |first2=Ledys |date=November 16, 2017 |website=GrantCraft |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801194249/https://grantcraft.org/content/blog/stronger-together-an-activist-funder-dialogue-on-resourcing-young-feminist/ |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;   kuma ta kasance shugabar kujera (Mace) na PAN-AFRICAN ILGA (International Maɗigo, Luwaɗi, Bisexual, Sauya jinsi da Intersex Association).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-04-07|title=Press Release: Pan Africa ILGA Hosts a Regional Conference In Kenya 2014|url=https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014|access-date=2021-06-16|website=ILGA|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195403/https://ilga.org/press-release-pan-africa-ilga-hosts-a-regional-conference-in-kenya-2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-15|title=Why Lesbian and Bisexual Women Should Be Visible On LGBT Rights Advocacy In Nigeria - Akudo Oguaghamba|url=https://www.whereloveisacrime.org/why-lesbian-and-bisexual-women-should-be-visible-on-lgbt-rights-advocacy-in-nigeria/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Where Love is a Crime|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624223826/https://www.whereloveisacrime.org/why-lesbian-and-bisexual-women-should-be-visible-on-lgbt-rights-advocacy-in-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Oguaghamba tsohuwar ɗaliba ce ta [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nsukka Najeriya]], [[Nsukka|Nsuuka]]  da EQUITAS - Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya  kuma tana da jagoranci sama da shekaru goma sha daya da ƙwarewar gudanar da aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-05-16|title=Empowering Sexual Minority Women in Nigeria|url=https://equitas.org/empowering-sexual-minority-women-nigeria/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Equitas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mata a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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'''''Le Hargitsi''''' ( {{Lang-ar|هي فوضى|Heya Fawda}}) shine fim na ƙarshe daga darektan [[Misra|Masar]] Youssef Chahine.

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
Hatem, ɗan sanda mai inuwa, yana riƙe da hannun ƙarfe. Kowane dan kasa yana jin tsoro kuma yana ƙin sa. Nour ne kawai budurwar da yake sha'awa ta mik'e ta mik'e. Amma Nour yana asirce yana soyayya da Cherif. Kore tare da hassada, Hatem yayi ƙoƙarin shiga tsakanin su. Yana son Nour da kansa sai ya yi mata fyade bayan ta fallasa shi, unguwar ta yi zanga-zangar jama’a suka mamaye ofishin ‘yan sanda, fim ɗin ya kare da Hatim ya harbe kansa a cikin fusatattun jama’a.

==Yan wasa==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* {{IMDb title|1085799|Le Chaos}}
* {{dead link|date=June 2019}}

==Manazarta==
[[Category:Fina-finai]]
[[Category:Finafinan Misra]]</text>
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'''''Le Hargitsi''''' ({{Lang-ar|هي فوضى|Heya Fawda}}) shine fim na ƙarshe daga darektan [[Misra|Masar]] Youssef Chahine.

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
Hatem, ɗan sanda mai inuwa, yana riƙe da hannun ƙarfe. Kowane dan kasa yana jin tsoro kuma yana ƙin sa. Nour ne kawai budurwar da yake sha'awa ta mik'e ta mik'e. Amma Nour yana asirce yana soyayya da Cherif. Kore tare da hassada, Hatem yayi ƙoƙarin shiga tsakanin su. Yana son Nour da kansa sai ya yi mata fyade bayan ta fallasa shi, unguwar ta yi zanga-zangar jama’a suka mamaye ofishin ‘yan sanda, fim ɗin ya kare da Hatim ya harbe kansa a cikin fusatattun jama’a.

==Yan wasa==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* {{IMDb title|1085799|Le Chaos}}
* {{dead link|date=June 2019}}

==Manazarta==
[[Category:Fina-finai]]
[[Category:Finafinan Misra]]</text>
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'''''Le Hargitsi''''' ({{Lang-ar|هي فوضى|Heya Fawda}}) shine fim na ƙarshe daga darektan [[Misra|Masar]] Youssef Chahine.

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
Hatem, ɗan sanda mai inuwa, yana riƙe da hannun ƙarfe. Kowane dan kasa yana jin tsoro kuma yana ƙin sa. Nour ne kawai budurwar da yake sha'awa ta mik'e ta mik'e. Amma Nour yana asirce yana soyayya da Cherif. Kore tare da hassada, Hatem yayi ƙoƙarin shiga tsakanin su. Yana son Nour da kansa sai ya yi mata fyade bayan ta fallasa shi, unguwar ta yi zanga-zangar jama’a suka mamaye ofishin ‘yan sanda, fim ɗin ya kare da Hatim ya harbe kansa a cikin fusatattun jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;هي فوضى&quot;: ثنائية الكبت الجنسي والقمع السياسي&quot;. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2025-10-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Yan wasa==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* {{IMDb title|1085799|Le Chaos}}
* {{dead link|date=June 2019}}

==Manazarta==
[[Category:Fina-finai]]
[[Category:Finafinan Misra]]</text>
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'''''Le Hargitsi''''' ({{Lang-ar|هي فوضى|Heya Fawda}}) shine fim na ƙarshe daga darektan [[Misra|Masar]] Youssef Chahine.

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
Hatem, ɗan sanda mai inuwa, yana riƙe da hannun ƙarfe. Kowane dan kasa yana jin tsoro kuma yana ƙin sa. Nour ne kawai budurwar da yake sha'awa ta mik'e ta mik'e. Amma Nour yana asirce yana soyayya da Cherif. Kore tare da hassada, Hatem yayi ƙoƙarin shiga tsakanin su. Yana son Nour da kansa sai ya yi mata fyade bayan ta fallasa shi, unguwar ta yi zanga-zangar jama’a suka mamaye ofishin ‘yan sanda, fim ɗin ya kare da Hatim ya harbe kansa a cikin fusatattun jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;هي فوضى&quot;: ثنائية الكبت الجنسي والقمع السياسي&quot;. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2025-10-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* {{IMDb title|1085799|Le Chaos}}
* {{dead link|date=June 2019}}

==Manazarta==
[[Category:Fina-finai]]
[[Category:Finafinan Misra]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adetoye Oyetola Sode</title>
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'''Adetoye Oyetola Sode''' tsohon Admiral ne na sojojin ruwa na Najeriya mai ritaya kuma shugaban mulkin soja na [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo ta]] [[Najeriya]] daga Disamba 1993 zuwa Satumba 1994 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-Adetoye_Oyetola_Sode&lt;/ref&gt;
===karatu da Aiki===
Sode yayi karatun Digiri a fannin Injiniya a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] .  Ya kuma zama memba a kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya, kuma ya yi aiki a ma'aikatar ma'adinai da wutar lantarki ta tarayya kafin ya shiga aikin sojan ruwan Najeriya.  Ya halarci Kwalejin Injiniyan Ruwa ta Royal Naval, Manadon, Plymouth, Ingila domin kwas a ɓangare Injiniyan Ruwa, sannan ya zama Jami'in Injiniya a cikin jiragen ruwa daban-daban sannan kuma ya jagoranci tashar jiragen ruwa ta Naval a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]].&lt;ref&gt;https://ng.opera.news/tags/adetoye-oyetola-sode{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Gwamna===
An tura Captain Adetoye Sode zuwa jihar Oyo a matsayin Gwamnan mulkin soja a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1993.  An soki lamirin sa na rashin shigar da isassun musulmi a majalisar ministocinsa da kuma yadda ya kyale ayyukan addinin Kirista a makarantu. Sode ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya dokar hana ayyukan addini a duk fadin jihar, lamarin da ya haifar da karamin rikici. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/17/alaafins-50-years-of-staying-the-course/&lt;/ref&gt;
===Lambar yabo===
Sode ya samu lambar yabo ta Kwamandan [[Umarnin Nijar|Hukumar Neja]] (CON) a shekarar 1998.  Ya zama Kwamandan Rundunar Maintenance na Fleet kafin ya yi ritaya a watan Yuni 1999.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aiki Sode ya kafa kamfanin ba da shawara na injiniyan ruwa, (Sabita Nigeria). &lt;ref&gt;https://wikimili.com/en/Adetoye_Oyetola_Sode {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na wasu kamfanoni da suka hada da Intercontinental Engineering &amp; Homes Development (ginin gine-gine da ci gaban gidaje), ScanHomes Nigeria (ginin gine-gine), Lottoj Oil and Gas (kayan aikin man fetur da man fetur) da Eterna Plc (manyan albarkatun man fetur). da rarrabawa). 
== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Gwamnonin jihar Oyo]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Bayeraben Dan siyasa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya</title>
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'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yancin jama'a a Ƙasar Ingila''' wani bangare ne na dokar tsarin mulki ta Burtaniya kuma suna da dogon tarihi. Wannan yawanci ana ɗaukarsa ya fara ne da Magna Carta na 1215, takarda mai mahimmanci a tarihin tsarin mulki na Burtaniya.  Ci gaban 'yanci na jama'a ya ci gaba a cikin doka ta al'ada da [[Dokar|dokar doka]] a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, musamman tare da Bill of Rights 1689.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Britain's unwritten constitution |url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232341/http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |publisher=British Library |quote=The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin karni na 19, ma'aikata sun yi gwagwarmaya don samun damar jefa kuri'a da shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Majalisar ta amsa da sabon doka wanda ya fara da Dokar Gyara ta 1832. Halin da ake da shi game da zaɓen da 'yanci ya ci gaba bayan yaƙin duniya na farko da na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dangantakar Burtaniya da 'yancin farar hula ta kasance ta hanyar kasancewa memba na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam. Ƙasar Ingila, ta hanyar Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, ta jagoranci rubuce-rubucen Yarjejeniyar, wanda ke bayyana ka'idar 'yanci ta gargajiya. Ya zama mai amfani kai tsaye a cikin dokar Burtaniya tare da aiwatar da [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998]].
An yi muhawara da sauye-sauyen majalisa da yawa da suka shafi 'yancin farar hula kuma an kafa su tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. An soke Dokar Katunan Gaskiya ta 2006, galibi a kan dalilan 'yanci na farar hula, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Labour rejects Tony Blair's call for ID cards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87rgj4e0rzo |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma Burtaniya ba ta da rajistar farar hula ta tsakiya kuma babu buƙatun tantancewa a cikin jama'a. Canje-canje na doka da ke shafar 'yancin farar hula an tabbatar da su ta hanyar roko ga tsaron jama'a da tsaron kasa, wanda rikice-rikice kamar [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]], bama-bamai na 7/7 da annobar COVID-19 ta 2020 suka hanzarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Terrorism Act 2006 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/11/contents |access-date=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil Contingencies Act 2004 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/36/contents |access-date=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar COVID-19 a Burtaniya ta haifar da gabatar da Dokar Coronavirus ta 2020, wanda tsohon Alkalin Kotun Koli Lord Sumption ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;mafi girman mamayewar 'yancin mutum a tarihin Burtaniya&quot;.Duk da haka, allurar rigakafin da aka bayar ta hanyar shirin rigakafin kasa a Burtaniya ba tilas ba ne; kuma allurar rigakawa ba tilas a halin yanzu a Burtaniya a lokacin annobar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2022-01-10 |title=What vaccines are mandatory in the UK? |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/headlines/2022/jan/what-vaccines-are-mandatory-uk |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=UCL News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804234537/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/headlines/2022/jan/what-vaccines-are-mandatory-uk |archive-date=2025-08-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vagnoni |first=Cristiana |last2=Rough |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Bunn |first3=Sarah |date=8 March 2022 |title=UK Vaccination Policy |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9076/ |journal=House of Commons Library |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan ƙasa na Burtaniya suna da mummunan' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a ƙarƙashin doka ta kowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Stuart}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tabbacin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki yana ƙunshe a cikin [[Dokar|doka]] a cikin Mataki na 10 na Dokar' Yancin Dan Adam. Koyaya, akwai banbanci ciki har da barazana, zagi ko zagi kalmomi ko halayyar da ke da niyyar ko mai yiwuwa ya haifar da tsangwama, ƙararrawa ko damuwa ko haifar da keta zaman lafiya (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don hana maganganun [[wariyar launin fata]] da aka yi niyya ga mutane).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Klug|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ɗaukar mallakar bindiga a matsayin gata, ba haƙƙi ba,   kuma ƙa'idodin bindigogi a Ƙasar Ingila suna da tsauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UK’s strict gun laws strengthened with new medical arrangements |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-strict-gun-laws-strengthened-with-new-medical-arrangements |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2013 |title=Guide on Firearms Licensing Law |url=https://www.sceguk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/Home-Office-Guide-on-Firearms-Licensing-Law.pdf |website=Home Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Seren |date=2023-03-29 |title=When did the UK ban guns and what is the law? |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/uk-ban-hand-guns-laws-rules-ownership-b1070718.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=The Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin jama'a na iya mallakar wasu bindigogi don dalilan harbi na wasanni, nishaɗi, farauta ko dalilai na sana'a, dangane da lasisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oxley |first=Greg |last2=Downs |first2=William |date=2025-09-20 |title=Short guide to firearms licensing |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10291/ |journal=House of Commons Library |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guide on firearms licensing law |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/firearms-law-guidance-to-the-police-2012/guide-on-firearms-licensing-law-accessible-version |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da izinin Zubar da ciki a Ƙasar Ingila a wasu dalilai, waɗanda galibi ana fassara su da yardar rai, kodayake dokokin da ke tattare da su sun kasance masu kwanan wata kuma suna da iko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lord |first=Jonathan |last2=Regan |first2=Lesley |date=2024 |title=Triumphs and trials with the UK abortion law: The power of collaboration in abortion reform |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijgo.15331 |journal=International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics |language=en |volume=164 |issue=S1 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.15331 |issn=1879-3479 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An soke hukuncin kisa a Burtaniya.

Dangantaka tsakanin haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin jama'a galibi ana ganinta a matsayin bangarori biyu na tsabar kudi ɗaya. Hakki wani abu ne da za ku iya buƙata daga wani, yayin da 'yanci shine' yanci daga tsoma baki daga wani a cikin haƙƙoƙin da ku ɗauka. Koyaya, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya fi girma. A cikin takardu da yawa a duniya, sun haɗa da ƙarin maganganun ɗabi'a game da abin da ya zama dole, alal misali, don &quot;rayuwa, 'yanci da neman farin ciki&quot;, &quot;don haɓaka halayyar mutum zuwa cikakkiyar damar&quot; ko &quot;kare mutunci marar lalacewa&quot;. &quot;Yanci na jama'a&quot; tabbas hakan ne, amma suna da alaƙa da jama'a, kuma suna da alaƙar shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. Kamar yadda Farfesa Conor Gearty ya rubuta,&lt;blockquote&gt;'Yancin jama'a wani suna ne ga' yancin siyasa wanda dole ne mu kasance a gare mu duka idan gaskiya ne mu ce game da mu cewa muna rayuwa a cikin al'umma da ke bin ka'idar wakilci, ko dimokuradiyya, gwamnati.&lt;/blockquote&gt;A wasu kalmomi, 'yanci na jama'a shine &quot;yanci&quot; ko &quot;yanci' wanda ke tallafawa dimokuradiyya. Wannan yawanci yana nufin haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, haƙƙin rayuwa, haramtacciyar [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], tsaron mutum, haƙƙin [['yanci]] na mutum da tsarin doka, [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da' [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'yancin tarayya]].

== Tushen ==
[[File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg|thumb|[[Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi|Dokar 'Yancin 1689]] ta tabbatar da mafi girman majalisar a kan Sarki, ta kafa harsashin dimokuradiyya.]]

* Magna Carta (1215), ya goyi bayan abin da ya zama rubuce-rubucen [[habeas corpus]], shari'ar da takwarorinsa suka yi, wakiltar masu daraja don haraji, da kuma haramtacciyar azabtarwa.
* ''Shari'ar Sanarwa'' (1610) ta yanke shawarar cewa &quot;Sarkin ta hanyar shelarsa ko wasu hanyoyi ba zai iya canza wani ɓangare na doka ta kowa ba, ko dokar doka, ko al'adun masarautar&quot; kuma cewa &quot;Sarki ba shi da iko, amma abin da dokar ƙasar ta ba shi izini&quot;.
* Dokta Bonham's Case (1610), ya yanke shawarar cewa &quot;a lokuta da yawa, doka ta kowa za ta sarrafa Ayyukan Majalisar&quot;. Wannan na iya rinjayar Marbury v. Madison (1803) wanda ya haifar da sake dubawa na shari'a a Amurka.
* The Petition of Right (1628), ya kafa haramtacciyar haraji ba tare da yardar majalisa ba kuma ya haramta ɗaurin kurkuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charles I and the Petition of Right |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/overview/petition-of-right/ |publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokar Habeas Corpus ta 1679, ta kare 'yancin mutum daga ɗaurin kurkuku ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da haƙƙin daukaka kara.
* Bill of Rights 1689, Claim of Right Act 1689, ya tabbatar da wasu hakkoki na Majalisar da mutum, kuma ya iyakance ikon sarki - sakamakon juyin juya halin ɗaukaka.
* ''Littafin Na Biyu kan Gwamnatin Wakilai'' (1689) ya tsara ra'ayoyin [[John Locke]] don ingantaccen al'umma wanda ya dogara da haƙƙin halitta da ka'idar kwangila.

== Haskakawa ==
[[File:SirWilliamBlackstone.jpg|thumb|Sir William Blackstone shi ne babban mutum na wayewar Burtaniya, masanin shari'a wanda a cikin Commentaries ya yi ikirarin 'yancin' yan ƙasa da suka samo asali daga Magna Carta da doka ta kowa.]]

== Dimokuradiyya ==
[[File:Emmeline_Pankhurst_addresses_crowd.jpg|thumb|Bayan sayar da gidanta, mai fafutukar Ingila Emmeline Pankhurst ta yi tafiya akai-akai, tana ba da jawabai a duk faɗin Burtaniya da Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun jawabinsa, Freedom or death, an gabatar da shi a Connecticut a 1913.]]

* [[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807]], ta soke cinikin bayi a [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] biyo bayan yakin neman zabe na Majalisar da [[William Wilberforce]] ya jagoranta.
* Dokar Taimako ta Roman Katolika ta 1829, ta dawo da haƙƙin farar hula na Katolika.
* Babban Dokar Gyara ta 1832, ta ba da 'yanci ga masu mallakar dukiya, ta daidaita tsarin mazaunin gari da gundumar.
* [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833]], ta soke bautar a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya.
* Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742, haƙƙin 'yanci, 'yancin motsi (a kan gadoji).
* Dokar Gyara ta Biyu ta 1867, ta sauƙaƙa cancantar dukiya, ta faɗaɗa ikon mallakar zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na maza.
* Maƙaryaci, da Dokar Kare Dukiya ta 1875, ta kawar da aikin ƙungiyar kwadago (yancin tarayya).
* ''[[Beatty v Gillbanks|Beatty da Gillbanks]]'' (1882) 9 QBD 308, Sojojin Ceto sun so su yi kamfen akan barasa tare da taimakon ƙungiyar tagulla a Weston-super-Mare. Masu shayarwa na cikin gida sun kafa abin da ake kira &quot;[[Skeleton army|Sojojin kwarangwal]]&quot;, kuma sun yi barazanar rushe tafiyar da karfi. 'Yan sanda, suna tsoron zaman lafiya na jama'a sun gaya wa Sojojin Ceto su dakatar da shi, amma sun ci gaba. Sa'an nan 'yan sanda suka tilasta musu, ta hanyar rushe ƙungiyar tagulla. Filin J a Babban Kotun ya yanke hukuncin cewa babu 'yan sanda da za su yi hakan. Sojojin Ceto suna haɗuwa &quot;don motsa jiki na addini tsakanin kansu, da kuma farfado da addini&quot;. Babu wanda zai iya &quot;yi cewa irin wannan taron a cikin kansa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne&quot;.[is] Dakatar da tafiyar zai zama kamar cewa &quot;za a iya yanke wa mutum hukunci saboda yin wani aiki na doka - babu wani iko ga irin wannan shawara&quot;.
* Dokar Gyara ta Uku a cikin 1884 da Dokar Redistribution of Seats a shekara mai zuwa sun tsawaita ƙwarewar jefa kuri'a iri ɗaya a cikin garuruwa zuwa ƙauyuka kuma sun kafa mazabar memba ɗaya ta yanzu a matsayin tsari na al'ada don wakilcin majalisa.
* Dokar Rashin Harkokin Kasuwanci ta 1906, ta cire alhakin da ya dace ga kungiyoyin kwadago da ke yajin aiki, bayan da House of Lords a cikin jerin shari'o'i suka kirkiro hanyoyin da za su rushe kungiyoyin kwadoro don kowane mataki.
* ''[[Nairn v The University Court of the University of St Andrews|Nairn v Kotun Jami'ar Jami'ar St Andrews]]'', (1907) 15 SLT 471, 473, bisa ga Ubangiji McLaren, &quot;ka'idar dokar kundin tsarin mulki ce da ba a rubuta ba ta wannan ƙasar cewa maza ne kawai ke da damar shiga cikin zaben wakilai zuwa Majalisar&quot;.
* Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v Osborne [1910] AC 87, bisa ga Lord Shaw da Lord James, duk wani gudummawar da kungiyoyin kwadago suka bayar ga 'yan majalisa sun kasance &quot;ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba bisa ka'idar ba&quot;. Dokar Kwadago ta 1913 ce ta sauya shi.
* Wakilin Dokar Jama'a ta 1918, ya ba da izinin maza na duniya ga masu sama da shekaru 21, da kuma jefa kuri'a ga mata sama da 30.
* [[Dokar Wakilin Jama'a (Dokacin Gaskiya) 1928|Wakilin Dokar Jama'a ta 1928]], zaɓen duniya sama da 21.
* ''Liversidge da Anderson'' [1942] AC 206.
* ''Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed v Veitch'' [1942] AC 435, dama ga ciniki tare.

== Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II ==

* Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe ne ya tsara [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]], a lokacin, Shugaban su na Majalisar Turai na shari'a da kuma gudanarwa. Clement Attlee ya shiga Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1950.
* Daular Burtaniya ta fara ba da 'yancin kai ga dukkan yankunanta daga Indiya, zuwa Afirka zuwa Pacific.
* An yi shari'ar karshe ta hukuncin kisa a Burtaniya a shekarar 1964. An soke shi a hukumance a karkashin [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998]].
* Harold Wilson ya ba da izinin buƙatun mutum zuwa Strasbourg a cikin 1968.
* Golder v United Kingdom [1975] 1 EHRR 524, shari'ar farko da ta isa Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, wani fursuna wanda aka hana lauya yin (watakila karya) da'awar tsegumi a kan mai gadi, an gudanar da shi da haƙƙinsa ga shari'ar adalci a karkashin Art.6 ECHR. Samun damar lauya da kotu an dauke shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin haƙƙin shari'a, saboda in ba haka ba ƙasashe na iya soke kotuna kuma ba su da laifi.
* ''Ahmad v Inner London Education Authority'' [1978] QB 38, shari'ar ta shafi haƙƙin 'yancin addini a ƙarƙashin Art.9 ECHR, da kuma ko Musulmi zai iya ɗaukar lokaci a ranar Jumma'a, tare da biyan kuɗi, don zuwa bauta a masallacinsa na gida. Kotun daukaka kara, da kuma Hukumar da ke Strasbourg sun ki amincewa da shari'arsa. Amma kafin ya tafi Turai, Lord Denning MR, ya ce game da Yarjejeniyar:

* ''[[The Sunday Times v United Kingdom]]'' (1979-80) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118211650/http://www.hrcr.org/safrica/limitations/sunday_times_uk.html 2 EHRR 245]. Babban Lauyan ya sami umarni wanda ya hana jaridar The Sunday Times buga wani labarin da ke kwatanta tarihin gwajin, ƙerawa da tallace-tallace na maganin thalidomide ta Kamfanin Distillers, a kan dalilin cewa zai nuna bambanci tsakanin Distillers da iyayen yara waɗanda suka sha wahala daga lahani na haihuwa wanda maganin ya haifar. Da kuri'u 11 zuwa 9, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin ya keta haƙƙin takarda na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a karkashin Art.10 ECHR. A mayar da martani ga wannan hukunci majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Rashin Kotun 1981.

== Shekaru na 1980 ==
[[File:Margaret_Thatcher_1984.tif|thumb|[[Margaret Thatcher]] ta lura da karfafa dokar tsaro a hankali don murkushe zanga-zangar masana'antu da IRA na wucin gadi.]]

* Dokar 'yan sanda da Shaidar Laifuka ta 1984, ta ba da izinin tsare-tsare na kwanaki huɗu ba tare da shari'a ba (a baya awanni 24 ne).
* ''CCSU v Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a'' [1985] AC 374, inda Margaret Thatcher (kuma Ministan Ayyuka na Jama'a) ta haramta membobin GCHQ daga kasancewa cikin kungiyoyin kwadago. Majalisar Lords ta yanke shawarar cewa ikon sarauta yana ƙarƙashin sake dubawa na shari'a. Rashin amincewa da kungiyoyin kwadago ya kasance a cikin ikon Ministan.
* Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344, Megarry VC ya ce zartarwa na iya yin duk abin da doka ba ta hana shi ba (yana nufin juyawa ''Entick da Carrington''). Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a iya gurfanar da dillalin tsohuwar tsohuwar doka ba saboda kula da kayan sata bisa ga shaidar daga maɓallin waya cewa 'yan sanda ba su da iko a ƙarƙashin kowane doka da za su yi.
* Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 14, ya ce Burtaniya ta ba da izinin yin amfani da wayar ta karya wajibai a ƙarƙashin ECHR, saboda babu wata doka da ta 'ya nuna da ma'ana da kuma yadda za a yi amfani da ikon da ya dace da aka ba wa hukumomin jama'a.&quot;
* Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a (Sarraba Cututtuka) ta 1984 ta ba da izini ga gwamnati ta sanya takunkumi ko buƙatu ga mutane a yayin gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a. An yi amfani da wannan dokar don tabbatar da martani na gwamnati ga annobar COVID-19 ta 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/22/part/2A/crossheading/orders-that-may-be-made-by-justice-of-the-peace |access-date= |website=legislation.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 contain framework: a guide for local decision-makers |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/containing-and-managing-local-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreaks/covid-19-contain-framework-a-guide-for-local-decision-makers |access-date=2020-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokar Tsayar da Sadarwa ta 1985, martani na gwamnati ga hukuncin, yana ba da izinin duk wani wayar tarho.
* Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a ta 1986, ta wuce a cikin mahallin rikice-rikicen masana'antu, musamman yajin aikin ma'adinai, Sashe na II ya iyakance zanga-zangar jama'a da zanga-zambe ta hanyar buƙatar sanarwa ta kwanaki 6 da za a ba 'yan sanda.

[[File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg|thumb|Bombing na Otal din Brighton da Sojojin Jamhuriyar Irish na wucin gadi suka yi don ya dace da taron Jam'iyyar Conservative ya riga ya wuce wani tsari mai tsauri ga dokokin tsaro.]]

* Dokar Asirin hukuma ta 1989, cf ''[[R v Shayler|R da Shayler]]'' [2002] UKHL 11 (David Shayler) 
* Dokar Rigakafin Ta'addanci (Tsarin Lokaci) 1989

== Shekaru na 1990 ==
[[File:Blair_Bush_Whitehouse_(2004-04-16).jpg|right|thumb|[[Tony Blair]] da Shugaban Amurka na lokacin [[George W. Bush]] dukansu sun gabatar da sabbin dokokin tsaro a matsayin martani ga ta'addanci bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001]] da Yaƙin Iraki .]]

* [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998]], a karo na farko wannan ya ba da izinin yin kira kai tsaye a kotunan Burtaniya bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Mutum. Yana kiyaye ikon mallakar majalisa, saboda kotuna ba za su iya rushe dokokin da aka yanke shawarar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ba, za su iya bayar da &quot;bayyana rashin daidaituwa&quot; (s.4). Alƙalai, yayin fassara doka, na iya ɗauka cewa Majalisar ta yi niyyar kada ta rage haƙƙin Yarjejeniya (s.3). Yana da mahimmanci na da'awar da aka yi wa kotun Strasbourg cewa mai da'awar ya gaji da hanyoyin tsarin shari'a na cikin gida don daukaka kara. Babban dalilin da ya sa aka kafa, da kuma tabbatarwa daga masu ba da shawara da Gwamnati shine don adana lokaci da tsada. Sauran ƙasashe, kamar Jamus da [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Faransa]] suna da nasu ƙa'idodi, amma duk suna bin kuma suna ci gaba da bin ka'idar ECHR. Hakazalika, an samo ECHR daga al'adun kowace jiha memba, kuma tana aiki azaman hanyar kiyaye mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi wanda akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya. Duk da jayayya, ana iya kallon wannan a matsayin matakin Burtaniya na musamman, musamman idan aka ba da gaskiyar cewa an tsara Yarjejeniyar a karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin Burtaniya.

== Karni na 21 ==

* Dokar Ta'addanci ta 2000, ta tsawaita iyaka zuwa tsare-tsare na kwanaki 7 ba tare da tuhuma ga masu zargin ta'addance ba. Har ila yau, yana ba da damar dakatar da kungiyoyin ta'addanci. Kungiyoyi sittin sun kasance an haramta su. Dokar ta kuma gabatar da ma'anar &quot;ta'addanci&quot; a karkashin s.1. An yi amfani da ikon tsayawa da bincike a cikin Dokar don bincika masu zanga-zangar a baje kolin sayar da makamai a Canary Wharf, gami da dalibi na Ph.D. da ɗan jarida wanda ya ɗauki matakin shari'a a sakamakon haka. An gudanar da aikin 'yan sanda ya zama doka a cikin R (Gillan) v Kwamishinan' yan sanda na Metropolitan [2006] [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd060308/gillan-1.htm UKHL 12].
* Dokar Gudanar da Ikon Bincike ta 2000, ta ba gwamnati damar cikakken ikon sa ido na kowane irin sadarwa. Kudin yanzu shine takardun shaida 30 da ake bayarwa a mako. A cikin watanni 15 daga Yuli 2005 zuwa Oktoba 2006, an bayar da warrants 2,407.
* Dokar yaki da ta'addanci da tsaro ta 2001, don mayar da martani ga lalacewar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta NYC a ranar 9/11, gwamnati ta zartar da dokar da ta ba da izinin tsare-tsare ba tare da shari'a ba ga 'yan kasa da ba na Burtaniya da ake zargi da aikata laifukan ta'addance ba, amma ba tare da isasshen shaida don ainihin shari'a (cf. Magna Carta, Habeas Corpus Act 1679). Lokacin da ya wuce Ayyukan Majalisar, a karkashin [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998|HRA 1998]] Ministan dole ne ya yi &quot;bayani na jituwa&quot; tare da Yarjejeniyar. Abin da suka yi shi ne aika da sanarwa na raguwa daga haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci, Art.6 ECHR. Art.15 ECHR shine tanadin raguwa, wanda ya ce &quot;A lokacin yaƙi ko wani gaggawa na jama'a da ke barazana ga rayuwar al'umma&quot; memba na iya ragewa &quot;har zuwa yadda ake buƙata ta hanyar halin da ake ciki&quot;. Ministan ya bayyana a lokacin da ya zartar da Dokar 2001 cewa ya kasance (tare da raguwar da aka aika) ya dace da [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998|HRA 1998]].
* Dokar Shari'a ta Laifi ta 2003, ta soke Haɗari sau biyu a cikin shari'o'i tare da &quot;sabon shaidar tilasta&quot;.
* A and Others v Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida [2004] UKHL 17, yawancin House of Lords sun yanke shawarar cewa tsare ba tare da shari'a ba a karkashin ATCSA 2001 ya nuna bambanci ga wadanda ba 'yan Burtaniya ba, sabili da haka bai dace ba a karkashin Art.14 ECHR. An bayar da sanarwar rashin daidaituwa a karkashin s.4 [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998|HRA 1998]]. Lord Hoffmann shi ne kawai alƙali mai adawa da cewa duk tsare-tsaren ba tare da ra'ayin shari'a ba ya dace da haƙƙin shari'a a ƙarƙashin Art.6, kuma cewa ba a yarda da raguwar ba, saboda babu &quot; barazana ga rayuwar al'umma&quot;. Ya yi jayayya da karfi cewa ba daidai ba ne a ba da shawara, tare da ra'ayin mafi rinjaye cewa nuna bambanci shine matsalar, cewa ya kamata a ba gwamnati damar kulle dukkan 'yan Burtaniya daidai.
* Dokar Tsakanin Jama'a ta 2004, ta ba da damar gwamnati, don &quot;na gaggawa&quot;, don tura sojoji a ko'ina cikin ƙasar a lokacin zaman lafiya (cf. Bill of Rights 1689). Har ila yau, yana ba da damar kwace dukiya, don &quot;matsakaici&quot; tare da ko ba tare da diyya ba a ko'ina (cf. Prot. 1, Art.1 ECHR).
* Rashin haƙƙin mallaka a Ƙasar Ingila shine batun shari'o'in ECHR da muhawara ta siyasa tsakanin 2005 da 2012.
* Dokar Laifuka da 'yan sanda mai tsanani ta 2005, ta haifar da laifi na tayar da ƙiyayya ta addini kuma tana buƙatar sanarwa mai zurfi don zanga-zangar har zuwa kilomita 1 daga majalisar. cf ''[[Blum v Director for Public Prosecutions|Blum v Darakta na Masu Shari'a]]''.
* Dokar Rigakafin Ta'addanci ta 2005, gwamnati don mayar da martani ga shari'ar A ta zartar da wannan ya ba Sakataren Cikin Gida damar sanya umarni na sarrafawa ga kowane ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya. Duk wanda ake zargi da ayyukan ta'addanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, amma ba tare da wani irin gwaji ba, ana iya sanya shi ta hanyar lantarki, saka idanu, hana shi yin kiran waya, ta amfani da intanet, hana shi daga wasu nau'ikan aiki, ana iya hana shi zuwa wasu wurare, an soke fasfo din mutum kuma a ƙarƙashin aikin bayar da rahoto ga 'yan sanda. An gudanar da tsarin umarnin sarrafawa ba daidai ba a cikin ''[[Secretary of State for the Home Department v JJ|Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida v JJ]]'' [2007] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515145833/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld200607/ldjudgmt/jd071031/homejj-1.htm UKHL 45]. An bayyana tsarin ba daidai ba ne, saboda babu raguwa. Koyaya Ubangiji Brown ya bayyana cewa idan an bar wanda ake zargi da 'yanci na sa'o'i takwas a rana, to da ya zama abin karɓa.
* Dokar Ta'addanci ta 2006, biyo bayan fashewar bam a London a ranar 7 ga Yuli, wannan dokar ta ba da damar tsare mutanen da ake zargi da aikata laifukan ta'addancin ba tare da tuhuma ba har zuwa kwanaki 28. Dokar Shari'a ta 2003 ta tsawaita lokacin zuwa kwanaki 14. Gwamnati da farko ta ba da shawarar iyaka na kwanaki 90, tana mai cewa wannan ya kasance bisa ga shawarar 'yan sanda, kuma yana nuna goyon baya daga kuri'un ra'ayi. Hamayya tsakanin 'yan majalisa sun ga cin nasara na farko ga gwamnatin Blair; gyaran Conservative na tsare-tsare na kwanaki 28 ba tare da an yarda da shi ba. Wannan aikin ya kuma haifar da sabon laifi na &quot;daukaka ta'addanci&quot;.
* Austin v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [2007] [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2007/989.html#para73 EWCA Civ 989], Kotun daukaka kara ta ki amincewa da tuhumar ɗaurin kurkuku na ƙarya da kuma Art.5 ECHR da'awar 'yan sanda da ke gudanar da masu zanga-Ranar Mayu a Oxford Circus a shekara ta 2001.
* Dokar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta 2008 ta nemi tsawaita yawan kwanakin da aka tsare ba tare da caji ba zuwa kwanaki 42 kuma ta ba Sakataren Cikin Gida damar buƙatar a kafa bincike ba tare da juri a asirce ba idan sun ga yana da sha'awar jama'a, sha'awar abokin yarjejeniyar kasashen waje ko kuma sha'awar tsaron kasa. David Davis MP, dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma Sakataren Gida na Shadow a lokacin, ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta majalisa a watan Yunin 2008 don nuna rashin amincewa da tsawaitawa ga tsare-tsare. Murabus dinsa ya tilasta zaben, wanda ya yi hamayya kuma ya ci nasara a kan dandalin 'yanci na jama'a. Babu Labour ko Liberal Democrats da suka tsaya dan takara. Kudin ya kuma cire haramcin yin tambayoyi bayan caji, ya ba 'yan sanda iko mafi girma na kwace dukiya kuma ya ba' yan sanda ikon hana daukar hoto a wuraren jama'a.
* Dokar Gyaran 'yan sanda da Hakkin Jama'a ta 2011 ta soke haramtacciyar Dokar Laifuka da 'yan sanda ta 2005 a kan zanga-zangar a filin majalisa, duk da haka, ta kara sabbin ƙuntatawa, kamar aiki da kayan aikin hayaniya, gina alfarwa ko amfani da kayan bacci.
* ''R v AB da CD'' (2014) ita ce shari'ar Burtaniya ta farko da za a gudanar gaba ɗaya a asirce  kodayake kotun daukaka kara ta sauƙaƙa wasu ƙuntatawa bayan ƙalubalen shari'a ta ''The Guardian''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=judiciary.gov.uk |url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/guardian-v-ab-cd.pdf |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=www.judiciary.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokar Ikon Bincike ta 2016 ta fadada ikon sa ido na lantarki na hukumomin leken asiri na Burtaniya. Ya ba da izinin tattara bayanai masu yawa na sadarwa da kuma karɓar bayanan sadarwa. Yana buƙatar CSPs (masu ba da sabis na sadarwa) don riƙe bayanan haɗin intanet na masu amfani da intanet na Burtaniya na shekara guda, wanda wasu jami'an gwamnati ke da damar yin amfani da shi ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Ba a yarda da CSPs su ƙi taimako ga 'yan sanda ba kuma ba a yarda su bayyana buƙatar bayanai. Dokar ta kuma ba da izinin 'yan sanda su aiwatar da tsangwama ga kayan aiki.
* A cikin 2018, an ba wa mawaƙa Rhys Herbert (sunan mataki 'Digga D') Dokar Halin Laifi kuma an haɗa shi da mai bin GPS a kan kafafunsa. Ana buƙatar ya ba da sanarwa ta awanni 24 ga 'yan sanda na birni na London kafin ya ɗora kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma an hana shi tayar da tashin hankali, yana ambaton wasu yankuna na London ko yin nassoshi ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa ko mutane a cikin kiɗansa.
* Dokokin Kare Lafiya (Coronavirus) na 2020 (Ingila kawai) sun ba 'yan sanda ikon tilasta mutane su ware kansu idan ana zargin su da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].
* Dokar Coronavirus ta 2020 ta ba gwamnati ikon dakatar da ko iyakance tarurrukan jama'a da kuma tsare mutanen da ake zargi da cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].

== Dubi kuma ==

* Big Brother Watch
* Yunkurin Yaki da Censorship
* Censorship a cikin Ƙasar Ingila
* [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa]]
* [['Yanci Na Farar Hula|'Yancin kai na jama'a]]
* Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasar Ingila
* [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na magana]]
* 'Yanci na magana ta ƙasa § United Kingdom
* Tarihin 'yanci
* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ƙasar Ingila]]
* 'Yancin kai a Ƙasar Ingila
* Liberty (ƙungiyar matsa lamba) 
* Michael Mansfield
* Kula da jama'a a Ƙasar Ingila
* NO2ID
* Majalisar dokoki a cikin Yin taƙaitaccen ci gaban tarihi na majalisa da haƙƙin jama'a a Burtaniya
* Sirriyar Duniya
* Taking Liberties - Takaddun shaida game da tasirin Dokar yaki da ta'addanci kan 'yancin bil'adama a Burtaniya.
* Ta'addanci a Ƙasar Ingila

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      <text bytes="8634" sha1="8ejxfsqb74tt1v62ozl6o0auwt5p3ka" xml:space="preserve">Data boxe

'''Adasa Cookey''' (an haife ta a matsayin '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''' ) ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|darakta]] ce a bidiyon kiɗa, mai ɗaukar hoto, daraktan kasuwanci, mai zane-zane, kuma mai shirya fina-finai.   Yana aiki da kuma ba da umarni ga Squareball Media Productions Limited inda shi ne kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin, wanda kuma kamfani ne mai rikodin da ke ɗauke da [[1da Banton]] &amp; Eli Jae. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2020 |title=ADASA COOKEY |url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Adasa a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1981, a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, Najeriya . Ya yi yarintarsa a Port Harcourt, inda ya yi makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Bereton da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers kuma ya sami digirin farko a fannin gine-gine. [1]

== Sana'a ==
Adasa ya bar aikinsa na wakilin kula da abokan ciniki a shekarar 2010 don ya canza sha'awarsa ta gyaran bidiyo da kuma kai tsaye. Ya ba da umarni a bidiyon waƙoƙin mawakan kamar [[Davido]], [[Burna Boy]], [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], D'Prince, da [[Don Jazzy]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Top 10 Video Directors In Nigeria (2021) |url=https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Adasa Cookey |url=https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2020 |title=[Video] SIMI – &quot;Duduke&quot; (Dir. By Adasa Cookey |url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-simi-duduke-dir-by-adasa-cookey/ |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓaɓɓen bidiyon bidiyo ==

* [[Burna Boy]] – Like To Biki (2013) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Video- Like To Party By Burna Boy {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/new-video-like-to-party-by-burna-boy/pt7dqw9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* D'Prince – Jakar Goody (2013)
* Ketchup - Nuna Ni Yuh Rozay (2013)
* [[Mavin Records|Mavins]] All Stars - Adaobi (2014) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trending Video: Catch the Visuals for Adaobi by the Mavins Crew {{!}} BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/trending-video-catch-the-visuals-for-adaobi-by-the-mavins-crew/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* DJ Xclusive ft [[Davido]] – Wo Le (2015)
* [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AdekunleGold Releases video for his single, Sade {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/adekunlegold-releases-video-for-his-single-sade/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Adekunle Gold]] - Ready (2016)
* Ric Hassani - Kai Kawai (2017)
* [[Orezi]] - Girbin Gindi (2017) 
* Idahams - Toast (2017)
* [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] – Selense (2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch Simi's Beautiful Music Video For 'Selense' - OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/simi-selense-video-watch-nigerian-music/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] – Ayo (2019)
* [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] – Duduke (2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simi - Duduke Official Video {{!}} Download Video MP4 » TrendyBeatz |url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425083913/https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video |archive-date=2024-04-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking – Jericho (2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Download Video: Simi ft. Patoranking - Jericho |url=https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Feeling (2020)
* [[Runtown]] ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Jiki Riddim (Video) (2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Video: Runtown feat. Darkovibes &amp; Bella Shmurda – Body Riddim {{!}} BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/runtown-darkovibes-body-riddim/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] – By You (2019)
* Praiz – Madu (2020)
* [[Niniola]] - Mai jaraba (2020)
* Wande Coal ft. Wale – Again (Remix) (2020)
* Wande Coal – Again (2020)
* Idahams - Dala biliyan (2019)
* Idahams -Ada (2020)
* Idahams - Shiga Idona (2020)
* Stonebwoy da [[Zlatan]] - Critical (2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch Stonebwoy's new video for 'Critical' featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE |url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Aiki
! Bikin
! Nau'i
! Sakamako
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | &quot;kansa&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Nishaɗin Jama'a na Birni]]
| ''Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage &amp; Olamide Lead The 2016 City People Entertainment Award Nominees |url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085402/https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/ |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking &quot;Jericho&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity
| ''Bidiyon Shekara'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2020: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/soundcity-mvp-awards-2020-all-winners |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | &quot;Kansa&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | KYAUTUTTUKAN GALAXY
| ''Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara'' | {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2019
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] ft Patoranking &quot;Jericho&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyautar AFRIMA
| ''Bidiyon Afirka Mafi Kyau'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2019 |title=Burna Boy, 2Baba, Nadia win big at 2019 AFRIMA. See full list of winners |url=https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233913/https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/ |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Orezi, &quot;Tukunyar Girki&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyautar AFRIMA
| ''Bidiyon Afirka Mafi Kyau Na Shekara'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2017 |title=AFRIMA 2017: Full List Of Winners |url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042408/https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Won}} 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Adekunle Gold]], &quot;Ka ɗauki Kiran&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyaututtukan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Najeriya
| ''Mafi kyawun Fim'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners |url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ranti, &quot;Iwe Ki Ko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyaututtukan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Najeriya
| ''Mafi kyawun Edita'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=NMVA 2016 Nominees List |url=https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ranti, &quot;Iwe Ki Ko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyaututtukan Bidiyon Kiɗa na Najeriya
| ''Mafi kyawun Darakta'' | {{Nom}}
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agunrege</title>
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      <text bytes="840" sha1="43nf105fk7sy0o3anf4h0rxy3fn3y7a" xml:space="preserve">'''Agunrege''' wani kauyene a karamar hukumar Atisbo dake jihar Oyo a najeriya'''&lt;ref&gt;https://mapcarta.com/17049120&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/agunrege-located.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323093439/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/agunrege-located.html |date=2024-03-23 }}https://my.maptons.com/2907212 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323093441/https://my.maptons.com/2907212 |date=2024-03-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://nga.postcodebase.com/node/48780&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2351721-place-agunrege.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/oyo-atisbo-ago-are-owo-agunrege.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ng.geoview.info/agunrege,501491965n&lt;/ref&gt;'''

{{Stub}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jami'ar Hofstra</title>
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      <text bytes="4201" sha1="99leep2hzawmjhel8mh1xym8equ5gc4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}}
[[File:Mack_Student_Center_2021a.jpg|thumb| Hofstra's Mack Student Center]]
'''Jami'ar Hofstra''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Hempstead,New York,akan Long Island.

Ita ce babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Long Island. Hofstra ya samo asali ne a cikin 1935 a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New York'''. Ya zama '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' mai zaman kanta a cikin 1939 kuma ya sami matsayin jami'a a 1963.Ya ƙunshi makarantu goma, ciki har da Makarantar Medicine na Zucker da Deane School of Law,Hofstra ya shirya jerin manyan tarurruka na shugaban kasa da kuma muhawarar shugaban kasa da dama na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;WRHU Radio Hofstra University | Herbert School of Communication | Hofstra | New York&quot;. www.hofstra.edu. Retrieved February 26, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; font-size:100%; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+Shugabannin Jami'ar Hofstra
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Shugaban kasa'''
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Lokaci'''
|-
| Truesdel Peck Calkins
| 1937-1942
|-
| Howard S. Brower (Mai aiki)
| 1942-1944
|-
| John Cranford Adams
| 1944-1964
|-
| Clifford Lee Ubangiji
| 1964-1972
|-
| James H. Marshall
| 1972-1973
|-
| Robert L. Payton
| 1973-1976
|-
| James M. Shuart
| 1976-2001
|-
| Stuart Rabinowitz
| 2001-2021
|-
| Susan Poser
| 2021 - yanzu
|-
|}
An kafa kwaljin ne a cikin 1935 a kan mallakar sunan mai suna William S. Hofstra (1861-1932),ɗan kasuwan katako na zuriyar Dutch, da matarsa ta biyu Kate Mason (1854-1933).Ya fara ne a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York (NYU) a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New''' York.Ya zama kwaleji ko jami'a ta huɗu kuma ta kwanan nan ta Amurka mai suna bayan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke,kuma ita kaɗai ce wacce ta faru a ƙarni na 20.

Wani mazaunin Hempstead.Truesdel Peck Calkins,wanda ya kasance mai kula da makarantu na Hempstead ne ya gabatar da shirin tsawaita.A cikin wasiyyarta,Kate Mason ta ba da mafi yawan kadarorinsu da kadarorin da za a yi amfani da su don ayyukan agaji,na kimiyya ko na jin kai,don a ba su suna don girmama mijinta.A cikin bazara na 1934,an ba da wannan kadara don a canza shi zuwa cikin sanitarium ga waɗanda ke fama da cutar shan inna ta Gidauniyar Georgia Warm Springs,musamman miƙa wa Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt,amma babu abin da ya faru daga gare ta. Abokai biyu,Howard Brower da James Barnard,an tambayi su yanke shawarar abin da za a yi da gidan.Calkins ya bayyana wa Brower cewa ya kasance yana neman wurin da zai fara makarantar sakandare,kuma mutanen uku sun yarda cewa zai zama dacewa da amfani da gidan.Calkins ya tuntuɓi hukuma a Jami'ar New York,kuma sun nuna sha'awar. 

An kafa kwalejin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ilimi,cibiyar zirga-zirga tare da azuzuwan rana da yamma.Ranar farko ta darasi a Kwalejin Tunawa ta Nassau-Hofstra ita ce 23 ga Satumba,1935,tare da ɗalibai 150 da suka yi rajista da daidaitaccen rabe tsakanin maza da mata. Ajin farko na dalibai ya kasance dalibai na kwana 159 da na yamma 621.Kudin koyarwa na shekara shine $ 375.Kwalejin ta sami matsayi na wucin gadi,kuma an canza sunanta na hukuma zuwa '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' a ranar 16 ga Janairu,1937.

Kolejin Hofstra ta rabu da Jami'ar New York a ranar 1 ga Yuli,1939,kuma an ba ta cikakkiyar yarjejeniya a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu,1940.

A cikin 1939,Hofstra ta yi bikin farkonta na shekaru huɗu na farko,inda ta yaye aji na ɗalibai 83.Ɗaliban farko da suka kammala karatun digiri sun ji daɗin sabuwar makarantar.Lokacin da aka ba su izinin zaɓar ko za su sami digiri daga Jami'ar New York ko Hofstra, sun zaɓi digiri na Hofstra da yawa.An tabbatar da ƙwarewar ilimi na Hofstra lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Tsakiya ta karɓi Hofstra don zama memba a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba,1940. A farkon 1941 an zaɓi kwalejin don zama memba a Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Amurka.

A cikin 1950,Calkins Gymnasium shine wurin bikin Shakespeare na farko. An yi shi akan kwafin Globe Theatre mai girman biyar-shida.Yanzu ana yin bikin a kan Globe Stage,mafi daidaiton kwafin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globe a Amurka.</text>
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      <text bytes="4107" sha1="2h0jjyopyb929ih4y1mwav029k0227n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Jami'ar Hofstra''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Hempstead,New York,akan Long Island.

Ita ce babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Long Island. Hofstra ya samo asali ne a cikin 1935 a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New York'''. Ya zama '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' mai zaman kanta a cikin 1939 kuma ya sami matsayin jami'a a 1963.Ya ƙunshi makarantu goma, ciki har da Makarantar Medicine na Zucker da Deane School of Law,Hofstra ya shirya jerin manyan tarurruka na shugaban kasa da kuma muhawarar shugaban kasa da dama na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;WRHU Radio Hofstra University | Herbert School of Communication | Hofstra | New York&quot;. www.hofstra.edu. Retrieved February 26, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; font-size:100%; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+Shugabannin Jami'ar Hofstra
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Shugaban kasa'''
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Lokaci'''
|-
| Truesdel Peck Calkins
| 1937-1942
|-
| Howard S. Brower (Mai aiki)
| 1942-1944
|-
| John Cranford Adams
| 1944-1964
|-
| Clifford Lee Ubangiji
| 1964-1972
|-
| James H. Marshall
| 1972-1973
|-
| Robert L. Payton
| 1973-1976
|-
| James M. Shuart
| 1976-2001
|-
| Stuart Rabinowitz
| 2001-2021
|-
| Susan Poser
| 2021 - yanzu
|-
|}
An kafa kwaljin ne a cikin 1935 a kan mallakar sunan mai suna William S. Hofstra (1861-1932),ɗan kasuwan katako na zuriyar Dutch, da matarsa ta biyu Kate Mason (1854-1933).Ya fara ne a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York (NYU) a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New''' York.Ya zama kwaleji ko jami'a ta huɗu kuma ta kwanan nan ta Amurka mai suna bayan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke,kuma ita kaɗai ce wacce ta faru a ƙarni na 20.

Wani mazaunin Hempstead.Truesdel Peck Calkins,wanda ya kasance mai kula da makarantu na Hempstead ne ya gabatar da shirin tsawaita.A cikin wasiyyarta,Kate Mason ta ba da mafi yawan kadarorinsu da kadarorin da za a yi amfani da su don ayyukan agaji,na kimiyya ko na jin kai,don a ba su suna don girmama mijinta.A cikin bazara na 1934,an ba da wannan kadara don a canza shi zuwa cikin sanitarium ga waɗanda ke fama da cutar shan inna ta Gidauniyar Georgia Warm Springs,musamman miƙa wa Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt,amma babu abin da ya faru daga gare ta. Abokai biyu,Howard Brower da James Barnard,an tambayi su yanke shawarar abin da za a yi da gidan.Calkins ya bayyana wa Brower cewa ya kasance yana neman wurin da zai fara makarantar sakandare,kuma mutanen uku sun yarda cewa zai zama dacewa da amfani da gidan.Calkins ya tuntuɓi hukuma a Jami'ar New York,kuma sun nuna sha'awar. 

An kafa kwalejin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ilimi,cibiyar zirga-zirga tare da azuzuwan rana da yamma.Ranar farko ta darasi a Kwalejin Tunawa ta Nassau-Hofstra ita ce 23 ga Satumba,1935,tare da ɗalibai 150 da suka yi rajista da daidaitaccen rabe tsakanin maza da mata. Ajin farko na dalibai ya kasance dalibai na kwana 159 da na yamma 621.Kudin koyarwa na shekara shine $ 375.Kwalejin ta sami matsayi na wucin gadi,kuma an canza sunanta na hukuma zuwa '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' a ranar 16 ga Janairu,1937.

Kolejin Hofstra ta rabu da Jami'ar New York a ranar 1 ga Yuli,1939,kuma an ba ta cikakkiyar yarjejeniya a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu,1940.

A cikin 1939,Hofstra ta yi bikin farkonta na shekaru huɗu na farko,inda ta yaye aji na ɗalibai 83.Ɗaliban farko da suka kammala karatun digiri sun ji daɗin sabuwar makarantar.Lokacin da aka ba su izinin zaɓar ko za su sami digiri daga Jami'ar New York ko Hofstra, sun zaɓi digiri na Hofstra da yawa.An tabbatar da ƙwarewar ilimi na Hofstra lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Tsakiya ta karɓi Hofstra don zama memba a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba,1940. A farkon 1941 an zaɓi kwalejin don zama memba a Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Amurka.

A cikin 1950,Calkins Gymnasium shine wurin bikin Shakespeare na farko. An yi shi akan kwafin Globe Theatre mai girman biyar-shida.Yanzu ana yin bikin a kan Globe Stage,mafi daidaiton kwafin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globe a Amurka.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>964790</id>
      <parentid>964788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:37:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="4124" sha1="8z5qxr1eempl0xagrltop6k2kl0lgsk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Jami'ar Hofstra''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Hempstead,New York,akan Long Island.

Ita ce babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Long Island. Hofstra ya samo asali ne a cikin 1935 a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New York'''. Ya zama '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' mai zaman kanta a cikin 1939 kuma ya sami matsayin jami'a a 1963.Ya ƙunshi makarantu goma, ciki har da Makarantar Medicine na Zucker da Deane School of Law,Hofstra ya shirya jerin manyan tarurruka na shugaban kasa da kuma muhawarar shugaban kasa da dama na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;WRHU Radio Hofstra University | Herbert School of Communication | Hofstra | New York&quot;. www.hofstra.edu. Retrieved February 26, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; font-size:100%; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+Shugabannin Jami'ar Hofstra
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Shugaban kasa'''
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Lokaci'''
|-
| Truesdel Peck Calkins
| 1937-1942
|-
| Howard S. Brower (Mai aiki)
| 1942-1944
|-
| John Cranford Adams
| 1944-1964
|-
| Clifford Lee Ubangiji
| 1964-1972
|-
| James H. Marshall
| 1972-1973
|-
| Robert L. Payton
| 1973-1976
|-
| James M. Shuart
| 1976-2001
|-
| Stuart Rabinowitz
| 2001-2021
|-
| Susan Poser
| 2021 - yanzu
|-
|}
An kafa kwaljin ne a cikin 1935 a kan mallakar sunan mai suna William S. Hofstra (1861-1932),ɗan kasuwan katako na zuriyar Dutch, da matarsa ta biyu Kate Mason (1854-1933).Ya fara ne a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York (NYU) a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New''' York.Ya zama kwaleji ko jami'a ta huɗu kuma ta kwanan nan ta Amurka mai suna bayan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke,kuma ita kaɗai ce wacce ta faru a ƙarni na 20.

Wani mazaunin Hempstead.Truesdel Peck Calkins,wanda ya kasance mai kula da makarantu na Hempstead ne ya gabatar da shirin tsawaita.A cikin wasiyyarta,Kate Mason ta ba da mafi yawan kadarorinsu da kadarorin da za a yi amfani da su don ayyukan agaji,na kimiyya ko na jin kai,don a ba su suna don girmama mijinta.A cikin bazara na 1934,an ba da wannan kadara don a canza shi zuwa cikin sanitarium ga waɗanda ke fama da cutar shan inna ta Gidauniyar Georgia Warm Springs,musamman miƙa wa Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt,amma babu abin da ya faru daga gare ta. Abokai biyu,Howard Brower da James Barnard,an tambayi su yanke shawarar abin da za a yi da gidan.Calkins ya bayyana wa Brower cewa ya kasance yana neman wurin da zai fara makarantar sakandare,kuma mutanen uku sun yarda cewa zai zama dacewa da amfani da gidan.Calkins ya tuntuɓi hukuma a Jami'ar New York,kuma sun nuna sha'awar. 

An kafa kwalejin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ilimi,cibiyar zirga-zirga tare da azuzuwan rana da yamma.Ranar farko ta darasi a Kwalejin Tunawa ta Nassau-Hofstra ita ce 23 ga Satumba,1935,tare da ɗalibai 150 da suka yi rajista da daidaitaccen rabe tsakanin maza da mata. Ajin farko na dalibai ya kasance dalibai na kwana 159 da na yamma 621.Kudin koyarwa na shekara shine $ 375.Kwalejin ta sami matsayi na wucin gadi,kuma an canza sunanta na hukuma zuwa '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' a ranar 16 ga Janairu,1937.

Kolejin Hofstra ta rabu da Jami'ar New York a ranar 1 ga Yuli,1939,kuma an ba ta cikakkiyar yarjejeniya a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu,1940.

A cikin 1939,Hofstra ta yi bikin farkonta na shekaru huɗu na farko,inda ta yaye aji na ɗalibai 83.Ɗaliban farko da suka kammala karatun digiri sun ji daɗin sabuwar makarantar.Lokacin da aka ba su izinin zaɓar ko za su sami digiri daga Jami'ar New York ko Hofstra, sun zaɓi digiri na Hofstra da yawa.An tabbatar da ƙwarewar ilimi na Hofstra lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Tsakiya ta karɓi Hofstra don zama memba a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba,1940. A farkon 1941 an zaɓi kwalejin don zama memba a Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Amurka.

A cikin 1950,Calkins Gymnasium shine wurin bikin Shakespeare na farko. An yi shi akan kwafin Globe Theatre mai girman biyar-shida.Yanzu ana yin bikin a kan Globe Stage,mafi daidaiton kwafin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globe a Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8z5qxr1eempl0xagrltop6k2kl0lgsk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964791</id>
      <parentid>964790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:38:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4126" sha1="fgwkxrcfa9eevc4hktxub9n9tvmib19" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Jami'ar Hofstra''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Hempstead, New York, akan Long Island.

Ita ce babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Long Island. Hofstra ya samo asali ne a cikin 1935 a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New York'''. Ya zama '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' mai zaman kanta a cikin 1939 kuma ya sami matsayin jami'a a 1963.Ya ƙunshi makarantu goma, ciki har da Makarantar Medicine na Zucker da Deane School of Law,Hofstra ya shirya jerin manyan tarurruka na shugaban kasa da kuma muhawarar shugaban kasa da dama na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;WRHU Radio Hofstra University | Herbert School of Communication | Hofstra | New York&quot;. www.hofstra.edu. Retrieved February 26, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; font-size:100%; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+Shugabannin Jami'ar Hofstra
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Shugaban kasa'''
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Lokaci'''
|-
| Truesdel Peck Calkins
| 1937-1942
|-
| Howard S. Brower (Mai aiki)
| 1942-1944
|-
| John Cranford Adams
| 1944-1964
|-
| Clifford Lee Ubangiji
| 1964-1972
|-
| James H. Marshall
| 1972-1973
|-
| Robert L. Payton
| 1973-1976
|-
| James M. Shuart
| 1976-2001
|-
| Stuart Rabinowitz
| 2001-2021
|-
| Susan Poser
| 2021 - yanzu
|-
|}
An kafa kwaljin ne a cikin 1935 a kan mallakar sunan mai suna William S. Hofstra (1861-1932),ɗan kasuwan katako na zuriyar Dutch, da matarsa ta biyu Kate Mason (1854-1933).Ya fara ne a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York (NYU) a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New''' York.Ya zama kwaleji ko jami'a ta huɗu kuma ta kwanan nan ta Amurka mai suna bayan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke,kuma ita kaɗai ce wacce ta faru a ƙarni na 20.

Wani mazaunin Hempstead.Truesdel Peck Calkins,wanda ya kasance mai kula da makarantu na Hempstead ne ya gabatar da shirin tsawaita.A cikin wasiyyarta,Kate Mason ta ba da mafi yawan kadarorinsu da kadarorin da za a yi amfani da su don ayyukan agaji,na kimiyya ko na jin kai,don a ba su suna don girmama mijinta.A cikin bazara na 1934,an ba da wannan kadara don a canza shi zuwa cikin sanitarium ga waɗanda ke fama da cutar shan inna ta Gidauniyar Georgia Warm Springs,musamman miƙa wa Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt,amma babu abin da ya faru daga gare ta. Abokai biyu,Howard Brower da James Barnard,an tambayi su yanke shawarar abin da za a yi da gidan.Calkins ya bayyana wa Brower cewa ya kasance yana neman wurin da zai fara makarantar sakandare,kuma mutanen uku sun yarda cewa zai zama dacewa da amfani da gidan.Calkins ya tuntuɓi hukuma a Jami'ar New York,kuma sun nuna sha'awar. 

An kafa kwalejin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ilimi,cibiyar zirga-zirga tare da azuzuwan rana da yamma.Ranar farko ta darasi a Kwalejin Tunawa ta Nassau-Hofstra ita ce 23 ga Satumba,1935,tare da ɗalibai 150 da suka yi rajista da daidaitaccen rabe tsakanin maza da mata. Ajin farko na dalibai ya kasance dalibai na kwana 159 da na yamma 621.Kudin koyarwa na shekara shine $ 375.Kwalejin ta sami matsayi na wucin gadi,kuma an canza sunanta na hukuma zuwa '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' a ranar 16 ga Janairu,1937.

Kolejin Hofstra ta rabu da Jami'ar New York a ranar 1 ga Yuli,1939,kuma an ba ta cikakkiyar yarjejeniya a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu,1940.

A cikin 1939,Hofstra ta yi bikin farkonta na shekaru huɗu na farko,inda ta yaye aji na ɗalibai 83.Ɗaliban farko da suka kammala karatun digiri sun ji daɗin sabuwar makarantar.Lokacin da aka ba su izinin zaɓar ko za su sami digiri daga Jami'ar New York ko Hofstra, sun zaɓi digiri na Hofstra da yawa.An tabbatar da ƙwarewar ilimi na Hofstra lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Tsakiya ta karɓi Hofstra don zama memba a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba,1940. A farkon 1941 an zaɓi kwalejin don zama memba a Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Amurka.

A cikin 1950,Calkins Gymnasium shine wurin bikin Shakespeare na farko. An yi shi akan kwafin Globe Theatre mai girman biyar-shida.Yanzu ana yin bikin a kan Globe Stage,mafi daidaiton kwafin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globe a Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>fgwkxrcfa9eevc4hktxub9n9tvmib19</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964792</id>
      <parentid>964791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>964792</origin>
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      <text bytes="4250" sha1="oxdzq79x3psqhiygjso32g3k5vv2lse" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Jami'ar Hofstra''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Hempstead, New York, akan Long Island.

Ita ce babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Long Island. Hofstra ya samo asali ne a cikin 1935 a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New York'''. Ya zama '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' mai zaman kanta a cikin 1939 kuma ya sami matsayin jami'a a 1963.Ya ƙunshi makarantu goma, ciki har da Makarantar Medicine na Zucker da Deane School of Law,Hofstra ya shirya jerin manyan tarurruka na shugaban kasa da kuma muhawarar shugaban kasa da dama na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;WRHU Radio Hofstra University | Herbert School of Communication | Hofstra | New York&quot;. www.hofstra.edu. Retrieved February 26, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; font-size:100%; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;&quot;
|+Shugabannin Jami'ar Hofstra
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Shugaban kasa'''
| style=&quot;background:blue; color:gold; text-align:left;&quot; | '''Lokaci'''
|-
| Truesdel Peck Calkins
| 1937-1942
|-
| Howard S. Brower (Mai aiki)
| 1942-1944
|-
| John Cranford Adams
| 1944-1964
|-
| Clifford Lee Ubangiji
| 1964-1972
|-
| James H. Marshall
| 1972-1973
|-
| Robert L. Payton
| 1973-1976
|-
| James M. Shuart
| 1976-2001
|-
| Stuart Rabinowitz
| 2001-2021
|-
| Susan Poser
| 2021 - yanzu
|-
|}
An kafa kwaljin ne a cikin 1935 a kan mallakar sunan mai suna William S. Hofstra (1861-1932),ɗan kasuwan katako na zuriyar Dutch, da matarsa ta biyu Kate Mason (1854-1933).Ya fara ne a matsayin fadada Jami'ar New York (NYU) a karkashin sunan '''Kwalejin Nassau-Hofstra Memorial na Jami'ar New''' York.Ya zama kwaleji ko jami'a ta huɗu kuma ta kwanan nan ta Amurka mai suna bayan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke,kuma ita kaɗai ce wacce ta faru a ƙarni na 20.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hofstra retires Charles Jenkins' jersey before he's done wearing it&quot;. Yahoo Sports. Retrieved September 16, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani mazaunin Hempstead.Truesdel Peck Calkins,wanda ya kasance mai kula da makarantu na Hempstead ne ya gabatar da shirin tsawaita.A cikin wasiyyarta,Kate Mason ta ba da mafi yawan kadarorinsu da kadarorin da za a yi amfani da su don ayyukan agaji,na kimiyya ko na jin kai,don a ba su suna don girmama mijinta.A cikin bazara na 1934,an ba da wannan kadara don a canza shi zuwa cikin sanitarium ga waɗanda ke fama da cutar shan inna ta Gidauniyar Georgia Warm Springs,musamman miƙa wa Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt,amma babu abin da ya faru daga gare ta. Abokai biyu,Howard Brower da James Barnard,an tambayi su yanke shawarar abin da za a yi da gidan.Calkins ya bayyana wa Brower cewa ya kasance yana neman wurin da zai fara makarantar sakandare,kuma mutanen uku sun yarda cewa zai zama dacewa da amfani da gidan.Calkins ya tuntuɓi hukuma a Jami'ar New York,kuma sun nuna sha'awar. 

An kafa kwalejin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ilimi,cibiyar zirga-zirga tare da azuzuwan rana da yamma.Ranar farko ta darasi a Kwalejin Tunawa ta Nassau-Hofstra ita ce 23 ga Satumba,1935,tare da ɗalibai 150 da suka yi rajista da daidaitaccen rabe tsakanin maza da mata. Ajin farko na dalibai ya kasance dalibai na kwana 159 da na yamma 621.Kudin koyarwa na shekara shine $ 375.Kwalejin ta sami matsayi na wucin gadi,kuma an canza sunanta na hukuma zuwa '''Kwalejin Hofstra''' a ranar 16 ga Janairu,1937.

Kolejin Hofstra ta rabu da Jami'ar New York a ranar 1 ga Yuli,1939,kuma an ba ta cikakkiyar yarjejeniya a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu,1940.

A cikin 1939,Hofstra ta yi bikin farkonta na shekaru huɗu na farko,inda ta yaye aji na ɗalibai 83.Ɗaliban farko da suka kammala karatun digiri sun ji daɗin sabuwar makarantar.Lokacin da aka ba su izinin zaɓar ko za su sami digiri daga Jami'ar New York ko Hofstra, sun zaɓi digiri na Hofstra da yawa.An tabbatar da ƙwarewar ilimi na Hofstra lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Tsakiya ta karɓi Hofstra don zama memba a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba,1940. A farkon 1941 an zaɓi kwalejin don zama memba a Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Amurka.

A cikin 1950,Calkins Gymnasium shine wurin bikin Shakespeare na farko. An yi shi akan kwafin Globe Theatre mai girman biyar-shida.Yanzu ana yin bikin a kan Globe Stage,mafi daidaiton kwafin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globe a Amurka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Godwin Obasi</title>
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      <text bytes="6223" sha1="qn5kjn7m7nw53g653qoik1i09by0j4v" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Godwin_Olu_Patrick_Obasi.jpg  |thumb| Godwin Olu Patrick Obasi]]
[[Fayil:Godwin Olu Patrick Obasi.jpg|thumb|Godwin Obasi]]
'''Godwin Olu Patrick Obasi''' FAAS (24, Disamba, 1933 - 3, Maris, 2007) masanin yanayi ne na Najeriya kuma babban sakatare na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) daga 1984 zuwa 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/secretariat/previous-secretary-generals-of-wmo |access-date=2023-12-15 |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308150755/https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/secretariat/previous-secretary-generals-of-wmo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne ma'aikacin sakatariya na farko da aka nada babban sakatare kuma dan Afrika na farko da ya zama shugaban hukumar haɗin kan ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=222418&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da sana'a ==

=== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ===
An haifi Godwin Olu Patrick Obasi a ranar ishirin da hudu ga watan Disamba 1933, iyayensa Albert B. Patrick Obasi da Rhoda A. Akande, a garin Ogori, jihar Kwara, Nigeria. Yayi karatun firamari a makarantar St. Peter, Ogori, da kuma St. Andrew School, Okene, [[Kogi|Jihar Kogi]].  Daga nan ya wuce makarantar sakandare ta Okene (Kwalejin tunawa da Abdul Aziz Atta a yau).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/secretariat/previous-secretary-generals-of-wmo/godwin-olu-patrick-obasi |access-date=2023-12-15 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404152839/https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/secretariat/previous-secretary-generals-of-wmo/godwin-olu-patrick-obasi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya koma Kwalejin Barewa da ke Zariya, inda ya kasance abokin karatun Yakubu Gowon, tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin lissafi da Physics tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar McGill da ke Montreal, Kanada, a 1959, da Master of Science in Meteorology tare da bambanci daga [[Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology (MIT) a 1960. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri. Likitan Kimiyya a cikin Yanayin yanayi daga MIT a shekara ta 1963. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Carl-Gustaf Rossby a fannin karatunsa.

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-28676&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://paocweb.mit.edu/education/graduate/the-carl-gustaf-rossby-award&lt;/ref&gt;kula da bincike da horaswa a sashen nazarin yanayi na Najeriya daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1967, sannan ya kasance babban masanin yanayi mai kula da harkokin fasaha a hedkwatar sashen dake Legas daga 1966 zuwa 1967. Bugu da kari, Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami’in kula da yanayin yanayi a filin jirgin saman Legas, Ikeja daga 1964 zuwa 1965, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban kungiyar aiki kan yanayin yanayi na yanayi na duniya daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Daga 1967 zuwa 1974, Obasi ya kasance kwararre ne na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya/United Nations Development Development kuma babban malami a Jami'ar [[Nairobi]] ta Kenya. Ya kuma taba zama shugaban riko na sashen nazarin yanayi a kasar Kenya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1973, sannan a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban sashen daga 1974 zuwa 1976.a Obasi ya dawo Najeriya inda ya zama babban masanin yanayi mai kula da bincike da horaswa a sashen nazarin yanayi na Najeriya daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1967, sannan ya kasance babban masanin yanayi mai kula da harkokin fasaha a hedkwatar sashen dake Legas daga 1966 zuwa 1967. Bugu da kari, Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami’in kula da yanayin yanayi a filin jirgin saman Legas, Ikeja daga 1964 zuwa 1965, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban kungiyar aiki kan yanayin yanayi na yanayi na duniya daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Daga 1967 zuwa 1974, Obasi ya kasance kwararre ne na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya/United Nations Development Development kuma babban malami a Jami'ar Nairobi ta Kenya. Ya kuma taba zama shugaban riko na sashen nazarin yanayi a kasar Kenya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1973, sannan a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban sashen daga 1974 zuwa 1976.Sana'a Obasi ya dawo Najeriya inda ya zama babban masanin yanayi mai kula da bincike da horaswa a sashen nazarin yanayi na Najeriya daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1967, sannan ya kasance babban masanin yanayi mai kula da harkokin fasaha a hedkwatar sashen dake Legas daga 1966 zuwa 1967. Bugu da kari, Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami’in kula da yanayin yanayi a filin jirgin saman Legas, Ikeja daga 1964 zuwa 1965, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban kungiyar aiki kan yanayin yanayi na yanayi na duniya daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Daga 1967 zuwa 1974, Obasi ya kasance kwararre ne na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya/United Nations Development Development kuma babban malami a Jami'ar Nairobi ta Kenya. Ya kuma taba zama shugaban riko na sashen nazarin yanayi a kasar Kenya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1973, sannan a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban sashen daga 1974 zuwa 1976.

&lt;references /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Sana'a ===
Obasi ya dawo Najeriya inda ya zama babban masanin yanayi mai kula da bincike da horaswa a sashen nazarin yanayi na Najeriya daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1967, sannan ya kasance babban masanin yanayi mai kula da harkokin fasaha a hedkwatar sashen dake Legas daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa 1967. Bugu da kari, Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami’in kula da yanayin yanayi a filin jirgin saman Legas, Ikeja daga 1964 zuwa 1965, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban kungiyar aiki kan yanayin yanayi na yanayi na duniya daga 1965 zuwa 1967. Daga 1967 zuwa 1974, Obasi ya kasance kwararre ne na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya/United Nations Development Development kuma babban malami a Jami'ar Nairobi ta Kenya. Ya kuma taba zama shugaban riko na sashen nazarin yanayi a kasar Kenya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1973, sannan a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban sashen daga 1974 zuwa 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://thedevelopmentnews.com/experts-extol-prof-obasis-contributions-climate-science-inaugural-memorial-lecture/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404152842/https://thedevelopmentnews.com/experts-extol-prof-obasis-contributions-climate-science-inaugural-memorial-lecture/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Matattun 2007]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bruno Delbonnel</title>
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[[Fayil:Bruno Delbonnel (ciné club Louis Lumière).jpg|thumb|Bruno Delbonnel]]
'''Bruno Delbonnel''', ASC, AFC, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) ɗan fim ne na Faransa. Ya yi aiki a fina-finai Amélie (2001), A Very Long Engagement (2004), Harry Potter da the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) da Darkest Hour (2017), kuma ya bayyana a cikin Wes Anderson's The French Dispatch (2021) a matsayin Tip-Top .
Kyautar Delbonnel ta haɗa da César Award da European Film Award, da kuma gabatarwa shida na Academy Award da kuma gabar BAFTA Award hudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.globalcinematography.com/teacher-profile-bruno-delbonnel |access-date=2024-01-25 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401085448/https://www.globalcinematography.com/teacher-profile-bruno-delbonnel |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Delbonnel a Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Faransa kuma ta kammala karatu a 1978 daga ESEC (Paris, Île-de-France).

Ya yi aiki tare sau biyu tare da ɗan'uwansa darektan Faransa Jean-Pierre Jeunet a kan Amélie da A Very Long Engagement .

Daga nan sai ya fara aiki tare da wasu daraktoci da yawa, kamar Tim Burton, 'Yan uwan Coen da Joe Wright.

An zabi Delbonnel don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Cinematography sau shida, don fina-finai Amélie (2001), A Very Long Engagement (2004), Harry Potter da Half-Blood Prince (2009), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), Darkest Hour (2017), da The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021). 

nada shi a shekarar 2019 a matsayin shugaban sashen fim na makarantar fim ta Paris, La Femis .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.afcinema.com/Nomination-et-renouvellement-a-la-tete-de-La-Femis.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.femis.fr/departement-image&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Stub}}</text>
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    <title>Air Conditioner (film)</title>
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'''''Air Conditioner (film)''''' (Portuguese) fim ne da a kayi shi a  [[Angola]] a shekarar 2020 wanda Fradique ( [[Mário Bastos]] ya jagoranta).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Air Conditioner (Ar condicionado) (2020)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/air_conditioner|language=en|access-date=2020-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Orlando|last=Parfitt|date=2020-01-31|title=The story behind Angola's Rotterdam Bright Future title 'Air Conditioner'|url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/the-story-behind-angolas-rotterdam-bright-future-title-air-conditioner/5146795.article|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Screen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Fim ɗin ya sami babban matsayinsa a duniya a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya Rotterdam kuma an fara shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, 2020 a Luanda a wurin bikin fina-finai na kan layi We are One.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angolan film &quot;Air Conditioning&quot; debuts online at the Global Film Festival|url=https://www.verangola.net/va/en/052020/Culture/20180/Angolan-film-%E2%80%9CAir-Conditioning%E2%80%9D-debuts-online-at-the-Global-Film-Festival.htm|access-date=2020-06-06|website=VerAngola|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109205554/https://www.verangola.net/va/en/052020/Culture/20180/Angolan-film-%E2%80%9CAir-Conditioning%E2%80%9D-debuts-online-at-the-Global-Film-Festival.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=Angolan film at the We Are One online festival|url=https://www.plataformamedia.com/2020/05/angolan-film-at-the-we-are-one-online-festival/?lang=en|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Plataforma Media|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;    An yi fim ɗin a cikin shekarar 2020 a [[Luanda]] ta [[Generation 80]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Air Conditioner|url=https://www.redseafilmfest.com/film?id=1|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.redseafilmfest.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Labarin fim ==
Lokacin da na'urorin sanyaya iskar (Air Conditioner) suka fara faɗuwa cikin ban mamaki a cikin birnin Luanda, Matacedo (mai gadi) da Zezinha (yar aikin gida) suna da aikin dawo da na'urar sanyaya iskar maigidansu.

== Samarwa/Shiryawa ==
An ba da umarnin fim ɗin Mário Bastos tare da wasan kwaikwayon allo wanda [[Ery Claver]] ya rubuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title='Air Conditioner' ('Ar condicionado'): Film Review {{!}} Rotterdam 2020 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/air-conditioner-ar-condicionado-1272834 |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Aline Frazão ce ta shirya waƙar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Neil |date=2020-01-26 |title=‘Air Conditioner’ (‘Ar condicionado’): Film Review {{!}} Rotterdam 2020 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/air-conditioner-ar-condicionado-1272834/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== liyafa ==
The Hollywood Reporter ya ce fim ɗin &quot;Wani cikakke ne kuma mai cika alkawari na farko...&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Harshen Oromo</title>
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      <text bytes="45474" sha1="ixzkg3z7zq3rtksk10azjx3wgwwbnyb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia mosaics (Ravenna).jpg|thumb|Kayan tarihi na mausoleim]]
{{Clear|left}}'''Oromo''' (/ˈɒrəmoʊ/  ko /ɔːˈrOʊmOʊ/;   Oromo: Afaan Oromoo), a tarihi kuma ana kiranta Galla &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=328–329}}&lt;/ref&gt; (sunan da Oromo ke ɗauka a matsayin abin kunya),  yare ne na Afroasiatic wanda ke cikin reshen Cushitic. Yana da asali a jihar Oromia da Arewacin [[Kenya]] na [[Itofiya|Habashawa]] kuma yawancin Mutanen Oromo da kabilun makwabta ne ke magana da shi a Horn of Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=325–352}}&lt;/ref&gt; amfani dashi azaman harshen magana musamman a Yankin Oromia da arewa maso gabashin Kenya.

Tare da fiye da masu magana miliyan 36  wanda ya kai kashi 33.8% na yawan mutanen Habasha,  Oromo yana da mafi yawan masu magana dashi a asali a Habasha, kuma ya zama na biyu mafi yawan yaren da ake magana a Habasha ta yawan masu magana (ciki har da masu magana da harshen na biyu) bayan Amharic.  Ana magana da  nau'ikan Oromo a matsayin yare na farko ta ƙarin mutane rabin miliyan a wasu sassan arewa da gabashin [[Kenya]]. Har ila yau, ƙananan masu ƙaura a wasu ƙasashen Afirka kamar [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Libya]], Masar da [[Sudan]] suna magana da shi. Oromo ita  yaren Cushitic da aka fi magana da shi kuma daga cikin harsuna biyar na Afirka tare da mafi yawan mutanen da ke da yaren uwa.

Oromo yana aiki ne a matsayin ɗayan harsunan aiki na hukuma na [[Itofiya|Habasha]] &lt;ref name=&quot;africanews.com&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShaban2020&quot;&gt;Shaban, Abdurahman (2020-03-04). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma harshe ne na aiki na jihohi da yawa a cikin tsarin tarayya na Habasha ciki har da Oromia,  Harari da Dire Dawa yankuna da na Yankin Oromo Yankin Amhara . Harshen ilimi ne na firamare a Oromi, Harari, Dire Dawa, Benishangul-Gumuz da [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] da kuma Yankin Oromia a Yankin Amhara .  amfani dashi azaman harshen intanet don shafukan yanar gizo na tarayya tare da Tigrinya.  karkashin mulkin Haile Selassie, an dakatar da Oromo a ilimi, a tattaunawa, da kuma al'amuran gudanarwa.

== Iri-iri ==
[[File:Map_of_Oromo_language_varieties_and_dialects.svg|left|thumb|Iri-iri da yaruka na Oromo]]
Ethnologue (2015) ya ba da lambobin ISO guda biyar ga Oromo:

:* Boranaa-Arsii-Gujii Oromo (Kudancin Oromo, gami da yarukan Gabra da Sakuye), lambar ISO [gax]
:* Oromo na Gabas (Harar), lambar ISO [hae]
:* [[Yaren Orma|Orma]] (Munyo, Orma, Waata/Sanye), lambar ISO [orc]
:* Yammacin Tsakiyar Oromo (Yammacin Oromo da Tsakiyar Oro, gami da Mecha / Wollega, Raya, Wello (Kemise), Tulema / Shewa), lambar ISO [gaz]
:* Waata, lambar ISO [ssn]

Blench (2006)  ya raba Oromo zuwa harsuna huɗu:

:* Yammacin Oromo (Maca) 
:* Shewa (Tuulama, Arsi) 
:* Oromo na Gabas (Harar) 
:* Kudancin Oromo (Ajuran, Borana, Gabra, Munyo, Orma, Sakuye, Waata) 

bincika wasu nau'ikan Oromo kuma an rarraba su.
{{Reflist}}

== Masu magana ==
Kimanin kashi 85 cikin dari na masu magana da Oromo suna zaune a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], galibi a Yankin Oromia. Bugu  kari, a [[Somaliya]] akwai kuma wasu masu magana da yaren.  [[Kenya]], Ethnologue ya kuma lissafa masu magana da 722,000 na Borana da [[Yaren Orma|Orma]], harsuna biyu da ke da alaƙa da Oromo na Habasha. A cikin Habasha, Oromo shine yaren da ke da mafi yawan masu magana da asali.

A cikin Afirka, Oromo shine harshen da ke da mafi yawan masu magana na huɗu, bayan Larabci (idan mutum ya ƙidaya nau'ikan Larabci marasa fahimta a matsayin yare ɗaya kuma yana ɗaukar iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan Oromo), Swahili, da Hausa.

Baya ga masu magana da harshe na farko, yawancin mambobin wasu kabilun da ke hulɗa da Oromo suna magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu. Dubi, alal misali, Bambassi mai magana da Omotic da Kwama mai magana da Nilo-Sahara a arewa maso yammacin Oromia . 

== Manufofin Harshe ==
Mutanen Oromo suna amfani da al'adar magana mai tasowa sosai. A cikin karni na 19, malamai sun fara rubutu a cikin harshen Oromo ta amfani da Rubutun Latin. A cikin 1842, Johann Ludwig Krapf ya fara fassarar Linjila ta Yahaya da Matiyu zuwa Oromo, da kuma ƙamus da ƙamus na farko. Masanin Jamusanci Karl Tutschek ne ya samar da ƙamus na farko na Oromo da ƙamus a cikin 1844.  Bugawa  farko ta fassarar yaren Oromo ta kasance a cikin 1846 a cikin wata jaridar Jamusanci a cikin wata kasida game da Oromo a Jamus.

Bayan da Abyssinia ta mamaye yankin Oromo, an katse ci gaban harshe a cikin cikakken kayan aikin rubutu. Ayyukan da aka buga, musamman fassarorin Onesimos Nesib da Aster Ganno na Littafi Mai-Tsarki daga ƙarshen karni na 19, an rubuta su a cikin haruffa na Ge'ez. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin 1974, gwamnati ta gudanar da kamfen na karatu da rubutu a cikin harsuna da yawa, gami da Oromo, kuma an fara bugawa da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a cikin yaren. Dukkanin kayan Oromo da aka buga a Habasha a wannan lokacin, kamar jaridar {{Lang|om|Bariisaa}}, {{Lang|om|Urjii}} da sauransu da yawa, an rubuta su a cikin rubutun gargajiya na Habasha.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Shirye-shiryen gabatar da koyar da harshen Oromo a makarantu, duk da haka, ba a cika su ba har sai an hambarar da gwamnatin Mengistu Haile Mariam a shekarar 1991, sai dai a yankunan da Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) ke sarrafawa. Tare da kirkirar jihar Oromia a karkashin sabon tsarin kabilanci a Habasha, ya yiwu a gabatar da Oromo a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa a makarantun firamare a duk yankin, gami da yankunan da wasu kabilun ke zaune suna magana da yarensu, kuma a matsayin harshen gudanarwa a cikin yankin. Tun lokacin da OLF ta bar gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Habasha a farkon shekarun 1990, kungiyar Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization (OPDO) ta ci gaba da bunkasa Oromo a Habasha.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An fara watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a cikin harshen Oromo a Somalia a cikin 1960 ta Rediyon Mogadishu .  Shirin ya ƙunshi kiɗa da farfaganda. Waƙar {{Lang|om|Bilisummaan Aannaani}} (Yanci shine Milk) ta zama babbar nasara a Habasha. Don yaki  tasirin Somaliya, Gwamnatin Habasha ta fara shirin rediyo na yaren Oromo na kansu.  cikin [[Kenya]] an yi watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a cikin Oromo (a cikin yaren Borana) a kan Muryar Kenya tun aƙalla shekarun 1980. An buga Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Borana a Kenya a cikin 1995 ta amfani da haruffa na Latin, amma ba ta amfani da ka'idojin rubutun kamar yadda yake a cikin Qubee na Habasha ba.  Times Oromiffa Group (JTOG) ne suka kirkiro ƙamus na farko na Oromo a kan layi tare da hadin gwiwar SelamSoft . [1] [[Muryan Amurka|Muryar Amurka]] kuma tana watsa shirye-shirye a cikin Oromo tare da sauran shirye-shiryen ƙaho na Afirka. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Google Translate ya kara da Afaan Oromo a matsayin fassarar. Oromo da Qubee a halin yanzu ana amfani da su ta rediyo na gwamnatin Habasha, tashoshin talabijin da jaridar gwamnatin yanki.

== Phonology da orthography ==
 

=== Tsarin rubuce-rubuce ===
[[File:Bakri_Sapalo_alphabet.png|alt=An image of a table presenting the glyphs created by Bakri Sapalo. The columns classify the vowels for each glyph, and alternate shapes in case of gemminated or word-ending consonants. Each row represents a different consonant.|thumb|Rubutun Sapalo, wanda aka cire daga rubuce-rubucen Sapalo.]]
An rubuta Oromo tare da haruffa na Latin da ake kira {{Lang|om|Qubee}} wanda aka karɓa a hukumance a 1991.   yi amfani da nau'o'i daban-daban na rubutun Latin a baya, galibi ta Oromos a wajen Habasha da kuma OLF a ƙarshen 1970s (Heine 1986). [1] Tare da karɓar Qubee, an yi imanin an rubuta ƙarin matani a cikin harshen Oromo tsakanin 1991 da 1997 fiye da shekaru 100 da suka gabata. A Kenya, Borana da Waata suma suna amfani da haruffa na Roman amma tare da tsarin daban-daban.

Rubutun Sapalo rubutun asalin Oromo ne wanda Sheikh Bakri Sapalo (1895-1980; wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na haihuwa, Abubaker Usman Odaa) ya kirkira a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, kuma ya yi amfani da shi a karkashin kasa daga baya. Duk da tasirin tsari da ƙungiyoyi daga Ge'ez da Rubutun Larabci, halitta ce mai zaman kanta da aka tsara musamman don ilimin Oromo. Yana da yawa alphasyllabic a cikin yanayi, amma ba shi da wasula na asali wanda ke cikin irin waɗannan tsarin; a cikin ainihin amfani, duk haruffa masu ma'ana suna da alama ko dai tare da alamun wasula (samar da sautin CV) ko kuma tare da alamomi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su don nuna dogon sassan da sassan da ba a bi su ba (misali a cikin yanayin kalma-ƙarshe ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙididdigar sassan sassan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=550–566}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma yi amfani da Rubutun Larabci a wasu lokuta a yankunan da ke da yawan Musulmai.

=== Sautin da sautin sautin ===
Kamar sauran harsunan Habasha, ko Semitic, Cushitic, ko Omotic, Oromo yana da saiti na consonants masu fitarwa, wato, tsayawa marasa murya ko affricates waɗanda ke tare da Glotalization da fashewar iska. Oromo yana da wani wayar glottalized wanda ya fi ban mamaki, wani implosive retroflex tsayawa, &quot;dh&quot; a cikin Oromo orthography, sauti wanda yake kamar Turanci &quot;d&quot; da aka samar tare da harshe da aka juya baya dan kadan kuma tare da iska da aka zana don a ji wani glottal tsayawa kafin mai zuwa ya fara. Yana  retroflex a cikin mafi yawan yaruka, kodayake ba shi da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana iya ragewa zuwa flap tsakanin wasula. Wa majiya ta bayyana shi a matsayin mara murya.

Oromo yana da saiti na Eastern Cushitic na gajeren sautin biyar da tsawo biyar, wanda aka nuna a cikin orthography ta hanyar ninka wasula biyar. Bambancin tsawon ya bambanta, alal misali, {{Lang|om|hara}} 'kogi', haaraa '{{Lang|om|haaraa}}'. Jemination kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin Oromo. Wato, tsawon ma'anar na iya rarrabe kalmomi daga juna, alal misali, 'mummunan', baddaa 'dutse'.

A cikin haruffa na Qubee, haruffa sun haɗa da digraphs &lt;ref&gt;called Qubee Dachaa in the Oromo language.&lt;/ref&gt; ''ch, dh, ny, ph, sh.'' Ba lallai ba ne a yi alama da jima'i don digraphs, kodayake wasu marubuta sun nuna shi ta hanyar ninka kashi na farko: {{Lang|om|qopphaa'uu}} 'suna shirye'. A cikin sigogi da ke ƙasa, ana nuna alamar Harshen Harshen Harkokin Kasuwanci na Duniya don phoneme a cikin ƙuƙwalwa inda ya bambanta da harafin Oromo. Alamomin {{IPA|/p v z/}}&lt;nowiki&gt; sun bayyana a cikin parentheses saboda ana samun su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin da aka karɓa kwanan nan. /tʃʼ/&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAQw&quot; lang=&quot;und-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;/tʃʼ/&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAQg&quot; lang=&quot;und-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x5B;tʼ&amp;#x5D; ƙananan canje-canje a cikin rubutun tun lokacin da aka fara karɓar shi: An samo asali ne, kuma an sami rikice-rikice tsakanin marubutan a cikin amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun /tʃ/ da /tʃ, tare da wasu ayyukan farko ta amfani da ƙaya don /tʃ/- da kuma 化chʹ/ har ma da ƙayƙayyadaddur daban-daban dangane da inda ya bayyana a cikin kalma. Wannan labarin yana amfani da shi akai-akai don /tʃʼ/ da kuma /tʃ/.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Labari
!Alveolar / Retroflex&lt;br /&gt;
!Palato-alveolar&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwASQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
!Velar
!Gishiri
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Bayyanawa da Ƙididdiga&lt;br /&gt;Africates
! style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot; |ba tare da murya ba
| (p) 
|t
|SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|k
|Sunan ʔ ake cikiYanayinSanya
|-
! style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot; |murya
|b
|d
|dʒ shafi na gabaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|ɡ yi amfani da shiSanya
|
|-
! style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot; |fitarwa
|pʼ yi amfani da shi a matsayinYa shafiSanya
|SanyaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|SunanciYanayinSanya
|kʼ'Abin da ya shafiYanayinSanya
|
|-
! style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot; |fashewa
|
|Sanya ta gaba
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rashin jituwa
! style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot; |ba tare da murya ba
|f
|s
|SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|
|h
|-
! style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot; |murya
| (v) 
| (z) 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hanci
|m
|n
|Sunan ɲ aka yiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙididdigar
|w
|l
|j zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rhotic
|
|r
|
|
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Sautin sautin
!
!A gaba
!Tsakiya
!Komawa
|-
!Kusa
|iː ɪ kuma SayiSanya ta gaba
|
|uːʊ, SunubiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|-
!Tsakanin
|eːɛ, da kuma SunanYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|
|oːOwu da ake kira Sunan da aka yi amfani da suYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|-
!Bude
|
|ɐ yayaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|An tsara shi neYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|}
 

=== Sauti da damuwa ===
kawai sashi  ƙarshe ko na ƙarshe na tushen zai iya samun sautin mai girma, kuma idan sashi na biyu yana da girma, na ƙarshe dole ne ya zama mai girma;  wannan yana nuna cewa Oromo yana da tsarin sautin sauti (wanda ake buƙatar ƙayyade sautin kawai a kan sautin ɗaya, sauran suna iya hangowa) maimakon tsarin sautin (wanda kowane sashi dole ne ya sami sautin sautin sa a ƙayyade shi),  kodayake ka'idojin sautin sa na iya ba da kansa ga tsarin sautin saurin sautin sautunan sautin sauti na farko, don kalmar kalmar kalmar kalmar da aka fahimta, don haka &quot;ma ta farko&quot;.

== Harshen harshe ==
 

=== Sunaye ===
Kamar sauran harsunan Afroasiatic, Oromo yana da jinsi biyu, namiji da mace, kuma duk sunayen suna cikin ko dai ɗaya ko ɗayan.Jima'i na harshe a cikin Oromo ya shiga cikin harshe ta hanyoyi masu zuwa:

* Kalmomin (sai dai ga copula be) sun yarda da batutuwan su a cikin jinsi lokacin da batun mutum ne na uku (''shi'' ko ''ita'').
* Mutum na uku sunayen mutum guda ɗaya (''''shi'''', ''ita'', da dai sauransu, a cikin Turanci) suna da jinsi na sunan da suke magana a kai.
* Adjectives sun yarda da sunayen da suke canzawa a cikin jinsi.
* Wasu adjectives masu mallaka (&quot;na&quot;, &quot;ku&quot;) sun yarda da sunayen da suka gyara a wasu yaruka.

Sai dai a wasu yarukan kudanci, babu wani abu a cikin mafi yawan sunayen da ke nuna jinsi. Ƙananan sunaye nau'i-nau'i ga mutane, duk da haka, sun ƙare a cikin ''{{Lang|om|-eessa}}'' (m.) da ''{{Lang|om|-eettii}}'' (f.), kamar yadda adjectives ke yi lokacin da ake amfani da su azaman sunaye: obboleessa 'ɗan'uwa', obboleettii '{{Lang|om|obboleessa}}', dureessa 'mai arziki (m.) ', {{Lang|om|hiyyeettii}} 'matalauci (f.) '. Jima'i na harshe yawanci ya yarda da jinsi na halitta ga mutane da dabbobi; don {{Lang|om|haadha}} sunaye kamar {{Lang|om|Abbaa}} 'mahaifi', {{Lang|om|Ilma}} 'ɗan', da {{Lang|om|sangaa}} 'zaki' namiji ne, yayin da sunaye kamar haadha 'mahaihuwa' da intala 'yar' mace ce. Koyaya, yawancin sunayen dabbobi ba su ƙayyade jinsi na halitta ba.

Sunayen jikin taurari mata ne: {{Lang|om|aduu}} 'ranar', {{Lang|om|urjii}} 'taurari'. Jima'i na wasu sunayen marasa rai sun bambanta da ɗanɗano tsakanin yaruka. 

==== Adadin ====
Oromo yana nuna adadi ɗaya da na jam'i, amma sunayen da ke nufin ƙungiyoyi da yawa ba lallai bane su kasance jam'i: nama 'mutum' namoota 'namoota', nama shan 'mutane biyar' namoota shan 'mutumi biyar'. Wata hanyar kallon wannan ita ce bi da nau'in &quot;singular&quot; kamar yadda ba a bayyana shi ba don lamba.number{{Lang|om|nama}} 'man' {{Lang|om|namoota}} {{Lang|om|nama shan}}' {{Lang|om|namoota shan}}

Lokacin da yake da mahimmanci a bayyana yawan mai magana, ana amfani da nau'in jam'i na suna. Ana samar da sunayen da yawa ta hanyar ƙara ƙayyadaddun kalmomi. Mafi yawan ma'anar jam'i shine ''{{Lang|om|-oota}}''; ana sauke wasula ta ƙarshe a gaban ma'anar, kuma a cikin yarukan yamma, ma'anar ta zama ''{{Lang|om|-ota}}'' bayan syllable tare da dogon wasali: {{Lang|om|mana}} 'gida', {{Lang|om|manoota}} 'gida', hiriyaa 'abokai', hiriyoota 'abokai,' {{Lang|om|barsiisaa}} 'malami', {{Lang|om|barsiiso(o)ta}} 'malamai'. {{Lang|om|ilmaan}} cikin sauran ƙididdigar jam'i na yau da kullun sune ''{{Lang|om|-(w)wan}}'', ''{{Lang|om|-een}}'', da - (a) an; biyun na ƙarshe na iya haifar da sau biyu: waggaa 'shekara', {{Lang|om|waggaawwan}} '{{Lang|om|waggaa}}', {{Lang|om|laga}} 'kogin', {{Lang|om|laggeen}} 'kogin,' ilma 'ɗan'.

==== Tabbatacce ====
Oromo has no indefinite articles (corresponding to English ''a'', ''some''), but (except in the southern dialects) it indicates definiteness (English ''the'') with suffixes on the noun: ''{{Lang|om|-(t)icha}}'' for masculine nouns (the ''ch'' is geminated though this is not normally indicated in writing) and ''{{Lang|om|-(t)ittii}}'' for feminine nouns. Vowel endings of nouns are dropped before these suffixes: {{Lang|om|karaa}} 'road', {{Lang|om|karicha}} 'the road', {{Lang|om|nama}} 'man', {{Lang|om|namicha}}/{{Lang|om|namticha}} 'the man', {{Lang|om|haroo}} 'lake', {{Lang|om|harittii}} 'the lake'. For animate nouns that can take either gender, the definite suffix may indicate the intended gender: {{Lang|om|qaalluu}} 'priest', {{Lang|om|qaallicha}} 'the priest (m.)', {{Lang|om|qallittii}} 'the priest (f.)'. The definite suffixes appear to be used less often than ''the'' in English, and they seem not to co-occur with the plural suffixes.

==== Shari'a ====
Sunayen Oromo sun bayyana a cikin shari'o'i bakwai na ilimin lissafi, kowannensu ya nuna ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun, tsawo na wasula na ƙarshe, ko duka biyun. Ga wasu lokuta, akwai nau'o'i daban-daban masu yiwuwa, wasu suna rufe fiye da ɗaya, kuma bambance-bambance a ma'ana tsakanin waɗannan madadin na iya zama mai wuyar fahimta.

; Absolutive
: The absolutive case is the citation form or base form that is used when the noun is the object of a verb, the object of a preposition or postposition, or a nominal predicative.
:* {{Lang|om|mana}} 'house', {{Lang|om|mana binne}} 'we bought a house'
:* {{Lang|om|hamma}} 'until', {{Lang|om|dhuma}} 'end', {{Lang|om|hamma dhumaatti}} 'until (the) end'
:* {{Lang|om|mana keessa}}, 'inside (a/the) house'
:* {{Lang|om|inni}} 'he', {{Lang|om|barsiisaa}} 'teacher'
:* {{Lang|om|inni barsiisaa (dha)}} 'he is a teacher'
; Nominative
: The nominative is used for nouns that are the subjects of clauses.
:* {{Lang|om|Ibsaa}} (a name), {{Lang|om|Ibsaan}} 'Ibsaa (nom.)', {{Lang|om|konkolaataa}} '(a) car', {{Lang|om|qaba}} 'he has':
:* {{Lang|om|Ibsaan konkolaataa qaba}} 'Ibsaa has a car'.
: Most nouns ending in short vowels with a preceding single consonant drop the final vowel and add ''{{Lang|om|-ni}}'' to form the nominative. Following certain consonants, assimilation changes either the ''{{Lang|om|n}}'' or that consonant (the details depend on the dialect).
:* {{Lang|om|nama}} 'man', {{Lang|om|namni}} 'man (nom.)'
:* {{Lang|om|namoota}} 'men'; {{Lang|om|namootni}}, {{Lang|om|namoonni}} 'men (nom.)' (''{{Lang|om|t}}'' + ''{{Lang|om|n}}'' may assimilate to ''{{Lang|om|nn}}'')
: If a final short vowel is preceded by two consonants or a geminated consonant, ''{{Lang|om|-i}}'' is suffixed.
:* {{Lang|om|ibsa}} 'statement', {{Lang|om|ibsi}} 'statement (nom.)'
:* {{Lang|om|namicha}} 'the man', {{Lang|om|namichi}} 'the man (nom.)' (the ''{{Lang|om|ch}}'' in the definite suffix ''{{Lang|om|-icha}}'' is actually geminated, though not normally written as such)
: If the noun ends in a long vowel, ''{{Lang|om|-n}}'' is suffixed to this. This pattern applies to infinitives, which end in ''{{Lang|om|-uu}}''.
:* {{Lang|om|maqaa}} 'name', {{Lang|om|maqaan}} 'name (nom.)'
:* {{Lang|om|nyachuu}} 'to eat, eating', {{Lang|om|nyachuun}} 'to eat, eating (nom.)'
: If the noun ends in ''{{Lang|om|n}}'', the nominative is identical to the base form.
:* {{Lang|om|afaan}} 'mouth, language (base form or nom.)'
: Some feminine nouns ending in a short vowel add ''{{Lang|om|-ti}}''. Again assimilation occurs in some cases.
:* {{Lang|om|haadha}} 'mother', {{Lang|om|haati}} (''{{Lang|om|dh}}'' + ''{{Lang|om|t}}'' assimilates to ''{{Lang|om|t}}'')
:* {{Lang|om|lafa}} 'earth', {{Lang|om|lafti}}
; Genitive
: The genitive is used for possession or &quot;belonging&quot;; it corresponds roughly to English ''of'' or ''{{Lang|om|-'s}}''. The genitive is usually formed by lengthening a final short vowel, by adding ''{{Lang|om|-ii}}'' to a final consonant, and by leaving a final long vowel unchanged. The possessor noun follows the possessed noun in a genitive phrase. Many such phrases with specific technical meanings have been added to the Oromo lexicon in recent years.
:* {{Lang|om|obboleetti}} 'sister', {{Lang|om|namicha}} 'the man', {{Lang|om|obboleetti namichaa}} 'the man's sister'
:* {{Lang|om|hojii}} 'job', {{Lang|om|Caaltuu}}, woman's name, {{Lang|om|hojii Caaltuu}}, 'Caaltuu's job'
:* {{Lang|om|barumsa}} 'field of study', {{Lang|om|afaan}} 'mouth, language', {{Lang|om|barumsa afaanii}} 'linguistics'
: In place of the genitive it is also possible to use the relative marker ''{{Lang|om|kan}}'' (m.) / ''{{Lang|om|tan}}'' (f.) preceding the possessor.
:* {{Lang|om|obboleetti kan namicha}} 'the man's sister'
; Dative
: The dative is used for nouns that represent the recipient (''to'') or the benefactor (''for'') of an event. The dative form of a verb infinitive (which acts like a noun in Oromo) indicates purpose. The dative takes one of the following forms:
:* Lengthening of a final short vowel (ambiguously also signifying the genitive)
::* {{Lang|om|namicha}} 'the man', {{Lang|om|namichaa}} 'to the man, of the man'
:* ''{{Lang|om|-f}}'' following a long vowel or a lengthened short vowel; ''{{Lang|om|-iif}}'' following a consonant
::* {{Lang|om|intala}} 'girl, daughter', {{Lang|om|intalaaf}} 'to a girl, daughter'
::* {{Lang|om|saree}} 'dog', {{Lang|om|sareef}} 'to a dog'
::* {{Lang|om|baruu}} 'to learn', {{Lang|om|baruuf}} 'in order to learn'
::* {{Lang|om|bishaan}} 'water', {{Lang|om|bishaaniif}} 'for water'
:* ''{{Lang|om|-dhaa}}'' or ''{{Lang|om|-dhaaf}}'' following a long vowel
::* {{Lang|om|saree}} 'dog'; {{Lang|om|sareedhaa, sareedhaaf}} 'to a dog'
:* ''{{Lang|om|-tti}}'' (with no change to a preceding vowel), especially with verbs of speaking
::* {{Lang|om|Caaltuu}} woman's name, {{Lang|om|himi}} 'tell, say (imperative)', {{Lang|om|Caaltuutti himi}} 'tell Caaltuu'
; Instrumental
: The instrumental is used for nouns that represent the instrument (&quot;with&quot;), the means (&quot;by&quot;), the agent (&quot;by&quot;), the reason, or the time of an event. The formation of the instrumental parallels that of the dative to some extent:
:* ''{{Lang|om|-n}}'' following a long vowel or a lengthened short vowel; ''{{Lang|om|-iin}}'' following a consonant
::* {{Lang|om|harka}} 'hand', {{Lang|om|harkaan}} 'by hand, with a hand'
::* {{Lang|om|halkan}} 'night', {{Lang|om|halkaniin}} 'at night'
:* {{Lang|om|-tiin}} following a long vowel or a lengthened short vowel
::* {{Lang|om|Afaan Oromo}} 'Oromo (language)', {{Lang|om|Afaan Oromootiin}} 'in Oromo'
:* ''{{Lang|om|-dhaan}}'' following a long vowel
::* {{Lang|om|yeroo}} 'time', {{Lang|om|yeroodhaan}} 'on time'
::* {{Lang|om|bawuu}} 'to come out, coming out', {{Lang|om|bawuudhaan}} 'by coming out'
; Locative
: The locative is used for nouns that represent general locations of events or states, roughly ''at''. For more specific locations, Oromo uses prepositions or postpositions. Postpositions may also take the locative suffix. The locative also seems to overlap somewhat with the instrumental, sometimes having a temporal function. The locative is formed with the suffix ''{{Lang|om|-tti}}''.
:* {{Lang|om|Arsiitti}} 'in Arsii'
:* {{Lang|om|harka}} 'hand', {{Lang|om|harkatti}} 'in hand'
:* {{Lang|om|guyyaa}} 'day', {{Lang|om|guyyaatti}} 'per day'
:* {{Lang|om|jala, jalatti}} 'under'
; Ablative
: The ablative is used to represent the source of an event; it corresponds closely to English ''from''. The ablative, applied to postpositions and locative adverbs as well as nouns proper, is formed in the following ways:
:* When the word ends in a short vowel, this vowel is lengthened (as for the genitive).
::* {{Lang|om|biyya}} 'country', {{Lang|om|biyyaa}} 'from country'
::* {{Lang|om|keessa}} 'inside, in', {{Lang|om|keessaa}} 'from inside'
:* When the word ends in a long vowel, ''{{Lang|om|-dhaa}}'' is added (as for one alternative for the dative).
::* {{Lang|om|Finfinneedhaa}} 'from Finfinne'
::* {{Lang|om|gabaa}} 'market', {{Lang|om|gabaadhaa}} 'from market'
:* When the word ends in a consonant, ''{{Lang|om|-ii}}'' is added (as for the genitive).
::* {{Lang|om|Hararii}} 'from Harar'
:* Following a noun in the genitive, ''{{Lang|om|-tii}}'' is added.
::* {{Lang|om|mana}} 'house', {{Lang|om|buna}} 'coffee', {{Lang|om|mana bunaa}} 'cafe', {{Lang|om|mana bunaatii}} 'from cafe'
: An alternative to the ablative is the postposition ''{{Lang|om|irraa}}'' 'from' whose initial vowel may be dropped in the process:
:* {{Lang|om|gabaa}} 'market', {{Lang|om|gabaa irraa, gabaarraa}} 'from market'

=== Wakilan sunaye ===

==== Wakilan mutum ====
A cikin mafi yawan harsuna, akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance na mutum, lambar, da kuma sau da yawa jinsi waɗanda ke taka rawa a cikin ƙamus na harshe. Oromo da Ingilishi sune irin waɗannan harsuna. Mu''''''nawa'''''' g{{Lang|om|ani}} wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin saiti na asali na ''su'' mutum masu zaman kansu, misali, Turanci I, Oromo ani; Turanci su, Oromo 'isaani' da saiti na adjectives da sunayen sarauta, misali, Ingilishi na, Oromo {{Lang|om|koo}}; Turanci na, Oromo {{Lang|om|kan koo}}. A cikin Oromo, ana nuna bambance-bambance iri ɗaya a cikin yarjejeniyar magana: kalmomin Oromo (tare da 'yan kaɗan) sun yarda da batutuwa su; wato, mutum, lamba, da (mutum na uku) jinsi na batun aikatau ana nuna suffixes akan aikatau. Saboda wadannan suffixes sun bambanta sosai tare da takamaiman kalma / fasalin / yanayi, ba a dauke su a matsayin sunaye ba kuma ana tattauna su a wasu wurare a cikin wannan labarin a ƙarƙashin kalma.

A duk waɗannan yankuna na harshe - sunaye masu zaman kansu, adjectives masu mallaka, sunaye masu mallaka. Ga mutum na farko da na biyu, akwai bambanci tsakanin guda biyu ('I', 'you sg.') da jam'i ('mu', 'ku pl.'), yayin da ga mutum na uku, akwai bambancin hanyoyi biyu a cikin mutum ɗaya ('shi', 'ta') da kuma nau'i ɗaya don jam'i (&quot;su'). Saboda Oromo yana da jinsi biyu kawai, babu wani wakilin da ya dace da Turanci; ana amfani da wakilin namiji ko mace bisa ga jinsi na sunan da ake magana a ''shi''.

Oromo yare ne mai fafutuka. Wato, jimloli masu tsaka-tsaki waɗanda ba a jaddada batun ba sa buƙatar sunayen sunaye masu zaman kansu: {{Lang|om|kaleessa dhufne}} 'mun zo jiya'.Kalmar Oromo da ke fassara 'mu' ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan jumlar ba, kodayake mutum da lambar suna da alama a kan aikatau dhufne ('mun zo') ta hanyar ''{{Lang|om|-ne}}''. Lokacin da batun a cikin irin waɗannan jimloli yana buƙatar a ba shi daraja saboda wasu dalilai, ana iya amfani da wakilin mai zaman kansa: 'nuti kaleessa dhufne' '''mu'' zo jiya'.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da siffofi na wakilan sirri a lokuta daban-daban, da kuma adjectives masu mallaka. Ga mutum na farko da mutum na uku na mata, akwai bambanci mai yawa a cikin yaruka; kawai wasu daga cikin yiwuwar an nuna su.

Adjectives masu mallaka, waɗanda aka bi da su a matsayin kalmomi daban-daban a nan, wani lokacin ana rubuta su a matsayin sunayen sunaye. A cikin mafi yawan yaruka akwai bambanci tsakanin adjectives na namiji da na mace don mutum na farko da na biyu (tsarin da ya yarda da jinsi na sunan da aka gyara). Koyaya, a cikin yarukan yamma, ana amfani da siffofin namiji (waɗanda suka fara da ''{{Lang|om|k-}}'') a duk lokuta. Adjectives masu mallaka na iya ɗaukar ƙarshen shari'a don sunayen da suka gyara: {{Lang|om|ganda kootti}} 'zuwa ƙauyen na' (''{{Lang|om|-tti}}'': yanayin wuri).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto;&quot;
|+Oromo personal pronouns
!English
!Base
!Subject
!Dative
!Instrumental
!Locative
!Ablative
!Possessive&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;adjectives
|-
|I
|{{Lang|om|ana}}, {{Lang|om|na}}
|{{Lang|om|ani}}, {{Lang|om|an}}
|{{Lang|om|naa}}, {{Lang|om|naaf}}, {{Lang|om|natti}}
|{{Lang|om|naan}}
|{{Lang|om|natti}}
|{{Lang|om|narraa}}
|{{Lang|om|koo}}, {{Lang|om|kiyya}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[{{Lang|om|too}}, {{Lang|om|tiyya}} (f.)]
|-
|you (sg.)
|{{Lang|om|si}}
|{{Lang|om|ati}}
|{{Lang|om|sii}}, {{Lang|om|siif}}, {{Lang|om|sitti}}
|{{Lang|om|siin}}
|{{Lang|om|sitti}}
|{{Lang|om|sirraa}}
|{{Lang|om|kee}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[{{Lang|om|tee}} (f.)]
|-
|he
|{{Lang|om|isa}}
|{{Lang|om|inni}}
|{{Lang|om|isaa}}, {{Lang|om|isaa(tii)f}}, {{Lang|om|isatti}}
|{{Lang|om|isaatiin}}
|{{Lang|om|isatti}}
|{{Lang|om|isarraa}}
|{{Lang|om|(i)saa}}
|-
|she
|{{Lang|om|isii}}, {{Lang|om|ishii}}, {{Lang|om|isee}}, {{Lang|om|ishee}}
|{{Lang|om|isiin}}, etc.
|{{Lang|om|ishii}}, {{Lang|om|ishiif}}, {{Lang|om|ishiitti}}, etc.
|{{Lang|om|ishiin}}, etc.
|{{Lang|om|ishiitti}}, etc.
|{{Lang|om|ishiirraa}}, etc.
|{{Lang|om|(i)sii}}, {{Lang|om|(i)shii}}
|-
|we
|{{Lang|om|nu}}
|{{Lang|om|nuti}}, {{Lang|om|nu'i}}, {{Lang|om|nuy}}, {{Lang|om|nu}}
|{{Lang|om|nuu}}, {{Lang|om|nuuf}}, {{Lang|om|nutti}}
|{{Lang|om|nuun}}
|{{Lang|om|nutti}}
|{{Lang|om|nurraa}}
|{{Lang|om|keenna}}, {{Lang|om|keenya}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[{{Lang|om|teenna}}, {{Lang|om|teenya}} (f.)]
|-
|you (pl.)
|{{Lang|om|isin}}
|{{Lang|om|isini}}
|{{Lang|om|isinii, isiniif, isinitti}}
|{{Lang|om|isiniin}}
|{{Lang|om|isinitti}}
|{{Lang|om|isinirraa}}
|{{Lang|om|keessan(i)}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[{{Lang|om|teessan(i)}} (f.)]
|-
|they
|{{Lang|om|isaan}}
|{{Lang|om|isaani}}
|{{Lang|om|isaanii}}, {{Lang|om|isaaniif}}, {{Lang|om|isaanitti}}
|{{Lang|om|isaaniitiin}}
|{{Lang|om|isaanitti}}
|{{Lang|om|isaanirraa}}
|{{Lang|om|(i)saani}}
|}
Kamar yadda yake a cikin harsuna kamar [[Faransanci]], [[Rashanci|Rasha]], da [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]], ana amfani da jam'i na mutum na biyu na Oromo a matsayin nau'i mai ladabi, don ambaton mutanen da mai magana yake so ya nuna girmamawa. Wannan amfani misali ne na abin da ake kira Bambancin T-V wanda aka yi a cikin harsuna da yawa. Bugu da kari, ana iya amfani da jam'i na mutum na uku don ambaton mutum na uku (ko dai 'shi' ko 'ta').

Don sunayen sarauta ('na', 'ku', da dai sauransu), Oromo ya kara adjectives na mallaka ga {{Lang|om|kan}} 'na': {{Lang|om|kan koo}} 'na', kan kee 'ku', ni dai sauransu.

==== Ma'anar ma'ana da ma'ana ====
Oromo yana da hanyoyi biyu na bayyana sunayen masu tunani ('kai', 'kai', da dai sauransu). Ɗaya shine amfani da sunan da ke nufin 'kai': {{Lang|om|of(i)}} ko {{Lang|om|if(i)}}. Wan{{Lang|om|of}} sunan an canza shi don shari'a amma, sai dai idan an jaddada shi, ba don mutum, lamba, ko jinsi ba: {{Lang|om|isheen of laalti}} 'ta dubi kanta' (nau'in tushe na), {{Lang|om|isheen ofiif makiinaa bitte}} 'ta sayi kanta mota' (dative of).

Sauran yiwuwar ita ce amfani da sunan da ke nufin 'kai', mataa, tare da ƙayyadaddun mallaka: mataa koo 'kai', mata kee 'kai (kai) ', da dai sauransu.

Oromo yana da wakilin wal (Turanci 'kowane ɗayan') wanda ake amfani dashi kamar {{Lang|om|of/if}}. Wato, an canza shi don shari'a amma ba mutum ba, lamba, ko jinsi: wal jaalatu 'suna son juna' (nau'in tushe na wal), {{Lang|om|kennaa walii bitan}} 'sun sayi wa juna kyauta' (dative na wal).

==== Wakilan da ke nunawa ====
Kamar Ingilishi, Oromo yana yin bambanci tsakanin hanyoyi biyu tsakanin proximal ('wannan, waɗannan') da distal ('wannan', waɗancan') sunayen nunawa da adjectives. Wasu yaruka suna rarrabe namiji da mace don sunayen da ke kusa; a cikin yarukan yamma ana amfani da siffofin namiji (farawa da ''{{Lang|om|k-}}'') ga maza biyu. Ba kamar a cikin Turanci ba, ba a rarrabe masu nunawa guda ɗaya da jam'i ba, amma, kamar yadda yake ga sunaye da sunayen mutum a cikin harshe, an rarrabe shari'ar. Sai kawai tushe da siffofin suna nunawa a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa; sauran lokuta an kafa su ne daga nau'in tushe kamar yadda yake ga sunaye, misali, sanatti 'a / a / a cikin wannan' (lokaci na locative).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto;&quot;
|+Oromo demonstrative pronouns
!Case
!Proximal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;('this, these')
!Distal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;('that, those')
|-
|Base
|{{Lang|om|kana}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[{{Lang|om|tana}} (f.)]
|{{Lang|om|san}}
|-
|Nominative
|{{Lang|om|kuni}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[{{Lang|om|tuni}} (f.)]
|{{Lang|om|suni}}
|}

=== Kalmomin ===
Wani aikatau na Oromo ya kunshi ƙananan tushe, wanda ke wakiltar ma'anar kalma, da kuma ma'anar, wanda ke wakilta lokaci ko bangare da yarjejeniyar batun. Misali, a cikin dhufne 'mun zo', dhuf- shine tushe ('ku zo') kuma ''{{Lang|om|-ne}}'' yana nuna cewa lokacin ya wuce kuma cewa batun aikatau shine mutum na farko da yawa.

Kamar yadda yake a wasu harsunan Afroasiatic da yawa, Oromo yana yin bambanci na asali a cikin tsarin aikatau tsakanin siffofin da suka gabata (ko &quot;cikakke&quot;) da na yanzu (ko &quot;marasa cikakke&quot; ko &quot;marasa wucewa&quot;). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana da saiti na sautin lokaci / yarjejeniya. {{Lang|om|haa}} haɗuwa ta uku bisa ga yanzu wanda ke da ayyuka uku: ana amfani da shi a maimakon yanzu a cikin sassan da ke ƙasa, don jussive ('bar ni / mu / shi, da dai sauransu V', tare da ƙwayoyin haa), da kuma mummunan halin yanzu (tare da ƙwayoyen {{Lang|om|hin}}). Misali, deemne 'mun tafi', deemna 'mun tafi,' kamar deemnu 'cewa muna tafi', haa deemnu 'Bari mu tafi', hin deemnu 'ba mu tafi'. Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'i mai mahimmanci: {{Lang|om|deemi}} 'go (sg.)!'.

==== Aikin aure ====
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna haɗuwa a cikin tabbatacce da mara kyau na aikatau beek- '''{{Lang|om|beek-}}''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'. Mutum na farko na yanzu da kuma abubuwan da suka gabata suna buƙatar ma'anar ''{{Lang|om|-n}}'' don bayyana a kan kalmar da ke gaban aikatau ko kalmar ''{{Lang|om|nan}}'' gaban aikatau. Ras''{{Lang|om|hin}}'' ƙarancin hin, wanda aka nuna a matsayin kalma daban a cikin teburin, wani lokacin ana rubuta shi azaman prefix akan aikatau.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto;&quot;
|+Magana ta Oromo
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Abubuwan da suka gabata
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Yanzu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mai Tsarki, Mai Bukatar
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Babban sashi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sashe mai ƙasƙanci
|-
!Tabbatacce
!Rashin jituwa
!Tabbatacce
!Rashin jituwa
!Tabbatacce
!Rashin jituwa
!Tabbatacce
!Rashin jituwa
|-
|Na
|{{Lang|om|-n beeke}}
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |{{Lang|om|hin beekne}}
|{{Lang|om|-n beeka}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beeku}}
|''{{Lang|om|-n beeku}}''
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |{{Lang|om|hin beekne}}
|{{Lang|om|haa beeku}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beekin}}
|-
|kai (sg.) 
|{{Lang|om|beekte}}
|{{Lang|om|beekta}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beektu}}
|{{Lang|om|beektu}}
|{{Lang|om|beeki}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beek(i)in}}
|-
|shi
|{{Lang|om|beeke}}
|{{Lang|om|beeka}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beeku}}
|{{Lang|om|beeku}}
|{{Lang|om|haa beeku}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Lang|om|hin beekin}}
|-
|ita
|{{Lang|om|beekte}}
|{{Lang|om|beekti}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beektu}}
|{{Lang|om|beektu}}
|{{Lang|om|haa beektu}}
|-
|mu
|{{Lang|om|beekne}}
|{{Lang|om|beekna}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beeknu}}
|{{Lang|om|beeknu}}
|{{Lang|om|haa beeknu}}
|-
|kai (pl.) 
|{{Lang|om|beektani}}
|{{Lang|om|beektu, beektan(i)}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beektan}}
|{{Lang|om|beektani}}
|{{Lang|om|beekaa}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beek(i)inaa}}
|-
|su
|{{Lang|om|beekani}}
|{{Lang|om|beeku, beekan(i)}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beekan}}
|{{Lang|om|beekani}}
|{{Lang|om|haa beekanu}}
|{{Lang|om|hin beekin}}
|}
Ga aika''&lt;spa i=&quot;&quot;&gt;{{Lang|om|n}}&lt;/spa&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt; about=&quot;#mwt679&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;lang&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Lang&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;om&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;t&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwBls&quot; title=&quot;Oromo-language text&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''t'' tare da ƙwayoyin da suka ƙare a wasu ƙayyadaddun da suka fara da ƙayyadiddun ƙayƙwalwa (watau, t ko n), akwai canje-canje da za a iya hangowa ga ɗaya ko ɗayan ƙayyadamuran. Harsunan sun bambanta sosai a cikin cikakkun bayanai, amma canje-canje masu zuwa sun zama ruwan dare.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto;&quot;
|''b-'' + ''-t'' → ''bd''
|{{Lang|om|qabda}} 'ku (sg.) kana da'
|-
|''g-'' + ''-t'' → ''gd''
|{{Lang|om|dhugda}} 'ku (sg.) abin sha'
|-
|''r-'' + ''-n'' → ''rr''
|{{Lang|om|barra}} 'mun koyi'
|-
|''l-'' + ''-n'' → ll''Ya kasance''
|{{Lang|om|galla}} 'mun shiga'
|-
|''q-'' + ''-t'' → ''qx''
|dhaqxa 'ku (sg.) tafi'
|-
|''s-'' + ''-t'' → ''ft''
|{{Lang|om|baafta}}&lt;nowiki&gt;-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;lang&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Lang&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;om&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;baas-&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwBpA&quot; title=&quot;Oromo-language text&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Baas-'' 'ka fitar', baafta 'ka (sg.) ka fitar'
|-
|''s-'' + ''-n'' → ''fn''
|{{Lang|om|baas-}} 'ka fita', {{Lang|om|baafna}} 'muna fitar'
|-
|''t-''/''d-''/''dh-''/''x-'' + ''-n'' → ''nn''
|biti 'sayi', {{Lang|om|binna}} 'muna sayi'; nyaadhaa 'ci', {{Lang|om|nyaanna}} 'muna cinye'
|-
|''d-'' + ''-t'' → ''dd''
|{{Lang|om|fid-}} ' kawo', {{Lang|om|fidda}} 'ku (sg.) kawo'
|-
|''dh-'' + ''-t'' → tt''ttani''
|{{Lang|om|taphadh-}} 'wasa', {{Lang|om|taphatta}} 'ka (sg.) wasa'
|-
|''x-'' + ''-t'' → ''xx''
|{{Lang|om|fix-}} 'ƙarewa', {{Lang|om|fixxa}} 'ka (sg.) gama'
|}
Kalmomin da asalin su ya ƙare a cikin ƙayyadaddun kalmomi guda biyu kuma wanda ƙayyadaddensa ya fara da ƙayyadyadaddun dole ne ya saka wasali don karya ƙayyadamuran tunda harshe ba ya ba da izinin jerin ƙayyadamsun kalmomi uku. ''ai'' hanyoyi guda biyu da wannan zai iya faruwa: ko dai an saka wasula i tsakanin tushe da ƙayyadaddun, ko kuma an canza ma'anar ƙarshe (misali na metathesis) kuma an saka wasila a tsakanin su. Misali, {{Lang|om|arg-}} 'duba', {{Lang|om|arga}} 'yana gani', {{Lang|om|argina}} ko agarra (daga {{Lang|om|agar-na}}) 'mun gani'; {{Lang|om|kolf-}} 'dariya', {{Lang|om|kolfe}} 'ya yi dariya', {{Lang|om|kolfite}} ko ko {{Lang|om|kofalte}} 'ka (sg.) ya yi dariya'.

Kalmomin da asalin su ya ƙare a cikin ma'anar ' (w zai iya bayyana a matsayin h, w, ko y a wasu kalmomi, dangane da yaren) na cikin nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku; ajin ba a iya hangowa daga ma'anar aikatau ba. Su n siffofin da ke gaba da ƙayyadaddun da ke farawa da ƙayƙwalwa (t da n) waɗanda suka bambanta da tsarin da aka saba. Mutum na uku namiji guda ɗaya, mutum na biyu guda ɗaya, da kuma mutum na farko da aka nuna nau'ikan yanzu don misali a kowane aji.

# du'- 'y{{Lang|om|a}} mutu': du'a 'ya mutu', {{Lang|om|duuta}} 'ka (sg.) ka mutu', {{Lang|om|duuna}} 'mun mutu'{{Lang|om|du}}''daga''-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;./Category:Articles_containing_Oromo-language_text&quot; id=&quot;mwBuw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:PageProp/Category&quot;/&gt;
# {{Lang|om|a}}
# dh{{Lang|om|a}}'- 'ji': dhaga' a 'ji ji', dhageessa 'ji (sg.) ji', dhageenya 'mun ji' (suna canzawa) 

Kalmomi''n'' yau da kullun &lt;span aboui=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;t=&quot;#mwt724&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;lang&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Lang&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;om&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fedh-&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwBww&quot; title=&quot;Oromo-language text&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''fedh-''&lt;/span&gt; 'yana so' da godh- 'yi' karkatarwa daga tsarin haɗin kai na asali a cikin wannan dogon wasula sun maye gurbin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden waɗanda za su haifar lokacin da aka kara suffixes da suka fara da t ko n: {{Lang|om|feena}} 'yana so', {{Lang|om|feeta}} 'ku (sg.) muna so', {{Lang|om|feetu}} 'ku (ku) muna so', hin feene 'ba sa so', da dai sauransu.

Kalmomin dhuf- 'kawo' yana da ma'anar {{Lang|om|koottu}}, {{Lang|om|koottaa}} . Kalmomin deem- 'go' yana da, tare da siffofi na yau da kullun, abubuwan da ba daidai ba {{Lang|om|deemi}}, {{Lang|om|deemaa}} .

==== Rarraba ====
Tushen aikatau na Oromo na iya zama tushen muryoyi uku da aka samo, masu wucewa, masu haifar da su, da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, kowannensu ya samo asali ne tare da ƙara ma'anar zuwa tushen, yana ba da tushe wanda aka kara ma'anar juyawa.

; Passive voice
: The Oromo passive corresponds closely to the English passive in function. It is formed by adding ''-am'' to the verb root. The resulting stem is conjugated regularly. Examples: {{Lang|om|beek-}} 'know', {{Lang|om|beekam-}} 'be known', {{Lang|om|beekamani}} 'they were known'; {{Lang|om|jedh-}} 'say', {{Lang|om|jedham-}} 'be said', {{Lang|om|jedhama}} 'it is said'
; Causative voice
: The Oromo causative of a verb V corresponds to English expressions such as 'cause V', 'make V', 'let V'. With intransitive verbs, it has a transitivizing function. It is formed by adding ''-s'', ''-sis'', or ''-siis'' to the verb root, except that roots ending in ''-l'' add ''-ch''. Verbs whose roots end in ' drop this consonant and may lengthen the preceding vowel before adding ''-s''. Examples: {{Lang|om|beek-}} 'know', {{Lang|om|beeksis-}} 'cause to know, inform', {{Lang|om|beeksifne}} 'we informed'; {{Lang|om|ka}}'- 'go up, get up', {{Lang|om|kaas-}} 'pick up', {{Lang|om|kaasi}} 'pick up (sing.)!'; {{Lang|om|gal-}} 'enter', {{Lang|om|galch-}} 'put in', {{Lang|om|galchiti}} 'she puts in'; {{Lang|om|bar-}} 'learn', {{Lang|om|barsiis-}} 'teach', {{Lang|om|nan barsiisa}} 'I teach'.
; Autobenefactive voice
: The Oromo autobenefactive (or &quot;middle&quot; or &quot;reflexive-middle&quot;) voice of a verb V corresponds roughly to English expressions such as 'V for oneself' or 'V on one's own', though the precise meaning may be somewhat unpredictable for many verbs. It is formed by adding ''-adh'' to the verb root. The conjugation of a middle verb is irregular in the third person singular masculine of the present and past (''-dh'' in the stem changes to ''-t'') and in the singular imperative (the suffix is ''-u'' rather than ''-i''). Examples: {{Lang|om|bit-}} 'buy', {{Lang|om|bitadh-}} 'buy for oneself', {{Lang|om|bitate}} 'he bought (something) for himself', {{Lang|om|bitadhu}} 'buy for yourself (sing.)!'; {{Lang|om|qab-}} 'have', {{Lang|om|qabadh-}} 'seize, hold (for oneself)', {{Lang|om|qabanna}} 'we hold'. Some autobenefactives are derived from nouns rather than verbs, for example, {{Lang|om|hojjadh-}} 'work' from the noun {{Lang|om|hojii}} 'work'.

Za'a iya haɗa ƙididdigar murya ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Abubuwa biyu masu haifar da su suna yiwuwa: {{Lang|om|ka}}'- 'tafi', {{Lang|om|kaas-}} 'karɓar', {{Lang|om|kaasis-}} 'saboda karɓar'. Za'a iya bin abin da ya hai''f'' da ''s'' ta hanyar wucewa ko kuma auto-enefactive; a wannan yanayin s na abin da ya faru an maye gurbinsa da f: deebi'- 'komawa (intransitive) ', deebis- 'komawa' (transitive), amsa', deebifam- 'ka dawo, ka amsa', deebifadh- 'ka koma don kanka'.

Another derived verbal aspect is the frequentative or &quot;intensive,&quot; formed by copying the first consonant and vowel of the verb root and geminating the second occurrence of the initial consonant. The resulting stem indicates the repetition or intensive performance of the action of the verb. Examples: {{Lang|om|bul-}} 'spend the night', {{Lang|om|bubbul-}} 'spend several nights', {{Lang|om|cab-}} 'break', {{Lang|om|caccab-}} 'break to pieces, break completely'; {{Lang|om|dhiib-}} 'push, apply pressure', {{Lang|om|dhiddhiib-}} 'massage'.

Wani bangare na magana da aka samo shi ne mai maimaitawa ko &quot;mai tsanani,&quot; wanda aka kafa ta hanyar kwafin ma'anar farko da fasalin na tushen aikatau da kuma yin amfani da ma'anar ta farko ta biyu. Sakamakon ya nuna maimaitawa ko aiki mai zurfi na aikin aikatau. Misalan: bul- 'yi amfani da dare', bubbul- 'yi aiki da dare da yawa', cab- 'yi tafiya', caccab- 'yi wasa, yi tafiya gaba daya'; dhiib- 'taɓawa, yi amfani da matsin lamba', dhiddhiib- 'tabbatarwa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Harshen harshe ===
  

== Haɗin waje ==
 

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/oromo/ BBC Koyon Turanci Turanci]
* [[wikibooks:Afaan_Oromo|Koyon yaren Oromo]]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090617065043/http://jimmatimes.com/AfaanOromoo.cfm Oromo na kan layi - Qubee Dictionary]
* Muryar Amurka da aka watsa labarai a cikin Oromo.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014023507/http://www.wafido.org/page6.html Gidan yanar gizon Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM)] ya ƙunshi labarai da yawa da aka rubuta a cikin Oromo da sauti.
* [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Oromo Shafin PanAfriL10n akan Oromo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706104650/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Oromo |date=2007-07-06 }}
* [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~gasser/Research/software.html HornMorpho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810065206/https://www.cs.indiana.edu/~gasser/Research/software.html |date=2011-08-10 }} An adana shi 2011-08-10 a : software don nazarin yanayin da ƙarni na Oromo (da Amharic da Tigrinya) kalmomi
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101123162538/http://www.shenpres.org/FellowshipICare/Oromifa.htm Kalmomin Oromo 500]
* [http://www.siitube.com/ Oromo - Labaran yau da kullun]
* [https://addisstandard.com/asdailyscoop-google-translate-adds-24-languages-includes-afaan-oromo-tigrinya/ Google Translate ya kara harsuna 24, ya hada da Afaan Oromo, Tigrinya]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Alain Gomis</title>
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[[Fayil:Alain Gomis &amp; Véro Tshanda Beya Photo Call Félicité Berlinale 2017 01.jpg|thumb|Alain Gomis]]
'''Alain Gomis''' (An haife shi 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1972) [[Darakta|darektan fim]] ne na Faransa-Senegal kuma marubucin allo.&lt;ref name=&quot;armes&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000arme|first=Roy|last=Armes|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0253351166 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000arme/page/70 70] |oclc=177009058}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.africine.org/personne/alain-gomis/3207 |title=Alain Gomis, Réalisateur/trice Producteur/trice Scénariste Monteur/se Dialoguiste |last= |first= |date=2020 |website=africine.org |publisher=Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC) |access-date=2023-12-01 |quote=Il est né en 1972 en France, où il a grandi. Il vit et travaille entre Paris et Dakar. En 2013, son 3ème long-métrage, Tey (&quot;Aujourd'hui&quot;), avec Saul Williams, est sélectionné en compétition au 62ème Festival de Berlin, puis remporte l'Étalon d'Or du Fespaco (festival panafricain du cinéma), une première pour un film sénégalais. |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213071338/http://www.africine.org/personne/alain-gomis/3207 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Africultures&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=4410 |title=Moussa Yoro Bathily |date=2019 |access-date=2023-10-05 |lang=French |website=africultures.com |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot;&gt;{{IMDb name |id=0327120 |name=Alain Gomis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africanfilmny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/alain-gomis/ |website=africanfilmny.org |access-date=1 December 2023 |title=Alain Gomis Biography France / Senegal |publisher=African Film Festival, Inc. (AFF) |location=New York |quote=Alain Gomis, born in France, is of Senegalese origin and studied cinematography at the Sorbonne. After graduating he organized and facilitated video production workshops for immigrant youth in Nanterre. By the age of twenty-six, he had already made three short films: Tourbillons, Tout le monde peut se tromper, and the documentary Caramels et chocolats. In 2001, Gomis directed his first feature film, L’Afrance. Gomis' 2012 film, Tey, was awarded the Etalon de Yenenga at FESPACO in 2012.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=68411.html?nopub=1 |title=Alain Gomis |work=Allocine |access-date=15 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/24293056-b7db-11e7-bff8-f9946607a6ba |title=Alain Gomis on Félicité and feeling like an immigrant everywhere |work=Financial Times |access-date=15 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;         An zaɓi fim ɗinsa na shekarar 2017 ''[[Félicité (fim 2017)|Félicité]]'' a matsayin shigarwar Senegal don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje a 90th Academy Awards,&lt;ref name=&quot;THR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-92-films-submitted-foreign-language-film-academy-award-1046070 |title=Oscars: 92 Films Submitted in Foreign-Language Category |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yana yin jerin sunayen Disamba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pond&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-foreign-language-shortlist-includes-square-fantastic-woman/ |title=Oscars Foreign Language Shortlist Includes 'The Square,' 'A Fantastic Woman' |last=Pond |first=Steve |work=[[The Wrap]] |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography zaba ==
Fim ɗin Gomis sun haɗa da:&lt;ref name=&quot;armes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africanfilmny&quot; /&gt;  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Fim
! Salon
! Matsayi
! Tsawon lokaci (min)
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Tourbillons (1999 film)|Tourbillon]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ( ''Guguwa'' )
| Gajeren wasan kwaikwayo  &lt;ref&gt;Inspired by the French novel ''L'aventure ambiguë'' by Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Paris: Julliard, 1961&lt;/ref&gt;
| Darakta
| 12 m.
|-
| 2001
| ''[[As a Man (2001 film)|A matsayin Mutum]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Faransanci: ''L'afrance'' )
| Siffar wasan kwaikwayo
| Darakta, marubucin allo
| 90m ku.
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Petite Lumière (2003 film)|Petite Lumière]]''
| Gajeren wasan kwaikwayo
| Darakta, marubucin allo
| 15 m.
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Andalucia (2007 film)|Andalucia]]''
| Siffar ban dariya
| Darakta, marubucin allo
| 85m ku.
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Today (2012 film)|Yau]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Faransanci: ''Aujourd'hui'', Wolof: ''Tey'' )
| Siffar almara
| Darakta, marubucin allo
| 88m ku.
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Félicité (fim 2017)|Félicité]]''
| Siffar wasan kwaikwayo
| Darakta, marubucin allo
| 123 m.
|-
| 2022
| ''Komawa &amp;amp;amp; Kunna'' 
| Takardun kiɗa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a kan Thelonious Monk
| Darakta
| 65m ku.
|}

== Manazarta ==
 
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
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    <title>Asibitin Koyarwa na Pastor Chris Oyakhilome</title>
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'''Fasto Chris Oyakhilome Asibitin Koyarwa''' wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Igbinedion wani wurin jinya ne da ke Okada, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Igbinedion renames teaching hospital after Oyakhilome |url=https://dailytrust.com/igbinedion-renames-teaching-hospital-after-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Igbinedion University Renames Teaching Hospital After Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://thewillnews.com/igbinedion-university-renames-teaching-hospital-after-chris-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Igbinedion kuma tana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimin likitanci, kulawa da haƙori, da bincike a yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Momoh |first=Idris Umar |date=2022-04-07 |title=Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital unveils diagnostic centre |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/igbinedion-university-teaching-hospital-unveils-diagnostic-centre/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odibashi |first=Sunday |date=2022-11-13 |title=Chancellor of Igbinedion University renames University Teaching Hospital after Pastor Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://nationaldailyng.com/igbinedion-renames-university-teaching-hospital-after-pastor-chris-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=National Daily Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Sir [[Gabriel Igbinedion|Gabriel Osawaru Igbinedion]] ne ya kafa asibitin a watan Mayu 1993 a matsayin muhimmin ɓangaren Jami'ar Igbinedion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://iuokada.edu.ng/history-2/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Igbinedion University Okada |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Farfesa Bazuaye Nosakhare a matsayin Babban Daraktan kula da lafiya na asibitin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bisi |first=Olaniyi |date=1 May 2020 |title=CMD for Igbinedion Hospital |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cmd-for-igbinedion-hospital/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Nation Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canja suna zuwa Fasto Chris Oyakhilome Teaching Hospital ==
''Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Igbinedion'' ya yi wani tsari na canza suna kuma a hukumance an canza masa suna zuwa ''asibitin koyarwa na Fasto Chris Oyakhilome''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-13 |title=Igbinedion University confers {{as written|hono|urary [sic]}} degree on Rosemary Osula, names teaching hospital after Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/igbinedion-university-confers-honourary-degree-on-rosemary-osula-names-teaching-hospital-after-chris-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823134746/https://thestreetjournal.org/igbinedion-university-confers-honourary-degree-on-rosemary-osula-names-teaching-hospital-after-chris-oyakhilome/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chancellor na Jami'ar Igbinedion, Sir [[Gabriel Igbinedion]] ne ya fara canza sunan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2022-11-14 |title=Igbinedion names teaching hospital after Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://guardian.ng/news/igbinedion-names-teaching-hospital-after-chris-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823134417/https://guardian.ng/news/igbinedion-names-teaching-hospital-after-chris-oyakhilome/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akinyemi |first=Bioluwatife |date=2022-11-13 |title=Igbinedion University renames Teaching Hospital after Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/igbinedion-university-renames-teaching-hospital-after-chris-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanin hakan ya fito ne a yayin taron taron karawa juna sani na makarantar na shekarar 2021/2022 da aka gudanar a garin Okada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taiwo |first=Jide |date=2022-11-13 |title=Igbinedion University names teaching hospital after Christ Embassy's founder, Oyakhilome |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/11/13/igbinedion-university-names-teaching-hospital-after-christ-embassys-founder-oyakhilome/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823134418/https://newswirengr.com/2022/11/13/igbinedion-university-names-teaching-hospital-after-christ-embassys-founder-oyakhilome/ |archive-date=2023-08-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabon sunan yana girmama Fasto Chris Oyakhilome, wanda ya kafa LoveWorld Ministries, saboda gudunmawar da yake bayarwa ga bil'adama da ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Igbinedion names teaching hospital after Oyakhilome |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/igbinedion-names-teaching-hospital-after-oyakhilome/f7yf5v0 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da canza suna, Fasto Chris Oyakhilome an ba shi digiri na girmamawa na digiri na Kimiyya, kuma Chancellor ya sauƙaƙe bayar da gudummawar filaye ga LoveWorld Ministries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why I Renamed Igbinedion Varsity Teaching Hospital After Oyakhilome — Chancellor – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/why-i-renamed-igbinedion-varsity-teaching-hospital-after-oyakhilome-chancellor/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=independent.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-11-06 |title=Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital Opens Health Centre At Ofumwegbe Town |url=https://www.itvradiong.com/uncategorized/igbinedion-university-teaching-hospital-opens-health-centre-at-ofumwegbe-town/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823134747/https://www.itvradiong.com/uncategorized/igbinedion-university-teaching-hospital-opens-health-centre-at-ofumwegbe-town/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayayyakin aiki ==
Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Igbinedion yana da wuraren da aka keɓe don ƙwararrun likitoci daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital Okada West, Ovia North-East – Thehospitalbook |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/igbinedion-university-teaching-hospital/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Edo First Lady Opens IUTH Multi-Million Naira Diagnostic Centre In Benin – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/edo-first-lady-opens-iuth-multi-million-naira-diagnostic-centre-in-benin/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=independent.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2022-04-04 |title=Igbinedion inaugurates IUTH Diagnostic Centre in Benin {{!}} |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/igbinedion-inaugurates-iuth-diagnostic-centre-in-benin/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya ==
Asibitin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ilimin likitanci ta hanyar ba da damar horar da daliban likitanci daga Jami'ar Igbinedion da sauran cibiyoyi. Yana ba da shirye-shiryen zama daban-daban da kuma haɗin gwiwa a fannoni daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akinyemi |first=Femi |date=2023-02-06 |title=MDCN inducts 26 Igbinedion varsity graduates as qualified medical doctors |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/mdcn-inducts-26-igbinedion-varsity-graduates-as-qualified-medical-doctors/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tide |first=The |date=2023-02-15 |title=Medical Council Inducts 26 Doctors Of Igbinedion University |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2023/02/15/medical-council-inducts-26-doctors-of-igbinedion-university/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=:::...The Tide News Online:::... |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitin yana ba da damar horarwa mai amfani ga ɗaliban likitanci daga Jami'ar Igbinedion da sauran cibiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MDCN increases admission quota for Igbinedion University - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/10/27/mdcn-increases-admission-quota-for-igbinedion-university/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-17 |title=Medical And Dental Council Of Nigeria Inducts 29 Medical Graduates In IUO |url=https://www.itvradiong.com/all-news/medical-and-dental-council-of-nigeria-inducts-29-medical-graduates-in-iuo/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Independent Television/Radio |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605211231/https://www.itvradiong.com/all-news/medical-and-dental-council-of-nigeria-inducts-29-medical-graduates-in-iuo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Bincike wani muhimmin al'amari ne na manufar Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Igbinedion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osehobo |first=Ofure Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kMWAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22igbinedion+university+teaching+hospital%22 |title=The Igbinedion Promise |date=2007 |publisher=Savic Torina Pub. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ajayi Crowther University</title>
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      <text bytes="13107" sha1="om25c952qi05ggs3fa0sjgdutk0e5gt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization|name=Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|official_name=A.C.U}}

'''Ajayi Crowther Jami'ar''' wacce aka fi sani da ACU jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajayi Crowther University |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10766.htm |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=www.4icu.org |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140138/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10766.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title=Olanipekun Becomes New Pro-Chancellor Of Ajayi Crowther Varsity |url=http://leadership.ng/news/363739/olanipekun-becomes-new-pro-chancellor-ajayi-crowther-varsity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403074126/http://leadership.ng/news/363739/olanipekun-becomes-new-pro-chancellor-ajayi-crowther-varsity |archive-date=2015-04-03 |access-date=7 August 2015 |website=George Okojie |publisher=leadership.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther, Oyo, Jami'ar Ikilisiyar Anglican ce ta Najeriya . An kafa shi a matsayin Cibiyar Horar da CMS a Abeokuta a cikin 1853. Ya koma daga [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] zuwa [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] a shekarar 1920.

Da farko, kwalejin takardar shaidar malamai ne na Grade II. Kwalejin St. Andrews, Oyo ta fara karatun Allahntaka daga 1910 zuwa 1942. Mallaka ta sauya daga Ikilisiyar Anglican Communion ta Najeriya zuwa ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1977. Ya zama harabar NCE a 1980 da Kwalejin Ilimi a 1985.

Kwalejin St. Andrews ta zama jami'a a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1999, tare da Ikilisiyar Najeriya ta amince da shawarar SACOBA. An kafa Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther a kan tsohon Kwalejin St. Andrews. Jami'ar ta sami lasisi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2005, daga [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]].

An sanya wa Jami'ar suna ne bayan [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]], bishop na Afirka kuma mai fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda ya fassara Littafi-Tsarks zuwa Yoruba da sauran yarukan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=Historical Background - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/historical-background/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther tana ba da karatun digiri na farko wanda ya kunshi [[noma]], injiniya, kimiyya da [[fasaha]], zane-zane, gudanarwa, [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], da [[doka]].Jami'ar tana ba da masauki, ababen more rayuwa, da kuma karatun tare da kudade daga N600,000 zuwa N700,000. An saita alamar yanke JAMB / UTME don shigarwa a 160. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajayi Crowther University {{!}} School Fees, Courses &amp; Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/ajayi-crowther-university.php |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=universitycompass.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mataimakin Shugaban kasa / Registra ==
Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther, Oyo sun hada da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Principal Officers {{!}} Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/principal-officers-ajayi-crowther-university-oyo/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212143022/https://www.acu.edu.ng/principal-officers-ajayi-crowther-university-oyo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Farfesa Timothy Abiodun ADEBAYO''' mataimakin shugaban kasa ne &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=The Vice-Chancellor - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/the-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Farfesa Benjamin Olumuyiwa''' yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ajayi Crowther . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=The Deputy Vice-Chancellor - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/professor-muyiwa-popoola-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake nada shi a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban kasa na wasu shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ogunyemi |first=Ifedayo |date=2024-02-13 |title=Ajayi Crowther University re-appoints Popoola as deputy vice chancellor |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ajayi-crowther-university-re-appoints-popoola-as-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokta J.E.T Babatola yana da matsayin mai rajista a Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=The Registrar - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/registrar/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212180904/https://www.acu.edu.ng/registrar/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Mista Ayodele John Olusanwo''' yana aiki a matsayin bursar a Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=The Bursar - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/the-bursar/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dokta Beatrice A. Fabunmi''' tana riƙe da matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na jami'a a Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=University Librarian - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/dr-beatrice-a-fabunmi/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001231706/https://www.acu.edu.ng/dr-beatrice-a-fabunmi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laburaren karatu ==
T.Y. Danjuma Library shine ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther . An kafa wannan a cikin ginin da aka gada daga Kwalejin St. Andrew a 2006 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; kuma an sake komawa wurin da yake a yanzu a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ana rarraba kayan ɗakin karatu a cikin Humanities, Management / Social Sciences, da Natural Sciences.[1] Laburaren ya ƙunshi littattafai 20,000 da sunayen jaridu 50 na kasashen waje da na gida.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Darussan ==
Gudanar da darussan a Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; 

=== Agriculture ===

Agricultural Economics

Agricultural Extensions A

nimal Science

Crop Science
*

=== Engineering ===
Information &amp; Communication Technology 

*

=== Arts, Management &amp; Social Science ===
Economic  

Economics  

Communication &amp; Media Studies

Sociology

Political Science

Geography

Accounting

Banking &amp; Finance

Business Administration

Taxation

Marketing &amp; Advertisement

Entrepreneurship

Tourism Hotel and Event Management

Industrial Revolution &amp; Personnel Management

English Language

History &amp; International Studies

== '''Science &amp; Technology''' ==
Microbiology

Computer Science

Physics

Electronics

Geology

Industrial Chemistry

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Statistics

Applied Geophysics

Environmental Biology

Horticulture
*

== Law ==
Law

== Matsayi ==
Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther ta kasance ta 89 a cikin matsayi na jami'a a kasar ta 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajayi Crowther University Ranking &amp; Review 2023 {{!}} uniRank |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10766.htm |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.4icu.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140138/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10766.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun amincewa da darasi ==
A watan Fabrairun 2021, Hukumar Jami'ar Kasa ta amince da sabbin darussan a jami'ar - shari'ar LLM, ɗan kasuwa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na likita, radiography da kimiyyar radiation, da sauran darussan da ke matakin digiri na jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Musliudeen |date=2021-02-12 |title=NUC visitation panel approves seven new courses for Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/12/nuc-visitation-panel-approves-seven-new-courses-for-ajayi-crowther-university-oyo/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Hukumar Jami'ar Kasa (NUC) ta amince da shirin jinya ga jami'ar. A cikin wasikar da Dr Saliu ya sanya hannu daga Shirye-shiryen Ilimi kuma ya ba da umarni ga Mataimakin Shugaban, Hukumar ta sanar da amincewarta ga jami'ar don fara shirin jinya na cikakken lokaci a Oyo, inda suka ba da shawarar kwalejin magani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin_edu |title=NUC Approves Nursing Programme For Ajayi Crowther University |url=https://edutorial.ng/nuc-gives-approval-to-ajayi-crowther-university-to-offer-nursing/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bukatar shigarwa ==
Masu neman shiga cikin Jihar Oyo ta Ajayi Crowther Jami'ar dole ne su zaɓi jami'ar a matsayin zaɓin farko a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar (UTME) (JAMB) kuma su ci alama 180 a duk batutuwa masu dacewa. Dole ne su sami ƙididdigar 5 da aka wuce a WAEC, NECO da NABTEB ciki har da harshen Ingilishi, lissafi da sauran batutuwa masu dacewa a cikin zamanni biyu kuma dole ne su kasance shekaru 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2021-10-04 |title=Ajayi Crowther University Admission Requirements 2023/2024 |url=https://ghanadmission.com/ajayi-crowther-university-admission-requirements/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Best Online Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matriculation ==
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Jami'ar Ajay Crowder ta yi karatun dalibai 721 don zaman karatun 2021/2022. Mataimakin shugaban majalisa a cikin saƙon karatun ga sabbin ɗaliban da aka shigar ya gargadi ɗalibai game da rashin aikin jarrabawa da ayyukan lalata a jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Sophinat |date=2022-05-27 |title=Ajayi Crowther University matriculates 721 students for 2021/22 session, warns against exam malpractices, social vices |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ajayi-crowther-university-matriculates-721-students-for-2021-22-session-warns-against-exam-malpractices-social-vices/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2023, mataimakin shugaban majalisa, Farfesa Timothy Adebayo, ya shawarci sabbin daliban da aka shigar da su da su guji halayyar lalata a makarantar. Ya kuma sanar da cewa yawan daliban da suka shiga ya kai 1200. Ya ambaci cewa an yi wa waɗannan ɗaliban rajista a cikin fannoni 11 don shekara ta ilimi ta 2022/2023. Bugu da ƙari, ya jaddada jajircewar ma'aikatar don haɓaka masu digiri tare da halayyar ilimi da ɗabi'a mai kyau don fuskantar ƙalubalen kasuwar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-05-19 |title=Shun immoral practices, Ajayi Crowther Varsity VC warns students |url=https://guardian.ng/news/shun-immoral-practices-ajayi-crowther-varsity-vc-warns-students/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwa kan aikin gona ==
Kamfanin Aikin Gona na Jubaili yana shirye ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Yunibesithi na Ajayi Crowther, kamfanin iri na Jami'ar Ajayi Crowth a Jihar Oyo. Dean na fannin [[noma]] yana maraba da membobin [[kamfani]] a wasu don inganta yawan samar da iri da kuma taimaka wa manoma. Wannan hadin gwiwar tana da niyyar ba manoma sabis na ba da shawara da sauƙin samun kayan aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-01-27 |title=Agric firm collaborates with ACU Seeds to assist farmers |url=https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/agric-firm-collaborates-with-acu-seeds-to-assist-farmers-2/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216140332/https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/agric-firm-collaborates-with-acu-seeds-to-assist-farmers-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-01-20 |title=Agric firm collaborates with ACU Seeds to assist farmers |url=https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/agric-firm-collaborates-with-acu-seeds-to-assist-farmers/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216141207/https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/agric-firm-collaborates-with-acu-seeds-to-assist-farmers/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyautar ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023 ɗayan ɗaliban wasan kwaikwayo ya lashe kyautar ɗaliban wasan kwaikwayon da ta faru a Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-12-29 |title=Ajayi Crowther varsity student wins best actress award |url=https://guardian.ng/features/ajayi-crowther-varsity-student-wins-best-actress-award-2/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419063446/https://guardian.ng/features/ajayi-crowther-varsity-student-wins-best-actress-award-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://acu.edu.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Ajayi Crowther]

== Magana ==
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    <title>Annemarie Jacir</title>
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      <text bytes="15441" sha1="gwmm1tkpkdt5ss11txmpbp128xrdfad" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[File:Palestinian_actress_Reem_Abu_Sbaih,_Composer_Kamran_Rastegar,_and_Writer-Director_Annemarie_Jacir_at_Cannes_International_Film_Festival_2003_for_World_Premiere_of_like_twenty_impossibles_(cropped).jpg  |thumb| Annemarie Jacir]] 
'''Annemarie Jacir''' (Arabic) 'yar fim ce ta [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]], marubuciya, kuma furodusa.

== Ayyukanta ==

=== Yin fimnata ===
Jacir tana aiki acikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tun shekara ta 1998 kuma ta rubuta, taba da umarni kuma ta samar da fina-finai dayawa da suka lashe lambar yabo. Biyu daga cikin fina-finai datayi sun fara fitowa a matsayin Zaɓin hukuma a Cannes, ɗaya a Berlin da Venice, Locarno, Rotterdam, Toronto, da Telluride . Dukkanin fina-finai uku data yi an za6esu a matsayin Firayim Ministan Oscar na Falasdinu don Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje. Fim dinta, Like Twenty Impossibles shine gajeren fim na Larabawa na farko daya kasance zaɓi na hukuma na Bikin Fim na Duniya na Cannes kuma ya cigaba da zama Finalist na Kwalejin Dalibai, ya lashe kyaututtuka sama da 15 a bukukuwan Duniya ciki harda Mafi Kyawun Fim a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Palm Springs, bikin Fim din Duniya na Chicago, Cibiyar Du Monde Arabe Biennale, Mannheim-Heidelberg Film Festival, da IFP / New York. ''kamar ashirin da ba za a iya bad''a su ba ankira shi daya daga cikin fina-finai goma mafi kyau na shekara ta 2003 ta hanyar Gavin Smith na Film Comment Magazine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Team |url=http://www.philistinefilms.com/team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314172600/http://www.philistinefilms.com/team |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |website=Philistine Films}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2007, Jacir ta harbe fimna farko da wata mata Palasdinawa tayi, Salt of this Sea, labarin wata mace mai aiki ta Amurka wacce iyayenta 'yan gudun hijira ne na Palasdinawa, inda ta fara komawa ƙasar iyalinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=San Sebastian Film Festival |url=http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2007/in3/n28.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165512/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2007/in3/n28.php |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2007-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oumlil |first=Kenza |date=2016 |title=Re-Writing History on Screen: Annemarie Jacir’s “Salt of This Sea.” |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.3.0586 |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=586-600 |doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.38.3.0586 |via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukanta na biyu da suka fara fitowa a bikin fina-finai na Cannes, Salt of this Sea ya cigaba da lashe kyautar FIPRESCI Critics Award kuma ta sami wasu kyaututtuka goma sha huɗu na kasa da kasa ciki harda fim mafi kyau a Milan. Fim din shine gabatarwar Falasdinu ga lambar yabo ta 81 ta Kwalejin don Kyautar Kwalejin Mafi Kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mundell |first=Ian |date=September 22, 2008 |title='Salt' to be Palestinian Oscar entry |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/salt-to-be-palestinian-oscar-entry-1117992600/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ta sami wasu kyaututtuka da gabatarwa da yawa, gami da lashe lambar yabo ta Muhr Arab don Mafi kyawun Fim a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Dubai,  lambar yabo ta Cinema in Motion a Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na San Sebastian na 55 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annemarie Jacir |url=https://dubaifilmfest.com/en/cast/1206/annemarie_jacir.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217011107/https://dubaifilmfest.com/en/cast/1206/annemarie_jacir.html/ |archive-date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=Dubai International Film Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kyautar FIPRESCI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cinema In Motion Archive |url=http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pagina.php?ap=7&amp;id=122%2F |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216224719/http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/in/pagina.php?ap=7&amp;id=122%2F |archive-date=2016-02-16 |access-date=2020-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annemarie Jacir |url=http://bulbula.co.uk/annemarie-jacir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217070824/http://bulbula.co.uk/annemarie-jacir/ |archive-date=17 February 2016 |website=Bulbula |access-date=3 July 2024 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Gishiri na wannan Tekun'' ya fito da mawaki Suheir Hammad tare da Saleh Bakri .

Fasali ta biyu, Lokacin dana ganka, ta lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau na Asiya a Berlinale, fim mafi kyau a Abu Dhabi da fim mafi kyau da Amiens, Phoenix, da Olympia, kuma ta sami gabatarwa a Asian Pacific Screen Awards. Yin ''A'' acikin fiction da kuma takardun shaida, wasu fina-finai sun hada da Until When, A Few Crumbs for the Birds, wanda ta kuma harbe shi a matsayin mai daukar hoto, da kuma gajeren fim din A Post Oslo History . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2016 |title=Annemarie Jacir |url=https://palestine.mei.columbia.edu/film-makers/2016/9/23/annemarie-jacir |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Center for Palestine Studies |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Annemarie Jacir.jpg|thumb|Annemarie Jacir]]
A cikin shekara ta 2011, darektan kasar Sin Zhang Yimou ya zaɓeta ta zama mai kula da itana farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rolex Arts Initiative . Jacir kuma tana kula da fim din, tana inganta fina-finai masu zaman kansu a yankin. Wanda ya kafa fina-finai na Philistine, tana aiki tare amatsayin edita, marubuciya da kuma mai samar da fim din fakkaatu tare da 'yan fim din. Fim dinta na shekarar  2017 ''Wajib'' ya lashe ko kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka 35 na kasa da kasa, gami da Fim mafi kyau a Mar Del Plata, Dubai, Locarno da Kerala, da kuma ambaton juri a bikin fina-finai na London . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wajib (2017) Awards &amp; Festivals |url=https://mubi.com/en/films/wajib/awards |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=mubi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2017 |title=61st BFI London Film Festival announces 2017 winners |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/61st-bfi-london-film-festival-announces-2017-winners |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=BFI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waƙoƙinta ===
An buga waƙoƙin Jacir da labaru a cikin mujallu da yawa, gami da ''Mizna'', Crab Orchard Review, da The Poetry of Arab Women: A Contemporary Anthology . Ta karanta tare da mawaki Amiri Baraka . Ta lashe kyaututtuka dayawa na rubutun allo kuma ta kasance mai karshe na Grand Prix du Meilleur Scenariste a Paris . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grand Prix du Meilleur Scenariste |url=http://www.prix-scenariste.org/GPMS/accueil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129210431/http://www.prix-scenariste.org/GPMS/accueil.html |archive-date=November 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran matsayinta ==
Jacir yayi aiki a matsayin memba na juri a bukukuwan ciki harda a Cannes a cikin shekara ta 2018 (ya shiga cikin juri na Un Certain Regard, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican / Amurka Benicio del Toro ya jagoranta) da kuma bikin fina-finai na Berlin acikin shekara ta 2020, wanda ɗan wasan Ingila Jeremy Irons ya jagorance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un Certain Regard Jury 2018 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/un-certain-regard-jury-2018/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2020 |title=Berlinale 2020: International Jury |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2020/news-press-releases/36847.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{When|date=March 2023}} Takasan ce memba ce Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), kuma Asian Pacific Screen Academy da kuma memba na Palestine Cinema Days and Alwan for the Arts, Ƙungiyar al'adu Wanda aka gabatarshi North African da kuma Middle Eastern art. Itace membar data samar da[[Palestinian Filmmakers' Collective]], a agaba daya  Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=Alumni Spotlight: Annemarie Jacir '02 |url=https://arts.columbia.edu/news/alumni-spotlight-annemarie-jacir-02 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Columbia University School of the Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Palestinian actress Reem Abu Sbaih, Composer Kamran Rastegar, and Writer-Director Annemarie Jacir at Cannes International Film Festival 2003 for World Premiere of like twenty impossibles.jpg|thumb|Annemarie Jacir]]
Ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar Baitalami, da Jami'ar Birzeit, da kuma sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Falasdinu, Lebanon, da Jordan. Har ilayau, itace mai bada shawara ga [[eQuinoxe Screenwriting Lab]] da Cibiyar Fim ta Doha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Screenwriters´ Workshop |url=https://www.equinoxe-europe.org/workshops.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.equinoxe-europe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Doha Film Institute Hosts ‘Hezayah Screenwriting Lab’ for Feature Screenplay Development |url=http://www.dohafilminstitute.com/press/doha-film-institute-hosts-hezayah-screenwriting-lab-for-feature-screenplay-development |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Doha Film Institute |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itace co-kafa sararin samaniya mai suna Dar Yusuf Nasri Jacir don Art &amp; Research a garinsu na Baitalami . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bishara |first=Hakim |date=2021-06-14 |title=Supporters Raise Over $30K for Bethlehem Arts Center Raided by Israeli Soldiers |url=http://hyperallergic.com/653732/supporters-raise-over-30k-for-dar-jacir-center-after-israeli-soldiers-raid/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mai kula da shi ===
Itace babbar mai kula da fina-finai kuma ta kafa aikin fim na Palasdinawa na &quot;Dreams of a Nation&quot;, wanda aka sadaukar don inganta fina-finai na Palasdinu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dreams of a Nation |url=http://palestine.mei.columbia.edu/dreams-of-a-nation |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Columbia University Center for Palestine Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2003, ta shirya kuma ta shirya Dreams of a Nation, babban bikin fim mai tafiya a Falasdinu, wanda ya haɗa da nuna fina-finai na Palasdinu daga Cinema na Juyin Juya Halin . An gudanar da bikin ne a biranen Palasdinawa da yawa ciki harda Baitalami, Ramallah, Birnin Gaza, Nazarat, Urushalima, da Nablus. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacir |first=Annemarie |date=December 30, 2007 |title=Coming Home: Palestinian Cinema |url=https://electronicintifada.net/content/coming-home-palestinian-cinema/6780 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Electronic Intifada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapfogel |first=Jared |date=March 15, 2003 |title=A Report of Dreams of a Nation – A Palestinian Film Festival |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/festival-reports/dreams_of_a_nation/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Senses of Cinema |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716130307/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/festival-reports/dreams_of_a_nation/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karramawa da kyaututtuka ==
Fim dinta na shekarar 2012 Lokacin dana ganKa, wanda ya fito da Saleh Bakri, Ruba Blal da Mahmoud Asfa, ya lashe lambar yabo ta NETPAC Critics Award for Best Asian Film Festival a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 63 kuma an zaba shi a matsayin shigar Palasdinawa don Oscar mafi kyawun harshe na waje a 85th Academy Awards. 

Fim dinta na shekarar 2017 ''Wajib'', ya fito da Saleh Bakri a gaban mahaifinsa, tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo Mohammad Bakri . Ya lashe musu kyaututtuka 36 na kasa da kasa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim a Mar Del Plata, Dubai, Amiens, DC Film Festival, Kosovo da Kerala da kuma ambaton juri a bikin BFI na London. Ga rawar da Saleh da Mohammad Bakri suka taka a fim din, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Muhr don Mafi kyawun Actor tare, kuma ya lashe lambarlambu ta Muhr ta Jacir don Mafi kyawun Fiction Feature a bikin fina-finai na Dubai na shekarar 2017. 

An kira Jacir daya daga cikin mujallar Filmmaker ta 25 New Faces of Independent Cinema a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Daga Falasdinu tare da Ƙauna (Postcard daga Ƙarshe) (2022) shekara ta
* ''Wajib'' shekara ta (2017) 
* Lokacin da Na Ganka shekara ta (2012) 
* ''Gishiri na Wannan Tekun'' shekara ta (2008) 
* ''Bayani - Sa'an nan kuma Ƙone Ashes'' shekara ta (2006) 
* ''Wasu ɓarna ga tsuntsayshekarata'' (2005) 
* kamar ashirin da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba shekara ta (2003) 
* Masu harbi na Satellite shekara ta (2001) 
* ''Tarihin gidan waya na Oslo'' shekara ta (2001) 

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Annemarie_Jacir.jpg|Annemarie Jacir
File:Palestinian_actress_Reem_Abu_Sbaih,_Composer_Kamran_Rastegar,_and_Writer-Director_Annemarie_Jacir_at_Cannes_International_Film_Festival_2003_for_World_Premiere_of_like_twenty_impossibles.jpg|Annemarie Jacir
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Dar Yusuf Nasri Jacir don Fasaha da Bincike

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Farhat, Maymanah Bikin Fim na Chicago Palestine da yammacin gajeren lokaci[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article4705.shtml Bikin Fim na Fim na Chicago Palestine da yammacin gajeren lokaci]
* Annemarie Jacir: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161227025147/http://iran-bulletin.org/Art%20and%20Culture/DreamsofaNationProject.htm Don Manufofin Al'adu Kawai], Mafarki na Al'umma, shekara ta 2002
* Annemarie Jacir: [http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article6603.shtml Komawa Gida: Fim din Palasdinawa], 27 Fabrairu shekara ta  2007, The Electronic Intifada
* Rebecca Kemp: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071220015016/http://www.6degreesfilm.com/features.php?id=7 Falasdinu A Fim], Tattaunawa da Masu Fim na Falasdinu, Fall shekara ta 2006
* Annemarie Kattan Jacir: [http://electronicIntifada.net/v2/article6041.shtml Labari na 'yan'uwa mata biyu: Shaidar wani aikin ɓoye na Isra'ila a Ramallah (1)] , 15 Nuwamba shekara ta 2006, The Electronic IntifadaIntifada ta lantarki
* Brentjes, Rana: Layer da yawa na ainihi a cikin fina-finai na Annemarie Jacir, Deutscher Orientalistentag, shekara ta 2003
* Annemarie Jacir: [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2353&amp;ed=149&amp;edid=149 Wasika daga ɗakin gyara Paris], watan Disamba shekara ta 2007, Wannan makon a Falasdinu
* Annemarie Jacir: [http://deniedentry.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/another-denial-of-entry-for-a-film-maker/ Wani ƙin shigarwa ga mai yin fim...], watan Mayu 1, shekara ta 2008, An ƙi shigarwa

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|1486975}}
* [https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/72-editions/retrospective/2008/actualites/articles/un-certain-regard-salt-of-this-sea-by-annemarie-jacir Gishiri na wannan Tekun Cannes Farko], shekara ta 2008
* Masu shirya fina-finai na Palasdinawa sun doke rashin daidaito don buga allon azurfa, Afrilu 22, shekara ta 2009, [[CNN]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120094054/http://imeu.net/news/article005739.shtml Annemarie Jacir: Mai zane-zane da mai shirya fina-finai a IMEU.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207185249/http://imeu.net/news/article0014155.shtml Rasha Salti: &quot;Baƙo fiye da aljanna&quot;], Satumba 9, shekara ta 2008, The National
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321132351/http://imeu.net/news/article0014831.shtml Rasha Salti: &quot;Mai shirya fina-finai na Palasdinawa Annemarie Jacir yana haskakawa a bikin Cannes&quot;], Nuwamba 16, shekara ta 2008
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    <title>Mata a Jamus</title>
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Matsayin matan Jamus sun canza a cikin tarihi, kamar yadda al'ada da al'umma da suke zaune a ciki suka sami sauye-sauye daban-daban. A tarihi, da kuma a halin yanzu, halin da mata ke ciki ya bambanta tsakanin yankunan Jamus, musamman a cikin karni na 20, lokacin da akwai ƙungiya ta siyasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki daban a Jamus ta Yamma idan aka kwatanta da Gabashin Jamus.&lt;ref name=&quot;pri.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in Germany's east earn close to what men do. Can we thank socialism for that? |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-12-07/women-germanys-east-earn-close-what-men-do-can-we-thank-socialism |website=The World from PRX}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, Kudancin Jamus yana da tarihin Tasirin Roman Katolika mai karfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Startseite www.ekd.de |url=https://www.ekd.de/index.htm |website=www.ekd.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Tarihi ==
Matsayin gargajiya na mata a cikin Al'ummar Jamus sau da yawa ana bayyana shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira &quot;Ks huɗu&quot; a cikin harshen Jamusanci: Kinder (''Yara''), ''Kirche'' (coci), ''Küche'' (kitchen), da ''Kleider'' (tufafi), suna nuna cewa manyan ayyukansu suna ɗaukar da kiwon yara, halartar ayyukan addini, dafa Abincin da ba da abinci, da kuma ma'amala da tufafi da kayan ado. Koyaya, matsayinsu ya canza a cikin karni na 20. Bayan samun 'yancin jefa kuri'a a 1918, matan Jamus sun fara daukar nauyin da maza suka yi a baya. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na 2, an lakafta su da ''Trümmerfrauen'' ko &quot;mata na rushewa&quot; saboda sun kula da &quot;waɗanda suka ji rauni, sun binne matattu, kayan da aka ceto&quot;, kuma sun shiga cikin &quot;aiki mai wuya na sake gina Jamus da ta lalace ta hanyar kawai share&quot; rushewa da rushewar yaƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GC&quot;&gt;[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_women.htm Women In German Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012944/https://germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_women.htm |date=2020-11-27 }}, German Culture, germanculture.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a hanyoyi da yawa, Jamus duk da haka ta bambanta da sauran yankuna masu magana da Jamusanci a Turai, kasancewar ta fi ci gaba a kan 'yancin mata na shiga siyasa, idan aka kwatanta da makwabciyar [[Switzerland]] (inda mata suka sami' yancin jefa kuri'a a 1971 a matakin tarayya, kuma a matakin yanki na gida a 1990 a cikin canton na Appenzell Innerrhoden) da [[Liechtenstein]] a 1984. A cikin Jamus, akwai kuma bambance-bambance na yanki masu ƙarfi; alal misali Kudancin Jamus (musamman Bavaria) ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da sauran sassan Jamus; yayin da tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus ta fi tallafawa rayuwar ƙwararru ta mata fiye da tsohuwar Jamus ta Yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;demographic-research.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreas Klärner |date=22 July 2015 |title=The low importance of marriage in eastern Germany – social norms and the role of peoples' perceptions of the past |url=http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol33/9/33-9.pdf |website=Demographic Research |pages=239–272 |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820171405/https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol33/9/33-9.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aure da dokar iyali ==
Dokar Iyali a [[Yammacin Jamus]], ta, har zuwa kwanan nan, ta ba mata matsayi na ƙasa dangane da mazajensu. Sai kawai a cikin 1977 ne canje-canjen majalisa suka samar da [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]] a cikin aure; har zuwa wannan ranar, mata masu aure a Jamus ta Yamma ba za su iya aiki ba tare da izini daga mazajensu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pri.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work, by Cornelius Grebe; pg 92: ''&quot;However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in partnership'.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;A Gabashin Jamus, duk da haka, mata suna da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi.

A shekara ta 1977, dokar kisan aure a Jamus ta Yamma ta sami manyan canje-canje, ta motsa daga tsarin kisan aure na kuskure zuwa wanda ba laifi ba ne. Wadannan sabbin ka'idojin saki, wadanda ke ci gaba da aiki a yau a duk faɗin Jamus, sun tsara cewa za'a iya samun saki ba tare da kuskure ba bisa ga shekara guda na rabuwa ta zahiri idan ma'aurata biyu sun yarda, da shekaru uku na rabuwa na zahiri idan kawai matar daya ta yarda. Har ila yau, akwai tanadi don &quot;kisan aure da sauri&quot; wanda za'a iya samun shi a kan buƙata ta kowane ma'aurata, ba tare da lokacin rabuwa ba, idan an tabbatar da shi a kotu cewa ci gaba da auren zai zama matsala mara ma'ana ga mai shigar da kara saboda dalilai da suka shafi halayyar ɗayan ma'aurita; wannan keɓewa yana buƙatar yanayi na musamman kuma ana la'akari da shi bisa ga shari'a-da- shari'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Current Legal Framework: Divorce in Germany - impowr.org |url=http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-divorce-germany |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506174653/http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-divorce-germany |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.impowr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dieter Martiny |last2=Dieter Schwab |date=October 2002 |title=Grounds for Divorce and Maintenance Between Former Spouses |url=http://ceflonline.net/wp-content/uploads/Germany-Divorce.pdf |website=ceflonline.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a Jamus, kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashen Yamma, an sami karuwar sauri a cikin haɗin kai da haihuwa a waje da aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ostner |first=I. |date=1 April 2001 |title=Cohabitation in Germany - rules, reality and public discourses |journal=International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |doi=10.1093/lawfam/15.1.88}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, kashi 35% na haihuwa a Jamus sun kasance ga mata marasa aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;plugin=1&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00018 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin yankunan tsohuwar Jamus ta Yamma da Gabashin Jamus: an haifi yara da yawa ba tare da aure ba a gabashin Jamus fiye da yammacin Jamus: a cikin 2012, a gabashin Jamusanci 61.6% na haihuwa sun kasance ga mata marasa aure, amma a yammacin Jamus kawai 28.4% . &lt;ref name=&quot;demographic-research.org&quot;/&gt;

Ra'ayoyin game da ƙaddamar da kai na jima'i, kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da aure, sun canza: alal misali, har zuwa 1969, zina laifi ne na laifi a Jamus ta Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Summary: Adultery in Germany - impowr.org |url=http://www.impowr.org/content/summary-adultery-germany |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014004222/http://www.impowr.org/content/summary-adultery-germany |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.impowr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai kawai a cikin 1997, duk da haka, Jamus ta cire izinin aurenta daga dokar fyade, kasancewar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Yammacin Turai na ƙarshe da suka yi haka, bayan doguwar gwagwarmayar siyasa da ta fara a cikin shekarun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;jurawelt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies.&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, kafin 1997, ma'anar fyade a Jamus ita ce: &quot;Duk wanda ya tilasta wa mace ta yi jima'i da shi, ko kuma tare da mutum na uku, ta hanyar tilastawa ko barazanar haɗari ga rayuwa ko ga jiki, za a hukunta shi da ba kasa da shekaru biyu ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;icty.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunarac, Vukovic and Kovac - Judgement - Part IV |url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/tjug/en/kun-tj010222e-4.htm |access-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997 an yi canje-canje ga dokar fyade, fadada ma'anar, ta sa ta kasance mai tsaka-tsaki da jinsi, da kuma cire cire cirewar aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/index.html |access-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin, ana iya gurfanar da fyade a matsayin &quot;Sakamako na jiki&quot; (Sashe na 223 na Dokar Laifuka ta Jamus), &quot;Rashin&quot; (Sashi na 185 na Dokar Laifin Jamus) da kuma &quot;Yin amfani da barazanar ko tilas don sa mutum ya yi, ya sha wahala ko ya bar wani aiki&quot; (Nötigung, Sashe na 240 na Dokar Laifukan Jamus) wanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan hukunci, kuma ba a gurfanar su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;jurawelt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word - 1Deckblatt.doc |url=http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/13792/tenea_juraweltbd52_kieler.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020164804/http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/13792/tenea_juraweltbd52_kieler.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=2016-07-16 |website=Jurawelt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar sana'a ==
[[Fayil:EU 27 Gender Pay Gap 2014.svg|alt=Bar graph showing the gender pay gap in European countries|left|thumb|Rashin biyan albashi na jinsi a matsakaicin kuɗin da ake samu a cikin kasashe membobin EU, a cewar Eurostat 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;EC stats&quot;&gt;[[European Commission]]. &lt;/ref&gt; Jamus tana da daya daga cikin mafi girman gibin albashi na jinsi a cikin EU.]]
Yayinda aka karfafa mata a Gabashin Jamus su shiga cikin ma'aikata, wannan ba haka ba ne a Yammacin Jamus, inda aka fahimci aikin mace na farko a gida, kula da iyalinta. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mata da yawa suna aiki don biyan kuɗi. Kodayake yawancin mata suna aiki, da yawa suna aiki na ɗan lokaci; a cikin Tarayyar Turai, kawai [[Holand|Netherlands]] da [[Austriya|Austria]] suna da mata da yawa da ke aiki na ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Part-time work: A divided Europe |url=http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=ro&amp;catId=89&amp;newsId=2535&amp;furtherNews=yes |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da mata ke fuskanta shi ne cewa uwaye da ke da ƙananan yara kuma suna so su bi aiki na iya fuskantar zargi na zamantakewa. A cikin shekara ta 2014, hadin gwiwar da ke mulki ta amince da sanya kashi 30% na mata don mukaman Kwamitin sa ido daga 2016 zuwa gaba.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Yamma har ma da wadanda ba na Yamma ba, Jamus tana da ƙananan mata a matsayin shugabancin kasuwanci, ƙasa da Turkiyya, Malaysia, Najeriya, Indonesia, Botswana, Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in business 2015 results |url=http://www.grantthornton.global/en/press/press-releases-2015/women-in-business-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025556/https://www.grantthornton.global/en/press/press-releases-2015/women-in-business-2015/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mata ba su da yawa a manyan mukamai shine al'adar zamantakewa wanda ke ganin aikin cikakken lokaci bai dace da mata ba. Musamman Kudancin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ne game da matsayin jinsi. A cikin 2011, José Manuel Barroso, shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a lokacin, ya bayyana cewa &quot;Jamus, har ma da Austria da Netherlands, ya kamata su kalli misalin kasashen arewa [...] wanda ke nufin cire cikas ga mata, tsofaffin ma'aikata, baƙi da masu neman aiki don shiga cikin ma'aikata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Germany's persistently low birthrate gets marginal boost - DW - 18.08.2011 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-persistently-low-birthrate-gets-marginal-boost/a-15325123-0 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=DW.COM |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115082907/http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-persistently-low-birthrate-gets-marginal-boost/a-15325123-0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin zarafin mata ==
Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2013 na hukunce-hukunce 202 na duniya ya gano cewa a Jamus kashi 47.3% na wadanda aka kashe mata ne, kashi 10 mafi girma na mata da aka kashe a duk hukunce-hin-hukuncen, kuma sama da matsakaicin duniya na 21.3%.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDOC1&quot;&gt;[http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html UNDOC Homicide Statistics 2013] used tables: [http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/data/GSH2013_Homicide_count_and_rate.xlsx Homicide counts and rates] &amp; [http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/data/GSH2013_Sex_data.xlsx Percentage of male and female homicide victims] Retrieved May-31-2014&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin mata da aka kashe ya kasance mai yawa a makwabciyar Switzerland (50%) da Austria (40.2%) (duba kididdigar kisan kai ta jinsi). 

== Lafiyar haihuwa da inganci ==
Yawan mace-mace a Jamus shine mutuwar 7/100,000 haihuwar rayuwa (kamar yadda na 2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418113820/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] shine 0.1% na manya (shekaru 15-49) - kimantawa na shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;jimlar yawan haihuwa (TFR) a Jamus shine haihuwar 1.44 ga kowace mace (kimanin 2016), ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin yara yana da yawa: daga cikin mata da aka haifa a 1968 a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kashi 25% sun kasance ba tare da haihuwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Éva Beaujouan |last2=Tomáš Sobotka |last3=Zuzanna Brzozowska |last4=Kryštof Zeman |date=January 2017 |title=Has childlessness peaked in Europe? |url=https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/26128/540.population.societies.2017.january.en.pdf |website=ined.fr |access-date=2024-09-15 |archive-date=2017-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105932/https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/26128/540.population.societies.2017.january.en.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zubar da ciki a Jamus doka ce a lokacin [[Ciki|watanni uku na farko]] a kan yanayin ba da shawara, kuma daga baya a cikin ciki a lokuta na buƙatar likita. A lokuta biyu akwai lokacin jira na kwanaki 3.

Ilimin jima'i a makarantu ya ba da umarni ta doka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bildungsklick.de/pm/35091/sexualaufklaerung-in-europa/ Sexualaufklärung in Europa] (German)&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Jamus, kuma a cikin 2011 Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, ta ki amincewa da korafe-korafe daga iyayen Baptist da yawa game da ilimin jima'i na makarantar Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2011 |title=Complaints against Germany about mandatory sex education classes declared inadmissible |url=https://sikic.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/admissibility-decision-dojan-and-others-v-germany-1.pdf |website=European Court of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Bernstein, George, and Lottelore Bernstein. &quot;Attitudes toward Women's Education in Germany, 1870-1914.&quot; ''International Journal of Women's Studies'' 2 (1979): 473–488.
* Bock, Gisela, and Patricia Thane, eds. ''Maternity and gender policies: Women and the rise of the European welfare states, 1880s-1950s'' (Routledge, 2012).
* Chickering, Roger.  “‘Casting their gaze more broadly’: Women's Patriotic Activism in Imperial Germany,” ''Past and Present'' 118 (1988), 156–85.
* Crance, Cynnthia. ''Divided lives: the untold stories of Jewish-Christian women in Nazi Germany'' (2001) [[iarchive:dividedlivesunto0000unse|online]]
* Dawson, Ruth P. ''The Contested Quill: Literature by Women in Germany, 1770-1800'' (U of Delaware Press, 2002).
* Freeland, Jane. ''Feminist Transformations and Domestic Violence Activism in Divided Berlin, 1968‒2002'' (Oxford University Press, 2022)
* Green, Lowell. &quot;The education of women in the Reformation.&quot; ''History of Education Quarterly'' 19.1 (1979): 93–116. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/367811 online]
* Gupta, Charu. &quot;Politics of gender: women in Nazi Germany.&quot; ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (1991): WS40-WS48 [https://www.academia.edu/download/30273744/Women_in_Nazi_Germany_EPW.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=July 2022}}.
* Hagemann, Karen et al. eds. ''Gendering Post-1945 German History: Entanglements'' (Berghahn Books, 2019)
* Harvey, Elizabeth. &quot;Visions of the volk: German women and the far right from Kaiserreich to Third Reich.&quot; ''Journal of women's History'' 16.3 (2004): 152-167 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/172169/summary online].
* Lewis, Gertrud Jaron. ''By Women, for Women, about Women: The Sister-Books of Fourteenth-Century Germany'' (PIMS, 1996).
* Lewis, Margaret Brannan. ''Infanticide and abortion in early modern Germany'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Mason, Tim. &quot;Women in Germany, 1925-1940: Family, Welfare and Work. Part I.&quot; ''History Workshop'' 1976 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288034 online].
* Moeller, Robert G. ''Protecting motherhood: Women and the family in the politics of postwar West Germany'' (U of [[California]] Press, 1996).
* Petschauer, Peter. &quot;Improving Educational-Opportunities for Girls in 18th-Century Germany.&quot; ''Eighteenth-Century Life'' 3.2 (1976): 56–62.
* Reagin, Nancy. ''A German Women’s Movement: Class and Gender in Hanover, 1880–1933'' (U of [[North Carolina]] Press, 1995).
* Reagin, Nancy.  “The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity and Colonialism in Imperial Germany,” ''Journal of Modern History'' 73#1 (2001): 54–86.
* Rottmann,  Andrea. ''Queer Lives across the Wall: Desire and Danger in Divided Berlin, 1945-1970'' (University of [[Toronto]] Press, 2023).
* Rublack, Ulinka. ''The crimes of women in early modern Germany'' (Oxford University Press, 1999).
* Ruble, [[Alexandria]] N. ''Entangled Emancipation: Women’s Rights in Cold War Germany'' ((University of Toronto Press, 2023) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60481 online scholarly review of this book]
* Rupp, Leila J. ''Mobilizing women for war: German and American propaganda, 1939-1945'' (Princeton University Press, 2015).
* Simonton, Deborah, ed. ''The Routledge history of women in Europe since 1700'' (Routledge, 2006).
* Steffens, Melanie C., and Christof Wagner. &quot;Attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in Germany.&quot; ''Journal of Sex Research'' 41.2 (2004): 137-149 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie_Steffens/publication/8384707_Attitudes_toward_lesbians_gay_men_bisexual_women_and_bisexual_men_in_Germany/links/571a5ffd08ae7f552a473080/Attitudes-toward-lesbians-gay-men-bisexual-women-and-bisexual-men-in-Germany.pdf online].
* Stephenson, Jill. ''Women in Nazi Germany'' (Pearson Education, 2001).
* Stibbe, Matthew. ''Women in the Third Reich'' (Arnold, 2003),
* Wildenthal, Lora. ''German Women for Empire, 1884–1945'' (Duke University Press, 2001)
* Wunder, Heide, and Thomas J. Dunlap, eds. ''He is the sun, she is the moon: women in early modern Germany'' (Harvard University Press, 1998).

== Haɗin waje ==

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'''Aliyu Wakili Boya''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) ɗan siyasan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne kuma lauya wanda ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] ne mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Fufore]]/Song a [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]]. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban [[Fufore|ƙaramar hukumar Fufore]] da kuma shugaban [[All Local Governments Organisation of Nigeria ƙungiyar ƙananan hukumomin [[Najeriya]] (ALGON) a [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-23 |title=Hon. Aliyu Boya Wakili, others to be Conferred prestigious International Peace Award |url=https://authorityngr.com/2024/06/23/hon-aliyu-boya-wakili-others-to-be-conferred-prestigious-international-peace-award/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=THE AUTHORITY NEWS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223121854/https://authorityngr.com/2024/06/23/hon-aliyu-boya-wakili-others-to-be-conferred-prestigious-international-peace-award/ |archive-date=2024-12-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-07-18 |title='Technical education should be nurtured for a prosperous future' {{!}} The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/technical-education-should-be-nurtured-for-a-prosperous-future/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Boya a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 1978 a garin [[Malabu]] cikin [[Fufore|garin Fufore]]. Ya yi karatun sa a [[jami'ar Maiduguri]] inda ya samu digirin sa na farko a fannin shari'a. Bayan haka ya kamalla karatunsa na shari'a a [[Abuja Law School|Makarantar Lauyoyi ta Abuja]] inda ya zama [[Barrister|Barista]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-02 |title=Adamawa Central Senatorial:Wakili Boya:A Man with glowing political feats |url=https://tgnews.com.ng/2018/08/02/adamawa-central-senatorialwakili-boyaa-man-with-glowing-political-feats/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=TG NEWS |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618213921/https://tgnews.com.ng/2018/08/02/adamawa-central-senatorialwakili-boyaa-man-with-glowing-political-feats/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Boya shi ne babban mai taimaka wa tsohon Sanatan [[Adamawa]] ta tsakiya, [[Bello Mohammed Tukur|Bello Tukur]], tsakanin 2011 zuwa 2015. Daga baya kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa na [[Fufore]]. A dai-dai wannan lokacin ne aka naɗa shi Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Hukumomi a [[Najeriya]] (ALGON) na [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Peoples |date=2018-03-12 |title=100 Adamawa students paid scholarships, say LG chair - Peoples Daily Newspaper |url=https://www.peoplesdailyng.com/100-adamawa-students-paid-scholarships-say-lg-chair/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|babban zaɓen [[Najeriya]] na shekarar 2023]], Boya ya tsaya takarar ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] mai wakiltar mazaɓar Fufore/Song a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Ya yi nasara ne da kuri’u 4,632 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa wanda shi ne mai riƙe da kujerar, Mustafa Muhammed Saidu, wanda ya tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam’iyyar]] PDP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adamawa state House of Representatives election results and data 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/house-of-representatives/AD/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.stears.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laƙabi na gargajiya ==
A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu, 2018, Boya ya samu naɗin Sarkin Matasa na [[Masarautar Adamawa|Adamawa]] daga [[Muhammadu Barkindo Aliyu Musdafa|Lamido Barkindo]]. Wannan matsayi ya naɗa shi a matsayin jagoran matasan [[Masarautar Adamawa|Adamawa]]. A yayin bikin naɗin sarautar, manyan mutane irin su [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Sanusi Lamido]], tsohon [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano]], [[Atiku Abubakar]], tsohon [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban Najeriya]] mai riƙe da sarautar Wazirin [[Masarautar Adamawa|Adamawa]], sun halarta a matsayin baki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ada |first=Ada |date=2018-12-16 |title=Adamawa youths set to fight against drug abuse, appoints Boya as patron |url=https://dailytimesng.com/adamawa-youths-set-to-fight-against-drug-abuse-appoints-boya-as-patron/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=DAILY TIMES Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan Amurka kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2017}}

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan [[AT&amp;T Corporation|AT&amp;T]]-linkid=&quot;92&quot; href=&quot;./Boatswain's_call&quot; id=&quot;mwTw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Boatswain's call&quot;&gt;busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa [[IBM]]_PC&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;IBM PC&quot;&gt;IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan Amurka kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan [[AT&amp;T Corporation|AT&amp;T]]-linkid=&quot;92&quot; href=&quot;./Boatswain's_call&quot; id=&quot;mwTw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Boatswain's call&quot;&gt;busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa [[IBM]]_PC&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;IBM PC&quot;&gt;IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan [[AT&amp;T Corporation|AT&amp;T]]-linkid=&quot;92&quot; href=&quot;./Boatswain's_call&quot; id=&quot;mwTw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Boatswain's call&quot;&gt;busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa [[IBM]]_PC&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;IBM PC&quot;&gt;IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan [[AT&amp;T Corporation|AT&amp;T]]-linkid=&quot;92&quot; href=&quot;./Boatswain's_call&quot; id=&quot;mwTw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Boatswain's call&quot;&gt;busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa [[IBM]]_PC&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;IBM PC&quot;&gt;IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan [[AT&amp;T Corporation|AT&amp;T]]-linkid=&quot;92&quot; href=&quot;./Boatswain's_call&quot; id=&quot;mwTw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Boatswain's call&quot;&gt;busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa [[IBM]]_PC&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;IBM PC&quot;&gt;IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa [[IBM]]_PC&quot; id=&quot;mwhw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;IBM PC&quot;&gt;IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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 {{databox}}

'''John Thomas Draper''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،''' ko '''Crunchman''' (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan [[Amurka]] kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.

== Kuruciya ==
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Phil Lapsley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a [[Alaska]], ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro [[WKOS]] (W-&quot;chaos&quot;), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da [[Dover-Foxcroft]], amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, [[WDME]], ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt; Ya koma [[Silicon Valley]] kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Draper |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/john-draper/6/512/508 |access-date=2014-07-17 |publisher=LinkedIn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, [[California]]  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapsley&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rashin ruwa ===
[[Fayil:Cap’n_Crunch,_Spielzeugpfeife_(2600_Hz).jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa na ''Cap'n Crunch'']]
Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar &quot;phreaks na waya&quot;, mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Call from Joybubbles - BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hlnjq |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT &amp; T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

==== Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa'' ====
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ron Rosenbaum |date=October 1971 |title=Esquire Magazine, October 1971: Secrets of the Little Blue Box |url=http://www.historyofphonephreaking.org/docs/rosenbaum1971.pdf |access-date=2017-11-25 |via=historyofphonephreaking.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar [[Apple]] na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak [[Steve Jobs]] ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

=== Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software ===

==== Kwamfuta ta Apple ====
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira &quot;Charlie Board&quot;, wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. &quot;Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba&quot;, in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

==== Mai Sauƙaƙe ====
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga [[Microsoft]]. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Crunch-hackers.jpg|thumb|John Draper a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], Australia, 1995]]

==== Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni ====
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Leyden |date=2001-02-07 |title=Captain Crunch sets up security firm |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/07/captain_crunch_sets_up_security |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Orlowski |date=2002-02-27 |title=Woz blesses Captain Crunch's new box |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/27/woz_blesses_captain_crunchs_new |publisher=[[theregister.co.uk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

=== Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba ===
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da [[ToorCon]]) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar [[Pennsylvania]] Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seth Rosenblatt |date=November 22, 2017 |title=New sexual-assault allegations against 'phone phreaker' John Draper |url=https://www.the-parallax.com/2017/11/22/new-sexual-assault-allegations-john-draper/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Parallax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin &quot; motsa jiki na makamashi&quot; ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Gilmour |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Hacking pioneer John Draper responds to sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/john-draper-sexual-assault-allegations-response/ |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=The Daily Dot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun gargajiya ==
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) – Full Credits – TCM.com |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035351/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/328982/Pirates-of-Silicon-Valley/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka &quot;Phone Phreaking&quot; ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Allison Lang</title>
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'''Allison Lang''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 3, 1993) 'yar wasan ƙwallon hannu ce na zama (''sitting volley ball'') daga Kanada.

== Aiki ==
Lang ta yi wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara ta 2022 kuma ta ci lambar azurfa, lambar yabo ta farko ga kasar Kanada a wasan kwallon hannu na zama a cikin  babban gasar kasa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://paralympic.ca/news/historic-silver-medal-canada-sitting-volleyball-world-championships/ |title=Historic silver medal for Canada at sitting volleyball world championships |website=paralympic.ca |date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga watab Yulin, 2024, an sanya sunan a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Kanada don yin wasa a wasannin nakasassu na bazara na 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Canada’s women’s sitting volleyball team nominated for Paris 2024 Paralympic Games |url=https://paralympic.ca/news/canadas-womens-sitting-volleyball-team-nominatedfor-paris-2024-paralympic-games/ |access-date=September 7, 2024 |website=paralympic.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci lambar tagulla a wasan ƙwallon hannu na zama, lambar yabo ta farko ga Kanada a gaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=September 7, 2024 |title=Canadian women's sitting volleyball team ends Paralympic team sport podium drought |url=https://www.chroniclejournal.com/sports/national_sports/canadian-womens-sitting-volleyball-team-ends-paralympic-team-sport-podium-drought/article_4f7220b7-ae3a-5995-bf77-955dd3c80d77.html |access-date=September 7, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Chronicle-Journal]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1993]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alice Bentinck</title>
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      <text bytes="16264" sha1="rc7exp3lb6dsvy5fqup0nt0k8uknyg5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Alice Yvonne Bentinck''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alice Yvonne BENTINCK - Personal Appointments (Free information from Companies House) |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/Q_cQl7hzNqB-PP4Lnl9Q3M3DWM0/appointments}}&lt;/ref&gt; MBE (an haife ta 23  ga watan Yuli  shekara ta 1986)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Entrepreneur First Founder Gp Limited RHU |url=http://www.bizstats.co.uk/ltd/entrepreneur-first-founder-gp-limited-SC493957/ |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=bizstats.co.uk |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003053100/http://www.bizstats.co.uk/ltd/entrepreneur-first-founder-gp-limited-SC493957/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yar kasuwa ce ta kasar  Biritaniya . Tare da Matt Clifford, ita ce  ta kafa Entrepreneur First, wani kamfani na London mai ginawa kuma mai saurin farawa . An kafa shi a London da [[Singafora|Singapore]], EF tana ba da gudummawar mutane masu kishi da ke cikin Turai da Asiya don ƙirƙirar farawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/entrepreneur-first-demo-day-2017https://www.techinasia.com/entrepreneur-first-demo-day-2017 |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=www.techinasia.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, an sanar da cewa Reid Hoffman, co-kafa LinkedIn da Abokin Hulɗa a Greylock, yana jagorantar zuba jari na $ 12.4million a cikin Kasuwancin Farko. 

Bentinck da Clifford su ma sun kafa Code First: Girls, ƙungiyar da ke ba da darussan shirye-shiryen yanar gizo kyauta ga mata a jami'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Team |url=http://www.codefirstgirls.org.uk/the-team.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407204258/https://www.codefirstgirls.org.uk/the-team.html |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=Code First: Girls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai ba da shawara kan shigar da ƙarin mata zuwa fagen fasaha, Bentinck an nada shi ɗaya daga cikin mata hamsin mafi ƙwarin gwiwa a cikin Tech na Turai ta ƙungiyar Inspiring Fifty a cikin 2015.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
'Yar Manjo Vivian Mark Bentinck, na Royal Marines (daga zuriyar Admiral Sir Rudolph Bentinck, Babban Kwamandan, Plymouth, na Barons Bentinck ) da Dr. Miranda Whitehead,  Bentinck ya girma a cikin Sabon daji. yankin kudancin Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;magic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Women Entrepreneurs under 30 / Alice Bentinck |url=http://www.themagicelephant.com/we30/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150701/http://www.themagicelephant.com/we30/ |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=29 September 2015 |publisher=The Magic Elephant}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;drum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=The Drum 30 under 30 #19: Alice Bentinck, co-founder, Entrepreneur First |url=http://www.thedrum.com/news/2013/10/11/drum-30-under-30-19-alice-bentinck-co-founder-entrepreneur-first |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=The Drum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta halarci Makarantar Godolphin a Salisbury, makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;linked&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Alice Bentinck |url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/alicebentinck |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ta shiga cikin Kasuwancin Matasa, ƙirƙirar ƙirar kasuwanci don jakunkuna na hannu. &lt;ref name=&quot;cloud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2014 |title=An Interview with Alice Bentinck |url=http://www.businesscloud.co.uk/magazine/an-interview-with-alice-bentinck |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001160416/http://www.businesscloud.co.uk/magazine/an-interview-with-alice-bentinck |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Business Cloud Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Nottingham, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a fannin gudanarwa, tare da karramawa a matakin farko . &lt;ref name=&quot;nff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Ms Alice Bentinck – Co-founder EF &amp; Code First: Girls |url=http://nff2014.government.fi/documents/341343/345555/Alice+Bentinck.pdf/ae01fc80-490e-429c-b9e7-99b308393c76 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001155059/http://nff2014.government.fi/documents/341343/345555/Alice+Bentinck.pdf/ae01fc80-490e-429c-b9e7-99b308393c76 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=[[Northern Future Forum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kafin kafa EF, Bentinck ta shiga cikin ofishin [[Tony Blair]] a [[Landan]], inda ta kuma taimaka wa shirin gwamnatin Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;linked&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nff&quot;/&gt; Daga 2009 zuwa 2011 ta kasance mashawarcin gudanarwa a ofishin McKinsey &amp;amp;amp; Company na London. &lt;ref name=&quot;nff&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;fifty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Meet the Fifty Most Inspiring Women in European Tech |url=http://www.inspiringfifty.com/50-inspiring-women-list-2015-eu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193629/http://www.inspiringfifty.com/50-inspiring-women-list-2015-eu/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Inspiring Fifty}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bentinck da Clifford sun hadu a 2009 yayin da suke aiki a McKinsey. Bayan lura da cewa ba a ganin harkokin kasuwanci a matsayin wani zaɓi na aiki mai dacewa ga ƙwararrun mutane masu hazaka da masu kishi a Turai, ba kamar a Silicon Valley ba, sun yanke shawarar kafa dan kasuwa na farko a 2011.  Bentinck yana aiki a matsayin CPO yayin da Clifford shine Shugaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Team - Entrepreneur First |url=https://www.joinef.com/our-team |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=www.joinef.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919091908/https://www.joinef.com/our-team |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 2022, Haɗin Fayil ɗin Kasuwanci na Farko yana da daraja sama da $6b. &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 September 2015 |title=About Us - Entrepreneur First |url=https://www.joinef.com/about/ |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=[[Entrepreneur First]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bude ofishin dan kasuwa na farko na kasa da kasa a Singapore a cikin 2016, wanda ya kawo samfurin ginin kamfani iri ɗaya zuwa Asiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/entrepreneur-first-demo-day-2017 |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=www.techinasia.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2017, an sanar da cewa Reid Hoffman, co-kafa LinkedIn da Abokin Hulɗa a Greylock, yana jagorantar zuba jari na $ 12.4million a cikin Kasuwancin Farko.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na jarinsa, Hoffman kuma ya shiga cikin hukumar EF. 

Lura cewa yawancin mutanen da ke neman ɗan kasuwa na Farko maza ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;nff&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;gry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2014 |title=Cracking the Code: An Interview with Alice Bentinck |url=http://www.thegryphon.co.uk/2014/09/cracking-the-code-an-interview-with-alice-bentinck/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005151943/http://www.thegryphon.co.uk/2014/09/cracking-the-code-an-interview-with-alice-bentinck/ |archive-date=5 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[The Gryphon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bentinck da Clifford sun kafa Code First Girls a 2012. Ƙungiyar ba da riba ita ce mafi girma da ke ba da kwasa-kwasan codeing kyauta ga mata a Burtaniya, yana ba da ilimin fasaha sama da fam miliyan 20 kyauta tare da koyar da mata sau uku don yin code kamar yadda tsarin karatun digiri na jami'a na Burtaniya gabaɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;stylist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Alice |date=2021-08-03 |title=Learn how to code: everything you need to know to get started |url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/life/how-to-code/530131 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=Stylist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Code First Girls yanzu ya koya wa mata sama da 25,000 yin code. &lt;ref name=&quot;stylist&quot; /&gt; Tun daga 2015, Bentinck ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amali de Alwis joins Code First: Girls as CEO |url=http://www.codefirstgirls.org.uk/press-releases/uk-press-release-london-wednesday-7th-april-2015-amali-de-alwis-joins-code-first-girls-as-ceo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407204257/https://www.codefirstgirls.org.uk/press-releases/uk-press-release-london-wednesday-7th-april-2015-amali-de-alwis-joins-code-first-girls-as-ceo |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=Code First: Girls}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Fabrairu 2022, an sanar da Bentinck a matsayin memba na Firayim Minista [[Boris Johnson]] 's Business Council, ƙungiyar shugabannin masana'antu da ke aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati don isar da babban aiki da haɓaka a Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=PM assembles new cohort of business leaders to turbocharge UK economy |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-assembles-new-cohort-of-business-leaders-to-turbocharge-uk-economy |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Disamba 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Bentinck zai karɓi matsayin Shugaba na ɗan kasuwa na Farko bayan Matt Clifford ya sauka daga rawar da ya taka don mai da hankali kan dama a cikin [[Kirkirar Basira|bayanan sirri]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scammell |first=Robert |date=5 December 2023 |title=Matt Clifford steps down as Entrepreneur First CEO to focus on AI |url=https://www.uktech.news/ai/matt-clifford-steps-down-entrepreneur-first-ceo-ai-20231205 |website=UKTN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyukan ==
A cikin 2014 an nada Bentinck ɗaya daga cikin mashawarcin Firayim Minista don Dandalin makomar Arewa a [[Helsinki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;magic&quot;/&gt;

Ta kasance memba na kwamitin shawarwari na Founders4Schools tun daga Afrilu 2014, kuma memba na Kwamitin Sadarwar Masana'antu na Sashen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta a Kwalejin Imperial London tun daga Afrilu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;linked&quot;/&gt; A cikin Satumba 2015 ta zama mai ba da shawara ga 'yan mata a Tech London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shead |first=Sam |date=9 September 2015 |title=Girls in Tech London launches exclusive mentoring programme backed by Google, Amazon and Spotify execs |url=http://www.techworld.com/news/startups/girls-in-tech-london-launches-mentoring-programme-bump-women-up-boards-3625109/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002060045/http://www.techworld.com/news/startups/girls-in-tech-london-launches-mentoring-programme-bump-women-up-boards-3625109/ |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=Tech World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
A cikin 2015 an nada ta ɗaya daga cikin Mata hamsin da suka fi ƙwazo a cikin Tech Tech na Turai ta ƙungiyar Inspiring Fifty. &lt;ref name=&quot;fifty&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2014 an ba ta suna zuwa jerin jaridu da mujallu da yawa. An nada ta daya daga cikin &quot;The 1000 - London's Most Influential People&quot; by the ''London Evening Standard'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2014 |title=The 1000 – London's most influential people 2014: Tech stars |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/the1000/the-1000-londons-most-influential-people-2014-tech-stars-9780818.html |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=[[London Evening Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; daya daga cikin &quot;35 Mata Under 35&quot; ta ''Management Today'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title='I Was Told People Like Me Didn't Go To Oxford |url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/go/35-women-under-35-2014 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Management Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001182945/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/go/35-women-under-35-2014 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka buga a matsayin &quot;Rising Star&quot; ta ''Computer. Kowane mako'' a matsayin ɓangare na 2014 Mafi Tasirin Mata a Burtaniya IT yaƙin neman zaɓe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bateman |first=Kayleigh |date=7 July 2014 |title=Alice Bentinck, co-founder Entrepreneur First |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/photostory/2240223724/Rising-Stars-2014-Most-Influential-Women-in-UK-IT/4/Alice-Bentinck-co-founder-Entrepreneur-First |access-date=30 September 2015 |website=[[Computer Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Harkokin Watsa Labarai ta Burtaniya ta haɗa ta a kan BIMA Hot 100 na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=The BIMA Hot 100, 2014 |url=http://issuu.com/bima-awards/docs/bima-hot100-book/9 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[British Interactive Media Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2013 ta kasance a matsayi na 19 a jerin ''Drum'' ' &quot;30 Under 30 Women in Digital&quot; jerin. &lt;ref name=&quot;drum&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance babban 25 na ƙarshe a cikin Tech City Movers and Shakers 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Announcing the Tech City Top 25 |url=http://techcitynews.com/2013/12/13/announcing-the-tech-city-top-25/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609010021/http://techcitynews.com/2013/12/13/announcing-the-tech-city-top-25/ |archive-date=9 June 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Tech City News}}&lt;/ref&gt; da 'yan mata a cikin Tech Ones don Watch 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alice Bentinck, co-Founder, Entrepreneur First |url=http://www.digital-entrepreneur.co.uk/alice-bentinck.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004015607/http://www.digital-entrepreneur.co.uk/alice-bentinck.html |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Digital Entrepreneur Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Bentinck [[Order of the British Empire|Memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a cikin 2016 Birthday Honors for services to business. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ''Kwamfuta Weekly'' ta sanya sunan Bentinck a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a Burtaniya IT.  ''Ƙididdigar Maraice na London'' ta sake sunanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen London a cikin Ci gaban 1000: Masu Jarida/Yan Kasuwa. 

== Na sirri ==
Bentinck ta shiga gasar tuƙi tun ƙuruciyarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;drum&quot;/&gt;

== Labarun da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Taking the Plunge |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/alice-bentinck/taking-the-plunge_b_8175000.html |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Stop Doing Pointless Networking |url=http://realbusiness.co.uk/article/31389-stop-doing-pointless-networking |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005739/http://realbusiness.co.uk/article/31389-stop-doing-pointless-networking |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=30 September 2015 |website=Real Business}}
* {{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=How Can the UK Build More Deep Tech Startups? |url=http://www.techworld.com/blog/turning-techies-into-founders/how-can-uk-build-more-deep-tech-startups-3620218/ |website=Tech World}}
* {{Cite web |date=30 June 2015 |title=You're Doing Lean Wrong |url=http://www.techworld.com/blog/turning-techies-into-founders/youre-doing-lean-wrong-3618004/ |website=Tech World}}
* {{Cite web |date=1 June 2015 |title=RIP Accelerators? |url=http://www.techworld.com/blog/turning-techies-into-founders/rip-accelerators-3613790/ |website=Tech World}}
* {{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=Build a Product, Not a Startup |url=http://www.techworld.com/blog/turning-techies-into-founders/build-product-not-startup-3609586/ |website=Tech World}}
* {{Cite web |date=14 April 2015 |title=Why Backing Technical Founders is the Way Forward |url=http://www.techworld.com/blog/turning-techies-into-founders/why-backing-technical-founders-is-way-forward-3607721/ |website=Tech World}}
* &quot;Style and Facebook: Promoting Women Role Models&quot;

== Manazarata ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Twitter}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s86Xvq9hEuM &quot;Be a Founder, Not a Follower&quot;] 27 September 2014 speech
* [http://www.careergirldaily.com/five-entrepreneurial-lessons-from-alice-bentinck-the-founder-of-entrepreneur-first/ &quot;Five Entrepreneurial Lessons From Alice Bentinck, The Founder Of Entrepreneur First&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407204259/https://www.careergirldaily.com/five-entrepreneurial-lessons-from-alice-bentinck-the-founder-of-entrepreneur-first/ |date=2020-04-07 }} ''Career Girl Daily'', 24 July 2015
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Ann Kiessling</title>
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'''Ann Kiessling'''(née Anderson; an haife ta i Maris 29, 1942) ƙwararren masaniyar ilimin haifuwa Ba'amurkiya ce kuma mai bincike  ce a cikin binciken ƙwayar cuta na ɗan adam a Cibiyar Bincike ta Bedford. Ta kasance abokiyar farfesa a asibitocin koyarwa na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard (Asibitin Brigham da Mata, Asibitin Faulkner, Deaconess New England, da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Beth Israel Deaconess) daga shekaran 1985 har zuwa Shekaran 2012.

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Kiessling Ann Anderson a Baker City, Oregon. Mahaifinta, William Charles Anderson, shi ne kwamandan runduna a rundunar sojin saman kasar Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Klamath Falls a 1960 kuma ta halarci Jami'ar Virginia inda ta sami digiri na farko na digirin farko na digiri na biyu, a aikin jinya. A shekarar 1966 ta samu digirin farko na digiri na biyu, a fannin ilmin sinadarai, daga Jami'ar Central Washington University inda ta kuma samu digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1967 Zuwa 1971 ta samu digirin digirgir. daga Jami'ar Jihar Oregon a fannin nazarin halittu da ilimin halittu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography - Ann Kiessling Oral History Interview - June 13, 2014 - Special Collections &amp; Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries |url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/oh150/kiessling/biography.html |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=scarc.library.oregonstate.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1] Ta yi bincike na digiri na biyu a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, da Jami'ar California, San Diego. Kiessling ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Director |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/about-us/leadership/director/ |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=Bedford Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013085314/https://www.bedfordresearch.org/about-us/leadership/director/ |archive-date=October 13, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiessling an lura da ita don gano aikinta na baya-bayan nan a cikin sel ɗan adam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kiessling AA, Goulian M |date=June 1979 |title=Detection of reverse transcriptase activity in human cells |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=87260 |journal=Cancer Research |volume=39 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=2062–9 |pmid=87260}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rahoto ya fara nuna mahimmancin abubuwan da ke faruwa a dabi'a na retrovirus a cikin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, yanzu ana tunanin yana da mahimmanci ga filastik kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin juyin halittar ɗan adam da ilmin halitta. Kafin wannan binciken, an ɗauka cewa reverse transcriptase wani enzyme ne da aka samo shi kawai a cikin retroviruses (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na rigakafi na ɗan adam). Don fahimtar matsayin al'ada na nazarin halittu na reverse transcriptase, Kiessling ya fara nazarin ƙwai da farfaɗo ƙwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Keefe SJ, Wolfes H, Kiessling AA, Cooper GM |date=September 1989 |title=Microinjection of antisense c-mos oligonucleotides prevents meiosis II in the maturing mouse egg |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1989-09_86_18/page/7038 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=86 |issue=18 |pages=7038–42 |bibcode=1989PNAS...86.7038O |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.18.7038 |pmc=297988 |pmid=2476810 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiessling AA |year=2004 |title=What is an embryo? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_connecticut-law-review_summer-2004_36_4/page/1051 |journal=Connecticut Law Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1051–92 |pmid=15868674}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sha'awarta guda biyu game da ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin halittar haihuwa sun haifar da bincike a cikin watsa kwayar cutar ta kare mutum, da ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko don hadi a cikin vitro a Oregon a farkon 1980s. Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard ta dauki Kiessling a cikin 1985, inda ta gudanar da bincike har zuwa 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;gabbaypastwinners&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine - Past Winners |url=http://www.rose.brandeis.edu/Center/gabbay_past.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020422075737/http://www.rose.brandeis.edu/Center/gabbay_past.html |archive-date=April 22, 2002 |access-date=March 23, 2014 |publisher=Brandeis University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Dr. Ann Kiessling Devotes Full Time to Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/article/27110 |access-date=March 23, 2014 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017031723/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/article/27110 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiessling tana gudanar da bincike a Gidauniyar Binciken Kwayoyin Bedford Stem . Kiessling yana gudanar da bincike a Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the director |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/aboutus/aboutus.php?item=about_director |access-date=November 8, 2012 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bukatar gudanar da bincike kan kwayoyin halitta a yankunan da ba gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da tallafi ba ya haifar da shigar da Gidauniyar Bincike ta Bedford Stem Cell. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation – Official Website |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/aboutus/aboutus.php?item=about_director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407203014/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/aboutus/aboutus.php?item=about_director |archive-date=April 7, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabarun da aka ƙera don Shirin Musamman na Taimakawa Haihuwa an ƙaddamar da su zuwa wasu cututtuka na sashin genitourinary na maza, irin su prostatitis da cututtuka na mafitsara. Kware a cikin ilimin halittar kwai ya jagoranci Kiessling don haɓaka shirin ba da gudummawar kwai na farko a ƙasar a cikin 2000. Ya ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan bincike a yau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egg Donor Program History &amp; Overview |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/stemcell/stemcell.php?item=stemcell_eggdonor |access-date=November 8, 2012 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405010857/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/stemcell/stemcell.php?item=stemcell_eggdonor |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar Kiessling ita ce ta farko da ta tabbatar da mahimmancin rhythm na circadian zuwa farkon haɓakar kwai.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}

Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da Kiessling ya yi shi ne na farko da cikakken nazari game da tasirin ingantattun kalmomi na kimiyya a kan dokoki mai suna, &quot;Mene ne Embryo,&quot; wanda Connecticut Law Review ya buga  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiessling |first=Ann A. |date=January 1, 2004 |title=What is an embryo? |url=http://connecticutlawreview.org/archive/vol36/summer/Kiessling.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Connecticut Law Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1051–1092 |issn=0010-6151 |pmid=15868674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709041838/http://connecticutlawreview.org/archive/vol36/summer/Kiessling.pdf |archive-date=July 9, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sake shiga ta Harold Shapiro, Farfesa John A. Robertson, Farfesa Lars Nuhu, da Uba Kevin P. Quinn. Bitar doka ta yi magana game da cece-kuce na dukkanin abubuwan da ake kira embryos a halin yanzu dangane da dokokin binciken kwayoyin halittar mahaifa a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is an Embryo? Law Review |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/politics/humanembryo.php?item=stemcell_lawreview |access-date=November 8, 2012 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053303/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/politics/humanembryo.php?item=stemcell_lawreview |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2003, Kiessling ya rubuta Kwayoyin Jiki na Dan Adam: Gabatarwa ga Kimiyya da Yiwuwar Jiyya, Littafin karatu na farko akan batun da ake jayayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jones and Bartlett Topics in Biology Series – Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Second Edition Text Book |url=http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/0763743860/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022004331/http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/0763743860/ |archive-date=October 22, 2006 |access-date=April 13, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiessling memba ne na California (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na California XXXV) da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Bincike na Stem Cell na Connecticut, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Connecticut Stem Cell Research Program Committee |url=http://www.dph.state.ct.us/StemCell/Committees.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605230843/http://www.dph.state.ct.us/StemCell/Committees.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma memba na kwamitocin Kula da Bincike na Ciwon Haihuwa na Jami'ar Harvard, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard University's Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~research/approvals/escro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702172106/http://fas.harvard.edu/~research/approvals/escro.html |archive-date=July 2, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joslin Cibiyar Ciwon sukari da Asibitin Yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stem Cell Program at Children's Hospital Boston |url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/research/data_admin/Site799/mainpageS799P1sublevel49.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222528/http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/research/data_admin/Site799/mainpageS799P1sublevel49.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ambaci Kiessling a cikin labarai a cikin The Boston Globe, The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, da NPR da sauransu.

== SARS2 (Annubar Korona) ==
A cikin Maris 2020, Kiessling ta fadada ayyukanta na dakin gwaje-gwaje a Gidauniyar Bincike ta Bedford don haɗa gwajin SARS2 (COVID-19).  A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2020, Kiessling ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata, ma'aikaciyar layin gaba a wani asibiti na gida, ta gwada inganci don Coronavirus.  Rashin takaicin Kiessling game da ci gaba da rashin gwajin da aka samu ya sa ta fadada ƙoƙarin gwajin SARS2 na Gidauniyar don ba da gwajin jama'a.

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2007 - An gabatar da Shirin Kiessling na Musamman na Taimako na Haihuwa tare da Kyautar Kyautar Fasaha ta American Society for Reproductive Medicine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) 2007 Conference |url=http://www.asrm.org/Professionals/Meetings/annualmeeting.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010222908/https://www.asrm.org/Professionals/Meetings/annualmeeting.html |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |access-date=November 9, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 - Kiessling ta sami lambar yabo ta Jacob Heskel Gabbay don Biotechnology da Medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;gabbaypastwinners&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/newsandlibrary/news_article.php?id=24698 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113055902/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/newsandlibrary/news_article.php?id=24698 |archive-date=November 13, 2009 |access-date=November 9, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 - Kyautar Kyautar Alumni ta Jami'ar Washington ta Tsakiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COTS 2010 Distinguished Alumni Award |url=http://www.cwu.edu/~cots/alumni.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122545/http://www.cwu.edu/~cots/alumni.html |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=July 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 - Jami'ar Virginia ta farko, makarantar jinya, Alumni Achievement Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Alumni Achievement Award |url=http://www.nursing.virginia.edu/alumni/awards/ |access-date=April 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 - Kyautar Doctorate na girmamawa da Kyautar Rayuwa daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jodhpur, Mumbai, Indiya, an gabatar da ita a Taron HIV na 2014 a Mumbai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.hivcongress2014.com/program.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324050033/http://www.hivcongress2014.com/program.html |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 - Adireshin Farawa na Jami'ar Jihar Oregon  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Noted researcher to speak at OSU commencement in June |url=http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/mar/noted-researcher-speak-osu-commencement-june |access-date=March 23, 2014 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225957/http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/mar/noted-researcher-speak-osu-commencement-june |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2014 |title=OSU Commencement Address &quot;Stay Involved with Government&quot; |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNgcD4VRjpI |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115153844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNgcD4VRjpI |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2017 |website=[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 - Dokta na girmamawa a cikin Cell da Molecular Biology, Jami'ar Jihar Oregon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2013 |title=OSU Honorary Doctorate Award Previous Recipients |url=https://senate.oregonstate.edu/osu-honorary-doctorate-award-previous-recipients |access-date=December 1, 2024 |website=Faculty Senate |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Loutradis D, John D, Kiessling AA |date=September 1987 |title=Hypoxanthine causes a 2-cell block in random-bred mouse embryos |journal=Biology of Reproduction |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=311–6 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod37.2.311 |pmid=3676390 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldman DS, Kiessling AA, Millette CF, Cooper GM |date=July 1987 |title=Expression of c-mos RNA in germ cells of male and female mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1987-07_84_13/page/4509 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=84 |issue=13 |pages=4509–13 |bibcode=1987PNAS...84.4509G |doi=10.1073/pnas.84.13.4509 |pmc=305119 |pmid=2955407 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Borzy MS, Connell RS, Kiessling AA |year=1988 |title=Detection of human immunodeficiency virus in cell-free seminal fluid |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=419–24 |pmid=2464685}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Keefe SJ, Wolfes H, Kiessling AA, Cooper GM |date=September 1989 |title=Microinjection of antisense c-mos oligonucleotides prevents meiosis II in the maturing mouse egg |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1989-09_86_18/page/7038 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=86 |issue=18 |pages=7038–42 |bibcode=1989PNAS...86.7038O |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.18.7038 |pmc=297988 |pmid=2476810 |doi-access=free}}
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Kiessling AA |year=2004 |title=What is an embryo? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_connecticut-law-review_summer-2004_36_4/page/1051 |journal=Connecticut Law Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1051–92 |pmid=15868674}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ann Kiessling |last2=Ritsa Bletsa |last3=Bryan Desmarais |last4=Christina Mara |last5=Kostas Kallianidis |last6=Dimitris Loutradis |year=2009 |title=Evidence that human blastomere cleavage is under unique cell cycle control |journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=187–195 |doi=10.1007/s10815-009-9306-x |pmc=2682187 |pmid=19288185}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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    <title>Amanda Serrano</title>
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'''Amanda Serrano''' (an Haife ta a watan Oktoba 9, 1988) ƙwararriyar ƴar dambe ce ta Puerto Rican kuma mai fasaha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Amanda Serrano Wins IBF Title for Boxing 360 on Tribute Card |url=http://www.saddoboxing.com/16813-amanda-serrano-wins-title-boxing-tribute-card.html#more-16813 |access-date=2016-02-04 |website=Saddoboxing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na ’yar dambe, ita ce babbar zakaran gwajin dafi na ajin fuka-fuki, wadda ta rike kambun WBO tun 2019, taken IBO tun 2021 da taken WBA tun 2023. Ta rike kambun IBF tsakanin 2022 da 2024. Ita ce mace daya tilo, kuma Puerto Rican, da ta lashe kambun duniya a fiye da azuzuwan nauyi hudu, kuma tana rike da [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] don mafi yawan gasar damben duniya da ta samu nasara a azuzuwan nauyi daban-daban ta mace, bayan da ta rike manyan taken duniya guda 9 a fadin nau'o'in nauyi bakwai daban-daban . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=With KO, Serrano a champ in 5 divisions |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/19221011/amanda-serrano-makes-women-boxing-history-winning-world-titles-five-weight-divisions |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Jake |date=9 June 2019 |title=Amanda Serrano Honored By Guinness Records at PR Day Parade |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/amanda-serrano-honored-by-guinness-records-pr-day-parade--139840 |website=BoxingScene.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 2016 |title=Amanda Serrano Ties Cotto, Demolishes Lazar For WBO Title |url=http://www.boxingscene.com/amanda-serrano-ties-cotto-demolishes-lazar-wbo-title--109895 |publisher=BoxingScene}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An karrama Serrano da lambar yabo ta 'yar damben mata ta shekara sau biyu (2016 da 2018) ta WBO, ƙungiyar da ta kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta &quot;Super World Championship&quot; ga mace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Photos: Crawford, Munguia, Tete, Alvarez Get WBO Awards |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/photos-crawford-munguia-tete-alvarez-get-wbo-awards--133345 |website=BoxingScene.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga Maris 2021, an sanya ta a matsayin mafi kyawun nauyin gashin gashin mata a duniya ta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNA&quot;&gt;The Ring&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 September 2020 |title=The Ring Women's Ratings |url=https://www.ringtv.com/609826-the-ring-womens-ratings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924150338/https://www.ringtv.com/609826-the-ring-womens-ratings/ |archive-date=2020-09-24 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=The Ring}}&lt;/ref&gt; da BoxRec, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BoxRec: Female featherweight ratings |url=https://boxrec.com/en/ratings?role=proboxer&amp;offset=0&amp;sex=F&amp;division=Featherweight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625202825/https://boxrec.com/en/ratings?role=proboxer&amp;offset=0&amp;sex=F&amp;division=Featherweight |archive-date=2020-06-25 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=boxrec.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mace ta uku mafi kyawun aiki, fam don fam, ta ESPN &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 August 2020 |title=Women's boxing pound-for-pound rankings: Did Katie Taylor do enough to take over the No. 1 spot? |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29738630/women-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-did-katie-taylor-do-enough-take-no-1-spot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902004027/https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29738630/women-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-did-katie-taylor-do-enough-take-no-1-spot |archive-date=2020-09-02 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da na uku ta ''Zobe'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Serrano a cikin gundumar Carolina, inda aka haifi 'yar uwarta Cindy . &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2017 |title=Amanda Serrano: &quot;Soy mujer, pero soy boxeadora primero&quot; |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/boxeo/nota/amandaserranosoymujerperosoyboxeadoraprimero-2338789/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Elnuevodia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakaninta kuma an haife su a cikin karamar hukumar Carolina. Lokacin da take ƙarami, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa New York kuma suka shiga manyan ƙasashen Puerto Rican a can (wanda aka fi sani da Nuyoricans ). &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; Kewaye da wannan al'umma, ta girma a cikin wani yanki na al'adun Puerto Rican wanda abinci na gargajiya da kiɗan salsa suka fi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; An nuna tarbiyyarta ta hanyar da take magana da Mutanen Espanya, a cikin yare mai mahimmanci wanda sau da yawa ana danganta shi ga yawan jama'a ( Spanglish ) &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; Iyalin sun zauna a Brooklyn, inda ta ci gaba da rayuwa har zuwa girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; A lokacin ƙuruciyarta ta kasance ƴaƴa mai ƙwazo, tare da sha'awar yin iyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; Bayan babbar yayanta Cindy ta fara horon dambe da nufin rage kiba ta hanyar halartar dakin motsa jiki na mijinta Jordan Maldonado, Serrano mai shekaru 12 ya raka ta a can. Ta ci gaba da zuwa wurin kuma a ƙarshe ta sami aikinta na farko a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt;

Da farko Serrano ba ta da sha'awar wasan, har ma ba ta halarci taron dangi don kallon wasan Oscar De La Hoya da Félix Trinidad ba, amma ta kasance mai ƙwazo a harkar Cindy kuma ta fara sha'awar hakan yayin da ta girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bushwick (da ke Bushwick, Brooklyn kuma ta rufe a 2006) tana da shekaru 17, ta yanke shawarar fara horo a matsayin hanyar siyan abubuwa da haɗin gwiwa tare da 'yar uwarta Cindy. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; Mahaifinta ya goyi bayan shawarar da ta yanke, amma mahaifiyarta ta yi shakka har sai da ta fara samun nasara kuma tana ganin hakan a matsayin hanyar da babbar yaya za ta yi ritaya bayan ta haifi danta na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt; Cindy, da sanin cewa ta riga ta yi baƙin ciki a lokacin wani zaman da aka yi da wani yaro a baya, ya yi niyya don ya rarrashe ta ta hanyar shiga cikin zoben amma ƙanwar ta tabbatar da cewa za ta iya kare kanta sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Kirsten |date=22 April 2017 |title=Boxing star's sister once beat her up to discourage her from the sport |url=https://nypost.com/2017/04/22/will-this-foxy-boxer-make-history-tonight/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=New York Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaskiya jin kunya, Serrano ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da ƙaramar motsa jiki na Maldonado a Queens tare da shi a matsayin mai horarwa, ta yadda za a iya sarrafa kwararar mutane kuma ta iya mai da hankali kan horarwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot; /&gt;

== Amateur aiki ==
Ayyukan mai son Serrano ya kasance takaice kuma ya ƙare tare da rikodin 9–1 kawai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Junior Featherweight World Champion Amanda Serrano Meets Former Two-Division World Champion Yazmin Rivas Live on SHOWTIME EXTREME |url=http://mayweatherpromotions.com/junior-featherweight-world-champion-amanda-serrano-meets-former-two-division-world-champion-yazmin-rivas-live-on-showtime-extreme/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Mayweatherpromotions.com |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212351/http://mayweatherpromotions.com/junior-featherweight-world-champion-amanda-serrano-meets-former-two-division-world-champion-yazmin-rivas-live-on-showtime-extreme/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ta lashe gasar zakarun mai son Staten Island a 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's Boxing: Amanda Serrano Biography |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/biog/aserrano.htm |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Womenboxing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta yi gasa a Featherweight subseight na ''New York Jaridar safofin hannu'' na zinare ) a wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da safarorin Amurka da aka yanke a kasar Jody-Ann Weller a wasan karshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Serrano tana kulawa da horar da ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar mai horar da damben Amurka Jordan Maldonado ta [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Serrano shine zakaran damben boksin na 360 na farko a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-09-13 |title=AMANDA SERRANO WINS BOXING 360'S FIRST WORLD TITLE |url=http://fighthype.com/pages/content10748.html |access-date=2016-02-04 |website=Fighthype.Com |archive-date=2018-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016200615/http://fighthype.com/pages/content10748.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwararren sana'ar dambe ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2011, Serrano ta doke Jennifer Scott don kama kambun WBC–NABF da ba kowa a cikin gashin fuka. An shirya fafatawar sau 8, amma an yanke wasan da sauri yayin da Serrano ya doke Scott da ci 1:04 a zagaye na daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2011 |title=Amanda Serrano gets her first belt |url=http://www.boxing360.com/amanda-serrano-gets-her-first-belt/ |website=boxing360.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Super nauyi na gashin tsuntsu ===
[[Fayil:Serranobelts.jpg|thumb| Serrano bayan ya lashe kambun IBF super featherweight a 2011]]
Serrano dai na cikin jerin wadanda za ta fafata da Fatuma Zarika domin neman kambun babbar gasar ajin fuka-fuka ta WBC, duk da haka, Zarika ta koma kasarta ta Kenya saboda wani yanayi na gaggawa, kuma ta kasa dawowa saboda matsalar biza. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2011, Serrano ta doke zakara mai nauyi mai nauyi na WIBF Inter-Continental Kimberly Connor ta hanyar fasaha ta zagaye na biyu (TKO), don babban taken IBF super featherweight.

==== Serrano vs Wallberg ====
Yaƙinta na gaba ya faru a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2012, a Cibiyar Cloetta, a Linköping, [[Sweden]] da zakaran WBC Frida Wallberg . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2012 |title=Amanda Serrano challenges Frida Wallberg for WBC Super Featherweight title |url=http://philboxing.com/news/story-67282.html |website=philboxing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Damben Duniya -da ta saba wa ka'idoji na wajibi - ta ba da damar yin takara da safar hannu oza 10 maimakon oza 8 na tilas na wannan rukunin.

Serrano ta zo a takaice ya rasa yanke shawara mai rikitarwa ga Wallberg. Duk katunan alkalan uku sun goyi bayan Wallberg inda Gudjon Vilhelm ya ci 93–98, Venciclav Nikolov ya ci 93–97, Franco Ciminale ya ci 94–96. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2012 |title=Amanda Serrano loses in Sweden |url=https://tss.ib.tv/boxing/boxing-articles-and-news-videos-results-rankings-and-history/14471-amanda-serrano-loses-in-sweden |website=ib.tv |access-date=February 12, 2025 |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212224642/https://tss.ib.tv/boxing/boxing-articles-and-news-videos-results-rankings-and-history/14471-amanda-serrano-loses-in-sweden |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Neman fifikon rarrabuwar kawuna ===
Wasanta na zagaye na shida (KO) ta samu nasara akan Maria Maderna a gasar cin kofin WBO mai nauyi wanda aka gudanar a filin wasan dambe na Argentina. Maderna tana zuwa don kare takenta na huɗu, amma Serrano ya mamaye yaƙin da saurinta da ƙarfinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hits |first=Random |date=2014-08-16 |title=Amanda Serrano Batters Maria Maderna For WBO Belt |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/amanda-serrano-batters-maria-maderna-wbo-belt--81101 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=BoxingScene.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta gaba ta fuskanci tsohuwar zakaran ajin fuka-fuki na WBC Olivia Gerula a BB King Blues Club &amp; Grill a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . Serrano ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da aka yi kafin yakin cewa ta so wanda ya lashe Matthysse vs. Mrdjenovich, yayin da ta bayyana sha'awarta ta haɗa dukkanin lakabin nau'in nau'i hudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Tha Boxing |date=2016-02-11 |title=Amanda Serrano vs Olivia Gerula Set For Feb. 17th - Tha Boxing Voice |url=https://thaboxingvoice.com/56546-2/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serrano ya doke Olivia Gerula ta hanyar fasaha-knockout (TKO) a zagaye na farko don kama kambun wukake na WBO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Serrano Destroys Gerula Inside A Round |url=https://www.maxboxing.com/news/other-boxing-news/serrano-destroys-gerula-inside-a-round |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Max Boxing |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serrano sannan yayi nasarar kare taken featherweight ta TKO akan Calixta Silgado a Brooklyn .

A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2016, Serrano ya doke Alexandra Lazar a zagaye na biyar don kama kambun karamar kambun fuka-fuki na WBO. Tuni ta zama zakara na rukuni uku, ta koma zuwa matakin junior featherweight iyaka don ɗaure rikodin Miguel Cotto kuma ta zama ɗan dambe na Puerto Rican na biyu, namiji ko mace, don lashe taken duniya a cikin aji huɗu masu nauyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Miguel |date=2016-10-19 |title=Amanda Serrano Ties Cotto, Demolishes Lazar For WBO Title |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/amanda-serrano-ties-cotto-demolishes-lazar-wbo-title--109895 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=BoxingScene.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs Santana I ====
A cikin 2017, fada a kan Shawn Porter vs. Andre Berto undercard, Serrano mamaye Dahiana Santana a kan hanya zuwa na takwas-zagaye KO nasara lashe m WBO bantamweight bel, wanda ya sanya ta farko mace fighter a dambe tarihi lashe duniya sunayen sarauta a biyar nauyi division. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-23 |title=With KO, Serrano a champ in 5 divisions |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/19221011/amanda-serrano-makes-women-boxing-history-winning-world-titles-five-weight-divisions |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs Reynoso ====
A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2018, ɗan wasan da ke Brooklyn ya tashi azuzuwan nauyi biyar da ba a taɓa gani ba don kayar da Yamilia Esther Reynoso ta hanyar yanke shawara na zagaye na goma (UD), kuma ta kama WBO Welterweight nauyi .

==== Serrano vs. Voraberger ====
A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2019, Serrano ya doke Eva Voraberger a zagayen farko don kama babbar kambun WBO super flyweight . A yin haka ta zama namiji ko mace na biyu kawai don ɗaukar babban take a azuzuwan nauyi bakwai bayan Manny Pacquiao . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esco |first=Wil |date=2019-01-18 |title=Amanda Serrano destroys Eva Voraberger, wins title in 7th division |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2019/1/18/18188965/amanda-serrano-destroys-eva-voraberger-wins-title-in-7th-division |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Bad Left Hook |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nauyin gashin tsuntsu ===

==== Serrano vs Hardy I ====
A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2019, Serrano ya ci Heather Hardy (22–0) da ba a ci nasara ba, don kama taken WBC na wuccin gadi da WBO. 'Yan asalin Brooklyn sun mamaye wasan zagaye na 10 da maki 98–91, 98–91 98–92.

A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an ɗaukaka Serrano zuwa cikakken zakaran featherweight WBC. Matakin ya biyo bayan wargajewar tattaunawar da aka yi game da nuna adawa da Edmonton Jelena Mrdjenovich. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Jake |date=2021-02-04 |title=Amanda Serrano Upgraded To WBC Featherweight Titlist, Mrdjenovich Named 'Emeritus Champion' |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/amanda-serrano-upgraded-wbc-featherweight-titlist-mrdjenovich-named-emeritus-champion--155202 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=BoxingScene.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs Bermudez ====
A kan Maris 25, 2021, Serrano KO'd Daniela Bermudez tare da naushin jiki a zagaye tara a Plaza del Quinto Centenario, San Juan, [[Puerto Rico]] . Serrano ta rike kambunta na WBC da WBO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Ring City USA results and highlights: Amanda Serrano knocks out Daniela Bermudez for 40th career win |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2021/3/25/22351155/ring-city-usa-results-highlights-amanda-serrano-knocks-out-daniela-bermudez-boxing-news-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326032908/https://www.badlefthook.com/2021/3/25/22351155/ring-city-usa-results-highlights-amanda-serrano-knocks-out-daniela-bermudez-boxing-news-2021 |archive-date=2021-03-26 |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=Bad Left Hook |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin shiga fafatawar, Serrano da Bermudez sun kasance cikin matsayi a cikin ''The Ring'' 's P4P saman 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2021 |title=Amanda Serrano-Daniela Bermudez: Stats &amp; Stakes |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/amanda-serrano-daniela-bermudez-stats-stakes--156393}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mai nauyi ===

==== Serrano vs Taylor ====
Wasan dambe na farko na mata zuwa kanun labarai na Madison Square Garden, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin 'yaƙin mata mafi girma a kowane lokaci', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Katie Taylor vs. Amanda Serrano is the biggest women's fight of all time, worthy of a place in Madison Square Garden history {{!}} DAZN News US |url=https://www.dazn.com/en-US/news/boxing/katie-taylor-vs-amanda-serrano-is-the-biggest-womens-fight-of-all-time-worthy-of-a-place-in-madison-square-garden-history/f7wcc8yoyzmz1eew6jroz4jei |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=DAZN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an gudanar da shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2022, tsakanin [[Katie Taylor]] da Serrano, tare da taken Taylor mara nauyi a kan layi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stumberg |first=Patrick L. |date=2022-01-27 |title=Katie Taylor vs Amanda Serrano official for April 30th at Madison Square Garden |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2022/1/27/22904620/katie-taylor-vs-amanda-serrano-official-april-30-madison-square-garden-boxing-news-2022 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=Bad Left Hook |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Boxing News: Taylor-Serrano clash set for April 30 at MSG » February 9, 2022 |url=https://fightnews.com/taylor-serrano-clash-set-for-april-30-at-msg/127210 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=fightnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209071742/https://fightnews.com/taylor-serrano-clash-set-for-april-30-at-msg/127210 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taylor ya ci Serrano ta hanyar yanke shawara a cikin abin da ake kira Fight of the Year by Sports Illustrated . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2022 |title=Katie Taylor retains undisputed lightweight title after Amanda Serrano win – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2022/apr/30/katie-taylor-v-amanda-serrano-fight-live |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake fafatawa tsakanin Taylor da Serrano a ranar 20 ga Mayu a [[Dublin]], Ireland, don gasar zakarun nauyi mara nauyi na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tumin |first=Remy |date=5 February 2023 |title=Amanda Serrano Gets an Undisputed Title and a Rematch With Katie Taylor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/05/sports/amanda-serrano-katie-taylor-erika-cruz.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, Serrano ta janye saboda rauni da ta samu a sansanin horo kuma Taylor ya yi yaƙi da zakaran ajin mara nauyi Chantelle Cameron maimakon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothstein |first=Michael |date=28 February 2023 |title=Amanda Serrano injured; rematch vs. Katie Taylor postponed |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/35753190/amanda-serrano-injured-fight-vs-katie-taylor-postponed |website=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rothstein |first=Michael |date=11 March 2023 |title=Katie Taylor-Chantelle Cameron title bout set for May 20 |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/35836154/source-katie-taylor-chantelle-cameron-title-bout-20 |website=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Koma zuwa nauyin gashin tsuntsu ===

==== Serrano vs Mahfuud ====
Bayan ya koma bangaren nauyi na gashin fuka-fuki, Serrano ya shirya ya fafatawa da zakara ta IBF Sarah Mahfoud wadda ba ta ci nasara ba a fafatawar da za ta yi na hada kai. Serrano ta dawo da hidimar al'ada a ranar Asabar, inda ta mayar da martani ga kayen da ta sha a gasar kwararru ta biyu a farkon wannan shekarar ta hanyar daukar wani kofin duniya tare da yanke shawara baki daya. A cikin mafi yawan al'amari mai gefe ɗaya, Serrano ya sami sakamako mai gamsarwa na 99-92, 97-93, 97-93 don haɗa kan lakabin featherweight na duniya a AO Arena . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=Serrano back on track, unifies 126-pound titles |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/34658552/amanda-serrano-defeats-sarah-mahfoud-unify-featherweight-titles |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs. Cruz ====
Serrano ya fuskanci zakaran WBA Erika Cruz a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu da ke Manhattan, a wani wasan da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na dukkan manyan kambun duniya guda hudu a rukunin featherweight. A daren yaƙi, Serrano ya ci Cruz ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da maki 98–92, 98–92, 97–93. Tare da nasarar ta kuma zama zakara na farko ba tare da jayayya ba, namiji ko mace, na zamanin belt hudu daga Puerto Rico. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=Serrano snags unanimous-decision win over Cruz |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/35591979/amanda-serrano-wins-unanimous-decision-erika-cruz |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs Hardy II ====
A cikin kariyar farko ta lakabin gashin fuka-fukan da ba a saba da su ba, Serrano ya sake daidaita Heather Hardy a cikin babban taron na Jake Paul vs. Nate Diaz katin a kan Agusta 5, 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander K. Lee |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Amanda Serrano to rematch Heather Hardy in Jake Paul vs. Nate Diaz co-main event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/5/4/23711011/amanda-serrano-to-rematch-heather-hardy-in-jake-paul-vs-nate-diaz-co-main-event |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin da yanke shawara baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2023 |title=Nate Diaz Drops Decision To Jake Paul In Boxing Debut |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/nate-diaz-drops-decision-to-jake-paul-in-boxing-debut/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Jitsmagazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs Ramos ====
A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2023, Serrano ta doke Danila Ramos ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da rike kambunta na WBO, WBA da IBF. Shi ne karo na farko na gasar cin kofin duniya na mata da aka gudanar a kan goma sha biyu, zagaye na minti uku tun 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amanda Serrano retains featherweight titles against Danila Ramos in historic contest for women's boxing |url=https://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12183/12994559/amanda-serrano-retains-featherweight-titles-against-danila-ramos-in-historic-contest-for-womens-boxing |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin bai hada da bel na WBC ba kamar yadda Mauricio Sulaiman, shugaban WBC, bai sanya takunkumi ba. Ya ba da misali da nazari da batutuwan tsaro kuma mako guda kafin yakin ya shaida wa BBC cewa &quot;yana addu'a cewa ba za a samu wata matsala ko rauni ba saboda wannan kuskure da kuskure.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Will the historic Serrano vs. Ramos fight change the direction of women's boxing? |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/38774971/amanda-serrano-danila-ramos-showed-women-fight-12-three-minute-rounds |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2023, Serrano ya bar kambun WBC saboda kin sanya takunkumin damben mata na gaba a zagaye goma sha biyu, na mintuna uku. 

==== An soke yaƙin Nina Meinke ====
A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2023, an sanar da cewa Serrano za ta kare kambunta na WBA, WBO da IBF a wasan zagaye goma sha biyu da Nina Meinke a El Coliseo de Puerto Rico a San Juan, Puerto Rico .  Duk da haka, an soke fadan a minti na karshe, bayan da Hukumar Dambe ta Puerto Rican ta ayyana Serrano a matsayin &quot;ba shi da lafiya&quot; saboda raunin ido. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Main event canceled due to Serrano's eye injury |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/39643145/amanda-serrano-bout-nina-meinke-cancelled |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mafi Sauƙi ===

==== Serrano vs Morgan ====
Serrano ya fuskanci Stevie Morgan a Amalie Arena a Tampa, FL akan taron Jake Paul vs. Mike Perry akan Yuli 20, 2024.  Serrano ya doke Stevie Morgan da bugun fasaha a zagaye na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Richardson |date=2024-07-21 |title=Highlights! Savage Amanda Serrano steamrolls Stevie Morgan for first knockout win since 2021 - Fear No Man |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2024/7/21/24202828/highlights-savage-amanda-serrano-steamrolls-stevie-morgan-first-knockout-win-since-2021-fear-no-man |access-date=2024-07-21 |publisher=mmamania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2024 |title=Serrano dismantles Morgan as Paul stops Perry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/articles/cek9488np7zo |access-date=21 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Serrano vs. Taylor II ====
Serrano was originally scheduled to challenge [[Katie Taylor]] for her undisputed super lightweight title in a rescheduled rematch on July 20, 2024 at AT&amp;amp;amp;T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on the Jake Paul vs. Mike Tyson card; the Serrano-Taylor fight was the co-main event on the card.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raimondi |first=Marc |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Katie Taylor will face Amanda Serrano in July 20 rematch |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/39953803/katie-taylor-face-amanda-serrano-july-20-rematch |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after [[Mike Tyson]] suffered an ulcer flare-up, the event was postponed and took place at the same arena on November 15, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Jake Paul vs. Mike Tyson rescheduled for Nov. 15 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2024/06/jake-paul-vs-mike-tyson-boxing-rescheduled-november-15-cowboys-stadium |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taylor was awarded the unanimous decision victory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mark Puleo |date=2024-11-16 |title=Katie Taylor wins controversial rematch with Amanda Serrano to retain super lightweight title |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5925791/2024/11/15/katie-taylor-amanda-serrano-womens-boxing-results/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=The Athletic |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Netflix]], 50 million households throughout the world watched the Serrano-Taylor fight. Viewers said that Netflix repeatedly crashed during the fight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kal Sajad |title=Sublime to stupidity - '120 million' witness two sides of boxing |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/boxing/articles/cvg4kxg8l42o |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==

=== Horowa ===
Tun daga farkon 2015, Serrano ya yi aiki a hankali don yin muhawara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Martial Arts (MMA), wanda ya fara da haɗa kicks zuwa horo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=José Bartolomei |date=20 July 2017 |title=Tras los pasos de Holly Holm |url=http://www.elvocero.com/deportes/tras-los-pasos-de-holly-holm/article_9abd8c20-6ce1-11e7-9d89-3b8a9711db1e.html |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Elvocero.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tunanin ya fito ne bayan da ta shiga cikin yin fim na ''Fight Valley'' tare da 'yar'uwarta, saduwa da Miesha Tate, Holly Holm, da Cristiane Justino kuma sun koyi salon da za su iya. Wannan ya haifar da sha'awar mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin MMA kuma an tuntube ta kuma an gaya mata game da yiwuwar tattalin arziki na tafiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ENDI&quot;/&gt; Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da al'amarin, Serrano ya bayyana ƙarin dalili saboda rashin kasancewar mayaƙin mata na Puerto Rican a Gasar Yaƙi ta Ƙarshe (UFC) a halin yanzu.

Tare da amincewar mai horar da ‘yan dambenta Jordan Maldonado, Serrano ta ci gaba da gabatar da shirinta na wasan damben kickboxing, tana mai nuni da rashin kudi ga mata baki daya a fagen dambe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amanda Serrano probará suerte en Artes Marciales Mixtas |url=http://www.zonadeboxeo.com/noticias/noticias-destacadas/23750-amanda-serrano-probara-suerte-en-artes-marciales-mixtas |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Zonadeboxeo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin rani na 2016, Serrano ta yarda cewa ta yi la'akari sosai da yin ritaya don ɗaukar MMA saboda takaici game da yanayin kasuwancin, amma samun damar bayyana a ShoBox ya canza hakan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2017 |title=Amanda Serrano nearly retired from boxing to take up MMA - The Ring |url=https://www.ringtv.com/479274-amanda-serrano-nearly-retired-boxing-take-mma/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Ringtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madadin haka, ta fara aiki don zama mutum na farko da ya riƙe taken dambe da MMA a lokaci ɗaya, inda ta fara halarta na farko a ƙarshen 2017. Zuwa wannan burin, ta ci gaba da horo a wasan kickboxing karkashin tsohon zakaran duniya Luis Ruiz kuma ta hada jiujitsu dan kasar Brazil da ke aiki da bel mai launin ruwan kasa Gabriel Marte a Dojo NYC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amanda Serrano no descarta pelear MMA |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/205733/amanda-serrano-no-descarta-pelear-mma.html |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Notice1.com |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212648/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/205733/amanda-serrano-no-descarta-pelear-mma.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2017 |title=Amanda Serrano inicia entrenamientos de MMA |url=http://tabdeportes.news/2017/06/28/amanda-serrano-inicia-entrenamientos-de-mma/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Tabdeported.news |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920220741/http://tabdeportes.news/2017/06/28/amanda-serrano-inicia-entrenamientos-de-mma/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2015, mai horar da Ronda Rousey, Edmond Tarverdyan, ya bayyana imanin cewa mayaƙin nasa &quot;zai iya lashe kambun damben duniya&quot; yayin da yake tattaunawa game da yuwuwar yaƙi da Justino. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tarverdyan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marc Raimondi |date=2015-07-31 |title=Coach: Ronda Rousey would win the women's boxing world title |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2015/7/31/9008453/coach-ronda-rousey-would-win-the-womens-boxing-world-title |access-date=2015-08-04 |publisher=MMAFighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan lura da cewa &quot;Ronda spars tare da zakarun duniya na dambe wanda ya fi Cyborg naushi&quot;, Tarverdyan ta yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;ba ta taɓa yin rashin nasara a zagaye na gaba ba a gidan motsa jiki. Tare da zakarun duniya na dambe&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tarverdyan&quot; /&gt; A cikin mako guda, Serrano ya amsa da cewa &quot;Mai horar da Rousey ba shi da wani ilmi game da wasanni na dambe. Ita ce mai matukar kyau mayaki a cikin Octagon, kuma ina matukar taya ta murna ga duk abin da ta yi. Abokan hamayyarta ba za su iya yin dambe ba kuma yana da sauƙin duba mai girma, amma lokacin da yake fuskantar babban dan dambe mai inganci tare da ikon bugawa kamar yadda kaina, yi imani da ni, canza yanayin ku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ronda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=Amanda Serrano Blasts Ronda Rousey's Trainer |url=http://roundbyroundboxing.com/amanda-serrano-blasts-ronda-rouseys-trainer/ |access-date=2015-08-04 |publisher=RoundbyRoundBoxing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ci gaba da sukar dabarun fada da Rousey ta yi tare da kalubalantarta zuwa wasan dambe, inda ta bayyana cewa &quot;[daga] a fagen dambe, ta yi kama da rookie amateur fighter, tana zubar da naushi masu fadi da yawa ba tare da daidaitawa ba. Na ji cewa Cyborg ba ya son saukowa zuwa rukunin masu nauyi don yakar Ronda, amma zan iya tabbatar da cewa za mu iya yin wasan dambe, don haka za mu iya yin kwalliya don yin wasan dambe. Ba daidai ba ne. Na taɓa hawa zuwa rukunin masu nauyi, kuma na yi tafiya zuwa Argentina don yaƙin taken duniya A ƙarshe, sakamakon shine na zama ɗan damben boksin mata na Puerto Rican na farko da ya sami taken duniya a cikin azuzuwan nauyi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ronda&quot;/&gt; Kocin Serrano ya lura cewa &quot;ba sa kalubalantar sauran salon fada.&quot; Kuma cewa dalilin kiran Rousey shine saboda &quot;suna wakiltar wasan dambe kuma [...] suna son samun girmamawa.&quot; ta hanyar nuna &quot;Edmond Tarverdyan ba daidai ba ne game da dambe&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ronda&quot; /&gt;

=== Yi yaƙi da Amurkawa ===
A cikin Disamba 2017, Serrano ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Combate Americas, MMA gabatarwa wanda yawanci ya nuna mayakan Latin Amurka a cikin jerin sunayensa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2017 |title=Amanda Serrano oficializa su salto a las artes marciales mixtas |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/deportes/otrosdeportes/nota/amandaserranooficializasusaltoalasartesmarcialesmixtas-2380135/ |access-date=15 October 2018 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya fara wasanta na farko ne a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2018, lokacin da ta yi canjaras da Corina Herrera bayan ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu na farko amma ta sha kashi na uku lokacin da aka tilasta ta a kasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=Boxing champ Amanda Serrano goes to draw with Corina Herrera in MMA debut |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/platform/amp/2018/4/14/17237344/boxing-champ-amanda-serrano-goes-to-draw-with-corina-herrera-in-mma-debut |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=MMA Fighting |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091358/https://www.mmafighting.com/platform/amp/2018/4/14/17237344/boxing-champ-amanda-serrano-goes-to-draw-with-corina-herrera-in-mma-debut |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Serrano ya mai da hankali kan kokawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2018 |title=Amanda Serrano se afilará en torneo de Jiu-Jitsu brasileño |url=https://www.primerahora.com/deportes/boxeo/notas/amanda-serrano-se-afilara-en-torneo-de-jiu-jitsu-brasileno/ |access-date=15 October 2018 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gwada wannan horon a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2018, lokacin da ta ci zinare a gasar farko ta jiu jitsu, taron masana'antar Grappling da aka gudanar a New York inda ta tattara gabatarwa guda hudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2018 |title=Amanda Serrano: Draw in MMA debut changed her 'outlook on the sport' |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/10/13/17969450/amanda-serrano-draw-in-mma-debut-changed-her-outlook-on-the-sport |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=MMA Fighting}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan lashe gasar cin kofin duniya karo na shida a damben boksin, an sanar da cewa MMA za ta zama abin da Serrano zai mai da hankali a nan gaba saboda samun karin albashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amanda Serrano denuncia la 'desigualdad' en el boxeo |url=https://www.noticel.com/boxeo-caliente/deportes/top-stories/20181005/amanda-serrano-denuncia-la-desigualdad-en-el-boxeo/ |website=Noticel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2018, Serrano ta yi nasara a yakinta na biyu ta hanyar mika Eréndina Ordóñez tare da tsayawa tsirara shake a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adiccion Deportiva - Amanda Serrano luce impresionante en Combate Américas |url=http://adicciondeportiva.net/amanda-serrano-luce-impresionante-en-combate-americas/ |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=adicciondeportiva.net |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014164931/http://adicciondeportiva.net/amanda-serrano-luce-impresionante-en-combate-americas/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2019, ta halarci gasar jiu jitsu ta biyu, inda ta doke Erin Finkeldey a fafatawar da ta yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Amanda Serrano compitió en torneo de Jiu-Jitsu brasileño |url=http://www.presenciapr.com/amanda-serrano-compitio-en-torneo-de-jiu-jitsu-brasileno/ |access-date=February 12, 2025 |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104010524/https://www.presenciapr.com/amanda-serrano-compitio-en-torneo-de-jiu-jitsu-brasileno/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An shirya Serrano za ta gabatar da kanun taron ta na MMA na uku (aƙalla wani faɗa da Dahiana Santana, ta fara fitowa), wannan a Puerto Rico, a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adiccion Deportiva &amp;#124; Serrano baraja rivales para Combate Américas en Puerto Rico |url=http://adicciondeportiva.net/serrano-baraja-rivales-para-combate-americas-en-puerto-rico/ |website=adicciondeportiva.net |access-date=2025-02-12 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126092322/http://adicciondeportiva.net/serrano-baraja-rivales-para-combate-americas-en-puerto-rico/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an dage katin saboda yawan girgizar kasa da aka yi a karshe kuma an soke shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;SJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2021 |title=Multi-division boxing champion Amanda Serrano earns second MMA win at iKON 7 |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2021/6/12/22530841/amanda-serrano-mma-boxing-earns-third-win-at-ikon-7-wmma-news }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Serrano ya yi la'akari da sokewar &quot;minti na ƙarshe&quot; abin takaici bayan rashin hutu saboda horon da ta yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=Disappointed Amanda Serrano contemplates 'moving on' after revealing Combate Americas MMA bout cancelled |url=https://www.mmacrossfire.com/2020/01/04/disappointed-amanda-serrano-contemplates-moving-on-after-revealing-combate-americas-mma-bout-cancelled/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Combate Americas ya shiga cikin wani yanayi na dakatarwa da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar, wanda ya rage har zuwa 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2021 |title=Combate Americas rebrands as Combate Global, set to make return on April 9 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/03/combate-americas-rebranding-combate-global-return-april-9-exclusive-mma}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, kwangilar Serrano ta ƙare kuma ta ci gaba da dambe. &lt;ref name=&quot;SJ&quot; /&gt;

=== iKON Fighting Federation ===
A cikin Mayu 2021, iKON ta sanar da shiga cikin babban taron katin da aka gudanar a Sinaloa kuma aka watsa ta UFC Fight Pass. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title=Amanda Serrano defenderá su invicto en las artes marciales mixtas |url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/deportes/2021/05/05/amanda-serrano-defendera-su-invicto-en-las-artes-marciales-mixtas.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, Serrano ya doke Valentina García ta Mexico ta hanyar mika wuya (guillotine) a cikin minti daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2021 |title=Amanda Serrano obtiene nueva victoria por sumisión en artes marciales mixtas |url=https://www.elvocero.com/deportes/boxeo/amanda-serrano-obtiene-nueva-victoria-por-sumisi-n-en-artes-marciales-mixtas/article_a04378f6-cbb7-11eb-9084-d330f4c37e64.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203160015/https://www.elvocero.com/deportes/boxeo/amanda-serrano-obtiene-nueva-victoria-por-sumisi-n-en-artes-marciales-mixtas/article_a04378f6-cbb7-11eb-9084-d330f4c37e64.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙwararrun Fighters League ===
A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Serrano ya rattaba hannu tare da Ƙwararrun Fighters League (PFL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Rothstein |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Boxing champ Amanda Serrano joins PFL's Super Fight division |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/38123620/boxing-champion-amanda-serrano-signs-pfl-super-fight-division?platform=amp |access-date=August 3, 2023 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwararren sana'ar kokawa ==
A daidai lokacin da ta sanya ta shiga cikin MMA jama'a, sha'awar yiwuwar shiga WWE, an lura a cikin 2019, Serrano ya bayyana cewa ta kasance horo a karkashin Jonathan Figueroa (wanda aka sani da sunansa mai suna Amazing Red ) don zama ƙwararren kokawa kuma cewa za ta yi aiki don haɓakawa nan da nan.

== Ƙwararrun rikodin dambe ==
{{BoxingRecordSummary|draws=1|nc=|ko-wins=31|ko-losses=0|dec-wins=16|dec-losses=3|dq-wins=|dq-losses=}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|51
|{{No2}}Loss
|47–3–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Katie Taylor]]
|UD
|10
|Nov 15, 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[AT&amp;T Stadium]], [[Arlington, Texas]]}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO, IBO, and ''The Ring'' female light-welterweight titles}}
|-
|50
|{{yes2}}Win
|47–2–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Stevie Morgan
|TKO
|2 (10), {{Small|0:38}}
|Jul 20, 2024
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Amalie Arena]], [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|49
|{{yes2}}Win
|46–2–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Danila Ramos
|UD
|12
|Oct 27, 2023
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Caribe Royale Orlando, [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBA, IBF, WBO, IBO, and ''The Ring'' female featherweight titles}}
|-
|48
|{{yes2}}Win
|45–2–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Heather Hardy
|UD
|10
|Aug 5, 2023
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[American Airlines Center]], [[Dallas, Texas]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO, IBO, and ''The Ring'' female featherweight titles}}
|-
|47
|{{yes2}}Win
|44–2–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Erika Cruz
|UD
|10
|Feb 4, 2023
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[The Theater at Madison Square Garden|Hulu Theater]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBC, IBF, WBO, IBO and ''The Ring'' female featherweight titles;&lt;br&gt; Won [[List of WBA female world champions#Super featherweight|WBA]] featherweight title}}
|-
|46
|{{yes2}}Win
|43–2–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Sarah Mahfoud
|UD
|10
|Sep 24, 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[AO Arena]], Manchester, England}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBC, WBO and IBO female featherweight titles;&lt;br&gt;Won [[List of IBF female world champions#Featherweight|IBF]] and inaugural [[list of The Ring female world champions#Featherweight|''The Ring'' female featherweight titles]]}}
|-
|45
|{{no2}}Loss
|42–2–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Katie Taylor]]
|SD
|10
|Apr 30, 2022
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Madison Square Garden]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|For [[List of WBA female world champions#Lightweight|WBA]], [[List of WBC female world champions#Lightweight|WBC]], [[List of IBF female world champions#Lightweight|IBF]], WBO, and [[List of The Ring female world champions#Lightweight|''The Ring'' female lightweight titles]]}}
|-
|44
|{{yes2}}Win
|42–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Miriam Gutiérrez
|UD
|10
|Dec 18, 2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Amalie Arena]], [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|43
|{{yes2}}Win
|41–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Yamileth Mercado
|UD
|10
|Aug 29, 2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBC, WBO, and IBO female featherweight titles}}
|-
|42
|{{yes2}}Win
|40–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Daniela Romina Bermúdez
|KO
|9 (10), {{Small|1:33}}
|Mar 25, 2021
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Plaza del Quinto Centenario, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained [[List of WBC female world champions#Featherweight|WBC]] and WBO female featherweight titles;&lt;br&gt;Won vacant [[International Boxing Organization#Current IBO world title holders|IBO female featherweight title]]}}
|-
|41
|{{yes2}}Win
|39–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Dahiana Santana
|TKO
|1 (8), {{Small|2:37}}
|Dec 16, 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Hotel Catalonia Malecon Center, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|40
|{{yes2}}Win
|38–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Simone Da Silva
|TKO
|3 (8), {{Small|2:37}}
|Jan 30, 2020
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Meridian at Island Gardens, [[Miami]], Florida, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|39
|{{yes2}}Win
|37–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Heather Hardy
|UD
|10
|Sep 13, 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Madison Square Garden Theater, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won WBO, WBC [[interim championship|interim]] and vacant [[Women Boxing Archive Network#List of WBAN world champions|WBAN featherweight titles]]}}
|-
|38
|{{yes2}}Win
|36–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Eva Voraberger
|TKO
|1 (10), {{Small|0:35}}
|Jan 18, 2019
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Madison Square Garden Theater, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Junior bantamweight|WBO female junior bantamweight title]]}}
|-
|37
|{{yes2}}Win
|35–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Yamila Esther Reynoso
|UD
|10
|Sep 8, 2018
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Junior welterweight|WBO female light-welterweight title]]}}
|-
|36
|{{yes2}}Win
|34–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Marilyn Hernandez
|TKO
|1 (10), {{Small|2:38}}
|Nov 4, 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|35
|{{yes2}}Win
|33–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Edina Kiss
|TKO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:00}}
|Jul 21, 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Sheraton Puerto Rico Hotel &amp; Casino, San Juan, Puerto Rico}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBO female junior featherweight title}}
|-
|34
|{{yes2}}Win
|32–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Dahiana Santana
|TKO
|8 (10), {{Small|1:14}}
|Apr 22, 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Bantamweight|WBO female bantamweight title]]}}
|-
|33
|{{yes2}}Win
|31–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Yazmín Rivas
|UD
|10
|Jan 14, 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBO female junior featherweight title;&lt;br&gt;Won vacant [[Women Boxing Archive Network#List of WBAN world champions|WBAN junior featherweight title]]}}
|-
|32
|{{yes2}}Win
|30–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Alexandra Lazar
|TKO
|5 (10), {{Small|1:10}}
|Oct 18, 2016
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Hotel Caribe Hilton, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Junior featherweight|WBO female junior featherweight title]]}}
|-
|31
|{{yes2}}Win
|29–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Calixta Silgado
|TKO
|1 (10), {{Small|1:10}}
|Jul 30, 2016
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Barclays Center]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Retained WBO female featherweight title}}
|-
|30
|{{yes2}}Win
|28–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Edina Kiss
|TKO
|4 (8), {{Small|1:20}}
|Apr 22, 2016
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Cancha Rubén Zayas Montañez, [[Trujillo Alto]], Puerto Rico}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|29
|{{yes2}}Win
|27–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Olivia Gerula
|TKO
|1 (10), {{Small|1:50}}
|Feb 17, 2016
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|BB King Blues Club &amp; Grill, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Featherweight|WBO female featherweight title]]}}
|-
|28
|{{yes2}}Win
|26–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Djemilla Gontaruk
|TKO
|3 (8)
|Nov 20, 2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Aviator Sports Complex, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|27
|{{yes2}}Win
|25–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Fatuma Zarika
|UD
|6
|Sep 10, 2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|The Space at Westbury, Westbury, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|26
|{{yes2}}Win
|24–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Fatuma Zarika
|UD
|6
|May 29, 2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|W.C. Handy Pavilion, [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|25
|{{yes2}}Win
|23–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Marisol Reyes
|TKO
|3 (8)
|Feb 21, 2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Sosua Convention Center, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|24
|{{yes2}}Win
|22–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Carla Torres
|TKO
|1 (6)
|Nov 13, 2014
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|The Space at Westbury, [[Westbury, New York|Westbury]], New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|23
|{{yes2}}Win
|21–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Maria Elena Maderna
|KO
|6 (10), {{Small|1:26}}
|Aug 15, 2014
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Estadio F.A.B., [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won [[List of WBO female world champions#Lightweight|WBO female lightweight title]]}}
|-
|22
|{{yes2}}Win
|20–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Diana Garcia
|TKO
|1 (8)
|Sep 29, 2013
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Gimnasio Boxing Factory, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|21
|{{yes2}}Win
|19–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Kerri Hill
|TKO
|2 (6)
|Sep 21, 2013
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Resorts World Casino, New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|20
|{{yes2}}Win
|18–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Dominga Olivo
|TKO
|3 (6)
|Jun 29, 2013
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Resorts World New York City|Resorts World Casino]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|19
|{{yes2}}Win
|17–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Wanda Pena Ozuna
|TKO
|1 (10)
|Feb 16, 2013
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Gran Arena del Cibao]], [[Santiago de los Caballeros]], Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant UBF female and [[Women's International Boxing Association|WIBA]] featherweight titles}}
|-
|18
|{{yes2}}Win
|16–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Lina Tejada
|TKO
|1 (8)
|Dec 15, 2012
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Sosua Bay Grand Casino, [[Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic|Puerto Plata]], Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant UBF InterContinental female [[super featherweight]] title}}
|-
|17
|{{yes2}}Win
|15–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Grecia Nova
|TKO
|1 (6)
|Sep 16, 2012
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Club Pueblo Nuevo, [[Villa Duarte]], Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|16
|{{no2}}Loss
|14–1–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Frida Wallberg
|UD
|10
|Apr 27, 2012
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Cloetta Center]], [[Linköping]], Sweden}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|For [[WBC female super featherweight title]]}}
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}Win
|14–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Ela Nunez
|UD
|8
|Feb 17, 2012
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Cicero Stadium 1909 S. Laramie, [[Cicero, Illinois]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}Win
|13–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Grecia Nova
|TKO
|5 (8)
|Nov 18, 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Hotel Jaragua, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|13
|{{yes2}}Win
|12–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Kimberly Connor
|TKO
|2 (10)
|Sep 10, 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Aviator Sports Complex]], New York City, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of IBF female world champions#Junior lightweight|IBF female super featherweight title]]}}
|-
|12
|{{yes2}}Win
|11–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Diana Garcia
|TKO
|1 (8)
|Aug 6, 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Parque del Este]], Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}Win
|10–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Jennifer Scott
|TKO
|1 (8)
|Jun 11, 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Roseland Ballroom]], [[New York City]], New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]]-[[North American Boxing Federation|NABF]] female [[featherweight]] title}}
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}Win
|9–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Ela Nunez
|TKO
|4 (6)
|Apr 22, 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Fairgrounds Event Center, [[Hamburg, New York|Hamburg]], New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}Win
|8–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Ela Nunez
|UD
|6
|Jan 29, 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Turning Stone Resort &amp; Casino, Verona, New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}Win
|7–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Jennifer Encarnacion
|RTD
|4 (6)
|Sep 18, 2010
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Coliseo Carlos 'Teo' Cruz, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Nydia Feliciano
|UD
|6
|Jun 4, 2010
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Tropicana Hotel &amp; Casino]], Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Lucia Larcinese
|UD
|6
|Feb 26, 2010
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Turning Stone Resort &amp; Casino]], [[Verona, New York|Verona]], New York, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|5
|{{draw}}Draw
|4–0–1
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Ela Nunez
|SD
|4
|Nov 20, 2009
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Taj Majal Hotel &amp; Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Christina Ruiz
|TKO
|2 (4)
|Jul 31, 2009
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Resorts Hotel &amp; Casino, [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|3
|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Carolina Martinez
|TKO
|1 (4)
|Jun 29, 2009
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|Coliseo Carlos 'Teo' Cruz, [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Brittany Cruz
|KO
|1 (4)
|May 9, 2009
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|DoubleTree Hotel, [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Jackie Trivilino
|MD
|4
|Mar 20, 2009
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Small|[[Washington Avenue Armory]], [[Albany, New York]], U.S.}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
|}

== Mixed Martial Art Records ==
{{MMArecordbox|draws=1|nc=|ko-wins=|ko-losses=|sub-wins=2|sub-losses=|dec-wins=|dec-losses=|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}}

== Rikodin ƙaddamarwa ==
{{S-start}}
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''5 matches, 5 wins (4 submissions)'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;&quot;
! Result
! Record
! Opponent
! Method
! Event
! Division
! Type
! Date
! Round
! Time
! Location
! Notes
|-
|{{yes2}}Win || align=&quot;center&quot;| 5–0 || {{Flagicon|USA}} Erin Finkeldey || Decision (unanimous) || Grappling Industries – BlueBelt No-Gi Jiu-Jitsu || align=&quot;center&quot;| -61&amp;nbsp;kg || No-Gi || {{dts|2019|February|23}} || align=&quot;center&quot;| 1 || align=&quot;center&quot;| 5:00 || {{Flagicon|USA}} Manhattan, New York, U.S. ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win || align=&quot;center&quot;| 4–0 || {{Flagicon|USA}} Rebecca King || Submission (guillotine choke) || Grappling Industries – No-Gi Jiu-Jitsu || align=&quot;center&quot;| -61&amp;nbsp;kg || No-Gi || {{dts|2018|August|18}} || align=&quot;center&quot;| 1 || align=&quot;center&quot;| || {{Flagicon|USA}} Manhattan, New York, U.S. || Tournament finals – {{gold01}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win || align=&quot;center&quot;| 3–0 || {{Flagicon|USA}} Cristina Gardella || Submission (armbar) || Grappling Industries – No-Gi Jiu-Jitsu || align=&quot;center&quot;| -61&amp;nbsp;kg || No-Gi || {{dts|2018|August|18}} || align=&quot;center&quot;| 1 || align=&quot;center&quot;| || {{Flagicon|USA}} Manhattan, New York, U.S. || Tournament semi-finals
|-
|{{yes2}}Win || align=&quot;center&quot;| 2–0 || {{Flagicon|USA}} Lulu Zhong || Submission (guillotine choke) || Grappling Industries – No-Gi Jiu-Jitsu || align=&quot;center&quot;| -61&amp;nbsp;kg || No-Gi || {{dts|2018|August|18}} || align=&quot;center&quot;| 1 || align=&quot;center&quot;| || {{Flagicon|USA}} Manhattan, New York, U.S. || Tournament quarter-finals
|-
|{{yes2}}Win || align=&quot;center&quot;| 1–0 || {{Flagicon|USA}} Danielle Riendeau || Submission (guillotine choke) || Grappling Industries – No-Gi Jiu-Jitsu || align=&quot;center&quot;| -61&amp;nbsp;kg || No-Gi || {{dts|2018|August|18}} || align=&quot;center&quot;| 1 || align=&quot;center&quot;|  || {{Flagicon|USA}} Manhattan, New York, U.S. || Tournament preliminaries
|-
{{S-end}}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bayan ya zama ɗan dambe na cikakken lokaci, Serrano ya ɗauki wani tsari na keɓancewa wanda ke buƙatar rashin siyan wayar salula (ko duk wata na'ura da ke ba da damar saƙon rubutu da nau'in) don guje wa ɓarna da guje wa shiga cikin samari. Da aka tambaye ta game da hakan, ta dage cewa za a sami lokaci don hakan nan gaba, bayan ta sassaƙa gado. [1] Serrano ta lura cewa daya daga cikin manyan masu motsa jiki a cikin wasan damben ta shine ta bi bayanan mallakar 'yan wasa na kasashen waje da kuma tabbatar da su ga Puerto Rico (misali, son lashe taken a rukuni na shida domin wani yanki na iya samun haƙƙin haƙƙin rarrabuwa fiye da Floyd Mayweather Jr

Babbar 'yar uwarta, Cindy, ita ma ƙwararriyar 'yar dambe ce. Ma'auratan sun zama 'yan'uwa mata na farko da suka riƙe sunayen sarauta na duniya daga manyan ƙungiyoyin takunkumi a lokaci guda bayan Cindy ta lashe taken WBO featherweight a 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Kirsten |date=April 22, 2017 |title=Boxing star's sister once beat her up to discourage her from the sport |url=https://nypost.com/2017/04/22/will-this-foxy-boxer-make-history-tonight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422230254/http://nypost.com/2017/04/22/will-this-foxy-boxer-make-history-tonight/ |archive-date=2017-04-22 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |website=[[New York Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta ==
'''Bayanan kula'''
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>01t347ic3vjltmp2wswiuhvhabigy3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anjhula Mya Bais</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>95050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>965004</id>
      <parentid>832520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T04:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="7315" sha1="5ij03roaui4fg444c5her2uvw08ru0s" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Anjhula Bais''' ([[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]]) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta na Indiya-Amurka,  kwararren kwararren, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma samfurin kasa da kasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2013 |title=The double lives of India's top models - Vogue Magazine, India |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/double-lives-india-top-models |access-date=January 25, 2022 |website=Vogue Magazine India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a matsayin shugabar [[Amnesty International]] Malaysia, sannan aka zabe ta a matsayin darakta na Amnesty International a taron su na duniya a 2019 a [[Johannesburg|Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu]], na farko ga Malaysia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Alumni stories: Shining on the world stage with Dr Anjhula Mya Singh Bais |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/alumni/case-studies/2020/dec/alumni-stories-shining-world-stage-dr-anjhula-mya-singh-bais |access-date=January 25, 2022 |website=University College, London |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu ita ce shugabar hukumar Amnesty International a duk duniya, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na farko, Indiya ta farko kuma mutum na farko daga [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da ya yi hakan.

A cikin 2019, an ba Bais suna a matsayin Matashi na Tattalin Arziki na Duniya. A cikin 2020, ta kasance mai karɓar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jama'a ta Amirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Alumni stories Shining on the world stage with Dr Anjhula Mya Singh Bais |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/alumni/case-studies/2020/dec/alumni-stories-shining-world-stage-dr-anjhula-mya-singh-bais |access-date=January 25, 2022 |website=University College London |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana zaune a [[Kuala Lumpur]] kuma ta auri Satish Selvanathan, mai ba da agaji kuma babban jikan Ponnambalam Arunachalam . 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haifi Bais a Amurka kuma ta yi yarinta a [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, Indiya. Yayinda take yarinya, iyalinta sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a [[Chicago]], Illinois da Lincoln, Nebraska. Bais 'yar Thakur Dr. Birendra Bikram Singh Bais ce, masanin kimiyyar noma, da Thakurani Asha Singh Bais Kumari . Tana da 'yan uwanta biyu, 'yar'uwarta Rina da ɗan'uwanta Harish Paul &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hicks |first=Nancy |date=April 29, 2017 |title=Plug-in hybrid owner tops 500 mpg equivalent |url=https://journalstar.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/plug-in-hybrid-owner-tops-500-mpg-equivalent/article_334d4b5a-b0c2-5817-8421-22275f2cef0a.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=JournalStar.com |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ce, &quot;Ban ji tsoron mutane ba, kuma wannan wajibi ne na zama masanin halayyar dan adam&quot; kuma &quot;Mutane sun zo mini ta hanyar halitta. Abokanina za su yi magana da ni game da dangantakarsu da iyayensu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2020-12-01 |title=Alumni stories: Shining on the world stage with Dr Anjhula Mya Singh Bais |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/alumni/case-studies/2020/dec/alumni-stories-shining-world-stage-dr-anjhula-mya-singh-bais |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=UCL Alumni |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Bais ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam da falsafar a Kwalejin Lady Shri Ram da ke [[New Delhi|New Delhi, Indiya]]. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Psychoanalysis daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London . An shigar da ita don digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York amma daga baya ta bar ta kuma ta sami digirin digirinta a fannin halayyar jama'a daga Makarantar Harkokin Halitta ta Chicago . Ta sami digirin digirgir dinta tare da bambanci, ta mai da hankali a cikin ilimin halayyar kasa da kasa daga Makarantar ilimin halayya ta Chicago .[https://www.studyinternational.com/news/powerful-women-dr-anjhula-bais/] Bais yana yin Addinin Buddha na Nichiren tun shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Supermodel Anjhula Singh Bais |url=http://www.explosivefashion.in/indian-models/anjhula-singh-bais.html |access-date=2018-11-29 |website=www.explosivefashion.in |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120160748/http://www.explosivefashion.in/indian-models/anjhula-singh-bais.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Siyasa, London da Makarantar Gwamnatin Jami'ar Oxford Blavatnik daga 2019 zuwa 2021. An amince da Bais a shekarar 2020 a matsayin tsohuwar jami'ar Kwalejin Jami'ar London, don shirin ci gaban kwararru, UCL Connect . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bais ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Amnesty Malaysia daga 2017 zuwa 2019 inda ta taimaka wajen tsara dabarun kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na yanki kamar ICERD da kuma hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Bais ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin tarihin [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International Malaysia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Authors |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/anjhula-mya-singh-bais/ |access-date=2019-04-05 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Governance – Amnesty International Malaysia |url=http://www.amnesty.my/board-of-governance/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306164406/http://www.amnesty.my/board-of-governance/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=2019-04-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bais kuma yana aiki a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Cibiyar Nazarin Semitic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Institute of Semitic Studies |url=https://instituteofsemiticstudies.org/wordpress/about/ |access-date=2024-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masanin halayyar dan adam ===
Bais ta fara aikinta a matsayin likitan 'yan gudun hijira yayin da take karatu don masters a Kwalejin Jami'ar London kuma Kwalejin jami'ar London ta yaba da ita a matsayin tsohuwar tsohuwar da ke &quot;ba da baya ga UCL.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2015, Bais ya tafi [[Mumbai]] kuma ya kwashe kwanaki hudu tare da Dalai Lama yana tattauna yadda addini da ilimin halayyar dan adam suka haɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academic Racism, International Modelling &amp; More: Rajput Princess Anjhula Mya Singh Bais Comes Clean : MagnaMags |url=http://www.magnamags.com/savvy/i-believe/academic-racism-international-modelling-more-rajput-princess-anjhula-mya-singh-bais-comes-clean/10614 |access-date=2018-11-29 |website=www.magnamags.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi ==

=== Hotunan fina-finai ===
Ita ce Babban Mai gabatarwa na gajeren fim na Hindi - Katputliwala (The Puppet master) tare da Uba da Ɗa Dangantaka ta mai shirya fim Mitakshara Kumar na Bajirao Mastani da Padmaavat.

=== Misali ===
Bais ta fara aikinta a matsayin samfurin tana da shekaru 18 a wani kamfen na Jamhuriyar Banana a New York . An ba ta lambar yabo ta &quot;Miss Teen [[Indiya|India]]&quot; yayin da take karatu a kwaleji. Ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan karshe 20 a Miss India . Ta yi tafiya a kan ramuka a London Fashion Week yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>5ij03roaui4fg444c5her2uvw08ru0s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akira Emoto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964962</id>
      <parentid>894441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:34:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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[[Fayil:Akira Emoto.jpg|thumb|Akira Emoto]]
 

Akira Emoto (柄本 明, Emoto Akira, an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1948)shi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar [[Japan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Akira Emoto |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/celeb/akira-emoto/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.bollywoodlife.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123193657/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/celeb/akira-emoto/ |archive-date=2023-11-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1999, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Japan don Mafi kyawun Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a Dr. Akagi . Ya kuma lashe kyautar mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a 7th Hochi Film Award don Dotonbori River da Hearts and Flowers don Tora-san . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:報知映画賞ヒストリー |url=http://cinemahochi.yomiuri.co.jp/h_award/1982/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131125714/http://cinemahochi.yomiuri.co.jp/h_award/1982/ |archive-date=2009-01-31 |access-date=2010-01-23 |publisher=Cinema Hochi |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Matarsa 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Kazue Tsunogae, kuma shi ne mahaifin' yan wasan kwaikwayo Tasuku Emoto da [[Tokyo]] Emoto . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=柄本時生は入来茉里と結婚。俳優一家・柄本家の&quot;血筋が強すぎる&quot;伝説 |url=https://www.msn.com/ja-jp/entertainment/celebrity/%E6%9F%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%99%82%E7%94%9F%E3%81%AF%E5%85%A5%E6%9D%A5%E8%8C%89%E9%87%8C%E3%81%A8%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A%E3%80%82%E4%BF%B3%E5%84%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%BB%E6%9F%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E2%80%9C%E8%A1%80%E7%AD%8B%E3%81%8C%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%82%8B%E2%80%9D%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC/ar-BB10HSy8 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=MSN |publisher=Microsoft News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|1980
|''Disciples of Hippocrates''
|Katō
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Sailor Suit and Machine Gun''
|Kuroki
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1982
|''Dotonbori River''
|Ishizuka
|
|
|-
|''Hearts and Flowers for Tora-san''
|Kondō
|
|
|-
|''Suspicion''
|Shigekazu Akitani
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Amagi Goe''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1984
|''Kesho''
|Kikuo Tsutano
|
|
|-
|''Location''
|Konno
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1985
|''Capone Cries a Lot''
|Ushiemon
|
|
|-
|''Ikite mitai mō ichido: Shinjuku Basu Hōka Jiken''
|Hirofumi Maruyama
|
|
|-
|''Nidaime wa Christian''
|Detective Kumashiro
|
|
|-
|1986
|''Final Take''
|Director Saeki
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1987
|''Bedtime Eyes''
|Ooguro
|
|
|-
|''The Heartbreak Yakuza''
|Shoji Kato
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1988
|''Angel Guts: Red Vertigo''
|Yakuza
|
|
|-
|''Kimurake no Hitobito''
|Shinichi Amemiya
|
|
|-
|''The Silk Road''
|
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Tora-San Goes to Vienna''
|Heiba Sakaguchi
|
|
|-
|1990
|''Uchū no hōsoku''
|Nagayama
|
|
|-
|1991
|''Bakumatsu Junjoden''
|Katsura Kogorō
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Sumo Do, Sumo Don't''
|Professor Tokichi Anayama
|
|
|-
|1993
|''Ahiru no Uta ga Kikoete kuru yo''
|Ryosuke Kaji
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1994
|''Natsu no niwa''
|Nagatomo
|
|
|-
|''Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla''
|Major Akira Yuki
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Maborosi''
|Yoshihiro
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1996
|''Shall We Dance?''
|Toru Miwa
|
|
|-
|''Tsuribaka Nisshi 8''
|Yukawa
|
|
|-
|1997
|''The Eel''
|Tamotsu Takasaki
|
|
|-
|1998
|''Dr. Akagi''
|Dr. Fuu Akagi
|Lead role
|
|-
|1999
|''Kaizokuban Bootleg Film''
|Tatsuo
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2000
|''Another Heaven''
|
|
|
|-
|''The City of Lost Souls''
|Kuwata
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2001
|''Turn''
|Matsubara
|
|
|-
|''Waterboys''
|Mama-san
|
|
|-
|''Onmyoji''
|Fujiwara no Motokata
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|''KT''
|Hiroshi Uchiyama
|
|
|-
|''11'09&quot;01 September 11''
|
|segment &quot;Japan&quot;
|
|-
|2003
|Owl
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2003
|''Makai Tensho''
|
|
|
|-
|''Zatōichi''
|Tavern Owner Pops
|
|
|-
|''Drugstore Girl''
|Nabeshima
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''Zebraman''
|Kani-Otoko
|
|
|-
|''Lakeside Murder Case''
|Tomoharu Fujima
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2005
|''Tetsujin 28: The Movie''
|
|
|
|-
|''The Great Yokai War''
|Screaming Farmer
|
|
|-
|''Scrap Heaven''
|Detective Yabuta
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2006
|''Japan Sinks''
|Prof. Fukuhara
|
|
|-
|''Memories of Matsuko''
|Kozo Kawajiri
|
|
|-
|''The Go Master''
|Kensaku Segoe
|Chinese film
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
|''Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad''
|Doctor
|
|
|-
|''Mōryō no Hako''
|Koshiro Mimasaka
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2008
|''All Around Us''
|
|
|
|-
|''Tsukiji Uogashi Sandaime''
|Shojiro Sanada
|
|
|-
|''Ishiuchi Jinjo Koto Shogakko: Hana wa chiredomo''
|Yoshio Ichikawa
|
|
|-
|''Ikigami''
|Counselor
|
|
|-
|''Asahiyama Zoo Story: Penguins in the Sky''
|Itsuro Usui
|
|
|-
|''Ichi''
|Takeshi Hyoue
|
|
|-
|''Happy Flight''
|Etsuko's father
|
|
|-
|''The Chasing World''
|Doctor
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009
|''Rain Fall''
|Tatsu Ishikura
|
|
|-
|''John Rabe''
|General Iwane Matsui
|German-Chinese-French film
|
|-
|''April Bride''
|Teishi Nagashima
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2010
|''Villain''
|
|
|
|-
|''Raiou''
|Kakunoshi Enokido
|
|
|-
|''Postcard''
|Ykichi Morikawa
|
|
|-
|''Haru's Journey''
|
|
|
|-
|''The Lone Scalpel''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2011
|''Antoki no Inochi''
|
|
|
|-
|''Isoroku''
|Mitsumasa Yonai
|
|
|-
|''Karate-Robo Zaborgar''
|Dr. Akunomiya
|
|
|-
|''In His Chart''
|
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Gyakuten Saiban''
|The Judge
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Unforgiven''
|Kingo Baba
|
|
|-
|2014
|''0.5 mm''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|''The Big Bee''
|
|
|
|-
|''Journey to the Shore''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016
|''Shippu Rondo''
|
|
|
|-
|''Shin Godzilla''
|The Chief Cabinet Secretary
|
|
|-
|''Black Widow Business''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2017
|''Survival Family''
|Shigeomi Sasaki
|
|
|-
|''Nariyuki na Tamashii''
|
|
|
|-
|''Mukoku''
|Seppō Mitsumura
|
|
|-
|''Lu Over the Wall''
|Kai's grandfather (voice)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2018
|''Evil and the Mask''
|Detective Aida
|
|
|-
|''Recall''
|Nomura
|
|
|-
|''Color Me True''
|Tadashi Honda
|
|
|-
|''Shoplifters''
|
|
|
|-
|''Oz Land''
|Miyagawa
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2019
|''The Promised Land''
|Gorō Fujiki
|
|
|-
|''Iwane: Sword of Serenity''
|
|
|
|-
|''Show Me the Way to the Station''
|
|
|
|-
|''They Say Nothing Stays the Same''
|
|Lead role
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2020
|''Nōten Paradise''
|
|
|
|-
|''Family Bond''
|
|
|
|-
|''Stardust Over the Town''
|
|
|
|-
|''I Never Shot Anyone''
|
|
|
|-
|''The Legacy of Dr. Death: Black File''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ドクター・デスの遺産 BLACK FILE |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92576/ |access-date=December 28, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Nosari: Impermanent Eternity''
|
|
|
|-
|''Living in the Sky''
|
|
|
|-
|''Independence of Japan''
|Jōji Matsumoto
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=浅野忠信＆宮沢りえが白洲次郎、正子夫妻 小林薫が吉田茂に 「日本独立」12月18日公開 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20201031/3/ |access-date=October 31, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Underdog''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=『アンダードッグ』石崎ひゅーいの主題歌入り本予告、水川あさみ＆瀧内公美らも登場 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/10/01/69240.html |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2021
|''The Master Plan''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=岩田剛典と新田真剣佑の仲睦まじい様子やシリアスな表情 『名も無き世界のエンドロール』特報公開 |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2020/09/post-620724.html |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=Real Sound}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Baragaki: Unbroken Samurai''
|Marujū Tenshu
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=燃えよ剣 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90757/ |access-date=December 14, 2020 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Utsusemi no Mori''
|
|
|
|-
|''The Great Yokai War: Guardians''
|Old man
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=北村一輝＆松嶋菜々子＆柄本明『妖怪大戦争』人間キャスト発表 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2021/03/23/71984.html |access-date=March 25, 2021 |website=Cinema Cafe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Inori''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=祈り 幻に長崎を想う刻(とき) |url=https://eiga.com/movie/94970/ |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2022
|''A Man''
|Norio Omiura
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=妻夫木聡×安藤サクラ×窪田正孝ら共演、芥川賞作家・平野啓一郎の「ある男」実写映画化 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2205317/full/ |access-date=August 31, 2021 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Noise''
|Shōkichi Yokota
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ノイズ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95143/ |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Wandering''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=趣里＆三浦貴大＆柄本明ら出演『流浪の月』第4弾キャスト解禁 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2021/12/13/76276.html |access-date=December 13, 2021 |website=Cinema Cafe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''No Place to Go''
|Homeless
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=夜明けまでバス停で |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97255/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Setting Sun''
|Dr. Miyake
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=鳩のごとく 蛇のごとく 斜陽 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/95254/ |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2023
|''Yudo: The Way of the Bath''
|Hermit
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=生田斗真主演、映画『湯道』&quot;銭湯&quot;に吉田鋼太郎、夏木マリ、柄本明ら大集合 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2245472/full/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwA4g&quot;&gt;Umami&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The Salaryman
|Japanese-French film
|
|-
|''Shylock's Children''
|Hajime Sawazaki
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=阿部サダヲが映画「シャイロックの子供たち」で主演、共演に上戸彩や玉森裕太 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/490457 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821233654/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/490457 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Egoist''
|Yoshio Saito
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=エゴイスト |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97467/ |access-date=September 22, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Do Unto Others''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ロストケア |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96905/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''September 1923''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=福田村事件 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97856/ |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ripples''
|Tarō Kadokura
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=波紋 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98450/ |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Hard Days''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=最後まで行く |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98423/ |access-date=January 31, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Ai no Komuragaeri''
|Hiroshi Saionji
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=愛のこむらがえり |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98422/ |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Innocent Game''
|Nagura
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=法廷遊戯 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99075/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2024
|''Don't Lose Your Head!''
|Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=身代わり忠臣蔵 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99885/ |access-date=August 7, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Samurai Detective Onihei: Blood for Blood''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;新たな鬼平&quot; 第一弾「鬼平犯科帳 本所・桜屋敷」が遂に完成！ 松本幸四郎、市川染五郎、松平健が登場！ |url=https://kyodonewsprwire.jp/release/202312063902 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=Kyodo News PR Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Maru''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=まる |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101747/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=eiga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''God of Curling''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=本田望結主演、世界大会を目指す女子高生たちの奮闘と友情を描く『カーリングの神様』11・8公開 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2337077/full/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Muromachi Outsiders''
|Master Karasaki
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=映画『室町無頼』2025年1月公開へ &quot;蓮田兵衛&quot;大泉洋、長尾謙杜ら率いて立ち上がる【あらすじ&amp;役どころあり】 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2313938/full/ |access-date=February 11, 2024 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Boy and the Dog''
|Yaichi Katano
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=少年と犬 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102087/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2026
|''Bakumatsu Hippocrates-tachi''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=佐々木蔵之介、幕末医師姿で懸命呼びかけ&amp;支援者に直筆サインも &quot;元祖ヒポクラテスたち&quot;への想い |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2362034/full/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|TBA
|''Rental Family''
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2024-03-18 |title=‘Shōgun’s Takehiro Hira And Akira Emoto Join Brendan Fraser’s ‘Rental Family’ At Searchlight |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/brendan-fraser-rental-family-shogun-takehiro-hira-akira-emoto-1235861448/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!Tabbacin.
|-
|1991
|''Taiheiki''
|Kō no Moronao
|Wasan kwaikwayo na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwBEY&quot;&gt;Taiga&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=太平記 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/91-taiga.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1995
|''Hachidai Shōgun Yoshimune''
|Tokugawa Munenao
|Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=八代将軍吉宗 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/95-taiga.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1999
|''Genroku Ryōran''
|Shindō Genshirō
|Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga''
|
|-
|2006
|''Kōmyō ga Tsuji''
|Toyotomi Hideyoshi
|Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=「大河ドラマ」の歴代&quot;秀吉&quot; |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/search/special/detail/?d=taiga008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619022119/https://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/search/special/detail/?d=taiga008 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |website=NHK}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009–11
|''Girgije a kan Dutsen''
|Nogi Maresuke
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=坂の上の雲 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/09-saka.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|''Mutumin Makoma''
|Masayoshi Kodaira
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=運命の人の出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000006609/cast/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=The Television |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012–17
|''Al'adun gargajiya daga Japan''
|Mai ba da labari
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Abokin hulɗa''
|Ōkuma Shigenobu
|Fim din talabijin
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|''Rayuwa''
|Toranosuke Danjō
|
|
|-
|''Ƙaunar Frankenstein''
|Toshifumi Tsurumaru
|
|
|-
|''Azurfa da Zinariya''
|Hitoshi Kuramae
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''Segodon''
|Ryu Samin
|Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=西郷どん |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/18-taiga.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Dokta Mai Kyau''
|Akira Shiga
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2019
|''Gidan sarauta na Yashi''
|Chiyokichi
|Fim din talabijin
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2020
|''Hanzawa Naoki''
|Keiji Minobe
|Lokaci na 2
|
|-
|2021
|''Harsasai, Ƙasusuwa da Ƙarƙashin Hanci''
|Chōsuke
|Ministoci
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=オダギリジョー脚本・演出のドラマ「オリバーな犬」NHKで放送、主演は池松壮亮 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/431859 |access-date=June 16, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104013825/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/431859 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
|''Tsarin Matasa''
|Firayim Minista Tsuguaki Washida
|Ministoci
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=神尾楓珠主演のNHKドラマ『17才の帝国』 追加キャストに柄本明、松本まりから |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2228785/ |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=Oricon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Mutumin da ya ɓace''
|Shi da kansa
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=仲野太賀主演『拾われた男』、井川遥、松尾諭、柄本明ら全員“本人役”で出演 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/108978/1 |access-date=June 7, 2022 |website=Crank-in!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Dub na Jafananci ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2024
|''Kyakkyawan Willow, Mace Mai Barci''
|Mai shi
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=「めくらやなぎと眠る女」日本語版に磯村勇斗・玄理ら12名の俳優が参加、演出は深田晃司 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/574564 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523101848/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/574564 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Daraja ==

* Medal tare da Purple Ribbon (2011) 
* Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays tare da Rosette (2019) 

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>72eqrnw0qyk00u6vmgdctbww8llsdcs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Frere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964759</id>
      <parentid>607967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:23:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1830" sha1="no2cvoada5xrmthhgopt0l3gzu8el4a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Mount Frere''', a hukumance '''KwaBhaca''', &lt;ref name=&quot;2016_rename&quot; /&gt; wani gari ne da ke cikin lardin Gabashin Cape, wanda a baya aka sani da yankin Transkei, a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Garin KwaBhaca na tsakanin garin [[Kokstad]] da [[Mthatha]] da kuma wata Hanyar N2, kimanin kilomita 100 daga arewa maso gabashin Mthatha. Gundumar Alfred Nzo ce ke gudanar da garin kuma ƙauyukan garin na a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban ƙabilar da ke da iyakoki na tsakiya da ke garin.

== Tarihi ==
Sunan garin a harshen [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] shine '''KwaBhaca''', ko &quot;ƙauyen shugabancin Bhaca&quot; a fassara ce da hausa, ko &quot;wurin Mutanen ƙabilar Bhaca&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ro01&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Erasmus |first=B. P. J. |url=http://archive.org/details/onrouteinsouthaf0000eras |title=On Route in South Africa |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |others=Internet Archive |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-86842-026-1 |location=Johannesburg |pages=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda suka zauna a nan, a wajejen 1825.

An kafa garin shekarar 1876 kuma an sanya masa sunan [[Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere]].&lt;ref name=Ro01/&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2016, an sauya sunan garin zuwa KwaBhaca.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016_rename&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Government Gazette No. 39669 |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39669_9-2_ArtsCulture.pdf |publisher=South African Government |accessdate=8 August 2019 |page=9 |date=2016-02-09 |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207180144/http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39669_9-2_ArtsCulture.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na Waje==
*[http://www.bhaca.co.za Bhaca| AmaBhaca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818133412/http://www.bhaca.co.za/ |date=2020-08-18 }}

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'''Mount Frere''', a hukumance '''KwaBhaca''',&lt;ref name=&quot;2016_rename&quot; /&gt; wani gari ne da ke cikin lardin Gabashin Cape, wanda a baya aka sani da yankin Transkei, a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Garin KwaBhaca na tsakanin garin [[Kokstad]] da [[Mthatha]] da kuma wata Hanyar N2, kimanin kilomita 100 daga arewa maso gabashin Mthatha. Gundumar Alfred Nzo ce ke gudanar da garin kuma ƙauyukan garin na a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban ƙabilar da ke da iyakoki na tsakiya da ke garin.

== Tarihi ==
Sunan garin a harshen [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] shine '''KwaBhaca''', ko &quot;ƙauyen shugabancin Bhaca&quot; a fassara ce da hausa, ko &quot;wurin Mutanen ƙabilar Bhaca&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ro01&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Erasmus |first=B. P. J. |url=http://archive.org/details/onrouteinsouthaf0000eras |title=On Route in South Africa |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |others=Internet Archive |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-86842-026-1 |location=Johannesburg |pages=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda suka zauna a nan, a wajejen 1825.

An kafa garin shekarar 1876 kuma an sanya masa sunan [[Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere]].&lt;ref name=Ro01/&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2016, an sauya sunan garin zuwa KwaBhaca.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016_rename&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Government Gazette No. 39669 |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39669_9-2_ArtsCulture.pdf |publisher=South African Government |accessdate=8 August 2019 |page=9 |date=2016-02-09 |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207180144/http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39669_9-2_ArtsCulture.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na Waje==
*[http://www.bhaca.co.za Bhaca| AmaBhaca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818133412/http://www.bhaca.co.za/ |date=2020-08-18 }}

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  <page>
    <title>Arshad Khan (ɗan siyasar Indiya)</title>
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'''Arshad Khan''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1953, [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]]) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh ta 2007 Majalisa ta Puranpur ta Bahujan Samaj Party . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARSHAD KHAN(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- PURANPUR(PILIBHIT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=85 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Arshad Khan winner in Puranpur, Uttar pradesh Assembly Elections 2007: LIVE Results &amp; Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results &amp; Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/2007/puranpur/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602173204/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/2007/puranpur/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puranpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/puranpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puranpur Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates &amp; News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/puranpur.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga Jam'iyyar Samajwadi a shekarar 2023.

== Harkokin siyasa ==
A shekara ta 2022, ya rasa zaben Jam'iyyar Samajwadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puranpur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Puranpur MLA Election Result &amp; Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/puranpur-assembly-elections-up-129/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Asuquo Ekpenyong</title>
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'''Asuquo Ekpenyong''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1985) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma masanin ilimin kuɗi. Shi ne tsohon Kwamishinan Kuɗi na [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] kuma a halin yanzu shi ne sanata wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar sanata ta Cross River ta kudu kuma sanata mafi ƙanƙanta a Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asuquo Ekpenyong: An Emerging Nigerian Star - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/30/asuquo-ekpenyong-an-emerging-nigerian-star |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election of Ekpenyoung as Senator-elect is Victory for Cross River South People, Says Ewa – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/27/election-of-ekpenyoung-as-senator-elect-is-victory-for-cross-river-south-people-says-ewa/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-12-09 |title=Asuquo Ekpenyong Is Nigeria's Youngest Commissioner |url=https://nairametrics.com/2015/12/09/asuquo-ekpenyong-is-nigerias-youngest-commissioner/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Asuquo Ekpenyong Jr a cikin dangin Cif Dr. Asuquo Ek penyong da Dr. Mrs. Iquo Ekpenyon . Ya yi karatun sakandare a [[Corona College, Lagos|Kwalejin Corona, Legas]] kuma ya ci gaba da samun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Reading a Shekarar 2007 da kuma digiri na biyu a Bankin Duniya da Ayyukan Kuɗi a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Asuquo Ekpenyong Jr: Biography, age, wife, political career, and more |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/27/asuquo-ekpenyong-jr-biography-age-wife-children-political-career-and-things-you-may-not-know/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605050647/https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/27/asuquo-ekpenyong-jr-biography-age-wife-children-political-career-and-things-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=2022-06-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Asuquo Ekpenyong ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan kuɗi a jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] sannan ya koma Cross River inda ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin malami a Sashen Bankin da Kuɗi na [[Jami'ar Calabar]]. Ya kafa Iquasu Ventures Limited, kamfani ne na jigilar kaya da kayan aiki, a cikin Shekarar 2010 kuma daga baya ya zama Manajan Darakta na [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) mai lasisi Chamley Bureau de Change Limited. Daga baya aka naɗa Asuquo a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kuɗi a Pearland Energy, kamfanin man fetur da gas na asali, kuma memba ne na kwamitin daraktoci a Bankin Ekondo Microfinance Limited . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://ekondomfbank.com |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Ekondo Microfinance Bank Ltd |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 Gwamna [[Benedict Ayade]] ya naɗa Asuquo a matsayin Kwamishinan Jihar Cross River na kuɗi yana da shekaru 29, wanda ya sanya shi kwamishinan mafi ƙanƙanta a Najeriya. Shi ne kwamishinan kuɗi mafi tsawo a Jihar Cross River . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=Meet Nigeria's youngest commissioner, Asuquo Ekpenyong - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/meet-nigerias-youngest-commissioner-asuquo-ekpenyong/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018 an naɗa Asuquo kwamishinan sufuri da ayyukan ruwa biyo bayan murabus ɗin Mista Savior Nyong don yin takara a zaɓen shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-04 |title=Cross River Assembly Confirms New Local Government Auditor, IRS Chairman As Ayade Shuffles Cabinet |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2018/10/cross-river-assembly-confirms-new-local-government-auditor-irs-chairman-as-ayade-shuffles-cabinet/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asuquo ya yi murabus a matsayin Kwamishinan Kuɗi kuma ya shiga tseren gwamna na Jihar Cross River a Zaben gwamna na Jihar Cross River na 2023 kuma ya kasance babban mai neman har zuwa fitowar Sanata [[Bassey Otu]] a matsayin ɗan takarar yarjejeniya na jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) a jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Asuquo Ekpenyong kickstarts consultation, gets nod from Cross River Assembly, Prof Zana Akpagu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/asuquo-ekpenyong-kickstarts-consultation-gets-nod-from-cross-river-assembly-prof-zana-akpagu/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Asuquo Ekpenyong ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) tare da kuri'u 347 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 351. A halin yanzu yana takarar Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Cross River . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onwuzurumba |first=Adaora |date=2022-05-28 |title=Cross River 2023: Asuquo Ekpeyong, Martins Orim pick APC senatorial tickets |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/cross-river-2023-asuquo-ekpeyong-martins-orim-pick-apc-senatorial-tickets-426496 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An naɗa shi shugaban, kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai a kan NDDC na majalisar dattijai ta 10 a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lawan, Yari, Tambuwal, Oshiomhole, Sani Musa, Others Emerge Senate Committee Chairmen - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/08/lawan-yari-tambuwal-oshiomhole-sani-musa-others-emerge-senate-committee-chairmen?amp=1 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Asuquo Ekpenyong ya auri Netanela Duke Ekpenyong, 'yar ta biyu ta tsohon gwamnan [[Donald Duke]] a cikin Shekarar 2018, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=When Asuquo Ekpenyong hosted son's christening party |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/when-asuquo-ekpenyong-hosted-sons-christening-party/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Anne Nasimiyu Wasike</title>
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== Rayuwar farko ==
 
'''An haifi Anne Nasimiyu Wasike''' a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1949 kuma ta rasu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2018. Ita ce 'yar Matayo Wasike da Annastasia Nanyama. 'Yar'uwarta ce ga Priscah, Isaac, Sabina, Biriscilla, John, Immanuel, Chachi da Patrick. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=obituary |date=2018-02-27 |title=Sr. Professor Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, LSOSF |url=https://obituarykenya.co.ke/sr-professor-anne-nasimiyu-wasike-lsosf/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Obituary Kenya |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416193546/https://obituarykenya.co.ke/sr-professor-anne-nasimiyu-wasike-lsosf/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
An fara karatun sakandaren Anne a [[Kwalejin Dutsen Saint Mary ta Namagunga|makarantar sakandare ta St. Mary, Namagunga, Lugazi, Uganda]] a 1973. Ta sami takardar shedar Ilimi ta Gabashin Afirka (EACE.) Daga baya Anne ta shiga Loreto Convent Msongari, Nairobi, Kenya a 1976. A Loreto, ta sami takardar shaidar ci gaba ta Gabashin Afirka (EAACE).

Wasike ta kasance ƙwararriyar malami wadda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a fannin Falsafa da Tauhidi a 1981 daga Kwalejin Magdalen na Liberal Arts, Bedford, New Hampshire USA, Master of Arts a Ilimin Addini a Jami'ar Gannon, [[Pennsylvania]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da PhD a Tsarin Tauhidi daga Jami'ar Duquesne, Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko a Afirka mai ilimin tauhidi da ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin tauhidi daga Jami'ar Duquesne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Read the FIRST, March 2018 |url=https://myemail.constantcontact.com/Read-The-FIRST--March-2018.html?soid=1109967780347&amp;aid=twePbCKMT_s}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Anne 'yar tauhidin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ce 'yar [[Uganda]], 'yar'uwar addini, kuma marubucin littattafai da labarai kan ilimi, ɗa'a da ƙarfafa matalauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Gratitude for the Life and Witness of Sister Anne Nasimiyu-Wasike, LSOSF {{!}} Catholic Moral Theology |url=https://catholicmoraltheology.com/in-gratitude-for-the-life-and-witness-of-sister-anne-nasimiyu-wasike-lsosf/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance editan wallafe-wallafe da yawa. Ta karantar a fagage kamar haka; Tiyolojin Tsari, Tiyolojin Ikilisiya, Tiyolojin 'Yanci, Haɓaka Sacraments, Tiyolojin Matan Afirka, Addinin Afirka, da Tsarin Imani a Kenya.

Martanin Kirista Ga Al'amura Na Zamani. Ta kasance memba na Franciscan African Order of Nuns da ake kira &quot; ''Ƙananan Sisters na St Francis.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=States |first=[[Teresia Hinga]] {{!}} United |title=Remembering and Honoring Professor Sr. Anne Nasimiyu Wasike: A Concerned, Socially Engaged and (not so) Little Sr. of St Francis {{!}} Catholic Theological Ethics in the World Church |url=https://catholicethics.com/forum/remembering-and-honoring-professor-sr-anne-nasimiyu-wasike-a-concerned-socially-engaged-and-not-so-little-sr-of-st-francis/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=catholicethics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;''

Wasike ya yi jawabi a wani zama na musamman [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekara ta 2001 kan halin da mata da yara mata ke ciki a Afirka a lokacin da [[Kanjamau|cutar HIV/AIDS]] ke ciki. Ta kasance memba mai kafa Ecumenical Association of World Tauhidin Duniya na Uku . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Church loses dedicated nun, don who shaped gender perspectives |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/church-loses-dedicated-nun-don-who-shaped-gender-perspectives-16892 |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasike ta kasance mamba ta kafa Circle of Concerned African Women Theology, kungiyar Pan African na matan Afirka da aka kafa karkashin jagorancin [[Rahama Oduyoye|Mercy Amber Oduyoye]] a 1989. An san wannan da'irar don kasancewa muryar annabci kamar yadda suke suna kuma suna kunyata jima'i a cikin coci da al'umma kuma suna gwagwarmaya musamman don kawo ƙarshen cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; An ce ta kira duniya don gane da kuma amfani da ka'idar Afro-Kirista a matsayin hanya mai dacewa ta neman duniya mai rai da mutuntaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Wasike ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Janar na Kananan Sisters na Saint Francis tare da hedkwatarsu a Nkokonjeru, Uganda a kan wa'adi biyu a kowace shekara shida: 1992 zuwa 1998 da 2010 zuwa 2016 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ta yi aiki a [[Jami'ar Kenyatta]], Kenya na tsawon shekaru 24 a cikin 1980s da 1990s a Sashen Nazarin Falsafa da Ilimi. Ta tashi daga lecturer zuwa cikakkiyar farfesa. An nada ta a matsayin daraktar harkokin dalibai kuma ta iya koyarwa da horar da dalibai da dama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance mai tsarawa kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya tabbatar da ƙarfafa wasu ta hanyar ba su kayan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Labarai ==
Wasike ya rubuta wata mujalla mai suna ''Seeds of Mutuality in Mission: Response to Anne Nasimiyu-Wasike'' wadda aka fara bugawa a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2001 a matsayin labarin bincike. Mujallar ta zayyana kalubale da dama ga mutanen Yamma. Waɗannan sun haɗa da buƙatar samun ƙarin hankali da sanin wadata da sarƙaƙƙiya na al'adun Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 2001 |title=Seeds of Mutuality in Mission: Response to Anne Nasimiyu-Wasike |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258172028 |journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Houle |first=Carroll |date=January 2001 |title=Seeds of Mutuality in Mission: Response to Anne Nasimiyu-Wasike |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_missiology_2001-01_29_1/page/55 |journal=Missiology: An International Review |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1177/009182960102900104 |issn=0091-8296 |s2cid=180763498}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasike malami ne kuma malami na Tiyolojin Afirka da Addinai da Al'adun Afirka. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin rukunin Sagana da ke yin taro kowace shekara don tattauna batutuwan da ke tasowa a Tiyolojin Kiristanci na Afirka da aiki. [https://arts.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/2020-07/jesse_mugambi_cv_march_2017.pdf Jesse N Mugambi] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Sagana, ya shirya kuma ya buga sakamakon shawarwarin, a ƙarƙashin jerin ƙalubale na Afirka (tauhidin). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ta koyar da darussa, da aka buga da kuma sauƙaƙe bincike da ake nufi don zurfafa wayar da kan jama'a da mutunta ruhin Afirka. Ta kasance zakara na abin da aka sani a da'ira na Katolika a matsayin &quot;ilimin ilimin tauhidi&quot;. A cikin 1992, ta tsara ''batutuwan'' ''ɗabi'a'' da ɗabi'a a cikin Rubuce-rubucen Bincike na Kiristanci na Afirka a cikin Tiyolojin ɗabi'a, tare da J. N Mugambi wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kundin da yawa a cikin jerin ƙalubalen Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Wasike ya rasu ne bayan gajeruwar rashin lafiya, wanda ake zaton zazzabin cizon sauro ne. An binne ta a gidan mahaifiyarta da ke Nkokonjeru, wanda ke tsakiyar kasar Uganda a ranar 3 ga Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Wani girmamawa ya bayyana a cikin ''Daily Nation'' a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; [[Irimina Nungari]], wanda ya kasance magabacinta ne ya karrama ta a matsayin babban janar. Ita ma [[Cecilia Njeri]], shugabar ’yan uwa mata na Saint Francis, ta kuma yaba mata bisa yadda ta dauki nauyin tsara kundin tarihin majami’arsu da kuma tsara tsare-tsare masu inganci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

*  
*  
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Nasimiyu |first=Anne J. |editor-last=Oduyoye |editor-first=Mercy Amba |editor2-last=Kanyoro |editor2-first=Musimbi R.A. |title=Polygamy: a feminist critique |journal=Will to Arise: Women, Tradition and the Church in Africa |language=en |pages=101–118 |oclc=40341819}}

Labarin

*  

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kwalejin Dutsen Saint Mary ta Namagunga|Kwalejin Mount St Mary's Namagunga]], Lugazi, [[Uganda]]
* Soyayya Kawai: Tsari don Da'ar Jima'i ta Kirista
* Margaret A. Farley

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njoroge |first=Lawrence |date=26 February 2018 |title=Church loses dedicated nun, don who shaped gender perspectives |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/church-loses-dedicated-nun-don-who-shaped-gender-perspectives-16892 |access-date=24 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1578 Ƙirƙirar tunanin Allah a cikin addinin gargajiya a kan Abagusii na Yammacin Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605100234/https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1578 |date=2024-06-05 }}
* [https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/9021 Matsayin Makoki a cikin Harsunan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Afirka: Karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki Bayan Mulkin Mallaka tsakanin Gĩkũyũ Mutanen Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416231725/https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/9021 |date=2024-04-16 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxn1BgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Anne+Nasimiyu+Wasike&amp;pg=PA286 Sake tunanin Kiristiyoyin Afirka: Tattaunawa tare da Fassarorin]
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009182960102900103?legid=spmis%3B29%2F1%2F45&amp;patientinform-links=yes&amp; Shin Mutu'a Zai Yiwuwa?] [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009182960102900103?legid=spmis%3B29%2F1%2F45&amp;patientinform-links=yes&amp; Martanin Afirka]
{{Authority control}}
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
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  <page>
    <title>Asida</title>
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[[File:Aseeda &amp; Mulah (7418971936).jpg|thumb|Aseeda_&amp;_Mulah_(7418971936)]]
[[File:صينية دارفور نيالا.jpg|thumb|صينية_دارفور_نيالا]]
'''Asida''' (Arabic &quot;عصيدة&quot;, Maghrebi &quot;Ġsydë&quot; [ˈī) iːdə]) abinci ne na yau da kullun a Duniyar Larabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nzeribe |first=Nympha |date=14 July 2022 |title=Aseeda |url=https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/aseeda/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=afrifoodnetwork.com/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da tarin gurasar, wanda aka samo ta hanyar girgiza garin alkama a cikin ruwa mai tafasa, wani lokacin tare da ƙara man shanu ko zuma. Ya yi kama da [[fufu]], ana cinye shi galibi a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da ƙasashen [[Afirka]]. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan zaki da kayan gargajiya a kasashe Larabawa da yawa.&lt;ref&gt; name=CAW&gt;[http://www.cliffordawright.com/caw/food/entries/display.php/topic_id/23/id/98/ Famous Everyday Dishes from the Medieval Arab World]&lt;/ref&gt;

Asida ta shahara musamman a [[Sudan]], Morocco, [[Libya]], [[Aljeriya]], [[Tunisiya]], [[Yemen]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Eritrea]], da sauran [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a lokacin bukukuwan addini kamar [[Maulidi|Mawlid]] da [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid]], ana kuma ba da shi a wasu bukukuwan gargajiya, misali tare da haihuwar yaro, kamar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'aqīqah'', yanke gashin jariri kwana bakwai bayan haihuwa.

Abincin mai sauƙi, duk da haka mai wadata, sau da yawa ana cinye shi ba tare da wasu kayan abinci ba, ana ba da shi a al'ada a karin kumallo kuma ana ba da ita ga mata masu aiki.

== Magana ==
Kalmar ''Asida'' kalma ce ta [[Larabci]] wacce aka samo daga tushen ع cur (''asada''), ma'ana 'karkatar da ita'. &lt;ref&gt;Definition of [https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/عصيدة/ {{Lang|ar|عصيدة}}] (in Arabic). ''www.almaany.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin girke-girken '''asida''' da aka rubuta ana samunsa ne a cikin littafin girki na Larabci daga ƙarni na goma wanda [[Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq]] ya rubuta, mai suna ''Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب الطبيخ}}, ''Littafin Girke-Girke'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Al‑Warrāq |first1=Ibn Sayyār |last2=Nasrallah |first2=Nawal |title=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |page=97 |isbn=9789047423058 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQCwCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA97 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Al‑Warrāq |first1=Ibn Sayyār |last2=Nasrallah |first2=Nawal |title=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUC-e-l3XM8C |website=Google Books |date=26 November 2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004158672 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana shi a matsayin abincin da yayi kauri irin na '''pudding''', wanda aka dafa daga dabino da kuma man '''samn''' (wani irin man da aka tace).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Al‑Warrāq |first1=Ibn Sayyār |last2=Nasrallah |first2=Nawal |title=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |pages=97–98 |isbn=9789047423058 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQCwCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA97 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
An kuma ambaci wata girke-girke ta asida a wani tsohon littafin girki na Musulman Andalus daga ƙarni na 13 wanda ba a san marubucinsa ba. A ƙarnuka na 13 da 14, a yankin tsaunuka na [[Rif]] kusa da gabar tekun Bahar Rum a [[Maroko]], ana amfani da garin [[sha'ir]] da aka gasa kaɗan a maimakon garin alkama. [[Leo Africanus]] (kimanin 1465–1550), wani Balarabe mai yawon shakatawa wanda aka fi sani da ''Hasan al-Wazan'' a duniyar Larabawa, ya rubuta wata girke-girke ta asida da ake ƙara '''man tsaba na argan'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAW&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |title=Cookery and Food in the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |page=57 |isbn=9780520247833}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bisa ga bayanan masanin Faransa [[Maxime Rodinson]], asida ta kasance abincin yau da kullum a tsakanin [[‘yan Bedouin]] tun kafin zuwan Musulunci, har ma da bayan haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAW&quot;/&gt;

== Bambance-bambance ==

=== Maroko ===
A cikin tsohuwar birnin Fez, masu siyarwa suna sayar da murabba'in ruwan sanyi da aka yayyafa da sukari da cinnamon, yawanci yara ne ke cinyewa bayan makaranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Al‑Warrāq's |first1=Ibn Sayyār |last2=Nasrallah |first2=Nawal |title=annals of the caliphs' kitchens: ibn sayyār al-warrāq's tenth-century baghdadi cookbook authors |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |page=97 |isbn=9789047423058 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQCwCQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Asida+dessert&amp;pg=PA97 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Al‑Warrāq |first1=Ibn Sayyār |last2=Nasrallah |first2=Nawal |title=annals of the caliphs' kitchens: ibn sayyār al-warrāq's tenth-century baghdadi cookbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUC-e-l3XM8C |website=books |date=26 November 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004158672 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Libya ===
Ana ba da bambancin Libya na asida tare da syrup mai zaki, yawanci kwanan wata ko carob syrup (rub), amma kuma tare da zuma, da kuma man fetur da aka narke a kusa da asida kanta.

=== Tunisiya ===
Ana ba da wannan abincin na [[Abincin Tunisiya|Tunisian]] tare da cakuda zuma da man shanu ko kuma mai zafi mai zafi (harissa). Wannan na ƙarshe ya fi yawa daga baya a cikin rana kuma na farko a baya. Ana kuma cinye Asida tare da syrup na carob ko syrup na kwanan wata a sassan kudancin [[Tunisiya]].

=== Yemen ===
Aseedah ko aseed yana daya daga cikin abincin da ake amfani da shi a [[Yemen]]  yawanci ana ba da shi don abincin rana, abincin dare, ko karin kumallo. Abubuwan da ke ciki sun haɗa da alkama, ruwan tafasa, da gishiri kamar yadda ake buƙata.

Ana sanya tukunya na ruwa a kan zafi mai zafi har sai ya tafasa. A hankali, ana ƙara ɗanɗano na alkama kuma a haɗa shi da sauri tare da babban cokali na katako don kauce wa samar da gungu. Ana maimaita wannan tsari har sai cakuda ya yi kauri. A al'adance mai dafa abinci yana saukar da tukunya zuwa ƙasa inda suke riƙe da tukunya da ƙafafunsu kuma suna motsawa da ƙarfi. A ƙarshe, ana yin gurasar mai zafi, mai tururi ta amfani da hannayen da ba su da mai kuma yawanci ana sanya su a cikin kwano mai faɗi.

Wani lokaci ana yin bakin ciki a tsakiyar aseedah mai siffar wanda za'a iya ƙara ruwan tumatir mai zafi ko helba, cakuda fenugreek da aka yi da parsley da tafarnuwa. Ana zuba ɗan rago ko kayan kaza a kusa da aseedah. Daga nan sai a ba da shi da zafi.

Hakanan ana iya yin Aseedah ta amfani da fararen alkama. Ana iya amfani da zuma maimakon kaya da chili / helba. Abinci ne, ta amfani da ruwan tafasa kawai, gari, da gishiri. Yawanci ana shanye shi cikin abincin shanu ko kaza ko ma ɗan rago. 

Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi da zafi kuma ana cinye shi da hannu ko cokali. Ana cin Aseed musamman a lokacin cin abincin rana da kuma lokacin Ramadan.

=== Habasha ===
Ana kiran wannan abincin na Habasha Genfo a cikin Amharic. Ana ba da shi tare da ghee na Habasha (wanda ake kira niter kibbeh), Berber (haɗin kayan yaji na Habasha), yogurt, ko ma madara. Ana ba da wannan abincin don karin kumallo.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya
* Abincin Larabawa
* [[Abincin Berber]]
* Abincin Indonesiya
* Jerin pudding
* Kue asida

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Daidaitawa</title>
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'''Daidaidawa''' (daga Faransa égal 'daidai'; kuma daidaitawa) makaranta ce ta tunani a cikin falsafar siyasa da ta gina kan manufar daidaiton zamantakewa, wanda ke ba da fifiko ga kowa da kowa.&lt;ref&gt;egalitarian&quot;. Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 7 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Koyarwar daidaitawa gabaɗaya ana siffanta su da ra'ayin cewa dukkan mutane daidai suke da ƙimar asali ko matsayi na ɗabi'a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Egalitarianism&quot;. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab. Stanford University. 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka ya kamata a ba wa dukkan mutane hakki da kuma mu'amala a karkashin doka.&lt;ref&gt;Robertson, David (2007). The Routledge Dictionary of Politics. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 159. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-32377-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Koyarwar daidaitawa sun goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da yawa na zamani, waɗanda suka haɗa da Haskakawa, Feminism, yancin ɗan adam, da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Adalci shine tushen siyasar hagu.

Wani mahimmin al'amari na daidaito shine fifikon sa akan dama daidai ga kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da asalinsu ko yanayinsu ba. Wannan yana nufin tabbatar da cewa kowa ya sami damar samun albarkatu iri ɗaya, ilimi, da damar samun nasara a rayuwa. Ta hanyar inganta daidaitattun damammaki, daidaito na nufin daidaita filin wasa da kuma rage rarrabuwar kawuna daga rashin daidaiton zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;Ball, Terence (2005). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 612–614. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780521563543&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Retrieved 15 November 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siffofin ==
Wasu abubuwan da suka shafi daidaito na musamman sun haɗa da gurguzu, daidaiton doka, daidaiton sa'a, daidaiton siyasa, daidaiton jinsi, daidaiton launin fata, daidaiton dama, da daidaiton Kiristanci. Siffofin daidaito na gama gari sun haɗa da siyasa da falsafa.&lt;ref&gt;Arneson, Richard (2013), &quot;Egalitarianism&quot;, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 18 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daidaitawar doka ===
Wata hujja ita ce, 'yancin walwala yana samar da al'ummomin dimokuradiyya da hanyoyin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na jama'a ta hanyar samar da tsarin bunkasa manufofin jama'a da kuma samar da ingantattun yanayi ga daidaikun mutane don cimma •'yancin ɗan adam. Akwai manyan nau'ikan •daidaito guda biyu:&lt;ref&gt;De Vos, M. (2020). The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 62-87.&lt;/ref&gt;

Daidaito na yau da kullun: daidaitattun tushen cancantar daidaitattun dama.

Mahimmanci daidaici: ya nisantar da kwatancen tushen cancantar mutum zuwa daidaiton sakamako ga ƙungiyoyi da daidaiton zamantakewa.

=== Daidaiton mutum ===
Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi na 1689 da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka suna amfani da kalmar mutum kawai a cikin harshe mai aiki wanda ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin asali da nauyi, ban da magana game da maza a cikin Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi game da maza kan shari'a don cin amanar kasa; da tsarin wakilcin majalissar wakilai a cikin Kwaskwarima na 14 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.

A matsayin sauran Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a cikin harshen aikin sa Kwaskwarima na 14 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka yana amfani da kalmar mutum, yana mai cewa “kuma ba wata Jiha ta hana kowane mutum rai, ’yanci, ko dukiya, ba tare da bin ka’idar doka ba; kuma ba ta hana kowane mutum da ke cikin ikonta daidai da kariyar doka ba”&lt;ref&gt;14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Civil Rights (1868)&quot;. National Archives. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daidaiton jinsi ===
An yi amfani da taken &quot;Liberté, égalité, fraternité&quot; a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman taken gwamnatin Faransa. Sanarwar 1789 na Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa kuma an tsara shi tare da wannan tushe a daidaicin haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Sanarwar 'yancin kai na Amurka misali ne na tabbatar da daidaiton maza a matsayin &quot;Dukan maza an halicce su daidai&quot; kuma lafazin maza da namiji yana nuni ne ga maza da mata, wato, 'yan adam. John Locke wani lokaci ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa wannan tsari. Yawancin tsarin mulki na jihohi a Amurka kuma suna amfani da haƙƙin harshen mutum maimakon haƙƙin mutum[abubuwan da ake buƙata] tun da sunan namiji ya kasance yana nuni ne ga kuma haɗa duka maza da mata.

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tunusiya na shekarar 2014 ya tanadi cewa &quot;maza da mata za su kasance daidai da hakkokinsu da ayyukansu&quot;.

Falsafar daidaito ce ke sanar da mata ta hanyar falsafar daidaito, kasancewar falsafar daidaita jinsi. Feminism yana bambanta da daidaito ta hanyar kasancewa a matsayin motsi na siyasa da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;Fiss, Owen (1994). &quot;What is feminism&quot;. Arizona State Law Journal. 26: 413–428 – via HeinOnline&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Arlo Dubi Dubi</title>
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Arlo Looking Cloud (an haife shi Fritz Arlo Lookin Cloud; Maris 25, 1954) tsohon dan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne. An fi saninsa da hannu a kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Indiyawan Amurka [[Anna Mae Aquash]] . An same shi da laifin kisan ta kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. Koyaya, a cikin 2011, an rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru 20 a matsayin lada ga shaidarsa a kan wanda aka tuhume shi, [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]] . An saki Looking Cloud daga kurkuku a shekarar 2020. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Looking Cloud wani Lakota Sioux ne wanda ya girma a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 April 2004 |title=Second Man Is Wanted in 1970s Slaying of an Indian Activist |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-04-na-aim4-story.html |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Shari'a ==

=== Kisan Anna Mae Aquash ===
[[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash]] mace ce mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] . A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, Looking Cloud, tare da [[Theda Nelson Clarke]] da [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John &quot;John Boy Patton&quot; Graham]], sun tilasta wa Aquash shiga bayan mota kuma suka kai ta wani bangare mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, inda aka harbe Aquash a bayan kai kuma ya bar ya mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legend of Pine Ridge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2008 |title=Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered? |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2008/07/why-was-anna-mae-aquash-really-murdered.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano jikinta a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1976  a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a kasan wani kwari da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffington Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2007 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/what-is-the-truth-about-t_b_62521.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;First Nation's Drums&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 December 2000 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020733/http://firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=First Nation's Drums}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana cewa an harbe Aquash har lahira; an matse bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta, kamar yadda binciken gawa ya bayyana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mail Archives&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 1999 |title=NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Mail Archives |archive-date=29 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829024549/https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa ban da mummunan raunin bindiga, fallasawa ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar Aquash.&lt;ref name=&quot;Occupirate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=CJ |date=22 June 2013 |title=Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway? |url=http://occupirate.blogspot.com/2013/06/who-killed-anna-mae-aquash-and-who.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Occupirate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamawa ===
A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, mai kula da 'yan sanda na [[Denver]], Abe Alonzo, ya ga Looking Cloud, wanda ya kasance mai shekaru 49 da ba shi da gida, yana tafiya a kan Colfax Avenue. Daga baya aka kama Looking Cloud a kan wata takardar shaidar da hukumomin tarayya suka bayar a [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], inda aka zargi Looking Cloud da wani mutum da harbi Pictou-Aquash yayin satar mutane a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975 kusa da Wanblee, Dakota ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dick Shovel #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendez |first=Deborah |date=3 April 2003 |title=Man Held in Decades-old Slaying of American Indian Activist |url=http://dickshovel.com/3apr03.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amurka v. Looking Cloud ====
Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa Leonard Peltier, wani dan gwagwarmayar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa da laifin kashe wasu jami'an [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] biyu a cikin Pine Ridge Shootout &lt;ref name=&quot;Free Leonard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Quick Facts· Case of Leonard Peltier |url=http://www.freeleonard.org/case/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Free Leonard}}&lt;/ref&gt; (wanda FBI ta sanya shi a hukumance RESMURS), &lt;ref name=&quot;FBI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=RESMURS Case (Reservation Murders) |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/resmurs-case-reservation-murders |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya gaya mata da Aquash cewa ya kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu a lokacin wani harbi na Yuni 1975 a wani wurin kiwon Pine Ridge. A cewar shaidar Ecoffey, &quot;Ya ce (mai bayyanawa){{Sic}}    yana roƙon ransa, amma na harbe shi duk da haka.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Native Times #1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Norman |date=8 December 2010 |title=Prosecution rests in 1975 AIM slaying trial |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/news/crime/4709-prosecution-rests-in-1975-aim-slaying-trial |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Native Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Nichols-Ecoffey, ita, tare da Leonard Peltier, 'yan uwanta Bernie Nichols-Lafferty &lt;ref name=&quot;Ani-Kutani&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Leonard Peltier |url=http://www.ani-kutani.com/nativeamericanfacts/leonardpeltier.htm |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=Ani-Kutani}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Barbara Robideau, &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Dennis |date=3 December 2010 |title=Testimony of Witness testifies FBI agent threatened Aquash's life |url=http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518032313/http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}&lt;/ref&gt; sai mijinta Dennis Banks &lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR #3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeMain |first=Paul |date=23 February 2004 |title=Jury convicts man in 1975 murder of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash of Being Party to 1st Degree Murder |url=http://jfamr.org/compile.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauransu suna tafiya a cikin motar Hollywood a lokacin da motar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|Indiya]] ta Indiya . Ya ba da labarin wannan taron [ &lt;ref name=&quot;Journal Star&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kolpack |first=Dave |date=12 April 2010 |title=Trial set in 1975 killing of AIM activist in S.D. |url=http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/trial-set-in-killing-of-aim-activist-in-s-d/article_58f9725e-46a6-11df-9f3d-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=Journal Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ya shaida yadda ta ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquash ne.

A lokacin shari'ar, Nichols ya ba da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da suka shafi [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]]. Uku daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, The Custer Courthouse Riot Incident wanda ya shafi daruruwan mutane, zama na kwana saba'in da daya na Wounded Knee, da kuma harbi a kusa da gidanta wanda ya kashe jami'an FBI biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Jurist&quot; /&gt; Nichols ya kuma tattauna zargin da kusan mambobi ashirin na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] suka yi game da Aquash ya zama mai ba da labari, ko kuma aƙalla sun saba da jita-jita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Jurist&quot; /&gt; Nichols ya kuma ba da shaida cewa mambobi da yawa, daya daga cikinsu ya riga ya yi barazanar rayuwar Aquash saboda ya yi zargin cewa ita mai ba da labari ce, ya ɗauki Aquash na makonni don &quot;duba ta,&quot; yana bayanin cewa koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, ba a yarda ta je ko'ina ba, kuma ba a yarda da ita ta koma gida duk da buƙatun ta na yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Jurist&quot; /&gt; Mathalene White Bear, wani tsohon memba na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka wanda ya ba da mafaka ga Aquash a 1975, ya ba da shaida cewa Aquash ta yi imanin cewa rayuwarta tana cikin haɗari tun farkon Satumba na wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Case Law #4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz Arlo LOOKING CLOUD, Defendant-Appellant. No. 04-2173. Decided: August 19, 2005 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-8th-circuit/1467051.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Case Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa [[Leonard Crow Dog]] da Leonard Peltier sun yi tunanin Aquash mai ba da labari ne, kuma Nichols, 'yarta, da Dennis Banks, sun ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquasha mai ba da rahoto ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Jurist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=419 F. 3d 781 - United States of America v. Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud. |url=http://openjurist.org/419/f3d/781/united-states-of-america-v-fritz-arlo-looking-cloud |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=OpenJurist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don shiga cikin kisan Aquash, Looking Cloud ya furta cewa ya kori Aquash daga [[Denver]] zuwa Rapid City sannan zuwa wurin da aka kashe Aquash; duk da haka, ya yi zargin cewa bai san komai game da shirin kashe Aquash ba, kuma memba ne na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]], wanda ake kira John Boy Patton, &lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR #33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Justice Delayed for Murdered Mi'kmaq Woman Annie Mae Pictou Aquash 32-year-old Murder Trial Delayed |url=http://jfamr.org/delayed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608054040/http://jfamr.org/delayed.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya harbe Aquash. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freedom Archives&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 February 2004 |title=Leonard Peltier's Reaction to Kamook &amp; Arlo Looking Cloud Trial |url=http://freedomarchives.org/pipermail/news_freedomarchives.org/2004-February/000130.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Freedom Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Richard Two Elk daga baya zai ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta shafi kisan Aquash. Two Elk ya ba da shaida wanda ya nuna cewa Arlo Looking Cloud ya tuntube shi a cikin kaka na 1994, yana neman shawara kan yadda za a amsa wa hukumomin da ke binciken kisan Aquash, kuma Two Elk sun bayyana cewa Looking Cloud ta yarda da shiga cikin lamarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Testimony of Richard Two Elk in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud |url=http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608132438/http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two Elk ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa ɗan'uwansa na tallafi yana da hannu a kisan Aquash kuma cewa a cikin shekaru, Looking Cloud kawai &quot;yana aiki ne akan umarni&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dick Shovel #333332&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Former AIM activist reveals allegations in Anna Mae Aquash's murder |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/annatp1.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Dick Shovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, bayan juriyar tarayya (wanda ya kunshi mata 7 da maza 5) sun yi shawarwari na tsawon sa'o'i bakwai, sun yanke Arlo Looking Cloud hukunci a cikin kisan kiyashi na 1975 na Aquash. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sites by Dawn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=21st-century Developments |url=http://www.sitesbydawn.com/FreedomWonFreedomLost.com/Developments.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Sites by Dawn |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308123520/http://www.sitesbydawn.com/FreedomWonFreedomLost.com/Developments.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dick Shovel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Carson |date= |title=Jury convicts Looking Cloud in 1975 murder |url=http://dickshovel.com/guilty.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Daukaka kara ====
A shekara ta 2005, Looking Cloud ya daukaka kara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka, amma an soke karar kuma an tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a kurkuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Jurist&quot;/&gt;

==== Yarjejeniyar rantsuwa ====
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Lawrence Piersol ya sanya hannu kan wani umarni wanda ya rage lokacin da aka yanke hukuncin rai na asali na Looking Cloud zuwa shekaru 20 don musayar shaidar da aka ba masu gabatar da kara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a kan abokin makirci [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffington Post #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=26 September 2011 |title=Denver Man's Sentence Reduced In 1975 AIM Slaying |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/26/denver-mans-sentence-redu_n_981867.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Country's News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2011 |title=Looking Cloud has sentence reduced in Aquash murder case |url=http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/annie-mae-pictou-aquash/12087-looking-cloud-has-sentence-reduced-in-aquash-murder-case |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Indian Country News |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321181918/http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/annie-mae-pictou-aquash/12087-looking-cloud-has-sentence-reduced-in-aquash-murder-case |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidar Looking Cloud ta ba da ƙarin haske game da kisan Aquash, tare da Looking Cloud yana zargin cewa ya tsaya kusa yayin da Graham ya harbe Aquash.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Country's News&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Denver Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 September 2011 |title=Denver man's sentence reduced in 1975 AIM slaying |url=http://www.denverpost.com/2011/09/26/denver-mans-sentence-reduced-in-1975-aim-slaying/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Denver Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya Looking Cloud BOP # 07609-073 kuma an sake shi daga FTC Oklahoma City a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020.

== Kyauta ==
Shari'ar kotu game da Looking Cloud ta bar rarrabuwar da ke ci gaba. Akwai wasu bangarorin da suka yi imanin cewa Looking Cloud ba shi da laifi. A cewar Russell Means, memba na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]], wariyar launin fata shine zuciyar yanke hukunci na tarayya na Looking Cloud. An nakalto shi yana cewa, &quot;Racism ya ci gaba. An yi watsi da al'adunmu kuma ba a haɗa su ba, kuma an ba daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tausayi a birnin Denver alhakin kisan da wani shugaban kungiyar Indiyawan Amurka ya ba da umarni. Ina da cikakken fushi kuma ya yi takaici sosai&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2004 |title=Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession |url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/looking-cloud-guilty/article_4ca12fe1-13ea-5824-a5e4-2b1f7f4c6f19.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rapid City Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612173528/https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/looking-cloud-guilty/article_4ca12fe1-13ea-5824-a5e4-2b1f7f4c6f19.html |archive-date=12 June 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa an ba shi barasa da heroin kafin a tilasta masa ikirarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BSNorrell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 July 2007 |title=Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession |url=http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2007/07/arlo-given-alcohol-heroin-in-jail.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2005, a cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta da hannu, Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa lauyansa na shari'a, Timothy Rensch, ya yi makirci da Bruce Ellison, lauyan Leonard Peltier. A cewar Looking Cloud, &quot;Na sami wasika da ke sanar da ni cewa [[Vernon Bellecourt|Vernon B. Bellecourt]] ya ba da duk kayan shari'ata a cikin shari'ata ga Laliberte [ Lauyan Graham] a Kanada, a bayyane yake samun shi daga lauyan daukaka kara na Gilbert Arlo. Kuma na karanta Vernon da Gilbert suka koma baya. Kuma yadda Rensch ya yi aiki sosai don tabbatar da Candy Hamilton ba zai iya ambaton sunan Bruce Ellison ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;4 Struggle Mag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2004 |title=The Trial and Conviction of Arlo Looking Cloud in the Murder of Anna Mae Aquash |url=https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919070333/https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pelmony, tsohon abokin aikinsa Leech da Ellison ya koma baya ga shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita ga Barry Bachtier, mai suna Looking Cloud ba don tabbatar da ita ba don tabbatarwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Portland Indy Media&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robideau |first=Robert |date=July 2007 |title=JOHN TRUDELL, A PROFILE OF COWARDICE AN FBI INFORMANT COVERS HIS TRACKS IN THE MURDER OF A |url=http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2007/07/362371.shtml?discuss |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021726/http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2007/07/362371.shtml?discuss |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakazalika, an soki lauyan da aka nada a kotun Looking Cloud, Timothy Rensch, saboda rashin sanya kyakkyawar kariya tare don Looking Cloud . &lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melmer |first=David |date=12 February 2004 |title=Looking Cloud trial raises questions |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019101343/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indianz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin roƙonsa na sabon shari'a, Looking Cloud ya haɗa da sabon lauya a cikin roƙon, amma kuma an musanta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indianz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 March 2004 |title=Commentary: Racist Trial for Aquash murder |url=https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indianz |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919070333/https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuma duk da yarjejeniyar neman gafara ta Looking Cloud wanda ya haɗa da musayar shaidar da [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]], Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wa Looking Cloud ya kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a. A cewar wani wakilin daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham, ban da tabbacin Looking Cloud wanda ya dogara da rashin shaidar shari'a, sun kuma nuna cewa, &quot;Duk da haka kwamitin Tsaro naGraham zai taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a don Looking Cloud. Me ya sa ya taimaka masa lokacin da ya shafi John? Ba mu yi imani da ya yi niyyar shigar da John ba. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27025" sha1="9wxp13fqnqpnwr041a1a1dvqw09rwcw" xml:space="preserve">Food City wani babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki ne na Amurka tare da shagunan da ke [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], [[Kentucky]], [[Tennessee]], da [[Virginia]]. Kamfanin K-VA-T Food Stores, Inc., mallakar mallakar iyali ne mai zaman kansa da kuma kamfanin mallakar ma'aikata (13% ta hanyar [[Ƴancin mallakar hannun jari|ESOP]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;esop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Food City |url=http://retail-merchandiser.com/index.php/reports/retail-reports/1757-food-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195831/http://retail-merchandiser.com/index.php/reports/retail-reports/1757-food-city |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-06-08 |publisher=retail-merchandiser.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke da hedkwata a Abingdon, Virginia. K-VA-T Food Stores ta mallaki Cibiyar Rarraba Abinci ta Birnin (tsohon Mid-Mountain Foods), cibiyar rarraba K-VA'T ta taimaka wajen kafa a 1974 kuma ta sami cikakken iko a cikin 1998, Misty Mountain Spring Water, LLC, mai samar da ruwan kwalliya, da kuma kantin sayar da kayan abinci masu iyaka da ake kira Super Dollar Food Center, Food City Express da Gas'N Go, da kuma shagunan kayan kwalliya na Wine City da Spiritsor. Yawancin manyan kantin sayar da su suna da tashoshin man fetur na kansu, tare da alamar Gas'N Go.

Yana ba da zaɓin samfuran lakabi masu zaman kansu da yawa a ƙarƙashin alamun &quot;Food Club,&quot; &quot;TopCare&quot;, &quot;That's Smart!&quot;, &quot;Food City Fresh!&quot;, &quot;Full Circle&quot;, &quot;Crav'n Flavor&quot;, &quot;Paws Happy Life&quot;, &quot;Simply Done&quot;, &quot;Wide Awake Coffee Co.&quot;, &quot;Tippy Toes&quot;, &quot;Harvest Club&quot;, &quot;Evolve&quot;, &quot;Over the Top&quot;, &quot;Nostimo&quot;, &quot;Charmony&quot;, &quot;Misty Mountain&quot;, &quot;Flock's Finest&quot;, &quot;Culinary Tours&quot;, wanda yawancin su ne, kuma suna da kuma suna da yawa daga cikin shirin Tsabtaccen ɓangare na Harco. Food City kuma ita ce mai rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so na yanki kamar &quot;Kay's Ice Cream&quot;, &quot;Moore's Classic Snacks&quot;, &quot;Terry's Classic snacks&quot;, &quot;Kern's Bread&quot;, da &quot;Lay Classic Meats&quot;.
[[Fayil:A_Food_City_supermarket_in_Cleveland,_Tennessee.jpg|thumb|Gidan Abinci a Cleveland, Tennessee]]

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Food_City,_Chattanooga,_TN.jpg|thumb|Gidan Abinci a cikin Chattanooga, Tennessee]]
K-VA-T Food Stores, Inc. ya gano tarihinsa zuwa 1955, lokacin da wanda ya kafa ka Jack Smith ya buɗe kantin sayar da Piggly Wiggly na farko mai murabba'in mita 8,800 (8 m2) a Grundy, Virginia, tare da taimakon masu hannun jari na musamman guda uku: mahaifinsa, Curtis Smith, kawunsa, Earl Smith da dan uwansa, Ernest Smith. A cikin 1963, Smith ya kara da shagon na biyu a Kudancin Williamson, Kentucky, sannan kuma sabon wuri na uku da aka gina a Pikeville, Kentucky, a cikin 1965, da kuma shagon a Prestonsburg, Kentucky, da kuma shago a cikin 1967.

Kamfanin ya ci gaba da girma har zuwa 1984 lokacin da ya sami Quality Foods, sarkar shaguna 19 (wanda aka kafa a 1918), wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Food City. Smiths sun karbi Food City a matsayin sabon sunan, tare da al'adunsu, don duk shagunansu da ke ci gaba. A shekara ta 1989, Food City ta sayi sarkar White Stores mai shaguna 37 wanda ke fitowa daga Knoxville, Tennessee, fiye da ninki biyu na girman kamfanin.

A cikin 1998, Food City ta sami sarkar Kennedy Piggly Wiggly mai hawa 11 da kuma cikakken iko da Mid-Mountain Foods, Cibiyar Rarraba Abinci ta yanzu. A shekara mai zuwa, Winn-Dixie ta fice daga kasuwar Knoxville kuma ta sayar da shagunansu bakwai ga Food City. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, Food City ta ba da sanarwar sayen wurare takwas na BI-LO a Knoxville, Maryville, da Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

K-VA-T ta yi bikin cika shekaru 50 a ranar 17 ga Nuwa, 2005, ta hanyar buɗe kantin sayar da murabba'in mita 46,500 (4,320 m2) a Vansant, Virginia, a waje da Grundy. Shekaru uku bayan haka, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, K-VA-T ta bude shagon ta 100 a Rogersville, Tennessee. Kamfanin ya yi bikin wannan taron ta hanyar aika da I-beam na musamman ga kowane shago a cikin kamfanin inda ma'aikata suka sanya hannu a matsayin alamar alheri ga sabon shago. Ginin yana zaune sama da hanyar shiga a cikin shagon 100.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, K-VA-T ta sayi Tsohon Kasuwar Birni a Tazewell, Tennessee, a matsayin kantin sayar da sabon wuri na Tazewell, . 

A watan Yulin , Food City ta ba da sanarwar sayen wurare 21 na BI-LO a kasuwar  da kuma shagunan BI-LO guda takwas a Arewacin [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] daga Kudu maso Gabas Grocers. Kamfanin yana shirin saka hannun jari sama da dala miliyan 40 a cikin ingantaccen babban birnin ga wuraren a cikin shekara ta farko da kuma shigar da tashoshin mai na Gas'N Go a wurare da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu. K-VA-T ya kai wani muhimmin abu a watan Oktoba 2015 ta hanyar bude wurin farko na Georgia, BI-LO mai canzawa, a Rossville, Georgia. A wannan watan, K-VA-T ta buɗe murabba'in ƙafa 62,000 (5,800 m2) Food City a Johnson City, Tennessee, babbar shagon da kamfanin ya taɓa ginawa.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Food City ta bude Starbucks ta farko a cikin shagon a wani sabon wuri da aka gina a Athens, Tennessee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-01 |title=Food City opens in 'Friendly City' |url=http://www.dailypostathenian.com/news/article_76b6c42e-bf14-11e7-8086-10604b9f1f4a.html |access-date=2017-11-02 |publisher=Daily Post-Athenian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin yana aiki da wuraren Starbucks 60 a cikin shagon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harlan welcomes Starbucks in Food City |url=https://www.wymt.com/2024/04/01/harlan-welcomes-starbucks-food-city/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=wymt.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2020, Ƙungiyar Masu Ciniki ta Kasa ta kira K-VA-T Food Stores da Food City a matsayin Mai Kasuwanci Mai Kyau a 2020 NGA Creative Choice Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Creative Choice Award Winners |url=https://www.nationalgrocers.org/creative-choice/winners/ |access-date=2020-02-28 |website=National Grocers Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin , K-VA-T ta ba da sanarwar cewa suna fadada zuwa jiharsu ta biyar tare da shirye-shiryen gina babban kantin sayar da 'in mita 54,000 (5,000 m2) a Albertville, Alabama. An buɗe shagon a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2021.

A watan Agustan 2022, K-VA-T ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen sayen dangin Cooke na shagunan a cikin Babban Cleveland, Tennessee, yankin kasuwa. Wadannan shagunan sun hada da wurare huɗu na Fresh n' Low da Cooke's Food Store da Pharmacy a Tennessee tare da wuri ɗaya na Freshn' Low a Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Food City to Acquire Cooke's Food Store/Fresh n' Low That Have Long Served Cleveland Area |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2022/8/24/454630/Food-City-to-Acquire-Cookes-Food.aspx |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=The Chattanoogan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2025, Food City ta karfafa dukkan shagunan Fresh n' Low da Cookes a kusa, sabbin wuraren da aka fadada Food City ko, a Ocoee da Arewacin Cleveland, sun gina manyan shagunan maye gurbin Food City.

=== Hedikwatar ===
Ayyukan kamfanonin K-VA-T sun kasance a Grundy, Virginia, daga farkonsa a 1955 har sai da ya koma Abingdon, Virginia, a cikin 1970s. A cikin shekaru, ayyukan kamfanin sun bazu a kan gine-gine daban-daban guda biyar a ko'ina cikin Abingdon da Washington County.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta , K-VA-T a huku ta karfafa ayyukan kamfaninta a cikin sabon ginin hedkwatar a cikin garin Abingdon, Virginia, a 1 Food City Circle. Ginin bene huɗu, murabba'in ƙafa 140,000 (13,000 m2), yana zaune a kan kadada 17 kuma ya yi amfani da ɓangarorin tsohuwar ginin a cikin ginin sabon, tare da wurin ajiye motoci yana karɓar gyare-gyare don ci gaba da amfani da shi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, K-VA-T ta ba da gudummawar ginin ofishin kamfaninsu na baya a Abingdon ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Barter . 

=== Cibiyar Abinci ta Super Dollar ===
A cikin shekara ta 2008, K-VA-T ta buɗe kantin sayar da kayan abinci na farko mai suna Super Dollar Discount Foods a Wytheville, Virginia, wanda daga baya aka rushe shi a cikin 2020 don buɗe hanyar sabon wurin Food City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Food City to open in Wytheville |url=https://www.wfxrtv.com/news/local-news/new-river-valley-local-news/food-city-to-open-in-wytheville/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |publisher=wfxrtv.com |archive-date=2021-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428052113/https://www.wfxrtv.com/news/local-news/new-river-valley-local-news/food-city-to-open-in-wytheville/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekaru, sabon tsarin ya girma ta hanyar buɗe sabbin wurare da kuma canza wasu tsofaffi, ƙananan, wuraren Food City a Pikeville da Prestonsburg, Kentucky; Rogersville, Tennessee; da Grundy, Virginia. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, K-VA-T ta fara sake sanya alamar shagunan Super Dollar Discount Foods a Abingdon, Hillsville, da Wytheville, Virginia zuwa tutar Cibiyar Abinci ta Super Dollar. A cikin shekara ta 2017, sauran wuraren Super Dollar Discount Foods sun canza zuwa wannan sabon tutar. Ya zuwa Maris 2022, akwai wurare 5 na Super Dollar, tare da ɗayan da ke da tashar man fetur na Gas'N Go.

=== Bayyanawa ta hanyar Food City ===
A watan Yunin 2020, K-VA-T ta canza tsohuwar Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, wurin zuwa sabon tsarin Express ta Food City.

=== Birnin Abinci ruwan inabi da ruhohi ===
A watan Agustan 2012, K-VA-T ta bude kantin sayar da giya na farko na Food City Wine &amp; Spirits, a Pikeville, Kentucky. Kamfanin na biyu na Food City Wine &amp; Spirits ya buɗe a Louisa, Kentucky a watan Agusta 2015.  An kara wuri na uku a Whitesburg, Kentucky a watan Mayu 2020 sannan kuma wuri na huɗu a Middlesboro, Kentucky a ranar Satumba 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=Food City cuts ribbon on new Wine and Spirits store |url=https://www.themountaineagle.com/articles/food-city-cuts-ribbon-on-new-wine-and-spirits-store/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |publisher=themountaineagle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Tailgater of the game |url=https://www.knoxtntoday.com/tailgater-of-the-game/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |publisher=knoxtntoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kasuwancin kayan masarufi ===
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, bayan sayen tsohon tashar Exxon a Coeburn, Virginia, K-VA-T ta bude kantin sayar da kayan abinci na farko na Food City Express don karawa da kantin sayarwar kayan masarufi na yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-04-17 |title=Food City Express to open in Coeburn, Va |url=https://www.heraldcourier.com/news/food-city-express-to-open-in-coeburn-va/article_1c9e1e16-af06-58e6-b899-bc0e9faef21d.html |access-date=2019-01-20 |publisher=heraldcourier.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2014, K-VA-T ta bude wuri na biyu a cikin tsohon kantin sayar da kayan masarufi na RaceWay a Elizabethton, Tennessee, a ƙarƙashin alamar Gas'N Go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-05-12 |title=Food City to open new gas station, store in city |url=https://www.elizabethton.com/2014/05/12/food-city-to-open-new-gas-station-store-in-city/ |access-date=2019-01-20 |publisher=Elizabethton Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina wasu wuraren sayar da kayayyaki na Gas'N Go kuma an buɗe su a Morristown da Bristol, Tennessee, daga baya a cikin 2014. An buɗe wuri na biyar a Oliver Springs, Tennessee a watan Yulin 2016 tare da wuri na shida wanda aka buɗe a Pikeville, Kentucky a watan Yunin 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=New Gas'N'Go Express opens in Pikeville |url=https://www.wymt.com/2023/06/27/new-gasngo-express-opens-pikeville/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |publisher=wymt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kayan aiki na Curt ===
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, K-VA-T ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen shiga dangin shaguna na Ace Hardware ta hanyar ƙaddamar da layin su na shaguna na Curt's Ace Hardware kuma suna kimanta wuraren Virginia a Abingdon da Bristol tare da Piney Flats, Erwin, da Elizabethton, Tennessee ban da Mize Farm &amp; Garden Supply a Gray, Tennessee, wanda K-VA -T ta samu kwanan nan. A watan Yunin 2022, an bude wurin farko a Bristol, Virginia. A watan Mayu 2024, K-VA-T ta bude wurin Ace na goma sha biyu a garinsu na Abingdon, Virginia .  A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, K-VA-T sun canza tsohon kantin sayar da kayan masarufi na Fresh n'Low a Ocoee, Tennessee zuwa wurin su na goma sha uku na Curt's Ace Hardware. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, K-VA-T ta bude kayan aikin Curt's Ace na goma sha uku a Galax, Virginia. 

=== Alamun da ba su wanzu ba ===

==== Fresh n&quot; Low / Cook's Food Store &amp; Pharmacy ====
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, K-VA-T ta fara aiki na wurare huɗu na Fresh n' Low da Cooke's Food Store da Pharmacy a Tennessee tare da wuri ɗaya na Freshn' Low a Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Food City to Acquire Cooke's Grocery Stores |url=https://www.winsightgrocerybusiness.com/retailers/food-city-acquire-cookes-grocery-stores |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=winsightgrocerybusiness.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Food City ta fara aiki a kan manyan shagunan biyu don maye gurbin wuraren Candies Creek da Ocoee Fresh n&quot; Low a watan Yunin 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Food City spending over $30 million on two new Cleveland-area stores |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2023/jun/22/food-city-spending-over-30-million-on-two-new/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=timesfreepress.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rufe kantin sayar da abinci da kantin magani na Cooke a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023 bayan an fadada garin abinci kusa da wurin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=End of an era: Cooke's closes its doors for final time |url=https://www.clevelandbanner.com/news/end-of-an-era-cooke-s-closes-its-doors-for-final-time/article_f4842253-3212-5859-bea6-add2402a28c1.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=clevelandbanner.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2025, duk wuraren Fresh n' Low an karfafa su a cikin kusa, sabbin wuraren Food City da aka sake gyarawa ko maye gurbin su gaba ɗaya da Babban Birnin Abinci.

==== Kasuwar Tsohon Birni ====
Lokacin da K-VA-T ta sami Kyautar Abinci kuma ta karɓi sunan Food City a cikin 1984, an sake sunan Galax, Virginia, Piggly Wiggly Market. A shekara ta 1989, Food City ta sayar da Kasuwar Oldtown ga mambobi biyu na ƙungiyar gudanarwa da suka yi ritaya. Wannan tutar ba za a rikita ta da Tsohon Kasuwar Tazewell, Tennessee, wurin da K-VA-T ta saya kuma ta sake sanyawa a cikin 2010.

==== Abinci Mai Daraja ====
K-VA-T ta canza wurin su na Sweetwater, Tennessee, zuwa Valu Foods, kantin ajiya mai ragi. An rufe wannan wurin a cikin 1999.

==== Yayinda yake Rashin ====
K-VA-T ta rufe daya daga cikin wurare biyu na Sevierville, Tennessee, a cikin shekara ta 2005, amma ta sake buɗe wannan wurin bayan 'yan watanni a ƙarƙashin tutar While It Lasts. An yi amfani da wannan wurin a matsayin kantin sayar da kayayyaki daban-daban da alamomi daga sayen shagunan Bi-Lo waɗanda ba a ɗauka a wuraren abinci na yau da kullun ba. An rufe shi a shekara ta 2006.

== Kasancewar al'umma ==
 
Saboda ayyukan sadaka da ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da tattalin arzikin su na gida, Food City ta sami lambar yabo ta Supermarket News ta Community Service Award a shekara ta 2008. 

Steven C. Smith, shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na K-VA-T an ba shi suna 2009 Grocer of the Year ta Tennessee Grocers &amp; Convenience Store Association a lokacin taron shekara-shekara. TGCSA ta zaɓi wani fitaccen mai siyar da Tennessee wanda ke nuna ƙa'idodin aminci da inganci wanda aka kafa kungiyar don a kira shi Grocer of the Year . 

A watan Fabrairun 2013, Food City ta sami lambar yabo ta Dale Carnegie Leadership Award wanda ke nuna sadaukarwa ga kyakkyawan sabis da samfuran inganci; sadaukarwa don ci gaban ma'aikaci; amincewa da darajar ma'aikaciya; da kuma ma'anar wajibai wanda ke kawo babban matakin shiga cikin al'umma.

=== Gidajen dabbobi ===
Kowace shekara Food City tana karbar bakuncin Pet Hunger Drive. Ana gayyatar masu siyarwa don siyan jakunkunan abinci na dabbobi da aka riga aka shirya don bayar da gudummawa ga mafaka na dabbobi na gida. A cikin 2017, kamfen ɗin ya tara rikodin rikodin $ 109,000 don amfanin mafaka na dabbobi a duk yankin.

=== CSX Santa Train ===
A shekara ta 1992, Food City ta fara aiki tare da Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Kingsport Area da CSX Transportation don neman gudummawar kayan wasa, alewa, tufafi da kuɗi don jirgin saman Appalachia Santa, tafiya mai nisan kilomita 110 ta cikin Dutsen Appalachian ta hanyar jirgin kasa wanda ke rarraba fiye da tan 15 na kyauta ga yara. Kasuwancin Food City ya karu har zuwa inda kusan masu sa kai 200 ke aiki a kan aikin a kowace shekara.

=== Gidauniyar Binciken Ciwon Cutar Matasa ===
K-VA-T tana gudanar da kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara inda masu siye zasu iya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar sayen &quot;sneaker&quot; na JDRF a lokacin rajista. 100% na kudaden da aka tattara an ba da gudummawa ga Gidauniyar Binciken Ciwon Cutar Yara. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2018, Food City ta ba da gudummawa sama da dala miliyan 1.878 ga JDRF.

=== Abubuwan da aka shuka a cikin gida da ƙwai ===
City City na sayen kayan amfanin gona da yawa a yankin kasuwancin su, suna ba da ƙarin tallafi ga yankunan da suke aiki.  Kamfanin yana sayen matsakaicin $ 6,000,000 a cikin kayan amfanin gida a kowace shekara daga wasu gonaki na gida, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Grainger, Blount, Hawkins, Unicoi, Jefferson da Sullivan County a Tennessee;  Lardunan Scott da Carroll da kuma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Girbin Girbin Appalachian don abubuwan da ake nomawa a cikin gida daga masu noma a yankin Scott County, Virginia.[1]  A cikin Yuli 2011, Food City ta ba da sanarwar cewa kashi 95 na ƙwai za su fito daga Dutt &amp; Wagner na Virginia, Inc., kasuwancin kwai na iyali wanda ke samarwa da rarraba ƙwai daga Abingdon, Virginia.  Sauran kashi 5 na ƙwai ana ɗaukar samfura na musamman, irin su Egg Beaters

=== Manufar: ABLE ===
Tun daga shekara ta 2011, K-VA-T da NASCAR Champion Richard Petty sun haɗu don amfanin Paralyzed Veterans of America's Mission: ABLE ta hanyar tattara gudummawa daga masu siye sama da dala miliyan 1.26. 100% na gudummawar da aka tattara ya amfana da tsoffin sojoji masu shanyayye a cikin yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-27 |title=Food City and NASCAR Legend Richard Petty Team up to Benefit Paralyzed Veterans of America's Mission |url=https://www.foodcity.com/community/news/134/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118034003/https://www.foodcity.com/community/news/134/ |archive-date=2018-01-18 |access-date=2017-01-16 |publisher=Food City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-05 |title=Food City, NASCAR Legend Richard Petty and RTIC Coolers Team Up to Help Veterans |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/food-city-nascar-legend-richard-petty-and-rtic-coolers-team-up-to-help-veterans-300482315.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706010608/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/food-city-nascar-legend-richard-petty-and-rtic-coolers-team-up-to-help-veterans-300482315.html |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2017-07-05 |publisher=PR Newswire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsayayya da Yunwa ===
Tun daga shekara ta 1992, shagunan Food City sun gudanar da kamfen ɗin hutun shekara-shekara na Race Against Hunger inda masu siye zasu iya ba da gudummawa a lokacin sayarwa. Kamfen din Race Against Hunger yana tara sama da $ 350,000 a kowace shekara ga kungiyoyin agaji masu yawa a duk yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-31 |title=Food City's Race Against Hunger collection begins |url=http://www.heraldcourier.com/news/food-city-s-race-against-hunger-collection-begins/article_308f7937-5f70-5dc3-ade6-1d8be17579e1.html |access-date=2017-11-02 |publisher=Bristol Herald Courier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101081348/http://www.heraldcourier.com/news/food-city-s-race-against-hunger-collection-begins/article_308f7937-5f70-5dc3-ade6-1d8be17579e1.html |archive-date=2017-11-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan Makaranta ===
a 1990, Food City fara su Apples ga Students shirin.  Tun daga farkonsa har zuwa 2007, shirin ya ba wa ɗalibai damar tattara rasitocin rajista na City City masu launi na musamman don musayar kwamfuta, software, kayan wasanni, ƙididdiga, kayan aikin koyarwa, sauti / gani da sauran kayan koyarwa ga makarantunsu.  A cikin 2007, shirin ya tafi gaba ɗaya na lantarki, yana bawa abokan ciniki damar haɗa katunan amincin su na Abinci City zuwa takamaiman makarantar da suke son ba da gudummawa.  Wannan ci gaban ya kuma baiwa makarantu damar duba jimlar kan layi.  A cikin 2009, City Food ta sake sanya sunan Apples don shirin ɗalibai a matsayin Kuɗin Makarantar Abinci.  [abubuwan da ake bukata{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2010}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Tun lokacin da aka fara shirin, Food City ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 21.4 ga makarantu sama da 1,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2022 |title=Food City kicks off School Bucks Challengea |url=https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/food-city-kicks-off-school-bucks-challenge/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=WJHL |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906225331/https://www.wjhl.com/news/local/food-city-kicks-off-school-bucks-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasanni ===
Tun daga shekara ta 1988, Food City ta kasance mai tallafawa Tim Irwin / Food City Bass Tournament da aka gudanar a Lenoir City, Tennessee. Kudin da aka samu daga gasar ya amfana da kungiyoyin Boys &amp; Girls na kwarin Tennessee kuma ya tara sama da $ 1,000,000 tun daga shekarar 1988.
[[Fayil:DaleEarnhardtSunglassesDriversSuit.jpg|left|thumb|275x275px|Food City ta dauki nauyin Dale Earnhardt na NASCAR daga 1995 zuwa 1999.]]
City City tana tallafawa abubuwan NASCAR guda biyu a Bristol Motor Speedway, NASCAR Cup Series' Food City 500 a cikin bazara da kuma ƙarshen NASCAR Xfinity Series' Food City 300 a lokacin rani.  Yarjejeniyar Abinci City, wacce ta fara a cikin 1992, a halin yanzu ita ce yarjejeniyar tallafawa haƙƙin tsere na biyu mafi dadewa a cikin Jerin Kofin.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuntawa da sanarwar cika shekaru 20 a cikin 2011, bayan mutuwar a cikin 2010 na Shugaban Waƙa da Babban Manajan Jeff Byrd, tseren bikin cika shekaru 20 an sake masa suna Jeff Byrd 500 wanda City City ta gabatar.   An canza tseren na 2015 suna City Food City 500 Don Tallafawa Steve Byrnes Da Tsaya Zuwa Ciwon daji, [2] yayin da tseren 2020 aka sake masa suna City City yana gabatar da manyan jarumai 500 don girmama ma'aikatan gaba a lokacin cutar ta COVID-19.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Courier |first=Allen Gregory &amp;#124; Bristol Herald |title=NASCAR: Food City 500 now has a new name |url=https://heraldcourier.com/sports/nascar-food-city-500-now-has-a-new-name/article_6504dbdc-9fa2-11ea-b861-4fa9b9d0d836.html |website=HeraldCourier.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da waɗannan tseren, Food City tana gudanar da Food City Family Race Nights a Knoxville da [[Tennessee]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAYI&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bristol, Tennessee&quot;&gt;Bristol, Tennessee, makon da ya gabata kafin abubuwan NASCAR.

A cikin 1995, Food City ta sanya hannu a matsayin mai tallafawa Dale Earnhardt's No. 3 Winston Cup Series Chevrolet race car. Sun sabunta tallafin a shekarar 1997 don ƙarin shekaru biyu tare da tallafin tallafi na Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s Busch Series Chevrolet race car. Haɗin Food City / Earnhardt ya kama nasarori bakwai da kuma gasar zakarun 1998 a lokacin yarjejeniyar tallafawa. 

Daga 2005 zuwa 2007, Food City ta kuma dauki nauyin tsohon taron Hooters Pro Cup a Bristol Motor Speedway, Food City 150. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Race Results |url=https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/ |website=Racing-Reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin shekara ta 2010, Food City ta kasance babban mai tallafawa gasar golf ta Web.com Tour Knoxville Open a Knoxville, Tennessee, wanda ya amfana da kungiyoyin agaji da yawa.

A watan Satumbar 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa Food City za ta zama mai tallafawa ga yakin da aka yi a wasan kwallon kafa na Bristol a 2016 tsakanin Tennessee Volunteers da Virginia Tech Hokies .  A watan Satumbar 2016, Bristol Motor Speedway ta ba da sanarwar cewa Food City ta sanya hannu a matsayin mai tallafawa wasan kwallon kafa na &quot;Bucs a Bristol&quot; tsakanin ETSU Buccaneers da Western Carolina Catamounts. Wasan Bucs a Bristol shine wasan farko na Kudancin Kudancin ETSU tun 2003 lokacin da makarantar ta rushe shirin kwallon kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-12 |title=Bucs at Bristol game this Saturday at BMS, Food City signs on as title sponsor |url=http://wjhl.com/2016/09/12/bucs-at-bristol-game-this-saturday-at-bms-food-city-signs-on-as-title-sponsor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913172026/http://wjhl.com/2016/09/12/bucs-at-bristol-game-this-saturday-at-bms-food-city-signs-on-as-title-sponsor/ |archive-date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2016-09-12 |publisher=WJHL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kan Agusta 24, 2023 Jami'ar Tennessee ta ba da sanarwar cewa City Food ta shiga haɗin gwiwa na shekaru 25 tare da Sashen Wasan Wasanni.  Yarjejeniyar ta canza sunan filin wasan kwando na Jami'ar Tennessee zuwa Thompson-Boling Arena a Cibiyar Abinci.  A musayar haƙƙin suna, City City za ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga makarantar a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.  Wannan yarjejeniya tana faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen da suka gabata a wurin tare da shirin wasan motsa jiki na Volunteer na Tennessee

== Wuraren da aka yi ==
Ya zuwa Oktoba 2022, K-VA-T Food Stores, Inc. tana aiki da kantin sayar da kayayyaki 153 (gidan ajiya na Food City 132, Cibiyoyin Abinci na Super Dollar 6, shagunan Wine &amp; Spirits 4, Fresh n' Lows, 1 Cooke's Food Store and Pharmacy, da shagunan kayan aiki 5) a Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, da Virginia. Sashin ya haɗa da kantin magani sama da 114 da tashoshin mai sama da 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Find Your Local Store |url=https://www.foodcity.com/stores/find-a-store/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321150217/http://www.foodcity.com/shop/find-a-store |archive-date=2015-03-21 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Food City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Super Dollar Food Center Locations |url=http://www.superdollarfoodcenter.com/locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015104/http://www.superdollarfoodcenter.com/locations/ |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Super Dollar Food Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-31 |title=Food City unveils big changes |url=http://news-expressky.com/news/article_58179ccc-f2f6-11e1-904a-001a4bcf887a.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908032242/http://news-expressky.com/news/article_58179ccc-f2f6-11e1-904a-001a4bcf887a.html |archive-date=2012-09-08 |access-date=2019-01-20 |publisher=news-expressky.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yancin Dan Adam a Bulgaria</title>
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      <text bytes="15780" sha1="r4zpcw8o3qh8q8n170uiju3437o1oxy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Bulgaria ta shiga Majalisar Turai kuma ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] a 1992 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bulgaria - Department for the Execution of Judgmentsof the European Court of Human Rights - www.coe.int |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/execution/bulgaria |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Department for the Execution of Judgmentsof the European Court of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta shiga [[Tarayyar Turai]] a 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=HADJIYSKA |first=NEVYANA |date=January 1, 2007 |title=Bulgaria, Romania Join European Union |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/01/AR2007010100383.html |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] via [[Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da wannan, bin ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Bulgarian ya faɗi ƙasa da ma'auni da ake tsammani na mai sanya hannu na ECHR. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta lura cewa daga cikin aikace-aikace 596 da Kotun ta bi da su a 2022, 25 sun haifar da hukunci da gano akalla keta haƙƙin ɗan adam guda ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ECHR Press Country Profile: Bulgaria |url=https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/cp_bulgaria_eng |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=ECHR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake kafofin watsa labarai na [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] suna da rikodin rahoto mara nuna bambanci,&lt;ref name=&quot;LOCprof&quot;&gt;Text used in this cited section originally came from: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf Bulgaria (June 2005) profile] from the [[Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies]] project.&lt;/ref&gt;  rashin takamaiman dokokin Bulgaria da ke kare kafofin watsa labarai daga tsangwama na jihar rauni ne na ka'ida. Yanayi a cikin kurkuku goma sha biyu na tsufa da yawa na Bulgaria gabaɗaya matalauta ne. Ana sa ran sake fasalin shari'a a tsakiyar shekara ta 2005 don sauƙaƙa yawan fursunoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOCprof&quot; /&gt;

An zargi &lt;nowiki&gt;''Yan sanda na Bulgarian da cin zarafin fursunoni da amfani da hanyoyin bincike ba bisa ka'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ida ba, kuma abubuwan da hukumomi ke ba da gudummawa suna hana cikakken rahoto da bincike kan laifuka da yawa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bulgaria ya ba da tabbacin [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]], amma kananan hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta buƙatun rajista na musamman a kan wasu kungiyoyin da ba a sanya su a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci cikakken kariya a tarihi ba. Baya ga Cocin Orthodox na Bulgaria, addinan da aka tsara sune [[Yahudawa]], [[Musulmi]], da [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]]. Rashin amincewar kotun da rashin ƙarfi na kotun ya sa kariya ta tsarin mulki ga haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma ta zama matsala a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOCprof2&quot;&gt;Text used in this cited section originally came from: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf Bulgaria (June 2005) profile] from the [[Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies]] project.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyoyin yara da manya masu nakasa ==
Yanayin da ke cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyin Bulgaria don yara da manya masu nakasa sun haifar da damuwa. Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta kaddamar da korafi a karkashin Kwamitin Turai kan 'Yancin Jama'a game da gazawar samar da ilimi ga yara a gidajen kula da jama'a da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Manufofin Jama'a ke gudanarwa; kuma a halin yanzu ana jiran shari'ar a gaban Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai game da zargin gazawar binciken rashin mutunci da wulakanci a cibiyoyin manya. An watsa shirin &quot;Bulgaria's Abandoned Children&quot; (TrueVision, 2007) a BBC Four a Burtaniya a watan Satumbar 2007, kuma ya nuna karancin abinci, kiwon lafiya da ilimi ga yara a ma'aikatar da ke Mogilino. Yaduwar kafa yara a Bulgaria ba zai iya zama daidai da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro ba, kuma kusan tabbas ya saba wa Mataki na 23 na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara da Mataki na 11, 12 da 13 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx |access-date=March 6, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙananan mutanen Makidoniya ==
Akwai ƙananan mutane da ke nuna kansu a matsayin ƙabilar Makidoniya a Lardin Blagoevgrad na Bulgaria. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2011, mutane 1,654 sun bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan kabilar Makidoniya kuma 561 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Lardin Blagoevgrad. Jaridar Helsinki Monitor ta Girka ta ba da rahoton cewa &quot;jiha ta Bulgaria da ra'ayin jama'a sun musanta haƙƙinsu na nuna kansu&quot;, kuma cewa &quot;duk wani mataki da ya shafi nuna asalin Makidoniya a Bulgaria yana ƙarƙashin rinjaye kai tsaye da ƙin yarda&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minorities in southeast Europe: Macedonians in Bulgaria |url=http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/cedime-se-bulgaria-macedonians.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190547/http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/cedime-se-bulgaria-macedonians.doc |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2006-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan la'akari da shi, an ba da Macedonian a matsayin zaɓi don zama ƙasa a ƙidayar. Mafi rinjaye na Bulgarian (ciki har da manema labarai) suna kallon mutanen Makidoniya da ke zaune a Bulgaria a matsayin 'tsarkake' Bulgarians.

An ki amincewa da 'yan Makidoniya da damar yin rajistar jam'iyyun siyasa (duba United Macedonian Organization Ilinden da [[UMO Ilinden - PIRIN]]) a kan dalilin cewa jam'iyyar &quot;kungiyar wariyar launin fata ce da gwamnatin kasashen waje ta tallafawa&quot;, wani abu da ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin Bulgaria. Kotun kundin tsarin mulki duk da haka ba ta haramta jam'iyyun Evroroma (Евророма) da MRF (ДПС) ba, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin jam'iyyu na kabilanci. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci &quot;da baki daya, cewa an keta Mataki na 11 (yancin taro da tarayya) na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam&quot;.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, mambobin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Milan Horáček, Joost Lagendijk, Angelika Beer da Elly de Groen-Kouwenhoven sun gabatar da gyare-gyare ga shiga Bulgaria zuwa yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Tarayyaa ta Turai da ke kira &quot;a kan hukumomin Bulgaria don hana duk wani cikas ga rajistar jam'iyyar siyasa ta kabilun Makidoniya (OMO-Ilinden PIRIN) da kuma kawo karshen duk wani nau'in nuna bambanci da cin zarafi ga wannan 'yan tsiraru. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Amendments 1-37, Draft Report by Geoffrey van Orden on the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+COMPARL+PE-380.785+01+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&amp;language=EN |website=European Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2005 |title=IWPR'S BALKAN CRISIS REPORT, No. 581 |url=http://tharwaproject.com/node/3038 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518182652/http://tharwaproject.com/node/3038 |archive-date=May 18, 2007 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[Tharwa Foundation]]}} courtesy [[Archive.org]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2018, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci biyu a kan Bulgaria ta hanyar keta Mataki na 11 (yancin taro da tarayya) na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin dan Adam da 'Yancin Tushen. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen guda biyu: Shari'ar Vasilev da Society of the Repressed Macedonians in Bulgaria Wadanda aka azabtar da ta'addanci na Kwaminisanci v. Bulgaria (Aikace-aikacen No. 23702/15); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2020 |title=CASE OF VASILEV AND SOCIETY OF THE REPRESSED MACEDONIANS IN BULGARIA VICTIMS OF THE COMMUNIST TERROR v. BULGARIA |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-202528 |website=[[European Court of Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Shari'ar Kungiyar Makidoniya don Tolerance na Kabilanci a Bulgaria (Aiki No. 67197/13),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2020 |title=CASE OF MACEDONIAN CLUB FOR ETHNIC TOLERANCE IN BULGARIA AND RADONOV v. BULGARIA |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-202559 |website=European Court of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci cewa Bulgaria ta keta Mataki na 11 (yancin taro da haɗin gwiwa) na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Mutum da Hakki na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a, kuma Bulgaria dole ne a,000.

== Romani (Roma) ==
A cewar wani rahoto daga Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Ma'aikata daga shekara ta 2001, an san jami'an tsaro na jihar Bulgaria da kamawa da kuma cin zarafin yara a kan titi na Asalin kabilanci na Romawa. Romani suna fuskantar tsangwama a Bulgaria, gami da cin zarafin sojojin Romani da kuma rashin martani na 'yan sanda game da laifukan da aka aikata wa Romani. Yawancin yara na Romani ba sa zuwa makaranta, saboda talauci da rashin ƙwarewa a yaren Bulgarian. A gefe guda, an ba da izinin yawancin kabilun Roma, jam'iyyar Free Bulgaria ta tsaya takara kuma ta sami nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Bulgaria |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/705.htm |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rahoto daga [[New York Times]] ya lura cewa a lokacin annobar COVID-19 &quot;a cikin unguwar Roma a Kyustendil, yawancin hanyoyi ba a shimfiɗa su ba kuma sun zubo da shara, &quot; kuma yaran Roma ba su da damar yin amfani da kwamfutoci da intanet mai zurfi don koyo a lokacin annayar. Hukumomin Kyustendil sun yi iƙirarin kulle-kulle a cikin garin don hana yaduwar kwayar cutar, yayin da masu gwagwarmayar Roma suka yi iƙirin tsattsauran ra'ayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |last2=Dzhambazova |first2=Boryana |date=2020-07-06 |title=Europe’s Roma Already Faced Discrimination. The Pandemic Made It Worse. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/world/europe/coronavirus-roma-bulgaria.html |access-date=2020-07-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Satan mutane ==
{{Bulgaria topics}}An sami karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai (duba babban labarin: fataucin ɗan adam). [[Revolutions of 1989|ƙarshen kwaminisanci]] ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar fataucin mutane, tare da yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Slaves at the heart of Europe |url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/trafficking/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307062424/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/trafficking/ |archive-date=March 7, 2004 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]]}} courtesy [[Archive.org]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bulgaria ƙasa ce ta asali da kuma ƙasar wucewa ga mutane, da farko mata da yara, waɗanda aka yi fataucin su don manufar cin zarafin jima'i. Gwamnatin Bulgaria ta nuna wasu sadaukarwa don yaki da fataucin mutane amma an soki ta saboda rashin samar da ingantaccen matakai a tilasta bin doka da kariya daga wadanda aka azabtar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2005 |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46613.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bulgaria Factbook |url=http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Bulgaria.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716110705/http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Bulgaria.php |archive-date=July 16, 2010 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[Coalition Against Trafficking in Women]]}} courtesy [[Archive.org]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yanci na addini ==
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini; duk da haka, doka ta haramta yin addini a cikin jama'a ta kungiyoyin da ba a yi rajista ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma sanya Kiristanci na Orthodox na Gabas a matsayin addinin &quot;al'ada&quot;. Akwai wasu rahotanni &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bulgaria |url=http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/country.asp?s=id&amp;urn=Bulgaria |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[Christian Solidarity Worldwide]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 3, 2004 |title=A modern slave's brutal odyssey |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3979725.stm |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; game da cin zarafin al'umma ko nuna bambanci bisa ga imani ko aiki na addini. Nuna bambanci, cin zarafi, da rashin haƙuri na jama'a gaba ɗaya, musamman a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, na wasu ƙungiyoyin addinai sun kasance matsala ce ta lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=June 3, 2005 |title=Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46613.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattaunawar kasa da kasa ==
Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai sau da yawa tana riƙe da cewa Bulgaria ta keta [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]]. A cikin 2015, Kotun ta ba da sanarwar manema labarai ta musamman da aka keɓe ga matsalar tsarin shari'a na Bulgaria: ya jaddada cewa &quot;a cikin hukunce-hukunce sama da 45 da aka yi wa Bulgaria... hukumomi sun kasa bin wajibin su na gudanar da bincike mai tasiri. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2016 |title=Report on Progress in Bulgaria under the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism {SWD(2016) 15 final} |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:52016DC0040 |access-date=29 November 2017 |publisher=European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta kuma ba da hukunce-hin matukin jirgi a kan Bulgaria - ana ba da su lokacin da Kotun ta gano jerin aikace-aikacen da suka shafi irin waɗannan gaskiyar. Misali, a cikin hukuncin matukin jirgi ''Neshkov da Bulgaria'', Kotun ta ba Bulgaria watanni 18 don inganta yanayin kurkuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=Bulgaria Given 18 Months to Improve Prison Conditions |url=https://www.liberties.eu/en/news/pilot-case-bulgarian-prisons-inhumane-treatment/2887 |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=Liberties}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu gwagwarmayar zamantakewa sun nuna damuwa cewa Bulgaria tana bayan sauran kasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Turai]] a cikin wasu alamun kasa da kasa waɗanda ke auna kariya ga 'yancin farar hula da' yanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 November 2017 |title=Bulgaria's Failed Democracy |url=https://bulgarianmagnitsky.com/bulgarias-failed-democracy/7 |access-date=29 November 2017 |publisher=bulgarianmagnitsky.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Turai ta kuma nuna damuwa game da mulkin doka na Bulgaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2017 |title=PACE, worried about threats to the rule of law, points to recent developments in five states |url=http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/News/News-View-EN.asp?newsid=6828&amp;lang=2 |access-date=29 November 2017 |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi na kasa da kasa ==

* Freedom Index, 2023: 45 daga cikin 165.&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/freedom-index-by-country Freedom Index by Country 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Demokradiyya Index, 2022: 57 daga cikin 167.
* Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2023: 71 daga cikin 180. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Index {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/index |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=rsf.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai|'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai]]
* Hakkin LGBT a Bulgaria
* Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Bulgaria

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/bulgaria/&quot; id=&quot;mwAcI&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Censorship a Bulgaria - IFEX
* [[imdbtitle:1145514|Bayani - ''Yaran da aka watsar a Bulgaria'']]
* [http://www.bghelsinki.org/en/ Kwamitin Helsinki na Bulgarian]
* [http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2854 Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Roma ta Turai - Kotun Strasbourg Sanctions Bulgaria saboda Rashin kawo masu aikata kisan wariyar launin fata zuwa adalci''Kotun Strasbourg ta hukunta Bulgaria saboda Rashin kawo masu aikata kisan wariyar launin fata zuwa adalci'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171019154935/http://www.romatogether.org/ NGO Roma Tare]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata Ba'amurke ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken . Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] .  Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata Ba'amurkiya ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken . Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] .  Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8fzqckpzjpvzjdafr8nf3k30jtumlrn</sha1>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5359" sha1="azgs01zp67rand1rv5cwokph9bcndq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] Ba'amurkiya ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken . Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] .  Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>azgs01zp67rand1rv5cwokph9bcndq4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964776</id>
      <parentid>964775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5372" sha1="63wman1l75kprbc0n5tkl09gow1fkmf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken . Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] .  Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>63wman1l75kprbc0n5tkl09gow1fkmf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964778</id>
      <parentid>964776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:33:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5370" sha1="rul0vpm6r5btxk7j0j7fzmot3bii6nm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]] .  Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>rul0vpm6r5btxk7j0j7fzmot3bii6nm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964779</id>
      <parentid>964778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:33:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5368" sha1="7oz6i5kp0gm5u91ymcssa40uqa8vvtv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>7oz6i5kp0gm5u91ymcssa40uqa8vvtv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964780</id>
      <parentid>964779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:33:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5365" sha1="kde0d3cxz1cqivuwr5yuyqp6qpam3rt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>kde0d3cxz1cqivuwr5yuyqp6qpam3rt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964781</id>
      <parentid>964780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5363" sha1="sfga9gymbhrr735r278yf36spuriiq5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.  &lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan|Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan]], wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>sfga9gymbhrr735r278yf36spuriiq5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964782</id>
      <parentid>964781</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5325" sha1="ta1yb84q33kckkgdp62mdbrxvqnqv3l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka]] a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] [[Richard Nixon]] . 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ta1yb84q33kckkgdp62mdbrxvqnqv3l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964783</id>
      <parentid>964782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:35:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5259" sha1="9a8g12mts1375cwz7777s3aqtca1dw3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka a cikin majalisar ministocin [[shugaban Tarayyar Amurka|shugaba]] Richard Nixon. 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da [[1980 Republican National Convention|Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980]], wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9a8g12mts1375cwz7777s3aqtca1dw3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964784</id>
      <parentid>964783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5190" sha1="jliabkvl2f3neg833bmdg2n7yjgfkp6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, [[William Milliken]], a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a [[United States Army Air Corps|Rundunar Sojojin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka a cikin majalisar ministocin shugaba Richard Nixon. 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980, wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>jliabkvl2f3neg833bmdg2n7yjgfkp6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964785</id>
      <parentid>964784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:35:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>964785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5153" sha1="fc8rrr7k2dsg329z04w4uzbmkledhtm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, William Milliken, a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka a cikin majalisar ministocin shugaba Richard Nixon. 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980, wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>fc8rrr7k2dsg329z04w4uzbmkledhtm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964786</id>
      <parentid>964785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:35:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5134" sha1="6w04tkg3kyejlw9csrdheuidj432f1v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Helen Wallbank Milliken''' (Disamba 4, 1922 - Nuwamba 16, 2012) yar fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]] [[Amurkawa|Ba'amurkiya]] ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Michigan . Milliken, Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa mafi dadewa a tarihin Michigan (ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 89), ta yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1983 a lokacin mulkin mijinta, tsohon Gwamnan Michigan William Milliken. Milliken an santa da fafutuka a madadin dalilai da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na Ƙaddamar [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] Ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Loraine (2012-11-17). &quot;Grace and guts': Helen Milliken wore many hats&quot;. Traverse City Record-Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko ===
An haifi Milliken '''Helen Wallbank''' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1922, a [[Colorado]],  na biyu cikin yara huɗu na Stanley da Nellie (née Sillik) Wallbank. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata a [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1943, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, William Milliken, a Colorado yayin da take gida don hutun bazara bayan ta kammala sabuwar shekara a Kwalejin Smith.  Milliken a lokacin dalibi ne a Jami'ar Yale (wanda ke da nisan mil 80 daga Kwalejin Smith), amma ya kasance a makarantar [[Lowry Air Force Base|Lowry Field]] 's aerial [[Gunnery school|gunnery]] school don horarwa a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Milliken ya yi aiki a matsayin sojan Amurka Air Corps [[B-24]] waist-gunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bell, Dawson (2012-11-17). &quot;Former governor's wife Helen Milliken hailed as a leader in her own right, Helen Milliken 1922-2012&quot;. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 2012-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Oktobar 1945, bayan sun jinkirta aurensu sau shida saboda alkawurran soja na Milliken a lokacin yakin. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Connecticut]], inda suka zauna a gida mai daki ɗaya yayin da Milliken ya kammala babban shekara a Jami'ar Yale. 

Helen da William Milliken sun koma ƙasarsa ta Traverse City, Michigan, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale a 1946. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu a can: William Milliken Jr., wanda aka haifa Oktoba 14, 1946, da Elaine Milliken, wanda aka haifa a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1948. Wani lauya da mata, Elaine ya mutu da ciwon daji a cikin  . don kasuwancin iyali, Rushewar Shagon Sashen Milliken.&lt;ref name=&quot;tcre&quot; /&gt;

=== Uwargidan Shugabancin Michigan ===
Helen Milliken ta fara shiga fagen siyasa ne a lokacin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin Sanata na Jiha a shekarar 1960. An zabi William Milliken a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Jihar Michigan, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Gwamna [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] . Milliken ya samu nasarar zama [[Governor of Michigan|Gwamnan Michigan]] a shekarar 1969 lokacin da Romney ya yi murabus ya zama sakataren gidaje da raya birane na Amurka a cikin majalisar ministocin shugaba Richard Nixon. 

=== Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa ===
Milliken ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, mafi tsayin wa'adin kowace uwargidan shugaban kasa a tarihin jihar. A cikin wannan rawar, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai goyon bayan yancin mata da muhalli.  Musamman, Milliken ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Michigan na [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar]] (ERA) kuma yana da alaƙa da [[ERAmerica]] .  Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta wuce ERA a cikin 1972 kuma jihohi talatin da biyar sun amince da su, gami da Michigan, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Lokacin da Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 1980, wanda aka gudanar a [[Detroit]], ya cire harshen da ke goyon bayan ERA daga dandalin taron, uwargidan shugaban kasa Helen Milliken ta kauracewa bikin bude taron don halartar zanga-zangar goyon bayan ERA. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp2&quot; /&gt;

=== Gidan bayan gida ===
A cikin 1994, dan takarar gwamna na Demokrat Michigan Howard Wolpe ya nemi Helen Milliken ta zama abokin takararsa na Laftanar Gwamnan Michigan .  Ta ƙi tayin Wolpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;dfp&quot; /&gt; Wolfe ya zaɓi Sanatan Jiha Debbie Stabenow a matsayin abokin takararsa. An kayar da shi a babban zaben 1994 ta hannun Gwamnan Michigan na Republican mai ci John Engler .

Yayin da Helen Milliken ta fi guje wa kamfen na siyasa a lokacin rayuwarta ta ƙarshe, ta amince da manyan 'yan Democrat biyu don zaɓe. Milliken ya amince da Jennifer Granholm a matsayin Gwamnan Michigan, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, Sanata John Kerry, a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2004 . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>6w04tkg3kyejlw9csrdheuidj432f1v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics</title>
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[[Fayil:Practical_Demonstrations_of_Ergonomic_Principles.webm|thumb|Bayyanawa mai amfani na ka'idodin ergonomic]]
'''Ergonomics''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Abubuwan ɗan adam''' ko abubuwan [[Injinia.|injiniya]] na ɗan adam ('''HFE'''), aikace-aikacen ka'idodin ilimin halayyar mutum da na ilimin lissafi ne ga aikin injiniya da ƙirar samfuran, matakai, da tsarin. Babban burin injiniyan abubuwan ɗan adam shine rage Kuskuren ɗan adam, haɓaka yawan aiki da wadatar tsarin, da haɓaka aminci, [[lafiya]] da ta'aziyya tare da takamaiman mai da hankali kan hulɗar tsakanin ɗan adam da kayan aiki.

Filin ya haɗu da fannoni da yawa, kamar [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[Injinia.|injiniya]], ƙirar masana'antu, ilimin lissafi, ƙirar ɗan adam, ƙirar hulɗa, ƙirar gani, kwarewar mai amfani, da ƙirar mai amfani. Binciken abubuwan ɗan adam yana amfani da hanyoyin da hanyoyin daga waɗannan da sauran ilimin ilimin don nazarin halayyar ɗan adam da samar da bayanan da suka dace da manufofin da aka bayyana a baya. A cikin karatu da raba ilmantarwa game da ƙirar kayan aiki, na'urori, da matakai waɗanda suka dace da jikin mutum da ƙwarewarsa, kalmomin biyu, &quot;abubuwan ɗan adam&quot; da &quot;ergonomics&quot;, suna da ma'ana game da abin da suka shafi su da ma'anar su a cikin wallafe-wallafen yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;IEHFdef&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=What is ergonomics? |url=https://www.keytools-ergonomics.co.uk/ergonomics/what-is-ergonomics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730093236/https://www.keytools-ergonomics.co.uk/ergonomics/what-is-ergonomics/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=4 April 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors]] |quote=Essentially yes, they are different terms with the same meaning but one term may be more in favour in one country or in one industry than another. They can be used interchangeably.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;criop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CRIOP |url=https://www.sintef.no/upload/Teknologi_og_samfunn/Sikkerhet%20og%20p%c3%a5litelighet/Prosjekter/CRIOP/CRIOPReport.pdf |publisher=SINTEF |quote=Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that applies systematic methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and approve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisation. The aim is to create a working environment and the tools in them for maximum work efficiency and maximum worker health and safety ... Human factors is a scientific discipline that applies systematic methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and improve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisations. The aim is to create a working environment (that to the largest extent possible) contributes to achieving healthy, effective and safe operations. |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125151/https://www.sintef.no/upload/Teknologi_og_samfunn/Sikkerhet%20og%20p%C3%A5litelighet/Prosjekter/CRIOP/CRIOPReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya ta bayyana ergonomics ko abubuwan ɗan adam kamar haka: 
{{Blockquote|Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.|}} 
Injiniyanci na abubuwan ɗan adam ya dace a cikin ƙirar irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar kayan aiki masu aminci da sauƙin amfani da injuna da kayan aiki. Tsarin ergonomic mai kyau ya zama dole don hana Raunin maimaitawa da sauran cututtukan tsoka da ƙashi, wanda zai iya bunkasa cikin lokaci kuma zai iya haifar da nakasa na dogon lokaci. Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics suna damuwa da &quot;daidaitawa&quot; tsakanin mai amfani, kayan aiki, da muhalli ko &quot;daidaidaita aiki ga mutum&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Safety and Health Topics {{!}} Ergonomics {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/ |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=www.osha.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko &quot;daita aikin ga mutum&quot;.  Yana lissafin iyawar mai amfani da iyakoki a neman tabbatar da cewa ayyuka, ayyuka, bayanai, da muhalli sun dace da wannan mai amfani.

Don tantance dacewa tsakanin mutum da fasahar da ake amfani da ita, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane ko ergonomists suna la'akari da aikin (aiki) da ake yi da buƙatun mai amfani; kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su (girmansa, siffar, da yadda ya dace da aikin); da kuma bayanin da aka yi da shi (yadda aka gabatar da shi, samun dama, da kuma gyara). Ergonomics ya samo asali ne daga fannoni da yawa a cikin nazarin mutane da mahallinsu, gami da anthropometry, biomechanics, injiniyan injiniya, Injiniyan masana'antu, ƙirar masana'antu، ƙirar bayanai, kinesiology, ilimin lissafi, ilimin halayyar mutum, ilimin halayen masana'antu da na ƙungiya, da ilimin halayin sararin samaniya.

== Magana ==
Kalmar ''ergonomics'' (daga Girkanci, ma'ana &quot;aiki&quot;, da νόμος, ma'anar &quot;dokar halitta&quot;) ta fara shiga ƙamus na zamani lokacin da masanin kimiyya na Poland Wojciech Jastrzębowski ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin labarinsa na 1857 Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o__hau____hau____hau__, opartej na prawdach poczerpnię z Nauki Przyrody (The Outline of Ergonomics; watau Kimiyya na Aiki, Bisa ga Gaskiya da aka karɓa daga Kimiyya ta Halitta). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wojciech Jastrzębowski |url=http://www.fees-network.org/what-is-ergonomics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124034327/http://fees-network.org/what-is-ergonomics/ |archive-date=24 November 2011 |access-date=19 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin Faransanci [[Jean-Gustave Courcelle-Seneuil]], a bayyane yake ba tare da sanin labarin Jastrzębowski ba, ya yi amfani da kalmar tare da ma'ana daban-daban a 1858. Gabatar da kalmar ga ƙamus na Turanci an danganta shi da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya Hywel Murrell, a taron 1949 a Admiralty na Burtaniya, wanda ya haifar da kafa The Ergonomics Society. Ya yi amfani da shi don ya ƙunshi karatun da ya yi a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II.

Maganar ''Abubuwan ɗan adam'' shine mafi yawan Arewacin Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;THERP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swain |first=A.D. |last2=Guttmann |first2=H.E. |year=1983 |title=Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications. NUREG/CR-1278 |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0712/ML071210299.pdf |publisher=USNRC |quote=Human Factors Engineering, Human Engineering, Human Factors, and Ergonomics ... describe a discipline concerned with designing machines, operations, and work environments so that they match human capacities and limitations ... The first three terms are used most widely in the United States ... The last term, ergonomics, is used most frequently in other countries but is now becoming popular in the United States as well.}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka karɓa don jaddada aikace-aikacen hanyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da aiki. &quot;Matsayin ɗan adam&quot; dukiya ce ta jiki ko [[Hankali|fahimta]] ta mutum ko halayyar zamantakewa ta musamman ga mutane wanda zai iya rinjayar aikin tsarin fasaha. Kalmomin &quot;halayen ɗan adam&quot; da &quot;ergonomics&quot; suna da ma'ana.

== Yankunan ƙwarewa ==
A cewar Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya, a cikin horo na ergonomics akwai yankuna na ƙwarewa. Wadannan sun hada da manyan fannoni uku na bincike: jiki, fahimta, da ergonomics na ƙungiya.

Akwai ƙwarewa da yawa a cikin waɗannan manyan rukunoni. Kwarewa a fagen ergonomics na zahiri na iya haɗawa da ergonomics ta gani. Kwarewa a cikin fagen ergonomics na fahimta na iya haɗawa da amfani, hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta, da ƙwarewar injiniya.

Wasu ƙwarewa na iya yankewa a cikin waɗannan yankuna: Ergonomics na muhalli yana damuwa da hulɗar ɗan adam tare da muhalli kamar yadda yanayin yanayi, zafin jiki, matsin lamba, girgizar ƙasa, haske ke nunawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page of Environmental Ergonomics Society |url=http://www.environmental-ergonomics.org/ |access-date=2012-04-06 |publisher=Environmental-ergonomics.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin da ke fitowa na Abubuwan ɗan adam a cikin tsaron hanya yana amfani da ka'idodin ɗan adam don fahimtar ayyukan da damar masu amfani da hanya - direbobi na mota da manyan motoci, masu tafiya, masu keke, da sauransu - kuma amfani da wannan ilimin don tsara hanyoyi da tituna don rage haɗarin zirga-zirga. An lissafa kuskuren direba a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa a cikin kashi 44% na haɗari mai haɗari a Amurka, don haka batun da ke da ban sha'awa shine yadda masu amfani da hanya ke tattara da aiwatar da bayanai game da hanya da mahallinta, da kuma yadda za a taimaka musu su yanke shawara mai dacewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samar da sabbin kalmomi a kowane lokaci. Misali, &quot;masanin gwajin mai amfani&quot; na iya nufin ƙwararren injiniyan ɗan adam wanda ya ƙware a gwajin mai amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human Factors Engineering Professional Education University of Michigan |url=https://nexus.engin.umich.edu/professional-programs/human-factors-engineering/index.htm |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=nexus.engin.umich.edu |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180029/https://nexus.engin.umich.edu/professional-programs/human-factors-engineering/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake sunayen sun canza, ƙwararrun abubuwan ɗan adam suna amfani da fahimtar abubuwan ɗan adam ga ƙirar kayan aiki, tsarin da hanyoyin aiki don inganta ta'aziyya, lafiya, aminci, da yawan aiki.

=== Ayyukan jiki ===
[[Fayil:Computer_Workstation_Variables_cleanup.png|thumb|Physical ergonomics: kimiyya na tsara hulɗar mai amfani tare da kayan aiki da wuraren aiki don dacewa da mai amfani.]]
[[Fayil:Lifting_and_lowering_risk_filter.png|right|thumb|Yawanci ma'auni da matsayi yayin sarrafa nauyin hannuGudanar da kaya da hannu]]
ergonomics na jiki yana damuwa da ilimin jikin ɗan adam, da kuma wasu daga cikin halayen ɗan adam, physiological, da biomechanical kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da aikin jiki.[1] An yi amfani da ka'idodin ergonomic na jiki sosai a cikin ƙira na mabukaci da samfuran masana'antu don haɓaka aiki da hanawa / magance rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da aiki ta hanyar rage hanyoyin da ke haifar da mummunan rauni da cuta na musculoskeletal.[2] Abubuwan haɗari kamar matsi na inji, ƙarfi da matsayi a cikin wurin zama na ofis suna haifar da raunin da aka danganta ga yanayin aiki.[3] Ergonomics na jiki yana da mahimmanci ga waɗanda aka bincikar su da cututtukan physiological ko cuta irin su amosanin gabbai (duka na yau da kullun da na wucin gadi) ko ciwo na rami na carpal. Matsin da ba shi da mahimmanci ko rashin fahimta ga waɗanda waɗannan cututtuka ba su shafa ba na iya zama mai zafi sosai, ko kuma ya sa na'urar ba ta da amfani, ga waɗanda suke. Hakanan ana amfani da samfuran ergonomics da yawa waɗanda aka kera su ko kuma ana ba da shawarar don magance ko hana irin wannan cuta, da kuma magance ciwo mai raɗaɗi na matsa lamba.[4]R

Daga cikin nau'ikan raunin da ya shafi aiki shine rikicewar tsoka da ƙashi. Cututtukan tsoka da ke da alaƙa da aiki (WRMDs) suna haifar da ciwo mai ɗorewa, asarar ikon aiki da nakasa ta aiki, amma ganewar asali na farko yana da wahala saboda galibi sun dogara ne akan korafe-korafe na ciwo da sauran alamun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Isabel A P. |last2=Oishi |first2=Jorge |last3=Coury |first3=Helenice J C Gil |year=2008 |title=Clinical and functional aspects of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among active workers |journal=Revista de Saúde Pública |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=108–116 |doi=10.1590/s0034-89102008000100014 |pmid=18200347 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace shekara, ma'aikatan Amurka miliyan 1.8 suna fuskantar WRMDs kuma kusan 600,000 daga cikin raunin suna da tsanani sosai don sa ma'aikata su rasa aiki. Wasu ayyuka ko yanayin aiki suna haifar da yawan korafe-korafe na ma'aikata game da damuwa mara kyau, gajiya, rashin jin daɗi, ko ciwo wanda ba ya tafiya bayan hutawa na dare. Wadannan nau'ikan ayyuka galibi sune wadanda suka shafi ayyukan kamar maimaitawa da karfi; sau da yawa, nauyi, ko ɗagawa a sama; matsayi na aiki mara kyau; ko amfani da kayan aiki masu girgiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIOSH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Workplace Ergonomics: NIOSH Provides Steps to Minimize Musculoskeletal Disorders |url=http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=1563 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619070428/http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=1563 |archive-date=19 June 2008 |access-date=2008-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Aiki (OSHA) ta sami shaidar da ta dace cewa shirye-shiryen ergonomics na iya rage farashin biyan diyya na ma'aikata, kara yawan aiki da rage yawan ma'aikata. Maganin ragewa na iya haɗawa da mafita na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. Maganin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci sun haɗa da horar da wayar da kan jama'a, matsayi na jiki, kayan aiki da kuma motsa jiki na ergonomic. Ana ba da shawarar tashoshin zama da kayan haɗi na kwamfuta waɗanda ke ba da shimfidar wuri don hutawa da dabino da kuma raba maɓallan. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya rarraba albarkatu a cikin sashen HR don samar da kimantawa ga ma'aikata don tabbatar da cewa an cika ka'idodin da ke sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Job Functions Within The Telecommunication Industry |url=http://www.ehscp.org/resources/Documents/Ergonomics/Final%20Version%2011-06-07.pdf |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130184120/https://ehscp.org/resources/Documents/Ergonomics/Final%20Version%2011-06-07.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tattara bayanai don gano ayyukan ko yanayin aiki waɗanda suka fi matsala, ta amfani da tushe kamar raunin rauni da rashin lafiya, bayanan likita, da nazarin aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIOSH&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
[[Fayil:Microsoft_Natural_Ergonomic_Keyboard_4000.png|thumb|Maɓallin da aka tsara ta hanyar ergonomic]]
Sabbin tashoshin aiki da ake gwadawa sun haɗa da teburin zama, teburin da za'a iya daidaitawa, tebur masu motsa jiki, na'urorin pedal da ergometers na sake zagayowar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Ergonomics and Its Application in The Real World |url=https://www.spassway.com/blogs/office-ergonomics/what-is-ergonomics-and-its-application-in-the-real-world |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=spassway |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118215557/https://www.spassway.com/blogs/office-ergonomics/what-is-ergonomics-and-its-application-in-the-real-world |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin karatu da yawa waɗannan sabbin wuraren aiki sun haifar da raguwar kewayon kugu da inganta lafiyar hankali. Koyaya adadi mai yawa na ƙarin karatu ba su ga wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a sakamakon kiwon lafiya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neuhaus |first=M. |last2=Eakin |first2=E. G. |last3=Straker |first3=L. |last4=Owen |first4=N. |last5=Dunstan |first5=D. W. |last6=Reid |first6=N. |last7=Healy |first7=G. N. |date=October 2014 |title=Reducing occupational sedentary time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on activity-permissive workstations |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:342216/OAUQ342216.pdf |journal=Obesity Reviews |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=822–838 |doi=10.1111/obr.12201 |issn=1467-789X |pmid=25040784 |s2cid=9092084 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da fitowar robot na hadin gwiwa da tsarin basira a cikin masana'antu, ana iya amfani da wakilai na wucin gadi don inganta ergonomics na jiki na abokan aiki na ɗan adam. Misali, a lokacin hadin gwiwar mutum-robot robot na iya amfani da samfuran biomechanical na abokin aiki na mutum don daidaita tsarin aiki da lissafin ma'auni daban-daban na ergonomic, kamar matsayi na mutum, jujjuyawar haɗin gwiwa, sarrafa hannu da Gajiyawar tsoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;robot-fatigue&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peternel |first=Luka |last2=Fang |first2=Cheng |last3=Tsagarakis |first3=Nikos |last4=Ajoudani |first4=Arash |year=2019 |title=A selective muscle fatigue management approach to ergonomic human–robot co-manipulation |journal=Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing |publisher=Elsevier |volume=58 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1016/j.rcim.2019.01.013 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;robot-torque-manip&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Wansoo |last2=Peternel |first2=Luka |last3=Lorenzini |first3=Marta |last4=Babič |first4=Jan |last5=Ajoudani |first5=Arash |year=2021 |title=A Human–Robot Collaboration Framework for Improving Ergonomics During Dexterous Operation of Power Tools |journal=Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing |publisher=Elsevier |volume=68 |page=102084 |doi=10.1016/j.rcim.2020.102084 |issn=0736-5845 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya nuna dacewa da ergonomic na sararin aiki da aka raba dangane da waɗannan ma'auni ga ɗan adam tare da taswirar sararin aiki ta hanyar hanyoyin gani.&lt;ref name=&quot;workspace-maps&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peternel |first=Luka |last2=Schøn |first2=Daniel Tofte |last3=Fang |first3=Cheng |year=2021 |title=Binary and Hybrid Work-Condition Maps for Interactive Exploration of Ergonomic Human Arm Postures |journal=Frontiers in Neurorobotics |publisher=Frontiers |volume=14 |pages=114 |doi=10.3389/fnbot.2020.590241 |pmc=7819876 |pmid=33488376 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin  motsa jiki ===
{{Employment}}Cognitive ergonomics ya damu da matakai na tunani, kamar fahimta, motsin rai, ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, da amsawar motsi, yayin da suke shafar hulɗar tsakanin mutane da sauran abubuwa na tsarin. Batutuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da aikin tunani, yanke shawara, ƙwarewar aiki, amincin ɗan adam, damuwa da horo kamar yadda waɗannan zasu iya danganta da tsarin ɗan adam da ƙirar hulɗar ɗan adam da kwamfuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Ayyukan aiki na ƙungiyoyi da al'adun tsaro ===
Ayyukan ergonomics na ƙungiya sun damu da inganta tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha, gami da tsarin ƙungiyo, manufofi, da matakai. Batutuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da nasarorin sadarwa na ɗan adam ko gazawar daidaitawa da wasu abubuwa na tsarin,   gudanar da albarkatun ma'aikata, ƙirar aiki, tsarin aiki, ƙirar lokutan aiki, aiki tare, ergonomics na shiga, ergonomic na al'umma, aikin hadin gwiwa, sabbin shirye-shiryen aiki, ƙungiyoyi masu kama-da-aikace, aiki mai nisa, da gudanar da inganci. Al'adun tsaro a cikin ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da masu fasaha an haɗa su da aminci na injiniya tare da girman al'adu ciki har da nisan wutar lantarki da haƙuri. An nuna ƙananan nisan wutar lantarki don zama mafi dacewa ga al'adun tsaro. Kungiyoyin da ke da al'adun ɓoyewa ko rashin tausayi an nuna suna da al'adar tsaro mara kyau.

== Tarihi ==

=== Al'ummomin d ̄ a ===
Wasu sun bayyana cewa ergonomics na ɗan adam ya fara ne da ''Australopithecus prometheus'' (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Little Foot&quot;), wani dabba wanda ya kirkiro kayan aiki na hannu daga nau'ikan dutse daban-daban, a bayyane ya bambanta tsakanin kayan aiki bisa ga ikon su na yin ayyukan da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dart |first=R. A. |year=1960 |title=The Bone Tool-Manufacturing Ability of Australopithecus Prometheus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1960-02_62_1/page/134 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=134–138 |doi=10.1525/aa.1960.62.1.02a00080 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tushen kimiyya na ergonomics ya bayyana cewa an kafa shi ne a cikin al'adun Girka ta dā. Shaidu masu yawa sun nuna cewa wayewar Girka a karni na 5 BC ta yi amfani da ka'idodin ergonomic a cikin ƙirar kayan aikin su, ayyuka, da wuraren aiki. Ana iya samun misali mai kyau na wannan a cikin bayanin da Hippocrates ya ba da yadda ya kamata a tsara wurin aiki na likitan tiyata da kuma yadda ya kamata aka shirya kayan aikin da yake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marmaras |first=N. |last2=Poulakakis |first2=G. |last3=Papakostopoulos |first3=V. |date=August 1999 |title=Ergonomic design in ancient Greece |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-ergonomics_1999-08_30_4/page/361 |journal=Applied Ergonomics |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=361–368 |doi=10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00050-7 |pmid=10416849}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin archaeological ya kuma nuna cewa farkon daular Masar sun yi kayan aiki da kayan gida waɗanda suka kwatanta ka'idodin ergonomic.

=== Al'ummomin masana'antu ===
Bernardino Ramazzini na ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka yi nazarin cutar da ta haifar da aiki, wanda ya sami kansa laƙabi &quot;mahaifin likitanci na sana'a&quot;. A ƙarshen 1600s da farkon 1700s Ramazzini ya ziyarci wuraren aiki da yawa inda ya rubuta ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata kuma ya yi magana da su game da cututtukansu. Daga nan sai ya buga De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Latin don &quot;Cutar Ma'aikata&quot;) wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sana'o'i, cututtuka na yau da kullun, da magunguna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Franco |first=Giuliano |last2=Franco |first2=Francesca |year=2001 |title=Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=9 |pages=1382 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1382 |pmc=1446786 |pmid=11527763}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin karni na 19, Frederick Winslow Taylor ya fara amfani da hanyar &quot;tsarin kimiyya&quot;, wanda ya ba da shawarar hanyar samun hanyar da ta fi dacewa don aiwatar da aikin da aka ba shi. Taylor ya gano cewa zai iya, alal misali, ninka adadin kwal wanda ma'aikata ke shoving ta hanyar rage girman da nauyin kwal har sai an kai ga saurin shoving. Frank da Lillian Gilbreth sun fadada hanyoyin Taylor a farkon shekarun 1900 don bunkasa &quot;bincike na lokaci da motsi&quot;. Sun yi niyyar inganta inganci ta hanyar kawar da matakai da ayyukan da ba su da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanyar, Gilbreths sun rage yawan motsi a cikin tubali daga 18 zuwa 4.5, [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yana bawa masu tubali damar kara yawan amfanin su daga tubali 120 zuwa 350 a kowace awa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meister&quot; /&gt; 

Koyaya, masu binciken Rasha sun ƙi wannan hanyar waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan jin daɗin ma'aikacin. A Taron Farko kan Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Kwadago (1921) Vladimir Bekhterev da Vladimir Nikolayevich Myasishchev sun soki Taylorism. Bekhterev ya yi jayayya cewa &quot;Mafi kyawun matsalar ma'aikata ba a ciki ba [Taylorism], amma yana cikin irin wannan tsari na tsarin ma'aikata wanda zai samar da matsakaicin inganci tare da mafi ƙarancin haɗarin kiwon lafiya, rashin gajiya da tabbacin lafiya mai kyau da duk ci gaban mutum na masu aiki&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Moray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Neville Moray}}&lt;/ref&gt; Myasishchev ya ki amincewa da shawarar Frederick Taylor don juya mutum cikin na'ura. Ayyukan aiki guda ɗaya ya kasance wajibi ne na wucin gadi har sai an iya haɓaka na'ura mai dacewa. Ya kuma ci gaba da ba da shawarar sabon horo na &quot;ergology&quot; don nazarin aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake tsara aiki. Mai ba da shawara ga Myasishchev, Bekhterev, ya ɗauki ra'ayin a cikin rahotonsa na ƙarshe game da taron, kawai canza sunan zuwa &quot;ergonology&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Moray&quot; /&gt;

=== Jirgin sama ===
Kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mayar da hankali ga ilimin halayyar jirgin sama ya kasance a kan mai jirgin sama da kansa, amma yaƙin ya canza mayar da hankali kan jirgin sama, musamman, ƙirar sarrafawa da nuni, da tasirin tsawo da abubuwan muhalli akan matukin jirgi. Yaƙin ya ga fitowar binciken likitanci da kuma buƙatar hanyoyin gwaji da auna. Nazarin halayyar direba ya fara samun ƙarfi a wannan lokacin, yayin da [[Henry Ford]] ya fara samar da miliyoyin Amurkawa da motoci. Wani babban ci gaba a wannan lokacin shine aikin binciken kiwon lafiya. A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I, an kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu, ɗaya a Brooks Air Force Base, [[Texas]] ɗayan kuma a Wright-Patterson Air Force Base a wajen Dayton, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]]. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da yawa don sanin wane halayyar ta bambanta matukan jirgi masu nasara daga wadanda ba su yi nasara ba. A farkon shekarun 1930, Edwin Link ya kirkiro na'urar kwaikwayo ta jirgin sama ta farko. Halin ya ci gaba kuma an haɓaka ƙarin simulators da kayan gwaji. Wani muhimmin ci gaba ya kasance a bangaren farar hula, inda aka bincika tasirin haskakawa akan yawan ma'aikata. Wannan ya haifar da gano Tasirin Hawthorne, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan motsawa na iya rinjayar aikin ɗan adam sosai.&amp;nbsp;

[[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] ya nuna ci gaban sababbin injuna da makamai masu rikitarwa, kuma waɗannan sun sanya sabbin buƙatu akan fahimta masu aiki. Ba zai yiwu a karɓi ƙa'idar Tayloristic na daidaita mutane zuwa ayyukan da suka riga sun kasance ba. Yanzu ƙirar kayan aiki dole ne ta yi la'akari da iyakokin ɗan adam kuma ta yi amfani da ikon ɗan adam. Yin yanke shawara, kulawa, wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da daidaitawar hannu da ido na mai aiki na'ura ya zama mabuɗin nasarar ko gazawar aiki. An gudanar da bincike mai yawa don tantance iyawar ɗan adam da iyakokin da dole ne a cim ma. Yawancin wannan binciken sun tashi inda binciken kiwon lafiya tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe ya ƙare. Misali na wannan shine binciken da Fitts da Jones suka yi (1947), wadanda suka yi nazarin ingantaccen tsari na maɓallin sarrafawa da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama.

Yawancin wannan binciken ya wuce cikin wasu kayan aiki tare da manufar sauƙaƙa sarrafawa da nuni ga masu aiki don amfani. Shigar da kalmomin &quot;halayen ɗan adam&quot; da &quot;ergonomics&quot; a cikin ƙamus na zamani ya fito ne daga wannan lokacin. An lura cewa jirgin sama mai cikakken aiki wanda matukan jirgi mafi kyau suka tashi, har yanzu ya fadi. A cikin 1943 Alphonse Chapanis, wani hafsan soji a cikin Sojojin Amurka, ya nuna cewa wannan abin da ake kira &quot;Kuskuren matukin jirgi&quot; za a iya rage shi sosai lokacin da ƙarin ma'ana da rarrabewa suka maye gurbin ƙirar rikice-rikice a cikin jirgin sama. Bayan yakin, Sojojin Sama sun buga kundin 19 da ke taƙaita abin da aka kafa daga bincike a lokacin yakin.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, abubuwan ɗan adam sun ci gaba da bunƙasa da rarrabuwa. Ayyukan Elias Porter da sauransu a cikin Kamfanin RAND bayan WWII sun fadada tunanin abubuwan ɗan adam. &quot;Yayin da tunanin ya ci gaba, sabon ra'ayi ya ci gaba - cewa yana yiwuwa a kalli wata kungiya kamar kare iska, tsarin mutum-na'ura a matsayin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya kuma yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin halayyar irin wannan kwayar halitta. Yanayi ne don ci gaba. &quot;  A cikin shekaru 20 na farko bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, yawancin ayyukan sun kasance ne ta hanyar &quot;mahaifin da suka kafa&quot;: Alphonse Chapanis, Paul Fitts, da Small. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHAT DOES HUMAN FACTORS MEAN? |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-does-human-factors-mean-elizabeth-donahey-ma/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Yaƙin Cold ===
Farawar [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] ya haifar da babban fadada dakunan bincike na Tsaro. Yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da aka kafa a lokacin WWII sun fara fadadawa. Yawancin binciken da aka yi bayan yakin sun kasance masu tallafawa soja. An ba da kuɗi mai yawa ga jami'o'i don gudanar da bincike. Har ila yau, girman binciken ya fadada daga ƙananan kayan aiki zuwa dukkan tashoshin aiki da tsarin. A lokaci guda, dama da yawa sun fara buɗewa a masana'antar farar hula. An mayar da hankali daga bincike zuwa shiga ta hanyar shawara ga injiniyoyi a cikin ƙirar kayan aiki. Bayan 1965, lokacin ya ga balaga na horo. Yankin ya fadada tare da ci gaban kwamfuta da aikace-aikacen kwamfuta.

Space Age ya haifar da sabbin batutuwan ɗan adam kamar rashin nauyi da matsanancin g-forces. An yi nazarin haƙuri da mummunan yanayi na sararin samaniya da tasirinsa akan tunani da jiki sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NASA-STD-3000 |url=https://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/section01.htm |quote=1.2 OVERVIEW. |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2025-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304235938/https://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/section01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarar Bayani ===
Alfijir na Zamanin Bayanai ya haifar da alaƙar alaƙar ɗan adam-kwamfuta (HCI). Hakanan, karuwar buƙatu da gasa tsakanin kayan masarufi da na'urorin lantarki ya haifar da ƙarin kamfanoni da masana'antu gami da abubuwan ɗan adam a cikin ƙirar samfuran su. Yin amfani da fasahohi na ci gaba a cikin motsin ɗan adam, taswirar jiki, tsarin motsi da wuraren zafi, kamfanoni suna iya kera takamaiman riguna, gami da cikakkun suturar jiki, riguna, guntun wando, takalma, har ma da tufafi.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

== Ƙungiyoyin ==
An kafa shi a 1946 a Burtaniya, tsohuwar ƙungiyar ƙwararru don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane da masu ilimin ergonomics shine Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Ergonomics da Human Factors kuma kafin hakan, The Ergonomics Society.

An kafa Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) a cikin shekara ta 1957. Manufar Kungiyar ita ce inganta ganowa da musayar ilimi game da halaye na 'yan adam waɗanda suka dace da ƙirar tsarin da na'urori na kowane nau'i.

An kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan motsa jiki ta Kanada - Association canadienne d'ergonomie (ACE) a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Association of Canadian Ergonomists - about us |url=https://ace-ergocanada.ca/about/about-ace/index.html |access-date=May 16, 2018 |website=Association of Canadian Ergonomists |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152835/https://ace-ergocanada.ca/about/about-ace/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko an kira shi Human Factors Association of Canada (HFAC), tare da ACE (a Faransanci) da aka kara a cikin 1984, da kuma daidaitattun, taken harsuna biyu da aka karɓa a cikin 1999. Dangane da sanarwar manufofinta ta 2017, ACE ta haɗa kai da haɓaka ilimi da ƙwarewar ergonomics da masu aikin ɗan adam don inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Mission |url=https://ace-ergocanada.ca/about/governance/mission.html |access-date=May 16, 2018 |website=Association of Canadian Ergonomists |archive-date=May 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152638/https://ace-ergocanada.ca/about/governance/mission.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya (IEA) ƙungiya ce ta ergonomics da al'ummomin abubuwan ɗan adam daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Manufar IEA ita ce fadadawa da ci gaba da ilimin ergonomics da aiki, da kuma inganta ingancin rayuwa ta hanyar fadada iyakar aikace-aikacen da gudummawa ga al'umma. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2008, Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya tana da ƙungiyoyi 46 da ƙungiyoyi 2 masu alaƙa.

Human Factors Transforming Healthcare (HFTH) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kasa da kasa ta masu aikin HF waɗanda aka saka a cikin asibitoci da tsarin kiwon lafiya. Manufar cibiyar sadarwa ita ce samar da albarkatu ga masu aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi mutane da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke neman samun nasarar amfani da ka'idodin HF don inganta kula da haƙuri da aikin mai ba da sabis. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa tana aiki ne a matsayin dandamali na hadin gwiwa ga masu aiki da abubuwan ɗan adam, ɗalibai, malamai, abokan masana'antu, da waɗanda ke son sani game da abubuwan ɗan Adam a cikin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About HFTH &amp;#124; About Human Factors Transforming Healthcare |url=https://www.hfthnetwork.org/about-hfth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyoyin da suka danganci ===
Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna (IOM) an kafa ta ne ta masana'antar kwal a shekarar 1969. Tun daga farko IOM ta yi amfani da ma'aikatan ergonomics don amfani da ka'idodin ergonomics ga ƙirar injunan [[hakar ma'adinai]] da mahalli. Har zuwa yau, IOM ta ci gaba da ayyukan ergonomics, musamman a fannonin cututtukan tsoka, damuwa ta zafi, da ergonomics na kayan kariya na mutum (PPE). Kamar mutane da yawa a cikin ergonomics na sana'a, buƙatu da buƙatu na tsofaffin ma'aikatan Burtaniya suna da damuwa da sha'awa ga masu ilimin ergonomists na IOM.

The International Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) kungiya ce ta kwararru don ƙwararrun injiniyoyin motsi a cikin sararin samaniya, mota, da masana'antun motoci na kasuwanci. Kungiyar kungiya ce ta ci gaba da inganci don injiniyan motoci masu amfani da kowane irin, gami da motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen ruwa, jirgin sama, da sauransu. Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Motar ta kafa ka'idoji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antar kera motoci da sauran wurare. Yana ƙarfafa ƙirar motoci daidai da ka'idodin ɗan adam da aka kafa. Yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi masu tasiri dangane da aikin ergonomics a cikin ƙirar mota. Wannan al'umma a kai a kai tana gudanar da tarurruka waɗanda ke magance batutuwa da suka shafi dukkan fannoni na abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Learning Center - Human Factors and Ergonomics - SAE MOBILUS |url=https://saemobilus.sae.org/learning-center/human-factors-and-ergonomics/ |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=saemobilus.sae.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu aiki ==
Masu aiki da abubuwan ɗan adam sun fito ne daga bangarori daban-daban, kodayake galibi su masu ilimin halayyar dan adam ne (daga fannoni daban-daban na ilimin halayya na masana'antu da na ƙungiyoyi, ilimin halayyi na injiniya, ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ilimin haɗi na fahimta, ilimin halayyar mutum, da ilimin halayyu na gwaji) da masu ilimin halayen jiki. Masu zanen kaya (masana'antu, hulɗa, da zane-zane), masana kimiyyar ɗan adam, masana sadarwa na fasaha da masana kimiyyyar kwamfuta suma suna ba da gudummawa. Yawanci, masanin ilimin lissafi zai sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, injiniya, zane ko kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, kuma yawanci digiri na biyu ko digiri na digiri a cikin wani nau'i mai alaƙa. Kodayake wasu masu aiki sun shiga fagen abubuwan ɗan adam daga wasu fannoni, duka digiri na MS da PhD a cikin Injiniyan Factors na ɗan adam suna samuwa daga jami'o'i da yawa a duk duniya.

=== Wurin aiki mai zaman kansa ===
Ofisoshin zamani ba su wanzu ba har zuwa shekarun 1830,  tare da littafin Wojciech Jastrzębowski na asali akan MSDergonomics wanda ya biyo baya a 1857  da kuma binciken farko da aka buga game da matsayi wanda ya bayyana a 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hewes |first=G |year=1955 |title=World Distribution of Certain Postural Habits |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1955-04_57_2/page/231 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=231–244 |doi=10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00040 |jstor=666393 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da ma'aikatan Amurka suka fara canzawa zuwa aikin zama, yaduwar cututtukan tsoka da ke da alaƙa da aiki, batutuwan fahimta, da sauransu sun fara tashi. A cikin 1900, 41% na ma'aikatan Amurka sun yi aiki a aikin gona amma a shekara ta 2000 ya sauka zuwa 1.9% . Wannan ya yi daidai da karuwar ci gaba a cikin aikin tebur (25% na duk aikin a cikin 2000)  da kuma sa ido kan raunin da ba na mutuwa ba daga OSHA da Ofishin Labaran Ayyuka a cikin 1971. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wyatt |first=I. D. |year=2006 |title=Occupational changes during the 20th century |journal=Monthly Lab. Rev. |volume=129 |page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin zama yana buƙatar ƙimar metabolism na 1.0-1.5 kuma yana faruwa a zaune ko kuma a kwance. Manya da suka wuce shekaru 50 sun ba da rahoton ciyar da karin lokaci a zaune kuma ga manya da suka wuce shekara 65 wannan sau da yawa 80% ne na lokacin farkawa. Nazarin da yawa ya nuna alaƙar amsawa tsakanin lokacin zama da mutuwa ta hanyar mutuwa tare da karuwar mace-mace 3% a kowace ƙarin sa'a a kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Rezende |first=Leandro Fornias Machado |last2=Rey-López |first2=Juan Pablo |last3=Matsudo |first3=Victor Keihan Rodrigues |last4=do Carmo Luiz |first4=Olinda |date=2014-04-09 |title=Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=14 |pages=333 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-333 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=4021060 |pmid=24712381 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin lokaci na zama ba tare da hutu ba yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ba su da tsanani, [[kiba]], cututtuken zuciya, [[nau'in ciwon sukari na 2]] da ciwon daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A halin yanzu, akwai babban rabo na ma'aikata gabaɗaya waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ƙananan ayyukan motsa jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parry |first=Sharon |last2=Straker |first2=Leon |year=2013 |title=The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=13 |pages=296 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-296 |pmc=3651291 |pmid=23557495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin zama mai zaman kansa, kamar ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a cikin matsayi mai zama yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga raunin da ƙarin haɗarin lafiya. Abin takaici, kodayake wasu wuraren aiki suna ƙoƙari su samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ma'aikatan zama, duk wani ma'aikaci wanda ke yin zama mai yawa zai iya fuskantar rashin jin daɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccohs.ca&quot; /&gt; Akwai yanayin da ke akwai wanda zai sa mutane da yawan jama'a su kara yawan salon rayuwa, gami da: abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, matakan ilimi, aiki, yanayin rayuwa, shekaru (kamar yadda aka ambata a sama) da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konevic, S. 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Konevic |first=S. |last2=Martinovic |first2=J. |last3=Djonovic |first3=N. |year=2015 |title=Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Sedentary Lifestyle in Belgrade's Suburb, Working Class Community |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1053–60 |pmc=4645725 |pmid=26587469}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken da Jaridar Lafiya ta [[Iran]] ta buga ya bincika abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da tasirin salon rayuwa ga mutane a cikin al'umma mai aiki. Binciken ya kammala cewa mutanen da suka bayar da rahoton rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi sun fi son rayuwa a matsayin zama idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka ba da rahoton kasancewa da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konevic, S. 2015&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da suka sami karancin ilimi ana daukar su a matsayin rukuni mai haɗari don shiga cikin salon rayuwa, duk da haka, kowace al'umma ta bambanta kuma tana da albarkatu daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya bambanta wannan haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konevic, S. 2015&quot; /&gt; Sau da yawa, manyan wuraren aiki suna da alaƙa da karuwar zama na aiki. Wadanda ke aiki a cikin mahalli da aka rarraba a matsayin kasuwanci da ayyukan ofis yawanci suna fuskantar zama da halayyar zama yayin da suke wurin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan da ke da cikakken lokaci, suna da sassauci na jadawalin, ana haɗa su a cikin wannan yawan jama'a, kuma suna iya zama sau da yawa a duk lokacin aikinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Lin |last2=Hipp |first2=J. Aaron |last3=Lee |first3=Jung Ae |last4=Tabak |first4=Rachel G. |last5=Dodson |first5=Elizabeth A. |last6=Marx |first6=Christine M. |last7=Brownson |first7=Ross C. |year=2017 |title=Work-related correlates of occupational sitting in a diverse sample of employees in Midwest metropolitan cities |journal=Preventive Medicine Reports |volume=6 |pages=197–202 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.008 |pmc=5374873 |pmid=28373929}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aiwatar da manufofi ===
Matsalolin da ke kewaye da siffofi mafi kyau ga ma'aikatan da ke zaune sun haɗa da farashi, lokaci, ƙoƙari da kuma kamfanoni da ma'aikata. Shaidar da ke sama tana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da muhimmancin ergonomics a wurin aiki mai zaman kansa, duk da haka bayanan da suka ɓace daga wannan matsala shine tilasta da aiwatar da manufofi. Yayin da wurin aiki na zamani ya zama mafi tushen fasaha, ƙarin ayyuka suna zama da farko, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar hana raunin da ciwo. Wannan yana zama mai sauƙi tare da adadin bincike game da kayan aikin ergonomic wanda ke adana kamfanoni kuɗi ta hanyar iyakance yawan kwanakin da suka ɓace daga aiki da shari'ar biyan diyya ta ma'aikata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Polanyi |first=M. F. |last2=Cole |first2=D. C. |last3=Ferrier |first3=S. E. |last4=Facey |first4=M. |last5=Worksite Upper Extremity Research Group |date=March 2005 |title=Paddling upstream: A contextual analysis of implementation of a workplace ergonomic policy at a large newspaper |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-ergonomics_2005-03_36_2/page/231 |journal=Applied Ergonomics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=231–239 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2004.10.011 |pmid=15694078}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni suna ba da fifiko ga waɗannan sakamakon kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatansu ta hanyar manufofi da aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A Amurka, babu manufofi na kasa da ke cikin yanzu; duk da haka, wasu manyan kamfanoni da jihohi sun dauki manufofin al'adu don tabbatar da amincin dukkan ma'aikata. Misali, sashen kula da haɗari na jihar Nevada ya kafa ka'idojin ƙasa don nauyin hukumomi da nauyin ma'aikata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ergonomics Policy |url=http://risk.nv.gov/LP/ErgoPolicy/ |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=risk.nv.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da kimanta wuraren aiki, ta amfani da albarkatun kula da haɗari lokacin da ya cancanta da kuma adana bayanan OSHA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Har zuwa kwanan nan, hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics sun kasance daga tambayoyin da suka fi rikitarwa da tsada. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi sani da su na ɗan adam an jera su a ƙasa:

* Binciken ƙabilanci: Yin amfani da hanyoyin da aka samo daga ilimin ɗabi'a, wannan tsari yana mai da hankali kan lura da amfani da fasaha a cikin yanayi mai amfani. Hanya ce ta inganci da lura wacce ke mai da hankali kan gogewa da matsi na &quot;ainihin duniya&quot;, da kuma amfani da fasaha ko muhalli a wurin aiki. An fi amfani da tsarin da wuri a cikin tsarin ƙira.[1] Ƙungiyoyin mai da hankali wani nau'i ne na bincike mai ƙima wanda mutum ɗaya zai sauƙaƙe tattaunawa kuma ya ba da ra'ayi game da fasaha ko tsarin da ake bincike. Wannan na iya zama ta hanyar hira ɗaya-ɗaya, ko kuma a cikin zaman rukuni. Ana iya amfani da shi don samun babban adadin bayanai masu zurfi masu zurfi,[2] ko da yake saboda ƙananan samfurin, yana iya zama ƙarƙashin babban matsayi na son rai.[3] Ana iya amfani da shi a kowane lokaci a cikin tsarin ƙira, saboda ya dogara da ainihin tambayoyin da za a bi, da tsarin ƙungiyar. Zai iya zama mai tsada sosai.
* Ƙirar ƙira: Har ila yau, an san shi da ƙira, tsarin ƙirar ƙira yana neman haɗa masu amfani a matakai da yawa na ƙira, don gyara matsalolin yayin da suke fitowa. Kamar yadda samfurori ke fitowa daga tsarin ƙira, waɗannan suna ƙarƙashin wasu nau'ikan bincike kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin wannan labarin, sannan ana ɗaukar sakamakon kuma shigar da su cikin sabon ƙirar. Ana nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa tsakanin masu amfani, kuma an sake tsara samfuran. Wannan na iya zama tsari mai tsada, kuma yana buƙatar yin shi da wuri-wuri a cikin tsarin ƙira kafin ƙira ta zama siminti.[1] Meta-bincike: Ƙararren dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita don bincika ɗimbin bayanan da aka riga aka rigaya ko wallafe-wallafe don samo abubuwan da ke faruwa ko samar da hasashe don taimakawa yanke shawara. A matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken wallafe-wallafe, za a iya yin nazarin meta-bincike don gane yanayin gama-gari daga masu canjin ɗaiɗai.[2]
* Maudu'i-in-tandem: Ana buƙatar batutuwa biyu su yi aiki a lokaci ɗaya kan jerin ayyuka yayin da suke bayyana abubuwan da suka gani na nazari. Hakanan ana kiran wannan dabarar da &quot;Co-Discovery&quot; yayin da mahalarta sukan ciyar da ra'ayoyin juna don samar da ingantaccen tsarin lura fiye da sau da yawa tare da mahalarta daban. Wannan mai binciken ya lura da shi, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don gano matsalolin amfani. Ana yin rikodin wannan tsari yawanci.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Tambayoyi da Tambayoyi: Dabarar da aka saba amfani da ita a waje da abubuwan ɗan adam haka nan, bincike da tambayoyin suna da fa'ida ta yadda za a iya gudanar da su ga ɗimbin gungun mutane akan farashi mai rahusa, yana ba mai binciken damar samun adadi mai yawa na bayanai. Ingancin bayanan da aka samu, duk da haka, koyaushe yana cikin tambaya, kamar yadda tambayoyin dole ne a rubuta su kuma a fassara su daidai, kuma sun kasance, ta ma'ana, na zahiri. Wadanda suka amsa a zahiri suna zabar kansu kuma, suna kara fadada tazara tsakanin samfurin da yawan jama'a.[1]
* Binciken ɗawainiya: Tsari mai tushe a cikin ka'idar aiki, nazarin ɗawainiya hanya ce ta tsari da ke bayyana hulɗar ɗan adam tare da tsari ko tsari don fahimtar yadda za a dace da buƙatun tsarin ko aiwatar da damar ɗan adam. Rikicin wannan tsari gabaɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan aikin da ake nazarinsa, don haka na iya bambanta a cikin farashi da shigar lokaci. Yana da tsari mai inganci da lura. Mafi amfani da wuri a cikin tsarin ƙira.[1] Tsarin aikin ɗan adam: Hanya na ƙididdige halayen ɗan adam, fahimta, da matakai; kayan aiki da masu bincike da masu aikin ɗan adam ke amfani da su don nazarin aikin ɗan adam da haɓaka tsarin da aka tsara don mafi kyawun mai amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bruno |first=Fabio |last2=Barbieri |first2=Loris |last3=Muzzupappa |first3=Maurizio |date=2020 |title=A Mixed Reality system for the ergonomic assessment of industrial workstations |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-020-00664-x |journal=International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1007/s12008-020-00664-x |s2cid=225517293 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;Yi la'akari da babbar murya: Hakanan aka sani da &quot;ka'idar magana guda ɗaya&quot;, wannan shine tsarin tambayar mai amfani don aiwatar da jerin ayyuka ko amfani da fasaha, yayin da suke ci gaba da faɗin tunaninsu ta yadda mai bincike zai iya samun haske game da tsarin tantance masu amfani. Zai iya zama da amfani don nemo kurakuran ƙira waɗanda ba su shafar aikin ɗawainiya, amma suna iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mai amfani. Hakanan yana da amfani don amfani da masana don ƙarin fahimtar ilimin tsari na aikin da ake tambaya. Kasa da tsada fiye da kungiyoyin mayar da hankali, amma yana da fifikon zama na musamman kuma na zahiri.[1]
* Binciken mai amfani: Wannan tsari yana dogara ne akan ƙira don halayen mai amfani ko ma'aikacin da aka yi niyya, da kafa halayen da ke ayyana su, ƙirƙirar mutum ga mai amfani[1]. Mafi kyaun da aka yi a farkon tsarin ƙira, binciken mai amfani zai yi ƙoƙarin yin hasashen mafi yawan masu amfani, da halayen da za a ɗauka suna da alaƙa. Wannan na iya zama matsala idan ra'ayin ƙira bai dace da ainihin mai amfani ba, ko kuma idan waɗanda aka gano ba su da fa'ida don yanke shawarar ƙira daga. Wannan tsari, ko da yake, yawanci ba shi da tsada, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai.[2] &quot;Wizard of Oz&quot;: Wannan dabara ce da ba a saba ganin irinta ba amma an ga an yi amfani da ita a cikin na'urorin hannu. Dangane da gwajin Wizard of Oz, wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi ma'aikaci wanda ke sarrafa aikin na'ura daga nesa don yin koyi da martanin ainihin shirin kwamfuta. Yana da fa'idar samar da saitin halayen da ake iya canzawa sosai, amma yana iya zama mai tsada da wahala a ɗauka.
* Binciken hanyoyi shine tsarin nazarin ayyukan da ma'aikaci ya kammala ta amfani da bincike-bi-bi-bincike. Kowane ɗawainiya a cikin rarrabuwa zuwa ƙananan matakai har sai an kwatanta kowane motsi da ma'aikaci ya yi. Yin haka yana ba ku damar ganin ainihin inda ayyuka masu maimaitawa ko masu takura suke faruwa. Nazarin lokaci yana ƙayyade lokacin da ake buƙata don ma'aikaci don kammala kowane aiki. Ana amfani da nazarin lokaci sau da yawa don nazarin ayyukan cyclical. Ana ɗaukar su binciken “matsalar aukuwa” saboda ma’aunin lokaci yana haifar da faruwar abubuwan da aka ƙaddara.[1]
* Samfuran aiki hanya ce da ake ƙididdige aikin a cikin tsaka-tsaki bazuwar don sanin adadin lokacin da aka kashe akan wani aiki na musamman.[1] Yana ba da haske kan sau nawa ma'aikata ke yin ayyuka waɗanda ka iya haifar da damuwa a jikinsu. Tsare-tsaren lokaci da aka kayyade hanyoyi ne don nazarin lokacin da ma'aikata ke kashewa akan wani aiki na musamman. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da tsarin ƙayyadaddun lokaci shine ake kira Hanyoyin-Time-Aunawa. Sauran tsarin auna aikin gama gari sun haɗa da MODAPTS da MAFI YAWA.[bayani da ake buƙata] takamaiman aikace-aikacen masana'antu dangane da PTS sune Seweasy, MODAPTS da GSD.[2]  Tafiya mai fahimi: Wannan hanyar ita ce hanyar duba yiwuwar amfani wanda masu aunawa za su iya amfani da hangen nesa mai amfani zuwa yanayin aiki don gano matsalolin ƙira. Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da macroergonomics, masu kimantawa suna iya nazarin amfani da tsarin tsarin aiki don gano yadda aka tsara tsarin aiki da kuma yadda aka haɗa aikin aiki.[3]
* Hanyar Kansei: Wannan hanya ce da ke canza martanin mabukaci ga sabbin samfura zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙira. Kamar yadda ake amfani da macroergonomics, wannan hanyar na iya fassara martanin ma'aikaci ga canje-canje ga tsarin aiki zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙira.[1] Babban Haɗin Fasaha, Ƙungiya, da Mutane: Wannan hanya ce ta hannu da aka yi mataki-mataki don amfani da canjin fasaha a wurin aiki. Yana ba wa masu gudanarwa damar sanin al'amuran ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyi na tsare-tsaren fasahar su, yana ba su damar haɗa fasahar yadda yakamata a cikin waɗannan mahallin.[1]  Babban samfuri: Wannan ƙirar tana taimaka wa kamfanonin kera su gano canje-canjen ƙungiyar da ake buƙata lokacin da ake la'akari da sabbin fasahohi don aiwatar da su.[1]
* Ƙirƙirar Ƙirar Kwamfuta, Ƙungiya, da Tsarin Tsarin Jama'a: Wannan samfurin yana ba da damar yin la'akari da tsarin masana'antu, tsari, da tsarin tsarin mutane bisa ilimin tsarin.[1] Anthropotechnology: Wannan hanya tana la'akari da bincike da gyare-gyaren tsarin tsarin don ingantaccen canja wurin fasaha daga wannan al'ada zuwa wata.[1].  Kayan aikin nazarin tsarin: Wannan wata hanya ce don gudanar da kimar ciniki mai tsauri na hanyoyin shiga tsakani-tsarin aiki.
* Binciken macroergonomic na tsari: Wannan hanya tana nazarin tsarin tsarin aiki bisa ga dacewarsu tare da abubuwan fasaha na zamantakewa na musamman.[1] Binciken macroergonomic da ƙira: Wannan hanyar tana kimanta tsarin tsarin aiki ta hanyar amfani da matakai goma.[1]  Ƙirƙirar ƙira ta zahiri da hanyar mayar da martani: Wannan hanyar tana amfani da kayan aikin kwamfuta da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don ƙirar wurin aiki.[2]  Ergonomics na taimakon kwamfuta: Wannan hanyar tana amfani da kwamfutoci don warware matsalolin ergonomic masu rikitarwa

=== Rashin ƙarfi ===
Matsalolin da suka shafi matakan amfani sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa matakan ilmantarwa da riƙe yadda za a yi amfani da dubawa ba a amfani da su ba kuma wasu karatu suna kula da matakan yadda masu amfani ke hulɗa tare da hanyoyin sadarwa a matsayin daidai da inganci-a-amfani, duk da alaƙar da ba a bayyane ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hornbaek, K |year=2006 |title=Current Practice in Measuring Usability: Challenges to Usability Studies and Research |journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=79–102 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.06.002 |s2cid=2615818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake hanyoyin filin na iya zama da amfani sosai saboda ana gudanar da su a cikin yanayin halitta na masu amfani, suna da wasu manyan iyakoki da za a yi la'akari da su. Ƙuntatawa sun haɗa da:

# Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar lokaci da albarkatu fiye da sauran hanyoyin
# Ƙoƙari mai yawa a cikin tsarawa, ɗaukar ma'aikata, da aiwatarwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin
# Lokaci mai tsawo na karatu sabili da haka yana buƙatar kyakkyawar niyya tsakanin mahalarta
# Nazarin yana da tsayi a cikin yanayi, sabili da haka, raguwa na iya zama matsala.

== Dubi kuma ==
{{public health}}

* Kungiyar [[Kanada]] don Biomechanics
* ISO 9241
* ''Jaridar Kwarewar Lafiya ta Aiki''
* Hakkin zama
* Hakkin zama a [[Amurka]]
* Wojciech Jastrzębowski (1799-1882), ɗan ƙasar [[Poland]] ne na farko a fannin ergonomics

== Manazarta ==
{{Software engineering}}{{Occupational safety and health}}

=== Jaridu da aka sake dubawa ===
(Lambobin da ke tsakanin ƙuƙwalwa sune tasirin ISI, wanda kwanan wata ya biyo baya) 

* ''Halin &amp; Fasahar Bayanai'' (0.915, 2008) 
* ''Ergonomics'' (0.747, 2001-2003) 
* ''Ergonomics a cikin Zane'' (-) 
* ''Ayyukan Ergonomics'' (1.713, 2015) 
* Abubuwan da suka shafi Dan Adam (1.37, 2015) 
* ''Jaridar Masana'antu ta Duniya'' (0.395, 2001-2003) 
* ''Abubuwan Mutum da Ergonomics a cikin Masana'antu'' (0.311, 2001-2003) 
* ''Ayyukan Dan Adam'' (0.260, 2001-2003) 
* ''Batutuwan Ka'idoji a Kimiyya ta Ergonomics'' (-) 
* ''Jaridar Duniya ta Factors na Dan Adam da Ergonomics'' (-) 
* ''Jaridar Kasa da Kasa ta Tsaro da Ergonomics'' (-) 

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Evolutionary psychology}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100904194902/http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/ddsm/ Lissafin Hanyoyin Taimako na Zane] Lissafin Hanyoyi na Taimako na Design[http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a355192.pdf Lissafin Hanyoyin Taimako na Zane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031125712/http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a355192.pdf |date=2022-10-31 }}
* [http://design1st.com/Engineering-data-compedium-of-human-perception-and-performance.pdf Bayanan Injiniya Compendium na Ra'ayi da Ayyuka na Mutum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203037/http://hfetag.dtic.mil/docs/index_ngs.doc Lissafin Ka'idojin da ba na Gwamnati ba a kan Injiniyan Dan Adam...]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927114746/http://hfetag.dtic.mil/docs/index_govt_std.doc Lissafin Ka'idodin Gwamnati akan Injiniyan Dan Adam...]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/ NIOSH Takaddun shafi akan Ergonomics da Musculoskeletal Disorders]
* [http://osha.europa.eu/publications/e-facts/efact13/13_office_ergonomics.pdf Bayanan Ofishin Ergonomics] daga Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Turai a Aiki
* Matsayi na Mutum da Littattafai daga Jami'ar Maryland Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya
* [http://www.norcc.org/wiki/Human_Factors_and_Ergonomics Abubuwan da ke tattare da mutane da albarkatun Ergonomics]
* [http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/12 Human Factors Engineering Collection, Jami'ar Alabama a Huntsville Archives da Special Collections] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Babban ƙaura na Arctic</title>
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      <text bytes="7818" sha1="5z054fbslgb5mbk99efdc4qetunkpo2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Can_high_arctic_relocation.svg|thumb|Matsar daga Inukjuak zuwa Resolute (kibiyar hagu) da Grise Fiord (kibiya dama)]]
'''Matsugunin Babban Arctic''' {{Efn|{{langx|fr|délocalisation du Haut-Arctique}}, {{langx|iu|ᖁᑦᑎᒃᑐᒥᐅᑦᑕ ᓅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ|Quttiktumut nuutauningit}}&lt;ref name=&quot;refRomani&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Romani |last=Makkik |title=The High Arctic Relocations |magazine=Naniiliqpita |date=Fall 2009 |pages=7–11 |url=http://www.tunngavik.com/documents/publications/Naniiliqpita%20Fall%202009.pdf |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403145310/http://www.tunngavik.com/documents/publications/Naniiliqpita%20Fall%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ya faru ne a lokacin [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] a cikin 1950s, lokacin da 92 Inuit, wani lokacin ana kiranta '''High Arctic Exiles''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arctic Exile Monument Project |url=https://www.tunngavik.com/initiative_pages/arctic-exile-monument-project/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318020221/https://www.tunngavik.com/initiative_pages/arctic-exile-monument-project/ |archive-date=18 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; gwamnatin Kanada ta tura shi ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Louis St. Laurent zuwa Babban [[Arctic]] .  

An yi la'akari da [[Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa|ƙaura da tilastawa]] gwamnatin Kanada aiwatar da ita don tabbatar da ikonta a cikin Arctic Archipelago (wanda ya kasance ƙarƙashin da'awar yankunan da ake jayayya ) ta hanyar amfani da &quot; '''sandunan tuta na ɗan adam''' &quot;.  Inuit da aka kora sun sha wahala sosai a cikin shekarun farko bayan tafiyar.

== Tarihi ==
A watan Agusta 1953, iyalai bakwai ko takwas daga [[Inukjuak]], [[Nunavik]] (arewacin [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ) (wanda aka sani da Port Harrison) an kai su [[Grise Fiord]] a kudancin [[Ellesmere Island]] kuma zuwa [[Resolute, Nunavut|Resolute]] a [[Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)|tsibirin Cornwallis]] .   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.grisefiord.ca/eng/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228115824/http://www.grisefiord.ca/eng/history.html |archive-date=28 December 2008 |website=Grise Fiord}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da dangin marubuci [[Markoosie Patsauq]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2012 |title=Markoosie Patsauq – His Story |url=http://www.iqqaumavara.com/en/familles/entrevues/markoosie-patsauq-son-histoire |website=Iqqaumavara.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalan, waɗanda ke karɓar biyan kuɗi, an yi musu alkawarin kyautata rayuwa da damar farauta a cikin sabbin al'ummomi a cikin Babban Arctic.  An haɗa su da iyalai uku waɗanda aka ɗauka daga mafi yawan al'ummar Arewa na [[Pond Inlet]] (a cikin [[Northwest Territories|Yankin Arewa maso Yamma]] a lokacin, yanzu ɓangaren [[Nunavut]] ) waɗanda manufarsu ita ce koyar da ƙwarewar Inukjuak Inuit don rayuwa a cikin Babban Arctic. &lt;ref name=&quot;porteous2&quot; /&gt; 

An dauki Inuit akan jirgin sintiri na Gabashin Arctic CGS CD Howe zuwa yankuna a tsibirin Cornwallis da Ellesmere (Resolute da Grise Fiord), duka manyan tsibiran bakarare a cikin maƙiyi na iyakacin duniya.  Yayin da iyalan suke cikin jirgin sun fahimci cewa ba za su zauna tare ba amma za a bar su a wurare uku daban-daban. 
[[Fayil:Robert_Flaherty_Nyla_1920.jpg|left|thumb|Inuit mace da yaro, Cape Dufferin, Quebec, c. 1920-21]]
Masu ƙaura sun haɗa da Inuit wanda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin Robert J. Flaherty na ''Nanook na Arewa'' (1922), wanda aka rubuta kafin ƙaura. 

=== Motsi ===
An yi la'akari da [[Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa|ƙaura da tilastawa matsuguni]] a matsayin abin da ya motsa shi ta hanyar sha'awar ƙarfafa [[Canadian sovereignty|ikon Kanada]] a cikin [[Arctic Archipelago]] ta hanyar samar da matsuguni a yankin.   A cikin ''Ƙaddamarwa zuwa Babban Arctic'', Alan R. Marcus ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙaura na Inuit ba kawai ya zama gwaji ba, amma a matsayin amsa ga &quot;matsalar [[Eskimo]] .&quot;  Gwamnatin tarayya ta jaddada cewa &quot;matsalar Eskimo&quot; tana da nasaba da rashin son Inuit na barin hanyoyin su na makiyaya a yankunan da ake zaton sun yi yawa kuma sun yi nisa don ba da cikakkun bayanai game da rashin talauci na lokacin farauta da yunwa a cikin yankin Inukjuak sakamakon kai tsaye sakamakon yawan jama'a. Duk da haka, gwamnatin tarayya ta san yankin da ake magana a kai yana cikin tsaka mai wuya saboda ƙarshen zagaye na fox na shekaru hudu. 

Gwamnatin Kanada ta yi iƙirarin cewa iyalai masu sa kai sun amince su shiga cikin wani shiri na rage wuraren da ake ganin an fi samun yawan jama’a da farauta a Arewacin Quebec, don rage dogaro da walwala, da kuma ci gaba da rayuwa .   


Ƙarni biyu a kan, kalmar ''The Relocated'' ya kasance mai ban sha'awa. 

== A cikin kafafen yada labarai ==
Carvers [[Looty Pijamini]] (na [[Grise Fiord]] ) da marigayi [[Simeonie Amagoalik]] (na [[Resolute, Nunavut|Resolute]] ) sun ba da izini ta hanyar [[Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated]] don gina wani abin tunawa don tunawa da Inuit wanda ya yi sadaukarwa sosai sakamakon komawar Gwamnati na 1953 da 1955. Pijamini's a cikin abin tunawa, wanda aka gina a cikin wani matashi mai suna Gripicor. husky, tare da matar da ke kallon waje zuwa ga [[Resolute Bay]] . Abin tunawa na Amagoalik, wanda ke cikin Resolute, yana nuna wani mutum shi kaɗai yana kallon Grise Fiord. An yi hakan ne don a nuna iyalai da suka rabu, da kuma nuna masu marmarin sake ganin juna. Pijamini ya ce da gan-gan ya sa su zama masu hazaka saboda ƙaura ba abin farin ciki ba ne. An kaddamar da abin tunawa a watan Satumba na 2010, kuma ya sami yabo daga [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada]] .  

Matsar da Babban Arctic shine batun fim ɗin Zacharias Kunuk na ''Exile'' . Isuma ne ya shirya fim ɗin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2009 |title=Exile |url=http://www.isuma.tv/isuma-productions/exile-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401040013/http://www.isuma.ca/prog?what=24 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |website=Isuma.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kuma ya fito da ''Atanarjuat: Mai Saurin Runner'', fim ɗin fasalin farko da aka taɓa rubutawa, ba da umarni kuma gabaɗaya a cikin Inuktitut . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Andrew |last2=Wise |first2=Wyndham |date=10 October 2006 |title=Atanarjuat (The Fast Runner) |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/atanarjuat-the-fast-runner |access-date=16 November 2024 |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsar da Babban Arctic shine batun fim ɗin ''Broken Promises - Babban Matsala ta Arctic'' ta Patricia Tassinari ( Hukumar Fina-Finan Kanada (NFB), 1995). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Broken Promises - The High Arctic Relocation |url=https://www.nfb.ca/film/broken_promises_-_the_high_arctic_relocation/ |access-date=15 December 2019 |publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsar kuma shine batun shirin fim na Marquise Lepage (NFB, 2008), ''Martha ta Arewa (Martha qui vient du froid)'' . Wannan fim din yana ba da labarin Martha Flaherty, jikanyar Robert J. Flaherty, wanda aka sake komawa a 5, tare da danginta, daga Inukjuak zuwa Grise Fiord (Ellesmere Island). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Martha of the North |url=http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=56486 |website=Our Collection |publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Lepage ya fitar da jerin jerin gidan yanar gizo na 2013 ''Iqqaumavara'', yana ba da labarun wasu mutanen da abin ya shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch the 12 Short Films that tell the Story of this Human Tragedy |url=http://www.iqqaumavara.com/en/ |access-date=15 December 2019 |website=Iqqaumavara.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yancin Dan Adam a Brunei</title>
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      <text bytes="36623" sha1="1van2n8ukz0ctfddrya2ozoqxrt95ri" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da jima'i, kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da jima'i, kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekara 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da jima'i, kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da jima'i, kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da masu kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da masu canjin kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar.

Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shari'a ==

=== Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah ===
A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da masu canjin launin Jinsi,kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaki da fataucin mutane ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakki na asali ==

=== 'Yanci na magana ===
Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar &quot;bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta&quot; a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da &quot;marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa&quot;. Kalubale game da &quot;tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay,&quot; an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da &quot;ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya&quot; doka ta haramta shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yanci na taro da motsi ===
Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]]

=== 'Yanci na addini ===
Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka &quot;marasa kyau&quot;. Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin siyasa ===
Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin yara ==
Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta &quot;jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi.&quot; Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mata ==
Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin nakasassu ==
Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikin mutane ==
Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'a ===
Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karewa ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rigakafi ===
Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ==
Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin &quot;Malay&quot; na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki ==
Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikaci ==
Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei.
[[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]]

=== Aikin tilas ko tilas ===
Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama ==
Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da 'yan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yancin mutane a shari'a ==
Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Anthony McKnight</title>
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'''Anthony McKnight''' an haife shi a shekarar (1954 - 17 ga Oktoba, 2019) ya kasance ɗan [[Amurka]] ne Mai kisan gilla, mai fyade, mai satar mutane, kuma Mai aikata laifuka na jima'i wanda ya kashe mata biyar kuma ya kai hari ga wasu biyar a Oakland, California, a cikin watanni biyar a ƙarshen 1985 da farkon 1986. A shekara ta 2008, an same shi da laifin wadannan kisan kai kuma [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]], amma ya mutu yana jiran kisa a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 November 2008 |title=McKnight gets death penalty for East Bay murders. November 18, 2008 |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2008/11/18/mcknight-gets-death-penalty-for-east-bay-murders/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Ba a san komai game da rayuwar McKnight ba. An haife shi a shekara ta 1954, kuma ya shiga cikin Sojojin Amurka a shekara ta 1982. Ya kuma shiga cikin Sojojin Ruwa kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a Naval Air Station Alameda, wanda ke cikin San Francisco Bay Area kusa da biranen Alameda da Oakland. Har ila yau, a cikin 1982, 'yan sanda na Oakland sun kama McKnight yayin da yake ƙoƙarin yi wa wata yarinya fyade wacce ta ki yin jima'i da shi. Ba a yanke masa hukunci ba kuma ya tashi tare da tarar, amma an shigar da bayanansa a cikin bayanan masu aikata laifuka na jima'i kuma yatsunsa sun shiga cikin bayanan masu laifi na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 1999 |title=DNA trail points to '85 killings. June 26, 1999 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/DNA-trail-points-to-85-killings-3078112.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1983 ya yi aure, kuma yana da ɗa. McKnight an san shi da mutum mai rai da abokantaka, wanda ya sa ya shahara a yankin, tare da abokansa da yawa suna kwatanta shi da kyau, ba tare da sanin cewa shi mai aikata laifuka ne ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 1986 |title=The State JAN. 26, 1986 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-01-26-mn-152-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laifukan da kuma yanke hukunci ==
Harin farko na McKnight ya kasance a watan Oktoba lokacin da ya yi wa wata yarinya wuka a wuyansa da kirji, sannan ya yi mata fyade kuma ya bar ta ba tare da sanin komai ba a gefen daya daga cikin gundumomin yammacin Oakland, inda aka same ta kuma aka kai ta asibiti. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, ya yi wa wata yarinya fyade kuma ya buge ta a daya daga cikin wuraren gini na birnin. Wanda aka azabtar ya sami nasarar tserewa daga McKnight kuma ya ɓoye a cikin rami. Daga nan sai ta sanar da 'yan sanda. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1985, McKnight ya sake kai hare-hare guda biyu, a wani lamari ya yi wa wanda aka azabtar rauni 10, kuma ya yi wa ɗayan wuka a fuska, amma dukansu sun tsira kuma daga baya sun ba jami'an tilasta bin doka bayanin mai laifin, yana cewa shi baƙar fata ne, farkon shekaru 30 kuma yana da gemu da gemu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya kuma ba da bayanin motarsa da wani ɓangare na layin lasisi. A watan Janairun 1986, McKnight ya sake kai hari, a lokacin da ya yi wa wanda aka yi wa fyade, ya yi ƙoƙari ya maƙure ta, sannan ya zubar da ita a yankin masana'antu na Oakland. Ta tsira daga wahalar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=East Bay serial killer, rapist on death row dies of unknown cause. October 18, 2019 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/10/18/east-bay-serial-killer-rapist-on-death-row-dies-of-unknown-cause/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen 1985, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Oakland (OPD) ta fahimci wani mai fyade da ke da niyya ga mata baƙi a cikin unguwanni da yankunan da ke kewaye. A tsawon lokaci, wanda ba a san shi ba ya zama babban wanda ake zargi da kisan akalla mata da 'yan mata bakwai a Oakland da kewayenta, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin da kuma tsari. Lokacin da OPD ta sami bayanin abin hawa, sun fara nazarin maza a yankin waɗanda suka dace da bayanin jiki kuma suna da irin waɗannan motoci.

Sun haɗu da McKnight, wanda nan da nan ya shiga cikin masu bincike saboda asalinsa na aikata laifuka. Sun gano cewa a lokacin fyade, McKnight an ajiye shi a Treasure Island a yankin San Francisco Bay a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sojojin Ruwa. A watan Janairu, an kai shi ofishin 'yan sanda kuma an yi masa tambayoyi. Ya musanta cewa ya kai hari ga kowa, kuma tunda babu isasshen shaida don kama shi, an sake shi ba da daɗewa ba. A watan Janairun 1986, masu bincike sun sami damar samun hoto na McKnight kuma sun nuna shi ga uku daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa, dukansu sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai fyade, kuma an kama shi a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1986. An sake yi masa tambayoyi, amma har yanzu ya nace cewa ba shi da laifi. Duk da cewa an zarge shi da farko a cikin kisan gilla bakwai, 'yan sanda ba su sami wata hujja da ta haɗa McKnight da su ba, don haka an tuhume shi ne kawai da fyade da yunkurin kisan kai. Bai yarda da laifi ba.

Sakamakon Cikakken ƙididdigar jini ya nuna cewa jininsa ya yi daidai da na mai fyade. A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1987, an sami McKnight da laifin satar mutane da yawa, hari, fyade da yunkurin kisan kai, inda aka yanke masa shekaru 63 a kurkuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2008 |title=1980s serial killer found guilty. September 17, 2008 |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2008/09/17/1980s-serial-killer-found-guilty/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=Condemned Inmate Anthony McKnight Dies of Unknown Cause. OCTOBER 18, 2019 |url=https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/news/2019/10/18/condemned-inmate-anthony-mcknight-dies-of-unknown-cause/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 1986 |title=The State FEB. 10, 1986 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-10-mn-27240-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsare shi a Kurkukun Jihar Salinas Valley . Shekaru goma sha biyu a cikin hukuncinsa, masu bincike sun sake ƙoƙarin ɗaure McKnight tare da kisan da ba a warware su ba a yankin Oakland kuma mai yiwuwa wasu yankuna a ko kusa da East Bay. Sun sami izinin ɗaukar samfurin DNA daga McKnight kuma su shigar da shi cikin Tsarin Tsarin DNA na California, (CODIS). McKnight ya tilasta tare da samfurin jini da hawaye. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, godiya ga gwajin Bayanan DNA, McKnight an haɗa shi da kisan gilla guda biyar:

* Betty Stuart mai shekaru 22. An yanke makogwaronta a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1985.
* Diane Stone mai shekaru 17. An gano gawar ta a filin makarantar firamare a Oakland tare da raunin wuka a wuyanta a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1985.
* Talita Dixon mai shekaru 13. An yi mata wuka har ta mutu a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1985.
* Monique Davis mai shekaru 18. An kashe ta da bugawa da yawa a kai tare da wani abu mai tsayi a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1985.
* Beverly Bryant mai shekaru 24. An yi mata duka har ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1985.

An fara shari'arsa a watan Agusta 2008. An tuhumi McKnight da dukkan kisan kai guda biyar, wanda ya sa ya cancanci hukuncin kisa. McKnight bai yi ikirarin cewa ba shi da laifi ga duk tuhume-tuhumen, amma masu gabatar da kara sun ambaci shaidar DNA da ta ɗaure shi da wuraren aikata laifuka. Bayan kusan watanni biyu, juri na mata bakwai da maza biyar sun sami McKnight da laifin kisan kai, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2008. Bai yarda da laifinsa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 November 2008 |title=Death penalty for 5 East Bay killings in '85. Nov. 18, 2008 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Death-penalty-for-5-East-Bay-killings-in-85-3260998.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2008 |title=Accused Oakland serial killer 'cold, calculated,' prosecutor says. Sep. 3, 2008 |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/accused-oakland-serial-killer-cold-calculated-prosecutor-says/ |access-date=29 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094944/https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/accused-oakland-serial-killer-cold-calculated-prosecutor-says/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tura shi gidan yarin jihar San Quentin don jiran kisa.

== Early life ==
Ba a san komai game da rayuwar McKnight ba. An haife shi a shekara ta 1954, kuma ya shiga cikin Sojojin Amurka a shekara ta 1982. Ya kuma shiga cikin Sojojin Ruwa kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a Naval Air Station Alameda, wanda ke cikin San Francisco Bay Area kusa da biranen Alameda da Oakland. Har ila yau, a cikin 1982, 'yan sanda na Oakland sun kama McKnight yayin da yake ƙoƙarin yi wa wata yarinya fyade wacce ta ki yin jima'i da shi. Ba a yanke masa hukunci ba kuma ya tashi tare da tarar, amma an shigar da bayanansa a cikin bayanan masu aikata laifuka na jima'i kuma yatsunsa sun shiga cikin bayanan masu laifi na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 1999 |title=DNA trail points to '85 killings. June 26, 1999 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/DNA-trail-points-to-85-killings-3078112.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1983 ya yi aure, kuma yana da ɗa. McKnight an san shi da mutum mai rai da abokantaka, wanda ya sa ya shahara a yankin, tare da abokansa da yawa suna kwatanta shi da kyau, ba tare da sanin cewa shi mai aikata laifuka ne ba.
== Mutuwa ==
A cikin shekaru bayan haka, McKnight ya zauna a kan layin mutuwa yana jiran kisa. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2019, bayan ya kwashe fiye da shekaru 33 a bayan sanduna, da shekaru 11 a kan layin mutuwa, McKnight ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 daga abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Serial killer Anthony McKnight dies in San Quentin State Prison. October 19, 2019 |url=https://abc7news.com/anthony-mcknight-dead-death-san-quentin-mcnight-prison/5629589/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Charles Jackson
* Joseph James DeAngelo
* Joseph Naso
* Philip Joseph Hughes Jr.
* Roger Kibbe
* Franklin Lynch

'''Janar'''

* Jerin masu kisan gilla a Amurka

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]</text>
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'''.af''' shine babban yankin lambar ƙasa [[Yanar gizo|ta Intanet]] ( ccTLD ) don [[Afghanistan|Afganistan]] . AFGNIC, sabis na UNDP ne ke gudanar da shi.

== Tarihi ==
An wakilta yankin .af ga Abdul Razeeq a shekarar 1997, shekara guda bayan mayakan [[Taliban]] sun kwace birnin Kabul tare da kafa [[Masarautar musulunci ta Afghanistan(1996-2001)|Daular Musulunci ta Afganistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2003/af-report-08jan2003.html|title=IANA Report on Redelegation of the .af Top-Level Domain}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NetNames na London da farko sun kiyaye yankin bayan yarjejeniya da IANA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IANA Report on Redelegation of the .af Top-Level Domain |url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2003/af-report-08jan2003.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Razeeq ya bace, ya dakatar da wasu hidimomi.

An sake buɗe yankin a ranar 10 ga Maris 2003, a matsayin shirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin UNDP da ma'aikatar sadarwa ta Afghanistan . 

Tun daga ranar 26 ga Agusta 2020, yanki 5960 ne ke amfani da .af. 

Da faduwar Kabul a shekarar 2021, yankin .af ya sake shiga karkashin ikon 'yan Taliban. ICANN ta ce &quot;tana jinkirta yanke shawara a cikin kasar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bode |first1=Karl |title=Afghanistan's Government Websites Are Frozen in Time |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/afghanistans-government-websites-are-frozen-in-time/ |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=Vice |date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=The battle for control of Afghanistan's internet |last=Stokel-Walker |first=Chris |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/afghanistan-taliban-internet |access-date=30 December 2021 |magazine=Wired UK |date=7 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rijista ==
Ana yin rajista kai tsaye a mataki na biyu, ko kuma a mataki na uku a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyoyin yanki daban-daban a mataki na biyu.

Wuraren mataki na uku suna da hani dangane da wane yanki na mataki na biyu aka yi musu rajista. Rijista a mataki na biyu ba shi da iyakancewa, amma ya fi tsada. Duk kudade sun fi girma ga masu rajista na ƙasa da ƙasa.

=== Ƙuntatawa ===
A cikin Shekaran 2024, adadin wuraren .af da suka haɗa da &quot;broke.af&quot; da &quot;queer.af&quot; sun tafi layi.

Ma'aikatar sadarwa ta Afganistan da IT sun ce an yi musu rajista ta hanyar Gandi, mai rejista sunan yankin kasar Faransa, kuma sun bayyana gazawar Gandi na biyan kuɗi a matsayin dalilin dakatarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Satter |first=Raphael |date=2024-02-16 |title='broke.af' goes offline as Afghan web domains suspended amid payment dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/brokeaf-goes-offline-afghan-web-domains-suspended-amid-payment-dispute-2024-02-16/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankuna mataki na biyu ==

* .gov.af
* .com.af
* .org.af
* .net.af
* .edu.af
* .tv.af
* .media.af &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dot AF New Announcement |url=https://nic.af/en/news/af |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003153110/https://nic.af/en/news/af |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=nic.af}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250925163908/https://www.nic.af/ AFGNIC official site]
* [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/af.html IANA .af wane bayani]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150126053421/http://www.afghanserver.af/ AfghanServer, .af mai rijista]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin ruwan Basin</title>
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        <username>پاکستانی ترجمہ شہزادہ 12</username>
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      <comment>ai translate</comment>
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 {{delete|your reason here}}Basin Boat (Urdu: بوٹ بیسن), wanda ke cikin Clifton, Karachi, ƙaramin mashigar ruwa ne da ɗan adam ya yi a Pakistan.

== Wurin da yake ==
An haɗa shi da Chinna Creek a gefenta na yamma, tana da iyaka da Boat Basin Park tare da bakin ruwa na arewa da gabas, yana tafiya daidai da Kheyaban-e-Saadi. Kusa da Makarantar Grammar Karachi, tashar ruwan sha daga Nehr-e-Khayyam ta shiga, tana ba da gudummawa ga gurbatar ruwa.

''Cibiyar Jirgin ruwa ta kasa tana gefen kudu, inda akwai ragowar ciyayi, yayin da bangaren yamma ke da iyaka da layin dogo, wanda ke raba yankin Sikanderabad mai yawan jama'a da ruwa.''

== Tarihi ==
The Boat Basin, wanda ya kai yamma daga Chinna Creek, ya sami raguwa a hankali, wanda aka danganta da tsoma baki na ɗan adam tun daga ƙarni na 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brunton |first=J. Forrest |date=1913 |title=Karachi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41340573 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3148 |pages=477–499 |issn=0035-9114 |jstor=41340573 |access-date=26 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi canje-canje don rage Bambance-bambance na ruwa, don haka yana shafar kwararar ruwa a cikin Basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon haka, Clifton da Keamari, da farko [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] da maras kyau, sun haɗu da gabas da arewacin gabar teku, bi da bi, suna samar da kwandon yanzu amma suna rushe mahimmancin ruwan teku. Wannan ya kasance wani ɓangare na farfado da ƙasar a ƙarƙashin Burtaniya a Karachi tsakanin 1916 da 1920.

== Ƙalubalen Muhalli ==
Basin Boat, wanda ke aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi tsakanin magudanan ruwan baƙar fata da ke makwabtaka da su kamar Nehr-e-Khayyam, wuri ne mai mahimmanci don tara ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba da datti mai guba, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa da asarar flora da namun daji. Nazarin ya ba da haske game da matakan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin rafin, tare da gano nau'ikan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da ke fitowa daga gida da masana'antu na masana'antu da ke yawo ta cikin Tekun Jirgin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Majeed |first=Rabia |last2=Fatima |first2=Syeda Urooj |last3=Khan |first3=Muhammad Azher |last4=Khan |first4=Moazzam Ali |last5=Shaukat |first5=Syed Shahid |date=11 January 2021 |title=Spatio- temporal analysis of pollutants in Karachi coastal water |url=https://eqa.unibo.it/article/view/11099/12229 |journal=EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality |language=en |volume=42 |pages=6–21 |doi=10.6092/issn.2281-4485/11099 |issn=2281-4485 |access-date=26 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar ruwa da amincin yanayin yanayin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiran |first=Ayesha |last2=Murtiza |first2=Ghulam |last3=Yousaf |first3=Amna |last4=Hussain |first4=Muzzamal |last5=Al Jbawi |first5=Entessar |date=15 December 2023 |title=A critical analysis of legal responses to water pollution in Pakistan |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2023.2254944 |issn=2331-1886 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaba ==
Tafki na asali, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1912 don tuƙi da kwale-kwale, yana alfahari da tudu huɗu kuma ya faɗi kadada 21.

Wurin da ke kewayen basin ya samo asali ne daga kasancewa na farko don masu baƙi zuwa cikin wurin kasuwanci da nishaɗi, tare da gidajen abinci da yawa, wuraren shakatawa, da wuraren abinci a Khayaban-e-Saadi.  Shahararriyar wurin cin abinci ce ga 'yan Karachi, musamman a maraice da kuma a karshen mako, saboda yanayin da yake da shi da kuma hadayun abinci iri-iri.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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'''Hermann Kamte''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masanin gine-gine]] ne na [[Kamaru]] wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin gine-gine masu ɗorewa da amfani da kayan aiki, musamman katako. Ya sami karbuwa saboda aikinsa na Lagos Wooden Tower, wani gini da aka tsara da itace don birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Hermann Kamte a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1992 a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]]. A shekara ta 2011, bayan shekara guda na karatun [[Physics|kimiyyar lissafi]] a [[Jami'ar Ngaoundéré]] a [[Yankin Adamawa]] na Kamaru, Kamte ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar École africaine des métiers de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme (EAMAU) a [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]. A shekara ta 2016, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Hermann Kamte ya shiga Urbatech Councils, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen gine-gine kuma ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya kafa Virgin Claude Ndjinga Ndjinga .

A cikin 2017, Hermann Kamte ya kafa Hermann Kamde &amp; Associates (HKA), wata hukuma da ke [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]]. HKA zane aiki a fannonin [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], Tsarin birane, ƙira, ilimi, da [[bincike]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick Ndungidi |date=28 February 2019 |title=Cameroun : Hermann Kamte, 27 ans, l'architecte qui contribue à redéfinir le design dans le monde |url=https://africanshapers.com/cameroun-hermann-kamte-27-ans-larchitecte-qui-contribue-a-redefinir-le-design-dans-le-monde/ |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=African Shapers |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Hasumiyar katako ta Legas ===
Hasumiyar Legas / ''Hasumiyar Kotun Abebe'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani aikin hasumiyar katako ne na zama a cikin gundumar Ikoyi ta Legas, Najeriya . Tsarin da aka tsara ya haɗa da gine-gine mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin muhalli, da nassoshin al'adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. An tsara shi ta amfani da katako mai laushi (LVL), yana jaddada iska ta halitta, haɗin hasken rana, da ciyayi ta hanyar lambuna da aka dakatar da su da belin kore.

=== Sauran sanannun ayyukan ===

* The Forgotten - Dead or Alive: Shirin sake farfado da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar cibiyar limnology da kuma tsire-tsire na desalination da ke da alaƙa da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Aikin ra'ayi yana ɗaukar nau'in tsarin amphibious mai wadataccen kansa, wanda aka tsara a matakai uku har zuwa 2080: karatu, sake dasa bishiyoyi, da sake farfadowa na halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Native Skyscraper: Ginin da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar itacen baobab da siffofin gine-ginen Afirka. An tsara shi don biranen wurare masu zafi, aikin yana amfani da tsarin gauraye (itace, ƙarfe, kankare) tare da lambuna masu ɗorewa, ganuwar kore, da sarari masu ɗore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Fine Flower - [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] Heart: Aikin wurin shakatawa da aka tsara a matsayin tsibirin wucin gadi a cikin siffar furen da zuciya, wanda aka gabatar wa karamar hukumar Dubai a cikin 2017. Ya haɗu da kyawawan abubuwa, yanayi, da fasaha mai zurfi a kusa da abubuwan ruwa, iska, da ƙasa, tare da magudanan ruwa na wucin gadi, zane-zane, wasanni da wuraren al'adu, da gidajen cin abinci masu kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4839" sha1="ohi410tpv7wp67v1vk3ufydrxc9mwmn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Hermann Kamte''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masanin gine-gine]] ne na [[Kamaru]] wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin gine-gine masu ɗorewa da amfani da kayan aiki, musamman katako. Ya sami karbuwa saboda aikinsa na Lagos Wooden Tower, wani gini da aka tsara da itace don birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Hermann Kamte a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1992 a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]]. A shekara ta 2011, bayan shekara guda na karatun [[Physics|kimiyyar lissafi]] a [[Jami'ar Ngaoundéré]] a [[Yankin Adamawa]] na Kamaru, Kamte ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar École africaine des métiers de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme (EAMAU) a [[Lomé]], [[Togo]]. A shekara ta 2016, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Hermann Kamte ya shiga Urbatech Councils, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen gine-gine kuma ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya kafa Virgin Claude Ndjinga Ndjinga .

A cikin 2017, Hermann Kamte ya kafa Hermann Kamde &amp; Associates (HKA), wata hukuma da ke [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]]. HKA zane aiki a fannonin [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], Tsarin birane, ƙira, ilimi, da [[bincike]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick Ndungidi |date=28 February 2019 |title=Cameroun : Hermann Kamte, 27 ans, l'architecte qui contribue à redéfinir le design dans le monde |url=https://africanshapers.com/cameroun-hermann-kamte-27-ans-larchitecte-qui-contribue-a-redefinir-le-design-dans-le-monde/ |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=African Shapers |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Hasumiyar katako ta Legas ===
Hasumiyar Legas / ''Hasumiyar Kotun Abebe'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani aikin hasumiyar katako ne na zama a cikin gundumar Ikoyi ta Legas, Najeriya . Tsarin da aka tsara ya haɗa da gine-gine mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin muhalli, da nassoshin al'adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. An tsara shi ta amfani da katako mai laushi (LVL), yana jaddada iska ta halitta, haɗin hasken rana, da ciyayi ta hanyar lambuna da aka dakatar da su da belin kore.

=== Sauran sanannun ayyukan ===

* The Forgotten - Dead or Alive: Shirin sake farfado da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar cibiyar limnology da kuma tsire-tsire na desalination da ke da alaƙa da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Aikin ra'ayi yana ɗaukar nau'in tsarin amphibious mai wadataccen kansa, wanda aka tsara a matakai uku har zuwa 2080: karatu, sake dasa bishiyoyi, da sake farfadowa na halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Native Skyscraper: Ginin da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar itacen baobab da siffofin gine-ginen Afirka. An tsara shi don biranen wurare masu zafi, aikin yana amfani da tsarin gauraye (itace, ƙarfe, kankare) tare da lambuna masu ɗorewa, ganuwar kore, da sarari masu ɗore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Fine Flower - [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] Heart: Aikin wurin shakatawa da aka tsara a matsayin tsibirin wucin gadi a cikin siffar furen da zuciya, wanda aka gabatar wa karamar hukumar Dubai a cikin 2017. Ya haɗu da kyawawan abubuwa, yanayi, da fasaha mai zurfi a kusa da abubuwan ruwa, iska, da ƙasa, tare da magudanan ruwa na wucin gadi, zane-zane, wasanni da wuraren al'adu, da gidajen cin abinci masu kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=Signée Hermann Kamte, une tour en bois de 87 m à Lagos |url=https://chroniques-architecture.com/hermann-kamte-tour-bois-nigeria/ |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=Chroniques d'Architecture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Rashin Shahara akan makarantun firamare */ sabon sashe</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uskeone! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uskeone|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC)

== Rashin Shahara akan makarantun firamare  ==
Barka da ƙoƙari, ina fatan kana jin daɗin bada gudummawa a Wikipedia kuma ba zaka gajiya ba. 
Ina son sanar da kai, Primary schools ba'a masu maƙala sai dai idan akwai muhimman abubuwa da makarantar ke da shi, kamar ace ita ce makaranta ta farko da aka fara samarwa a wuri, ko ta yaye tsaffin ɗalibai wanda sun zama shugabannin ƙasa yanzu da sauran su. [[User:Em-mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Em-mustapha&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anna Goldsworthy</title>
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'''Anna Louise Goldsworthy''' 'yar wasan piano ce ta gargajiya ta Australiya, [[marubuci]], masanin kimiyya, marubuciya ta wasan kwaikwayo, kuma marubuciya, wacce aka sani da littafinta na 2009 Piano Lessons . Ta rike mukamai da yawa na ilimi, kuma tun daga 2023 ita ce darektan Elder Conservatorium a Jami'ar Adelaide . Ita ce mamba ta kafa kungiyar '''Seraphim Trio''', wacce ta zagaya Australia da duniya tun 1995.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Anna Louise Goldsworthy was born in [[Adelaide]], South Australia, the eldest daughter of the writer Peter Goldsworthy and Helen Goldsworthy, who graduated with a degree in medicine from the University of Adelaide.&lt;ref name=&quot;lumen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Robyn |title=Goldsworthy graduates leave their mark |url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/lumen/issues/45341/news45701.html |journal=Lumen |publisher=[[University of Adelaide]] |issue=Winter 2011 |access-date=2023-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fara karatun piano tana da shekaru shida. A lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha ɗaya an yarda da ita a cikin Elder Conservatorium (wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Adelaide), tana karatu tare da malamin makaranta Eleonora Sivan, wanda ta danganta gaskiyar cewa yanzu ita pianist ce. Goldsworthy ta kammala digiri na farko na kiɗa tare da girmamawa a Elder Conservatorium kafin ta sami digiri na biyu na kiɗa a Jami'ar Kirista ta Texas, inda ta rike F. Howard da Mary D. Walsh Graduate Piano Scholarship kuma ta yi karatu tare da Tamás Ungár.[1]

Ta shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Ayyuka ta Ci gaba a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Australiya (ANAM) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Goldsworthy as Elder Conservatorium leader in Adelaide from 2022 after a symphony of music achievements |url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/anna-goldsworthy-makes-wide-musical-contribution-form-adelaide-as-piano-and-chamber-player--writer--academic-and-festivals-director |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Adelaide AZ |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Melbourne]] a 1999. A nan ne [[Stephen McIntyre (musician)|Stephen McIntyre]] ya jagoranci ta (wani ƙungiya wanda ya kai ta ga daga baya ta ɗauki matsayin darektan fasaha a Bikin Kiɗa na Port Fairy Spring).&lt;ref name=&quot;anam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Bridget |date=18 November 2022 |title=In the Director's Chair |url=https://anam.com.au/anam-blog/in-the-director-s-chair |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=ANAM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Goldsworthy ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Melbourne tare da digiri na Doctor of Musical Arts a karkashin kulawar Ronald Farren-Price. Taken jarabawarta shine &quot;Fanny Hensel da Virtuosity&quot;.

Goldsworthy ta yi karatu a [[Moscow]] tare da Lev Naumov tare da goyon bayan Kyautar Artista Emerging Artist Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Waƙoƙi ==
Goldsworthy ta bayyana cewa manyan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin aikinta sun haɗa da bayyanar piano a Teatro Colón a Buenos Aires; don Orchestra of Colours a [[Athens]], Girka; a bikin zane-zane na Melbourne; da kuma a cikin Adelaide Symphony Orchestra's Masters Series.&lt;ref name=&quot;bookedout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Goldsworthy |url=https://bookedout.com.au/find-a-speaker/author/anna-goldsworthy/ |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Booked Out Speakers Agency }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009 Goldsworthy ta kasance mai juriya don Gasar Kiɗa ta Kamara ta Australia ta Asiya-Pacific. 

CD dinta na farko, Come With Us, ABC Classic ne suka fitar da shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;wheeler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Anna Goldsworthy |url=https://www.wheelercentre.com/people/anna-goldsworthy/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[The Wheeler Centre]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayon da Goldsworthy ya yi daga yawon shakatawa na duniya na 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;music&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music |url=http://www.annagoldsworthy.com/music |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Anna Goldsworthy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2010 ta yi rikodin waƙoƙin da ke cikin littafinta Piano Lessons ga ABC Classics.&lt;ref name=&quot;music&quot;/&gt;

=== Seraphim Trio ===
Goldsworthy memba ne na kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Seraphim Trio, &lt;ref name=&quot;jch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://jch.unimelb.edu.au/Leadership~83 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Janet Clarke Hall |publisher=[[University of Melbourne]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;tr1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=About Seraphim Trio |url=https://www.temporubato.com.au/about-seraphim-trio |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Tempo Rubato}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 1998 kuma har zuwa watan Satumbar 2022 , uku sun hada da Helen Ayres a kan violin, Timothy Nankervis a kan cello, da Goldsworthy a kan piano.&lt;ref name=&quot;tr1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=FREE FRIDAY: Seraphim Trio |url=https://www.temporubato.com.au/tempo-concerts/seraphimtrio |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Tempo Rubato}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seraphim Trio ya yi aiki a duk faɗin Asiya da Turai, kuma yana bayyana a kai a kai a Ostiraliya don Musica Viva. Suna wasa a kai a kai a Elder Hall a Adelaide, Epsom House kusa da Hobart a Tasmania, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Melbourne.&lt;ref name=&quot;tr1&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan uku sun yi karatun kiɗa tare da Hatto Beyerle &lt;ref name=&quot;tr1&quot;/&gt; a Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover.

A shekara ta 2001, uku sun lashe kyaututtuka uku da masu sauraro a gasar kiɗa ta Australia (wanda ya fara gasar kiɗa na Asiya-Pacific). 

A shekara ta 2007, sun ƙaddamar da jerin kide-kide na kasa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 Seraphim Trio ya rubuta Schubert's Trout Quintet don ABC Classics. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cikin 2019, Seraphim Trio ta fitar da CD Thirteen Ways to Look at Birds, tare da Paul Kelly, James Ledger, da [[Alice Keath]], wanda ya lashe Kyautar ARIA. A cikin wannan shekarar, uku sun fitar da CD mai yawa Trio Through Time, wanda ya bi tarihin piano trio daga [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] da Haydn har zuwa yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;jch&quot;/&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Goldsworthy ya wallafa litattafai da yawa game da kiɗa da al'adu, gami da labarai da yawa don The Monthly.&lt;ref name=&quot;monthlyprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Goldsworthy |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/author/anna-goldsworthy |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=The Monthly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Black Inc ne ya fitar da littafin tarihinta na Piano Lessons a Ostiraliya a watan Satumbar 2009, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=FREE FRIDAY: Seraphim Trio |url=https://www.temporubato.com.au/tempo-concerts/seraphimtrio |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Tempo Rubato}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a duniya ta Macmillan a cikin 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2009 |title=Piano Lessons (2009), by Anna Goldsworthy |url=https://anzlitlovers.com/2009/10/18/piano-lessons-2009-by-anna-goldsworthy/ |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=ANZ LitLovers LitBlog |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109071849/https://anzlitlovers.com/2009/10/18/piano-lessons-2009-by-anna-goldsworthy/ |archive-date=9 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2010 |title=Macmillan: Piano Lessons: A Memoir Anna Goldsworthy: Books |url=http://us.macmillan.com/pianolessons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903190206/http://us.macmillan.com/pianolessons |archive-date=3 September 2010 |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=us.macmillan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2010 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards for Best Non-Fiction kuma a cikin 2010 Australian Book Industry Awards a cikin rukunin Best Non-Taskwarima &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=FREE FRIDAY: Seraphim Trio |url=https://www.temporubato.com.au/tempo-concerts/seraphimtrio |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Tempo Rubato}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Sabon Shekara, wanda ya lashe na ƙarshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=FREE FRIDAY: Seraphim Trio |url=https://www.temporubato.com.au/tempo-concerts/seraphimtrio |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Tempo Rubato}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blackincpiano&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=Piano Lessons by Anna Goldsworthy |url=https://www.blackincbooks.com.au/books/piano-lessons |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Black Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lumen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2009 |title=Piano Lessons (2009), by Anna Goldsworthy |url=https://anzlitlovers.com/2009/10/18/piano-lessons-2009-by-anna-goldsworthy/ |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=ANZ LitLovers LitBlog |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109071849/https://anzlitlovers.com/2009/10/18/piano-lessons-2009-by-anna-goldsworthy/ |archive-date=9 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sayar da littafin ga St. Martin's Press a Amurka,  kuma an sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ga littafin ga darektan Ana Kokkinos a cikin 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2010 |title=Macmillan: Piano Lessons: A Memoir Anna Goldsworthy: Books |url=http://us.macmillan.com/pianolessons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903190206/http://us.macmillan.com/pianolessons |archive-date=3 September 2010 |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=us.macmillan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=Development approvals |url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/funding-and-support/feature-films/funding-approvals/in-the-archive/development-approvals/2010 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Screen Australia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amy</title>
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'''Amy''' sunan mace ne na Ingilishi. Ita ce fassarar Turanci na sunan Faransanci Aimée, wanda ke nufin ''[[So|ƙaunatacce]]''. An yi amfani da shi azaman karami na sunan Latin Amata, sunan da aka samo daga ɓangaren amare, &quot;ƙauna&quot;. An yi amfani da sunan a cikin [[Anglosphere]] tun daga [[Zamanin Tsakiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Uckelman |first=Joel |last2=Uckelman |first2=Sara L. |date= |title=Sancta |url=https://dmnes.org/name/Sancta |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=dmnes.org |publisher=Dictionary of Medieval Names from European Sources |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance daga cikin sunayen 50 da suka fi shahara ga 'yan mata a Ingila tsakanin 1538 da 1700. An shahara a cikin karni na 19 a cikin [[Anglosphere]] ta hanyar wani hali a cikin littafin [[Sir Walter Scott]] na 1821 ''[[Kenilworth (novel)|Kenilworth]]'', wanda ya dogara da labarin [[Amy Robsart]] . Matan baƙi a Amurka kafin [[Yaƙin basasar Amurka]] sun fi ɗaukar sunan fiye da matan fararen Amurka saboda iyayengiji sau da yawa sun zaɓi sunayensu daga tushen wallafe-wallafen. Sunan ya ƙi amfani bayan 1880 amma an farfado da shi saboda waƙar da aka buga Once in Love with Amy daga wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway na 1948 Where's Charley?. Sunan ya kai kololuwa a amfani a Amurka tsakanin 1973 da 1976, lokacin da yake daga cikin sunayen biyar da suka fi shahara ga 'yan mata na Amurka. Ya kasance daga cikin manyan sunayen 250 ga 'yan mata na Amurka a farkon shekarun 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Cleveland Kent |date=23 February 2021 |title=We can thank pop culture for scores of Gen X Amys |url=https://omaha.com/evans-we-can-thank-pop-culture-for-scores-of-gen-x-amys/article_bc61a822-7627-11eb-ae15-6b3ebb897de2.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=omaha.com |publisher=Omaha World Herald |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203060911/https://omaha.com/evans-we-can-thank-pop-culture-for-scores-of-gen-x-amys/article_bc61a822-7627-11eb-ae15-6b3ebb897de2.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane ==

=== A-E ===

* [[Amy Acker]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* Amy Vera Ackman (1886-1966), mai kula da asibitin Australiya
* Amy Acton (an haife ta a 1965 ko 1966), jami'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Amurka
* [[Amy Adams]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* Amy Alcott (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956), 'yar wasan golf ta Amurka
* [[Amy Allen (mai rubuce-rubuce)|Amy Allen]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992), marubuciyar waƙoƙin Amurka, furodusa, kuma mawaƙa
* Amy Anderson (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma marubuciya ta Amurka
* Amy Andrew (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƙwararren ɗan dambe na New Zealand
* Amy Aquino (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* Amy Archer-Gilligan (1873-1962), mai kisan gilla na Amurka
* [[Amy Ashwood Garvey]] (1897-1969), mai fafutukar Pan-Africanist na Jamaica
* Amy T. Austin, masanin ilimin muhalli na Argentina
* Amy Beach (1867-1944), mawakiyar Amurka kuma pianist
* Amy Wroe Bechtel (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972, ta ɓace a shekara ta 1997), mace ta Amurka wacce ta ɓace
* Amy Billig (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957, ta ɓace a shekara ta 1974), matan Amurka da suka ɓace
* Amy Birnbaum (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* Amy Maud Bodkin (1875-1967), masanin ilimin gargajiya na Turanci
* Amy Lynn Bradley (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974, ta ɓace a shekara ta 1998), mace ta Amurka da ta ɓace
* Amy Braverman, masanin lissafi na Amurka
* Amy Brenneman (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* Amy Bruckner (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa ta Amurka
* Amy Callaghan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992), 'yar siyasar Burtaniya
* Amy Carlson (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* [[Amy Carlson (shugaban addini)|Amy Carlson]] (1975-2021), shugaban addinin Amurka
* Amy Carmichael (1867-1951), mishan na Burtaniya zuwa Indiya
* Amy Castle (an haife ta a shekara ta 1990), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka kuma mai kula da intanet
* Amy Cimorelli (an haife ta a shekara ta 1995), mawaƙan Amurka
* Amy Carter (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967), 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ta Amurka
* Amy Chan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962), 'yar wasan Hong Kong kuma mawaƙan Cantopop
* Amy Chan (badminton)  (an haife ta a shekara ta 1961), 'yar wasa daga Hong Kong
* Amy Chen (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992), wacce aka fi sani da Chen Haoyu, mawaƙan kasar Sin
* Amy Cheng, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Singapore
* Amy Cheung (mai zane-zane), mai zane-zane
* Amy Cheung (marubuciya) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967), marubuciyar Hong Kong
* [[Amy Childs]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1990), tauraron talabijin na gaskiya na Ingila
* Amy Chow (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), 'yar wasan motsa jiki ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya
* Amy Chua (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962), farfesa a fannin shari'a kuma marubuciya
* Amy Connolly, masanin kimiyyar Amurka
* Amy Cotton (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), judoka ta Kanada
* [[Amy Coney Barrett]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972), Mataimakin Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli na Amurka
* Amy Cuddy (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972), masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka
* Amy Cudden, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Burtaniya
* Amy Dafler Meaux, firist na Amurka
* Amy Dalby (1888-1969), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Burtaniya
* Amy Davidson (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka
* Amy Denson (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984), 'yar wasan kwando ta Amurka
* Amy Diamond (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992), mawaƙan Sweden
* Amy Dowden (an haife ta a shekara ta 1990), mai rawa na Welsh
* [[Lita ('yar kokawa)|Amy Dumas]] (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975), mawaƙan Amurka, mai gwagwarmayar WWE mai ritaya

==manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Anthony Lehmann</title>
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'''Anthony Lehmann''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1969), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lehmo''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lehmo - I Need to Tell You About a Thing I Did &amp;#124; Adelaide Fringe |url=https://adelaidefringe.com.au/fringetix/lehmo-i-need-to-tell-you-about-a-thing-i-did-af2025 |access-date=2026-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310055858/https://adelaidefringe.com.au/fringetix/lehmo-i-need-to-tell-you-about-a-thing-i-did-af2025 |archive-date=2026-03-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai gabatar da talabijin da rediyo.

== Ayyuka ==
An haife shi a Peebinga, Kudancin Australia, Lehmann ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da lissafi kafin ya fahimci cewa ba ya son lissafi kuma ya yanke shawarar gwada wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya shiga Gold 104.3 a [[Melbourne]] tare da Brigitte Duclos yana yin Morning Show &quot;Brig &amp; Lehmo&quot;. Lokacin da aka kori Duclos, Jo Stanley ya shiga sannan aka kafa &quot;Jo &amp; Lehmo&quot;. Shekaru da yawa an zabe su mafi kyawun gidan rediyo a Melbourne.

=== Tsaya tsaye ===
Lehmann yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu gogewa da kuma tafiye-tafiye masu kyau a Ostiraliya. Ayyukansa na rayuwa sun gan shi a matsayin jigon kulob din wasan kwaikwayo sama da shekaru goma sha biyar kuma yana aiki a duk sassan duniya - Amurka, Burtaniya, Ireland, Afirka ta Kudu, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong da Thailand.

Lehmann ya kuma zama na farko na Ostiraliya 'yaƙi mai ban dariya', bayan ya kammala 'tafiye-tafiye na aiki' guda bakwai don yin wa sojojin Ostiraliya a kasashen waje. Wadannan yawon shakatawa sun ga Lehmann ya yi aiki a sansanonin sojoji a Gabashin Timor, [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Afghanistan]], Masar, [[Qatar]] da kuma jiragen ruwa da yawa a duniya.

Ya kuma yi wasanni na sayar da kayayyaki a Bikin Adelaide Fringe (2000, 2002 da 2004), bikin Melbourne International Comedy (1999, 2002, 2003, 2004 da 2005) da kuma Bikin Edinburgh Fringe (1996 da 1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;tenplay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lehmo |url=http://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/the-project/personalities/lehmo |access-date=18 April 2015 |publisher=[[Network 10]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His live credits in the UK include the 1996 and 1997 Edinburgh Fringe Festivals, The Comedy Store, London and Jongleurs – the largest chain of comedy clubs in Britain.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2015}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Lehmann has also performed regular gigs at the Boston Comedy Club and Gotham Comedy Club, both in [[New York (birni)|New York City]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2015}}

Nunin sa ya haɗa da, &quot;War, Marriage &amp; Puppy Love&quot; - game da yaƙi, aure da ƙaunar kare, &quot;The Family Lifeboat&quot; - game le kewaya rayuwa a matsayin sabon uba, da kuma &quot;Younger Than Brad Pitt&quot; - game Da Lehmann ya yarda cewa ba shi da shekaru 21 kuma lokaci yana tafiya.

Bukatar ƙasashen waje don Lehmann ya gan shi ya bayyana a gidan talabijin na BBC na Ingila kuma a matsayin mai halarta na yau da kullun a gidan talabinjin na Burtaniya mafi tsawo Stand up Show.&lt;ref name=&quot;upfront&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lehmo |url=http://upfront.com.au/pages/artists/comedians/lehmo.php |access-date=18 April 2015 |publisher=Upfront Events |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318110954/http://upfront.com.au/pages/artists/comedians/lehmo.php |archive-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lehmann ya kuma buga kansa a cikin jerin tallace-tallace na giya na XXXX  wanda aka harbe shi a Indiya kuma aka nuna shi a Burtaniya.

A cikin 2021, Lehmann ya zargi RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under mai hamayya Anita Wigl'it da satar daya daga cikin ban dariya game da Yarima Andrew yayin bayyanarta a matsayin Elizabeth II a cikin ƙalubalen Snatch Game. Lehmann ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya fara fashewa da ba'a a watan Agustan 2020 kuma cewa &quot;ba'a ta yanzu ta tafi duniya ba tare da ni ba. &quot; Wigl'it daga baya ta ba da gafara a kan Instagram, tana cewa &quot;&quot;Oh a'a! Ina neman gafara!! Lokacin da nake yin bincike ga halin Sarauniya na san cewa akwai wani abu mai ban dariya game da wasikar rubutun[...]Abokai sun ba da shawarar rubutun. Sun fito sun ji shi a wani wuri!&quot; [1]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alliance for Climate Education</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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'''Action for the Climate Emergency,''' ko '''ACE''' (wanda a da ake kira Alliance for Climate Education) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=A New Name and a New Look to Meet This Moment… |url=https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830173534/https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501(c)(3) wadda ke aiki a Amurka. Manufarta ita ce wayar da kan matasa kan batutuwan yanayi, magance labaran da ba su dace ba game da yanayi, da kuma shigar da matasa masu zaɓe da kuma yin rijista. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Strategic Plan |url=https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230217/https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |archive-date=2023-08-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shirye ==

=== Ilimi &amp; Tasiri ===
ACE tana ba da tarurrukan kai tsaye a makarantun sakandare a duk faɗin ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=A New Name and a New Look to Meet This Moment… |url=https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830173534/https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Jami'ar Stanford, Yale, da George Mason suka gudanar ya nuna cewa bayan sun kalli taron ACE kai tsaye, ɗalibai sun nuna ƙaruwar ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da kashi 27%, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku (38%) sun ƙara himma kan batun sauyin yanayi, kuma adadin ɗaliban da suka yi magana da iyaye ko takwarorinsu game da sauyin yanayi ya ninka sau biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Strategic Plan |url=https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230217/https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |archive-date=2023-08-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aiki ===
Shugabannin matasan ACE sun yi kira ga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai don manufofin tallafawa yanayi, ciki har da ingancin makamashi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=A New Name and a New Look to Meet This Moment… |url=https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830173534/https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rashin fitar da man fetur|rage man fetur]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Strategic Plan |url=https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; da makamashin da ake sabuntawa.  Sun kuma yi magana a tarurruka kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Strategic Plan |url=https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230217/https://acespace.org/strategic-plan/ |archive-date=2023-08-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bioneers,  da Climate Action 2016. 

== Kyaututtuka ==
Kyaututtukan da aka bayar ga aikin ACE sun haɗa da Kyautar Zakaran Canji ta Fadar White House don Karatu da Karatu a Yanayi, Kyautar Abokin Ilimi na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, Kyautar AQMD don Ilimin Jama'a kan Matsalolin Ingancin Iska, Kyautar EPA ta Muhalli, da Kyautar Mai Ba da Bayani kan Canjin Yanayi ta Shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=A New Name and a New Look to Meet This Moment… |url=https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Action for the Climate Emergency |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830173534/https://acespace.org/2021/08/24/ace-rebrand-2021/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Sauyin yanayi a Amurka|Sauyin Yanayi a Amurka]]
* Ilimi a Amurka
* [[Ƙungiyoyin muhalli da albarkatun da ke aiki da makarantun K-12|Ƙungiyoyin muhalli da albarkatun da ke hidimar makarantun K-12]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anna Shay</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T04:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 21 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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'''Anna Erika Shay &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anna Shay from Beverly Hills, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a58e67686b0176b21d40f |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214107/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a58e67686b0176b21d40f |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' (Janairu 30, 1961 - Yuni 1, 2023) &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; ta kasance 'yar asalin Amurka ce, 'yar kasuwa kuma mai talbijin. Ta kasance memba ne na simintin a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[Netflix]] na Bling Empire . &lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Bling Empire |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81039144 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Netflix US |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Anna Erika Shay a [[Tokyo]], Japan, a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1961, &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; a matsayin babba na yara biyu ga Edward Shay, ɗan kasuwa na Amurka, da Ai Oizumi Shay, 'yar kasuwa ta Japan-Rasha wacce ta fito daga aristocracy na Rasha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shay |first=Anna |date=January 31, 2022 |title=And that's another birthday celebrated ✨ Thankyou for all of your wonderful messages 💜 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CZaE876LkXN/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Los Angeles |date=October 1, 2015 |title=Ai Shay Obituary (2015) |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/latimes/name/ai-shay-obituary?id=6984369 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayan uwanta shine Allen Shay . &lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allen E. Shay from Los Angeles, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a26af7686b0176bec987e |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214244/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a26af7686b0176bec987e |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban dan uwanta daga auren mahaifiyarta na farko shine Jun Oizumi .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shay da iyalinta sun ƙaura daga Japan zuwa Hancock Park, Los Angeles a shekarar 1968.[1] Mahaifiyarta ta sayi mata biri na aljihu na wani jinsi da ba a sani ba daga wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Japan yayin da take girma. Ta dauki firam ɗin tare da ita a cikin jirgin Pan Am zuwa Amurka; ta damu da cewa hukumomi bazai bari ta dauki dabbarta ba, sai ta yi mata tufafi kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita 'yar'uwarta ce. Ba tare da sanin Shay ba, mahaifinta ya shirya komai a gaba don haka ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun ba da izinin biri ya zauna.

Shay ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Buckley, makarantar masu zaman kansu a Sherman Oaks . Ta halarci Jami'ar Kudancin California, jami'ar bincike mai zaman kanta a Los Angeles, da sauran kwalejoji.

Shay ta sadaukar da baiwarta ga zane-zane bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, musamman ga masana'antar kiɗa da fina-finai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;

Shay ta kasance tare da masu tsaro a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Tana da al'adar sau da yawa guje wa masu tsaronta, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da aikinsu nan take. Mahaifinta ya saurari sabbin ma'aikata, ya gwada su musamman don ganin ko za su iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar amincinta. Shay ta ninka tawagar tsaro sau biyu kuma an bi ta a kowane lokaci bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, gami da babban dukiyarta. Ta ci gaba da al'adinta na guje wa masu tsaronta a shekarunta na baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferry |first=Caroline |date=February 4, 2022 |title=Remembering Anna Shay: when Tatler met the real heiress of Beverly Hills |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/anna-shay-meet-the-real-heiress-of-beverly-hills-bling-empire |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Tatler |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ana sa ran Shay ba za ta yi aiki ba yayin da iyayenta ke da rai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Ta taɓa cewa: &quot;Mahaifinsa da gaske, da gaske bai taɓa son in sami aiki ba&quot;.  Shay ta yi aiki ga Gidauniyar Edward A And Ai O Shay Family &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da mahaifiyarta ta kafa a cikin 2010; tana mai da hankali kan ilimi, zane-zane, zane-zanen kwaikwayo, da kiɗa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Explorer |first=Nonprofit |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation |url=https://www.projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/680666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=ProPublica |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203230514/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/680666992 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/68-0666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shay ta kasance magaji ga Pacific Architects and Engineers (PAE), babban dan kwangila na tsaro da sabis na gwamnati na duniya; wanda mahaifinta ya kafa a watan Satumbar 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita, tare da ƙanwarta, Allen - wanda ya ɗauki iko da PAE bayan mutuwar mahaifinsu  - ya sayar da kamfanin ga Lockheed Martin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2006, a cikin yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/68-0666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Witter |first=Brad |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Bling Empire Star Anna Shay's Father Was A Top-Secret Government Contractor |url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/anna-shay-bling-empire-parents-son-ex-husband-job-net-worth |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Bustle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shay ya kasance mai horar da kwangila mai lasisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foussianes |first=Chloe |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Bling Empire's Anna Shay Has Arrived. It's About Time.. |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a35252105/bling-empire-anna-shay-interview/ |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Town &amp; Country |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shay ta fara fitowa a talabijin a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2021, a matsayin memba a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[Netflix]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Bling Empire . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shenton |first=Zoe |date=May 5, 2022 |title=The net worth of the Bling Empire cast is absolutely wild |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a35276462/bling-empire-cast-net-worth/ |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana kiranta tauraron da ya fi dacewa kuma da sauri ya zama mai sha'awar magoya baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Jeff Jenkins, babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon, ya kusanci ta da damar shiga cikin simintin, Shay ta yi tunanin ana tambayar ta ta ta taimaka a cikin ikon mai ba da shawara a bayan fage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nicolaou |first=Elena |date=January 15, 2021 |title=Bling Empire's Anna Shay Isn't Interested in Watching Crazy Rich Asians |url=https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/tv-movies/a35206023/where-is-anna-shay-bling-empire-now/ |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Oprah Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta manta ta biya kuɗin albashi daga Netflix don kakar wasa ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki kakar wasa ta biyu a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/68-0666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki kakar wasa ta uku a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An soke jerin a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana a cikin aukuwa 22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/68-0666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sadaka ==
Shay ya ba da sha'awar jin kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Los Angeles |date=June 9, 2023 |title=Anna Shay Obituary (2023) |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/latimes/name/anna-shay-obituary?id=52189028 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taba aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Gidauniyar George Lopez; wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar koda da bayar da gudummawa ga jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Shay an san ta da kiyaye rayuwarta ta sirri sosai. Da yake magana game da sirrinta, Jeff Jenkins, abokiyarta, ta taɓa cewa: &quot;An gudanar da shi a matsayin babban darajar a cikin iyali don zama mai zaman kansa .. Za ta gaya muku mutane uku mafi muhimmanci a rayuwarta sune mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta da ɗanta. To, mahaifiyarta kuma mahaifinta sun wuce yanzu, don haka watakila hakan ya ba ta ɗan jin daɗin albarkarsu don raba rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;/&gt; Shay ga Kenneth John Kemp, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kashe gobara ta ƙarni na uku tare da LAFD, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; ya kai ga haifi ɗanta Kenneth, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; [5]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/68-0666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta haifi ɗanta a matsayin uwa marar aure bayan ma'auratan sun sake aure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Sunan ta na doka a lokacin wannan auren shine Anna Erika Kemp, daga baya ta koma Shay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; ''BuzzFeed'' ta wallafa wani labari na musamman game da ɗanta a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2015. An bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai gajiyar daruruwan miliyoyin daloli da kuma mai sha'awar sha'awa&quot; wanda shine mai mallakar tarin kayan wiwi wanda ya kai rabin dala miliyan, wanda ya ajiye a cikin ginshiki na tsohon gidanta a cikin wani ajiya da aka tsara don zama gidan giya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi baƙo a lokacin karo na huɗu a farkon kakar Bling Empire . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da jikoki daya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly Wynne |first=Breanne L. Heldman |date=June 5, 2023 |title='Bling Empire' Star Anna Shay Dead from a Stroke at 62 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.people.com/bling-empire-anna-shay-dead-7508300 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=People |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;[3]

Shay ya yi aure kuma ya sake aure sau hudu. Uku daga cikin tsoffin mazajenta ba a taɓa ba da sunaye ba kuma kowane saki ya kasance mai abokantaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin mijinta ya fito ne daga Ireland, tare da wanda ta ziyarci Ashford Castle sau ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

Shay tana da kimanin dala miliyan 600 a lokacin mutuwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mataimakin mutum ya taɓa sace kayan ado, fata, da jaka masu zanen kaya na dala miliyan 3.4 daga gidanta. Tarin kayan ado ta kai dala miliyan 13.4. Yankin da ya fi tsada shi ne lu'u-lu'u na lu'u'u-ru'u na mace mai karata 57 tare da emerald mai launin kore mai karata 8.31 - al'ada da Vartan's Fine Jewelry ya yi a [[Los Angeles]]  - wanda aka kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 1.4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin jakar zane 184, jakar tafiye-tafiye, akwati tare da kayan aikin zinariya, da waƙoƙi an kiyasta sun kai dala miliyan 1.1. Ta tattara abubuwa 58 masu kyau waɗanda aka kiyasta sun kai dala 700k. Ta mallaki piano na $ 40k Steinway . Tarin fatar da ta samu ya kai kimanin dala 103.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Edward A And Ai O Shay Family Foundation - GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/68-0666992 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=GuideStar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shay ya sayi ƙaramin gida a Beverly Hills, California, don dala miliyan 5.75 a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan ta na Sunset Boulevard - wanda ta sayi dala miliyan 9.4 a 2011  - an sayar da ita dala miliyan 13.8 a 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jun Oizumi from Santa Monica, CA |url=https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=Nuwber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214228/https://www.nuwber.com/person/563a38677686b0176b4c7309 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=9451 Sunset Blvd, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 |url=https://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-detail/9451-Sunset-Blvd_Beverly-Hills_CA_90210_M27271-53300 |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=realtor.com |language=en |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422071914/https://www.realtor.com/realestateandhomes-detail/9451-Sunset-Blvd_Beverly-Hills_CA_90210_M27271-53300 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma mallaki gidanta na yarinta a [[Tokyo]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Kafin annobar COVID-19, ta zauna a [[Faris|Paris]] na rabin shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;/&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ataullah Hafezzi</title>
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'''Ataullah Hafezzi''' (Bengali; 10 ga Janairun 1948 - 4 ga Afrilu 2025) ya kasance shugaban Deobandi Islama kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer (Shugaba) na Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan, Naeeb-e-Ameer (Mataimakin shugaban) na Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh, darektan Jamia Nooria Islamia, kuma shugaban Khatib Shahi'a Masallacin Ambarshah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tamim |first=Abdullah |date=5 April 2025 |title=Reflections on the Colorful Life of Qari Maulana Ataullah Hafezzi |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2025-04-05/u9KYOCyD |work=[[Somoy TV]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:চলে গেলেন অনুসরণীয় ব্যক্তিত্ব আতাউল্লাহ হাফেজ্জী (রহ.) |url=https://www.dailyamardesh.com/religion-islam/amdxgcqfnwner |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=Amar Desh |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Ya fara aikinsa na siyasa ne tare da Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan, jam'iyyar da mahaifinsa ya kafa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin tsakiya na Islami Oikya Jote kuma ya jagoranci Kwamitin Aiwatar da [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]]. A shekara ta 2014, an zabi shi a matsayin Ameer na Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan kuma an zabe shi a shekara ta 2023. 

A shekara ta 2015, an nada shi Muhtamim na Jamia Nuria Islamia . 

Hafezzi ya jagoranci zanga-zangar da yawa, ciki har da wadanda ke adawa da rushewar Babri Masjid a shekarar 1992, Taslima Nasreen a shekarar 1994, da kuma buga zane-zane da aka dauka a matsayin abin kunya a shekarar 2007. Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da ra'ayin addini, yana jagorantar zanga-zangar a ƙarƙashin Khilafat Andolan da Hefazat-e-Islam . Ya kuma jagoranci shi a karkashin tutar Hefazat .  Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025, yana da shekaru 77.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* [https://dailyinqilab.com/religion-philosophy/article/757606 Ma'aikatar Ma'auni]
* [https://www.bangladesherkhabor.net/religion/16153 Jiru na Hasi na Hasi]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
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  <page>
    <title>Aristid Panaiotidi</title>
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'''Aristid Georgiyevich Panaiotidi''' (Russian; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na [[Rasha]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile by footballfacts.ru |url=http://footballfacts.ru/players/24426-panaiotidi-aristid-georgievich |publisher=Footballfacts |language=Russian |access-date=2026-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423170706/http://footballfacts.ru/players/24426-panaiotidi-aristid-georgievich |archive-date=2016-04-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panaiotidi ya taka leda a gasar zakarun Rasha tare da FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen . [1]

Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha na FC Dynamo Moscow a ƙarshen 2000s.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayyuka da ilimin fasaha</title>
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[[File:Pittsville_Career_and_Technical_Education_Center.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Ilimi ta Pittsville da Fasaha]]
[[File:BGC_workforce_development_center.webp|thumb|Cibiyar ma'aikata ta maza da mata]]
'''Ayyuka da ilimin fasaha''' ('''CTE''') hanya ce ta ilimi don koyar da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda ke haifar da aiki ga ɗaliban sakandare na [[High school|sama]]-linkid=&quot;11&quot; href=&quot;./Middle_school&quot; id=&quot;mwEQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Middle school&quot;&gt;tsakiya, sakandare, da kuma sakandare. Idan aka kwatanta da ilimin sana'a wanda ake koyarwa ne kawai a cikin abubuwan da suka faru bayan sakandare kuma yana da mahimmanci ga hanyar aiki ɗaya, CTE na iya zama mai faɗi daga kiwon lafiya, [[Information technology|IT]]=&quot;Business education&quot;&gt;[[Mai ciniki|Kasuwanci]], tallace-tallace, kudi, IT, STEM, [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], dabaru, Lissafi na kwamfuta, [[kimiyyar siyasa]], gwamnati, [[doka]], [[noma]], gini, sana'a, ilimin abinci, zane-zane, kiɗa, zuwa Fasahar bidiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Career &amp; Technical Education (CTE)? |url=https://www.icevonline.com/blog/career-technical-education-cte}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Amurka ta saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 1.462 a cikin 2023  kuma [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Jihohi]] sun saka hannun jari biliyoyin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Career and Technical Education? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brunomanno/2024/07/15/what-is-career-and-technical-education/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; don gyara ɗakunan ajiya, sarari, da kuma gina gine-gine masu sadaukarwa don kayan aiki, kayan aiki, software, da kayan aiki don karɓar CTE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State by State Table – State of CTE |url=https://ctek12funding.careertech.org/state-by-state-table/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lamar CISD breaks ground on career, technical education building |url=https://communityimpact.com/houston/katy-south-fulshear/education/2024/11/06/lamar-cisd-breaks-ground-on-career-technical-education-building/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Jerin sana'o'i da ƙwarewar ilimi na fasaha ==

=== Kasuwanci ===

* Masassaƙa - aikin katako, tsarawa, [[Kofa|kofofin]] / [[Taga|windows]], drywall, rufi, bene, gefen, gyare-gyare, majami'a, kayan ɗaki.
* Kayan shafawa - Gashi, Fata, Ƙusa
* Pluming - kayan aikin famfo, bututu da kayan aikin famfon, Mai dumama ruwa, mai amfani da tururi, GreenPlumbers, da mai tsabtace ruwa.
* Electrician - [[Wayar lantarki|waya]], haske fixure / Babban kayan aiki, shigar da [[Ikon rana|hasken rana]], Masanin lantarki, masanin Motar lantarki / janareta, Mai aiki da layi.
* Wudding - MIG, TIG, sandar, jerin nau'ikan walda, haɗin walda, alamomin walda, da aikin ƙarfe.
* Masonry - aikin kankare, [[Brick|tubali]] / tubalan / duwatsu, troweling, da tiles.
* [[Rashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska|HVAC]] - dumama, [[Samun iska (ginin gine-gine)|iska]], [[Yanayin iska|sanyaya iska]], da aikin bututu.
* Zane - staining, wallpaper, fentin gauraye, gyare-gyare, da spackling paste.
* Rufin - shingles, Rufin ƙarfe mai ɗorewa, Rufin ƙarfe mai laushi, rufin hasken rana, shingles na roba, Ruwan sama.
* Mechanic - Injiniya mota / maidowa / cirewa, [[Yanayin iska|sanyaya iska]], mai fasahar jirgin sama, Boiler, millwright / injiniyan masana'antu.
* Ƙididdigar ƙarfe - Injiniya, lathes, niƙa, hakowa, niƙawa, da injiniya na CNC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=72 Trades To Learn for a Successful Trade Career &amp;#124; Indeed.com |url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/learn-trades}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sauki - sauki na inji, sauki na hannu, embroidery, sailor, quilting, zane-zane, zane-zanen tufafi, samfurin tufafi na 3D, kayan ado, sutura, sutura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=Is Sewing a Trade? + Sewing Jobs &amp; Titles |url=https://seamwhisperer.com/sewing-a-trade/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* mai dafa abinci - [[Baker|mai yin burodi]], Mai yankan nama\ mai sayar da kifi, mai cin abinci, mai cin ganyayyaki, sushi itamae, da kuma dafa abinci.
* [[Sadarwa|Masanin sadarwa]] - masanin hasumiya, mai ba da gudummawa, fiber-optic /coaxial, masanin fasaha, mai shigar da kayan tauraron dan adam.
* Mai sarrafa kansa - PLCs, daidaitawa kayan aiki, layin taron / samarwa, shigarwa da masana'antu da kiyayewa.
* Masanin fasahar Semiconductor
* Jirgin sama - horo na jirgin sama, jerin simulators na jirgin sama، Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, fuka-fuki, fuka mai juyawa, UAV, Lasisin matukan jirgi 107.
* [https://www.northeastcta.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=539854&amp;type=d&amp;termREC_ID=&amp;pREC_ID=1041434 Fasahar Makamashi] - Mai lantarki, Welder, Gine-gine, mai shigar da hasken rana, da injiniya.

=== Kwamfutoci ===

* Shirye-shiryen kwamfuta - Harsuna, ɗakunan karatu, shirye-shiryen gasa, Jerin IDEs na kan layi, da masu gyara lambar tushe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2019 |title=Difference Between Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languages |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages/ |website=GeeksforGeeks}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CAD / CAM / BIM - jerin software na samfurin 3D, Jerin software na masana'antu na kwamfuta, Jerin software na BIM, Injin CNC / 3D bugawa, da 3D fassarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Software Used by Architects and Builders |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-cad-or-bim-178399 |website=ThoughtCo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gyaran bidiyo - jerin software na gyaran bidiyo, Yin fim, Tasirin gani, CGI, da Jerin software na raye-raye na 3D.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Video Editing Course for High School Students |url=https://www.agitraining.com/video-editing-courses-high-schools-students/video-editing-course-high-school}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fasahar dijital - software mai zane-zane na 2D, software mai motsi, allunan zane-zane, styluses, Jerin software na fasaha na dijital, zane-zane.
* Hotunan dijital / Bidiyo - kyamarar dijital, daukar hoto na sama, software na gyaran hoto na dijital, jerin software na gyare-gyaren bidiyo.
* [[Fasahar bayanai]] (IT) 
* Spreadsheets - CSV (tsarin fayil) ,  zane-zane, sigogi, ajiya, jerin software na spreadsheet,  Jerin tsarin gudanar da bayanan dangantaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Dave |title=What is a CSV file? How to open and use the popular spreadsheet file |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/tech/what-is-csv-file |website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zardetto |first=Sharon |date=October 14, 2021 |title=Charts in Apple's Numbers Spreadsheet: Which One When? |url=https://tidbits.com/2021/10/14/charts-in-apples-numbers-spreadsheet-which-one-when/ |website=TidBITS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kafofin watsa labarai na dijital - rediyo / Podcast, YouTuber, samar da bidiyo, Tasirin gani / Tsarin sauti / ƙirar sauti, Editocin sauti na dijital, ɗakin karatu.
* [[Gidan rikodin|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa]] - tashar aikin sauti na dijital, Injiniyan sauti, jerin software na kiɗa, saitin drum na lantarki, keyboard na lantarki, guitar na lantarki, Na'urar drum, fasahar kiɗa ta dijital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to build a school studio space on a budget |url=https://www.musicteachermagazine.co.uk/features/article/how-to-build-a-school-studio-space-on-a-budget |website=Music Teacher |access-date=2026-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314071610/https://www.musicteachermagazine.co.uk/features/article/how-to-build-a-school-studio-space-on-a-budget |archive-date=2024-03-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da lafiya ===

* Hotunan kiwon lafiya - Xray, [[CT scan]], MRIs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Science |first=Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and |title=Curriculum - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Program (Minnesota) - Mayo Clinic College of Medicine &amp; Science |url=https://college.mayo.edu/academics/health-sciences-education/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-program-minnesota/curriculum/ |website=Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; ECGs, maganin nukiliya, da ultrasound.
* Gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwajen likita&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to Become a Medical Laboratory Technician |url=https://www.wgu.edu/career-guide/healthcare/medical-lab-tech-career.html |website=Western Governors University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kayan kiwon lafiya
* [[Ilimi na jinya|Nursing]]
* Magungunan tiyata
* Kimiyya ta kiwon lafiya
* Masanin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya
* Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gaggawa - Masanin kiwon lafiya na gaggawa (EMT), likitanci, mai amsawa na farko.
* Mai tsabtace haƙori

=== Kimiyya ta kwamfuta ===

* Biotechnology - jerin shirye-shiryen bioinformatics na budewa, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, kimiyyar magunguna.
* Ilimin halittu na kwamfuta - Biomulation, jerin software na injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, Jerin software na tsinkaya na tsarin furotin.
* Kimiyyar lissafi - software don ƙirar injiniyan kwayoyin, ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta, Software na ƙirar kwayoyin.
* Fisika na lissafi - ilmin sunadarai da software na kimiyyar lissafi, Software na astrophysics, Open Source Physics.
* Geoinformatics - software na GIS, binciken, nesa mai zurfi, photogrammetry, geovisualization, Yanayin fasaha, geostatistics.
* Lantarki - software na EDA mai budewa da simulators kyauta, avionics, robotics, OpenRISC, [[Sensor|na'urori masu auna sigina]], na'urar silicon.
* Aerospace - aeronautics, astronautics, wasannin kwaikwayo na sararin samaniya, jerin wasannin bidiyo na wasan kwaikwayo na Jirgin sama, tsarin ƙirar Jirgin sama.
* Kimiyya ta kayan aiki na kwamfuta - kayan aiki na lissafi, ƙididdigar thermodynamics, ƙwayoyin halitta, software na gyaran kwayoyin, software na ƙirar injiniya, jerin software don ƙirar nanostructures, software na nazarin abubuwa masu ƙayyadaddun.

=== Injiniyan kwamfuta ===

* Injiniyancin kiwon lafiya - biomechanics, Injiniyan kwayar halitta, magunguna, Hoton likita, kayan aikin rayuwa, nama.
* Injiniyan kayan aiki - sinadarai, man fetur, biochemical, thermochemistry, simulators na tsarin sunadarai.
* Injiniyancin halittu - ilmin halitta na roba, tsarin halittu, biotechnology, noma, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, bioinformatics.
* Injiniyanci na gine-gine - injiniyan farar hula, tsarin, sufuri, binciken, gine-gine, ƙididdigar software.
* [[Injiniyan kwamfuta]] - [[Injiniyan software|software]], injiniyan bayanai, injiniyan cibiyar sadarwa, mai sarrafawa / ƙirar PCB, Tsaro na yanar gizo, cryptography.
* Injiniyan lantarki - Injiniyan lantarki, Tsarin wutar lantarki / makamashi, sadarwa, kayan aiki, sarrafa sigina.
* [[Injiniyan muhalli|Injiniyan]] muhalli - maganin [[Gyaran ruwa|ruwa]] / ruwa mai guba, sake amfani, muhalli, Tsarin birane, ƙirar ɗorewa.
* Injiniyan masana'antu - masana'antu, ayyuka, bangare, tsarin, sake zagayowar rayuwa, dabaru da jerin kayayyaki.
* Injiniyan injiniya - mota, Ruwa, sararin samaniya, robotics, mechatronics, Biomechanical, turbomachinery, makamashi.
* Injiniya mai zane - gine-gine, mota, masanin CAD, CAM, [[User interface design|UI]]_information_modeling&quot; id=&quot;mwAfY&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Building information modeling&quot;&gt;BIM, CAE, MEP, ƙirar masana'antu, ƙira don ƙera masana'antu mai ƙira, ƙirar kewayon, ƙirar PCB, gine-ginen ciki, gine-gine na ruwa, injiniyan marufi, UX, UI.
* Injiniyanci na wucin gadi - ilmantarwa na inji, hangen nesa na kwamfuta, jerin ayyukan fasaha na wucin gadi, kwatanta software mai zurfi.

=== Lissafi na kwamfuta ===

* Algebra na kwamfuta - tsarin algebra na kwamfuta, jerin tsarin algebra na kwamfuta kwamfutar kyauta.
* Geometry na lissafi - jerin software na lissafi mai ma'amala, jerin software na zane-zane na bayanai, software na tsarawa kyauta.
* Kididdigar lissafi - jerin software na kididdiga, kwatankwacin kunshin kididdiga.
* Kimiyya ta bayanai - jerin software na nazarin lambobi, software na ilmantarwa na inji, jerin software na kimiyyar bayanai.
* Kimiyya ta kwamfuta - kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, Biomathematics, tattalin arziki, jerin software na simulation na kwamfuta.
* Shirye-shiryen lissafi - layi, ba layi ba, ƙididdiga, ɗakunan karatu na algebra na layi, jerin ɗakunan karatu da Harsuna.
* injiniyan lissafi - injiniyan lissafi, Mathcad, jerin software na injiniyan da aka taimaka wa kwamfuta.
* [[Mathematical notation|Software na lissafi]] - [[TeX]]_editors&quot; id=&quot;mwAjg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Comparison of TeX editors&quot;&gt;Kwatanta editocin TeX, TeX, LaTeX, KaTeX, AsciiMath, GNU TeXmacs, MathJax, MathML.
* Algorithms - jerin algorithms, ƙirar algorithm, nazarin algorithms, injiniyan algorithm, jerin tsarin bayanai.
* Cryptography - algorithms na cryptography, kwatanta ɗakunan karatu na cryptographic.
* Fasahar lissafi - zane-zane na lissafi, zane-zane, farfajiyar parametric, zane-zanen algorithmic, kayan aikin platonic, kwaikwayon, tsari na tsara, bin hasken rana, Jerin software na fasahar lissafi.
* Masu lissafin software - GeoGebra, Desmos, Qalculate!Ka yi amfani da shi![Hasiya]

=== Kasuwanci da kudi ===

* Lissafi - lissafi, Bayanan kudi, Shirye-shiryen haraji, Bincike kuɗi, lissafin lissafi, lissafin kuɗi, asusun da za a biya / karɓa, CPA, kwatanta software na lissafi.
* Kasuwanci - shirin kasuwanci, Dokar kasuwanci, Gudanar da kasuwanci, mai saurin farawa / incubator, lissafin kuɗi, nazarin kasuwanci, crowdfunding, Masu saka hannun jari.
* Kudi - Hasashen kudi, nazarin sigogi na farashi, Jerin software na zane-zane, software na kudi mai budewa, ilimin kudi.
* Gidaje - saka hannun jari na ƙasa, wakili / dillali, ci gaba, Tsarin birane, Dokar mai haya-mai haya, Dokokin yanki, kimantawa, kwangila, sabuntawa.

=== Dokar ===

* Dokar aikata laifuka - kare laifi, gurfanar da kara, ɓata suna, kisan kai, hari, sata, Laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi, yanke hukunci.
* [[Dokar jama'a (doka ta yau da kullun)|Dokar Jama'a]] - Dokar kwangila, Dokar laifi, Dokar dukiya, Dokar iyali, Dokar aiki, [[Kariyar mabuƙaci|kariya ta mabukaci]], Raunin mutum.
* Dokar kamfanoni - shugabancin kamfanoni, haɗuwa da saye, dukiyar ilimi, Dokar kasuwanci, dokar tsaro.
* [[Dokar kasa da kasa]] - dokar kare hakkin dan adam, dokar cinikayya ta kasa da kasa, [[Dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa]], Dokar diflomasiyya, [[dokar teku]].
* Dokar Iyali - kisan aure, uba da yara, tallafi, tashin hankali na gida, tallafin ma'aurata, iyaye.
* Dokar Shige da Fice - visa, [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafaka]], zama ɗan ƙasa, korar, haƙƙin baƙi.
* Dokar mallakar ilimi - Dokar haƙƙin mallaka, dokar haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaki, Dokar alamar kasuwanci, Asirin kasuwanci, lasisi.
* Dokar haraji - harajin samun kudin shiga, harajin kamfanoni, harajin dukiya, harajin tallace-tallace, kauce wa haraji, biyan haraji.
* Dokar aiki - haƙƙin aiki, Nuna bambanci a wurin aiki, inshorar rashin aikin yi, fa'idodin ma'aikata.
* [[Hanyar aikata laifuka]] - kamawa, bincike da kwacewa, kimiyyar Shari'a, shari'a.
* Dokar Tsarin Mulki - haƙƙin tsarin mulki, bita na shari'a, tsari da ya dace, tarayya, jamhuriya ta dimokuradiyya, gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki.
* Dokar lissafi - ilimin lissafi na shari'a, tunani na atomatik, kwangila mai hankali, Tsarin ƙwararrun shari'a fasahar sarrafawa, shari'a.
* Rubuce-rubucen shari'a - bincike na shari'a, Bayanan shari'a ambaton shari'a.

== Dubi kuma ==
[[File:Digital_carrel_classroom.webp|thumb|Tsarin 3D na teburin tebur don samun iko zuwa tebur da kwamfutoci a cikin aji don lissafin Lissafi na kwamfuta, CAD, CAM, BIM, injiniyan injiniya na kwamfuta، shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, software na raye-raye, aikace-aikacen software na kimiyya, da sauransu.]]
[[File:Digital_audio_workstation_classroom.webp|thumb|Gidan aiki na dijital tare da saitin drum na lantarki, keyboard na lantarki, Na'urar drum, [[Makirifo|makirufo]], belun kunne, guitar na lantarki, guitar na bass, guitar na wutar lantarki, da sauran kayan aikin kiɗa na lantarki.]]

* Kwalejin
* Koyon aiki / InternshipKoyarwa
* Kungiyar Kwarewa da Ilimi na Fasaha da Fasaha Kungiyar DalibaiKungiyar Dalibai ta Fasaha
* Makarantar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Fasaha a New York
* Tsarin Makarantar Fasaha ta Connecticut
* Kungiyar dalibai ta fasaha da sana'a
* Ayyuka
* Kolejoji da Jami'o'i na Ilimi
* Hanyoyin Aiki
* Makarantar Jama'a
* Ilimi na kwamfuta
* Shigarwa biyu
* Ilimi
* Jerin mujallu na ilimi
* Jerin software na ilimi
* Jerin albarkatun ilimi na kan layi
* Jerin ayyukan kayan aiki masu budewa
* Cibiyar Ilimi da Bincike ta Kasa
* Horar da aiki
* Takaddun shaida na sana'a da lasisi
* [[Canjin makaranta zuwa aiki]]
* Gina ƙwarewa, raba ƙwarewa da haɓaka ƙwarewa
* KwarewaUSA
* Dokar Smith-Hughes - Dokar Ilimi ta Kasa ta 1917
* Dokar Ilimi ta Carl D. Perkins ta Kwarewa da Fasaha
* Ilimi na fasaha
* Ci gaban ma'aikata

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.careertech.org/ Ƙungiyar Ayyuka da Ilimi na Fasaha]</text>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra''' tana ba da ilimi ga ɗalibai sama da 14,000 a yankunan Phoenix da Glendale na Arizona. Alhambra tana da makarantu 15. Waɗannan makarantun suna koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Gundumar tana ciyar da Gundumar Makarantar Sakandare ta Phoenix Union.n .

== Tarihi ==
An shirya Gundumar Makarantar Alhambra a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1888. Makarantar farko gini ne na tubali guda ɗaya a kan Shady Lane, wanda yanzu ake kira 33rd Avenue, tsakanin Grand Avenue da Indian School Road. A yau, Gundumar Makarantar Firamare ta Alhambra ba ƙaramar makaranta ce a gefen yammacin [[Phoenix]] ba. Yanzu suna hidimtawa sama da dalibai 14,000 a makarantar sakandare ta hanyar aji na takwas, kuma suna da makarantu 15.

Yawancin gundumar suna da iyaka da 19th Avenue a gabas, 51st Avenue a yamma, Indian School Road a kudu da Bethany Home Road a arewa, tare da wasu sassan da ke wucewa kudu bayan Thomas Road, yamma zuwa 59th Avenue da arewa zuwa Glendale Avenue.

== Makarantu ==

=== Makarantar Alhambra ===
33°29′17′′N 112°08′21′′W / 33.488059°N 112.139293°W / 33. 488059; -112.139903 Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na takwas. Makarantar Alhambra ta gargajiya babbar makaranta ce a [[Arizona]] . Alhambra Traditional an lakafta shi a matsayin makarantar da ta fi dacewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban malamin Alhambra Traditional shine Tracey Lopeman . An kafa shi ne a matsayin Makarantar gargajiya ta Westwood a 1983, an sake masa suna Makarantar gargajiya na Alhambra a 1986. Makarantar tana a 3736 West Osborn, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar Tsakiya ta Andalucia da Makarantar Firamare ta James W. Rice ===
33°30′11′′N 112°09′43′′W / 33.503001°N 112.161957°W / 33.303001; -112.1619 1957 Andalucia Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji [[Fourth grade|na huɗu]] zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Mista Raul Ruiz . Makarantar tana a 4730 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85031.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

33°30′10′′N 112°07′36′′W / 33.502857°N 112.126746°W / 33.302857; -112.12674 Granada Firamare School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Stacy O' Rourke. Makarantar tana a 3232 West Campbell, Phoenix Arizona 85017 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona ===
33°31′57′′N 112°09′15′′W / 33.532472°N 112.154145°W / 33. 532472; -112.154135 Makarantar Firamare ta Barcelona ta fara ilmantar da ɗalibai a shekarar 1965. BES tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas. Shugabar makarantar ita ce Amy Bradshaw. Makarantar tana nan a 6530 North 44th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301. Wannan makarantar kuma gida ce ga shirin *G.A.T.E

=== Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck ===
33°31′22′′N 112°09′54′′W / 33.52277°N 112.165018°W / 33.32277; -112.1650-18 Makarantar Firamare ta Carol G. Peck tana ilimantar da dalibai daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na uku. Shugaban makarantar shine Melinda Schlosser . Makarantar tana a 5810 North 49th Avenue, Glendale, Arizona 85301 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Catalina Ventura ===
33°31′48′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.53005°N 112.142209°W / 33.33005; -112.14220.9 Catalina Ventura shine 2005 A+ Makarantar.&lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot; /&gt; Shugaba ita ce Melissa Gonzalez . Catalina Ventura tana a 6331 North 39th Ave a Phoenix, Arizona . &lt;ref name=&quot;cat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalina Ventura School - Index |url=http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813054546/http://cat.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Catalina Ventura School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar Tsakiya ta Cordova ===
33°31′09′′N 112°08′02′′W / 33.51928°N 112.133819°W / 33.31928; -112.1338-19 Cordova Middle School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Sharon Spearman . Makarantar tana a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

33°30′09′′N 112°07′30′′W / 33.50253°N 112.125035°W / 33.5503; -112.125045 Granada East School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga aji na huɗu zuwa na takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dokta Randy Martinez . Makarantar tana a 3022 West Campbell, Phoenix, Arizona 85017 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar Gabashin Granada da Makarantar Firamare ta Granada ===
33°31′18′′N 112°06′59′′W / 33.521757°N 112.116421°W / 33. 521757; -112.116421. Makarantar Montebello tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Nicole Durazo . Makarantar tana a 5725 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85017 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Index |url=http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811235141/http://ats.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Alhambra Traditional School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;sevp&quot; /&gt; Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . &lt;ref name=&quot;sevp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar Montebello ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|33.51928|-112.133819}}
Makarantar Sakandare ta Cordova tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji huɗu zuwa takwas. Shugaban makarantar shine Dr. Sharon Spearman. Makarantar tana nan a 5631 North 35th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85017

=== Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla da makarantar Sevilla West ===
33°30′58′′N 112°08′32′′W / 33.516057°N 112.14229°W / 33.116057; -112.14229) Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana ilimantar da dalibai daga maki K-4. Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;sevp&quot; /&gt; Shugaban makarantar shine Mandi Bilyou . Makarantar Firamare ta Sevilla tana a 3801 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 . &lt;ref name=&quot;sevp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sevilla Primary School - Index |url=http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417115257/http://sevp.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla Primary School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;

33°30′58′′N 112°08′29′′W / 33.516123°N 112.1463°W / 33. 516123; -112.141463 Sevilla West School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki 5-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Ms. Jennifer Brunch . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;sevw&quot; /&gt; An zabi Sevilla West mafi yawan lokuta ta gundumar don abubuwan da suka faru na musamman ga gundumar tunda Sevilla West tana da ɗaki mafi girma a cikin gundumar. Makarantar Sevilla West tana a 3851 West Missouri, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 .&lt;ref name=&quot;sevw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sevilla West School - Index |url=http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417125018/http://sevw.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Sevilla West School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar R. E. Simpson ===
Makarantar R. E.) Simpson tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji 4-8. Shugaban makarantar shine Alana Ragland. Shugaban makarantar Ragland shugaban makarantar RODEL ne kuma an san shi a matsayin shugaban daidaiton ilimi. Makarantar tana nan a 5330 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015. A lokacin da aka naɗa shugaban makarantar Ragland, Simpson ya fito daga matsayinsa na gazawa zuwa matakin C cikin shekaru uku. Simpson a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alana Ragland ya zama Makarantar Innovation ta Verizon a 2019. Simpson ya kasance jagora a STEAM tare da damammaki da yawa ga ɗalibai don shiga cikin ƙwarewar Kwaleji da Fasaha ta hanyar Paxton Patterson (&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.paxtonpatterson.com/&lt;/nowiki&gt;), AVID da VILS.

=== Makarantar Firamare ta Westwood ===
33°30′24′′N 112°06′29′′W / 33.506577°N 112.10803°W / 33. 506577; -112.10802 Westwood Primary School tana ilmantar da dalibai daga maki K-3. Shugaba ita ce Mrs. Melissa McKinsey . Makarantar makarantar A+ ce ta shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;wes&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne shafin da ya ba da izini na farko na gundumar zuwa makarantar asali a 1983, daga baya aka mayar da shi zuwa makarantar unguwa kuma makarantar gargajiya ta gundumar ta koma wurin Alhambra na yanzu. Makarantar tana a 4711 North 23rd Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;wes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Westwood Primary School - Index |url=http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417114726/http://wes.alhambraesd.schoolfusion.us/ |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Westwood Primary School}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhambra Traditional School - Phoenix, Arizona - AZ - School overview |url=http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/phoenix/375-Alhambra-Traditional-School/ |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=GreatSchools}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Glendale, Arizona}}{{Authority control}}{{Glendale, Arizona}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Ali (dan siyasa na Bangladesh)</title>
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'''Ahmed Ali''' (1 ga Maris 1932 - 11 ga Janairu 2020) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne kuma lauya na ƙungiyar Bangladesh Awami League . An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Gabashin Pakistan daga Comilla-5. Daga baya, an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bangladesh . Ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . Ya kasance mai shirya Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh ma.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Ali a ranar 1 ga Maris 1932 ga dangin Bengali a ƙauyen Kajalia a Nabinagar, Gundumar Tipperah (yanzu Gundumar Brahmanbaria, [[Bangladesh]]). Daga baya iyalin suka koma unguwar Bagichagaon a birnin Comilla.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=নিজের উঠানে কুমিল্লা মুক্ত দিবসের পতাকা উত্তোলন করলেন অ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228190029/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga cikin Harshen Harshe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/ভাষাসৈনিক-আহমেদ-আলী-আর-নেই/89206 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Ekushey Television |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala digiri na farko na shari'a daga Jami'ar Dhaka . &lt;ref name=&quot;d&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=অনেক মার খেয়ে প্রতিষ্ঠিত এ দল |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655 |access-date=11 January 2020 |language=bn |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624174152/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali shi ne mataimakin shugaban Kungiyar Chhatra League ta tsakiya. memba na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar Awami ta Bangladesh, shugaban kasa da kuma Sakataren kungiyar cumilla zilla Awami &lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/236003 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Amader Shomoy |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga cikin kowane motsi da ke adawa da Gwamnatin Pakistan daga 1952 zuwa 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;c2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Gabashin Pakistan daga Comilla-5 a shekarar 1970. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/265740/ভাষাসৈনিক-আহমেদ-আলী-আর-নেই |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bangladesh . &lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot; /&gt; Shi ne mai gudanarwa na farko na Comilla bayan [[Liberation of Bangladesh|'Yanci na Bangladesh]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক এ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jamuna.tv/news/119220 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jamuna Television |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ya kasance mai shirya Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh . &lt;ref name=&quot;c&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ɗaga tutar Bangladesh a Comilla Town Hall a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1971 bayan an cire Comilla daga Sojojin Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;/&gt;

Ali shine mataimakin shugaban majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;c&quot;/&gt; Ya kuma rubuta wasu littattafai.&lt;ref name=&quot;d&quot;/&gt;

Ali ya mutu daga ciwon daji a Asibitin Apollo, Dhaka a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2020 yana da shekaru 87. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://m.somoynews.tv/pages/details/192354 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Somoy TV |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111080507/https://m.somoynews.tv/pages/details/192354 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/national/news/551767 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Jagonews24.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=Language hero Ahmed Ali passes away |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Daily Sun |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627025944/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aline Elizabeth Black</title>
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      <text bytes="6653" sha1="orzv3j2b4n7gzib7dnd1m30lnsd8s81" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Aline Elizabeth Black''', wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na aure '''Aline Elizabeth Black Hicks''', (Maris 23, 1906 - Agusta 24, 1974) malamar makaranta ce 'yar Amurka, wacce aka san ta da shiga cikin shari'ar kotun kare hakkin jama'a wacce ta ta'allaka ne kan rashin daidaiton albashi.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morales |first=Leslie Anderson |date=March 2003 |title=Aline B. Hicks |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9243721/aline-b-hicks |url-status=dead |journal=Footsteps |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081054/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9243721/aline-b-hicks |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=30 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2008, Laburaren Virginia sun karrama Bakar fata a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Tarihin Bakar fata na Amurkawa a Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African–American History Month 2008 at the Library of Virginia |url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/trailblazers/2008/index.htm |access-date=2016-03-30 |website=Library of Virginia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakar fata ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Norfolk's Backbone Award a shekarar 1971, don girmama rawar da ta taka wajen tabbatar da daidaito a fannin ilimi da sana'a. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;EV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tarter |first=Brent |title=Aline E. Black (1906–1974) |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Black_Aline_Elizabeth_1906-1974 |access-date=30 March 2016 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Black a Norfolk, Virginia a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1906, ga Charles da Ida Black. &lt;ref name=&quot;EV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tarter |first=Brent |title=Aline E. Black (1906–1974) |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Black_Aline_Elizabeth_1906-1974 |access-date=30 March 2016 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTarter&quot;&gt;Tarter, Brent. [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Black_Aline_Elizabeth_1906-1974 &quot;Aline E. Black (1906–1974)&quot;]. [[Encyclopedia Virginia]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi karatu a gida kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Booker T. Washington . Black ta ci gaba da samun digiri daga Cibiyar Al'ada da Masana'antu ta Virginia kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1935. &lt;ref name=&quot;EV&quot; /&gt; Yayin da take makaranta, Black ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Booker T. Washington har sai da ta rasa aikinta a 1939 a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga shari'ar shari'a kan wariya ga albashi. Bayan ta rasa aikinta, Black ta fara aiki a kan digirin digirgir na sinadarai a Jami'ar New York, amma ba ta kammala digirin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;EV&quot; /&gt; An sake daukar Black aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar Hukumar Makarantun Norfolk a 1941 kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta na farko a matsayin malamar sinadarai. Ta ci gaba da wannan aikin har zuwa 1970, bayan haka ta fara aiki a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jacox a matsayin ƙwararriyar ci gaban koyarwa har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;EV&quot; /&gt;

Black ya auri Frank A. Hicks a wani lokaci a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma ya haifi 'ya mace ɗaya. Ta mutu a Norfolk a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1974, tana da shekaru 68, a Norfolk.

== Shari'ar shari'a ==
Yayin da take karatun kwaleji, Bakar fata ta fara aiki a Norfolk a matsayin malamar kimiyya a tsarin makarantun gwamnati. Bakar fata ta sami kashi biyu bisa uku kacal na abin da malamar farar fata ta samu don wannan aiki, abin da ya zama ruwan dare ga masu ilimi 'yan Afirka-Amurka.  Wannan gaskiyar ita ce abin da ya fusata daga Ƙungiyar Malaman Norfolk da Ƙungiyar Malaman Jihar Virginia, waɗanda suka ji cewa wannan rashin daidaiton launin fata ya saɓa wa [[Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka|Kwaskwarima ta Sha Huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;RTD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Borja |first=Rhea |title=Aline Elizabeth Black Hicks |url=http://www.richmond.com/special-section/black-history/article_9de1880c-6b0b-11e2-95f3-001a4bcf6878.html |access-date=30 March 2016 |publisher=Richmond Times-Dispatch}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na 1938, Bakar fata ta roƙi Hukumar Makarantar Norfolk da ta dogara da albashin malamanta bisa ƙwarewa da cancanta maimakon launin fata.  Hukumar makarantar ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatarta, tana mai cewa Bakar fata ta yi watsi da duk wani haƙƙinta na yin jayayya da albashin ko neman gyara lokacin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangilarta ta shekara-shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;VP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clancy |first=Paul |title=Booker T. Washington teacher demands equal pay among black, white educators |url=http://pilotonline.com/guides/african-american-today/booker-t-washington-teacher-demands-equal-pay-among-black-white/article_cfcd904e-9684-5d73-afc8-c978afc8d82c.html |access-date=30 March 2016 |publisher=Virginian-Pilot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin malamai da haɗin gwiwar NAACP, Bakar fata ta shigar da ƙara a kan hukumar makarantar Norfolk a watan Maris na 1939, inda ta sanya ta a matsayin malamar farko da ta shigar da ƙarar nuna wariya ga albashi a jihar Virginia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ware |first=Gilbert |date=March 1984 |title=Equal Pay for Black Teachers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSoEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=Aline+Elizabeth+Black&amp;pg=PA145 |journal=The Crisis |volume=91 |issue=3 |page=41 |access-date=30 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta samu rakiyar ƙungiyar lauyoyi, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Mataimakin Alkali na Kotun Koli ta Amurka Thurgood Marshall .  An yi watsi da ƙarar Black kuma lauyoyinta sun ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Ƙoli ta Virginia . A halin yanzu Hukumar Makarantar Norfolk ta rama wa Black saboda ƙararta ta hanyar rashin sabunta kwangilarta a watan Yunin 1939. Ganin cewa ba ta sake zama ma'aikaciya ba kuma ba ta da hurumin shigar da ƙara, tsarin kotu ya ƙi amincewa da ƙarar Black. &lt;ref name=&quot;VP&quot; /&gt; An soki ayyukan hukumar makarantar sosai kuma zanga-zanga ta mayar da hankali a ranar 24 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;VP&quot; /&gt;

Ba tare da wata fargaba ba, ƙungiyoyin malamai sun gabatar da wani mai ƙara, Melvin O. Alston, wanda ya shigar da wata ƙara a kan hukumar makarantar, Alston da Hukumar Makaranta ta Birnin Norfolk . Wannan ƙarar ta yi nasarar zuwa Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka, wadda ta amince da hukuncin cewa albashin malamai ya faɗi ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima ta Sha Huɗu.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aline Rhonie</title>
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'''Aline &quot;Pat&quot; Rhonie Hofheimer Brooks''' (16 ga Agusta, 1909 - 7 ga Janairu, 1963) 'Mai jirgin sama ce ta Amurka. Rhonie tana da matukan jirgi da yawa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata masu tuka jirgin sama a yakin duniya na biyu . Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobi na farko na Squadron na Mata (WAFS). Rhonie ya kuma tuka motar asibiti a Faransa. An kuma san Rhonie da tarihin tarihin jirgin sama wanda yanzu yake a Kwalejin Aeronautics da Fasaha ta Vaughn.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Aline Rhonie a matsayin Aline Rhone Hofheimer a York, Pennsylvania, a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 1909. &lt;ref name=&quot;opcop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aline Rhonie, Aviatrix |url=http://www.opencockpit.net/aline/aline_1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075412/http://www.opencockpit.net/aline/aline_1.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019 |publisher=OpenCockpit.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife ta ne a cikin sanannen dangin Hofheimer na garin York. Ta ƙaura daga York zuwa [[New Jersey]] tana da shekaru uku. Rhonie ta halarci Makarantar Dalton a New York . 

Rhonie ta auri Richard Bamberger, memba na dangin New York mai arziki, lokacin da take da shekaru 17.  Ta zama mai sha'awar tashi bayan ta taimaka wa matukan jirgi biyu da suka sauka a kusa da filin golf na kakanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ta koma Reno, [[Nevada]], lokacin da take da shekaru 19. Aline Rhonie ta koyi tashi tana da shekaru 21. Ta fara tashi a cikin De Havilland Moth tare da injin Gypsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;opcop&quot;/&gt; Ta sami lasisin sufuri a 1931,  da lasisin matukin jirgi na Ingila a 1936.  Ita ce Ba'amurke ta farko da ta sami lasisin Kasuwancin Irish a shekarar 1938. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One of Warren's proudest daughters named to state's Aviator's Hall of Fame |url=http://www.recordernewspapers.com/articles/2010/06/21/echoes-sentinel/news/doc4c1ad4fb61cc6384402241.txt |access-date=12 February 2018}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rhonie ta saki Bamberger a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1930 a Reno. Bayan kisan aure, ta ɗauki sunanta na tsakiya, Rhonie, a matsayin sunanta na karshe. Shekara guda bayan haka, ta sadu da dan dan Lady Astor, Reginal Langhorne Brooks .  Brooks ya kasance mai jirgin sama na Marine Corps kuma yana koyon Morse code, wanda ya raba tare da Rhonie . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da suka yi aure a 1933, sun tashi kilomita 17,000 a cikin jirage daban-daban zuwa hutun amarya, suna tashi ta wurare daban-daban ciki har da West Indies da Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Rhonie ita ce mace ta farko da ta tashi solo daga New York zuwa Mexico City .   Daga baya, a 1937, Brooks ya saki Rhonie.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta shiga cikin kokarin agaji na yaki na Burtaniya. Ta fara neman jiragen ruwa daga Burtaniya zuwa Faransa, amma tunda ba ta Burtaniya ba ce, an ƙi ta. Maimakon haka, ta fara tuka motar asibiti a Faransa. A shekara ta 1940, ta dauki izini don tara kuɗi don gina kantin abinci ga matukan jirgi na Allied da ke aiki a layin gaba na yaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An sanya ta jami'in hulɗa na Amurka don kulob din Aero a Faransa. Rhonie na ɗaya daga cikin mata tara na asali waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na Mata Mata Mataimakin Jirgin Ruwa (WAFS). 

Bayan yakin, Rhonie ya koyi zane-zane daga  zane-zane na Mexico  .  Rivera ya koya mata yadda ake zanen a cikin salon Fresco. Hotonta da aka fi sani da ita ita ce mai tsawon mita 126 (38 , murabba'in mita 1,400 (130 m2) wanda ke wakiltar tarihin jirgin sama a wani hangar a Filin Roosevelt, Long Island, wanda tun daga lokacin aka sake komawa Kwalejin Aeronautics da Fasaha ta Vaughn a Queens, New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  Rhonie ta yi bincike don mural kanta kuma ta yi aiki a kai tsakanin 1934 da 1938. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-05-13 |title=Aline Rhonie Papers 1920s-1990s |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/aline-rhonie-papers-1920s-1990s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113234355/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/aline-rhonie-papers-1920s-1990s |archive-date=13 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-13 |website=National Air and Space Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Rhonie ta gano cewa za a lalata tashar jirgin ruwa a filin Roosevelt a shekarar 1960, sai ta sami haƙƙin mural kuma ta shawo kan masanin fresco na Italiya, Leonetto Tintori, don zuwa Amurka don taimakawa wajen sake komawa mural.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maksel |first=Rebecca |date=14 August 2015 |title=Artist Aline Rhonie Tried to Capture All of Early Aviation in a Single Painting |url=https://www.airspacemag.com/airspacemag/artist-aline-rhonie-180956198/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523203537/http://www.airspacemag.com/airspacemag/artist-aline-rhonie-180956198/ |archive-date=23 May 2016 |access-date=2019-01-13 |website=Air &amp; Space Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an cire mural ɗin, ta taimaka wajen dawo da bangarorin sannan ta kara wasu hotuna 25.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1963, a Palm Beach, Florida, tana da shekaru 54. 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Rhonie ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma karbuwa, gami da kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar Faransa ta Croix de Guerre saboda hidimar da ta yi a cikin Red Cross na Faransa, Médaille de la Reconnaissance française, kuma an sanya ta Aboki na Ordre de la Libération . [1] An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Jirgin Sama na New Jersey a shekara ta 2010. [2] An ba da gudummawar tarin takardunta ga Gidan Tarihin Air da Space na Cibiyar Smithsonian a cikin 2014. [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]]</text>
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    <title>Alexander Dubček</title>
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'''Alexander Dubček''' (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈaleksander ˈduptʂek]; 27 Nuwamba 1921 - 7 Nuwamba 1992) ya kasance ɗan siyasa na Slovak wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko na Presidium na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia (KSČ) (shugaban ''de facto'' na Czechoslovak) daga Janairu 1968 zuwa Afrilu 1969 kuma a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tarayya daga 1989 zuwa 1992 bayan Juyin Juya Halin Velvet .  Ya kula da manyan sauye-sauye ga tsarin kwaminisanci a lokacin da aka fi sani da Prague Spring, amma an sake fasalinsa kuma daga ƙarshe an dakatar da shi bayan mamayar Warsaw Pact a watan Agusta 1968.{{IPA|sk|ˈaleksander ˈduptʂek}}{{IPA|sk|ˈaleksander ˈduptʂek}}{{IPA|sk|ˈaleksander ˈduptʂek}}

An haifi Alexander Dubček a Uhrovec, [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] (a lokacin wani ɓangare na Czechoslovakia), a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1921. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexander Dubček, Czechoslovak statesman |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Dubcek |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da yake dan shekara uku, iyalin suka koma Tarayyar Soviet don neman damar aiki da ingancin rayuwa. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro yana zaune a cikin hadin gwiwar masana'antu na Esperantist da [[Ido (harshe)|Idist]], Interhelpo, a [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]. Ginin ya kasance a Pishpek (yanzu [[Bishkek]]), a cikin Kirghiz SSR na Tarayyar Soviet, yanzu jihar mai zaman kanta ta Kyrgyzstan .  Pavol Dubček, ɗan Alexander, ya bayyana abin da dangin kakansa suka samu a matsayin &quot;babu wani abu . . . amma tsohuwar bariki, &quot; kuma ya ce yawancin ƙarni na farko na yara baƙi sun sha wahala. Duk da wannan, Pavol ya ce &quot;ba zai yiwu ba&quot; a koma baya a wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=mav |date=2022-02-18 |title=Zemřel Dubčekův syn (†73). Vystudoval na chirurga, z nouze pracoval i jako noční hlídač |url=https://www.blesk.cz/clanek/zpravy-svet/704539/zemrel-dubcekuv-syn-73-vystudoval-na-chirurga-z-nouze-pracoval-i-jako-nocni-hlidac.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Blesk.cz |language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1933 iyalin suka koma garin Gorky na Tsakiyar Rasha, yanzu [[Nizhny Novgorod]] . Alexander yana da shekara 12.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Alexander Dubček – the smiling leader of the Prague Spring |url=https://english.radio.cz/alexander-dubcek-smiling-leader-prague-spring-8735077 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Radio Prague International}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Dubček, Štefan, ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar tun 1921 kuma ya sake yin aiki bayan dawowarsa. Štefan ne ke da alhakin buga takardun jam'iyya, takardun karya da na hukuma, da kuma samar da wasu wallafe-wallafen hagu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Rodina Dubčekovcov v protifašistickom odboji |url=https://bojovnik.eu/2021/11/17/rodina-dubcekovcov-v-protifasistickom-odboji/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ayyukan Alexander da iyalinsa sun dogara da aiki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar sirri maimakon sel na jam'iyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marušiak |first=Juraj |date=2020 |title=1989 in Slovakia – Between Reform and Radical Change |url=https://www.academia.edu/43981350 |journal=Securitas Imperii |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=82–122 |via=academia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukan iyalin sun shiga, suna motsawa daga wuri ɗaya zuwa na gaba, daga ƙarshe suna ƙaura zuwa Velčice. Bayan kama yawancin shugabannin KSS a 1942, Štefan da Dubčeks sun yi aiki tare da wani tsohon memba na Interhelpo, da farko suna shirya matasa kwaminisanci. An kama Alexander da kansa a watan Yuli, amma ba kafin ya sami tasiri da iko ba. An kama Štefan, an tura shi kurkuku kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa sansanin fursuna na Mauthausen, wanda ya tsira a wani bangare saboda ya kasance a can na ɗan gajeren lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi da farkon aikin siyasa ==
A shekara ta 1948, an sake tsara jam'iyyar da ya shiga a matsayin reshen Slovak na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia (KSČ). Kodayake har yanzu a waje da manyan da'irori, ƙarni na Dubček ya wakilci matasan da ke da matsayi na jam'iyyar da ta karɓi iko a 1948, ba hutu daga gare ta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Sprina, into a Long Winter's Night: The Czechoslovakian Crisis of 1968 |url=https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/crypto-almanac-50th/From_Spring_Part_One.pdf |website=National Security Agency/Central Security Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oldřich |first=Tůma |title=1968: Czechoslovakia |url=https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/1968_revisited.pdf |journal=1968 Revisited: 40 Years of Protest Movements |issue=7 |pages=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stalinism ne wanda ke wakiltar raguwa. Wannan ƙarni ne na farko da ya kama mulki, ya haɗa kai da ƙaramin ƙarni na membobin jam'iyya, waɗanda suka fara tambayar hanyar da dattawan shugabanninsu suka ɗauka yayin da suka fara tashi a cikin matsayi a cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

Ofishin Slovak na jam'iyyar ya fito ne daga yakin tare da karamin membobin da kuma karancin alaƙa da cibiyoyin Slovak fiye da rassan Czech. Don daukar ma'aikata a jam'iyyar siyasa don siyasa ta zabe, jagorancin jam'iyyar, wanda ya wuce shekaru 60 a matsakaici, ya yi kira ga wani bangare mai zurfi na matasa marasa ƙwazo, yana ba da jam'iyyar al'adun da suka fi dacewa da ba na al'ada ba. Ya bambanta da reshen Czech na jam'iyyar, iyali, asalin yanki, addini, sana'a, da kuma dangantakar mutum-mutumi sun zama abin manne na reshen Slovak na jam'iyya. Dubček mai ra'ayin zamantakewa, ba tare da wani makomar akidar tunani ba, ya tashi a cikin waɗannan mukamai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Anna Mae Hays</title>
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'''Anna Mae Violet Hays''' ( née '''McCabe''' ; Fabrairu 16, 1920 - Janairu 7, 2018) jami'ar soja ce ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ma'aikatan jinya ta 13 a rundunar sojojin Amurka . Ita ce mace ta farko a rundunar sojojin Amurka da aka kara mata matsayi a matsayin babban jami'i ; a shekarar 1970, an kara mata matsayi zuwa babban jami'in soja .  Hays ta share fagen daidaita mata, ta yi adawa da [[Cin zarafin mata a cikin sana'a|nuna wariya ga mata a fannin aiki]], kuma ta bayar da shawarwari da dama wadanda aka amince da su a manufofin soja.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi McCabe a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1920, a Buffalo, New York, tana da 'ya'ya uku. [ 3 ]  Mahaifinta shine Daniel Joseph McCabe (1881–1939), &lt;ref name=&quot;L&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obituary Anna Mae Hays |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/mcall/obituary.aspx?n=anna-mae-hays&amp;pid=187797098&amp;referrer=0&amp;preview=True |publisher=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; mahaifiyarta kuma tsohuwar Matie Florence Humphrey ce (1885–1961), &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roberts, Sam |date=10 January 2018 |title=Anna Mae Hays, 97, U.S. Military's First Female General, Dies |url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/obituaries/anna-mae-hays-97-us-militarys-first-female-general-dies.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WFMZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=History's Headlines: General Anna Mae McCabe Hays, Lehigh Valley patriot |url=http://www.wfmz.com/features/historys-headlines/historys-headlines-general-anna-mae-mccabe-hays-lehigh-valley-patriot/19476146 |publisher=69 WFMZ-TV News |access-date=22 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111171943/http://www.wfmz.com/features/historys-headlines/historys-headlines-general-anna-mae-mccabe-hays-lehigh-valley-patriot/19476146 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ta fito daga zuriyar [[Wales|Welsh]] ; [ 7 ] iyayenta duka jami'an Sojan Ceto ne . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Babban ɗan'uwanta shine Daniel Joseph II, ƙanwarta kuma Catherine Evangeline. &lt;ref name=&quot;WFMZ&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin yarintarta, iyalan McCabe sun yi ƙaura sau da yawa a Yammacin New York da yankin Lehigh Valley na gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Allentown, Pennsylvania a 1932 lokacin da take da kimanin shekaru 12.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-09-27 |title=Anna Mae Hays |url=http://e-anca.org/bios/Hays.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224919/http://e-anca.org/bios/Hays.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2018-01-08 |publisher=e-anca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hays ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Allentown, wacce yanzu take Makarantar Sakandare ta William Allen, ta kammala karatunta da girmamawa a 1938.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hawks |first=Jeff |title=Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays |url=https://www.armyheritage.org/75-information/soldier-stories/229-brigadier-general-anna-mae-hays%7CBrigadier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807033140/https://www.armyheritage.org/75-information/soldier-stories/229-brigadier-general-anna-mae-hays%7CBrigadier |archive-date=2018-08-07 |access-date=2018-01-08 |website=www.armyheritage.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hawks |first=Jeff |title=Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays |url=https://www.armyheritage.org/75-information/soldier-stories/229-brigadier-general-anna-mae-hays%7CBrigadier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807033140/https://www.armyheritage.org/75-information/soldier-stories/229-brigadier-general-anna-mae-hays%7CBrigadier |archive-date=2018-08-07 |access-date=2018-01-08 |website=www.armyheritage.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hays tana da son kiɗa, tana buga piano, organ, da ƙahon Faransa kuma tana son zuwa Makarantar Juilliard don yin karatun kiɗa, amma saboda rashin kuɗin makaranta, ta yanke shawarar neman aikin jinya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hays ta yi rajista a Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Allentown a 1939, &lt;ref name=&quot;WFMZ&quot;/&gt; ta kammala karatunta a 1941 da takardar shaidar difloma a fannin aikin jinya .

Daga baya a aikinta, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin aikin jinya a shekarar 1958 daga Jami'ar Columbia da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin jinya a shekarar 1968 daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-03-21 |title=ANC History --Anna Mae Hays |url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/superintendents/13_Hays.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321233139/http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/superintendents/13_Hays.html |archive-date=2006-03-21 |access-date=2018-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Indiya ===
A watan Mayun 1942, ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji, kuma an tura ta zuwa Indiya a watan Janairun 1943 a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta yi aiki a Asibitin Filaye na 20 &lt;ref name=&quot;T&amp;P&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keller, Jared |date=9 January 2018 |title=Anna Mae Hays, The US Military's First Female General, Dies At Age 97 |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/anna-mae-hays-female-general/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110234220/https://taskandpurpose.com/anna-mae-hays-female-general/ |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=10 January 2018 |publisher=Task &amp; Purpose}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ke Ledo a yankin arewa maso gabashin [[Assam]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarnecky&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarnecky |first=Mary T. |title=Brigadier General Anna Mae Hays 13th Chief, Army Nurse Corps |url=http://e-anca.org/bios/Hays.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224919/http://e-anca.org/bios/Hays.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=Army Nurse Corps Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Asibitin yana nan a bakin ƙofar titin Ledo, wanda ya ratsa cikin dazuzzuka zuwa [[Myanmar|Burma]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox Matthew |date=10 January 2018 |title=First Female General, Who Served as Army Nurse in 3 Wars, Dies at 97 |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/01/10/first-female-general-who-served-army-nurse-3-wars-dies-97.html |publisher=Military.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin rayuwa da aiki sun kasance na asali; gine-gine an yi su ne da bamboo, kuma ciwon ulcers, tsutsotsi da macizai sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, musamman a lokacin damina. Bayan shekaru biyu kacal, a watan Afrilun 1945, an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Laftanar na farko . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

Bayan ta yi shekaru biyu da rabi a Indiya, Hays ta tafi hutu a Amurka lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙare. [1] Tana nan tare da rundunar, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a ɗakin tiyata sannan daga baya ta zama babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Babban Asibitin Tilton da ke Fort Dix, New Jersey; a matsayin mai kula da mata masu juna biyu a Babban Asibitin Valley Forge da ke Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, da kuma babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Fort Myer da ke Virginia. [1]

=== Koriya ===
A watan Agusta na shekarar 1950, [ 7 ] aka tura ta zuwa [[Incheon|Inchon]] don yin aiki a Yaƙin Koriya .  An tura ta zuwa Asibitin Filaye na 4 &lt;ref name=&quot;T&amp;P&quot;/&gt; na tsawon watanni bakwai, kuma daga baya ta bayyana yanayin da ke cikin asibitin a wurin a matsayin mafi muni fiye da na Indiya a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, saboda yanayin sanyi a ɗakin tiyata da rashin kayan aiki.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin watanni goma sha huɗu masu zuwa, ita da wasu ma'aikatan jinya 31 sun yi wa marasa lafiya sama da 25,000 magani. [ 7 ] Kamar yadda ta yi a Indiya, Hays ta yi amfani da wasu lokutan da ba ta aiki a Koriya wajen taimaka wa limamai ta hanyar yin wasan famfo don ayyukan coci, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu an yi su ne a layin gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Bayan rangadinta a Koriya, an mayar da Hays zuwa Asibitin Sojoji na Tokyo a watan Afrilun 1951 [ 17 ] kuma ta yi shekara guda a can. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Shekara guda bayan haka, an mayar da ita zuwa Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, a matsayin darektan haihuwa da yara. [ 17 ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]]
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    <title>Andrew Marsh (ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka)</title>
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'''Andrew Marsh''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Michigan Wolverines .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Marsh a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ɗan Eleanor da Timothy Marsh. Timothy ya mutu daga ciwon daji lokacin da Andrew ke da shekaru bakwai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poorman |first=Jon |date=August 19, 2024 |title=Inspired by late dad and unapologetically himself, dynamic WR Andrew Marsh carving legacy at Jordan |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/sports/high-school/football/article/andrew-marsh-katy-jordan-football-receiver-19660331.php |access-date=October 11, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jordan a Fulshear, Texas inda ya buga kwallon kafa kuma ya kasance dan wasa. An ba shi suna Newcomer of the Year na Gundumar Texas 19-6A a 2022 da kuma Gundumar 19-6A Offensive Player of the Year a 2024. A lokacin ƙaramin shekarunsa, ya yi rikodin 65 don rikodin makaranta 1,158 yadudduka da 15 touchdowns a 2023. Ya gama aikinsa na makarantar sakandare tare da fiye da yadudduka 3,500 da kuma touchdowns 36. ESPN ta ba shi damar yin taurari huɗu, dan wasa na No. 67 a cikin ƙasar, mai karɓar No. 10 a ƙasa da kuma dan wasa na 13 a jihar Texas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andrew Marsh |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/andrew-marsh/26786 |access-date=October 11, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Michigan lands commitment from 4-star WR Andrew Marsh |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/college-football/michigan-lands-commitment-from-4-star-wr-andrew-marsh |access-date=October 11, 2025 |website=[[FoxSports.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 2024, Marsh ya yi alkawarin buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Michigan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nemec |first=Andrew |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Andrew Marsh commits to Michigan Wolverines to 'create history' |url=https://www.si.com/high-school/recruiting/andrew-marsh-commits-to-michigan-wolverines-to-create-history-01j5rzeaxfx4 |access-date=October 11, 2025 |publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taimaka wajen daukar Bryce Underwood, dan wasan No. 1 a cikin aji na daukar ma'aikata na kwalejin shekara ta 2025, zuwa Michigan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wuchter |first=Jonathan |date=October 8, 2025 |title=The Underwood-Marsh connection is a year, and counting, in the making |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/sports/football/the-underwood-marsh-connection-is-a-year-and-counting-in-the-making/ |access-date=October 11, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2025 |title=Andrew Marsh reveals how he helped recruit Bryce Underwood to Michigan and build chemistry |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/other/andrew-marsh-reveals-how-he-helped-recruit-bryce-underwood-to-michigan-and-build-chemistry/ar-AA1O3rC4 |access-date=October 11, 2025 |website=[[MSN.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marsh ya fara kakar wasa ta farko a Wolverines ta 2025 a matsayin mai dawo da kwallon kafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zuke |first=Ryan |date=August 26, 2025 |title=Bryce Underwood won’t be the only freshman starting for Michigan |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2025/08/michigans-sherrone-moore-tabs-freshman-as-primary-kick-returner.html |access-date=October 11, 2025 |website=[[MLive.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2025, a karon farko da ya yi da New Mexico, ya dawo da kickoffs uku don yadudduka 69, yayin da yake wasa a mai karɓa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;/&gt; A ranar 13 ga watan Satumba, a wasan da ya yi da Central Michigan, ya yi rikodin wasan farko da ya yi a tseren 23 yadudduka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Tony |date=October 5, 2025 |title=Andrew Marsh is game-changer for evolving Michigan football offense |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2025/10/05/michigan-football-offense-andrew-marsh-bryce-underwood/86520456007/ |access-date=October 11, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marsh ya fara karatun farko a babban mai karɓa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba a kan Wisconsin, inda ya yi rikodin liyafa hudu don yadudduka 80.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zuke |first=Ryan |date=October 9, 2025 |title=Freshman receiver is on the rise for Michigan football |url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2025/10/freshman-receiver-is-on-the-rise-for-michigan-football.html |access-date=October 11, 2025 |website=[[MLive.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba a kan USC, ya samu karbuwa takwas don yadudduka 138, ciki har da karbar karbar karbuwa ta 69 daga Underwood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schulte |first=AJ |date=October 12, 2025 |title=Despite loss, Michigan finally finds the offensive playmaker they desperately needed for Bryce Underwood’s future |url=https://atozsports.com/college-football/michigan-wolverines-news/michigan-finds-offensive-playmaker-desperately-needed-bryce-underwood-andrew-marsh/ |access-date=October 12, 2025 |website=atozsports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, a kan Arewa maso yamma a Filin Wrigley, Marsh ya yi rikodin matsayi na aiki tare da liyafa 12 don yadudduka 189; kowane shirin ya yi rikodi ga sabon shiga. Ya wuce 100 karbar yadudduka a karo na biyu a wannan kakar, kuma ya zama mai karbar bakuncin Michigan na farko da ya yi rikodin wasanni 100 da yawa tun bayan Roy Roundtree a 2009. Yarda 189 da ya yi daura a cikin yadudduka na shida mafi yawan karɓa a cikin wasan a tarihin shirin, kuma mafi yawa tun lokacin da Jehu Chesson ya rubuta yadudduka 207 a cikin 2015. Ya samu sau 12 a matsayi na biyar mafi yawa a tarihin shirin kuma mafi yawa tun lokacin da Braylon Edwards ya samu a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2025 |title=Postgame Notes: #18 Michigan 24, Northwestern 22 |url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2025/11/15/football-postgame-notes-michigan-at-northwestern |access-date=November 15, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka ba shi suna Babban Taron Goma Freshman na Makon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2025 |title=Indiana, Michigan, Penn State and USC Earn Weekly Football Honors |url=https://bigten.org/fb/article/58915/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=BigTen.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118130731/https://bigten.org/fb/article/58915/ |archive-date=November 18, 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Citrus Bowl na 2025 da Texas, ya yi rikodin karbar bakinsa na huɗu na kakar. Ya kuma dawo da kickoffs hudu don jimlar yadudduka 143 kuma ya taimaka wa Michigan fara mallakar kwata na uku a kusa da tsakiyar filin. Ya gama kakar wasa ta farko a duk lokacin da aka samu karbuwa a cikin yadudduka (651), na biyu a cikin liyafa (45) da na uku a cikin liyafar touchdown (4).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2025 |title=Postgame Notes: #13 Texas 41, #18 Michigan 27 |url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2025/12/31/football-postgame-notes-michigan-vs-texas |access-date=December 31, 2025 |website=MGoBlue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marsh ya sami lambar yabo ta Freshman All-American bayan kakar 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Powers, Charles |date=December 8, 2025 |title=2025 On3 Freshman All-American Team |url=https://www.on3.com/news/2025-on3-true-freshman-all-american-team/ |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=[[On3.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/andrew-marsh/26786 Bayanan Michigan]
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  <page>
    <title>Anne McClintock</title>
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'''Anne McClintock''' marubuciya ce, masanin mata kuma masanin ilimin jama'a wanda ya wallafa ko'ina kan batutuwan jima'i, kabilanci, mulkin mallaka, da kishin kasa; al'adun gargajiya da na gani, daukar hoto, talla da ka'idar al'adu. Kasuwanci da kuma rikice-rikice a cikin hali, aikinta yana bincika alaƙar jinsi, kabilanci, da ikon aji a cikin mulkin mallaka na zamani, wanda ya haɗa da Victorian da Birtaniya na zamani zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani, Ireland, da Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, McClintock ya kasance Farfesa A. Barton Hepburn a Jami'ar Princeton. Ya zuwa 2022, ta gudanar da alƙawari na hadin gwiwa a cikin Shirin Jima'i da Jima'a da Cibiyar Muhalli ta High Meadows . Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci da Cibiyar Effron don Nazarin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Princeton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anne McClintock — Gender and Sexuality Studies |url=http://gss.princeton.edu/anne-mcclintock |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320143019/https://gss.princeton.edu/anne-mcclintock |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=25 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A baya, McClintock ta kasance Simone de Beauvoir [[Farfesa]] na [[Nazarin Ingilishi|Turanci]] da Nazarin Mata da Jima'i a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison inda ta koyar daga 1999 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW–Madison&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Wisconsin–Madison Faculty Bio |url=http://www.english.wisc.edu/faculty/mcclintock.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805173733/http://www.english.wisc.edu/faculty/mcclintock.html |archive-date=5 August 2009 |access-date=2009-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin Wisconsin, ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar New York.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Anne McClintock ga iyayen Irish da Scottish a [[Harare|Harare, Zimbabwe]] . Iyayenta sun koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda McClintock ya girma a lokacin da aka yi [[Internal resistance to apartheid|yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata]]. McClintock ta halarci [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] inda ta sami BA a Falsafa da Ingilishi a shekarar 1976. A shekara ta 1979, ta sami M Phil a cikin Harshe daga Jami'ar Cambridge . McClintock ta sami digirinta na PhD a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1989. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

=== Littattafai ===

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Imperial Leather: Race, Jima'i da Jima'a a Gasar mulkin mallaka .'' New York: Routledge.  . 
** -- -- (2018, Portuguese) Couro Imperial: Raza, Jima'i da Jima'a A cikin mulkin mallaka. Plinio Dentzien ne ya fassara shi. Brazil: Editora da Unicamp. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0893-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-85-268-0893-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].{{ISBN|978-85-268-0893-5}}&amp;nbsp;
{{ISBN|9780415908900}}
* -- -- (1997). Dangerous Liaisons: Jima'i, Al'umma da Ra'ayoyin Postcolonial, tare da Ella Shohat da Aamir Mufti. Minnesota: Jami'ar Minnesota Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780816626496&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* -- -- -- (Mai zuwa) Ghosts marasa damuwa: Daga Yakin Har abada zuwa Rashin Yanayi 1860-2015. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.

=== Babi a cikin littattafai ===

* -- -- (1994). &quot;Talla da wariyar launin fata na kayan masarufi. &quot; A cikin ''Labaran Matafiya,'' wanda George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, da Tim Putnam suka shirya, 128-52. London: Routledge.
* -- -- (1996). &quot;'Babu Tsawon Lokaci a Sama ta Nan gaba': Jima'i, Kabilanci da Ƙasashen Waje. &quot; ''Kasancewa na kasa. '' A Reader, wanda Geoff Eley da Ronald Suny suka shirya, 260-85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* -- -- (1999). &quot;Fanon and Gender Agency. &quot; A cikin Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue, edited by Nigel C. Gibson, 66-81. New York: Routledge,
* -- -- (2005). &quot;Soft-Soaping Empire: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace na Masarauta&quot;. A Reader, wanda Mariam Fraser da Monica Greco suka shirya, 271-276. New York: Routledge.
* -- -- (2008). &quot;Jima'i, Kabilanci da Jima'i a Gasar mulkin mallaka: Manufar Ci Gaban. &quot; A cikin The Development Reader, wanda Sharad Chari da Stuart Corbridge suka shirya, 99-116. New York: Routledge.
* -- -- (2009). &quot;Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. &quot; A cikin ''Jihohin Gaggawa,'' wanda Russ Castronovo da Susan Gillman suka shirya, 69-87. Durham, North Carolina: Jami'ar North Carolina Press.
* -- -- (2018). &quot;Ghostscapes from the Forever War. &quot; A cikin Nature's Nation: American Art and Environment, wanda Karl Kusserow da Alan Braddock suka shirya, 272-290. New Haven da London: Yale University Press.
* -- -- (2023). &quot;The Future is Now,&quot; a cikin ''Haɗin gwiwa: Tarihin Hoto'' mai yiwuwa, eds. Ariella Azoulay, Wendy Ewald, Susan Meiselas, Leigh Raiford da Laura Wexler. London: Thames &amp; Hudson.

=== Labaran jarida da mujallu ===

* -- -- (1984). &quot;'Asirin da ba za a iya furta su ba': The Ideology of Landscape a cikin Conrad's Heart of Darkness. &quot; Midwestern Modern Language Association 17: 38-53.
* -- -- (1986). &quot;Babu Sunayen Baya: Rabuwa da Magana da Tarihi a cikin Derrida's Le dernier Mot du Racisme. &quot;Binciken ''Bincike Mai Muhimmanci'' 13: 140-54.
* -- -- (1987). &quot;''Azikwelwa'' (Ba za mu yi tafiya ba): Siyasa da Daraja a cikin Black African Poetry. &quot;''Bincike Mai Muhimmanci'' 13 no. 3: 597-623.
* -- -- (1988). &quot;Maidens, Maps and Mines: The Reinvention of Patriarchy in Colonial South Africa. &quot; ''Kudancin'' ''Atlantic Quarterly'' 87: 13-30.
* -- -- (1990). &quot;The Very House of Difference: Race, Jender and the Politics of South African Women's Narrative&quot;. Social Text 25: 196-226. [[doi:10.2307/466247.|https://doi.org/10.2307/466247.]]
* -- -- (1991). &quot;The Scandal of the Whorearchy.&quot; ''Canji'' 53: 92-99.
* -- -- (1992). &quot;Screwing the System. Jima'i Aiki, Race da Shari'a.&quot; ''Yankin 2'' Batun Musamman: Feminism da Postmodernism 19: 70-95.
* -- -- (1992). &quot;Mala'ika na Ci gaba. Rashin haɗari na Kalmar Post-Colonialism,&quot; ''Rubutun Jama'a'' 18: 84-98.
* -- -- (1993). &quot;The Return of Female Fetishism and the Fiction of the Phallus&quot;. ''Sabbin Tsarin'' 6: 7-18.
* -- -- (1993). &quot;Family Feuds. Jima'i, Ƙasa da Iyali,&quot; ''Binciken Mata'' 44: 61-80.
* -- -- (1993). &quot;Mace don Umurni: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Ikon Jima'i,&quot; ''Rubutun Jama'a'' 34: 95-114.
* -- -- (2010). &quot;Yin amfani da rikicin man fetur na Gulf&quot;. 24 Yuni 2010. https://www.counterpunch.org/2010/06/24/militarizing-the-gulf-oil-crisis/ {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* -- -- (2010). &quot;Bayan toshewar kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Gulf.&quot; Truthout. 4 ga watan Agusta 2010. https://truthout.org/articles/behind-the-media-blockade-in-the-gulf/
* -- -- (2010). &quot;Slow Violence and the BP Coverups.&quot; Counterpunch. 23 ga watan Agusta 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20260305005156/https://www.counterpunch.org/2010/08/23/slow-violence-and-the-bp-coverups/
* -- -- (2011). &quot;Haɗin kai a Madison: zanga-zangar jama'a ta Wisconsin&quot;. Guernica / Mujallar Fasaha da Siyasa. 28 Fabrairu 2011. http://www.guernicamag.com/anne_mcclintock_solidarity_in/
* -- -- (2011). &quot;Wisconsin: wani Epochal Standoff.&quot; Guernica / A Magazine of Arts and Politics. 15 ga Maris, 2011. http://www.guernicamag.com/blog/anne_mcclintock_wisconsin_an_e/
* -- -- (2012). &quot;Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don Ma'amala da ''Māshi''. &quot; The Mail and Guardian (Afirka ta Kudu). 1 ga Mayu, 2012. [http://mg.co.za/article/2012-05-31-the-best-way-to-deal-with-the-spear http://mg.co.za/ labarin/2012-05-31-mafi kyawun hanyar-zuwa-da-ƙaddamarwa-da-maki]
* -- -- (2012). &quot;Too Big to See With the Naked Eye.&quot; Guernica / A Magazine of Arts and Politics, 20 Disamba 2012. http://www.guernicamag.com/daily/anne-mcclintock-too-big-to-see-with-the-naked-eye
* -- -- (2014). &quot;Ghosting na Imperial da Bala'i na Kasa: Masu cin abinci daga Hiroshima da Kasar Indiya a cikin Yakin da ta'addanci,&quot; ''PMLA'' 129 no. 4: 819-29.
* -- -- (2017). &quot;Wane ne ke jin tsoron Title IX?&quot; Jacobin Magazine, 24 ga Oktoba 2017. [https://jacobin.com/2017/10/title-ix-betsy-devos-doe-colleges-assault-dear-colleague https://jacobin.com/2017/10/title-ix-betsy-devos-doe-kolleagues-assault-dear-colleague]
* -- -- (2020). &quot;Matasa na Ƙarshe a Isle de Jean Charles, Canjin Yanayi na Tsibirin Yana Nishawa&quot;. 12 Fabrairu 2020. [https://www.teenvogue.com/story/isle-de-jean-charles-louisiana-juliette-brunet https://www.teenvogue.com/story/isle-de-jean-charles-Louisiana-juliette-brunet]
* -- -- (2020). &quot;Monster: Fugue in Fire and Ice.&quot; e-flux Architecture, 1 Yuni 2020. https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/oceans/331865/monster-a-fugue-in-fire-and-ice/
* -- -- (2021). &quot;Ghost Forest Atlas of a Drowning World,&quot; Fitowa ta Musamman, e-flux Architecture, 19 Janairu 2021. https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/accumulation/440704/ghost-forest-atlas-of-a-drowning-world/

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
{{Authority control}}

*  
*  
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Andrea Pinamonti</title>
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      <text bytes="5988" sha1="92yhxd861f0kts1ctdlcs3am8qz1r3p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox dan kwallon kafa
| suna = Andrea Pinamonti
| hoto = Andrea Pinamonti 2022.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Andrea Pinamonti
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1999|5|19}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Cles, Italiya
| tsawo = 1.88 m
| matsayi = Mai kai hari
| kungiyar_yanzu = Sassuolo
| lamba = 9
| matasa_shekaru1 = 2008–2013
| matasa_kungiya1 = Chievo
| matasa_shekaru2 = 2013–2016
| matasa_kungiya2 = Inter Milan
| shekaru1 = 2016–2019
| kungiya1 = Inter Milan
| wasa1 = 5
| kwallaye1 = 1
| shekaru2 = 2018–2019
| kungiya2 = → Frosinone (aro)
| wasa2 = 27
| kwallaye2 = 5
| shekaru3 = 2019–2020
| kungiya3 = Genoa
| wasa3 = 32
| kwallaye3 = 7
| shekaru4 = 2020–2022
| kungiya4 = Inter Milan
| wasa4 = 1
| kwallaye4 = 0
| shekaru5 = 2020–2021
| kungiya5 = → Genoa (aro)
| wasa5 = 34
| kwallaye5 = 7
| shekaru6 = 2021–2022
| kungiya6 = → Empoli (aro)
| wasa6 = 36
| kwallaye6 = 13
| shekaru7 = 2022–
| kungiya7 = Sassuolo
| wasa7 = 60
| kwallaye7 = 20
| shekarun_kasa1 = 2015
| kungiyar_kasa1 = Italiya U16
| wasa_kasa1 = 2
| kwallaye_kasa1 = 0
| shekarun_kasa2 = 2015–2016
| kungiyar_kasa2 = Italiya U17
| wasa_kasa2 = 24
| kwallaye_kasa2 = 7
| shekarun_kasa3 = 2016–2017
| kungiyar_kasa3 = Italiya U18
| wasa_kasa3 = 6
| kwallaye_kasa3 = 1
| shekarun_kasa4 = 2017–2018
| kungiyar_kasa4 = Italiya U19
| wasa_kasa4 = 22
| kwallaye_kasa4 = 4
| shekarun_kasa5 = 2018–2021
| kungiyar_kasa5 = Italiya U21
| wasa_kasa5 = 16
| kwallaye_kasa5 = 7
}}

'''Andrea Pinamonti''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar [[Sassuolo]] a gasar Serie A. An haife shi ranar 19 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1999 a garin Cles dake yankin Trentino na ƙasar Italiya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan gaba masu ƙwarewa da suka taso daga makarantar horaswa ta Inter Milan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.inter.it |title=Andrea Pinamonti Profile |publisher=Inter Milan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pinamonti ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami tare da matasan ƙungiyar Chievo kafin daga bisani ya koma makarantar matasa ta Inter Milan a shekarar 2013. A Inter ya nuna bajinta sosai musamman a gasar matasa ta Primavera inda ya kasance daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi zura ƙwallaye. Hakan ne ya sa aka fara ɗaga shi zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Inter tun yana matashi sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/andrea-pinamonti/profil/spieler/315858 |title=Andrea Pinamonti - Transfermarkt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Inter Milan wasa a gasar Serie A a shekarar 2016. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 2016 ya fara buga wasan Turai a UEFA Europa League inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ‘yan wasan Inter da suka fara buga wasan Turai a tarihi. A shekarar 2017 kuma ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko a Serie A lokacin da Inter ta fafata da Empoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.legaseriea.it |title=Serie A Player Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin samun damar yawan wasa, Inter Milan ta bayar da shi aro zuwa ƙungiyar Frosinone a kakar 2018–2019. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta yi fama a gasar, Pinamonti ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen kai hari tare da zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa gogewa a babban matakin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com |title=Andrea Pinamonti Career Overview |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019 ya koma Genoa inda ya samu damar taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙungiyar. Ya zura ƙwallaye masu yawa kuma ya taimaka wajen kare ƙungiyar daga faɗuwa zuwa Serie B. Salon wasansa na ƙarfin jiki, iya riƙe ƙwallo, da kuma ƙwarewa wajen cin ƙwallaye ya sanya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan gaba masu tasowa a Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.genoacfc.it |title=Andrea Pinamonti Genoa Profile}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya Inter Milan ta sake dawo da shi amma ta ci gaba da bayar da shi aro domin samun yawan lokacin wasa. Ya sake komawa Genoa aro kafin daga bisani ya koma Empoli a kakar 2021–2022. A Empoli ne ya yi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kakar rayuwarsa bayan da ya ci fiye da ƙwallaye goma a Serie A, lamarin da ya ja hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.empolifc.com |title=Andrea Pinamonti at Empoli |access-date=2026-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605203335/https://empolifc.com/ |archive-date=2025-06-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022 ƙungiyar Sassuolo ta ɗauke shi domin maye gurbin wasu ‘yan wasan gaba da suka bar ƙungiyar. Ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a Serie A tare da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan kai hari na Sassuolo. Ana yaba masa saboda iya motsi a cikin akwatin bugun fenariti, ƙwarewar kai ƙwallo da kuma iya amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu wajen harbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sassuolocalcio.it |title=Andrea Pinamonti Sassuolo Profile}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Pinamonti ya wakilci ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban na ƙasar Italiya tun daga ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 16 har zuwa tawagar ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Ya taka rawa a gasannin Turai na matasa kuma ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan da ake sa ran za su zama manyan taurarin Italiya a gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.figc.it |title=Italy Youth National Teams Profile}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salon wasan Andrea Pinamonti ya haɗa da ƙarfin jiki, iya tsayawa da masu tsaron baya, da kuma ƙwarewar gama hari a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti. Yana iya taka rawa a matsayin cikakken ɗan gaba ko kuma a matsayin mai kai hari na biyu. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun kwatanta salon wasansa da tsoffin ‘yan wasan gaba na Italiya masu amfani da jiki da fasaha wajen zura ƙwallaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com |title=Andrea Pinamonti Scouting Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Official website|https://www.sassuolocalcio.it}}
* {{Soccerway|andrea-pinamonti|458923}}
* {{Transfermarkt|andrea-pinamonti/profil/spieler/315858}}

{{Dan wasan kungiyar Sassuolo}}
{{Tawagar Italiya ta yan kasa da shekara 21}}</text>
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    <title>Abdulrahman Taiwo</title>
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'''Abdulrahman Taiwo''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Slovak ta Spartak Trnava, a matsayin aro daga Riga . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|abdulrahman-taiwo/535168}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Taiwo ya buga wasa a Najeriya tare da Abees Academy Abuja da [[Kwara United F.C.|Kwara United]] .   A shekarar 2017, ya yi watanni tara a kulob din Bursaspor na Turkiyya, wanda ya riga ya koma FC Zbrojovka Brno na gasar Czech First League a watan Satumbar 2017.   A watan Janairun 2018, Taiwo ya kammala canja sheka zuwa Slovakia don shiga Nitra .   Ya zura kwallaye biyar a wasannin share fage na kakar wasa ga Nitra, musamman kwallaye biyu da ya ci a kan tsohuwar kungiyar FC Zbrojovka Brno da MTK Budapest bi da bi.   Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 28 ga Yuli a gasar Slovak Super Liga, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon lokacin rashin nasara 2-1 a kan Žilina . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|abdulrahman-taiwo/535168}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwallon farko da Taiwo ya ci a gasar ta zo ne a watan Agusta a kan Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;

=== Dunajská Streda ===
A watan Janairun 2019, Taiwo ya koma Slovakia zuwa DAC Dunajská Streda .  Shekara guda bayan haka, bayan kwallaye shida da ya ci wa DAC, Taiwo ya koma gasar Czech First League a matsayin aro tare da Karviná . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|abdulrahman-taiwo/535168}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko da Zlín a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt; 

=== Sønderjyske ===
A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2021, Taiwo ya koma ƙungiyar Sønderjyske ta ƙasar Denmark a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa watan Yuni 2025.  A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2022, an bayyana cewa rashin jituwa ta taso tsakanin shugabannin Sønderjyske da Taiwo. Sakamakon haka, aka tura shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19, amma wannan shawarar ba ta sami goyon bayan ƙungiyar farko ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya koma ƙungiyar farko.  A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2022, ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da cewa Taiwo ya bar ƙungiyar don ya koma ƙungiyar Slovak ta FC Spartak Trnava a kan yarjejeniyar aro don kakar wasa ta 2022-23.  

=== Spartak Trnava (rance) ===
A lokacin bazara na 2022, Taiwo ya koma ƙungiyar Slovak ta Spartak Trnava, inda da farko ya sami damar zama ɗan wasa mai maye gurbinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ďurinský |first=Samuel |date=2022-09-06 |title=Do Spartaka prichádza Taiwo |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/en/do-spartaka-prichadza-taiwo/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519154730/https://fcspartaktrnava.com/en/do-spartaka-prichadza-taiwo/ |archive-date=2026-05-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2022, a kan Zlaté Moravce, inda ƙwallonsa ta sa Spartak ta yi nasara da ci 3-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce - Vráble - FC Spartak Trnava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/2097-zmo-spa |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye uku kacal a kaka. Ya fara yin abin da ya fi kyau a bazara, lokacin da wasansa ya sa ya sami matsayi a cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=Gólové hody medzi Trnavou a Žilinou. Spartak prestrieľal súpera, Taiwo zaknihoval hetrik |url=https://sport24.pluska.sk/futbal/slovensko/online-prenos-fortuna-ligy-fc-spartak-trnava-msk-zilina-3 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Šport 24 |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taiwo ya sami damar zira kwallaye har zuwa 11 a wasanni 10 kuma don haka ya zama na huɗu mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar Fortuna League 2022/23 da kwallaye 14. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulrahman Taiwo |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/hrac/1489-abdulrahman-taiwo |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasansa na ƙarshe a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2023, a gida da MŠK Žilina, ya zira kwallaye uku na farko, wanda ya ɗauki mintuna 52. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=s.r.o |first=Global24 |date=2023-05-22 |title=Spartak na záver nedal šancu Žiline: Taiwo sa blysol HETRIKOM |url=https://trnava.dnes24.sk/spartak-na-zaver-nedal-sancu-ziline-taiwo-sa-blysol-hetrikom-434036 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Trnava24.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=spartak |date=2023-05-20 |title=Taiwo hetrikom zostrelil Žilinu |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/en/taiwo-hetrikom-zostrelil-zilinu/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519173828/https://fcspartaktrnava.com/en/taiwo-hetrikom-zostrelil-zilinu/ |archive-date=2026-05-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya buga wasanni 27 a Spartak kuma ya zura kwallaye 19, daya daga cikinsu shine wanda ya daidaita wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Slovak da Slovan Bratislava. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=V závere prestupového obdobia oznámil futbalový klub Spartak Trnava ešte dve posily |url=https://dennikn.sk/minuta/4834732/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Denník N |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Riga ===
A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2023, Taiwo ya koma ƙungiyar Riga FC ta Latvia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Score Nigeria |date=2023-07-16 |title=Ex-Nigeria U23 star Abdulrahman Taiwo quits Danish club |url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/ex-nigeria-u23-star-abdulrahman-taiwo-quits-danish-club/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Score Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar Latvia a wasan da suka doke FK Tukums da ci 6-0 a gasar La Liga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Score Nigeria |date=2023-07-24 |title=Taiwo catches the eye with brace on debut |url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/taiwo-catches-the-eye-with-brace-on-debut/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Score Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lamuni ga FK Auda ===
Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan da fara wasa, Taiwo ya koma ƙungiyar FK Auda ta ƙungiyar a shekarar 2024. Ya ci wa Auda kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0 a gasar Conference League da Cliftonville FC, inda suka doke ƙungiyar [[Ireland ta Arewa|Northern Ireland]] da ci 4-1 a jimilla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fullerton |first=Gareth |date=2024-07-31 |title=Auda vs Cliftonville as it happened in the UEFA Conference League |url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/sport/football/match-reports/auda-vs-cliftonville-live-score-29650821 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Belfast Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa Spartak ===
A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2025, a ranar ƙarshe ta lokacin canja wurin 'yan wasa, an sanar da cewa Taiwo zai koma FC Spartak Trnava a kan aro tare da zaɓin siye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Spartak Trnava potvrdil príchod ďalšej posily {{!}} TVNOVINY.sk |url=https://tvnoviny.sk/sport/clanok/986486-spartak-hlasi-dalsiu-posilu-do-trnavy-prichadza-ofenzivny-univerzal-z-gruzinska |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=tvnoviny.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=redakcia@trnavskyhlas.sk |title=Spartak získal v závere prestupového obdobia dve posily, do Trnavy sa vracia Taiwo |url=https://www.trnavskyhlas.sk/c/40336-spartak-ziskal-v-zavere-prestupoveho-obdobia-dve-posily,-do-trnavy-sa-vracia-taiwo/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Trnavský Hlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ce a cikin wata hira da Spartak cewa Riga ya karɓi yarjejeniyar aro mintuna 12 kafin wa'adin, wanda kuma shine lambar da ya saka a lokacin aronsa na baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Šport.sk |date=2025-09-10 |title=Stačilo 12 minút a prestupová bomba Spartaka by nevybuchla. Kanonier Trnavy chce zosadiť Slovan |url=https://sport.aktuality.sk/futbal/clanok/nike-liga-fc-spartak-trnava-abdulrahman-taiwo-o-navrate-2025091013573722662 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Šport.sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taiwo ya fara bugawa Spartak wasa a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan MFK Skalica da ci 4-0 a waje. A minti na 29, Trnava ya ninka tasu. Bayan hutun da aka yi, Azango ya tura Holík zuwa dama kuma ƙwallon da ya ci ta ta shiga raga ta hannun Taiwo, wanda ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan farko a cikin rigar Trnava. Wasan farko na Taiwo bai ma wuce rabin lokaci ba, domin dole ne a maye gurbinsa da wuri a minti na 43 saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ďurinský |first=Samuel |date=2025-09-13 |title=Spartak späť na víťaznej vlne! |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/33524-2/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=redakcia@trnavskyhlas.sk |title=Spartak vysoko vyhral v Skalici, Taiwo zariadil vylúčenie, dal gól, no zranil sa |url=https://www.trnavskyhlas.sk/c/40381-spartak-vysoko-vyhral-v-skalici,-taiwo-zariadil-vylucenie,-dal-gol,-no-zranil-sa/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Trnavský Hlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2025, Taiwo ya zira kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke AS Trenčín da ci 4-0, sannan ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FC Spartak Trnava - AS Trenčín {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/2687-spa-tre |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Navrátilec v drese Trnavy exceloval. Proti Trenčínu strelil hetrik |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-trnava-trencin-vysledok-dnes-13-kolo-nike-liga-2025-2026/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A watan Yunin 2016, an zaɓi Taiwo cikin tawagar ' yan wasan Najeriya na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 kafin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016. [1] Duk da haka, ba a zaɓe shi a cikin zaɓen ƙarshe na Samson Siasia ba. [2] [3] Taiwo ya wakilci 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a gasar gayyata ta Suwon ta 2016 wata guda da ya gabata. [4]

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|23 June 2020}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| Bursaspor
| 2016–17
| [[Süper Lig|Gasar Süper]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| FC Zbrojovka Brno
| 2017–18
| Gasar Farko ta Czech
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Nitra
| 2018–19
| Babban Ligi na Slovakia
| 18
| 3
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 0
| 0
| 18
| 3
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | DAC Dunajská Streda
| 2018–19
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Babban Ligi na Slovakia
| 9
| 4
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 0
| 0
| 9
| 4
|-
| 2019–20
| 9
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 2 {{Efn|Appearance(s) in the [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 12
| 2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 18
! 6
! 1
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 30
! 6
|-
| Karviná (rance)
| 2019–20
| Gasar Farko ta Czech
| 12
| 3
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 0
| 0
| 12
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 49
! 13
! 1
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 52
! 13
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]</text>
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    <title>Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie</title>
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      <text bytes="6337" sha1="jblxj4xra8pt47w79x52ljwz8zauqmj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie
| image = 
| birth_place = Awgu, Jihar Enugu, Najeriya
| nationality = Dan Najeriya
| occupation = Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, malami, shugaban jami'a
| employer = Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN); Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT)
| known_for = Nazarin siyasa, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, tattalin arzikin siyasa
| title = Mataimakin shugaban jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na ESUT
}}

'''Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma farfesa a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya yi suna wajen bincike da koyarwa a kan siyasar Najeriya, tsarin mulki, tsaro, da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar '''Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA)''' daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2021, sannan kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a na '''Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT)''' a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Political science prof Okolie appointed ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://punchng.com/political-science-prof-okolie-appointed-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Okolie a garin Awgu da ke Jihar Enugu a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin Political/Administrative Studies a Jami'ar Port Harcourt inda ya kammala a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ya samu digiri na biyu (M.Sc.) da digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarun 1996 da 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius-Michaels_Nnabugwu_Okolie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2004 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka samu tallafin '''Fulbright Scholar''' domin nazarin manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Enugu govt appoints Prof. Okolie as ESUT new Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.otowngist.com/2022/04/enugu-govt-appoints-prof-okolie-as-esut-new-vice-chancellor/ |work=OtownGist |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Okolie ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a lokacin yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) a shekarar 1993. A shekarar 1995 ya zama malami a Institute of Ecumenical Education Thinkers’ Corner da ke Enugu. Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarar 1997 a matsayin malami a sashen kimiyyar siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Okolie, Aloysius-michaels Nnabugwu |url=https://pages.esut.edu.ng/teacher/22088 |website=ESUT Staff Profile |access-date=25 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2025-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207170755/http://pages.esut.edu.ng/teacher/22088 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2009 aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kuma riƙe muƙaman shugabanci daban-daban kamar shugaban Faculty of Social Sciences a UNN da shugaban kungiyar ASUU ta reshen jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Enugu Appoints Prof Okolie New Vice Chancellor Of ESUT |url=https://independent.ng/enugu-appoints-prof-okolie-new-vice-chancellor-of-esut/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 Afrilu 2022 gwamnatin Jihar Enugu ta naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar ESUT.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Enugu Govt. Appoints Prof. Nnabugwu Okolie As ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2022/04/05/enugu-govt-appoints-prof-nnabugwu-okolie-as-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=West African Pilot News |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa a harkar siyasa ==
Okolie ya yi fice wajen sharhi kan matsalolin dimokuraɗiyya, shugabanci, tsaro, da cin hanci a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NPSA, ya yi kira ga sake fasalin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya domin magance talauci da rashin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Stakeholders call for overhaul of democratic practice in Nigeria |url=https://blueprint.ng/stakeholders-call-for-overhaul-of-democratic-practice-in-nigeria/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=24 Oktoba 2019 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau ya bayyana cewa shugabannin siyasa a Najeriya suna bai wa matasa “ƙaryar fata” ta hanyar rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci da cin hanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Political leadership giving Nigerian youths false hope – NPSA |url=https://authorityngr.com/2020/08/24/political-leadership-giving-nigerian-youths-false-hope-npsa/ |work=Authority News |date=24 Agusta 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105185548/https://authorityngr.com/2020/08/24/political-leadership-giving-nigerian-youths-false-hope-npsa/ |archive-date=2025-01-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da wallafe-wallafe ==
Okolie ya rubuta littattafai da dama a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Political Behaviour'' (2004)
* ''Statistics for Political Data Analysis'' (2005)
* ''Politics of Development and Underdevelopment'' (2017)

Haka kuma ya shirya wasu littattafai kan hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin siyasa a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius-Michaels_Nnabugwu_Okolie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan tsaro, siyasar Najeriya, Boko Haram, da tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Securitization of Politics and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Boko Haram Experience |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/download/25491/26195 |website=International Affairs and Global Strategy |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martaba ==
Okolie mamba ne a ƙungiyoyi da dama na masana ilimi a Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya. Haka kuma yana da taken '''Knight of the Order of St. Mulumba'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Political science prof Okolie appointed ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://punchng.com/political-science-prof-okolie-appointed-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana kimiyyar siyasa]]
[[Category:Mutanen Jihar Enugu]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Balarabe Abbas Lawal</title>
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'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619234154/https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/ |archive-date=2026-06-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c518x2kzq0go&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/balarabe-halt-inauguration-group-tasks-federal-gov/&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/10/03/meet-balarabe-abbas-lawal-who-replaces-el-rufai-as-minister/&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa</title>
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'''Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa''' sune fannoni da suka shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da tsarin [[Lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]], [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], da hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti . Ana ɗaukar masu kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya a matsayin ƙwararru a fannin kula da lafiya.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kula da manufofin lafiya]] da gudanarwa ko [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ko kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma kula da asibitoci, hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti, da/ko [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] gaba ɗaya. A amfani da ƙasashen duniya, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma kiran gudanar da cibiya ɗaya (misali asibiti) da &quot;kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya&quot;, &quot;kula da kula da lafiya&quot; ko &quot;kula da lafiya

Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an cimma takamaiman sakamako, cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata, kuma dukkan sassan suna aiki don cimma manufa ɗaya.

== Amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa ==
An nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙayyade zamantakewa (misali wuri, gidaje, ilimi, aiki, samun kuɗi, aikata laifuka, haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a) suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiya. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, [[Lafiyar Jama'a|lafiyar jama'a]] tana karɓar kashi biyar kacal na kasafin kuɗin lafiyar ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=JM |year=2002 |title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_march-april-2002_21_2/page/78 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=78–93 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 |pmid=11900188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 95 cikin 100 ana kashewa ne akan ayyukan kula da lafiya kai tsaye, duk da haka kula da lafiya yana wakiltar kashi 10-15 cikin 100 na mace-macen da za a iya hanawa a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halitta, yanayin zamantakewa, fallasa muhalli, da yanayin halaye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar sakamakon lafiya, wanda ake ƙara la'akari da shi yayin ƙirƙirar manufofin lafiya.

A matakin tarayya, masu tsara manufofi suna magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tanade-tanaden Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, inda asibitoci masu zaman kansu dole ne su gudanar da kimanta buƙatun lafiyar al'umma da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan inganta al'umma.  Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ta asibitoci ya faru a jihohi da yawa, kuma ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya kamar ilimi da gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=M |title=The Role of Hospitals in Improving Non-Medical Determinants of Community Population Health |url=http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |website=NYS Health Foundation |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094311/http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi za su iya inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tantance duk manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aka tsara don tasirin kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shroeder |first=S |date=September 20, 2007 |title=We can do better--improving the health of the American people |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-09-20_357_12/page/1221 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=12 |pages=1221–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa073350 |pmid=17881753 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuɗaɗen dabaru don shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gibin da aka sani a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa. Ana iya gudanar da kimanta buƙatu don gano hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri ga kowace al'umma. Irin waɗannan kimantawa na iya gano buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin sufuri masu inganci, wanda zai ba mutane damar samun albarkatu masu ci gaba don rigakafi da kulawa mai tsanani. Haka kuma, kuɗaɗen tallafin shirye-shiryen horar da aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin aikin yi zai ba mutane damar gina ƙarfinsu ba kawai don samun kuɗi ba, har ma da shiga cikin halayen neman lafiya waɗanda galibi suna kan farashi mai tsada.

== Bambance-bambance a fannin aikin likita da ingancin kulawa ==
Bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe a fannin likitanci na nufin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kulawa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya/buƙatar likita ko kuma ta hanyar fifikon marasa lafiya ba. Dr. John Wennberg ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe&quot; lokacin da ya lura da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yanayi (yanki) da salon aiki, waɗanda ba su dogara da dalilan asibiti ba.  Kasancewar bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe yana nuna cewa wasu mutane ba sa samun isasshen kulawa ko kuma ba a amfani da albarkatun lafiya yadda ya kamata.

Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su takaita ga; fasahar kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa ba, ƙara yawan ilimin likitanci da kuma dogaro da kai fiye da kima akan hukunci na mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haughom |first=John |date=2014-06-16 |title=Clinical Variation in Your Medical Organization? |url=https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=Health Catalyst |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151601/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin da ba shi da tushe yana da sakamako mai ma'ana dangane da amfani da shi fiye da kima/ƙasa da haka, ƙaruwar mace-mace, da ƙaruwar farashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Dana |last2=Kinhan |first2=Peter |last3=Savage |first3=Brandon |title=Eliminating Unwarranted Variation in Care |url=http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=GE Healthcare |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220212025/http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike na 2013 ya gano cewa dangane da farashin Medicare, ƙarin kashe kuɗi ba shi da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau ko ingantaccen kulawa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Joseph |last2=Garber |first2=Alan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending in the United States Insights From an Institute of Medicine Report |journal=JAMA |volume=310 |issue=12 |pages=1227–1228 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.278139 |pmid=24008265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin ayyukan likitanci muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa - fahimtar musabbabi da illolin bambance-bambancen zai jagoranci masu tsara manufofi don haɓakawa da inganta manufofin da ake da su. Wajen sarrafa bambance-bambancen ayyuka, yana da mahimmanci a yi kimanta cututtuka/tsarin da ke da manyan matakan bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe; kwatantawa tsakanin kulawar da aka bayar da jagororin kulawa na yau da kullun zai nuna bambance-bambancen da kuma samar da haske game da fannoni na ci gaba.

Ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don daidaita manufofi, jagoranci, da fasaha domin rage bambance-bambancen kulawa da ba su da tushe. Rage inganci yana buƙatar sa hannun marasa lafiya da kuma [[Ayyukan likita|haɗa kai da likitoci]] ta hanyar daidaita kulawar asibiti tare da mai da hankali kan bin ƙa'idodin kulawa da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamako bisa inganci.

== Cibiyar masana'antu ta likita ==
Cibiyar likitanci da masana'antu ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kayayyaki don samun riba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen da Shugaba Eisenhower ya yi amfani da shi (&quot; tarukan soja-masana'antu &quot;) lokacin da yake gargaɗin ƙasar, yayin da yake ritaya, game da ƙaruwar tasirin masana'antun makamai akan manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=23–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan kalmar &quot;tarukan masana'antu na likitanci&quot; ta fara yaɗuwa daga 1980 ta hanyar Jaridar Magunguna ta New England (Nuwamba 4, 1971, 285:1095) ta Arnold S. Relman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar daga 1977 zuwa 1991. A cewar Dr. Relman, tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka masana'antu ne da ke da riba kuma ya zama ka'ida da aka yarda da ita sosai a kwanakin nan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Angell |first=Marcia |date=August 14, 2014 |title=On Arnold Relman (1923-2014) |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/08/14/arnold-relman-1923-2014/ |website=New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar shekaru 40 da suka gabata, masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta haɓaka zuwa ma masana'antu mafi girma, mafi girma da bunƙasa. Cibiyar masana'antar likitanci ta ƙunshi asibitoci na mallakar kamfanoni da gidajen kula da tsofaffi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ayyukan kula da gida da na gaggawa, sassan zubar jini na koda, da kuma wasu nau'ikan ayyukan likitanci iri-iri waɗanda a da cibiyoyin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ko kuma likitoci masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa a ofisoshinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Relman |first=Arnold S |year=1980 |title=The new medical-industrial complex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1980-10-23_303_17/page/963 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1056/nejm198010233031703 |pmid=7412851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashen da masana'antar likitanci ke da tasiri sosai, akwai ƙuntatawa ta doka ga zaɓuɓɓukan masu amfani don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban saboda ƙa'idodi a kasuwannin duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a Ayyuka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Maria Angelica Borges dos |last2=Passos |first2=Sonia Regina Lambert |date=August 2010 |title=International trade in health services and the medical industrial complex: implications for national health systems |journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1483–1493 |doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2010000800003 |issn=1678-4464 |pmid=21229208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, akwai ƙa'idodi marasa tushe kan masana'antun kiwon lafiya, waɗanda galibi ke sa kamfanoni su caji farashi mai yawa da kuma ƙa'idodin kulawa. Misali, kamfanonin magunguna na iya cajin farashi mai yawa ga magunguna, kamar yadda muka gani kwanan nan tare da EpiPen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koons |first=C. |last2=Langreth |first2=R. |date=September 23, 1025 |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tunda masana'antun na'urorin likitanci suna ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci kamar ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da likitoci da asibitoci kai tsaye don ɗaukar amfani da na'urorinsu, akwai ce-ce-ku-ce cewa irin wannan ilimin yana da son rai don haɓaka muradun masu ba da kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schofferman |first=Jerome |date=2011 |title=The Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1713–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01282.x |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=22145759 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta zamani na iya zama mafita ga rarrabuwar kulawa, duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi na gwamnati ga kamfanonin kiwon lafiya ta zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorsey |first=E. Ray |author-link=Ray Dorsey |last2=Topol |first2=Eric J. |year=2016 |title=State of Telehealth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-07-14_375_2/page/154 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=375 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1056/nejmra1601705 |pmid=27410924}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bayyane yake, gwamnati dole ne ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan lafiyar marasa lafiya.

== Rarraba abinci da kuma samun damar kulawa ==
Samun kulawa da Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage muhimmanci ne a fannin Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanar da Lafiya (HPAM) domin suna magance tasirin kasuwa wanda ke shafar yadda da lokacin da mutane ke samun ayyukan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloche |first=M. Gregg |date=2012-05-24 |title=Beyond the &quot;R Word&quot;? Medicine's New Frugality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-05-24_366_21/page/1951 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1951–1953 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1203521 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=22551108}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya|...]]

Kula da rigakafi muhimmin bangare ne na HPAM saboda matakan matakan kariya da mutane ke dauka na iya taimakawa wajen tantance lafiyar jama'a. ACA ta bude kofar samun damar samun kulawa ta hanyar tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su bayar da wadannan ayyuka ba tare da wani karin farashi ba. Idan duk Amurkawa suka yi amfani da matakin kulawa ta kariya da ya dace, &quot;za a ceci rayuka 100,000 kowace shekara.&quot; Ko da tare da fadada damar samun ayyukan kulawa ta kariya da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wadanda aka yi wa inshorar har yanzu suna fuskantar karancin abinci saboda karuwar kudin shiga da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya.

Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, matsakaicin kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke biya na shekara-shekara don inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 61%. A wannan lokacin, gudummawar ma'aikata ta ƙaru da kashi 83%. Ƙaruwar kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke bayarwa da kuma kuɗin da za a cire ya sa mutane da iyalai su yi amfani da kuɗin kula da lafiya. Babban kuɗin inshorar lafiya da kuɗin da za a cire yana ƙarfafa mutane da iyalai su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su yi amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya kuma yana rage damar mutane su ci wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Kaiser Family Foundation |url=http://kff.org/ |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=kff.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)&quot;&gt;tabbacin da ya gaza&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A ƙasar Kanada 'yan ƙasa suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke ba su damar samun kulawar lafiya amma yana buƙatar su magance matsalolin rabon abinci. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar matakin mahimmanci, tare da kulawa ta gaggawa yana da fifiko da kuma wasu jiyya na cututtuka/cututtuka kamar yadda wasu ke faruwa a rayuwa da mutuwa. Duk da cewa Burtaniya ita ce ta farko da ta yi alfahari da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, amma tana fama da matsalolin rabon abinci. Duk da cewa tsarin raba kuɗi ba tare da tsada ba ya yi kama da mai yawa a zahiri, rashin samun dama ko zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya yana haifar da manyan matsaloli ga marasa lafiya. 

Ka yi tunanin duniya ba tare da rabon kuɗin kula da lafiya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Kafin a yi imani da akasin haka, kiwon lafiya na duniya ba shine mafita ga magance rabon kuɗin ba, a zahiri, rabon kuɗin na iya ƙaruwa idan mutane da yawa suna da damar samun kiwon lafiya ba tare da ƙarin adadin likitoci ba. Wuraren aiki kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka rabon kuɗin tsakanin ma'aikatansu saboda yawan cire kuɗi da kuɗin fansho. Suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa damar samun kuɗi ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga kiwon lafiya ba shine fara kallon rabon kuɗin a matsayin hanyar raba waɗannan albarkatun iyaka a tsakanin jama'a, ba hanyar sake matsar da kulawa ga wasu mutane ba. Lokacin da muka yi haka, za mu iya aiki don inganta damar samun kulawa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da yawa yadda ya kamata.  

== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ==
A matsayin wani fanni, manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa suna neman inganta hanyoyin samun dama, rage farashi, da kuma inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa .

=== Tarihi ===
Tarihin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka za a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin sauyi a hankali daga samar da kulawa ta hanyar cibiyoyi zuwa shiga tsakani da aka mayar da hankali kan al'umma. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa yayin da dubban sojoji suka koma gida cikin rauni sakamakon yaƙin. A wannan lokacin, haɓaka magungunan psychotropic suma sun ba da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. A shekarar 1963, John F. Kennedy ya aiwatar da Dokar Lafiyar Al'umma, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru 109 na rashin shiga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da mutane masu cututtukan kwakwalwa. Tasirin kawar da hankali ya gauraye; mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su sake fuskantar mummunan yanayi a wuraren mafaka ba, duk da haka, tallafin al'umma bai isa ba don samar da magani da ayyuka ga masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na kullum. 

=== Isar da ayyuka da manufofi na yanzu ===
Ana kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu ba da sabis da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Bangaren kula da lafiyar tabin hankali da halayyar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar likitocin tabin hankali. Bangaren [[kulawa na farko]] ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya kamar masu aikin tiyata da masu aikin iyali. Wannan ɓangaren galibi shine wurin farko da marasa lafiya ke haɗuwa da shi. Bangaren ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hukumomin kula da jin daɗin jama'a da ayyukan shari'a/ayyukan gidan yari, da sauransu. Bangaren ƙarshe shine ɓangaren cibiyar tallafawa masu sa kai, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barry, Huskamp, &amp; Goldman |year=2010 |title=A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2010-09_88_3/page/404 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=404–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00605.x |pmc=2950754 |pmid=20860577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar da aka yi kwanan nan ta ci gaba da inganta samun kulawar lafiya ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton farashi. Dokar Daidaito da Daidaito ta Lafiya ta 2008 ta buƙaci wasu tsare-tsare don samar da inshorar cututtukan kwakwalwa daidai da inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya, tana buƙatar masu samar da kulawa su samar da kulawa a farashi iri ɗaya da aljihunsu da kuma fa'idodi iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan kulawa guda biyu. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 (ACA) ta faɗaɗa wannan ci gaban ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton ƙarin tsare-tsare, ta faɗaɗa kariyar daidaito zuwa ƙarin mutane miliyan 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance and Mental Health Services |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/ |website=MentalHealth.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukansu suna rage farashi sosai a matsayin shinge ga kulawa, amma har yanzu akwai fannoni da za a ci gaba.

Wannan doka ta yi nasara wajen inganta yawan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a fadin al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban bambanci a cikin waɗannan ƙimar tsakanin fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda jihohin da suka zaɓi ficewa daga faɗaɗa Medicaid a ƙarƙashin ACA suna da yawan jama'a manya masu launin fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creedon &amp; LeCook |year=2016 |title=Access to Mental Health Care Increased But Not For Substance Abuse, While Disparities Remain |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098 |pmc=7033262 |pmid=27269017 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammaki don ingantawa ===
Wani ci gaba da ake samu a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a nan gaba shine hadewar kulawa . Kwanan nan, hadewar kulawa ta kasance babban fifiko a manufofin gwamnati, kuma hukumomi da dama na tarayya sun dauki matakai don inganta hadewar ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko da na kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mechanic |year=2012 |title=Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2012-02_31_2/page/376 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 |pmid=22323168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5dy2yw43hponfof96v7kt8cgwk0w8sf</sha1>
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'''Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa''' sune fannoni da suka shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da tsarin [[Lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]], [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], da hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti . Ana ɗaukar masu kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya a matsayin ƙwararru a fannin kula da lafiya.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kula da manufofin lafiya]] da gudanarwa ko [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ko kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma kula da asibitoci, hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti, da/ko [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] gaba ɗaya. A amfani da ƙasashen duniya, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma kiran gudanar da cibiya ɗaya (misali asibiti) da &quot;kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya&quot;, &quot;kula da kula da lafiya&quot; ko &quot;kula da lafiya

Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an cimma takamaiman sakamako, cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata, kuma dukkan sassan suna aiki don cimma manufa ɗaya.

== Amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa ==
An nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙayyade zamantakewa (misali wuri, gidaje, ilimi, aiki, samun kuɗi, aikata laifuka, haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a) suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiya. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, [[Lafiyar Jama'a|lafiyar jama'a]] tana karɓar kashi biyar kacal na kasafin kuɗin lafiyar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=JM |year=2002 |title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_march-april-2002_21_2/page/78 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=78–93 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 |pmid=11900188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 95 cikin 100 ana kashewa ne akan ayyukan kula da lafiya kai tsaye, duk da haka kula da lafiya yana wakiltar kashi 10-15 cikin 100 na mace-macen da za a iya hanawa a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halitta, yanayin zamantakewa, fallasa muhalli, da yanayin halaye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar sakamakon lafiya, wanda ake ƙara la'akari da shi yayin ƙirƙirar manufofin lafiya.

A matakin tarayya, masu tsara manufofi suna magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tanade-tanaden Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, inda asibitoci masu zaman kansu dole ne su gudanar da kimanta buƙatun lafiyar al'umma da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan inganta al'umma.  Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ta asibitoci ya faru a jihohi da yawa, kuma ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya kamar ilimi da gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=M |title=The Role of Hospitals in Improving Non-Medical Determinants of Community Population Health |url=http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |website=NYS Health Foundation |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094311/http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi za su iya inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tantance duk manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aka tsara don tasirin kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shroeder |first=S |date=September 20, 2007 |title=We can do better--improving the health of the American people |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-09-20_357_12/page/1221 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=12 |pages=1221–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa073350 |pmid=17881753 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuɗaɗen dabaru don shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gibin da aka sani a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa. Ana iya gudanar da kimanta buƙatu don gano hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri ga kowace al'umma. Irin waɗannan kimantawa na iya gano buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin sufuri masu inganci, wanda zai ba mutane damar samun albarkatu masu ci gaba don rigakafi da kulawa mai tsanani. Haka kuma, kuɗaɗen tallafin shirye-shiryen horar da aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin aikin yi zai ba mutane damar gina ƙarfinsu ba kawai don samun kuɗi ba, har ma da shiga cikin halayen neman lafiya waɗanda galibi suna kan farashi mai tsada.

== Bambance-bambance a fannin aikin likita da ingancin kulawa ==
Bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe a fannin likitanci na nufin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kulawa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya/buƙatar likita ko kuma ta hanyar fifikon marasa lafiya ba. Dr. John Wennberg ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe&quot; lokacin da ya lura da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yanayi (yanki) da salon aiki, waɗanda ba su dogara da dalilan asibiti ba.  Kasancewar bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe yana nuna cewa wasu mutane ba sa samun isasshen kulawa ko kuma ba a amfani da albarkatun lafiya yadda ya kamata.

Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su takaita ga; fasahar kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa ba, ƙara yawan ilimin likitanci da kuma dogaro da kai fiye da kima akan hukunci na mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haughom |first=John |date=2014-06-16 |title=Clinical Variation in Your Medical Organization? |url=https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=Health Catalyst |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151601/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin da ba shi da tushe yana da sakamako mai ma'ana dangane da amfani da shi fiye da kima/ƙasa da haka, ƙaruwar mace-mace, da ƙaruwar farashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Dana |last2=Kinhan |first2=Peter |last3=Savage |first3=Brandon |title=Eliminating Unwarranted Variation in Care |url=http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=GE Healthcare |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220212025/http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike na 2013 ya gano cewa dangane da farashin Medicare, ƙarin kashe kuɗi ba shi da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau ko ingantaccen kulawa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Joseph |last2=Garber |first2=Alan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending in the United States Insights From an Institute of Medicine Report |journal=JAMA |volume=310 |issue=12 |pages=1227–1228 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.278139 |pmid=24008265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin ayyukan likitanci muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa - fahimtar musabbabi da illolin bambance-bambancen zai jagoranci masu tsara manufofi don haɓakawa da inganta manufofin da ake da su. Wajen sarrafa bambance-bambancen ayyuka, yana da mahimmanci a yi kimanta cututtuka/tsarin da ke da manyan matakan bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe; kwatantawa tsakanin kulawar da aka bayar da jagororin kulawa na yau da kullun zai nuna bambance-bambancen da kuma samar da haske game da fannoni na ci gaba.

Ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don daidaita manufofi, jagoranci, da fasaha domin rage bambance-bambancen kulawa da ba su da tushe. Rage inganci yana buƙatar sa hannun marasa lafiya da kuma [[Ayyukan likita|haɗa kai da likitoci]] ta hanyar daidaita kulawar asibiti tare da mai da hankali kan bin ƙa'idodin kulawa da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamako bisa inganci.

== Cibiyar masana'antu ta likita ==
Cibiyar likitanci da masana'antu ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kayayyaki don samun riba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen da Shugaba Eisenhower ya yi amfani da shi (&quot; tarukan soja-masana'antu &quot;) lokacin da yake gargaɗin ƙasar, yayin da yake ritaya, game da ƙaruwar tasirin masana'antun makamai akan manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=23–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan kalmar &quot;tarukan masana'antu na likitanci&quot; ta fara yaɗuwa daga 1980 ta hanyar Jaridar Magunguna ta New England (Nuwamba 4, 1971, 285:1095) ta Arnold S. Relman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar daga 1977 zuwa 1991. A cewar Dr. Relman, tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka masana'antu ne da ke da riba kuma ya zama ka'ida da aka yarda da ita sosai a kwanakin nan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Angell |first=Marcia |date=August 14, 2014 |title=On Arnold Relman (1923-2014) |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/08/14/arnold-relman-1923-2014/ |website=New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar shekaru 40 da suka gabata, masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta haɓaka zuwa ma masana'antu mafi girma, mafi girma da bunƙasa. Cibiyar masana'antar likitanci ta ƙunshi asibitoci na mallakar kamfanoni da gidajen kula da tsofaffi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ayyukan kula da gida da na gaggawa, sassan zubar jini na koda, da kuma wasu nau'ikan ayyukan likitanci iri-iri waɗanda a da cibiyoyin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ko kuma likitoci masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa a ofisoshinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Relman |first=Arnold S |year=1980 |title=The new medical-industrial complex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1980-10-23_303_17/page/963 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1056/nejm198010233031703 |pmid=7412851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashen da masana'antar likitanci ke da tasiri sosai, akwai ƙuntatawa ta doka ga zaɓuɓɓukan masu amfani don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban saboda ƙa'idodi a kasuwannin duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a Ayyuka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Maria Angelica Borges dos |last2=Passos |first2=Sonia Regina Lambert |date=August 2010 |title=International trade in health services and the medical industrial complex: implications for national health systems |journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1483–1493 |doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2010000800003 |issn=1678-4464 |pmid=21229208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, akwai ƙa'idodi marasa tushe kan masana'antun kiwon lafiya, waɗanda galibi ke sa kamfanoni su caji farashi mai yawa da kuma ƙa'idodin kulawa. Misali, kamfanonin magunguna na iya cajin farashi mai yawa ga magunguna, kamar yadda muka gani kwanan nan tare da EpiPen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koons |first=C. |last2=Langreth |first2=R. |date=September 23, 1025 |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tunda masana'antun na'urorin likitanci suna ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci kamar ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da likitoci da asibitoci kai tsaye don ɗaukar amfani da na'urorinsu, akwai ce-ce-ku-ce cewa irin wannan ilimin yana da son rai don haɓaka muradun masu ba da kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schofferman |first=Jerome |date=2011 |title=The Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1713–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01282.x |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=22145759 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta zamani na iya zama mafita ga rarrabuwar kulawa, duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi na gwamnati ga kamfanonin kiwon lafiya ta zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorsey |first=E. Ray |author-link=Ray Dorsey |last2=Topol |first2=Eric J. |year=2016 |title=State of Telehealth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-07-14_375_2/page/154 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=375 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1056/nejmra1601705 |pmid=27410924}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bayyane yake, gwamnati dole ne ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan lafiyar marasa lafiya.

== Rarraba abinci da kuma samun damar kulawa ==
Samun kulawa da Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage muhimmanci ne a fannin Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanar da Lafiya (HPAM) domin suna magance tasirin kasuwa wanda ke shafar yadda da lokacin da mutane ke samun ayyukan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloche |first=M. Gregg |date=2012-05-24 |title=Beyond the &quot;R Word&quot;? Medicine's New Frugality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-05-24_366_21/page/1951 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1951–1953 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1203521 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=22551108}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya|...]]

Kula da rigakafi muhimmin bangare ne na HPAM saboda matakan matakan kariya da mutane ke dauka na iya taimakawa wajen tantance lafiyar jama'a. ACA ta bude kofar samun damar samun kulawa ta hanyar tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su bayar da wadannan ayyuka ba tare da wani karin farashi ba. Idan duk Amurkawa suka yi amfani da matakin kulawa ta kariya da ya dace, &quot;za a ceci rayuka 100,000 kowace shekara.&quot; Ko da tare da fadada damar samun ayyukan kulawa ta kariya da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wadanda aka yi wa inshorar har yanzu suna fuskantar karancin abinci saboda karuwar kudin shiga da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya.

Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, matsakaicin kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke biya na shekara-shekara don inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 61%. A wannan lokacin, gudummawar ma'aikata ta ƙaru da kashi 83%. Ƙaruwar kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke bayarwa da kuma kuɗin da za a cire ya sa mutane da iyalai su yi amfani da kuɗin kula da lafiya. Babban kuɗin inshorar lafiya da kuɗin da za a cire yana ƙarfafa mutane da iyalai su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su yi amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya kuma yana rage damar mutane su ci wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Kaiser Family Foundation |url=http://kff.org/ |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=kff.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)&quot;&gt;tabbacin da ya gaza&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A ƙasar Kanada 'yan ƙasa suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke ba su damar samun kulawar lafiya amma yana buƙatar su magance matsalolin rabon abinci. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar matakin mahimmanci, tare da kulawa ta gaggawa yana da fifiko da kuma wasu jiyya na cututtuka/cututtuka kamar yadda wasu ke faruwa a rayuwa da mutuwa. Duk da cewa Burtaniya ita ce ta farko da ta yi alfahari da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, amma tana fama da matsalolin rabon abinci. Duk da cewa tsarin raba kuɗi ba tare da tsada ba ya yi kama da mai yawa a zahiri, rashin samun dama ko zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya yana haifar da manyan matsaloli ga marasa lafiya. 

Ka yi tunanin duniya ba tare da rabon kuɗin kula da lafiya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Kafin a yi imani da akasin haka, kiwon lafiya na duniya ba shine mafita ga magance rabon kuɗin ba, a zahiri, rabon kuɗin na iya ƙaruwa idan mutane da yawa suna da damar samun kiwon lafiya ba tare da ƙarin adadin likitoci ba. Wuraren aiki kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka rabon kuɗin tsakanin ma'aikatansu saboda yawan cire kuɗi da kuɗin fansho. Suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa damar samun kuɗi ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga kiwon lafiya ba shine fara kallon rabon kuɗin a matsayin hanyar raba waɗannan albarkatun iyaka a tsakanin jama'a, ba hanyar sake matsar da kulawa ga wasu mutane ba. Lokacin da muka yi haka, za mu iya aiki don inganta damar samun kulawa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da yawa yadda ya kamata.  

== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ==
A matsayin wani fanni, manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa suna neman inganta hanyoyin samun dama, rage farashi, da kuma inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa .

=== Tarihi ===
Tarihin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka za a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin sauyi a hankali daga samar da kulawa ta hanyar cibiyoyi zuwa shiga tsakani da aka mayar da hankali kan al'umma. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa yayin da dubban sojoji suka koma gida cikin rauni sakamakon yaƙin. A wannan lokacin, haɓaka magungunan psychotropic suma sun ba da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. A shekarar 1963, John F. Kennedy ya aiwatar da Dokar Lafiyar Al'umma, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru 109 na rashin shiga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da mutane masu cututtukan kwakwalwa. Tasirin kawar da hankali ya gauraye; mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su sake fuskantar mummunan yanayi a wuraren mafaka ba, duk da haka, tallafin al'umma bai isa ba don samar da magani da ayyuka ga masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na kullum. 

=== Isar da ayyuka da manufofi na yanzu ===
Ana kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu ba da sabis da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Bangaren kula da lafiyar tabin hankali da halayyar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar likitocin tabin hankali. Bangaren [[kulawa na farko]] ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya kamar masu aikin tiyata da masu aikin iyali. Wannan ɓangaren galibi shine wurin farko da marasa lafiya ke haɗuwa da shi. Bangaren ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hukumomin kula da jin daɗin jama'a da ayyukan shari'a/ayyukan gidan yari, da sauransu. Bangaren ƙarshe shine ɓangaren cibiyar tallafawa masu sa kai, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barry, Huskamp, &amp; Goldman |year=2010 |title=A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2010-09_88_3/page/404 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=404–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00605.x |pmc=2950754 |pmid=20860577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar da aka yi kwanan nan ta ci gaba da inganta samun kulawar lafiya ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton farashi. Dokar Daidaito da Daidaito ta Lafiya ta 2008 ta buƙaci wasu tsare-tsare don samar da inshorar cututtukan kwakwalwa daidai da inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya, tana buƙatar masu samar da kulawa su samar da kulawa a farashi iri ɗaya da aljihunsu da kuma fa'idodi iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan kulawa guda biyu. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 (ACA) ta faɗaɗa wannan ci gaban ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton ƙarin tsare-tsare, ta faɗaɗa kariyar daidaito zuwa ƙarin mutane miliyan 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance and Mental Health Services |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/ |website=MentalHealth.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukansu suna rage farashi sosai a matsayin shinge ga kulawa, amma har yanzu akwai fannoni da za a ci gaba.

Wannan doka ta yi nasara wajen inganta yawan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a fadin al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban bambanci a cikin waɗannan ƙimar tsakanin fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda jihohin da suka zaɓi ficewa daga faɗaɗa Medicaid a ƙarƙashin ACA suna da yawan jama'a manya masu launin fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creedon &amp; LeCook |year=2016 |title=Access to Mental Health Care Increased But Not For Substance Abuse, While Disparities Remain |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098 |pmc=7033262 |pmid=27269017 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammaki don ingantawa ===
Wani ci gaba da ake samu a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a nan gaba shine hadewar kulawa . Kwanan nan, hadewar kulawa ta kasance babban fifiko a manufofin gwamnati, kuma hukumomi da dama na tarayya sun dauki matakai don inganta hadewar ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko da na kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mechanic |year=2012 |title=Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2012-02_31_2/page/376 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 |pmid=22323168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa''' sune fannoni da suka shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da tsarin [[Lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]], [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], da hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti . Ana ɗaukar masu kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya a matsayin ƙwararru a fannin kula da lafiya.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kula da manufofin lafiya]] da gudanarwa ko [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ko kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma kula da asibitoci, hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti, da/ko [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] gaba ɗaya. A amfani da ƙasashen duniya, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma kiran gudanar da cibiya ɗaya (misali asibiti) da &quot;kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya&quot;, &quot;kula da kula da lafiya&quot; ko &quot;kula da lafiya

Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an cimma takamaiman sakamako, cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata, kuma dukkan sassan suna aiki don cimma manufa ɗaya.

== Amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa ==
An nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙayyade zamantakewa (misali wuri, gidaje, ilimi, aiki, samun kuɗi, aikata laifuka, haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a) suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiya. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, [[Lafiyar Jama'a|lafiyar jama'a]] tana karɓar kashi biyar kacal na kasafin kuɗin lafiyar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=JM |year=2002 |title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_march-april-2002_21_2/page/78 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=78–93 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 |pmid=11900188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 95 cikin 100 ana kashewa ne akan ayyukan kula da lafiya kai tsaye, duk da haka kula da lafiya yana wakiltar kashi 10-15 cikin 100 na mace-macen da za a iya hanawa a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halitta, yanayin zamantakewa, fallasa muhalli, da yanayin halaye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar sakamakon lafiya, wanda ake ƙara la'akari da shi yayin ƙirƙirar manufofin lafiya.

A matakin tarayya, masu tsara manufofi suna magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tanade-tanaden Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, inda asibitoci masu zaman kansu dole ne su gudanar da kimanta buƙatun lafiyar al'umma da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan inganta al'umma.  Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ta asibitoci ya faru a jihohi da yawa, kuma ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya kamar ilimi da gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=M |title=The Role of Hospitals in Improving Non-Medical Determinants of Community Population Health |url=http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |website=NYS Health Foundation |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094311/http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi za su iya inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tantance duk manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aka tsara don tasirin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shroeder |first=S |date=September 20, 2007 |title=We can do better--improving the health of the American people |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-09-20_357_12/page/1221 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=12 |pages=1221–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa073350 |pmid=17881753 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuɗaɗen dabaru don shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gibin da aka sani a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa. Ana iya gudanar da kimanta buƙatu don gano hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri ga kowace al'umma. Irin waɗannan kimantawa na iya gano buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin sufuri masu inganci, wanda zai ba mutane damar samun albarkatu masu ci gaba don rigakafi da kulawa mai tsanani. Haka kuma, kuɗaɗen tallafin shirye-shiryen horar da aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin aikin yi zai ba mutane damar gina ƙarfinsu ba kawai don samun kuɗi ba, har ma da shiga cikin halayen neman lafiya waɗanda galibi suna kan farashi mai tsada.

== Bambance-bambance a fannin aikin likita da ingancin kulawa ==
Bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe a fannin likitanci na nufin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kulawa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya/buƙatar likita ko kuma ta hanyar fifikon marasa lafiya ba. Dr. John Wennberg ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe&quot; lokacin da ya lura da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yanayi (yanki) da salon aiki, waɗanda ba su dogara da dalilan asibiti ba.  Kasancewar bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe yana nuna cewa wasu mutane ba sa samun isasshen kulawa ko kuma ba a amfani da albarkatun lafiya yadda ya kamata.

Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su takaita ga; fasahar kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa ba, ƙara yawan ilimin likitanci da kuma dogaro da kai fiye da kima akan hukunci na mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haughom |first=John |date=2014-06-16 |title=Clinical Variation in Your Medical Organization? |url=https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=Health Catalyst |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151601/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin da ba shi da tushe yana da sakamako mai ma'ana dangane da amfani da shi fiye da kima/ƙasa da haka, ƙaruwar mace-mace, da ƙaruwar farashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Dana |last2=Kinhan |first2=Peter |last3=Savage |first3=Brandon |title=Eliminating Unwarranted Variation in Care |url=http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=GE Healthcare |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220212025/http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike na 2013 ya gano cewa dangane da farashin Medicare, ƙarin kashe kuɗi ba shi da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau ko ingantaccen kulawa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Joseph |last2=Garber |first2=Alan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending in the United States Insights From an Institute of Medicine Report |journal=JAMA |volume=310 |issue=12 |pages=1227–1228 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.278139 |pmid=24008265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin ayyukan likitanci muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa - fahimtar musabbabi da illolin bambance-bambancen zai jagoranci masu tsara manufofi don haɓakawa da inganta manufofin da ake da su. Wajen sarrafa bambance-bambancen ayyuka, yana da mahimmanci a yi kimanta cututtuka/tsarin da ke da manyan matakan bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe; kwatantawa tsakanin kulawar da aka bayar da jagororin kulawa na yau da kullun zai nuna bambance-bambancen da kuma samar da haske game da fannoni na ci gaba.

Ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don daidaita manufofi, jagoranci, da fasaha domin rage bambance-bambancen kulawa da ba su da tushe. Rage inganci yana buƙatar sa hannun marasa lafiya da kuma [[Ayyukan likita|haɗa kai da likitoci]] ta hanyar daidaita kulawar asibiti tare da mai da hankali kan bin ƙa'idodin kulawa da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamako bisa inganci.

== Cibiyar masana'antu ta likita ==
Cibiyar likitanci da masana'antu ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kayayyaki don samun riba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen da Shugaba Eisenhower ya yi amfani da shi (&quot; tarukan soja-masana'antu &quot;) lokacin da yake gargaɗin ƙasar, yayin da yake ritaya, game da ƙaruwar tasirin masana'antun makamai akan manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=23–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan kalmar &quot;tarukan masana'antu na likitanci&quot; ta fara yaɗuwa daga 1980 ta hanyar Jaridar Magunguna ta New England (Nuwamba 4, 1971, 285:1095) ta Arnold S. Relman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar daga 1977 zuwa 1991. A cewar Dr. Relman, tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka masana'antu ne da ke da riba kuma ya zama ka'ida da aka yarda da ita sosai a kwanakin nan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Angell |first=Marcia |date=August 14, 2014 |title=On Arnold Relman (1923-2014) |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/08/14/arnold-relman-1923-2014/ |website=New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar shekaru 40 da suka gabata, masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta haɓaka zuwa ma masana'antu mafi girma, mafi girma da bunƙasa. Cibiyar masana'antar likitanci ta ƙunshi asibitoci na mallakar kamfanoni da gidajen kula da tsofaffi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ayyukan kula da gida da na gaggawa, sassan zubar jini na koda, da kuma wasu nau'ikan ayyukan likitanci iri-iri waɗanda a da cibiyoyin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ko kuma likitoci masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa a ofisoshinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Relman |first=Arnold S |year=1980 |title=The new medical-industrial complex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1980-10-23_303_17/page/963 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1056/nejm198010233031703 |pmid=7412851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashen da masana'antar likitanci ke da tasiri sosai, akwai ƙuntatawa ta doka ga zaɓuɓɓukan masu amfani don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban saboda ƙa'idodi a kasuwannin duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a Ayyuka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Maria Angelica Borges dos |last2=Passos |first2=Sonia Regina Lambert |date=August 2010 |title=International trade in health services and the medical industrial complex: implications for national health systems |journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1483–1493 |doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2010000800003 |issn=1678-4464 |pmid=21229208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, akwai ƙa'idodi marasa tushe kan masana'antun kiwon lafiya, waɗanda galibi ke sa kamfanoni su caji farashi mai yawa da kuma ƙa'idodin kulawa. Misali, kamfanonin magunguna na iya cajin farashi mai yawa ga magunguna, kamar yadda muka gani kwanan nan tare da EpiPen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koons |first=C. |last2=Langreth |first2=R. |date=September 23, 1025 |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tunda masana'antun na'urorin likitanci suna ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci kamar ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da likitoci da asibitoci kai tsaye don ɗaukar amfani da na'urorinsu, akwai ce-ce-ku-ce cewa irin wannan ilimin yana da son rai don haɓaka muradun masu ba da kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schofferman |first=Jerome |date=2011 |title=The Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1713–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01282.x |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=22145759 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta zamani na iya zama mafita ga rarrabuwar kulawa, duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi na gwamnati ga kamfanonin kiwon lafiya ta zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorsey |first=E. Ray |author-link=Ray Dorsey |last2=Topol |first2=Eric J. |year=2016 |title=State of Telehealth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-07-14_375_2/page/154 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=375 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1056/nejmra1601705 |pmid=27410924}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bayyane yake, gwamnati dole ne ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan lafiyar marasa lafiya.

== Rarraba abinci da kuma samun damar kulawa ==
Samun kulawa da Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage muhimmanci ne a fannin Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanar da Lafiya (HPAM) domin suna magance tasirin kasuwa wanda ke shafar yadda da lokacin da mutane ke samun ayyukan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloche |first=M. Gregg |date=2012-05-24 |title=Beyond the &quot;R Word&quot;? Medicine's New Frugality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-05-24_366_21/page/1951 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1951–1953 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1203521 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=22551108}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya|...]]

Kula da rigakafi muhimmin bangare ne na HPAM saboda matakan matakan kariya da mutane ke dauka na iya taimakawa wajen tantance lafiyar jama'a. ACA ta bude kofar samun damar samun kulawa ta hanyar tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su bayar da wadannan ayyuka ba tare da wani karin farashi ba. Idan duk Amurkawa suka yi amfani da matakin kulawa ta kariya da ya dace, &quot;za a ceci rayuka 100,000 kowace shekara.&quot; Ko da tare da fadada damar samun ayyukan kulawa ta kariya da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wadanda aka yi wa inshorar har yanzu suna fuskantar karancin abinci saboda karuwar kudin shiga da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya.

Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, matsakaicin kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke biya na shekara-shekara don inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 61%. A wannan lokacin, gudummawar ma'aikata ta ƙaru da kashi 83%. Ƙaruwar kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke bayarwa da kuma kuɗin da za a cire ya sa mutane da iyalai su yi amfani da kuɗin kula da lafiya. Babban kuɗin inshorar lafiya da kuɗin da za a cire yana ƙarfafa mutane da iyalai su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su yi amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya kuma yana rage damar mutane su ci wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Kaiser Family Foundation |url=http://kff.org/ |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=kff.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)&quot;&gt;tabbacin da ya gaza&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A ƙasar Kanada 'yan ƙasa suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke ba su damar samun kulawar lafiya amma yana buƙatar su magance matsalolin rabon abinci. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar matakin mahimmanci, tare da kulawa ta gaggawa yana da fifiko da kuma wasu jiyya na cututtuka/cututtuka kamar yadda wasu ke faruwa a rayuwa da mutuwa. Duk da cewa Burtaniya ita ce ta farko da ta yi alfahari da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, amma tana fama da matsalolin rabon abinci. Duk da cewa tsarin raba kuɗi ba tare da tsada ba ya yi kama da mai yawa a zahiri, rashin samun dama ko zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya yana haifar da manyan matsaloli ga marasa lafiya. 

Ka yi tunanin duniya ba tare da rabon kuɗin kula da lafiya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Kafin a yi imani da akasin haka, kiwon lafiya na duniya ba shine mafita ga magance rabon kuɗin ba, a zahiri, rabon kuɗin na iya ƙaruwa idan mutane da yawa suna da damar samun kiwon lafiya ba tare da ƙarin adadin likitoci ba. Wuraren aiki kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka rabon kuɗin tsakanin ma'aikatansu saboda yawan cire kuɗi da kuɗin fansho. Suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa damar samun kuɗi ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga kiwon lafiya ba shine fara kallon rabon kuɗin a matsayin hanyar raba waɗannan albarkatun iyaka a tsakanin jama'a, ba hanyar sake matsar da kulawa ga wasu mutane ba. Lokacin da muka yi haka, za mu iya aiki don inganta damar samun kulawa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da yawa yadda ya kamata.  

== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ==
A matsayin wani fanni, manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa suna neman inganta hanyoyin samun dama, rage farashi, da kuma inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa .

=== Tarihi ===
Tarihin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka za a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin sauyi a hankali daga samar da kulawa ta hanyar cibiyoyi zuwa shiga tsakani da aka mayar da hankali kan al'umma. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa yayin da dubban sojoji suka koma gida cikin rauni sakamakon yaƙin. A wannan lokacin, haɓaka magungunan psychotropic suma sun ba da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. A shekarar 1963, John F. Kennedy ya aiwatar da Dokar Lafiyar Al'umma, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru 109 na rashin shiga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da mutane masu cututtukan kwakwalwa. Tasirin kawar da hankali ya gauraye; mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su sake fuskantar mummunan yanayi a wuraren mafaka ba, duk da haka, tallafin al'umma bai isa ba don samar da magani da ayyuka ga masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na kullum. 

=== Isar da ayyuka da manufofi na yanzu ===
Ana kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu ba da sabis da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Bangaren kula da lafiyar tabin hankali da halayyar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar likitocin tabin hankali. Bangaren [[kulawa na farko]] ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya kamar masu aikin tiyata da masu aikin iyali. Wannan ɓangaren galibi shine wurin farko da marasa lafiya ke haɗuwa da shi. Bangaren ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hukumomin kula da jin daɗin jama'a da ayyukan shari'a/ayyukan gidan yari, da sauransu. Bangaren ƙarshe shine ɓangaren cibiyar tallafawa masu sa kai, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barry, Huskamp, &amp; Goldman |year=2010 |title=A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2010-09_88_3/page/404 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=404–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00605.x |pmc=2950754 |pmid=20860577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar da aka yi kwanan nan ta ci gaba da inganta samun kulawar lafiya ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton farashi. Dokar Daidaito da Daidaito ta Lafiya ta 2008 ta buƙaci wasu tsare-tsare don samar da inshorar cututtukan kwakwalwa daidai da inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya, tana buƙatar masu samar da kulawa su samar da kulawa a farashi iri ɗaya da aljihunsu da kuma fa'idodi iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan kulawa guda biyu. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 (ACA) ta faɗaɗa wannan ci gaban ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton ƙarin tsare-tsare, ta faɗaɗa kariyar daidaito zuwa ƙarin mutane miliyan 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance and Mental Health Services |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/ |website=MentalHealth.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukansu suna rage farashi sosai a matsayin shinge ga kulawa, amma har yanzu akwai fannoni da za a ci gaba.

Wannan doka ta yi nasara wajen inganta yawan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a fadin al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban bambanci a cikin waɗannan ƙimar tsakanin fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda jihohin da suka zaɓi ficewa daga faɗaɗa Medicaid a ƙarƙashin ACA suna da yawan jama'a manya masu launin fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creedon &amp; LeCook |year=2016 |title=Access to Mental Health Care Increased But Not For Substance Abuse, While Disparities Remain |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098 |pmc=7033262 |pmid=27269017 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammaki don ingantawa ===
Wani ci gaba da ake samu a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a nan gaba shine hadewar kulawa . Kwanan nan, hadewar kulawa ta kasance babban fifiko a manufofin gwamnati, kuma hukumomi da dama na tarayya sun dauki matakai don inganta hadewar ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko da na kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mechanic |year=2012 |title=Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2012-02_31_2/page/376 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 |pmid=22323168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa''' sune fannoni da suka shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da tsarin [[Lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]], [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], da hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti . Ana ɗaukar masu kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya a matsayin ƙwararru a fannin kula da lafiya.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kula da manufofin lafiya]] da gudanarwa ko [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ko kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma kula da asibitoci, hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti, da/ko [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] gaba ɗaya. A amfani da ƙasashen duniya, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma kiran gudanar da cibiya ɗaya (misali asibiti) da &quot;kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya&quot;, &quot;kula da kula da lafiya&quot; ko &quot;kula da lafiya

Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an cimma takamaiman sakamako, cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata, kuma dukkan sassan suna aiki don cimma manufa ɗaya.

== Amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa ==
An nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙayyade zamantakewa (misali wuri, gidaje, ilimi, aiki, samun kuɗi, aikata laifuka, haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a) suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiya. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, [[Lafiyar Jama'a|lafiyar jama'a]] tana karɓar kashi biyar kacal na kasafin kuɗin lafiyar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=JM |year=2002 |title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_march-april-2002_21_2/page/78 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=78–93 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 |pmid=11900188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 95 cikin 100 ana kashewa ne akan ayyukan kula da lafiya kai tsaye, duk da haka kula da lafiya yana wakiltar kashi 10-15 cikin 100 na mace-macen da za a iya hanawa a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halitta, yanayin zamantakewa, fallasa muhalli, da yanayin halaye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar sakamakon lafiya, wanda ake ƙara la'akari da shi yayin ƙirƙirar manufofin lafiya.

A matakin tarayya, masu tsara manufofi suna magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tanade-tanaden Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, inda asibitoci masu zaman kansu dole ne su gudanar da kimanta buƙatun lafiyar al'umma da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan inganta al'umma.  Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ta asibitoci ya faru a jihohi da yawa, kuma ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya kamar ilimi da gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=M |title=The Role of Hospitals in Improving Non-Medical Determinants of Community Population Health |url=http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |website=NYS Health Foundation |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094311/http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi za su iya inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tantance duk manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aka tsara don tasirin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shroeder |first=S |date=September 20, 2007 |title=We can do better--improving the health of the American people |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-09-20_357_12/page/1221 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=12 |pages=1221–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa073350 |pmid=17881753 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuɗaɗen dabaru don shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gibin da aka sani a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa. Ana iya gudanar da kimanta buƙatu don gano hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri ga kowace al'umma. Irin waɗannan kimantawa na iya gano buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin sufuri masu inganci, wanda zai ba mutane damar samun albarkatu masu ci gaba don rigakafi da kulawa mai tsanani. Haka kuma, kuɗaɗen tallafin shirye-shiryen horar da aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin aikin yi zai ba mutane damar gina ƙarfinsu ba kawai don samun kuɗi ba, har ma da shiga cikin halayen neman lafiya waɗanda galibi suna kan farashi mai tsada.

== Bambance-bambance a fannin aikin likita da ingancin kulawa ==
Bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe a fannin likitanci na nufin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kulawa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya/buƙatar likita ko kuma ta hanyar fifikon marasa lafiya ba. Dr. John Wennberg ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe&quot; lokacin da ya lura da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yanayi (yanki) da salon aiki, waɗanda ba su dogara da dalilan asibiti ba.  Kasancewar bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe yana nuna cewa wasu mutane ba sa samun isasshen kulawa ko kuma ba a amfani da albarkatun lafiya yadda ya kamata.

Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su takaita ga; fasahar kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa ba, ƙara yawan ilimin likitanci da kuma dogaro da kai fiye da kima akan hukunci na mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haughom |first=John |date=2014-06-16 |title=Clinical Variation in Your Medical Organization? |url=https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=Health Catalyst |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151601/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin da ba shi da tushe yana da sakamako mai ma'ana dangane da amfani da shi fiye da kima/ƙasa da haka, ƙaruwar mace-mace, da ƙaruwar farashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Dana |last2=Kinhan |first2=Peter |last3=Savage |first3=Brandon |title=Eliminating Unwarranted Variation in Care |url=http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=GE Healthcare |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220212025/http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike na 2013 ya gano cewa dangane da farashin Medicare, ƙarin kashe kuɗi ba shi da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau ko ingantaccen kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Joseph |last2=Garber |first2=Alan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending in the United States Insights From an Institute of Medicine Report |journal=JAMA |volume=310 |issue=12 |pages=1227–1228 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.278139 |pmid=24008265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin ayyukan likitanci muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa - fahimtar musabbabi da illolin bambance-bambancen zai jagoranci masu tsara manufofi don haɓakawa da inganta manufofin da ake da su. Wajen sarrafa bambance-bambancen ayyuka, yana da mahimmanci a yi kimanta cututtuka/tsarin da ke da manyan matakan bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe; kwatantawa tsakanin kulawar da aka bayar da jagororin kulawa na yau da kullun zai nuna bambance-bambancen da kuma samar da haske game da fannoni na ci gaba.

Ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don daidaita manufofi, jagoranci, da fasaha domin rage bambance-bambancen kulawa da ba su da tushe. Rage inganci yana buƙatar sa hannun marasa lafiya da kuma [[Ayyukan likita|haɗa kai da likitoci]] ta hanyar daidaita kulawar asibiti tare da mai da hankali kan bin ƙa'idodin kulawa da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamako bisa inganci.

== Cibiyar masana'antu ta likita ==
Cibiyar likitanci da masana'antu ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kayayyaki don samun riba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen da Shugaba Eisenhower ya yi amfani da shi (&quot; tarukan soja-masana'antu &quot;) lokacin da yake gargaɗin ƙasar, yayin da yake ritaya, game da ƙaruwar tasirin masana'antun makamai akan manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=23–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan kalmar &quot;tarukan masana'antu na likitanci&quot; ta fara yaɗuwa daga 1980 ta hanyar Jaridar Magunguna ta New England (Nuwamba 4, 1971, 285:1095) ta Arnold S. Relman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar daga 1977 zuwa 1991. A cewar Dr. Relman, tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka masana'antu ne da ke da riba kuma ya zama ka'ida da aka yarda da ita sosai a kwanakin nan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Angell |first=Marcia |date=August 14, 2014 |title=On Arnold Relman (1923-2014) |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/08/14/arnold-relman-1923-2014/ |website=New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar shekaru 40 da suka gabata, masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta haɓaka zuwa ma masana'antu mafi girma, mafi girma da bunƙasa. Cibiyar masana'antar likitanci ta ƙunshi asibitoci na mallakar kamfanoni da gidajen kula da tsofaffi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ayyukan kula da gida da na gaggawa, sassan zubar jini na koda, da kuma wasu nau'ikan ayyukan likitanci iri-iri waɗanda a da cibiyoyin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ko kuma likitoci masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa a ofisoshinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Relman |first=Arnold S |year=1980 |title=The new medical-industrial complex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1980-10-23_303_17/page/963 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1056/nejm198010233031703 |pmid=7412851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashen da masana'antar likitanci ke da tasiri sosai, akwai ƙuntatawa ta doka ga zaɓuɓɓukan masu amfani don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban saboda ƙa'idodi a kasuwannin duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a Ayyuka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Maria Angelica Borges dos |last2=Passos |first2=Sonia Regina Lambert |date=August 2010 |title=International trade in health services and the medical industrial complex: implications for national health systems |journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1483–1493 |doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2010000800003 |issn=1678-4464 |pmid=21229208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, akwai ƙa'idodi marasa tushe kan masana'antun kiwon lafiya, waɗanda galibi ke sa kamfanoni su caji farashi mai yawa da kuma ƙa'idodin kulawa. Misali, kamfanonin magunguna na iya cajin farashi mai yawa ga magunguna, kamar yadda muka gani kwanan nan tare da EpiPen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koons |first=C. |last2=Langreth |first2=R. |date=September 23, 1025 |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tunda masana'antun na'urorin likitanci suna ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci kamar ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da likitoci da asibitoci kai tsaye don ɗaukar amfani da na'urorinsu, akwai ce-ce-ku-ce cewa irin wannan ilimin yana da son rai don haɓaka muradun masu ba da kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schofferman |first=Jerome |date=2011 |title=The Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1713–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01282.x |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=22145759 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta zamani na iya zama mafita ga rarrabuwar kulawa, duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi na gwamnati ga kamfanonin kiwon lafiya ta zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorsey |first=E. Ray |author-link=Ray Dorsey |last2=Topol |first2=Eric J. |year=2016 |title=State of Telehealth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-07-14_375_2/page/154 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=375 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1056/nejmra1601705 |pmid=27410924}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bayyane yake, gwamnati dole ne ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan lafiyar marasa lafiya.

== Rarraba abinci da kuma samun damar kulawa ==
Samun kulawa da Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage muhimmanci ne a fannin Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanar da Lafiya (HPAM) domin suna magance tasirin kasuwa wanda ke shafar yadda da lokacin da mutane ke samun ayyukan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloche |first=M. Gregg |date=2012-05-24 |title=Beyond the &quot;R Word&quot;? Medicine's New Frugality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-05-24_366_21/page/1951 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1951–1953 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1203521 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=22551108}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya|...]]

Kula da rigakafi muhimmin bangare ne na HPAM saboda matakan matakan kariya da mutane ke dauka na iya taimakawa wajen tantance lafiyar jama'a. ACA ta bude kofar samun damar samun kulawa ta hanyar tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su bayar da wadannan ayyuka ba tare da wani karin farashi ba. Idan duk Amurkawa suka yi amfani da matakin kulawa ta kariya da ya dace, &quot;za a ceci rayuka 100,000 kowace shekara.&quot; Ko da tare da fadada damar samun ayyukan kulawa ta kariya da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wadanda aka yi wa inshorar har yanzu suna fuskantar karancin abinci saboda karuwar kudin shiga da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya.

Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, matsakaicin kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke biya na shekara-shekara don inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 61%. A wannan lokacin, gudummawar ma'aikata ta ƙaru da kashi 83%. Ƙaruwar kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke bayarwa da kuma kuɗin da za a cire ya sa mutane da iyalai su yi amfani da kuɗin kula da lafiya. Babban kuɗin inshorar lafiya da kuɗin da za a cire yana ƙarfafa mutane da iyalai su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su yi amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya kuma yana rage damar mutane su ci wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Kaiser Family Foundation |url=http://kff.org/ |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=kff.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)&quot;&gt;tabbacin da ya gaza&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A ƙasar Kanada 'yan ƙasa suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke ba su damar samun kulawar lafiya amma yana buƙatar su magance matsalolin rabon abinci. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar matakin mahimmanci, tare da kulawa ta gaggawa yana da fifiko da kuma wasu jiyya na cututtuka/cututtuka kamar yadda wasu ke faruwa a rayuwa da mutuwa. Duk da cewa Burtaniya ita ce ta farko da ta yi alfahari da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, amma tana fama da matsalolin rabon abinci. Duk da cewa tsarin raba kuɗi ba tare da tsada ba ya yi kama da mai yawa a zahiri, rashin samun dama ko zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya yana haifar da manyan matsaloli ga marasa lafiya. 

Ka yi tunanin duniya ba tare da rabon kuɗin kula da lafiya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Kafin a yi imani da akasin haka, kiwon lafiya na duniya ba shine mafita ga magance rabon kuɗin ba, a zahiri, rabon kuɗin na iya ƙaruwa idan mutane da yawa suna da damar samun kiwon lafiya ba tare da ƙarin adadin likitoci ba. Wuraren aiki kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka rabon kuɗin tsakanin ma'aikatansu saboda yawan cire kuɗi da kuɗin fansho. Suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa damar samun kuɗi ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga kiwon lafiya ba shine fara kallon rabon kuɗin a matsayin hanyar raba waɗannan albarkatun iyaka a tsakanin jama'a, ba hanyar sake matsar da kulawa ga wasu mutane ba. Lokacin da muka yi haka, za mu iya aiki don inganta damar samun kulawa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da yawa yadda ya kamata.  

== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ==
A matsayin wani fanni, manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa suna neman inganta hanyoyin samun dama, rage farashi, da kuma inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa .

=== Tarihi ===
Tarihin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka za a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin sauyi a hankali daga samar da kulawa ta hanyar cibiyoyi zuwa shiga tsakani da aka mayar da hankali kan al'umma. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa yayin da dubban sojoji suka koma gida cikin rauni sakamakon yaƙin. A wannan lokacin, haɓaka magungunan psychotropic suma sun ba da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. A shekarar 1963, John F. Kennedy ya aiwatar da Dokar Lafiyar Al'umma, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru 109 na rashin shiga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da mutane masu cututtukan kwakwalwa. Tasirin kawar da hankali ya gauraye; mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su sake fuskantar mummunan yanayi a wuraren mafaka ba, duk da haka, tallafin al'umma bai isa ba don samar da magani da ayyuka ga masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na kullum. 

=== Isar da ayyuka da manufofi na yanzu ===
Ana kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu ba da sabis da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Bangaren kula da lafiyar tabin hankali da halayyar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar likitocin tabin hankali. Bangaren [[kulawa na farko]] ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya kamar masu aikin tiyata da masu aikin iyali. Wannan ɓangaren galibi shine wurin farko da marasa lafiya ke haɗuwa da shi. Bangaren ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hukumomin kula da jin daɗin jama'a da ayyukan shari'a/ayyukan gidan yari, da sauransu. Bangaren ƙarshe shine ɓangaren cibiyar tallafawa masu sa kai, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barry, Huskamp, &amp; Goldman |year=2010 |title=A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2010-09_88_3/page/404 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=404–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00605.x |pmc=2950754 |pmid=20860577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar da aka yi kwanan nan ta ci gaba da inganta samun kulawar lafiya ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton farashi. Dokar Daidaito da Daidaito ta Lafiya ta 2008 ta buƙaci wasu tsare-tsare don samar da inshorar cututtukan kwakwalwa daidai da inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya, tana buƙatar masu samar da kulawa su samar da kulawa a farashi iri ɗaya da aljihunsu da kuma fa'idodi iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan kulawa guda biyu. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 (ACA) ta faɗaɗa wannan ci gaban ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton ƙarin tsare-tsare, ta faɗaɗa kariyar daidaito zuwa ƙarin mutane miliyan 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance and Mental Health Services |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/ |website=MentalHealth.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukansu suna rage farashi sosai a matsayin shinge ga kulawa, amma har yanzu akwai fannoni da za a ci gaba.

Wannan doka ta yi nasara wajen inganta yawan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a fadin al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban bambanci a cikin waɗannan ƙimar tsakanin fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda jihohin da suka zaɓi ficewa daga faɗaɗa Medicaid a ƙarƙashin ACA suna da yawan jama'a manya masu launin fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creedon &amp; LeCook |year=2016 |title=Access to Mental Health Care Increased But Not For Substance Abuse, While Disparities Remain |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098 |pmc=7033262 |pmid=27269017 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammaki don ingantawa ===
Wani ci gaba da ake samu a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a nan gaba shine hadewar kulawa . Kwanan nan, hadewar kulawa ta kasance babban fifiko a manufofin gwamnati, kuma hukumomi da dama na tarayya sun dauki matakai don inganta hadewar ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko da na kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mechanic |year=2012 |title=Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2012-02_31_2/page/376 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 |pmid=22323168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa''' sune fannoni da suka shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da kuma gudanar da tsarin [[Lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]], [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], da hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti . Ana ɗaukar masu kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya a matsayin ƙwararru a fannin kula da lafiya.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin kula da manufofin lafiya]] da gudanarwa ko [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ko kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma kula da asibitoci, hanyoyin sadarwa na asibiti, da/ko [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] gaba ɗaya. A amfani da ƙasashen duniya, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki. A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ana kuma kiran gudanar da cibiya ɗaya (misali asibiti) da &quot;kula da ayyukan kiwon lafiya&quot;, &quot;kula da kula da lafiya&quot; ko &quot;kula da lafiya

Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an cimma takamaiman sakamako, cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata, kuma dukkan sassan suna aiki don cimma manufa ɗaya.

== Amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa ==
An nuna cewa abubuwan da ke ƙayyade zamantakewa (misali wuri, gidaje, ilimi, aiki, samun kuɗi, aikata laifuka, haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a) suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiya. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, [[Lafiyar Jama'a|lafiyar jama'a]] tana karɓar kashi biyar kacal na kasafin kuɗin lafiyar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McGinnis |first=JM |year=2002 |title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_march-april-2002_21_2/page/78 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=78–93 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 |pmid=11900188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 95 cikin 100 ana kashewa ne akan ayyukan kula da lafiya kai tsaye, duk da haka kula da lafiya yana wakiltar kashi 10-15 cikin 100 na mace-macen da za a iya hanawa a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halitta, yanayin zamantakewa, fallasa muhalli, da yanayin halaye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade lafiyar sakamakon lafiya, wanda ake ƙara la'akari da shi yayin ƙirƙirar manufofin lafiya.

A matakin tarayya, masu tsara manufofi suna magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar tanade-tanaden Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, inda asibitoci masu zaman kansu dole ne su gudanar da kimanta buƙatun lafiyar al'umma da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan inganta al'umma.  Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ta asibitoci ya faru a jihohi da yawa, kuma ya magance matsalolin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya kamar ilimi da gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=M |title=The Role of Hospitals in Improving Non-Medical Determinants of Community Population Health |url=http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |website=NYS Health Foundation |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094311/http://nyshealthfoundation.org/resources-and-reports/resource/hospitals-improving-non-medical-determinants-of-community-population-health |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi za su iya inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tantance duk manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aka tsara don tasirin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shroeder |first=S |date=September 20, 2007 |title=We can do better--improving the health of the American people |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-09-20_357_12/page/1221 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=357 |issue=12 |pages=1221–8 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa073350 |pmid=17881753 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙoƙarin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuɗaɗen dabaru don shirye-shiryen da suka dogara da al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gibin da aka sani a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa. Ana iya gudanar da kimanta buƙatu don gano hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri ga kowace al'umma. Irin waɗannan kimantawa na iya gano buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin sufuri masu inganci, wanda zai ba mutane damar samun albarkatu masu ci gaba don rigakafi da kulawa mai tsanani. Haka kuma, kuɗaɗen tallafin shirye-shiryen horar da aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin aikin yi zai ba mutane damar gina ƙarfinsu ba kawai don samun kuɗi ba, har ma da shiga cikin halayen neman lafiya waɗanda galibi suna kan farashi mai tsada.

== Bambance-bambance a fannin aikin likita da ingancin kulawa ==
Bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe a fannin likitanci na nufin bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kulawa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya/buƙatar likita ko kuma ta hanyar fifikon marasa lafiya ba. Dr. John Wennberg ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe&quot; lokacin da ya lura da ƙananan bambance-bambancen yanayi (yanki) da salon aiki, waɗanda ba su dogara da dalilan asibiti ba.  Kasancewar bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe yana nuna cewa wasu mutane ba sa samun isasshen kulawa ko kuma ba a amfani da albarkatun lafiya yadda ya kamata.

Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su takaita ga; fasahar kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa ba, ƙara yawan ilimin likitanci da kuma dogaro da kai fiye da kima akan hukunci na mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haughom |first=John |date=2014-06-16 |title=Clinical Variation in Your Medical Organization? |url=https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=Health Catalyst |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151601/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/role-clinical-variation-medical-practice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin da ba shi da tushe yana da sakamako mai ma'ana dangane da amfani da shi fiye da kima/ƙasa da haka, ƙaruwar mace-mace, da ƙaruwar farashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Dana |last2=Kinhan |first2=Peter |last3=Savage |first3=Brandon |title=Eliminating Unwarranted Variation in Care |url=http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=GE Healthcare |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220212025/http://partners.gehealthcare.com/Eliminating%20Variation-Whitepaper-8pg-05042012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike na 2013 ya gano cewa dangane da farashin Medicare, ƙarin kashe kuɗi ba shi da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau ko ingantaccen kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Joseph |last2=Garber |first2=Alan |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending in the United States Insights From an Institute of Medicine Report |journal=JAMA |volume=310 |issue=12 |pages=1227–1228 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.278139 |pmid=24008265}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin ayyukan likitanci muhimmin bangare ne na manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa - fahimtar musabbabi da illolin bambance-bambancen zai jagoranci masu tsara manufofi don haɓakawa da inganta manufofin da ake da su. Wajen sarrafa bambance-bambancen ayyuka, yana da mahimmanci a yi kimanta cututtuka/tsarin da ke da manyan matakan bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe; kwatantawa tsakanin kulawar da aka bayar da jagororin kulawa na yau da kullun zai nuna bambance-bambancen da kuma samar da haske game da fannoni na ci gaba.

Ya kamata masu tsara manufofi su ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don daidaita manufofi, jagoranci, da fasaha domin rage bambance-bambancen kulawa da ba su da tushe. Rage inganci yana buƙatar sa hannun marasa lafiya da kuma [[Ayyukan likita|haɗa kai da likitoci]] ta hanyar daidaita kulawar asibiti tare da mai da hankali kan bin ƙa'idodin kulawa da kuma mai da hankali kan sakamako bisa inganci.

== Cibiyar masana'antu ta likita ==
Cibiyar likitanci da masana'antu ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta kamfanoni waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kayayyaki don samun riba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen da Shugaba Eisenhower ya yi amfani da shi (&quot; tarukan soja-masana'antu &quot;) lokacin da yake gargaɗin ƙasar, yayin da yake ritaya, game da ƙaruwar tasirin masana'antun makamai akan manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=23–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan kalmar &quot;tarukan masana'antu na likitanci&quot; ta fara yaɗuwa daga 1980 ta hanyar Jaridar Magunguna ta New England (Nuwamba 4, 1971, 285:1095) ta Arnold S. Relman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar daga 1977 zuwa 1991. A cewar Dr. Relman, tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka masana'antu ne da ke da riba kuma ya zama ka'ida da aka yarda da ita sosai a kwanakin nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Angell |first=Marcia |date=August 14, 2014 |title=On Arnold Relman (1923-2014) |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/08/14/arnold-relman-1923-2014/ |website=New York Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar shekaru 40 da suka gabata, masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta haɓaka zuwa ma masana'antu mafi girma, mafi girma da bunƙasa. Cibiyar masana'antar likitanci ta ƙunshi asibitoci na mallakar kamfanoni da gidajen kula da tsofaffi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ayyukan kula da gida da na gaggawa, sassan zubar jini na koda, da kuma wasu nau'ikan ayyukan likitanci iri-iri waɗanda a da cibiyoyin gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ko kuma likitoci masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa a ofisoshinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Relman |first=Arnold S |year=1980 |title=The new medical-industrial complex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1980-10-23_303_17/page/963 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1056/nejm198010233031703 |pmid=7412851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashen da masana'antar likitanci ke da tasiri sosai, akwai ƙuntatawa ta doka ga zaɓuɓɓukan masu amfani don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban saboda ƙa'idodi a kasuwannin duniya kamar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a Ayyuka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Maria Angelica Borges dos |last2=Passos |first2=Sonia Regina Lambert |date=August 2010 |title=International trade in health services and the medical industrial complex: implications for national health systems |journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1483–1493 |doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2010000800003 |issn=1678-4464 |pmid=21229208 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, akwai ƙa'idodi marasa tushe kan masana'antun kiwon lafiya, waɗanda galibi ke sa kamfanoni su caji farashi mai yawa da kuma ƙa'idodin kulawa. Misali, kamfanonin magunguna na iya cajin farashi mai yawa ga magunguna, kamar yadda muka gani kwanan nan tare da EpiPen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koons |first=C. |last2=Langreth |first2=R. |date=September 23, 1025 |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen Into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |access-date=December 18, 2016 |website=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tunda masana'antun na'urorin likitanci suna ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci kamar ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da likitoci da asibitoci kai tsaye don ɗaukar amfani da na'urorinsu, akwai ce-ce-ku-ce cewa irin wannan ilimin yana da son rai don haɓaka muradun masu ba da kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schofferman |first=Jerome |date=2011 |title=The Medical-Industrial Complex, Professional Medical Associations, and Continuing Medical Education |journal=Pain Medicine |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1713–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01282.x |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=22145759 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta zamani na iya zama mafita ga rarrabuwar kulawa, duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi na gwamnati ga kamfanonin kiwon lafiya ta zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorsey |first=E. Ray |author-link=Ray Dorsey |last2=Topol |first2=Eric J. |year=2016 |title=State of Telehealth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-07-14_375_2/page/154 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=375 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1056/nejmra1601705 |pmid=27410924}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bayyane yake, gwamnati dole ne ta sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan lafiyar marasa lafiya.

== Rarraba abinci da kuma samun damar kulawa ==
Samun kulawa da Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage Rage muhimmanci ne a fannin Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanar da Lafiya (HPAM) domin suna magance tasirin kasuwa wanda ke shafar yadda da lokacin da mutane ke samun ayyukan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bloche |first=M. Gregg |date=2012-05-24 |title=Beyond the &quot;R Word&quot;? Medicine's New Frugality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-05-24_366_21/page/1951 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=21 |pages=1951–1953 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1203521 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=22551108}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Rarraba kiwon lafiya|...]]

Kula da rigakafi muhimmin bangare ne na HPAM saboda matakan matakan kariya da mutane ke dauka na iya taimakawa wajen tantance lafiyar jama'a. ACA ta bude kofar samun damar samun kulawa ta hanyar tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su bayar da wadannan ayyuka ba tare da wani karin farashi ba. Idan duk Amurkawa suka yi amfani da matakin kulawa ta kariya da ya dace, &quot;za a ceci rayuka 100,000 kowace shekara.&quot; Ko da tare da fadada damar samun ayyukan kulawa ta kariya da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wadanda aka yi wa inshorar har yanzu suna fuskantar karancin abinci saboda karuwar kudin shiga da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya.

Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, matsakaicin kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke biya na shekara-shekara don inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 61%. A wannan lokacin, gudummawar ma'aikata ta ƙaru da kashi 83%. Ƙaruwar kuɗin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikaci ke bayarwa da kuma kuɗin da za a cire ya sa mutane da iyalai su yi amfani da kuɗin kula da lafiya. Babban kuɗin inshorar lafiya da kuɗin da za a cire yana ƙarfafa mutane da iyalai su yi tunani sau biyu kafin su yi amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya kuma yana rage damar mutane su ci wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Kaiser Family Foundation |url=http://kff.org/ |access-date=2016-12-20 |website=kff.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)&quot;&gt;tabbacin da ya gaza&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A ƙasar Kanada 'yan ƙasa suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke ba su damar samun kulawar lafiya amma yana buƙatar su magance matsalolin rabon abinci. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar matakin mahimmanci, tare da kulawa ta gaggawa yana da fifiko da kuma wasu jiyya na cututtuka/cututtuka kamar yadda wasu ke faruwa a rayuwa da mutuwa. Duk da cewa Burtaniya ita ce ta farko da ta yi alfahari da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, amma tana fama da matsalolin rabon abinci. Duk da cewa tsarin raba kuɗi ba tare da tsada ba ya yi kama da mai yawa a zahiri, rashin samun dama ko zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya yana haifar da manyan matsaloli ga marasa lafiya. 

Ka yi tunanin duniya ba tare da rabon kuɗin kula da lafiya ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Kafin a yi imani da akasin haka, kiwon lafiya na duniya ba shine mafita ga magance rabon kuɗin ba, a zahiri, rabon kuɗin na iya ƙaruwa idan mutane da yawa suna da damar samun kiwon lafiya ba tare da ƙarin adadin likitoci ba. Wuraren aiki kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka rabon kuɗin tsakanin ma'aikatansu saboda yawan cire kuɗi da kuɗin fansho. Suna da mahimmanci wajen faɗaɗa damar samun kuɗi ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga kiwon lafiya ba shine fara kallon rabon kuɗin a matsayin hanyar raba waɗannan albarkatun iyaka a tsakanin jama'a, ba hanyar sake matsar da kulawa ga wasu mutane ba. Lokacin da muka yi haka, za mu iya aiki don inganta damar samun kulawa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya da yawa yadda ya kamata.  

== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ==
A matsayin wani fanni, manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa suna neman inganta hanyoyin samun dama, rage farashi, da kuma inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa .

=== Tarihi ===
Tarihin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka za a iya fahimtarsa a matsayin sauyi a hankali daga samar da kulawa ta hanyar cibiyoyi zuwa shiga tsakani da aka mayar da hankali kan al'umma. [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtukan kwakwalwa yayin da dubban sojoji suka koma gida cikin rauni sakamakon yaƙin. A wannan lokacin, haɓaka magungunan psychotropic suma sun ba da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. A shekarar 1963, John F. Kennedy ya aiwatar da Dokar Lafiyar Al'umma, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru 109 na rashin shiga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da mutane masu cututtukan kwakwalwa. Tasirin kawar da hankali ya gauraye; mutanen da ke da cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su sake fuskantar mummunan yanayi a wuraren mafaka ba, duk da haka, tallafin al'umma bai isa ba don samar da magani da ayyuka ga masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani da na kullum. 

=== Isar da ayyuka da manufofi na yanzu ===
Ana kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu ba da sabis da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Bangaren kula da lafiyar tabin hankali da halayyar ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar likitocin tabin hankali. Bangaren [[kulawa na farko]] ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitocin lafiya kamar masu aikin tiyata da masu aikin iyali. Wannan ɓangaren galibi shine wurin farko da marasa lafiya ke haɗuwa da shi. Bangaren ayyukan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi hukumomin kula da jin daɗin jama'a da ayyukan shari'a/ayyukan gidan yari, da sauransu. Bangaren ƙarshe shine ɓangaren cibiyar tallafawa masu sa kai, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barry, Huskamp, &amp; Goldman |year=2010 |title=A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2010-09_88_3/page/404 |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=404–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00605.x |pmc=2950754 |pmid=20860577}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar da aka yi kwanan nan ta ci gaba da inganta samun kulawar lafiya ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton farashi. Dokar Daidaito da Daidaito ta Lafiya ta 2008 ta buƙaci wasu tsare-tsare don samar da inshorar cututtukan kwakwalwa daidai da inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya, tana buƙatar masu samar da kulawa su samar da kulawa a farashi iri ɗaya da aljihunsu da kuma fa'idodi iri ɗaya ga nau'ikan kulawa guda biyu. Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta 2010 (ACA) ta faɗaɗa wannan ci gaban ta hanyar buƙatar daidaiton ƙarin tsare-tsare, ta faɗaɗa kariyar daidaito zuwa ƙarin mutane miliyan 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance and Mental Health Services |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/ |website=MentalHealth.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukansu suna rage farashi sosai a matsayin shinge ga kulawa, amma har yanzu akwai fannoni da za a ci gaba.

Wannan doka ta yi nasara wajen inganta yawan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a fadin al'umma baki daya. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban bambanci a cikin waɗannan ƙimar tsakanin fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Wannan yana iya zama saboda jihohin da suka zaɓi ficewa daga faɗaɗa Medicaid a ƙarƙashin ACA suna da yawan jama'a manya masu launin fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creedon &amp; LeCook |year=2016 |title=Access to Mental Health Care Increased But Not For Substance Abuse, While Disparities Remain |journal=Health Affairs |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1017–1021 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098 |pmc=7033262 |pmid=27269017 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammaki don ingantawa ===
Wani ci gaba da ake samu a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a nan gaba shine hadewar kulawa . Kwanan nan, hadewar kulawa ta kasance babban fifiko a manufofin gwamnati, kuma hukumomi da dama na tarayya sun dauki matakai don inganta hadewar ayyukan kula da lafiya na farko da na kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mechanic |year=2012 |title=Seizing Opportunities Under The Affordable Care Act For Transforming The Mental And Behavioral Health System |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2012-02_31_2/page/376 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=376–382 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0623 |pmid=22323168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Adrien Deschryver</title>
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'''Adrien Deschryver''' ((1939-05-11)  - (1989-03-23) ) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Belgium kuma mai kiyayewa, [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]] ya kafa kuma ya kasance babban mai kula da wurin shakatawa na Kahuzi-Biega kusa da yammacin Tekun Kivu da iyakar Rwanda a 1970, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Kahuzi Biega National Park |url=http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Mammoth Safaris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816101853/http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/ |archive-date=16 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki don kula da doka da tsari a cikin wurin shakatawa a lokacin yakin basasa a kusa da [[Bukavu]]. 

== Aiki a Afirka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko tare da Gorillas ===
A cikin shekarun 1960, Deschryver da Dian Fossey sun sami babban matsayi a cikin kusanci da nau'ikan gorillas guda biyu a Rwanda da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Tsohon ya fara kusantar gorillas a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 don yawon bude ido, tare da masu bin diddigin biyu na kabilar Pygmy, Pili Pili Purusi da Mishebere Patrice . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=The Story of Two Pioneers in the Habituation of Eastern Gorillas |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/history/articles-history/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Berggorilla and Regenwald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Halitta da aiki a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Kahuzi-Biega ===
A cikin 1970, Deschryver ya shawo kan gwamnatin Kongo da aka kirkira kwanan nan game da bukatar tsawaitaccen ajiyar halitta a yankin, farautar gorillas ta rage yawan su zuwa matakin mahimmanci. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar wannan shekarar na Kahuzi-Biega National Park .

Shirin ''Gorilla'' na 1974 ya nuna Deschryver yana kawo jaririn gorilla da aka watsar a cikin gandun daji don taimaka masa ya daidaita da mazauninta na halitta. Jaririn gorilla ya fara kira lokacin da ya ji wasu gorillas, kuma daga baya Deschryver ya sauke shi lokacin da mai rinjaye ya yi masa kururuwa sau da yawa sannan ya yi masa caji na ƙarshe. Silverback ya riga ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai farmaki ko ya tsoratar da Deschryver, amma a ƙarshe ya koma baya lokacin da Deschlyver bai motsa ba ko ya yi tsalle. Hoton Deschryver yana tsayayya da cajin da ya gabata na silverback tun daga lokacin ya zama sananne, tare da memes game da ƙarfin hali na Deschryvers. Wasu sun lura cewa shirin ya nuna yadda halin kirki da rashin tsoro zasu iya kafa rinjaye akan girman da ƙarfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Why Photographing Gorillas in the Wild Takes a Huge Amount of Guts |url=https://petapixel.com/2012/10/12/why-photographing-gorillas-in-the-wild-takes-a-huge-amount-of-guts/ |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=PetaPixel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dian Fossey ya soki Deschryver saboda wannan matakin da kuma guduwa kawai daga baya. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba a sake ganin jaririn gorilla ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deschryver ya gano wuraren zama na gorillas na gabashin bayan tuntuɓar mazaunan kauyen Twa a wurin shakatawa a farkon shekarun 1970. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, ya koma ƙauyukansu tare da Sojojin Kongo da masu tsaron wurin shakatawa, ya hallaka da yawa kuma ya tilasta wa mazaunansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=DRC's indigenous Batwa being wiped out in the name of conservation: NGO |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220408-ngo-recounts-horrors-of-drc-indigenous-batwa-being-wiped-out-in-the-name-of-conservation/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=RFI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deschryver ya mutu a cikin yanayi mara kyau, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar guba, kuma an binne shi a hedkwatar Tshivanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Story of Two Pioneers in the Habituation of Eastern Gorillas |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Berggorilla &amp; Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wauta</title>
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        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303290723|Filly]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Kate_(Major_AA_x_Bey_Sharose).jpg|thumb|Yarinyar Larabawa mai shekara guda]]
A filly itace [[Kalmar Mace|matar]] doki ce datayi  ƙanƙanta  a kira ta mare. A mafi yawan lokuta, doki ne na mace a ƙarƙashin shekaru huɗu. A wasu kasashe, [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], duniyar tseren dawakai ta saita shekarun yankewa ga 'yan mata shekaru biyaryears old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Gerald|title=The Language of Horse Racing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ4zH2P_6mMC&amp;q=colt|year=2000|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|location=London|isbn=1-57958-276-1|oclc=44923115|page=79}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Privman |first=Jay |date=October 24, 2008 |title=Zenyatta completes perfect season |url=http://www.breederscup.com/content.aspx?id=36192 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |work=[[Daily Racing Form]] |publisher=[[Breeders' Cup]] |quote=It was the perfect end to a perfect day by a perfect filly. [[Zenyatta]], the best older female horse in the country, completed a perfect season. . . by winning the $2 million [[Breeders' Cup Ladies' Classic|Ladies' Classic]] on Friday at Santa Anita's Oak Tree meeting, the first of two days of the 25th Breeders' Cup championships.}} (Zenyatta was foaled in 2004, making her a 4-year-old at the time.)&lt;/ref&gt; Fillies suna da girma cikin jima'i da biyu kuma wani lokacin ana kiwonsu a wannan shekarun, amma gabaɗaya, bai kamata a kiwonsuba har sai da kansu suka daina girma, yawanci da hudu ko biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;HandH149&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M. E. ''Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series.'' Sixth Edition. Interstate Publishers, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8134-2883-1}} p. 149-150&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar da ta dace da namiji ita ce jaki. Lokacin da da dawakai na kowane jinsi ba su kai shekara guda ba, ana kiransu da 'ya'yareferred to as [[:en:Foal|foals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Modern Livestock and Poultry Production|author=James R Gillespie|year=2000|publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yVilNaM4z0C&amp;q=Filly+definition+horse&amp;pg=PA645|isbn=978-0-7668-1607-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Filly Triple Crown
* Yin yayewa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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        <id>48956</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303290723|Filly]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Kate_(Major_AA_x_Bey_Sharose).jpg|thumb|Yarinyar Larabawa mai shekara guda]]
A filly ce [[Kalmar Mace|macen]]  doki cewa ta yi ƙanƙanta da za a kira ta mare. A mafi yawan lokuta, doki ce ta mace a ƙarƙashin shekaru huɗu. A wasu kasashe, [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], duniyar tseren dawakai ta saita shekarun yankewa ga 'yan matan shekaru biyar. Fillies suna da girma cikin jima'i da biyu kuma wani lokacin ana kiwonsu a wannan shekarun, ((((('''filly''' is a [[:en:Female|female]] [[:en:Horse|horse]] that is too young to be called a [[:en:Mare|mare]]. In most cases, a ''filly'' is a female horse under four years old. In some nations, such as the [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and the [[:en:United_States|United States]], the world of [[:en:Horse_racing|horse racing]] sets the cutoff age for fillies as five))))amma gabaɗaya, bai kamata a kiwatasu  ba har sai da kansu suka daina girma, yawanci da hudu ko biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;HandH149&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M. E. ''Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series.'' Sixth Edition. Interstate Publishers, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8134-2883-1}} p. 149-150&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar da ta dace da namiji ita ce jaki. Lokacin da da dawakai na kowane jinsin da ba su kai shekara guda ba, ana kiransu da 'ya'yan.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Filly Triple Crown
* Yin yayewa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>8h4w5gi0hzagzc814pd8plfe42ijzxw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964801</id>
      <parentid>964800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>964801</origin>
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[[File:Kate_(Major_AA_x_Bey_Sharose).jpg|thumb|Yarinyar Larabawa mai shekara guda]]
A filly ce [[Kalmar Mace|macen]]  doki cewa ta yi ƙanƙanta da za a kira ta mare. A mafi yawan lokuta, doki ce ta mace a ƙarƙashin shekaru huɗu. A wasu kasashe, [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], duniyar tseren dawakai ta saita shekarun yankewa ga 'yan matan shekaru biyar. Fillies suna da girma cikin jima'i da biyu kuma wani lokacin ana kiwonsu a wannan shekarun, amma gabaɗaya, bai kamata a kiwatasu  ba har sai da kansu suka daina girma, yawanci da hudu ko biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;HandH149&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M. E. ''Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series.'' Sixth Edition. Interstate Publishers, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8134-2883-1}} p. 149-150&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar da ta dace da namiji ita ce jaki. Lokacin da da dawakai na kowane jinsin da ba su kai shekara guda ba, ana kiransu da 'ya'yan.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Filly Triple Crown
* Yin yayewa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>jg1dlki93ujlm3yeucgu0bkomhwo5yx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Istituto Nazionale salute Migrazioni da Povertà</title>
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      <id>964754</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1985" sha1="l0xhd2qaeiwrqu388511cqd4dpkg7p1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

The '''Istituto Nazionale salute Migrazioni da Povertà''', ([[Turanci]]: ), hukuma ce ta kiwon lafiya ta Italiya wacce Ma'aikatar Lafiya ke kula da ita. An kafa shi a cikin 2007 don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya da jama'a masu rauni ke fuskanta. Cibiyar tana maraba da kuma kula da Italiyanci da baƙi waɗanda suka sami kansu cikin matsanancin matsalar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa wajen samun damar kiwon lafiya.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa INMP ta hanyar dokar Ma'aikatar Lafiya a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 2007. Bayan wani lokaci na aiki na wucin gadi, an amince da cibiyar a hukumance kuma an daidaita ta a karkashin Dokar No. 189/2012 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEGGE 8 novembre 2012, n. 189 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2012-11-08;189 |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya shi a matsayin cibiyar bincike ta kasa don batutuwan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya game da yawan baƙi da talauci, da kuma cibiyar ƙasa don sulhu na al'adu a bangaren kiwon lafiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2019, INMP ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don bincike na kimiyya da haɓaka iyawa a fagen kiwon lafiya na ƙaura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=WHO collaborating centre in Italy continues to support refugee and migrant well-being |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/13-09-2023-who-collaborating-centre-in-italy-continues-to-support-refugee-and-migrant-well-being |access-date=7 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
INMP kungiya ce ta shari'ar jama'a tare da halayyar shari'a, wanda aka ba da ikon cin gashin kanta, gudanarwa, da lissafi, ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Hukumomin da ke kula da Cibiyar sune Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Darakta Janar, da Kwamitin Masu Bincike.[1] Daga ra'ayi na ƙungiya, INMP ta kasu kashi uku: gaba ɗaya, kiwon lafiya, da kuma gudanarwa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1982" sha1="dxuj3k14a7pj4urruur15ssned14g9f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

The '''Istituto Nazionale salute Migrazioni da Povertà''', ([[Turanci]]: ), hukuma ce ta kiwon lafiya ta Italiya wacce Ma'aikatar Lafiya ke kula da ita. An kafa shi a cikin 2007 don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya da jama'a masu rauni ke fuskanta. Cibiyar tana maraba da kuma kula da Italiyanci da baƙi waɗanda suka sami kansu cikin matsanancin matsalar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa wajen samun damar kiwon lafiya.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa INMP ta hanyar dokar Ma'aikatar Lafiya a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 2007. Bayan wani lokaci na aiki na wucin gadi, an amince da cibiyar a hukumance kuma an daidaita ta a karkashin Dokar No. 189/2012 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEGGE 8 novembre 2012, n. 189 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2012-11-08;189 |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya shi a matsayin cibiyar bincike ta kasa don batutuwan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya game da yawan baƙi da talauci, da kuma cibiyar ƙasa don sulhu na al'adu a bangaren kiwon lafiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2019, INMP ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don bincike na kimiyya da haɓaka iyawa a fagen kiwon lafiya na ƙaura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=WHO collaborating centre in Italy continues to support refugee and migrant well-being |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/13-09-2023-who-collaborating-centre-in-italy-continues-to-support-refugee-and-migrant-well-being |access-date=7 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
INMP kungiya ce ta shari'ar jama'a tare da halayyar shari'a, wanda aka ba da ikon cin gashin kanta, gudanarwa, da lissafi, ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Hukumomin da ke kula da Cibiyar sune Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Darakta Janar, da Kwamitin Masu Bincike. Daga ra'ayi na ƙungiya, INMP ta kasu kashi uku: gaba ɗaya, kiwon lafiya, da kuma gudanarwa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>dxuj3k14a7pj4urruur15ssned14g9f</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1993" sha1="mxto7fxyvtu6rr0tehayr2jqq5f79uv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

The '''Istituto Nazionale salute Migrazioni da Povertà''', ([[Turanci]]: ), hukuma ce ta kiwon lafiya ta Italiya wacce Ma'aikatar Lafiya ke kula da ita. An kafa shi a cikin 2007 don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya da jama'a masu rauni ke fuskanta. Cibiyar tana maraba da kuma kula da Italiyanci da baƙi waɗanda suka sami kansu cikin matsanancin matsalar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa wajen samun damar kiwon lafiya.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa INMP ta hanyar dokar Ma'aikatar Lafiya a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 2007. Bayan wani lokaci na aiki na wucin gadi, an amince da cibiyar a hukumance kuma an daidaita ta a karkashin Dokar No. 189/2012 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEGGE 8 novembre 2012, n. 189 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2012-11-08;189 |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya shi a matsayin cibiyar bincike ta kasa don batutuwan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya game da yawan baƙi da talauci, da kuma cibiyar ƙasa don sulhu na al'adu a bangaren kiwon lafiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2019, INMP ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar WHO don bincike na kimiyya da haɓaka iyawa a fagen kiwon lafiya na ƙaura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=WHO collaborating centre in Italy continues to support refugee and migrant well-being |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/13-09-2023-who-collaborating-centre-in-italy-continues-to-support-refugee-and-migrant-well-being |access-date=7 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
INMP kungiya ce ta shari'ar jama'a tare da halayyar shari'a, wanda aka ba da ikon cin gashin kanta, gudanarwa, da lissafi, ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Hukumomin da ke kula da Cibiyar sune Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Darakta Janar, da Kwamitin Masu Bincike. Daga ra'ayi na ƙungiya, INMP ta kasu kashi uku: gaba ɗaya, kiwon lafiya, da kuma gudanarwa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>User:Mai Jiddah muhammad</title>
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Assalamualaikum ni sunana Mai Jiddah muhammad Ina zaune   a zamfara state gusau Ina bada contribution akan Wikipedia da sauran Wikipedia sisters Ina farincikin akoda yaushe wurin bada gudun mawata


Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

'''Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1954) masaniyar tattalin arziki ce kuma shugabar ƙasa da ƙasa ’yar Najeriya. Ita ce Darakta-Janar ta Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO), kuma ita ce mace ta farko kuma ’yar Afirka ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙami. Ta kuma taɓa zama Ministar Kuɗi ta Najeriya sau biyu da Ministar Harkokin Waje ta ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarta ta farko da ilimi ==

An haifi Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1954, a Najeriya. Ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Harvard da ke Amurka, inda ta kammala digirinta na farko a shekarar 1977. Daga baya, ta ci gaba da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), inda ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arzikin yankuna da ci gaba a shekarar 1981. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki a Bankin Duniya ==

Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki a Bankin Duniya na tsawon shekaru 25, inda ta gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban da suka shafi tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Daga baya ta zama Manajan Darakta mai kula da ayyuka, inda ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rage talauci da inganta tattalin arziki a ƙasashe daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ministar Kuɗi ta Najeriya ==

Ta zama Ministar Kuɗi ta Najeriya a shekarar 2003 a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Ta sake riƙe wannan muƙami daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015 a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan.

A lokacin aikinta, ta taka rawa a tattaunawar da ta kai ga rage bashin da Najeriya ke bin ƙasashen da ke cikin ƙungiyar Paris Club a shekarar 2005. Wannan mataki ya taimaka wajen rage nauyin bashin da ke kan ƙasar. Ta kuma goyi bayan sauye-sauyen da suka shafi sarrafa kuɗaɗen gwamnati da inganta tsarin tattalin arziki. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ministar Harkokin Waje ==

A shekarar 2006, Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Najeriya na ɗan lokaci. Ta kasance cikin matan da suka riƙe manyan muƙaman gwamnati a ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Darakta-Janar ta Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya ==

A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2021, mambobin Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya suka zaɓe ta domin zama Darakta-Janar. Ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2021. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma ’yar Afirka ta farko da ta jagoranci hukumar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1995.

A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2024, an sake naɗa ta domin wa'adi na biyu, wanda ya fara a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2025. A matsayinta na Darakta-Janar, tana jagorantar ayyukan gudanarwa na hukumar da taimakawa mambobinta wajen tattauna batutuwan cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyuka ==

Baya ga ayyukanta na gwamnati da Bankin Duniya, Okonjo-Iweala ta shiga wasu shirye-shiryen ci gaban duniya. Ta taɓa zama shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Gavi, ƙungiyar da ke tallafa wa rigakafin cututtuka a duniya. Ta kuma shiga ayyukan da suka shafi yaƙi da annobar COVID-19 da inganta kiwon lafiyar jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.gavi.org/ |publisher=Gavi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma kafa NOI-Polls, cibiyar binciken ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya, wadda ke gudanar da bincike kan ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa game da al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NOI Polls |url=https://noi-polls.com/ |publisher=NOI Polls}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==

Okonjo-Iweala ta samu yabo daga ƙungiyoyi da mujallu na duniya saboda aikinta a fannin tattalin arziki da shugabanci. Mujallar ''TIME'' ta saka ta cikin jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a shekarun 2014 da 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TIME 100 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people/ |publisher=TIME}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwarta ta sirri ==

Okonjo-Iweala ta auri Ikemba Iweala, likitan tiyatar kwakwalwa. Suna da ’ya’ya huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

&lt;references/&gt;[[Rukuni:’Yan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Masanan tattalin arziki]]
[[Rukuni:’Yan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Matayen shugabanni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tee</title>
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[[Fayil:Golf_Club_at_Wescott_Plantation_(9321187216).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Kwallon golf a kan tee da aka sanya a ƙasa]]
A '''tee''' ne tsaye amfani a wasanni don tallafawa da kuma ɗaga ball tsaye kafin bugawa da ƙafa, kulob, ko bat. Ana amfani da tees sosai a golf, tee-ball, [[Kwallo|kwallon]] kafa na Amurka, da rugby. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da su azaman na'urorin horo don wasan baseball da softball amma ba a amfani da su yayin wasan.

== Magana ==
Kalmar tee ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Scots ''teaz'', wanda ba a san asalinsa ba, mai yiwuwa An samo kalmar Tee daga tsohon Scots Teaz, na asalin asalin, wataƙila Scandinavian; a fili wani tsari jam'i, ko mutum ba daidai ba ya zama haka. [1] [3] [4]

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a bayyane yake nau'in jam'i, ko wanda ba daidai ba ne aka ɗauka haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tee definition and meaning &amp;#124; Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of TEE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tee |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=tee &amp;#124; meaning of tee in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English &amp;#124; LDOCE |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/tee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: tee n1 v1 |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/tee_n1_v1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gashi na Golf ==
[[Fayil:Golf_tees_selection.jpg|thumb|Gashi na Golf]]
[[Fayil:Novelty_human_tooth_golf_tee.jpg|right|thumb|Sabon wasan golf na haƙoran mutum]]
A cikin golf, ana amfani da tee don bugun farko na kowane rami. Yankin da aka buga wannan bugun farko yana cikin dokoki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rules and Clarifications |url=https://www.usga.org/rules/rules-and-clarifications/rules-and-clarifications.html#!ruletype=fr&amp;section=rule&amp;rulenum=1 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=United States Golf Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka sani da filin wasa. Yawancin lokaci, ana ba da izinin yin kwallo ne kawai a kan '''harbi''' na farko na rami, wanda ake kira harbi na tee, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kowane harbi; duk da haka, dokokin gida ko na yanayi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar yin kwallo don wasu harbe-harbe, ''misali'', a ƙarƙashin &quot;dokokin hunturu&quot; don kare turf lokacin da yake da rauni. Teeing yana ba da fa'ida mai yawa don harbe-harbe, don haka ana yin sa ne a duk lokacin da aka ba da izini. Koyaya, 'yan wasa na iya zaɓar yin wasan su ba tare da tee ba. Wannan yawanci yana ba da harbi ƙaramin hanya.

A standard golf tee is 2.125&quot; (two and one eighth inches = 5.4 cm) long, but both longer and shorter tees are permitted. Ordinary tees can be made from wood or from durable plastic. There are also many biodegradable and recyclable golf tees that diminish the number of trees cut down to manufacture the tees and allow golf courses to lower costs by not having to deal with the broken wooden tees on their courses.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Dangane da ka'idojin R&amp;A da USGA na golf, don tee ya zama doka, &quot;Ba lallai ba ne ya fi inci 4 (101.6 mm) kuma ba lallai ba ce a tsara shi ko a ƙera shi ta hanyar da zai iya nuna layin wasa ko tasiri ga motsi na kwallon. &quot;

=== Tarihi ===
Ci gaban tee shine babban canji na karshe ga ka'idojin golf. Kafin wannan, an buga Kwallon golf a kan ƙananan yashi da aka bayar a cikin akwatuna. Wannan ya bayyana akwatunan tee na tarihi don abin da a yau aka sani da filin teeing. 


A farkon tarihi, '''tees''' na wasan golf (abin da ake ɗora ƙwallon golf a kai kafin bugawa) ana shimfiɗa su ne a saman ƙasa, kuma suna da ɗan tudu da ke riƙe ƙwallon. An ba da lasisin ƙirƙirar irin wannan tee na farko a shekarar '''1889''', ga wasu 'yan ƙasar '''Scotland''' biyu, '''William Bloxsom''' da '''Arthur Douglas'''.

Tee na farko da aka sani wanda ake soka shi cikin ƙasa, wani ƙaramin ƙusa ne mai saman roba da aka sayar da sunan '''&quot;Perfectum.&quot;''' '''Percy Ellis''' na '''Ingila''' ne ya sami lasisinsa a shekarar '''1892'''.

A shekarar '''1899''', wani baƙar fata ɗan Amurka mai aikin likitan haƙora, '''Dr. George Franklin Grant''', ya sami lasisin ƙirƙirar wani '''ingantaccen tee na golf'''. Wannan tee ɗin ya ƙunshi wani mazugi na itace mai rufin roba da ke riƙe ƙwallon golf. Sai dai babu tabbacin cewa an taɓa fitar da shi kasuwa domin sayarwa.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Tee_patent.png|British patent #12941 of 1889
Fayil:Golf_tee_Ellis_1892.png|British patent #36 of 1892
Fayil:Uspatent570821.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00570821&amp;idkey=NONE #570,821], &quot;Combined Golf Tee and Score Card,&quot; 1896
File:Golf_tee_Kirkwood_1896.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 #253 of 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211433/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Golf_tee_Matthew_1897.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 #14292 of 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211647/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Patent US638920-0.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE #638,920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125151/https://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE |date=2020-08-17 }}, Dr. George Franklin Grant, 1899
Fayil:1670627.gif|U.S. Patent 1,670,267, William Lowell, Sr. in 1925
&lt;/gallery&gt;Wadannan da sauran bambance-bambance sun kasa kamawa, kamar yadda yawancin 'yan wasan golf - ko saboda al'ada, al'ada ko damuwa game da dokoki - sun ci gaba da amfani da tarin yashi. Ya ɗauki ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi na tallace-tallace daga Dokta William Lowell, Sr. a cikin 1920s don kawo tees da aka ƙera zuwa amfani mai yawa. Tallace-tallace na &quot;Reddy Tee&quot;, wani katako mai sauƙi tare da saman wuta, ya tashi bayan Lowell ya hayar masu sana'ar golf Walter Hagen &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hyman |first=Vicki |date=31 July 2010 |title=A look at the man who invented modern golf tees |url=http://www.nj.com/insidejersey/index.ssf/2010/07/how_new_jersey_saved_civilizat_18.html |access-date=May 23, 2014 |website=July 31, 2010 |publisher=The Star-Ledger}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Joe Kirkwood, Sr. don inganta samfurin yayin wasannin nune-nunen. An kwafe shi a duk duniya, kuma ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in golf.

== Tayi na wasan shayi ==
Tee-ball ya dogara ne akan baseball, tare da babban bambanci shine amfani da tee a maimakon mai jefa kwallo. Ya fi girma fiye da tee na golf, tee-ball mai tsayi ne mai tsayi na roba wanda aka haɗe da farantin gida wanda ke tallafawa baseball a tsawo mai dacewa don mai bugawa ya buga. Ana iya daidaita shi don ba da izini ga bambance-bambance a tsawo. 

== Tayi na Baseball ==
[[Fayil:Baseball_tee.jpg|thumb|Wasan kwallon kafa da ke buga wasan]]
Duk da yake tee don baseball yayi kama da tee a cikin tee-ball, amfani da tee na iya bambanta. A cikin wasan baseball, ana amfani da tee a matsayin na'urar horo. Wannan yana bawa mai bugawa damar yin kwaikwayon filin da za a jefa a wurare daban-daban. Yin amfani da tee, mai bugawa na iya saita filin da za a iya jefawa a ciki, a tsakiya, da waje da kuma sama da ƙasa. Ba kamar tee-ball ba, inda kwallon ke zaune a kan tee, a wasan baseball wani dan wasa ne ke jefa filin, wanda ke haifar da kwallon ta haye farantin a wurare daban-daban. A matsayin mai buga kwallo, yin amfani da tee a matsayin taimakon horo zai taimaka wa mai buga kwalliya ya kammala rawar da yake yi ko da wane ne inda aka jefa filin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da tee don motsa jiki. Ana amfani da drills don ƙarfafa 'yan wasan da ke buga motsi da kuma amfani da su don buga wasan baseball a wurare daban-daban. 

Hakanan ana iya amfani da waɗannan tees a cikin softball a matsayin na'urar horo.

Ba a amfani da tees yayin wasan a kowane wasa.

== Yin wasa da tee ==
[[Fayil:Super_League_XVI_match_ball.jpg|thumb|Kwallon rugby a kan teye]]
Tayi mai tsalle shine dandamali na roba ko filastik, sau da yawa tare da tsintsiya da / ko iyaka a kusa da bakin ciki.

A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka da ƙwallon ƙwallon Kanada, ana iya amfani da tee a kan kickoffs don ɗaga kwallon dan kadan sama da filin wasa (har zuwa inci ɗaya, ta dokokin NFL da NCAA). Amfani na farko da tee an danganta shi ga Arda Bowser, memba na ƙungiyar Canton Bulldogs NFL ta 1922. CFL da wasu wasannin makarantar sakandare suma suna ba da izinin amfani da wani nau'in tee a filin kwallo da karin maki, inda wani mai kunnawa (mai riƙe) ya sanya ƙarshen kwallon a kan wannan &quot;tee&quot; (wanda ba tee ba ne a cikin mafi tsananin ma'anar kalmar, amma a maimakon haka toshewar roba; irin waɗannan &quot;tees&quot; sun zo a cikin 1&quot; da 2&quot; kuma suna riƙe da ƙarshen; a kwaleji da NFL, duk ƙarin maki / filin kwallo za a iya yin ƙoƙari ne kawai daga ƙasa.

Hakanan ana iya amfani da tees don yin kicks a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na rugby league da ƙwallon ƙwallon rugby union.

Ana amfani da Tees don kick-outs a cikin Gaelic kwallon kafa. A shekara ta 2006, Shane Curran ya kirkiro wani teye mai daidaitawa wanda kwallon ya kwanta a kan gashin gashi don yin amfani da kiɗa daga ciyawa;  yawancin masu tsaron gida sun ci gaba da amfani da ƙirar. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kalmomin golf

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Golf equipment}}&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Tee_patent.png|alt=British patent #12941 of 1889
Fayil:Golf_tee_Ellis_1892.png|ritish patent #36 of 1892
Fayil:Uspatent570821.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00570821&amp;idkey=NONE #570,821], &quot;Combined Golf Tee and Score Card,&quot; 1896
File:Golf_tee_Kirkwood_1896.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 #253 of 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211433/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Golf_tee_Matthew_1897.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 #14292 of 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211647/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Grantpatent.gif|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE #638,920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125151/https://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE |date=2020-08-17 }}, Dr. George Franklin Grant, 1899
Fayil:1670627.gif|U.S. Patent 1,670,267, William Lowell, Sr. in 1925
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{Reflist}} {{Golf equipment}}&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Tee_patent.png| 1889
Fayil:Golf_tee_Ellis_1892.png|British patent #36 of 1892
Fayil:Uspatent570821.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00570821&amp;idkey=NONE #570,821], &quot;Combined Golf Tee and Score Card,&quot; 1896
File:Golf_tee_Kirkwood_1896.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 #253 of 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211433/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Golf_tee_Matthew_1897.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 #14292 of 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211647/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Grantpatent.gif|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE #638,920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125151/https://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE |date=2020-08-17 }}, Dr. George Franklin Grant, 1899
Fayil:1670627.gif|U.S. Patent 1,670,267, William Lowell, Sr. in 1925
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]
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[[Fayil:Golf_Club_at_Wescott_Plantation_(9321187216).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Kwallon golf a kan tee da aka sanya a ƙasa]]

'''tee''' ta kasance makafa ce da ake dasa ta a ƙasa a tsaye don tallafawa da kuma ɗaga ƙwallon sama kafin bugawa da gora, ko batin, ko sandar gulf. Ana amfani da tees sosai a golf, tee-ball, [[Kwallo|kwallon]] kafa na Amurka, da rugby. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da su azaman na'urorin horo don wasan baseball da softball amma ba a amfani da su yayin wasan.

== Magana ==
Kalmar tee ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Scots ''teaz'', wanda ba a san asalinsa ba, mai yiwuwa An samo kalmar Tee daga tsohon Scots Teaz, na asalin asalin, wataƙila Scandinavian; a fili wani tsari jam'i, ko mutum ba daidai ba ya zama haka. [1] [3] [4]

&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a bayyane yake nau'in jam'i, ko wanda ba daidai ba ne aka ɗauka haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tee definition and meaning &amp;#124; Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of TEE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tee |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=tee &amp;#124; meaning of tee in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English &amp;#124; LDOCE |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/tee}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: tee n1 v1 |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/tee_n1_v1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gashi na Golf ==
[[Fayil:Golf_tees_selection.jpg|thumb|Gashi na Golf]]
[[Fayil:Novelty_human_tooth_golf_tee.jpg|right|thumb|Sabon wasan golf na haƙoran mutum]]
A cikin golf, ana amfani da tee don bugun farko na kowane rami. Yankin da aka buga wannan bugun farko yana cikin dokoki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rules and Clarifications |url=https://www.usga.org/rules/rules-and-clarifications/rules-and-clarifications.html#!ruletype=fr&amp;section=rule&amp;rulenum=1 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=United States Golf Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka sani da filin wasa. Yawancin lokaci, ana ba da izinin yin kwallo ne kawai a kan '''harbi''' na farko na rami, wanda ake kira harbi na tee, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kowane harbi; duk da haka, dokokin gida ko na yanayi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar yin kwallo don wasu harbe-harbe, ''misali'', a ƙarƙashin &quot;dokokin hunturu&quot; don kare turf lokacin da yake da rauni. Teeing yana ba da fa'ida mai yawa don harbe-harbe, don haka ana yin sa ne a duk lokacin da aka ba da izini. Koyaya, 'yan wasa na iya zaɓar yin wasan su ba tare da tee ba. Wannan yawanci yana ba da harbi ƙaramin hanya.

A standard golf tee is 2.125&quot; (two and one eighth inches = 5.4 cm) long, but both longer and shorter tees are permitted. Ordinary tees can be made from wood or from durable plastic. There are also many biodegradable and recyclable golf tees that diminish the number of trees cut down to manufacture the tees and allow golf courses to lower costs by not having to deal with the broken wooden tees on their courses.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Dangane da ka'idojin R&amp;A da USGA na golf, don tee ya zama doka, &quot;Ba lallai ba ne ya fi inci 4 (101.6 mm) kuma ba lallai ba ce a tsara shi ko a ƙera shi ta hanyar da zai iya nuna layin wasa ko tasiri ga motsi na kwallon. &quot;

=== Tarihi ===
Ci gaban tee shine babban canji na karshe ga ka'idojin golf. Kafin wannan, an buga Kwallon golf a kan ƙananan yashi da aka bayar a cikin akwatuna. Wannan ya bayyana akwatunan tee na tarihi don abin da a yau aka sani da filin teeing. 


A farkon tarihi, '''tees''' na wasan golf (abin da ake ɗora ƙwallon golf a kai kafin bugawa) ana shimfiɗa su ne a saman ƙasa, kuma suna da ɗan tudu da ke riƙe ƙwallon. An ba da lasisin ƙirƙirar irin wannan tee na farko a shekarar '''1889''', ga wasu 'yan ƙasar '''Scotland''' biyu, '''William Bloxsom''' da '''Arthur Douglas'''.

Tee na farko da aka sani wanda ake soka shi cikin ƙasa, wani ƙaramin ƙusa ne mai saman roba da aka sayar da sunan '''&quot;Perfectum.&quot;''' '''Percy Ellis''' na '''Ingila''' ne ya sami lasisinsa a shekarar '''1892'''.

A shekarar '''1899''', wani baƙar fata ɗan Amurka mai aikin likitan haƙora, '''Dr. George Franklin Grant''', ya sami lasisin ƙirƙirar wani '''ingantaccen tee na golf'''. Wannan tee ɗin ya ƙunshi wani mazugi na itace mai rufin roba da ke riƙe ƙwallon golf. Sai dai babu tabbacin cewa an taɓa fitar da shi kasuwa domin sayarwa.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Tee_patent.png|British patent #12941 of 1889
Fayil:Golf_tee_Ellis_1892.png|British patent #36 of 1892
Fayil:Uspatent570821.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00570821&amp;idkey=NONE #570,821], &quot;Combined Golf Tee and Score Card,&quot; 1896
File:Golf_tee_Kirkwood_1896.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 #253 of 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211433/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Golf_tee_Matthew_1897.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 #14292 of 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211647/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Patent US638920-0.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE #638,920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125151/https://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE |date=2020-08-17 }}, Dr. George Franklin Grant, 1899
Fayil:1670627.gif|U.S. Patent 1,670,267, William Lowell, Sr. in 1925
&lt;/gallery&gt;Wadannan da sauran bambance-bambance sun kasa kamawa, kamar yadda yawancin 'yan wasan golf - ko saboda al'ada, al'ada ko damuwa game da dokoki - sun ci gaba da amfani da tarin yashi. Ya ɗauki ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi na tallace-tallace daga Dokta William Lowell, Sr. a cikin 1920s don kawo tees da aka ƙera zuwa amfani mai yawa. Tallace-tallace na &quot;Reddy Tee&quot;, wani katako mai sauƙi tare da saman wuta, ya tashi bayan Lowell ya hayar masu sana'ar golf Walter Hagen &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hyman |first=Vicki |date=31 July 2010 |title=A look at the man who invented modern golf tees |url=http://www.nj.com/insidejersey/index.ssf/2010/07/how_new_jersey_saved_civilizat_18.html |access-date=May 23, 2014 |website=July 31, 2010 |publisher=The Star-Ledger}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Joe Kirkwood, Sr. don inganta samfurin yayin wasannin nune-nunen. An kwafe shi a duk duniya, kuma ya kasance mafi yawan nau'in golf.

== Tayi na wasan shayi ==
Tee-ball ya dogara ne akan baseball, tare da babban bambanci shine amfani da tee a maimakon mai jefa kwallo. Ya fi girma fiye da tee na golf, tee-ball mai tsayi ne mai tsayi na roba wanda aka haɗe da farantin gida wanda ke tallafawa baseball a tsawo mai dacewa don mai bugawa ya buga. Ana iya daidaita shi don ba da izini ga bambance-bambance a tsawo. 

== Tayi na Baseball ==
[[Fayil:Baseball_tee.jpg|thumb|Wasan kwallon kafa da ke buga wasan]]
Duk da yake tee don baseball yayi kama da tee a cikin tee-ball, amfani da tee na iya bambanta. A cikin wasan baseball, ana amfani da tee a matsayin na'urar horo. Wannan yana bawa mai bugawa damar yin kwaikwayon filin da za a jefa a wurare daban-daban. Yin amfani da tee, mai bugawa na iya saita filin da za a iya jefawa a ciki, a tsakiya, da waje da kuma sama da ƙasa. Ba kamar tee-ball ba, inda kwallon ke zaune a kan tee, a wasan baseball wani dan wasa ne ke jefa filin, wanda ke haifar da kwallon ta haye farantin a wurare daban-daban. A matsayin mai buga kwallo, yin amfani da tee a matsayin taimakon horo zai taimaka wa mai buga kwalliya ya kammala rawar da yake yi ko da wane ne inda aka jefa filin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da tee don motsa jiki. Ana amfani da drills don ƙarfafa 'yan wasan da ke buga motsi da kuma amfani da su don buga wasan baseball a wurare daban-daban. 

Hakanan ana iya amfani da waɗannan tees a cikin softball a matsayin na'urar horo.

Ba a amfani da tees yayin wasan a kowane wasa.

== Yin wasa da tee ==
[[Fayil:Super_League_XVI_match_ball.jpg|thumb|Kwallon rugby a kan teye]]
Tayi mai tsalle shine dandamali na roba ko filastik, sau da yawa tare da tsintsiya da / ko iyaka a kusa da bakin ciki.

A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka da ƙwallon ƙwallon Kanada, ana iya amfani da tee a kan kickoffs don ɗaga kwallon dan kadan sama da filin wasa (har zuwa inci ɗaya, ta dokokin NFL da NCAA). Amfani na farko da tee an danganta shi ga Arda Bowser, memba na ƙungiyar Canton Bulldogs NFL ta 1922. CFL da wasu wasannin makarantar sakandare suma suna ba da izinin amfani da wani nau'in tee a filin kwallo da karin maki, inda wani mai kunnawa (mai riƙe) ya sanya ƙarshen kwallon a kan wannan &quot;tee&quot; (wanda ba tee ba ne a cikin mafi tsananin ma'anar kalmar, amma a maimakon haka toshewar roba; irin waɗannan &quot;tees&quot; sun zo a cikin 1&quot; da 2&quot; kuma suna riƙe da ƙarshen; a kwaleji da NFL, duk ƙarin maki / filin kwallo za a iya yin ƙoƙari ne kawai daga ƙasa.

Hakanan ana iya amfani da tees don yin kicks a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na rugby league da ƙwallon ƙwallon rugby union.

Ana amfani da Tees don kick-outs a cikin Gaelic kwallon kafa. A shekara ta 2006, Shane Curran ya kirkiro wani teye mai daidaitawa wanda kwallon ya kwanta a kan gashin gashi don yin amfani da kiɗa daga ciyawa;  yawancin masu tsaron gida sun ci gaba da amfani da ƙirar. 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kalmomin golf

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Golf equipment}}&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Tee_patent.png|alt=British patent #12941 of 1889
Fayil:Golf_tee_Ellis_1892.png|ritish patent #36 of 1892
Fayil:Uspatent570821.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00570821&amp;idkey=NONE #570,821], &quot;Combined Golf Tee and Score Card,&quot; 1896
File:Golf_tee_Kirkwood_1896.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 #253 of 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211433/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Golf_tee_Matthew_1897.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 #14292 of 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211647/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Grantpatent.gif|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE #638,920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125151/https://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE |date=2020-08-17 }}, Dr. George Franklin Grant, 1899
Fayil:1670627.gif|U.S. Patent 1,670,267, William Lowell, Sr. in 1925
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{Reflist}} {{Golf equipment}}&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Tee_patent.png| 1889
Fayil:Golf_tee_Ellis_1892.png|British patent #36 of 1892
Fayil:Uspatent570821.png|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00570821&amp;idkey=NONE #570,821], &quot;Combined Golf Tee and Score Card,&quot; 1896
File:Golf_tee_Kirkwood_1896.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 #253 of 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211433/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189600253&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189600253 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Golf_tee_Matthew_1897.png|British patent [http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 #14292 of 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211647/http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=GB189714292&amp;F=0&amp;QPN=GB189714292 |date=2008-09-22 }}
File:Grantpatent.gif|U.S. Patent [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE #638,920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125151/https://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00638920&amp;idkey=NONE |date=2020-08-17 }}, Dr. George Franklin Grant, 1899
Fayil:1670627.gif|U.S. Patent 1,670,267, William Lowell, Sr. in 1925
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Martin Černáček''' (an haife shi 9 Nuwamban shekarar 1979) ɗan wasan baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Slofakiya|ta Slovak]] wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa FC Ned .

Černáček, ɗan asalin Myjava kuma kyaftin na Spartak Myjava na dogon lokaci, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasara daga gasar rukuni na huɗu zuwa babban rukuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Myjava mala dohrať súťaž, tvrdí jej bývalý kapitán |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/415293-myjava-mala-dohrat-sutaz-tvrdi-jej-byvaly-kapitan/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}
[[Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Černáček ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a TJ Spartak Myjava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Pracovné voľno vybavuje kapitán Černáček |url=https://my.sme.sk/trencin/c/pracovne-volno-vybavuje-kapitan-cernacek |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=my.sme.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1998, ya kuma koma FC Spartak Trnava . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2000/01, ya tafi aro zuwa ŠK Jaslovské Bohunice, daga nan ya koma Trnava shekara guda bayan haka. A watan Maris na 2002, ya bar ƙungiyar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da FC Neded . Bayan haka, ya yi aiki sau biyu a ƙasashen waje. Da farko, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Czech SK Tatran Poštorná wasa sannan ya saka rigar ASV Asparn ta Austrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Spartak Myjava ===
A lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2006/07, ya koma Myjava . Tare da ƙungiyar, ya ci gaba zuwa gasar rukuni na uku a kakar wasa ta 2008/09, shekaru biyu bayan haka zuwa gasar ta biyu mafi girma, kuma a bazara ta shekarar 2012 ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Myjava da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Nováčik Corgoň ligy z Myjavy: Ak neuspejeme, nezbláznime sa |url=https://www1.pluska.sk/sport/futbal/novacik-corgon-ligy-myjavy-ak-neuspejeme-nezblaznime |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Plus jeden deň |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma a lokacin ne ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Černáček zavesí kopačky na klinec: Som na to pripravený |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |website=Profootball.SK |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135756/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok216973-Cernacek_zavesi_kopacky_na_klinec_Som_na_to_pripraveny.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Černáček ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a Spartak Myjava a wasan da suka yi da MŠK Žilina a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekarar 2012, inda ya buga dukkan wasan da rashin nasara da ci 4-1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MŠK Žilina - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/760-msk-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwallon farko da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana ta zo ne a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a waje da FK Senica, wanda hakan ya tabbatar wa Myjava nasarar a minti na 78.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FK Senica - Spartak Myjava {{!}} Detail zápasu |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/zapas/796-sen-myj |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Niké liga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ƙare aikinsa na ƙwararru a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 2016, a zagaye na ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ta Fortuna League bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da ŠK Slovan Bratislava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Na Myjave tri červené karty a deľba bodov (video) |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133221/http://www.profutbal.sk/ligy/svk1/clanok217037-Na_Myjave_tri_cervene_karty_a_delba_bodov_video.htm |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.profutbal.sk |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Futbalový život som mal nadávkovaný, zatiaľ netuším, ako ho nahradím |url=https://sportweb.pravda.sk/futbal/nike-liga/clanok/413582-futbalovy-zivot-som-mal-nadavkony-zatial-netusim-ako-to-nahradim/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Športweb.sk |language=sk-SK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 Bayanin Spartak Myjava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917173003/http://www.spartakmyjava.sk/component/joomleague/?func=showPlayer&amp;p=18&amp;pid=8 |date=2019-09-17 }}
* {{Soccerway|martin-ernaek/104424}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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'''Aqib Talib''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1986) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan tsakiya a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL). Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a ƙungiyar Kansas Jayhawks, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta All-American . Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko na gasar NFL ta 2008. Talib ya kuma buga wa New England Patriots, Denver Broncos, da Los Angeles Rams, inda ya lashe Super Bowl 50 tare da Denver. A shekarar 2020, ya fara yin fice a matsayin mai sharhi a ''NFL a kan Fox'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Shalise Manza |date=December 23, 2020 |title=The powerful way Aqib Talib is representing Black Americans in the Fox NFL broadcast booth |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/the-powerful-way-aqib-talib-is-representing-black-americans-in-the-fox-broadcast-booth-193315128.html |access-date=October 12, 2023 |website=Yahoo! Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Aqib Talib a [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], ga iyayensa Theodore Henry da Okolo Talib a gidan [[Musulmi]] . Talib shi ne ƙarami a cikin 'yan'uwa huɗu; yana da manyan 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Saran da Kai, da kuma babban ɗan'uwansa, Yaqub. &lt;ref name=&quot;CJO&quot; /&gt; A matsayinsa na ƙarami cikin 'ya'ya huɗu, an sanya masa suna Aqib wanda ke nufin &quot;na ƙarshe&quot; a Larabci. Sunan ƙarshe, Talib, yana nufin &quot;ɗalibi.&quot; Iyayen Aqib sun rabu tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya shafe yawancin lokacin yarintarsa tsakanin Ohio da [[New Jersey]] . Lokacin da Talib yake aji takwas, mahaifiyarsa ta ƙaura zuwa Richardson, Texas, tare da shi da babban ɗan'uwansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;CJO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Tully |date=November 22, 2007 |title=Who he is in life makes Talib a success on field |url=http://cjonline.com/stories/112207/haw_219602821.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804075043/http://cjonline.com/stories/112207/haw_219602821.shtml |archive-date=August 4, 2008 |website=CJOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Talib ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Berkner da ke Richardson, Texas, kuma ya yi fice a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon kwando, da kuma tseren gudu. A fannin ƙwallon ƙafa, a matsayinsa na ɗalibi na farko, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Defensive Back of the Year ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Berkner, yayin da ya samu lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar farko ta dukkan gundumomi da ta farko a duk birni. A fannin tsere da filin wasa, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin relay na 4 × 100m (43.05) da 4 × 200m (1:32.77).

A matsayinsa na wanda ke son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji a lokacin kammala karatunsa na ƙarshe, Rivals.com ta ba Talib suna a matsayin ɗan wasa mai tauraro biyu. Kansas, Wyoming, Tulsa, Arizona, Kansas State, da Baylor ne suka ɗauke shi aiki. Ya zaɓi ya sanya hannu kan wasiƙar ƙasa ta niyya don ya buga wa Kansas wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib, 2004 Cornerback, Kansas |url=https://n.rivals.com/content/athletes/aqib-talib-17101?view=pv |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=Rivals.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Talib ya halarci Jami'ar Kansas, inda ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kansas Jayhawks wasa daga 2004 zuwa 2007.
[[Fayil:Aqib_Talib_2007.jpg|thumb|Talib a shekarar 2007 tare da Kansas]]
Talib ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji masu tsaron baya a ƙasar a matsayin ɗan ƙarami a shekara ta 2007, kuma an karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan All-American gaba ɗaya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Tully |date=December 12, 2007 |title=Talib named All-American |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/121207/haw_224827193.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070330/http://cjonline.com/stories/121207/haw_224827193.shtml |archive-date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2007 |website=Topeka Capital-Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ci gaba da taka leda kaɗan a matsayin mai karɓar ƙwallon ƙafa mai faɗi, yana kama ƙwallon touchdown guda huɗu a wasanni tara na farko. Da abokin hamayyarsa Kansas State, Talib ya ci nasara ta hanyar katse ƙwallon Josh Freeman a lokutan ƙarshe na wasan. Ya kuma dawo da ƙwallon da aka yi amfani da ita a kusa da yadi 102 don taɓawa a kan Florida International. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2007 |title=The Greene Room Live: KU-FIU |url=https://www2.kusports.com/weblogs/greene_room/2007/sep/22/live_fiu2/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=KU Sports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar [[2008 Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl ta 2008]] da Virginia Tech, Talib ya dawo da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida saboda bugun da Tyrod Taylor ya yi masa, kuma an nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mafi daraja a wasan. Ya sanar a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2008 cewa zai daina buga kakar wasa ta ƙarshe kuma ya shiga gasar NFL ta 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2008 |title=Collins, Talib to enter draft |url=http://www2.kusports.com/news/2008/jan/08/collins_talib_enter_draft/?football |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114042130/http://www2.kusports.com/news/2008/jan/08/collins_talib_enter_draft/?football |archive-date=January 14, 2008 |access-date=January 6, 2008 |publisher=KU Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ƙara Talib a gasar Kansas Ring of Honor a shekarar 2017 tare da abokin wasansa Anthony Collins a gasar Orange Bowl Championship. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Shaun |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Kansas Athletics to honor 2007-08 Orange Bowl team at home football opener |url=https://www.kansan.com/sports/kansas-athletics-to-honor-2007-08-orange-bowl-team-at-home-football-opener/article_1cd6e63c-8229-11e7-9fb9-7bbbc7407757.html |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=The University Daily Kansan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718194911/https://www.kansan.com/sports/kansas-athletics-to-honor-2007-08-orange-bowl-team-at-home-football-opener/article_1cd6e63c-8229-11e7-9fb9-7bbbc7407757.html |archive-date=July 18, 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==

=== Zane-zanen da aka riga aka tsara ===
A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙasar, Talib ya sami goron gayyata zuwa gasar NFL Combine ta 2008, wadda za a yi a RCA Dome da ke Indianapolis, Indiana. {{NFL predraft}}

=== Masu Buccaneers na Tampa Bay ===

==== 2008 ====
Tampa Bay Buccaneers sun zaɓi Talib a zagaye na farko (na 20 gaba ɗaya) na zaɓen NFL na 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2008 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2008/draft.htm |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne ɗan wasan kusurwa na uku da aka zaɓa, bayan Leodis McKelvin da Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stroud |first=Rick |date=April 27, 2008 |title=Bucs pick cornerback Talib in NFL draft first round |url=http://www.tampabay.com/sports/football/bucs/article474916.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428031241/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/football/bucs/article474916.ece |archive-date=April 28, 2008 |access-date=April 27, 2008 |website=St. Petersburg Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama ɗan wasan Kansas na farko da aka zaɓa a zagaye na farko tun 1993 lokacin da aka zaɓi Dana Stubblefield a matsayi na 26 gaba ɗaya ta San Francisco 49ers . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kansas Drafted Players/Alumni |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/schools/kansas/drafted.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib kuma ya zama ɗan wasan kusurwa na biyu da Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta taɓa ɗauka a zagaye na farko tun lokacin da suka zaɓi Rod Jones a zaɓen NFL na 1986. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ryan |date=October 10, 2022 |title=Talib first first-round Jayhawk since 1993 |url=https://www2.kusports.com/news/2008/apr/27/talib_first_firstround_jayhawk_1993/?football |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=KU Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2008, Buccaneers sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu ta Dala miliyan 14, wacce ta haɗa da garantin Dala miliyan 8. &lt;ref name=&quot;rookie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harry |first=Chris |date=August 8, 2008 |title=Bucs rookie Talib trying to overcome questions about his character |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2008-08-05/sports/bucs05_1_aqib-talib-rookie-contract-tampa-bay |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124124/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2008-08-05/sports/bucs05_1_aqib-talib-rookie-contract-tampa-bay |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |access-date=February 3, 2018 |website=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da yake halartar taron ƙarawa juna sani na NFL, Talib ya yi faɗa da abokin wasansa na sabon shiga kuma abokin wasansa Cory Boyd . Ya kuma yi barci fiye da kima kuma bai samu damar tashi zuwa Canton, Ohio ba, don halartar wani muhimmin taro na sabon shiga a Dandalin Shahararrun Ƙwallon Ƙafa . Talib ya kuma rasa tarurrukan ƙungiya a lokacin shirye-shiryen ƙungiya da sansanin horo a kakarsa ta sabon shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;rookie&quot;/&gt; A duk lokacin sansanin horo, Talib ya fafata don neman aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan baya da suka fara bugawa da Phillip Buchanon . Babban kocin Jon Gruden ya naɗa Talib a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na uku a jadawalin zurfin bayan tsohon ɗan wasan Ronde Barber da Buchanon don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ourlads.com: Tampa Bay Buccaneers depth chart: 8/29/2008 |url=http://www.ourlads.com/nfldepthcharts/archive/29/TB |access-date=February 4, 2018 |website=Ourlads.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a wasan farko na Tampa Bay Buccaneers a New Orleans Saints kuma ya yi tackle ɗaya shi kaɗai a rashin su da suka yi da 24-20. A Mako na 2, Talib ya yi nasarar katse wasansa na farko a rayuwarsa ta hanyar yunƙurin wuce gona da iri da ɗan wasan tsakiya na Atlanta Falcons Matt Ryan ya yi yayin da Tampa Bay ta doke su da ci 24-9. A wasan da ya biyo baya, Talib bai yi aiki ba don nasarar Tampa Bay da ci 27-24 a Chicago Bears . A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2008, ya yi rikodin tackle uku masu yawan gaske a kakar wasa, ya karkatar da pass biyu, sannan ya katse Jake Delhomme a wasan da suka yi da Carolina Panthers da ci 27-3. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2008, Talib ya fara aikinsa na farko a lokacin nasarar Buccaneers da ci 30-27 a Kansas City Chiefs . Ya kammala kakar wasansa ta farko a 2008 da tackle 23 (solo 17), pass deflection tara, da interceptions huɗu a wasanni 15 da farawa biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2008 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2008/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kori babban kocin kungiyar Jon Gruden bayan da Buccaneers suka kare a matsayi na uku a gasar NFC South da nasarar da suka samu da ci 9-7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2008 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tam/2008.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2009 ====
Kungiyar Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta daukaka kocin 'yan baya na baya Raheem Morris a matsayin kocinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2009 |title=Morris is Bucs' new coach |url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=3840530 |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=ESPN.com |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya nada Talib a matsayin mai tsaron baya na farko, tare da Ronde Barber, bayan da Buchanon ya tafi Detroit Lions a matsayin mai 'yanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ourlads.com: Tampa Bay Buccaneers depth chart: 09/06/2009 |url=http://www.ourlads.com/nfldepthcharts/archive/40/TB |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=Ourlads.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2009, Talib ya yi rikodin tackles guda huɗu, pass despairs guda uku, kuma ya sami nasarar katsewa sau uku a tarihin aikinsa bayan ɗan wasan baya na Washington Redskins Jason Campbell a lokacin rashin nasara 16-13. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2009 |title=NFL Game Center: Week 3-2009: Tampa Bay Buccaneers @ Washington Redskins |url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2009100407/2009/REG4/buccaneers@redskins |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Rick |date=October 5, 2009 |title=Buccaneers Fall Short in 16-13 Loss to the Redskins |url=https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2009/10/05/buccaneers-fall-short-in-16-13-loss-to-the-redskins/26213959007/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=Lakeland Ledger}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib bai yi aiki ba a wasan Buccaneers's Week 13 da suka sha kashi a hannun Carolina Panthers . A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2009, ya sami tackles guda takwas mafi girma a kakar wasa a nasarar da suka samu 24-7 a Seattle Seahawks . Ya kammala kakar wasa 2009 da tackles guda 64 mafi girma a rayuwarsa (solo 56), pass 15 da aka kare, da kuma interceptions guda biyar a wasanni 15 da fara wasa 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2009 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2009/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kori mai kula da tsaron gida Jim Bates bayan fara wasa 1-9 kuma Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta kammala kakar wasa da rikodin 3-13. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tam/2009.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2010 ====
Babban koci Raheem Morris ya ci gaba da riƙe aikin mai kula da tsaron gida kuma ya zaɓi ya riƙe Ronde Barber da Aqib Talib a matsayin 'yan wasan baya na farko. A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2010, an ruwaito cewa Kwamishinan NFL Roger Goodell ya dakatar da Talib na wasa ɗaya, don yin aiki a lokacin buɗe kakar wasa ta Buccaneers, saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin harbin direban tasi (Duba Rayuwar Kai). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yasinskas |first=Pat |date=August 31, 2010 |title=NFL suspends Aqib Talib one game |url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=5516596 |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan mako na 2 na Tampa Bay Buccaneers da Carolina Panthers, kuma ya yi tackle, pass despatch, da kuma interception a lokacin nasararsu ta 20-7. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2010, Talib ya yi tackle biyar shi kaɗai, interception biyu, kuma ya ci touchdown na farko a aikinsa a nasarar da Tampa Bay ta samu a kan Arizona Cardinals da ci 38-35. Ya tare quarterback Max Hall a kwata na biyu kuma ya mayar da shi yadi 45 don touchdown na farko a aikinsa, amma kuma an hukunta shi saboda rashin da'a irin ta 'yan wasa saboda yin ba'a a lokacin dawowarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2010 |title=NFL Game Center: Week 8-2009: Tampa Bay Buccaneers @ Arizona Cardinals |url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2010103109/2010/REG8/buccaneers@cardinals |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mako na 10, ya yi tackle takwas masu yawa a kakar wasa kuma ya kauce wa pass a lokacin nasara ta 31-16 da Carolina Panthers . A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2010, Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta sanya Talib a cikin ajiyar rauni saboda raunin kwatangwalo da ya samu a lokacin rashin nasara a mako na 13 da Atlanta Falcons. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2010 |title=Aqib Talib out for year with hip injury |url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=5892404 |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=ESPN.com |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala kakar wasa 2010 da tackles 40 (39 solo), pass deflection 11, touchdown, da kuma blockage shida da ya yi a aikinsa a wasanni 11 da kuma 11 da ya fara wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2010 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2010/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta kammala da rikodin 10-6 a shekarar 2010, amma ba ta cancanci shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar ba bayan ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukuninsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 NFL Standings &amp; Team Stats |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2010/index.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta 2010, an nada Talib a matsayin Mai Tsaron Baya na Shekara ta Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban NFL . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2011 |title=NFL Alumni Names Winners of 2010 Player of the Year Awards |url=http://www.nflalumni.org/ArticleDetails/tabid/94/ArticleID/75/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208162609/http://www.nflalumni.org/ArticleDetails/tabid/94/ArticleID/75/Default.aspx |archive-date=February 8, 2011 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |publisher=NFL Alumni}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib named 2010 NFL Alumni Defensive Back of the Year |url=http://www.mynews13.com/content/news/cfnews13/news/article.html/content/news/articles/ot/both/2011/02/07/Aqib_Talib_named_2010_NFL_Alumni_Defensive_Back_of_the_Year.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219030435/http://www.mynews13.com/content/news/cfnews13/news/article.html/content/news/articles/ot/both/2011/02/07/Aqib_Talib_named_2010_NFL_Alumni_Defensive_Back_of_the_Year.html |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |access-date=February 7, 2011 |website=mynews13.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2011 ====
Talib da Barber sun ci gaba da kasancewa 'yan wasan tsakiya biyu a shekarar 2011. Ya fara wasan farko na Tampa Bay Buccaneers a kakar wasa da Detroit Lions kuma ya yi rikodin tackles guda uku, pass despairs guda biyu, sannan ya dawo da katsewar da Matthew Stafford ya yi don tackle 28-yadi a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Lions 27-20. A Mako na 3, Talib ya yi tackles shida masu yawa a kakar wasa a nasarar da suka samu da ci 16-13 akan Atlanta Falcons . A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2011, Talib ya yi tackles guda uku, ya karkatar da pass, sannan ya zira kwallonsa ta uku a aikinsa bayan ya katse Matt Hasselbeck ya kuma mayar da ita tazarar yadi 28 a lokacin rashin nasarar Buccaneers 23-17 a Tennessee Titans . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2011 |title=NFL Game Center: Week 12-2011: Tampa Bay Buccaneers @ Tennessee Titans |url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2011112706/2011/REG12/buccaneers@titans |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da shi daga buga wasa na mako na 11 a Jacksonville Jaguars saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa. A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2011, Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta sanya Talib a cikin ajiyar rauni bayan raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phillipse |first=Sander |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Aqib Talib heads to Injured Reserve for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, DT Jovan Haye signed |url=https://www.bucsnation.com/2011/12/19/2647379/aqib-talib-heads-to-injured-reserve-for-the-tampa-bay-buccaneers-dt |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=BucsNation.com |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2011 |title=Buccaneers Place CB Aqib Talib On Injured Reserve |url=http://tampa.cbslocal.com/2011/12/20/buccaneers-place-cb-aqib-talib-on-injured-reserve/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807234538/https://tampa.cbslocal.com/2011/12/20/buccaneers-place-cb-aqib-talib-on-injured-reserve/ |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=CBS - Tampa |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala kakar wasa da tackles 34 (31 solo), pass deflection 11, interceptions biyu, touchdowns biyu, da kuma fallback da aka tilasta masa a wasanni 13 da kuma 13 da ya fara wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2011 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2011/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta kammala kakar wasa 2011 a kakar wasa ta ƙarshe a NFC South da rikodin 4-12 kuma ta sha kashi a jere na wasanni goma don kawo ƙarshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2011 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tam/2011.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2012, Buccaneers ta kori babban kocinta Raheem Morris bayan kakar wasa ta uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2012 |title=Bucs fire coach Raheem Morris |url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/7413905/tampa-bay-buccaneers-fire-coach-raheem-morris-10-game-losing-skid |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2012 ====
Sabon kocin kungiyar Greg Schiano ya nada Talib da sabon dan wasan tsakiya Eric Wright domin fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun bayan da aka mayar da Ronde Barber zuwa ga 'yan wasa masu aminci.

A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, Talib ya yi nasarar jefa kwallaye takwas a raga a kakar wasa ta bana a lokacin da suka sha kashi a hannun New York Giants da ci 41-34. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Buccaneers at New York Giants - September 16th, 2012 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201209160nyg.htm |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makon da ya biyo baya, ya yi tackles bakwai a kansa, ya kauce wa pass, sannan ya tare Tony Romo a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Dallas Cowboys da ci 16-10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Dallas Cowboys - September 23rd, 2012 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201209230dal.htm |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2012, NFL ta dakatar da Talib na wasanni huɗu saboda karya ƙa'idar gasar kan abubuwan da ke ƙara ƙarfin aiki. Sakamakon da Talib ya samu ya kasance na Adderall kuma ya fitar da wata sanarwa yana cewa, &quot;A farkon sansanin horo, na yi kuskure da na sha kwayar Adderall ba tare da takardar likita ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2012 |title=Aqib Talib of Buccaneers suspended four games for Adderall use |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-of-buccaneers-suspended-four-games-for-adderall-use-0ap1000000079902 |access-date=October 13, 2012 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kabilar New England ===

==== 2012 ====
A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Tampa Bay Buccaneers ta sayar da Talib da kuma zaɓen zaɓen zagaye na bakwai na 2013 ga New England Patriots don zaɓen zaɓen zagaye na huɗu na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Gregg |date=November 1, 2012 |title=Buccaneers trade Aqib Talib to Patriots for draft pick |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/buccaneers-trade-aqib-talib-to-patriots-for-draft-pick-0ap1000000088693 |access-date=September 30, 2013 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buccaneers sun ci gaba da zaɓar William Gholston mai tsaron baya da zaɓen zagaye na huɗu, kuma Patriots sun zaɓi Michael Buchanan mai tsaron baya da zaɓen zagaye na bakwai.

A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Talib ya dawo daga dakatarwar da aka yi masa na wasanni huɗu. Babban kocin kungiyar Bill Belichick ya sanya Talib a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fara zura kwallo a raga tare da Kyle Arrington bayan ya mayar da Devin McCourty zuwa ga 'yan wasan da ba su da matsala. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Talib ya fara buga wasansa na farko a New England Patriots da Indianapolis Colts kuma ya yi rikodin tackles bakwai, ya kare pass, sannan ya dawo da wani kutse daga sabon ɗan wasan tsakiya Andrew Luck don ya yi tackles mai nisan yadi 59 yayin da Patriots suka yi nasara a kan Colts 59–24. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indianapolis Colts at New England Patriots - November 18th, 2012 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201211180nwe.htm |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya sha fama da raunin kwatangwalo a duk tsawon kakar wasa kuma bai samu nasara a wasan mako na 17 da Patriots da ci 28–0 da Miami Dolphins ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thermidor |first=Jeremiah |date=December 29, 2012 |title=Rob Gronkowski Ruled Questionable For the Pats, Davone Bess Out Again for the Dolphins |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/rob-gronkowski-ruled-questionable-for-the-pats-davone-bess-out-again-for-the-dolphins/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=CBS Miami}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala kakar wasa 2012 da tackles 40 (solo 33), pass deflection goma, interceptions biyu, da touchdown a wasanni goma da fara wasa tara. &lt;ref name=&quot;stats12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2012 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2012/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar New England Patriots ta kammala gasar AFC East da rikodin 12-4 kuma an yi musu bankwana a zagaye na farko. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2013, Talib ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar share fagen shiga gasar kuma ya yi nasarar cin kwallaye goma a jere yayin da Patriots ta doke Houston Texans da ci 41-28. A makon da ya biyo baya, an doke su da ci 28-13 a gasar cin kofin AFC ta hannun zakaran Super Bowl XLVII Baltimore Ravens . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AFC Championship - Baltimore Ravens at New England Patriots - January 20th, 2013 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201301200nwe.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2013 ====
[[Fayil:Aqib_Talib.JPG|right|thumb|275x275px|Talib tare da Patriots a kakar wasa ta 2013]]
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2013, Patriots ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda da ta kai dala miliyan 4.86, wadda ta haɗa da garantin dala miliyan 4.57 da kuma kyautar sanya hannu ta dala miliyan 3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Gregg |date=March 16, 2013 |title=Aqib Talib, New England Patriots agree to contract |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-new-england-patriots-agree-to-contract-0ap1000000151254 |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;spotrac&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib contract |url=http://www.spotrac.com/nfl/denver-broncos/aqib-talib-3024/ |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=Spotrac.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan baya na farko, tare da Alfonzo Dennard don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frenz |first=Erik |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Patriots Roster 2013: Latest Cuts, Depth Charts and Analysis |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1750555-patriots-roster-2013-latest-cuts-depth-charts-and-analysis |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=bleacherreport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2013, Talib ya yi rikodin tackles guda biyu, pass deflection guda biyu, da kuma interceptions guda biyu a lokacin nasara 13-10 akan New York Jets . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Jets at New England Patriots - September 12th, 2013 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201309120nwe.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa wasanni uku a jere (Makonni 7-9) bayan ya tsananta raunin kwatangwalonsa wanda ya dame shi a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2013 |title=Aqib Talib Injury: Updates on Patriots CB's Hip, Likely Return Date |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1809674-aqib-talib-injury-updates-on-patriots-cbs-hip-likely-return-date |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014064012/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1809674-aqib-talib-injury-updates-on-patriots-cbs-hip-likely-return-date |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=bleacherreport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala 2013 da 41 hade tackles (35 solo), pass deflection 14, da interceptions guda huɗu a wasanni 13 da 13 farawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2013 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2013/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi wa Talib hari sau 65 kuma an ba shi damar karɓar liyafa sau 29 (44%) na yadi 471 da touchdowns guda biyu a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyed |first=Doug |date=March 3, 2014 |title=Aqib Talib, Alterraun Verner Among Top Cornerbacks Patriots Could Sign |url=https://nesn.com/2014/03/aqib-talib-alterraun-verner-among-top-free-agent-cornerbacks-for-patriots/ |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=nesn.com |archive-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922100000/https://nesn.com/2014/03/aqib-talib-alterraun-verner-among-top-free-agent-cornerbacks-for-patriots/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Patriots repeated as AFC East champions and received a first-round bye with a 12–4 record. After defeating the Indianapolis Colts in the divisional round, they went on to face the Denver Broncos, only to lose the game 26–16. Talib left in the second quarter after taking a hit by former teammate Wes Welker and did not return. Although it was suspected he suffered an injury to his ribs at first, it was later discovered Talib suffered a knee injury.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Chris |date=January 19, 2014 |title=Aqib Talib injured on (pick-play?) collision with Wes Welker |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/audibles/2014/01/19/aqib-talib-injury-new-england-patriots-wes-welker |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=SI.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Head coach Bill Belichick stated &quot;As it turned out, it was a key play in the game.&quot; Without Talib, Kyle Arrington and rookie Logan Ryan were tasked with covering Demaryius Thomas as the Patriots' defense gave up 505 yards, the most during the Belichick's tenure with New England at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Gregg |date=January 19, 2014 |title=Aqib Talib's injury key to New England Patriots' loss |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-s-injury-key-to-new-england-patriots-loss-0ap2000000315027 |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib's 2013 performance was good enough for a selection to the 2013 Pro Bowl and a second-team selection to the 2013 All-Pro Team, both of which were his first career selections. He was ranked 79th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 NFL Top 100 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/2014-nfl-top-100.htm |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Denver Broncos ===

==== 2014 ====
A ranar 11 ga Maris, 2014, Denver Broncos ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru shida, ta dala miliyan 57, wadda ta haɗa da garantin dala miliyan 26. Ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon abokin wasansa na kwaleji Chris Harris Jr. da tsohon abokin wasansa na Patriots Wes Welker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Gray |last2=Zaas |first2=Stuart |date=March 12, 2014 |title=Broncos Agree to Terms with Talib |url=http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Broncos-Agree-to-Terms-with-Talib/57aa9af3-9d70-4270-848e-75862ae61280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212411/http://www.denverbroncos.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Broncos-Agree-to-Terms-with-Talib/57aa9af3-9d70-4270-848e-75862ae61280 |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |website=Denver Broncos}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mambobin kafofin watsa labarai da masu sharhi sun soki kwangilar sosai, da yawa suna cewa Broncos sun biya Talib fiye da kima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Monson |first=Sam |date=March 13, 2014 |title=Five FA deals that make no sense |url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/10597325/2014-nfl-free-agency-aqib-talib-contract-early-deals-make-no-sense |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kyed |first=Doug |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Aqib Talib-Broncos Deal Among Five Worst NFL Free-Agent Contracts of 2014 |url=https://nesn.com/2014/03/aqib-talib-broncos-deal-among-top-5-worst-free-agent-contracts/ |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=nesn.com |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501062110/http://nesn.com/2014/03/aqib-talib-broncos-deal-among-top-5-worst-free-agent-contracts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; New England Patriots sun kuma ba Talib kwangila, amma ya ce shawarar kasuwanci ce kuma ɓangarorin biyu ba za su iya cimma matsaya kan adadin kuɗin da aka tabbatar da shi da lokacin biyan kuɗi ba. Ya sanya hannu da Broncos a ranar farko ta yarjejeniyar 'yanci kuma ya bayyana cewa ya san a gaba cewa zai ƙare da su. Haɗa Broncos zai kawo wani babban ɓangare na No Fly Zone .
[[Fayil:Aqib_Talib_2014.JPG|thumb|Talib tare da Denver Broncos a shekarar 2014]]
An nada Talib a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na farko, tare da Chris Harris Jr, wanda ya maye gurbin Champ Bailey da Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie . Babban kocin kungiyar John Fox ya sake sabunta matsayinsa na biyu ta hanyar sayen Talib, mai tsaron gida [[T. J. Ward|TJ Ward]], da kuma zaɓaɓɓen ɗan wasan tsakiya Bradley Roby a zagaye na farko na zaɓen NFL na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Lindsay |title=Aqib Talib agrees to terms with Broncos on contract |url=https://www.usatoday.com/amp/6312899 |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2014, Talib ya yi rikodin tackles guda huɗu da kansa, da pass despairs guda biyu, sannan Geno Smith ya dawo da interception don touchdown mai nisan yadi 22 a kwata na huɗu na nasarar da suka samu a 31-17 a New York Jets . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2014 |title=NFL Game Center: Week 6-2014: Denver Broncos at New York Jets' |url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2014101206/2014/REG6/broncos@jets |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib bai yi nasarar da Broncos ta yi a Mako na 13 a Kansas City Chiefs ba saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keeney |first=Tim |date=November 23, 2014 |title=Aqib Talib Injury: Updates on Broncos Star's Hamstring and Return |url=https://www.bleacherreport.com/amp/2277822-aqib-talib-injury-updates-on-broncos-stars-hamstring-and-return.amp.html |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=bleacherreport.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Mako na 15, ya yi tackles takwas da suka yi nasara a kakar wasa, ya kauce wa pass sau uku, kuma ya sami interception a nasarar da Broncos ta samu a 22-10 a San Diego Chargers . A mako mai zuwa, Talib ya yi tackles guda huɗu, ya daidaita mafi girman pass despairs sau uku a kakar wasa, sannan ya dawo da interception daga quarterback na Cincinnati Bengals Andy Dalton don touchdown mai nisan yadi 33 a rashin nasara a 37-28. A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2014, an zaɓe Talib zuwa Pro Bowl na biyu, tare da abokan wasansa takwas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2014 |title=Broncos lead with 9 Pro Bowlers |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/12073950/denver-broncos-league-high-nine-players-selected-pro-bowl |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Mako na 17, Talib ya yi rikodin tackles guda huɗu tare kuma ya yi nasarar korar Derek Carr a karon farko a aikinsa yayin da Broncos suka doke Oakland Raiders da ci 47–14. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a Denver da tackles guda 64 masu kyau (55 solo), bugun pass 16 masu yawa a aikinsa, bugun block guda huɗu, da kuma taɓawa biyu a wasanni 15 da fara wasa 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;stats14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2014 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2014/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Denver Broncos ta kare a matsayi na farko a gasar AFC West da rikodin 12-4, amma an cire ta daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Indianapolis Colts da ci 24-13 a zagayen rukuni na AFC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Divisional Round - Indianapolis Colts at Denver Broncos - January 11th, 2015 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201501110den.htm |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya yi tackles guda hudu da kuma pass despair a lokacin wasan. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2015, Talib ya bayyana a gasar Pro Bowl ta 2015 a matsayin wani bangare na Team Carter kuma ya yi tackles guda hudu da pass despair yayin da Irvin ya doke su da ci 32-28. &lt;ref name=&quot;stats14&quot; /&gt;

==== 2015 ====
An nada mai kula da hare-haren Baltimore Ravens, Gary Kubiak, a matsayin sabon kocin bayan da Denver Broncos da babban kocin John Fox suka amince su rabu. Mai kula da tsaron baya, Wade Phillips, ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da riƙe Talib da Chris Harris Jr. a matsayin 'yan wasan tsakiya na farko, tare da Bradley Roby a matsayin mai tsaron baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Denver Post |date=September 5, 2015 |title=Denver Broncos depth chart 2015 |url=https://www.chatsports.com/denver-broncos/a/source/denver-broncos-depth-chart-2015-11729157 |access-date=February 6, 2018 |website=chatsports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara wasan farko na Denver Broncos da Baltimore Ravens kuma ya yi rikodin tackles guda uku, pass despairs guda biyu, sannan ya tare mai tsaron baya Joe Flacco ya kuma mayar da shi don touchdown na yadi 51 a nasarar da suka samu ta 19-13. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2015, a kan Cleveland Browns, Talib ya tare wani pass daga mai tsaron baya [[Josh McCown]] ya kuma mayar da shi don touchdown na yadi 63 a nasarar 26-23 akan kari. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Talib ya zura wa Indianapolis Colts tight end Dwayne Allen ido a ƙarshen kwata na huɗu na rashin nasara 27-24 na Broncos. An ba wa Broncos penariti na yadi 15 tare da Colts da suka sami bugun farko kuma ya kawo ƙarshen duk wata dama ta dawowa daga Broncos. Daga baya an dakatar da Talib don rashin nasarar Broncos na mako na 10 a hannun Kansas City Chiefs. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Gregg |date=November 10, 2015 |title=Talib loses appeal, officially suspended for eye-poke |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/talib-loses-appeal-officially-suspended-for-eye-poke-0ap3000000576617 |access-date=November 10, 2015 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala kakar wasa da tackles 45 (39 solo), pass deflection 13, interceptions biyu, da touchdowns biyu a wasanni 15 da kuma 15 da ya fara wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2015 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2015/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar Denver Broncos ta kammala da rikodin 12-4, ta sami nasara a zagaye na farko sannan ta doke Pittsburgh Steelers da ci 23-16 a zagayen AFC Divisional. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2016, Talib ya ci kwallon da ta ba wa Tom Brady maki biyu wanda Broncos suka yi a yankin ƙarshe, inda suka ci gaba da jagorantar zagaye na huɗu da ci 20-18 yayin da suka doke New England Patriots a gasar cin kofin AFC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 Denver Broncos Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/den/2015.htm |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wesseling |first=Chris |date=January 24, 2016 |title=Broncos smother Patriots, advance to Super Bowl 50 |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/broncos-smother-patriots-advance-to-super-bowl-50-0ap3000000627669 |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Talib ya bayyana a wasansa na farko a Super Bowl kuma ya yi rikodin tackles guda biyar sannan ya kauce wa pass guda biyu a lokacin nasarar da suka samu a kan Carolina Panthers a wasan Super Bowl 50 da ci 24-10. Ya fara wasan da kyau a lokacin da aka kimanta shi a bugun fenariti guda biyu a rabin farko saboda ya yi karo da mai karɓar fanareti Corey Brown, na farko saboda yi masa ba'a bayan an kore shi, sannan kuma saboda kama abin rufe fuska da ƙarfi don hana shi cin touchdown. Daga baya, Talib ya yarda wa manema labarai cewa ya yi hukuncin da gangan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl 50 - Denver Broncos vs. Carolina Panthers - February 7th, 2016 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201602070den.htm |access-date=August 31, 2017 |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl 50 - National Football League Game Summary |url=http://www.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/56834/DEN_Gamebook.pdf |access-date=August 7, 2017 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ci Talib tarar dala $26,044 saboda rikicin da ya yi da Brown. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sessler |first=Marc |date=February 12, 2016 |title=Aqib Talib fined $26,044 for penalties in Super Bowl |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-fined-26-044-for-penalties-in-super-bowl-0ap3000000635955 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya kasance na 34 a cikin manyan 'yan wasa 100 na NFL na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 NFL Top 100 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/2016-nfl-top-100.htm |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2016 ====
[[Fayil:Aqib_Talib_2016.JPG|thumb|Talib tare da Denver Broncos a shekarar 2016]]
Talib ya yi pass 12 da kuma interceptions guda uku a shekarar 2016, ciki har da daya da ya dawo da yadi 46 saboda touchdown a kwata na hudu a Mako na 2 da Indianapolis Colts . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Michael |date=September 18, 2016 |title=Aqib Talib's pick-six in Broncos' win caps improbable journey |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-s-pick-six-in-broncos-win-caps-improbable-journey-0ap3000000705583 |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=NFL.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2016 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2016/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shine rikodin rikodinsa na biyar na interceptions touchdown a matsayin memba na Broncos. Duk da rashin wasanni uku saboda rauni, a ranar 20 ga Disamba, an nada Talib a cikin Pro Bowl na 2016 kuma an nada shi First-team All-Pro tare da abokin wasansa na Bronco mai kusurwa Chris Harris Jr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NFL announces 2017 Pro Bowl rosters |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-announces-2017-pro-bowl-rosters-0ap3000000760503 |access-date=December 20, 2016 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2017 |title=Three rookies, Matt Ryan among players named to All-Pro team |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/three-rookies-matt-ryan-among-players-named-to-all-pro-team-0ap3000000770458 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma takwarorinsa sun sanya shi a matsayi na 37 a cikin Manyan 'Yan Wasa 100 na NFL na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2017 NFL Top 100 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/2017-nfl-top-100.htm |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2017 ====
A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2017, a Mako na 2 da Dallas Cowboys, Talib ya yi rikodin wasan da ya yi na tsawon yadi 103 na ɗan wasan tsakiya mai lamba shida , Dak Prescott, a ƙarshen kwata na huɗu na nasarar 42-17. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dallas Cowboys at Denver Broncos - September 17th, 2017 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201709170den.htm |access-date=October 14, 2017 |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Mako na 12 da Oakland Raiders, Talib ya yi faɗa da Michael Crabtree, wanda ya sa aka kori 'yan wasan biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knoblauch |first=Austin |date=November 26, 2017 |title=Aqib Talib, Michael Crabtree ejected following skirmish |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-michael-crabtree-ejected-following-skirmish-0ap3000000883156 |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knoblauch |first=Austin |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Aqib Talib on Michael Crabtree scuffle: It's unfortunate |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-on-michael-crabtree-scuffle-it-s-unfortunate-0ap3000000884051 |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washegari, an dakatar da 'yan wasan biyu na wasanni biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knoblauch |first=Austin |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Aqib Talib, Michael Crabtree each suspended 2 games |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/aqib-talib-michael-crabtree-each-suspended-2-games-0ap3000000884469 |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an rage dakatarwar zuwa wasa ɗaya bayan ƙarar haɗin gwiwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=Jeremy |date=November 28, 2017 |title=Talib, Crabtree have suspensions reduced to one game |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/talib-crabtree-have-suspensions-reduced-to-one-game-0ap3000000884959 |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2017, an naɗa Talib a matsayin ɗan wasansa na biyar a jere na Pro Bowl. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2017 |title=NFL announces 2018 Pro Bowl rosters |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/updated-player-rosters-for-2018-pro-bowl-in-orlando-0ap3000000895772 |access-date=December 23, 2017 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya kammala kakar wasa 2017 da tackles 31 (solo 23), pass despasses bakwai, interception, da touchdown a wasanni 15 da farawa 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2017 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2017/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun sanya shi a matsayi na 53 a cikin Manyan 'Yan Wasa 100 na NFL na 2018 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2018 NFL Top 100 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/2018-nfl-top-100.htm |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rams na Los Angeles ===
A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2018, Broncos ta amince da cinikin da ya tura Talib zuwa Los Angeles Rams don musanya da zaɓin zagaye na biyar a cikin daftarin NFL na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wesseling, Chris |date=March 8, 2018 |title=Denver Broncos to trade Aqib Talib to L.A. Rams |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/denver-broncos-to-trade-aqib-talib-to-l-a-rams-0ap3000000920326 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 14 ga Maris, a farkon shekarar NFL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Myles |date=March 14, 2018 |title=Rams Acquire CB Aqib Talib |url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-Acquire-CB-Aqib-Talib/6f3911cb-f6b9-4c1e-b4cb-8ac1fc562bf9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133705/http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-Acquire-CB-Aqib-Talib/6f3911cb-f6b9-4c1e-b4cb-8ac1fc562bf9 |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=March 15, 2018 |website=TheRams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Talib ya shiga kakar wasa ta 2018 a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na farko tare da abokin cinikinsa Marcus Peters . A Mako na 3, Talib ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa wanda hakan ya sa dole a yi masa tiyata. An sanya shi a cikin 'yan wasan da suka ji rauni a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simmons, Myles |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Rams Place Talib on IR, Promote Hatfield from Practice Squad |url=https://www.therams.com/news/rams-place-talib-on-ir-promote-hatfield-from-practice-squad |website=TheRams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kunna shi daga 'yan wasan da suka ji rauni a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dennis |first=Clarence |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Rams Activate CB Aqib Talib |url=https://www.therams.com/news/rams-activate-cb-aqib-talib |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=TheRams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya dawo a mako na 13 inda Rams ta doke Detroit Lions da ci 30-16. A mako na 15, Talib ya yi nasarar katse wasansa na farko a kakar wasa a rashin nasara da ci 30-23 a hannun Philadelphia Eagles . Ya kammala kakar wasa da takalmi 23, kutse 1, da kuma bugun 1 da aka tilasta masa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aqib Talib 2018 Game Log |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99/gamelog/2018/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya taimaka wa Rams ta doke Dallas Cowboys da New Orleans Saints a wasan share fage don kaiwa ga Super Bowl LIII inda Rams ta sha kashi 13-3 a hannun tsohuwar kungiyar Talib New England Patriots . Talib ya yi takalmi 4 a wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Super Bowl LIII - New England Patriots vs. Los Angeles Rams - February 3rd, 2019 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201902030ram.htm |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=[[Pro Football Reference]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Talib ya shiga kakar wasa ta 2019 a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na farko a ƙungiyar Rams. An sanya shi a cikin 'yan wasan da suka ji rauni a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2019, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a haƙarƙari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Stu |date=October 14, 2019 |title=Rams OL Joe Noteboom out for year, CB Aqib Talib placed on injured reserve |url=https://www.therams.com/news/noteboom-out-for-year-place-talib-on-injured-reserve |access-date=October 29, 2023 |website=TheRams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dolphins na Miami ===
A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, an yi musayar Talib, tare da zaɓen zagaye na biyar, ga Miami Dolphins don zaɓen zagaye na bakwai na 2022, inda aka haɗa Talib da tsoffin masu horar da Patriots, ciki har da babban kocin Brian Flores da kuma kocin mai karɓar baƙi Chad O'Shea . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patra |first=Kevin |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Rams ship CB Aqib Talib, fifth-rounder to Dolphins |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000001071127/article/rams-ship-cb-aqib-talib-fifthrounder-to-dolphins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029230518/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000001071127/article/rams-ship-cb-aqib-talib-fifthrounder-to-dolphins |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda yana cikin rauni a benci, Talib bai buga wa Dolphins wasa ba kafin ya zama ɗan wasa na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar wasa.

=== Ritaya ===
A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2020, Talib ya sanar da yin ritayarsa. Ya ƙi tayin komawa Patriots, yana mai cewa ba ya jin daɗin buga ƙwallon ƙafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Cameron |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Veteran cornerback Aqib Talib announces retirement from NFL |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29845221/veteran-cornerback-aqib-talib-announces-retirement-nfl |access-date=October 12, 2023 |website=[[ESPN.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talib ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi a Fox Sports har zuwa 2021. An shirya zai shiga ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta ''Thursday Night Football'' don Amazon Prime Video, amma ya bar mukamin saboda matsalolin shari'a na kansa.  

== Ƙididdigar aiki na NFL ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tatsuniya
|-
| style=&quot;background:#afe6ba; width:3em;&quot; |
| Ya lashe gasar Super Bowl
|-
| '''Mai ƙarfin hali'''
| Babban matsayi a aiki
|}

=== Lokacin yau da kullun ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Team
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Games
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Tackles
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Fumbles
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Interceptions
|-
!GP
!GS
!Cmb
!Solo
!Ast
!Sck
!FF
!FR
!Yds
!Int
!Yds
!Avg
!Lng
!TD
!PD
|-
!2008
!TB
|15
|2
|23
|17
|6
|0.0
|0
|0
|0
|4
|32
|8.0
|19
|0
|9
|-
!2009
!TB
|15
|15
|'''64'''
|'''56'''
|8
|0.0
|0
|'''1'''
|−5
|5
|99
|19.8
|32
|0
|15
|-
!2010
!TB
|11
|11
|40
|39
|1
|0.0
|0
|0
|0
|'''6'''
|91
|15.2
|45
|1
|11
|-
!2011
!TB
|13
|13
|34
|31
|3
|0.0
|'''1'''
|0
|0
|2
|55
|27.5
|28
|'''2'''
|11
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012
!TB
|4
|4
|21
|20
|1
|0.0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0.0
|0
|0
|8
|-
!NE
|6
|5
|19
|13
|6
|0.0
|0
|'''1'''
|5
|1
|59
|59.0
|59
|1
|2
|-
!2013
!NE
|13
|13
|41
|35
|6
|0.0
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|0
|4
|12
|3.0
|14
|0
|14
|-
!2014
!DEN
|15
|15
|'''64'''
|55
|9
|'''1.0'''
|'''1'''
|0
|0
|4
|62
|15.5
|33
|'''2'''
|'''16'''
|-
!2015
! style=&quot;background:#afe6ba;&quot; |DEN
|15
|15
|45
|39
|6
|0.0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|'''123'''
|41.0
|63
|'''2'''
|13
|-
!2016
!DEN
|13
|13
|43
|32
|'''11'''
|0.0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|86
|28.7
|46
|1
|12
|-
!2017
!DEN
|15
|15
|31
|23
|8
|0.0
|'''1'''
|0
|0
|1
|103
|'''103.0'''
|'''103'''
|1
|7
|-
!2018
!LAR
|8
|8
|23
|18
|5
|0.0
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''47'''
|1
|30
|30.0
|30
|0
|5
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
!LAR
|5
|5
|14
|7
|7
|0.0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.0
|0
|0
|2
|-
!MIA
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; |''Did not play due to injury''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99.htm Career]
!148
!134
!462
!385
!77
!1.0
!5
!4
!47
!35
!752
!21.5
!103
!10
!125
|}

=== Bayan kakar wasa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wasanni
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Matsala
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Fumbles
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Katsewa
|-
! Babban Likitan mata (GP)
! GS
! Cmb
! Solo
! Ast
! Sck
! FF
! FR
! Yds
! Int
! Yds
! Matsakaicin
! Lng
! TD
! PD
|-
! 2012
! NE
| 2
| 2
| 10
| 9
| 1
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
! 2013
! NE
| 2
| 2
| 5
| 3
| '''2'''
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! 2014
! DEN
| 1
| 1
| 4
| 4
| 0
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
! 2015
! style=&quot;background:#afe6ba;&quot; | DEN
| 3
| 3
| '''14'''
| '''13'''
| 1
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| '''6'''
|-
! 2018
! LAR
| 3
| 3
| 13
| 11
| '''2'''
| 0.0
| '''1'''
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TaliAq99.htm Sana'a]
! 11
! 11
! 46
! 40
! 6
! 0.0
! 1
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0.0
! 0
! 0
! 8
|}

=== Bayanan ikon mallakar Buccaneers ===

* Yawancin kutse a wasa - 3 (wanda aka yi kunnen doki da Ronde Barber da Andrew Adams ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Most interceptions in one game, Tampa Bay Buccaneers |url=https://www.statmuse.com/nfl/ask/most-interceptions-by-a-buccaneers-player-in-a-single-game |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=StatMuse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2016, Talib ya auri budurwarsa da suka shafe sama da shekaru bakwai, Gypsy Benitez, a wani biki a wajen [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] . Abokan wasansa daga Denver Broncos da New England Patriots sun halarci taron, duk da cewa Broncos ta doke Patriots a gasar cin kofin AFC watanni biyu da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Charlotte |date=March 28, 2016 |title=Aqib Talib got married and invited basically everyone in the NFL |url=https://www.ftw.usatoday.com/2016/03/aqib-talib-wedding-nfl-broncos-patriots-invited/amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507014856/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/03/aqib-talib-wedding-nfl-broncos-patriots-invited/amp |archive-date=May 7, 2016 |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=For The Win |publisher=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2016 |title=Aqib Talib's adorable daughter: 'We just made world history' |url=https://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/02/08/aqib-talib-broncos-daughter-press-conference-video-super-bowl |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=SI.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Talib ya ambaci Michael Irvin da [[Deion Sanders]] a matsayin 'yan wasan da ya fi so tun yana yaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCue |first=Ian |date=October 22, 2015 |title=Broncos' Aqib Talib opens up about rough childhood, path to NFL |url=https://247sports.com/nfl/denver-broncos/article/broncos-aqib-talib-opens-up-about-rough-childhood-path-to-nfl-40468988/ |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=247sports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsalolin shari'a ===
Talib ya fuskanci matsaloli da dama da suka shafi ɗabi'a a lokacin aikinsa na NFL. A taron ƙarawa juna sani na NFL a watan Yulin 2008, Talib ya shiga faɗa da abokin wasansa na Buccaneers Cory Boyd . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Florio |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Florio |date=July 2, 2008 |title=SYMPOSIUM SLUGGERS IDENTIFIED |url=http://www.profootballtalk.com/2008/07/02/symposium-sluggers-identified/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703180116/http://www.profootballtalk.com/2008/07/02/symposium-sluggers-identified/ |archive-date=July 3, 2008 |website=ProFootballTalk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2009, an yi zargin Talib ya yi wa direban tasi duka, kuma jami'an tsaro na babban titin Florida suka kama shi, aka kuma tsare shi a gidan yarin Pinellas County, bisa zargin kin amincewa da kama shi ba tare da tashin hankali ba, da kuma cin zarafi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Anwar |date=August 20, 2009 |title=Bucs' Talib charged with battery on cab driver |url=http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/aug/20/201628/bucs-aqib-talib-charged-battery-resisting-arrest/sports-bucs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826145946/http://www2.tbo.com/content/2009/aug/20/201628/bucs-aqib-talib-charged-battery-resisting-arrest/sports-bucs/ |archive-date=August 26, 2009 |access-date=August 20, 2009 |website=Tampa Bay Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na 2011, 'yan sanda a [[Garland, Texas]], sun bayar da sammacin kama Talib saboda mummunan hari da makami mai guba bayan an zarge shi da harbin bindiga ga saurayin 'yar uwarsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yasinskas |first=Pat |date=March 29, 2011 |title=Felony warrant issued for Tampa Bay Buccaneers cornerback Aqib Talib |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=6270645 |access-date=March 29, 2011 |website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka sake shi bisa lamunin dala $25,000. An gurfanar da Talib a gaban kuliya a watan Mayu na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2011 |title=Bucs' Talib indicted in Dallas |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/Tampa-Bay-Buccaneers-Aqib-Talib-indicted-alleged-gun-charge-052711 |access-date=May 29, 2011 |website=[[USA Today]] |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2012, an janye tuhumar saboda rashin isassun shaidu da kuma shakku kan sahihancin wanda ake tuhuma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stroud |first=Rick |date=June 18, 2012 |title=Case against Tampa Bay Buccaneers' Aqib Talib has been dismissed |url=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/football/bucs/case-against-tampa-bay-buccaneers-aqib-talib-has-been-dismissed/1236026/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da sanyin safiyar ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2016, Talib ya yi ikirarin cewa an harbe shi a kafa yayin da yake wajen wani kulob na rawa na Dallas. An sallame shi daga asibiti a ranar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Legwold |first=Jeff |date=June 5, 2016 |title=Broncos CB Aqib Talib shot in right leg |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/15978684/denver-broncos-cb-aqib-talib-released-hospital-being-shot-leg |access-date=October 28, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an bayyana cewa Talib ya karyata rahoton, bayan ya harbi kansa a kafa kuma ya yi wa 'yan sanda karya, kuma, duk da cewa yana cikin maye, bai taba zuwa kulob na rawa da ake magana a kai ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Legwold |first=Jeff |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Report: Broncos' Aqib Talib shot himself in leg in June |url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/17716226/police-conclude-denver-broncos-aqib-talib-shot-leg |access-date=October 28, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Michael |date=October 5, 2016 |title=Cops: Bronco Aqib Talib Shot Himself, but He Was Too Drunk to Remember |url=https://www.westword.com/news/cops-bronco-aqib-talib-shot-himself-but-he-was-too-drunk-to-remember-7978976 |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=Westword |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2022, 'yan sanda a Lancaster, Texas sun nemi ɗan'uwan Talib, Yaqub Talib, bisa sammacin kisan kai bayan ya tsere daga harbin da aka yi wa kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa Michael Hickmon. Ya miƙa kansa ga hukumomi kwana biyu bayan haka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Albeck-Ripka |first=Livia |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Yaqub Talib, Brother of Former N.F.L. Star, Killed Youth Coach, Police Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/sports/football/aqib-talib-brother-shooting.html |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Ex-NFL star Aqib Talib's brother in custody after fatal shooting of coach at youth football game - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aqib-talib-ex-nfl-stars-brother-sought-fatal-shooting-coach-mike-hickmon-youth-football-game/ |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;fatal shooting&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Teddy |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Suspect wanted in fatal shooting of youth football coach turns himself in to police: Attorney |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/man-fatally-shot-youth-football-game-dallas/story?id=88379853 |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma daga ƙarshe aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 37 a gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heinz |first=Frank |date=July 20, 2023 |title=Yaqub Talib strikes plea deal in 2022 fatal shooting of Lancaster youth football coach |url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/sports/yaqub-talib-strikes-plea-deal-in-2022-fatal-shooting-of-youth-coach/3300216/ |access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan horar da ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa da jami'ai sun shiga cikin rashin jituwa wanda ya zama ruwan dare, wanda ya haifar da Yaqub ya harbi Hickmon. &lt;ref name=&quot;fatal shooting&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominguez |first=Claudia |last2=Lavandera |first2=Ed |last3=Razek |first3=Raja |last4=Alvarado |first4=Caroll |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Suspect accused of shooting a coach during a Dallas-area youth football game turns himself in |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/15/us/lancaster-texas-youth-football-shooting-yaqub-talib/index.html |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=CNN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidu sun ce Aqib Talib ne ya fara faɗan da ya kai ga harbin Hickmon mai muni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Rebecca |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Witnesses say former NFL player Aqib Talib started brawl that led to fatal shooting of youth coach. New video surfaces |url=https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/witnesses-say-aqib-talib-started-brawl-led-to-fatal-shooting-of-youth-coach/287-e313872d-e507-4064-9652-1ea858f6a0d4 |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=WFAA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baer |first=Jack |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Report: Witnesses say ex-NFL CB Aqib Talib started fight that led to brother allegedly shooting youth coach |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/new-video-witnesses-say-ex-nfl-cb-aqib-talib-started-fight-that-led-to-brother-allegedly-shooting-youth-coach-212658211.html |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=Yahoo! Sports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* Kakar wasan Denver Broncos ta 2015

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013074620/http://kuathletics.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/talib_aqib00.html Tarihin rayuwar Kansas Jayhawks]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mitchell Cole</title>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10 .

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Flown from the nest: Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi . 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall .  Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt;  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole leaves Southend for Cobblers&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10 .

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Flown from the nest: Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi . 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall .  Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt;  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole leaves Southend for Cobblers&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Flown from the nest: Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi . 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall .  Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt;  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole leaves Southend for Cobblers&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Flown from the nest: Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall .  Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt;  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole leaves Southend for Cobblers&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar, &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt;  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole leaves Southend for Cobblers&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole leaves Southend for Cobblers&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Football is all I've known – Ex-Oxford winger Cole&quot; /&gt; Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC09&quot; /&gt;   Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC07&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Southend winger set for Stevenage&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt; Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;  A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Midfield – Player Profile&quot; /&gt;  Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup . &lt;ref name=&quot;MC10&quot; /&gt;  Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup. Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai.

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammers pay tribute to Mitchell Cole&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup. Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, &lt;ref name=&quot;Cole can be new Giggs – Fairclough&quot; /&gt; yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai.

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup. Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai.

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole remembered&quot; /&gt; tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup. Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta .  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai.

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole, ex-Oxford and Southend footballer, dies at 27&quot; /&gt;

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Mitchell James Cole''' (6 ga Oktoba 1985 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2012) ya kasance ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2011 bayan an gano yana da cutar zuciya mai tsanani, wato cutar zuciya da ta sa ya kasa ci gaba da buga wasa a gasa.

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a makarantar koyon aikin [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], Cole ya koma Grays Athletic a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar Conference South da kuma gasar FA Trophy . Ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Southend United a watan Yulin 2005 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kulob din zuwa gasar Championship a matsayin zakaran gasar League One a kakar wasa ta farko . Cole ya koma [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] a watan Janairun 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na farko a sabon [[filin wasa na Wembley]] yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar FA. Ya sake lashe gasar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya taimaka wa Stevenage ya samu ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa ta Football League a matsayin zakaran gasar Conference Premier a kakar wasa ta 2009-10.

Cole ya rattaba hannu a [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a watan Yunin 2010, inda ya buga wasanni shida kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a watan Fabrairun 2011 saboda ciwon zuciyarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwarewa, yana bugawa Stotfold, Hitchin Town, Biggleswade Town, Arlesey Town, da Basildon United, inda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar a watan Satumbar 2012. A ƙasashen duniya, ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya zura kwallaye bakwai a ƙungiyar C ta Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar. Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2012 yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai, inda mutuwarsa ta shafi ciwon zuciyarsa da ya riga ya taɓa yi.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1985 a [[Landan]], Ingila, Cole ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Moorfield. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Cole ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cibiyar ƙwarewa ta Norwich City, wacce ke Potters Bar, Hertfordshire,  kafin ya koma makarantar horar da 'yan wasan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] lokacin da aka rufe cibiyar. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da West Ham a filin wasa a Upton Park .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya faɗi sau uku kuma an gano yana da cutar zuciya ta gado wadda ake kira hypertrophic cardiomyopathy .  West Ham ta girmama kwangilarsa amma daga baya ta sake shi, tana mai cewa haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyarsa ne.  Cole bai yi wasa ba tsawon shekara guda, ya yi tunanin yin ritaya na ɗan lokaci don zama direban tasi baƙar fata, kuma ya yi nauyi. 

=== Grays Athletic ===
Duk da cewa an gano cutar, Cole ya ci gaba da neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, domin ba a san komai game da wannan matsala ba a lokacin, kuma ya ji daɗin tafiyar da ita da kansa.   A lokacin bazara na 2004, bayan ya gana da shugaban ƙungiyar Mick Woodward a lokacin hutun iyali, an gayyaci Cole ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyar Grays Athletic ta Conference South .  Daga baya, manaja Mark Stimson ya ba shi kwangila, kuma ya yi wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa ta 2004-05, inda ya buga wasanni 47 kuma ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Grays ya lashe gasar Conference South.     Cole ya fara wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA ta 2005 a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2005, inda Grays ya doke Hucknall Town da bugun fanareti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1;  'Yan leƙen asiri daga [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] sun lura da shi a lokacin wasan.  

=== Southend United ===
Wasan da Cole ya yi wa Grays ya sa ya koma kulob din League One Southend United kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2005.   Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2005-06, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun Port Vale a filin wasa na Roots Hall. Ya lura cewa salon gudanarwa na Steve Tilson a Southend yayi kama da na tsohon manaja Stimson, wanda ya taimaka masa ya zauna cikin sauri a kulob din. Cole ya zura kwallonsa daya tilo a raga wa Southend a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na gida Colchester United da ci 3-1,  kuma ya buga wasanni 31 a wannan kakar,  yayin da kungiyar ta samu damar shiga gasar Championship a matsayin zakarun League One. 

Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a Southend a farkon kakar wasa ta 2006-07,  Cole ya nemi ƙarin lokacin wasa akai-akai.  Duk da cewa Tilson bai yi niyyar barinsa ya tafi ba, ya bar Cole ya koma ƙungiyar League One Northampton Town a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Tranmere Rovers ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Sixfields, kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Millwall da ci 1-0 a waje a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2006. An tsawaita kwangilar na tsawon wata guda a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2006,  inda Cole ya buga wasanni tara jimilla kafin ya koma Southend a watan Nuwamba, 2006. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar a wannan kakar kafin a rage yawan gudu a ƙungiyar farko. 

=== Stevenage Borough ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar Conference Premier [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]] kan kuɗi mai yawa a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2007,  ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon kocin Grays Stimson. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Gravesend &amp;amp;amp; Northfleet kwana biyu bayan haka,   kuma ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Wasansa na farko ya zo ne a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 4-4 da [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] a The New Lawn a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2007. A wata mai zuwa, Cole ya zira kwallon farko ta Stevenage a wasan da suka yi nasara da [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA a [[filin wasa na Wembley]], yayin da ƙungiyar ta fito daga raga biyu ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe wasan ƙarshe a sabon filin wasa a gaban 'yan kallo 53,262.   A farkon kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Cole ya samu rauni a gwiwa a wasan da suka yi da Histon,  wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba na tsawon makonni shida.  Ya buga wasanni 27 a wannan kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.

A ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Graham Westley, Cole ya zira kwallaye 14 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, ciki har da hat-trick na farko da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Salisbury City da ci 4-2 a filin wasa na Raymond McEnhill a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2009.    Ya buga wasanni 50 a dukkan gasa yayin da Stevenage ya lashe Kofin FA a wannan kakar, wanda hakan ya nuna nasarar Cole ta uku a gasar. Ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009.  A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Cole ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke [[Kidderminster Harriers F.C.|Kidderminster Harriers]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.   An tura shi a matsayin dan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na hagu]] na ɗan lokaci a watan Janairun 2010,  kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a wasa na biyu a wata mai zuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Eastbourne Borough da ci 6-0 a Priory Lane a ranar 2 ga Maris 2010.  Ya buga wasanni 41 kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu yayin da Stevenage ya lashe gasar Conference Premier, wanda hakan ya sa ya samu matsayi zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar. Ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni 144 kuma ya zura kwallaye 23 a cikin shekaru uku da rabi.

=== Oxford United ===
Cole ya koma ƙungiyar [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a gasar League Two a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010.  Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 81 a wasan da [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2010,   kuma farkon fara wasansa ya zo ne bayan kwana goma a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyar West Ham United da ci 1-0 a gasar League Cup. Cole ya buga wasanni shida a dukkan gasannin, inda wasansa na ƙarshe na ƙwararru ya zo ne a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Macclesfield Town da ci 3-2 a Moss Rose a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2010. 

=== Ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ===
A watan Fabrairun 2011, an tilasta wa Cole yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru bisa shawarar likita bayan da yanayin zuciyarsa ya tsananta.  Ya fara fuskantar ƙarancin numfashi a lokacin atisaye da wasanni a ƙarshen 2010, kuma wani likitan zuciya ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da yin wasa cikin gasa yana da babban haɗari ga lafiyarsa. Da yake tunani game da ritayarsa, Cole ya ce: &quot;Kamar dai an buge ni da tarin bulo ne domin ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce kawai abin da na taɓa sani. Na sami nasarar samun shekaru takwas daga wasan ƙwararru wanda nake matuƙar farin ciki da shi.&quot;

=== Komawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru ===
Kafin kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Cole ya buga wasanni da dama na sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Stotfold ta ƙungiyar Spartan South Midlands League, kuma ya buga wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya doke Oxhey Jets da ci 2-0 a gida a Roker Park a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2011.   Bayan kwana biyu, ya koma ƙungiyar Southern League Premier Division Hitchin Town bisa yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila,  ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar a wasan da suka doke Hemel Hempstead Town da ci 3-0 a gida.  Kamar yadda Cole ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da kwangila ba, ya kasance a shirye ya buga wa Stotfold wasa a wasan da suka doke St. Margaretsbury da ci 2-1 a gida washegari.  Cole ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Hitchin a wasan da suka doke Bedford Town da ci 3-1 a wasan da suka buga a waje a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2011, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Nuwamba 2011 bayan ya buga wasanni 15 da kuma kwallo daya. 

Daga nan Cole ya sanya hannu a kulob din Southern League Division One Central Biggleswade Town, inda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2011 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Slough Town a Langford Road.  Ya zura kwallo daya a wasanni shida   kafin ya koma Arlesey Town a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2012, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.  Cole ya daina buga wasa a gasar a watan Maris na 2012 bayan ya ga bugun zuciya na Fabrice Muamba, inda ya sanar da daraktan kwallon kafa na Arlesey Gary King cewa ba zai sake buga wasa ba.   Daga baya Cole ya buga wa kulob din Essex Senior League Basildon United a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Barkingside a filin wasa na Cricklefield a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012.   

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Cole ya wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan makaranta.  An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar Ingila C, wacce ke wakiltar Ingila a matakin da ba na League ba, a watan Fabrairun 2005 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Finland C da ci 1-0 a watan Yunin 2007,  sannan ya ci wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Wales XI da [[Gibraltar]] a 2008.   Daga baya an zaɓi Cole don rangadin Ingila C na [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a watan Yunin 2008,  yana wasa a wasanni biyu da Grenada da Barbados .   Da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 14, Cole shine na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ba ta League ba. 

== Salon wasan ==
An tura Cole a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] kuma an san shi da saurinsa, iya ɗaukar 'yan wasa, da kuma ƙarfin ƙafar hagu.    Manajan C na Ingila Paul Fairclough ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na Ryan Giggs, yayin da manaja Mark Stimson ya bayyana cewa yana da ikon yin wasa a matakin mafi girma, yana nuna yanayin matsayinsa da ikon doke abokan hamayyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keen Cole makes up for lost time&quot; /&gt; Surukinsa, Joe Cole, daga baya ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yanayin zuciyarsa ya takaita, ya kasance mai hazaka ta fasaha, mai sauri, da kuma hazaka sosai.

== Mutuwa ==
Cole ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana da shekaru 27,   a Finsbury Leisure Centre da ke Islington, Landan, yayin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iyali da abokai.  Mutuwarsa tana da alaƙa da yanayin zuciyarsa da ya riga ya kasance.

=== Jagorori ===
An yi ta yi wa Cole gaisuwa sosai bayan rasuwarsa.   Ƙungiyoyi da magoya baya sun yi ta'aziyya da ɗan lokaci na shiru, an ɗaure baƙaƙen hannu, an kuma yi masa tafi daidai da lambar ƙungiyarsa,  yayin da tsoffin abokan wasansa, ciki har da Jack Midson da [[Steve Morison]], suka sadaukar da kwallaye a gare shi.   An kuma yi masa ta'aziyya a lokacin bikin BBC Sports Heritage of the Year na 2012. 

An gudanar da wasan fa'ida, mai taken 'Match for Mitch', a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2013 a Broadhall Way tsakanin Mitchell Cole XI da Stevenage XI, inda aka samu kudin shiga ga iyalinsa da kuma Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy.    'Yan kallo 2,306 ne suka halarci wasan.   Mahalarta wasan sun haɗa da surukinsa Joe Cole, [[Andy Carroll]], James Collins, Gary Hooper, Matt Jarvis, da Kevin Nolan, tare da tsoffin abokan wasansa daga ƙungiyoyinsa na baya. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Cole yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa, Charly, wacce 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan Ingila Joe Cole.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Leni, a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2012, mako guda bayan mutuwar Cole.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a watan Fabrairu 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na Ƙungiyar Cardiomyopathy, yana wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin a Burtaniya da Amurka.    Ƙanensa, Ben, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gasar Tunawa da Mitchell Cole don girmama shi, yana tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar agaji ta Cardiomyopathy UK.   

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |FA Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Grays Athletic
|2004–05
|Conference South
|35
|5
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12{{Efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[FA Trophy]]; three appearances and two goals in [[Conference League Cup]]; one appearance and one goal in [[Essex Senior Cup]]}}
|4
|47
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Southend United
|2005–06
|League One
|29
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|32
|1
|-
|2006–07
|Championship
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!1
!2
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!37
!1
|-
|Northampton Town
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;
|League One
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}
|0
|9
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Stevenage FC|Stevenage Borough]]
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;MC06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2006–07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2006–7: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0607/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915131436/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/season.php?ID=0607 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference National
|19
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6{{Efn|Appearance(s) in FA Trophy}}
|1
|25
|3
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2007–08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2007–8: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102526/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0708/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|26
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|27
|2
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2008–09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2008–9: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716101819/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0809/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|42
|12
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|1
|50
|14
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroguide – 2009–10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stevenage Borough 2009–10: Results, rollcall and league table |url=https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102044/https://www.boroguide.co.uk/seasons/0910/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=BoroGuide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Conference Premier
|32
|4
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6[c]
|0
|41
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!20
!7
!1
!0
!0
!18
!2
!144
!23
|-
|[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]]
|2010–11
|League Two
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1[b]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|Stotfold
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SSMFL Premier Division
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Hitchin Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|11
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3{{Efn|Two appearances in FA Trophy; one appearance and one goal in [[Southern Football League Cup (England)|Southern League Cup]]}}
|1
|15
|2
|-
|Biggleswade Town
|2011–12
|SFL Division One Central
|6
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Arlesey Town
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell Cole – Aylesbury United&quot; /&gt;
|SFL Premier Division
|10
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Bedfordshire Senior Cup]]}}
|1
|11
|2
|-
|Basildon United
|2012–13
|Essex Senior League
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!229
!30
!10
!1
!3
!0
!36
!8
!278
!38
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Grays Athletic'''

* Taron Kudu : 2004–05 
* Kofin FA : 2004–05 

'''Southend United'''

* League One : 2005–06 

'''Stevenage Borough'''

* Babban Taron : 2009–10 
* Kofin FA : 2006–07,  2008–09 ;  wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009–10 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Antonia Hirsch</title>
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'''Antonia Hirsch''' (An haife ta a shekara ta 1968, a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt a kan Main]], [[Yammacin Jamus]] ) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce wacce ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Canart1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irvine |first=Karina |title=Black Mirror: Image and Reality in the Work of Antonia Hirsch |url=http://canadianart.ca/reviews/black-mirror-image-and-reality-in-the-work-of-antonia-hirsch/ |access-date=27 November 2016 |website=Canadian Art Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Antonia Hirsch ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Central Saint Martins da ke Landan, [[Birtaniya]]. Daga 1994 zuwa 2010, ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Vancouver, Kanada. &lt;ref name=&quot;Straight1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laurence |first=Robin |title=Tulips are a charged metaphor in Antonia Hirsch's Light Tender |url=https://www.straight.com/arts/353881/tulips-are-charged-metaphor-antonia-hirschs-light-tender |access-date=27 November 2016 |website=Georgia Straight}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin Hirsch ya shafi kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da shigarwa, fim, bidiyo, da kuma ɗaukar hoto.

A cikin gabatarwar ta ga ''Negative Space: Orbiting Inner and Outer Experience'', mai kula da kuma marubuciya Melanie O'Brian, ta ce &quot;Aikin Antonia Hirsch ya shaida dogon hulɗa da tsarin adadi, sarari, da na syntactic wanda ke tsara fahimtar sararin samaniyarmu... Aikin Hirsch ya danganta waɗannan tsarin tsari da ƙwarewar da aka ƙirƙira da ta gani, idan aka yi la'akari da yadda ake bayyana yanayin akida mai rikitarwa da kuma sau da yawa na waɗannan tsarin wakilci ta hanyar matakin ɓoyewa.&quot; 

== Nunin Nunin ==
An nuna ayyukan Hirsch a cikin nunin faifai kamar ''Art In The Age Of...'' ''Lissafin Taurari'' a Witte de With Center for Modern Art, Rotterdam (2015); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Art in the Age of... Planetary Computation |url=http://www.wdw.nl/en/our_program/exhibitions/art_in_the_age_of_planetary_computation |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Komma (Bayan Johnny Ya Samu Bindiga Daga Dalton Trumbo)'', Tramway, Glasgow (2012); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antonia Hirsch: Komma (After Dalton Trumbo's Johnny Got His Gun) |url=http://www.tramway.org/events/Pages/Antonia-Hirsch.aspx |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Tramway, Glasgow}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Duniyar Zamani: Duniyar Fasaha Bayan 1989'' a ZKM | Cibiyar Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai Karlsruhe (2011–12); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Global Contemporary: Art Worlds After 1989 |url=http://www.global-contemporary.de/ |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=Global Contemporary |publisher=ZKM, Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Lambar Duniya'' a Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki, Toronto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Universal Code: Art and Cosmology in the Information Age |url=http://www.thepowerplant.org/Exhibitions/2009/2009_Summer/Universal-Code--Art-and-Cosmology-in-the-Informati.aspx |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=The Power Plant}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarin abubuwa ==
Ana iya samun ayyukan Hirsch a cikin tarin jama'a na Gidan Tarihi na Vancouver &lt;ref name=&quot;VAG1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acquisitions 2005 |url=https://www.vanartgallery.bc.ca/collection_and_research/2005_acquisitions.html |access-date=27 November 2016 |website=Vancouver Art Gallery |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109111128/http://vanartgallery.bc.ca/collection_and_research/2005_acquisitions.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collections: Artists A-Z |url=https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artist.php?iartistid=45089 |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=National Gallery of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* Antonia Hirsch (ed.), ''Wuri mara kyau: Ƙwarewar ciki da Ƙwarewa'' (tare da gudunmawar da Theodor W. Adorno, Daniel Colucciello Barber, Lorna Brown, Elena Filipovic, Francois Laruelle, Olaf Nicolai, Ana Teixeira Pinto, Lisa Robertson, Wolfgang Winkler). Vancouver: SFU Galleries, 2015. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9868581-4-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-9868581-4-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* Antonia Hirsch (ed.), ''Tattalin Arziki maras amfani'' (tare da gudummawar Juan A. Gaitàn, Melanie Gilligan, Hadley + Maxwell, Candice Hopkins, Olaf Nicolai, Patricia Reed, Monika Szewczyk, da Jan Verwoert). Vancouver: Fillip, 2012.{{ISBN|978-1-927354-03-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-927354-03-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-927354-03-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* Antonia Hirsch, ''Komma (Bayan Johnny Ya Samu Bindiga Daga Dalton Trumbo)'', (tare da kasidu daga Maria Muhle da Kristina Lee Podesva). Vancouver: Fillip, 2011.{{ISBN|978-0-9738133-9-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9738133-9-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-9738133-9-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]</text>
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    <title>Ayyukan Taimako na Haɗin Kai</title>
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[[Fayil:Meulaboh_Hovercraft_050110-N-7586B-120.jpg|thumb|LCAC daga Bonhomme Richard yana isar da kayayyaki zuwa Meulaboh, Indonesia]]
'''Operation Unified Assistance''' shi ne martanin agajin jin ƙai na sojojin Amurka ga girgizar ƙasa da tsunami da suka afku a Tekun Indiya a shekarar 2004. A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2004, an tura wasu daga cikin rundunar Combined Support Force zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na U-Tapao da ke [[Tailan|Thailand]]. Sama da ma’aikatan Ma’aikatar Tsaron Amurka 12,600 ne suka shiga cikin aikin agajin.

== Tarihi ==
Amurka ta tura jiragen dakon kaya masu nisan zango na C-5 da C-17 da dama, da kuma jiragen dakon kaya na ayyukan cikin gida na C-130 Hercules guda 10, ɗauke da kayayyakin agaji na bala’i. Haka kuma, ta tura jiragen sintiri na teku na P-3C Orion guda 9 domin tallafa wa ayyukan bincike da ceto, tare da ƙungiyoyi da dama daga Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka domin daidaita ƙarin tallafi daga U-Tapao Naval Air Base da ke Thailand.

An tura Carrier Strike Group 9 zuwa gabar tekun Sumatra domin ba da tallafi ga lardin Aceh na Indonesia. Jirgin USS Abraham Lincoln ne ya jagoranci rundunar, tare da tallafin USS Shiloh, USS Shoup, USS Benfold, da USNS Rainier.

An tura wani Expeditionary Strike Group, wanda jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da dakaru masu saukar jirgi USS Bonhomme Richard ya jagoranta, domin bayar da agaji. An shirya wannan runduna ne tun da farko domin tsayawa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Guam, amma aka karkatar da ita zuwa aikin agajin. Jimillar jirage masu saukar ungulu 48 na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa da na Marines ne suka shiga aikin. Kowanne daga cikin jiragen ruwan rundunar yana iya samar da kusan galan 90,000 na Amurka na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace rana.

Sauran jiragen ruwan da ke cikin rundunar sun haɗa da jirgin dakon sojoji mai saukar da jiragen ruwa USS Duluth, jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da makamai masu linzami USS Milius, jirgin saukar da kayan aiki da sojoji USS Rushmore, jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da makamai masu linzami USS Thach, jirgin ruwa mai amfani da makamashin nukiliya USS Pasadena, jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da makamai masu linzami USS Bunker Hill, da kuma jirgin tsaron gabar teku Douglas Munro.
[[Fayil:Kadena_HH-60G_at_Sri_Lanka.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan agaji na Sri Lanka suna sauke kayan lambu]]
Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Amurka ta kuma tura Mercy, wani babban jirgin asibiti mai gadaje 1,000, wanda da farko aka tanade ma’aikatansa domin kula da marasa lafiya 250. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da wasu jiragen ruwa na kayan aiki, kamar jiragen dakon kayan yaƙi San Jose da Niagara Falls..

A watan Janairun 2005, jiragen ruwa 24 na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Amurka da kuma jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya na Rundunar Tsaron Gabar Tekun Amurka (Coast Guard) suna yankin. Daga cikin jiragen akwai jirgin yaƙi mai ɗauke da dakaru masu saukar jirgi USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43), da USS Essex (LHD-2), wanda ya maye gurbin Bonhomme Richard kuma ya ɗauki nauyin zama babban jirgin da ake amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu daga gare shi a wannan aikin. USS Essex (LHD-2) ya kuma zo da ƙungiyoyin jirage masu saukar ungulu. Jirgin ƙarshe, USS Mercy, ya bar yankin a watan Afrilun 2005.

Ra’ayin jama’ar Indonesia game da Amurka ya inganta sosai a shekarar da ta biyo bayan tsunami, inda ya tashi daga kashi 15% a shekarar 2003 zuwa kashi 38% a shekarar 2005, sabanin yadda ra’ayoyin jama’a game da Amurka suka ragu a wannan lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/252.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201022704/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/252.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-01 |access-date=2008-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da dama daga Indonesia da aka yi wa bincike sun bayyana cewa ayyukan agajin da Amurka ta gudanar sun inganta ra’ayinsu game da Amurka gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2006 Poll: Humanitarian Relief Sustains Change in Muslim Public Opinion |url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/articlenav.php?id=82 |access-date=2008-01-02 |publisher=Terror Free Tomorrow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122401/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/articlenav.php?id=82 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan agaji a Thailand ==
An tsara ayyukan agajin sojojin Amurka a Thailand ne musamman ta Filin Jirgin Sama na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Thailand na U-Tapao, wanda ya kasance cibiyar yanki ta Operation Unified Assistance. A yankunan lardin Phang Nga da suka fi fama da barnar tsunami, ciki har da Khao Lak, Takua Pa da Ban Nam Khem, ma’aikatan Rundunar Sojin Ruwa da Marines na Amurka sun tallafa wa hukumomin Thailand wajen binciken yankin daga sama, dabarun jigilar kayayyaki, bincike da ceto, da agajin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya.

Ƙungiyoyin jirage masu saukar ungulu daga jiragen yaƙi masu ɗauke da dakaru masu saukar jirgi, kamar USS Bonhomme Richard da USS Essex, sun kai kayayyakin agaji zuwa wurare masu nisa tare da taimakawa wajen kwashe waɗanda suka jikkata. Sojojin Amurka sun kuma taimaka a matakan farko na gano waɗanda suka mutu a bala’in (DVI), tare da hukumomin Thailand da ƙungiyoyin masana kimiyyar binciken gawawwaki na ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-01-15 |title=Tsunami Wrap Up 6-US military sees its tsunami work winding down - Thailand {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/tsunami-wrap-6-us-military-sees-its-tsunami-work-winding-down |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gittler |first=Juliana |date=January 24, 2005 |title=U.S. military begins to leave tsunami-stricken region |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/2005-01-24/us-military-begins-to-leave-tsunami-stricken-region-1962111.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Operation Unified Response, don girgizar ƙasa ta Haiti ta 2010Girgizar ƙasa ta 2010 a Haiti
* Operation United Assistance, don annobar kwayar cutar Ebola ta 2014 a Yammacin AfirkaYaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Yammacin Afirka

== Manazarat ==</text>
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    <title>Alsana</title>
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'''Alsana''' (wanda a da ake kira '''Castlewood Treatment Center''' ) wata cibiyar kula da matsalolin cin abinci ce ta Amurka wadda ke ba da shirye-shiryen kula da marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya a asibiti, da kuma [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|gidaje]] . Suna bayar da kulawa ta hanyar intanet, da kuma a wurare huɗu da suke a [[California]] da kuma biyu a [[Alabama]] . Sun rufe wuraren da suke a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] a shekarar 2024, bayan shari'o'i da dama da kuma sauye-sauye ga dokoki.

Mata da miji Mark Schwartz da Lori Galperin ne suka kafa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Castlewood a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2008, [[Trinity Hunt Partners]], wani kamfani mai zaman kansa da ke [[Dallas]], ya sayi Castlewood kan dala miliyan 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BERNHARD |first=BLYTHE |date=2011-12-10 |title=Other women come forward in Castlewood center complaint |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_b4e3ed54-b12d-55cf-8218-37b2390505da.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan Trinity Hunt Partners ta sayar da shi ga [[Riverside Co|Kamfanin Riverside Co.]], wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa da ke [[New York (jiha)|New York]], a shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2018-07-24 |title=Castlewood eating disorder center changes name following malpractice lawsuits |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_0472d487-aaff-54e3-bbcf-09d3fca48f94.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sauya sunan zuwa Alsana a shekarar 2018, bayan zarge-zarge da koke-koke da dama. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sauya suna, sun cire duk wani ambaton Castlewood daga kayan tallan su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2024-12-04 |title=Eating disorder facility near Castlewood State Park shuts down years after malpractice cases |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_d9066b6a-b1bb-11ef-b686-575db7b685c4.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Jiyya a Castlewood ta haɗa da maganin Internal Family Systems, kuma wanda ya kafa IFS Richard C. Schwartz ya yi aiki a cibiyar a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma mai horar da ma'aikata.  

== Wurare ==
As of October, 2025, Alsana has six locations: two in Birmingham, Alabama; Monterey, California; Santa Barbara, California; Thousand Oaks, California; and Westlake Village, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Coward |first=Kyle |date=2021-11-29 |title=Pipeline: Spero Health Opens Clinics in Two States; New Eating Disorder Treatment Offerings from Monte Nido, Alsana |url=https://bhbusiness.com/2021/11/29/pipeline-spero-health-opens-clinics-in-two-states-new-eating-disorder-treatment-offerings-from-monte-nido-alsana/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Behavioral Health Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Chris |date=2022-10-06 |title=Why More Behavioral Health Operators Opt to Lease Instead of Own |url=https://bhbusiness.com/2022/10/06/why-more-behavioral-health-operators-are-opting-to-lease-real-estate-instead-of-own/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Behavioral Health Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BERNHARD |first=BLYTHE |date=2012-04-05 |title=St. Louis County treatment center chief expanding to California despite lawsuits |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_22d24647-c6d4-51ab-b601-f05ffb12920a.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsoffin Wurare ===
Castlewood/Alsana a da suna da wurare a Gundumar St. Louis, Missouri ; Gundumar Franklin, Missouri ; da [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-07 |title=St. Louis County eating disorder treatment facility halting programs due to allegations of inappropriate conduct |url=https://www.firstalert4.com/2022/02/07/st-louis-county-eating-disorder-treatment-facility-halting-programs-due-allegations-inappropriate-conduct/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=First Alert Channel 4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Bailey |date=2021-07-26 |title=Pipeline: Caravel Deepens ABA Footprint; Alsana Expands to Meet Increased Need for Eating Disorder Treatment |url=https://bhbusiness.com/2021/07/26/pipeline-caravel-deepens-aba-footprint-alsana-expands-to-meet-increased-need-for-eating-disorder-treatment/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Behavioral Health Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka dawo da su da kuma ƙararraki ==
Castlewood ta kasance wurin da aka kai ƙarar da dama. A shekarar 2011, wata mata a Minnesota ta kai ƙarar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Castlewood (wanda yanzu ita ce Alsana) da kuma wanda ya kafa ta kuma darektan asibiti a lokacin Mark Schwartz bisa zargin wanke kwakwalwa. Matar, sanye da ƙarar ta, ta yi iƙirarin cewa a lokacin da take zaman watanni 15 a Castlewood, Schwartz ta dasa tunanin ƙarya a cikin zuciyarta yayin da ake yi mata sihiri, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi tunanin cewa an ci zarafinta ta hanyar jima'i, kuma ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Shaiɗan . A ƙarshen shekarar 2012, wasu mata uku sun shigar da ƙara, suna yin irin wannan ikirari game da dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ; ɗaya daga cikin matan ta yi zargin a cikin ƙararta cewa ta hanyar maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka dawo da shi a Castlewood ta yi imani da cewa ta &quot;gano kisan gillar da aka yi wa hadaya&quot;, wanda ta ce ba gaskiya ba ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Joe |title=Bizarre Claim Against Eating Disorder Clinic |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/bizarre-claim-against-eating-disorder-clinic/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.courthousenews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cara |first=Ed |date=2014-11-03 |title=The Most Dangerous Idea in Mental Health |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/dangerous-idea-mental-health-93325/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Pacific Standard |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Therapist 'Brainwashed' Woman Into Believing She Was In Satanic Cult, Attorney Says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/therapist-accused-implanting-satanic-memories/story?id=15043529 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toler |first=Lindsay |last2= |first2= |date=2012-04-05 |title=Despite Lawsuits, Castlewood Center Expands to California |url=https://patch.com/missouri/ballwin-ellisville/despite-lawsuits-castlewood-center-expands-to-california |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Ballwin-Ellisville, MO Patch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, mata biyar sun shigar da ƙara da irin wannan ƙara; a cikin wannan rashin jituwa, wanda ya kafa Castlewood, Mark Schwartz, ya bar kamfanin a shekarar 2013 kuma, tare da Hukumar Ilimin Halayyar ɗan adam ta jihar Missouri, sun cimma yarjejeniyar ladabtarwa inda ya &quot;yarda da barin lasisin Missouri ya ƙare.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2013-05-29 |title=Castlewood director steps down after accusations of brainwashing |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/business/health-care/article_9c019204-009f-518b-a027-76f23f81428d.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an yi watsi da ƙarar, inda lauyoyin mai ƙara suka bayyana cewa shari'o'in &quot;sun warware su da kyau ga ɓangarorin biyu.&quot; 

=== Wadanda abin ya shafa a Castlewood sun haɗu ===
A watan Nuwamba na 2012, uba da uwar matar wani tsohon majiyyaci a Castlewood sun fara ƙungiyar tallafi ga marasa lafiya da iyalan marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sha wahala daga ƙoƙarin samun magani daga Castlewood (kuma yanzu Alsana). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Robert Patrick St Louis |date=2022-01-31 |title=Former patient sues St. Louis County eating disorder center |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_a260f8fc-1041-5457-9c7b-551b7cf71d2b.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=False Memory Syndrome Foundation |url=https://www.fmsfonline.org/?news2013update=Castlewood%20Lawsuits%20Dismissed |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.fmsfonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar sun bayyana cewa yayin da suke jinya a Castlewood, 'yarsu ta gamsu cewa &quot;kusan mutane 100 ne suka yi mata fyade, ciki har da malamai, masu horarwa da jami'an 'yan sanda&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2013-12-16 |title=Castlewood eating disorder lawsuit to be dismissed |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_28cf3275-a29e-5391-997e-243bdae361c3.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da 'yarsa ta yi wannan ikirarin, an kai rahoton mahaifin da ya kafa ƙungiyar ga [[Ayyukan kare yara|hukumomin kare yara]] . Daga ƙarshe an wanke shi daga aikata laifi bayan bincike na tsawon watanni 16, inda wani alkali ya bayyana cewa &quot;shaidar 'yarsa ta yi rashin daidaito sosai, ta yi karo da sauran shaidun da aka gabatar, don haka ba za a iya sahihanci ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A matsayinta na babba (tun daga shekarar 2025) 'yar ta tsaya tsayin daka kan zarge-zargen da ta fara yi tun tana matashiya. 

=== Shari'o'in 2022 ===
Wata tsohuwar majiyyaciya, wacce aka bayyana a takardun kotu a matsayin Jane Doe, ta kai karar Alsana a shekarar 2022 tana gabatar da zarge-zarge da dama, ciki har da cewa an ba ta mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali wanda ba shi da lasisi kuma ba shi da gogewa wajen magance matsalolin cin abinci. Karar ta ci gaba da yin zargin cewa mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya yi maganganu masu tayar da hankali da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, kamar &quot;Na yi tunani kuma na fahimci cewa na cutar da wasu da gangan saboda yana sa ni jin daɗi&quot; da kuma &quot;Wasu kwanaki ina tsana kaina, kuma ina jawo wutar jahannama a rayuwar wasu.&quot; Kotun ta kuma yi zargin cewa ba a ba Doe maganin da likitanta ya rubuta mata ba tsawon makonni biyu da ta shiga shirin, kuma an ba ta maganin da aka yi wa sauran marasa lafiya. Alsana ta amsa da wata sanarwa a bainar jama'a cewa lauyan Doe &quot;sanannen mai suka ne ga Alsana da kuma masana'antar maganin matsalar cin abinci gaba ɗaya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Carrie |title=It was hard enough to get treatment for eating disorders. Then private equity took over. |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/05/eating-disorder-treatment-centers-private-equity-aca-anorexia/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, wata tsohuwar majiyyaciya (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Carla Doe a takardun kotu) ta shigar da ƙara a kan Alsana tana yin irin wannan zargi kamar Jane Doe game da wannan mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Robert Patrick St Louis |date=2022-02-28 |title=Third former patient sues St. Louis County eating disorder center |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_544ab77c-bdab-5978-ad81-8e281c34f1c6.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da waɗannan ƙarar. 

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2026 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations</title>
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      <text bytes="36679" sha1="0ap32u7honteb45825ucmkbqo5wqbun" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa.

A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umurni na tafiya ==
A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai.

== Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar ==
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara.

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; 
|-
!Jerin
!Ƙasa
!Mai Ɗaukar Tuta
!Wasanni 
!Mai Ɗaukar Sanda
!Wasanni 
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{refh}}
|-
|align=center|1 || {{flagCGF|BOT|2026}} || Maxine Egner  || Yin ruwa || Lee Eppie  || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Pictures|url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaNOC/posts/glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-in-pictures-a-historic-night-in/1078828597801813/|website=Facebook|publisher=Botswana National Olympic Committee|location=Gaborone, Botswana|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|2 || {{flagCGF|CMR|2026}} || Nora Monie  || Wasannin motsa jiki  || Junior Ngadja Nyabeyeu || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : Le Cameroun entame sa campagne|trans-title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games: Cameroon begins its campaign|url=https://seasonmedia.net/commonwealth-glasgow-2026-le-cameroun-entame-sa-campagne/|website=Season Media|location=Yaoundé, Cameroon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|3 || {{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}} || Hayley Hoy  || Yin ruwa || Mukelo Dlamini || Dambe || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team Eswatini proudly marched into the OVO Hydro during the Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony, with Hayley Hoy leading the delegation as the Flag Bearer and Mukelo Dlamini proudly carrying the Commonwealth Sport King's Baton.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1653933572380772/|website=Facebook|publisher=Commonwealth Games Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|4  || {{flagCGF|GAB|2026}} || Noélie Annette Lacour  || Yin ruwa || Kurt Ogouenkero  || Jami'in ƙungiya || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : La nageuse Noélie Annette Lacour lance la campagne du Gabon|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Swimmer Noélie Annette Lacour launches Gabon's campaign|url=https://gabonallsport.com/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-la-nageuse-noelie-annette-lacour-lance-la-campagne-du-gabon/|website=Gabon All Sport|location=Libreville, Gabon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Noélie Annette Suzanne Lacour of Team Gabon and King's Baton Bearer Kurt Ogouenkero of Team Gabon lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-noelie-annette-suzanne-lacour-of-team-gabon-and-news-photo/2287363000|website=Getty Images|author=Molly Darlington|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|5 || {{flagCGF|GAM|2026}} || Ousman Jobe  || Yin ruwa || Pap Jonga || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flag and King's Baton handed over: A proud moment for Team Gambia at Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/GambiaOlympic220/posts/flag-and-kings-baton-handed-over-a-proud-moment-for-team-gambia-at-glasgow-2026o/1329203939330687/|website=Facebook|publisher=Gambia National Olympic Committee|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|6  || {{flagCGF|GHA|2026}} || Frema Agyei || Judo || Tahiru Haruna || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tahiru Haruna, Frema Agyei named Team Ghana's ceremonial leaders for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/sports/tahiru-frema-glasgow/2026/2/|website=GBC Ghana Online|publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|location=Accra, Ghana|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|7 || {{flagCGF|KEN|2026}} || Robert Okaka || Dambe || Hellen Wawira  || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team Kenya at the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the OVO Hydro Arena in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbK7mrxBgep/|website=Instagram|publisher=LTN Sports|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|8 || {{flagCGF|LES|2026}} || Rapelang Maselela || Dambe || Mathealira Seholohohlo || Dambe || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Rapelang Maselela of Team Lesotho and King's Baton Bearer Mathealira Seholoholo of Lesotho lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-rapelang-maselela-of-team-lesotho-and-kings-news-photo/2287370300|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|9 || {{flagCGF|MAW|2026}} || Deborah Mtenje || Dambe  || Zoe Rebello  || Yin ruwa|| align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Deborah Mtenje of Team Malawi and King's Baton Bearer Zoe Rebello lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-deborah-mtenje-of-team-malawi-and-kings-news-photo/2287370169|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|10 || {{flagCGF|MRI|2026}} || Fabrice Valerie || Dambe || Anishta Teeluck || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fabrice Valérie désigné porte-drapeau de la délégation mauricienne|trans-title=Fabrice Valérie named flag bearer of the Mauritian delegation|url=https://maurice-info.mu/2026/07/01/fabrice-valerie-designe-porte-drapeau-de-la-delegation-mauricienne.html|website=Maurice Info|language=French|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|date=1 July 2026|access-date=2 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|11 || {{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}} || Matthew Lawrence || Yin ruwa || Cleyton Munguambe  || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Moçambique na Cerimónia de Abertura dos Jogos da Commonwealth Glasgow 2026|trans-title=Mozambique at the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/comiteolimpicodemocambique/posts/pfbid0bBKGxNYJP3XkWWiVUnuZ2cTam4nzi71nehDpLojDA8AqXmx7F8fzmZPoPsKiXVWWl
|website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Mozambique|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|12 || {{flagCGF|NAM|2026}} || Chenoult Lionel Coetzee || Wasannin motsa jiki || Diana Viljoen || Wasan bowls || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Meet Team Namibia's Flag Bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/NamOlympic/posts/meet-team-namibias-flag-bearerswe-are-proud-to-announce-diana-viljoen-and-lionel/1816148380156728/|website=Facebook|publisher=Namibia National Olympic Committee|location=Windhoek, Namibia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|13 || {{flagCGF|NGR|2026}} || Abdul Jabar Adama || Yin ruwa || Folashade Oluwafemiayo || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Team Nigeria joins opening ceremony of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbK8bs1i40X/|website=Instagram|publisher=The Nation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|14 || {{flagCGF|RWA|2026}} ||  Jayden Ntwali || Yin ruwa || Axela Echessah || Yin ruwa  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team Rwanda in the opening ceremony of Commonwealth games 2026 in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbJ34sCoh_c/|website=Instagram|publisher=Rwanda Aquatics Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|15 || {{flagCGF|SEY|2026}} || Natasha Chetty || Wasannin motsa jiki || Adam Moncherry || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government backs Team Seychelles with medal rewards ahead of Commonwealth Games|url=https://statehouse.gov.sc/news/7137/government-backs-team-seychelles-with-medal-rewards-ahead-of-commonwealth-games|website=State House, Seychelles|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|16 || {{flagCGF|SLE|2026}} || Jordan Aki-Sawyerr || Wasannin motsa jiki || Josefien Betist  || Dambe || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freetown Mayor Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr celebrates son’s participation at Commonwealth Games|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/freetown-aki-sawyerr-commonwealth-games/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=25 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Betist: Sierra Leone's Commonwealth Games medal hopeful|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/betist-sierra-leones-commonwealth-games-medal/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=26 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|17 || {{flagCGF|RSA|2026}} || Bridget Herselman  || Wasan bowls || Shaun Williams || {{nowrap|Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3}} || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lambley|first=Garrin|title=Team SA flag bearers named for Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/team-sa-flag-bearers-named-for-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=The South African|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|18 || {{flagCGF|TAN|2026}} || Collins Saliboko || Yin ruwa || Zawadi Kutaka || Dambe || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Omary|first=Majuto|title=Bring home medals, govt urges Tanzania's C' Games-bound squad|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/bring-home-medals-govt-urges-tanzania-s-c-games-bound-squad-5529642|work=The Citizen|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Collins Phillip Saliboko of Team Tanzania and King's Baton Bearer Zawadi Amos Kutaka lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-collins-phillip-saliboko-of-team-tanzania-and-news-photo/2287364812|website=Getty Images|author=Mattia Ozbot|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|19 || {{flagCGF|TOG|2026}} || Fayza Abdoukerim || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Médard Nayo || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth games opening ceremony in pictures featuring the Royals and the Tardis|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|website=Yahoo Sports UK|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260725164334/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|archive-date=25 July 2026|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|20 || {{flagCGF|UGA|2026}} || Mary Cholhok Nuba  || Wasan netball || Dennis Mbaziira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=#TeamUganda at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbKYFrSsko-/|website=Instagram|publisher=Uganda Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|21 || {{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}} || Muzala Samukonga || Wasannin motsa jiki || Catherine Mwape || Dambe || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CGA Zambia announces flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/TeamZambia/posts/cga-zambia-announces-flag-and-baton-bearersthe-commonwealth-games-association-of/2099544363990726/|website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Zambia|location=Lusaka, Zambia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|22 || {{flagCGF|BAH|2026}} || Zaylie-Elizabeth Thompson || Yin ruwa || Rashield Williams  || Dambe|| align=center|&lt;ref name=cer/&gt;
|-
|align=center|23 || {{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}} || Davia Richardson || Yin ruwa ||Leticia Westby || Jagoran tawaga || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=🇧🇿 A proud moment for Team Belize! Here are some unforgettable moments from the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BelizeOlympicandCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/-a-proud-moment-for-team-belizehere-are-some-unforgettable-moments-from-the-glas/1446382764177340/|website=Facebook|publisher=Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|location=Belmopan, Belize|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ms. Leticia Westby had the distinguished honor of presenting Belize's Commonwealth Sport King’s Baton to His Majesty King Charles III during the Opening Ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbL0tBPGusB/|website=Instagram|publisher=Hot Off The Press Belize|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|24 || {{flagCGF|BER|2026}} ||Tiara DeRosa  || Wasannin motsa jiki || Caitlyn Bobb || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Ross|title=DeRosa and Bobb to carry flag and baton at Games opening|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/general/sport/article/20260722/derosa-and-bobb-to-carry-flag-and-baton-at-games-opening/|work=The Royal Gazette|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|25 || {{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}|| Kady Dandeneau ||Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3 || Ryan Bester || Wasan bowls|| align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wheelchair basketball player Kady Dandeneau named Canadian flag-bearer for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/commonwealth-games-flag-bearer-announcement-9.7274395|website=CBC Sports|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|26 || {{flagCGF|FAI|2026}} ||Oliver Thompson || Wasan bowls || Daphne Arthur-Almond  ||  Wasan bowls || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Falklands Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers announced|url=https://radio.co.fk/news-posts/falklands-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers-announced/|work=Falklands Radio|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|date=1 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|27 || {{flagCGF|GUY|2026}} || Travis Belgrave  || Wasan kwallon kwando 3x3 || Aaliyah Moore || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref name=flag&gt;{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=Kaieteur News|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|28 || {{flagCGF|SHN|2026}} ||Sean Crowie || Wasannin motsa jiki || William Caswell || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team St Helena ahead of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth|url=https://sthelenaonline.org/team-st-helena-ahead-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth/|website=St Helena Online|location=Jamestown, Saint Helena|date=18 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|29 || {{flagCGF|BAN|2026}} || Samiul Islam Rafi || Yin ruwa || Sonia Aktar  || Yin ruwa ||align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bangladesh set for token participation in 2026 C'wealth Games|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/others/306137/bangladesh-set-for-token-participation-in-2026-cwealth-games|work=New Age|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|30 || {{flagCGF|BRU|2026}} || Joel Ling || Yin ruwa || Sharmeen Mohammad Mharvin || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Leong|first=Yee Chun|title=Brunei swimmers make splash at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.brusports.com/2026/07/30/brunei-swimmers-make-splash-at-commonwealth-games/|website=BruSports|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=30 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|31 || {{flagCGF|IND|2026}} || Mirabai Chanu || Ɗaga nauyi || Lovlina Borgohain || Dambe  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=India Today|location=NNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|32 || {{flagCGF|MAS|2026}} || Abdul Latif Romly || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Emma Firyana Saroji  || Wasan bowls ||align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Latif Romly named Malaysia's flag bearer for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://thesun.my/sports/latif-romly-named-malaysias-flag-bearer-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=The Sun|location=Petaling Jaya, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|33 || {{flagCGF|MDV|2026}} || {{Nowrap|Mohamed Aan Hussain}} || Yin ruwa || Meral Ayn Latheef || Yin ruwa ||
|-
|align=center|34 || {{flagCGF|PAK|2026}} || Arshad Nadeem  || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Fatima Zahra || Dambe|| align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Raheel|first=Natasha|title=Pakistan at disadvantage in the scaled-back 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lostonthedesk.com/p/pakistan-at-disadvantage-in-the-2026|website=Lost on the Desk|location=Karachi, Pakistan|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|35 ||{{flagCGF|SGP|2026}} ||Gan Ching Hwee|| Yin ruwa || Mawjit Singh || Para bowls || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kwek|first=Kimberly|title=Gan Ching Hwee, Mawjit Singh named S’pore’s flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/gan-ching-hwee-mawjit-singh-named-spores-flag-bearers-for-2026-commonwealth-games|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|date=6 July 2026|access-date=6 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|36 || {{flagCGF|SRI|2026}} || Palitha Bandara || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Janani Dhananjana  || Para wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE: Team Sri Lanka officially unveiled for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716105526/https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|archive-date=16 July 2026|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|37 || {{flagCGF|AIA|2026}} || Tri-tania Lowe || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jonathan Irizarry || Yin ruwa  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Huge congratulations to our flag bearer and King's Baton bearer at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/pfbid0sL7uDd1x6Q41YFmmGZT9wjTbWDgMEbABrS22wF2XajhjAX4TfmfWGGdmk4EHzp7il|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|location=The Valley, Anguilla|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|38 || {{flagCGF|ANT|2026}} || Alston Ryan  || Dambe || Aunjulique Liddie  || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|39 || {{flagCGF|BAR|2026}} || Erin Pinder || Gimnastik na fasaha || Antwahn Boyce-Vaughan  || Para yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Team Barbados launches historic dual Games bid|url=https://olympic.org.bb/archives/team-barbados-launches-historic-dual-games-bid/|website=Barbados Olympic Association|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|40 || {{flagCGF|IVB|2026}} || Adaejah Hodge|| Wasannin motsa jiki || Jaleel Croal || Wasannin motsa jiki  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=BVIOC announces teams for Commonwealth Games, CAC Games|url=https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/bvioc-announces-teams-for-commonwealth-games-cac-games/article_4781f066-0018-4be8-ad9b-79e81cc393f1.html|work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|location=St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|date=10 July 2026|access-date=10 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|41 || {{flagCGF|CAY|2026}} || Connor Macdonald  || Yin ruwa || Siena Santiago || Gimnastik na fasaha || align=center|&lt;ref name=cer&gt;{{cite web|title=Opening Ceremony HIGHLIGHTS Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games 07/23/2026|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xarm4fa|website=Dailymotion|publisher=BeIN Sports USA|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|42 || {{flagCGF|DMA|2026}} || Thea LaFond || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jasmine Schofield || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Team Dominica set for Glasgow 2026|url=https://natureisle.news/sports/team-dominica-set-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Nature Isle News|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|43 || {{flagCGF|GRN|2026}} || Zachary Gresham  || Yin ruwa || Tilly Collymore  || Yin ruwa|| align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Chase|first=Tisagh|title=Team Grenada Set for Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony 🇬🇩|url=https://gocgrenada.com/team-grenada-set-for-glasgow-2026-opening-ceremony-%f0%9f%87%ac%f0%9f%87%a9/|website=Grenada Olympic Committee|location=St. George's, Grenada|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|44 || {{flagCGF|JAM|2026}} || Collin McKenzie || Yin ruwa || Shamera Sterling || Wasan netball || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Fraser|first=Dwight|title=Jamaican teams build up to Commonwealth Games|url=https://iriefm.net/jamaican-teams-build-up-to-commonwealth-games/|website=IRIE FM|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|45 || {{flagCGF|MNT|2026}} || Julius Morris || Jami'in ƙungiya || Amani Kirnon || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Photos of Team Montserrat yesterday at the opening of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/664connectmedia/posts/pfbid02juBEwcVWg1S3DBPQ8tfohrVTqwnt4kQ5x3QXmUeE3HhScYGtKDdtCzTnyKnviBR5l|website=Facebook|publisher=664 Connect Media|location=Montserrat|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|46 || {{flagCGF|LCA|2026}} || Helena Renee  || Jagoran tawaga || Mai sawo kai  || Mai sawo kai || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Finisterre|first=Terry|title=Alcide repping Athletes Commission at Glasgow 2026|url=https://stluciatimes.com/182321/2026/07/alcide-repping-athletes-commission-at-glasgow-2026/|work=St. Lucia Times|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=25 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|47 || {{flagCGF|SKN|2026}} || Skyla Connor  || Yin ruwa || Jonathan Essien  || Yin ruwa  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The excitement is building as the 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony is now just hours away!|url=https://www.facebook.com/SKNAQU/posts/the-excitement-is-building-as-the-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-is-no/901800062999037/|website=Facebook|publisher=St. Kitts and Nevis Aquatics Federation|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|48 || {{Nowrap|{{flagCGF|SVG|2026}}}} || Kennice Greene ||Yin ruwa|| Matthew Ballah  || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Proudly flying the national flag, Team Saint Vincent and the Grenadines made a memorable appearance at the Opening Ceremony of the 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1336847928608467|website=Facebook|publisher=High Commission for St Vincent and the Grenadines|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|49 || {{flagCGF|TRI|2026}} || Nigel Paul || Dambe|| Joelisa Cooper  || Wasan netball  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Boxer Nigel Paul, Netballer Joelisa Cooper Named TeamTTO Flag And Baton Bearers For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.ttt.live/boxer-nigel-paul-netballer-joelisa-cooper-named-teamtto-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026/|work=TTT News|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|align=center|50  || {{flagCGF|TCA|2026}} ||Lerano Missick || Wasannin motsa jiki  || Arleigha Hall || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref name=cer/&gt;
|- 
|align=center|51  || {{flagCGF|AUS|2026}} || Nina Kennedy || Wasannin motsa jiki || Timothy Hodge  || Para yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Healy|first=Jon|title=Nina Kennedy named Australian flag-bearer for Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-07-23/nina-kennedy-tim-hodge-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers/106946590|work=ABC News|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|52  || {{flagCGF|COK|2026}} ||Teokotai Jim || Wasan bowls || Jacob Story || Yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Dasalusalu|first=Losirene|title=Cook Islands pride on display at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/commonwealth-games/cook-islands-pride-on-display-at-commonwealth-games/|work=Cook Islands News|location=Avarua, Cook Islands|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|53 || {{flagCGF|FIJ|2026}} ||David Young || Yin ruwa || Anahira McCutcheon  || Yin ruwa||align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=FASANOC: Young and McCutcheon to lead Team Fiji|url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/fasanoc-young-and-mccutcheon-to-lead-team-fiji/|work=The Fiji Times|location=Suva, Fiji|date=7 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|54 || {{flagCGF|KIR|2026}} || Tavita Kaoma || Dambe || Andrew Kometa || Koci || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Behind the scenes of the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games...|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HSoyBXTbT/|website=Facebook|publisher=Kiribati Boxing Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|55 || {{flagCGF|NRU|2026}} || Femily-Crystie Notte || Ɗaga nauyi || Winzar Kakiouea  || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Games officially opens|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DbJxdpXimzZ/|website=Instagram|publisher=Nauru Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|56  || {{flagCGF|NZL|2026}} || David Liti || Ɗaga nauyi || Moira de Villiers || Judo || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Liti and de Villiers named Ngā Pou Hāpai - our Flag bearer and Baton bearer for Glasgow 2026|url=https://olympic.org.nz/news/liti-and-de-villiers-named-nga-pou-hapai-our-flag-bearer-and-baton-bearer-for-glasgow-2026|website=New Zealand Olympic Committee|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|57  || {{flagCGF|NIU|2026}} || Duken Tutakitoa-Williams || Dambe || Christine Ioane  || Wasan bowls || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pacific pride takes centre stage in Glasgow as Commonwealth Games 2026 begin|url=https://pmn.co.nz/read/sports/pacific-pride-takes-centre-stage-as-glasgow-commonwealth-games-begin|work=Pacific Media Network|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|58 || {{flagCGF|NFI|2026}} || Micheal Trickey || Wasan bowls || Christine Jones  || Wasan bowls || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|59 || {{flagCGF|PNG|2026}} || Morea Baru ||Ɗaga nauyi || Pais Wisil || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baru is flag bearer at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/baru-is-flag-bearer-at-commonwealth-games/|work=The National|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|60 || {{flagCGF|SAM|2026}} ||Sanele Mao||Ɗaga nauyi||Iuniarra Sipaia||Ɗaga nauyi|| align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Samoa team departs for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/191490-2/|work=Samoa Global News|location=Apia, Samoa|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|61 || {{flagCGF|SOL|2026}} || Maximilian Makana || Dambe || Moffet Tolomae || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OPENING CEREMONY – COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1780397746431609/|website=Facebook|publisher=Iumi Team Solomon|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|62 || {{flagCGF|TGA|2026}} ||Hulita Veve || Wasan netball || Finau Ohuafi || Yin ruwa ||align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TASANOC names flag and baton bearers for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://talanoaotonga.to/tasanoc-names-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Talanoa 'o Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=12 June 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|63 || {{flagCGF|TUV|2026}} || Pasoni Taafaki || Dambe || Malia Timo || Ɗaga nauyi ||align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth Games opening ceremony 2026 in pictures|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/26405805.commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-2026-pictures/|work=The Herald|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|quote=Flagbearer Pasoni Badi Taafaki of Team Tuvalu and King's Baton Bearer Malia Timo of Team Tuvalu lead their team during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games at The Hydro on July 23, 2026 in Glasgow, Scotland.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|align=center|64 || {{flagCGF|VAN|2026}} || Ajah Pritchard-Lolo || Ɗaga nauyi || Thomas Wilbur  || Ɗaga nauyi   || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hinge|first=Keith|title=Team Vanuatu Ready for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://vbtc.vu/team-vanuatu-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Vanuatu Broadcasting and Television Corporation|location=Port Vila, Vanuatu|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|65 || {{flagCGF|CYP|2026}} || Elena Kulichenko || Wasannin motsa jiki || Maria Markou  || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Husseini|first=Dina|title=Kulichenko, Markou to lead Cyprus in Glasgow|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/07/16/kulichenko-markou-to-lead-cyprus-in-glasgow|work=Cyprus Mail|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|66 || {{flagCGF|ENG|2026}} || Sian Honnor || Wasan bowls || Luke Greenbank  || Yin ruwa  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sian Honnor and Luke Greenbank named flag and baton bearers for opening ceremony|url=https://teamengland.org/news/sian-honnor-and-luke-greenbank-named-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-opening-ceremony|website=Commonwealth Games England|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|67 || {{flagCGF|GIB|2026}} || Jordan Gonzalez || Yin ruwa || Holly O’Shea || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gibraltar names Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/gibraltar-names-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers|work=GBC News|location=Gibraltar|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|68 || {{flagCGF|GUE|2026}} || Alison Merrien || Wasan bowls || Ian Merrien || Wasan bowls  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Merriens to lead out Guernsey at opening ceremony|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce3qlen454lo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|69 || {{flagCGF|IOM|2026}} || Alfie Bezance || Para ɗaga nauyi || Laura Kinley || Yin ruwa  || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Morrey|first=Charlie|title=Kinley, Bezance to lead Team Isle of Man at Glasgow|url=https://www.manx.news/kinley-bezance-to-lead-team-isle-of-man-at-glasgow/|work=Manx News|location=Douglas, Isle of Man|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|70 || {{flagCGF|JEY|2026}} || Malcolm De Sousa || Wasan bowls || Lucy Woodward || Wasannin motsa jiki|| align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Corbel|first=Elliot|title=Flag and baton bearers prepare for opening ceremony|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/flag-and-baton-bearers-prepare-for-opening-ceremony/|work=Bailiwick Express|location=Jersey|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|71 || {{flagCGF|MLT|2026}} ||Connie Rixon || Wasan bowls || Nick Mercieca || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Fenech|first=Gerald|title=Maltese Olympic Committee names teams for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|work=The Maltese Herald|location=Valletta, Malta|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712124657/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|archive-date=12 July 2026|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|72 || {{flagCGF|NIR|2026}} || Gary Kelly  || Wasan bowls || Bethany Firth  || Para yin ruwa || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Morton|first=Johnny|title=Team Northern Ireland reveal duo leading country out for 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/other-sport/team-northern-ireland-reveal-duo-leading-country-out-for-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-8818569|work=News Letter|location=Belfast, Northern Ireland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|73 || {{flagCGF|WAL|2026}} || Rosie Eccles || Dambe || Daniel Salmon  ||Wasan bowls || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Richards|first=Andrew|title=Eccles and Salmon given Team Wales honour in Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/cr596z7d1ejo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=center|74  || {{flagCGF|SCO|2026}} || Alex Marshall  || Wasan bowls || Sarah Adlington  || Judo || align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=VanReenen|first1=Danyel|last2=Pooran|first2=Neil|last3=Bark|first3=Stephen|title=Team Scotland's Glasgow Commonwealth Games flagbearers revealed|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/team-scotlands-glasgow-commonwealth-games-37464100|work=Daily Record|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe {{Efn|Russian: Архиепископия православных русских церквей в Западной Европе, romanized:&amp;nbsp;Arhiěpiskopija pravoslavnyh russkih cerkvej v Zapadnoj Ěvropye}} babban archdiocese ne mai cin gashin kansa na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha amma kafin 2018 Archdiocise of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, hedkwatar a [[Faris|Paris]] . Ya ƙunshi majami'u daban-daban na Orthodox na Rasha da ke ko'ina cikin Yammacin Turai. A cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin {{Circa}} 2018-2020, Archdiocese ya rabu kashi biyu saboda rarrabuwar Moscow-Constantinople ta 2018. Fiye da rabin 67 na 115 na hukunce-hukuncen sun shiga Moscow Patriarchate a matsayin &quot;Archeparchy na Parishes na al'adar Rasha a Yammacin Turai&quot;  ba wani ɓangare na sabon Patriarchal Exarchate a Yammaci Turai ba, yayin da sauran hukunce-hin suka shiga wasu shugabannin da suka haɗa da Ecumenical Patriarchate na Constantinople, kamar Girka Orthodox na Faransa, ko wasu hukunce-nuka Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a waje da Rasha, Cocin Orthodox na Romania ko Cocin Orthodox na Bulgaria. ana buƙatar ƙa'ida{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}

Da farko diocese din ya kunshi majami'u da ke karkashin gwamnatin bishop mai gudun hijira na Rasha Eulogius Georgiyevsky kuma an san shi da Exarchate na Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na Hadisin Rasha a Yammacin Turai. Georgiyevsky ya yanke shawarar sanya exarchate a ƙarƙashin ikon Ikklisiya maimakon barin ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin Moscow Patriarchate, wanda a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon jihar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]]. Har ila yau, bai yarda ya amince da ikon Cocin Orthodox na Rasha ba, wanda ke zaune a Yugoslavia kuma Metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky ne ke jagoranta.

A shekara ta 1931, an shigar da Metropolitan Eulogius da magoya bayansa a cikin malamai da laity a cikin Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Constantinople. Wadannan majami'u sun sami matsayi na wucin gadi a cikin Yammacin Turai, wanda daga baya aka soke shi a shekarar 1965. Bayan haka, wannan Kungiyar ta wanzu a matsayin &quot;Orthodox Archdiocese na Faransa da Yammacin Turai da Ikklisiyoyin Yammacin Yammacin Rasha na diaspora&quot;. A shekara ta 1971, an sake karɓar babban coci a cikin Ikklisiya. An aiwatar da sabon sake tsarawa a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1999, lokacin da Patriarch Bartholomew na Constantinople ya sake sake fasalin ta hanyar ba shi tomos. Wannan tomos daga baya ya soke shi ta hanyar majalisa mai tsarki na Patriarchate na Constantinople a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2018, kuma an umarci tsoffin majami'u na exarchate su shiga cikin dioceses masu dacewa a ƙarƙashin Patriarchate of Constantinople . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-27 |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communique of the Ecumenical Patriarchate |url=http://exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2295 |website=exarchat.eu |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-date=2020-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229160326/http://exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2295 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Act of Canonical Subordination concerning the Parishes of our Archdiocese in Western Europe |url=http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094526/http://exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2320 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=exarchat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Communiqué (29/11/2018). - Announcements - The Ecumenical Patriarchate |url=https://www.patriarchate.org/-/anakoinothen-29-11-2018- |website=www.patriarchate.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake Mataki na 11 na dokar archdiocese ya bayyana a bayyane cewa dole ne shugabanta ya zama bishop a karkashin Ecumenical Patriarchate,  ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a matsayin hukuma ta doka duk da haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Statuts de l'Archevêché - Chapitre 1 |url=http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article61 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017234753/http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article61 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=www.exarchat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=Le Métropolite Emmanuel nommé locum tenens |url=https://mgro.fr/2019/09/04/le-metropolite-emmanuel-nomme-locum-tenens/ |access-date=2019-09-07 |website=Métropole Grecque Orthodoxe de France |language=fr-FR |publication-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907141500/https://mgro.fr/2019/09/04/le-metropolite-emmanuel-nomme-locum-tenens/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Archdiocese ya kada kuri'a don ci gaba a matsayin hukuma ta doka a watan Fabrairun 2019, amma ya kasa zartar da ƙuduri don shiga cikin ikon Patriarchate na Moscow a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar kamar yadda babban bishop {{Interlanguage link|John (Renneteau)|ru|Иоанн (Реннето)}}  ya ba da shawarar, wanda da kansa ya shiga Patriarchate ta Moscow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communiqué of the Office of the Archbishop of 29 September 2019 |url=http://exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2427 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930000357/http://exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2427 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-30 |website=exarchat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba 2019, Majalisar Dattijai Mai Tsarki ta Patriarchate na Moscow ta tabbatar da karɓar malamai da Ikklisiya &quot;waɗanda suka nuna irin wannan sha'awar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 7 октября 2019 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru |url=https://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5508653.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin majami'u da malamai na tsohon Exarchate sun bi Archbishop John, yayin da wasu suka shiga yankuna daban-daban, kamar Girkanci Orthodox Metropolis na Faransa a karkashin Ecumenical Patriarchate,  Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Romania,  Ikilisiyar Ortodokse ta Bulgaria, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title=Visite pastorale à Rennes à l'occasion de la fête paroissiale |url=https://mgro.fr/2019/11/10/%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ac-%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%b9%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%ae%cf%82-%ce%bc%ce%ac%ce%be%ce%b9%ce%bc%ce%bf%cf%82-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd-%ce%ac%ce%b3%ce%b9/ |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=Metropole Grecque Orthodoxe de France – Ιερά Μητρόπολις Γαλλίας |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2021-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224160446/https://mgro.fr/2019/11/10/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC-%CE%BF-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82-%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD-%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ko Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Serbia. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbcvidimost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ivshina |first=Olga |date=13 November 2019 |title=&quot;Видимость великого воссоединения&quot;: что происходит с русскими церквями в Европе |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-50337957 |access-date=2019-11-16 |website=[[BBC Russian Service]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DK&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin karni na 19, an kirkiro majami'u da yawa ga Rasha a kasashe daban-daban na Yammacin Turai, a ƙarƙashin ikon Cocin Orthodox na Rasha. A shekara ta 1861, an gina Ikilisiyar Alexander Nevsky a birnin Paris, kuma nan da nan ta zama babban cibiyar yankin Orthodox na Rasha. A cikin Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, an ba da iko a kan Ikklisiya a Yammacin Turai ga Metropolitan na Saint Petersburg.{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}

Bayan farawar Juyin Juya Halin Bolshevik a 1917, Kiristoci na Orthodox na Rasha da ke zaune a waje da Rasha, da waɗanda suka tsere zuwa can daga mulkin kwaminisanci, sun sami kansu a cikin mawuyacin hali. A cikin 1920, an aika Metropolitan Eulogius Georgiyevsky  zuwa Yammacin Turai don shirya gwamnatin wucin gadi. An tabbatar da ikonsa a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1921, ta hanyar Patriarch Tikhon na Moscow da Metropolitan Benjamin na Petersburg, waɗanda suka ba da umarnin kirkirar ''Gudanarwa ta wucin gadi na Ikklisiyoyin Rasha a Yammacin Turai'', wanda ke tsakiyar Paris, kuma suka nada Metropolitan Eulogius a matsayin shugabansu na farko.{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}}

Da yake fuskantar sabbin abubuwan siyasa a Rasha, da kuma tsauraran ƙuntatawa da gwamnatin Soviet ta ɗora a kan Moscow Patriarchate, Metropolitan Eulogius da sauran shugabannin Rasha da aka yi wa gudun hijira sun sami mafita ta wucin gadi a cikin kafa Cocin Orthodox na Rasha A waje da Rasha ROCOR. A farkon shekarun 1920, yawancin Kiristoci na Orthodox na Rasha a kasashen waje sun goyi bayan ROCOR, sun haɗa kai a adawarsu da gwamnatin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]].{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}

Da farko, Metropolitan Eulogius ya kasance memba na ROCOR Synod, amma a cikin 1927 ya shiga rikici tare da mafi yawan shugabannin ROCOR [me ya sa? kuma daga baya suka dakatar da shi.  Don cire Metropolitan Eulogius daga ofishinsa, shugabannin ROCOR sun yanke shawarar maye gurbinsa da Metropolitan Seraphim Lukyanov, amma yawancin majami'u a Yammacin Turai sun kasance masu aminci ga Metropolitan Eulogus. Ta haka ne aka haifar da rabuwa a cikin al'ummar Rasha a Yammacin Turai, tsakanin waɗanda suka ci gaba da bin Metropolitan Eulogius da waɗanda suka amince da Metropolitan Seraphim a matsayin sabon shugabansu. Da yake fuskantar waɗannan ƙalubalen, Metropolitan Eulogius ya yi kira ga Moscow Patriarchate, kuma ya sami tabbacin ikonsa a Yammacin Turai.{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}

A cikin 1930, Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky, wanda ke aiki a matsayin ''locum tenens'' na kursiyin shugabancin Rasha, ya fara shari'a a kan Metropolitan Eulogius saboda goyon bayan jama'a ga Kiristoci da ke fama da wahala a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet. A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1930, an ba da doka, wanda aka yi niyyar cire Metropolitan Eulogius daga ofishinsa, kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Metropolitan Vladimir Tikhonicky . dokar ta gaza, a kan asusun biyu, tunda shugabannin biyu sun yanke shawarar kada su yi biyayya da ita. Moscow ta amsa ta hanyar aika wani shugaba, Metropolitan Eleutherius Bogoyavlensky, wanda ya isa Paris a farkon 1931. Da yake fuskantar sabon rikicin iko, yawancin majami'u sun yanke shawarar kasancewa da aminci ga Metropolitan Eulogius, yayin da 'yan tsiraru suka amince da Metropolitan Eleutherius. Tare da ROCOR a ƙarƙashin Metropolitan Seraphim, Rasha da ke zaune a Yammacin Turai sun sami kansu sun kasu kashi uku: Moscow a ƙarƙashin Eleutherius, ROCOR ƙarƙashin Seraphim، da Ikklisiya masu zaman kansu karkashin jagorancin Eulogius.{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}}{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}

=== A karkashin Cocin Constantinople ===
[[File:Митрополит_Евлогий.jpg|right|thumb|282x282px|Babban Birnin Orthodox na Rasha Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)  ]]
Don daidaita matsayinsa na canonical, Metropolitan Eulogius ya roki Patriarch Photios II na Constantinople, yana neman a karbe shi a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1931, an nada shi exarch, tare da ikon wucin gadi a kan Ikklisiyoyin Rasha a Yammacin Turai, kuma ta haka ne aka kirkiro exarchate na wucincin Ikklisiya.{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}}{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}Wannan matakin ya haifar da rikici kai tsaye tsakanin Patriarchates guda biyu Constantinople da Moscow, wanda ya haifar da musayar zanga-zangar da zarge-zarge, ba tare da yanke shawara ba.{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}

Metropolitan Eulogius ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Constantinople har zuwa 1944, lokacin da ya yanke shawarar jagorantar al'ummarsa zuwa cikin Moscow Patriarchate. An tsara haɗuwa a cikin 1945, amma mahimman tambayoyi da yawa sun kasance ba a warware su ba. Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1946, wani karin hutu ya faru a shekara ta 1947, tare da adadi mai yawa na Ikklisiya da suka sake shiga Patriarchate na Constantinople.{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}}{{Sfn|Kalkandjieva|2015}}

Patriarch Athenagoras I ya rufe Exarchate na wucin gadi ta hanyar wasika mai kwanan wata 22 ga Nuwamba 1965,  tare da taron majalisa 16-18 ga Fabrairu 1966 yana lura da cewa irin wannan tsarin kabilanci na wucine ba lallai ba ne, saboda wucewar tsararraki da yawa ya ba da damar baƙi su saba da sababbin ƙasashensu, waɗanda yanzu ke ƙara zama masu tuba ga bangaskiya.{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}} An kalubalanci aiwatar da waɗannan yanke shawara, kuma daga baya an sake yin la'akari da su. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1971, Patriarch Athenagoras I ya tsara matsayin archdiocese, a karkashin Ecumenical Patriarchate, yayin da yake amincewa da ikon cin gashin kansa na ciki.{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}}

An aiwatar da sabon sake tsarawa a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1999, lokacin da Patriarch Bartholomew I na Constantinople ya kirkiro exarchate ta hanyar ba shi tomos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cazabonne |first=Emma |date=2018-12-04 |title=Patriarchal Tomos of 1999 |url=https://orthodoxie.com/en/patriarchal-tomos-of-1999/ |access-date=2018-12-06 |website=Orthodoxie.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Kiminas|2009}}A cewar labarin Exarchate, Patriarch Bartholomew &quot;ya amince da cikakken ikon cin gashin kansa na Archdiocese a cikin tsarin gudanarwa, fastoci da kayan aiki&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Brief history |url=http://www.exarchat.org/spip.php?article546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227100647/http://www.exarchat.org/spip.php?article546 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=17 September 2013 |publisher=Exarchat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 8 watan June 2006 the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople received Bishop Basil (Osborne) along with a number of parishes and clergy in the United Kingdom from Moscow Patriarchate's Diocese of Sourozh. This act was caused substantial controversy, as he had not been released from the Moscow Patriarchate. The same statement gave Bishop Basil the new title, ''Bishop of Amphipolis'' taken from an ancient see in [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]] that no longer has a bishop), and charged him with the care of parishes in Great Britain and Ireland, as auxiliary bishop under Archbishop Gabriel of Komana in [[Faris|Paris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Communiqué No 12-6 of the Council of the Archdiocese, meeting on 9 June 2006 |url=http://www.dioceseinfo.org/DOCUMENTS/Archdiocese-Documents/Declaration1206Eng.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201325/http://www.dioceseinfo.org/DOCUMENTS/Archdiocese-Documents/Declaration1206Eng.html |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2014-08-15 |website=dioceseinfo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 9 June 2006, the council of the archdiocese created the ''Episcopal Vicariate of Great Britain and Ireland'' during an extraordinary meeting.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}} At that time, no such parishes existed. After his appointment, a number of parishes and communities, as well as some of the clergy and laity of the Diocese of Sourozh, followed Bishop Basil into the archdiocese and came to constitute the Episcopal Vicariate. Other parishes and communities were formed later, where none had previously existed, for example in Cumbria and Northampton. Since the retirement of Bishop Basil on 12 watan October 2009, it has become a deanery within the archdiocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=http://www.exarchate-uk.org/index.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428003433/http://www.exarchate-uk.org/index.html |archive-date=2010-04-28 |access-date=2019-05-19 |website=exarchate-uk.org |quote=Following the retirement of Bishop Basil of Amphipolis as head of the Vicariate of Great Britain and Ireland, the parishes and communities now constitute a deanery directly under the omophorion of Archbishop Gabriel of Comana.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communiqué N° 05-09 du Conseil de l'Archevêché |url=http://www.exarchat.org/spip.php?article1009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726043545/http://www.exarchat.org/spip.php?article1009 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |access-date=2011-03-02 |publisher=Exarchat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The formal name has become the ''Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland within the Archdiocese of Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe''.

=== Kaddamar da Tomos ta hanyar Ikklisiya da sakamakonsa ===
A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 2018, Majalisar Dattijai ta Ikklisiya ta yanke shawarar rushewa ta Archdiocese na Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na Rasha a Yammacin Turai.   A cewar sanarwa, Ikilisiyar Ikilisiya &quot;ta yanke shawarar soke kundin shugabanci na 1999 wanda ya ba da kulawar fastoci da gudanar da Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na al'adar Rasha a Yammacin Turai ga Babban Bishop-Exarch. T ya Ikklisiyar Ikklisiya ta yanke shawarar haɗa da haɗa Ikklisiyoyi zuwa wurare masu tsarki daban-daban na Ikklisiyan Ikklisiyya a cikin ƙasashe inda suke. &quot;&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Panagiotisandriopoulos |date=2018-11-28 |title=Φως Φαναρίου : Η Αγία και Ιερά Σύνοδος ήρε τον Τόμο για την Εξαρχία των Ορθοδόξων Παροικιών Ρωσικής Παραδόσεως |url=https://fanarion.blogspot.com/2018/11/blog-post_74.html |access-date=2018-11-28 |website=Φως Φαναρίου}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, babban bishop din ya gudanar da Babban Taron EGA. 191 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 206 sun kada kuri'a a kan rushewar, 15 sun kada kuriʼa a kan amincewa da rushewar. Za a iya gudanar da sabon taro a watan Yuni don zaɓar iko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cazabonne |first=Emma |date=2019-02-23 |title=The Extraordinary General Assembly of the Archdiocese refused the dissolution |url=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the-extraordinary-general-assembly-of-the-archdiocese-refused-the-dissolution/ |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=Orthodoxie.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kuri'ar, Archbishop John na Charioupolis ya karanta wata wasika da Archbishop Anthony na Vienna da Budapest, shugaban Sashen Synodal na Moscow Patriarchate don Gudanar da Cibiyoyin Kasashen Waje, ya rubuta. A cikin wasikarsa, Anthony ya rubuta cewa Cocin Orthodox na Rasha yana shirye don karɓar babban diocese a ƙarƙashin ikonsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=Proposals of Moscow Patriarchate for reunion with Archdiocese of Russian Churches in Western Europe |url=https://orthochristian.com/119584.html |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=OrthoChristian.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Panev |first=Jivko |date=2019-02-25 |title=Les propositions du Patriarcat de Moscou à l'Archevêché |url=https://orthodoxie.com/les-propositions-du-patriarcat-de-moscou-a-larcheveche/ |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=Orthodoxie.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cazabonne |first=Emma |date=2019-02-26 |title=Propositions made by the Moscow Patriarchate to the Archdiocese |url=https://orthodoxie.com/en/propositions-made-by-the-moscow-patriarchate-to-the-archdiocese/ |access-date=2019-05-14 |website=Orthodoxie.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan taron, babban bishop ya buga sanarwa wanda ya ce: A halin yanzu, rayuwar babban bishop ta ci gaba kamar yadda ta kasance a ranar EGA. A cikin bukukuwan, Babban bishop yana tunawa da Babbar Ikklisiya kuma limaman Ikklisiya suna tunawa da Babban bishop bisa ga dokar canonical. &quot;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Communiqué of the Archdiocese - 23 February 2019 {{!}} Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.exarchate.org.uk/node/386 |access-date=2019-02-27 |website=www.exarchate.org.uk }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cazabonne |first=Emma |date=2019-02-26 |title=Communiqué of the Archdiocese, following the February 23 General Assembly |url=https://orthodoxie.com/en/communique-of-the-archdiocese-following-the-february-23-general-assembly/ |access-date=2019-02-27 |website=Orthodoxie.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Communiqué of the Archdiocese - 23 February 2019 |url=http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2335 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226173225/http://exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2335 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=exarchat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, Archbishop {{Interlanguage link|John (Renneteau)|ru|Иоанн (Реннето)}} da kansa ya shiga ikon Moscow Patriarchate, kuma ROC ta ba shi taken Archbishop na Dubna. A cewar kafofin watsa labarai na Rasha, canjin ikon ya shafi malamai da ke ƙarƙashinsa da Ikklisiya waɗanda ke son shiga cikin Moscow Patriarchate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2019 |title=Head of &quot;Russian exarchate&quot; of Constantinople joins Russian Orthodox Church |url=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&amp;div=15260 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=www.interfax-religion.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206024444/http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&amp;div=15260 |archive-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ЖУРНАЛ Священного Синода от 14 сентября 2019 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru |url=https://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5499619.html |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=Патриархия.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2019 |title=The Russian Orthodox Church Holy Synod integrates the head of the Archdiocese of the Western European Parishes of Russian Tradition as well as clergy and parishes who wish to follow him |url=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/09/14/news177560/ |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=mospat.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Pastoral message of Archbishop John, 14th september 2019 |url=http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003205128/http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2409 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=www.exarchat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga 4 ga watan Disamba 2020, Ikklisiya da al'ummomin da suka kasance a cikin archdiocese sun kasance wani ɓangare na Patriarchate na Moscow, a matsayin ci gaba kai tsaye na Diocesan Union of Russian Orthodox Associations a Yammacin Turai. ana buƙatar ƙa'ida{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}

== Tsarin da abun da ke ciki ==

== Masu al'ada na Episcopal ==

* Eulogius Georgievsky  1921-1946
* Vladimir Tikhonicky  1946-1959
* George Tarassov na Syracuse 1960-1981
* George Wagner  na Evdokia 1981-1993
* Sergius Konovalov  na Evkarpia 1993-2003
* Gabriel na Vylder na Komana 2003-2013
* Ayuba Getcha na Telmessos 2013-2015, an kore shi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2015 |title=Archbishop Job released from his functions of Patriarchal Exarch of Orthodox parishes of Russian tradition in Western Europe {{!}} Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.exarchate.org.uk/archbishop-job-released-his-functions-patriarchal-exarch-orthodox-parishes-russian-tradition-western |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=www.exarchate.org.uk |archive-date=2022-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311090044/http://www.exarchate.org.uk/archbishop-job-released-his-functions-patriarchal-exarch-orthodox-parishes-russian-tradition-western |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Interlanguage link|John (Renneteau)|ru|Иоанн (Реннето)}}  2016 - an cire shi daga ayyuka ta Majalisar Dattijai Mai Tsarki na Ikilisiya a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Communiqué of the Archdiocesan Administration of 25 April 2016 |url=https://www.exarchate.org.uk/node/332 |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=www.exarchate.org.uk |archive-date=2019-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605214131/https://www.exarchate.org.uk/node/332 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pastoral message from the locum-tenens, his Eminence John, bishop of Charioupolis |url=https://www.exarchate.org.uk/pastoral-message-locum-tenens-his-eminence-john-bishop-charioupolis |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=www.exarchate.org.uk |archive-date=2019-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605214312/https://www.exarchate.org.uk/pastoral-message-locum-tenens-his-eminence-john-bishop-charioupolis |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan cirewa yana jayayya da shi ta hanyar archdiocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-01 |title=The decisions of the Holy Synod of Ecumenical Patriarchate |url=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the-decisions-of-the-holy-synod-of-ecumenical-patriarchate/ |access-date=2019-09-07 |website=Orthodoxie.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ανακοινωθέν Αγίας και Ιεράς Συνόδου (31 Αυγ.2019) |url=https://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=gr&amp;id=2855&amp;tla=gr |access-date=2019-09-07 |website=www.ec-patr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archevêché des églises russes en Europe occidentale - Communiqué du Bureau de l'Archevêque du 5 septembre 2019 |url=http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2395 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909103122/http://www.exarchat.eu/spip.php?article2395 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=www.exarchat.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karbe shi a cikin Moscow Patriarchate 14 Satumba 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DECR Communication Service |date=14 September 2019 |title=The Russian Orthodox Church Holy Synod integrates the head of the Archdiocese of the Western European Parishes of Russian Tradition as well as clergy and parishes who wish to follow him |url=https://www.patriarchia.ru/en/db/text/5499627.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Official Website of the Moscow Patriarchate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cocin Alexander Nevsky, Paris
* Exarchate na Patriarchal a Yammacin Turai - Exarchate da Cocin Orthodox na Rasha ya kirkira a watan Disamba na 2018
* Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidin Orthodox ta St. Sergius Paris, Faransa
* Taron Bishops na Orthodox na Burtaniya da Ireland
* Taron Bishops na Orthodox na Faransa
* Taron Bishops na Orthodox na Belgium, Holland, da Luxembourg
* Taron Bishops na Orthodox na Italiya da Malta
* Taron Bishops na Orthodox na Jamus
* Taron Bishops na Orthodox na Scandinavia

== Manazarta ==

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Tushen ==
 

== Haɗin waje ==
'''Shafukan yanar gizo na hukuma'''

* [http://www.archeveche.eu/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] (a Faransanci, Rasha da Ingilishi) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250402182249/https://archdiocese.uk/ Archdiocese na Ikklisiyoyin Hadisin Rasha a Yammacin Turai, Deanery na Burtaniya da Ireland]
* [https://www.erzbistum.net Dekanat von Deutschland]
* [https://arcivescovado.home.blog/ Bayani game da ita]

'''Sauran abubuwa'''

* [https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/orthodox-church/churches-under-constantinople/russian-exarchate-western-europe-churches-under-constantinople/ Ikklisiyoyin Kirista na Gabas: Exarchate na Orthodox na Rasha a Yammacin Turai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025015302/https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/orthodox-church/churches-under-constantinople/russian-exarchate-western-europe-churches-under-constantinople/ |date=2020-10-25 }}, na Ronald Roberson, firist na Roman Katolika kuma masanin
* [https://orthodoxie.com/en/patriarchal-tomos-of-1999/ Tomos na 1999]
* [https://mospat.ru/ru/2019/10/07/news178505/ Minti na taron 7 ga Oktoba na Majalisar Dattijai Mai Tsarki ta ROC wanda ya haɗa da AROCWE, tare da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe a cikin ROC] (a cikin Rasha) 
* [http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=documents&amp;div=1316 Wasikar Patriarchal da synodal game da maido da hadin kan Archdiocese na Ikklisiyoyin Yammacin Turai na al'adar Rasha tare da Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, Nuwamba 2019] (a cikin Rasha) 
* Alkawari na allahntaka, Moscow, Haikali na Kristi Mai Ceto, 3 ga Nuwamba 2019 , wanda aka adana daga asali a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2021, wanda aka dawo da shi 4 ga Nuwamba 2019 (bidiyo na 3 ga Nuwamba 2019)  
*  (Album na hoto na bikin 3 ga Nuwamba 2019) {{Cite web |title=Торжества по случаю присоединения Архиепископии западноевропейских приходов русской традиции к Русской Православной Церкви. Литургия в Храме Христа Спасителя. Вручение Патриаршей грамоты |url=https://foto.patriarchia.ru/news/torzhestva-po-sluchayu-prisoedineniya-arkhiepiskopii-zapadnoevropeyskikh-prikhodov-russkoy-traditsii-k-russkoy-pravoslavnoy-tserkvi-liturgiya-v-khrame-khrista-spasitelya-vruchenie-patriarshey-gramoty-2019-11-03/ |access-date=2019-11-04 |website=Русская церковь в фотографиях}}
* A karkashin Ikklisiya (a Faransanci) 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Asibitin Yara na British Columbia</title>
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'''Asibitin Yara na British Columbia''' wani asibiti ne na kiwon lafiya da ke [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, kuma hukuma ce ta Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Lardin. Ya ƙware a cikin kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru 16 (watakila ya fi tsayi idan ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta bi shi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Primary Health Care |url=http://www.bcchildrens.ca/our-services/clinics/primary-health-care |access-date=2020-11-21 |website=www.bcchildrens.ca |archive-date=2020-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203195610/http://www.bcchildrens.ca/our-services/clinics/primary-health-care |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, cibiyar koyarwa da bincike ce don maganin yara. Asibitin ya hada da '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sunny Hill''', wacce ke ba da sabis na musamman ga yara da matasa masu [[Rashin ci gaba|nakasa na ci gaba]] daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru 16.

Asibitin yana daukar ma'aikata sama da likitoci 650.

Asibitin yana kusa B.C. Asibitin Mata da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BC. A baya, biyun sun kasance ƙungiya ɗaya kuma an san su da '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara da Mata ta British Columbia''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=http://www.bcchildrens.ca/.&quot; |access-date=November 2, 2016 |website=www.bcchildrens.ca }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yin aiki tare da asibitin da al'umma, Gidauniyar Asibitin Yara ta BC tana tara kudade don tallafawa da haɓaka isar da kula na yara a British Columbia. Gidauniyar tana ba da kuɗi ga Asibitin Yara na BC, da kuma wuraren 'yar'uwarta, Cibiyar Nazarin Asibitin yara ta BC, &lt;ref name=&quot;ResearchInstitute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCHR {{!}} BC Children's Hospital Research Institute |url=https://www.bcchr.ca/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=www.bcchr.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514035652/https://www.bcchr.ca/ |archive-date=2024-05-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; don tallafawa bincike kan cututtukan yara, sayen kayan kiwon lafiya, da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimin kiwon lafiya da horo na yara.

== Tarihi ==
Tushen asibitin yara na BC ya koma ga kafa asusun yara masu nakasa ta Cibiyar Mata ta BC a 1923. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; A cikin 1928, Asibitin Yara na Vancouver ya shigar da mai haƙuri na farko a wurin Hudson Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; A cikin 1933, an buɗe sabon asibitin yara masu nakasa a kan West 59th Avenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1947, an sake masa suna Asibitin Yara &quot;don nuna alamar karuwar wayar da kan jama'a cewa cututtukan su ba su bayyana yara ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1977, an karya ƙasa a wurin asibitin na yanzu a West 28th Avenue da Oak Street, wani lokaci bayan Asibitin Yara da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yara sun amince da gina kayan haɗin gwiwa a shekara ta 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; An kammala ginin a shekarar 1982 a farashin dala miliyan 60. Ginin murabba'in mita 29,730 yana da gadaje masu kulawa masu tsanani 250, sashin matasa, wurin keɓewa na zamani, sashin farfadowa, sashin kula da hankali na 10 da kuma ɗakin kula da yara na musamman na 60.

A shekara ta 1985, Cibiyar Bincike ta Yara ta buɗe, tana nuna karuwar muhimmancin da aka sanya akan binciken likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2002, an fadada Sashin Ranar Kiwon Lafiya daga gadaje huɗu zuwa goma sha biyu, yana ba da kulawa ta iyali ga yara masu rikitarwa na kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-02-19 |title=What we do |url=http://www.bcchildrens.ca/Services/SpecializedPediatrics/MedicalDayUnit/Whatwedo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219200155/http://www.bcchildrens.ca/Services/SpecializedPediatrics/MedicalDayUnit/Whatwedo.htm |archive-date=19 February 2015 |access-date=September 20, 2014 |website=bcchildrens.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2003, fadada dala miliyan 28 ya ga bude sabon Ginin Kula da Ambulatory, don karuwar adadin marasa lafiya da ba sa buƙatar zama da dare. Ginin ya ninka sau uku yawan dakunan asibiti da ke akwai a shafin don marasa lafiya da ma'aikata, kuma yana da gidajen asibitocin likitanci da tiyata 24 na yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;News release Ambulatory Centre&quot; /&gt; Masu zanen gine-gine sun bayyana cewa ginin &quot;ya kusan kashi 40% ya fi dacewa fiye da Dokar Makamashi ta Kasa da aka kira lokacin da aka gina shi. Abubuwan ƙira masu ɗorewa sun haɗa da daidaitawa zuwa hasken rana, haɓaka iska ta halitta da hasken rana ta halitta, iska mai ɗorewa, ganuwar arewa mai rufi, raguwa a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana. &quot;Har ila yau, aikin ya haɗa B.C. Asibitin Mata da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BC da ke kusa da shi, asibitocin yara da matasa, da gyaran gaggawa da fadadawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambulatory Centre Architects&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, an inganta raka'a biyu na marasa lafiya kuma an sabunta su a cikin aikin dala miliyan 6.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2007, an sake gina sashin ilimin kankology kuma an sake masa suna Djavad Mowafaghian Wing, bayan mai ba da gudummawa ya ba da dala miliyan 6 don aikin.

A shekara ta 2007, an bude sabon Ginin Lafiya na Zuciya na dala miliyan 19. &quot;Wannan ita ce cibiyar farko mai zaman kanta ta irin wannan da aka sadaukar da ita ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ta matasa a Kanada. Cibiyar zamani mai hawa 4 tana hidimtawa yara da matasa da ke da manyan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ko'ina cikin lardin. Ana ba da sabis kamar kula da gaggawa, kula da hankali na dogon lokaci, shirin fadadawa, da kuma wani muhimmin yanki don kimantawa da horo&quot;. [1]

A shekara ta 2008, an gyara sashin kula da yara (PICU) a cikin aikin dala miliyan 4.4 don inganta yankunan iyali da ma'aikata da inganta ikon sashin don kula da yara da ke buƙatar keɓewa mai tsauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta [[British Columbia]] ta kuma ba da dala miliyan 2.8 don gyare-gyare ga sashen radiology da sabbin kayan aikin bincike, kyamarori biyu na gamma: &quot;Kamarar daya ita ce mahaukaciyar SPECT / CT, kyamarar gamma da aka haɗa tare da na'urar daukar hoto ta CT guda shida wanda ke ba da hotuna masu yawa da ke faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya, yana ba da damar ingantaccen magani. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Angélique Allais</title>
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'''Marie-Angélique Briceau-Allais''' (1767-1827) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Faransa mai aiki a lokacin marigayi Enlightenment da Juyin Juya Halin Faransa . An horar da ita a cikin bita na iyalinta, ta zama sananniya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane a Faransa na ƙarshen karni na 18.  Ayyukanta sun haɗa da faranti na jikin mutum don Félix Vicq-d'Azyr's Traité d'anatomie et de physiologie, da kuma hotunan da aka rarraba a ko'ina na manyan mutane na juyin juya halin.

== Rayuwa da horo na farko ==
An haifi Marie-Angélique Briceau a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1767 a birnin Paris, 'yar Suzanne Porcher da mai zane da mai zane Pierre-Claude Briceau . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Briceau |first=Marie-Angélique |date=1767-05-24 |title=Reconstituted baptism certificate |url=https://archives.paris.fr/archives-numerisees/etat-civil-de-paris/etat-civil-reconstitue-xvie-1859/actes-de-letat-civil-reconstitue?arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--ficheFocus=&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bmode%5D=simple&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bop%5D=AND&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084e00431%5D%5Bop%5D=AND&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084e00431%5D%5Bq%5D%5B%5D=24/05/1767&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084e00431%5D%5Bextras%5D%5Bmode%5D=input&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084de3ca4%5D%5Bop%5D=AND&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084de3ca4%5D%5Bq%5D%5B%5D=Naissances&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084de3ca4%5D%5Bextras%5D%5Bmode%5D=select&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--from=0&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--resultSize=25&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--contenuIds%5B%5D=10841867&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--modeRestit=arko_default_64ca08cd01e05#/_recherche-api/visionneuse-infos/arko_default_64ca0823a66c0/arko_fiche_67122e6f4edd6/arko_default_649aac8900ae4/image/464566 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=archives.paris.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami horo na fasaha a cikin iyalinta, ta bi wani al'ada tsakanin masu zane-zane na lokacin. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Briceau yana kan titin Aubri-le-Boucher, kusa da unguwar buga takardu ta titin Montorgueil . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lund |first=Sarah E. |date=2023-05-26 |title=Buttons, boys, &amp; bodies: female printmakers Angélique Allais Briceau and Émira Sergent Marceau and the French revolution of 1789 |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dix-huitieme-siecle-2023-1-page-171 |journal=Dix-huitième siècle |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=171–191 |doi=10.3917/dhs.055.0171 |issn=0070-6760 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da take da shekaru 20 Briceau-Allais ta kasance mai buga takardu, kuma wasu tushe sun nuna cewa a wannan lokacin an ba ta lambar yabo ta mai zane-zane (''Mai zane-zane na sarki'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personne {{!}} Mercure de France |url=https://bureaudumercure.org/mercure/person/177607 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=bureaudumercure.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106052255/https://bureaudumercure.org/mercure/person/177607 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Briceau-Allais ta auri mai zane Louis-Jean Allais a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1790. Tare suna da yara da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da bin ayyukan fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Marie Angélique BRICEAU |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/guillope?lang=en&amp;n=briceau&amp;p=marie+angelique |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Baya ga aikinta, ta horar da dalibai da yawa, ciki har da 'ya'yanta Jean Alexandre Allais da Jeanne Augustine Allais, da kuma memba na Kwalejin Jean-Pierre Granger . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1827 a gidanta a 14 rue de la Bûcherie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Briceau |first=Marie-Angélique |date=1827-08-22 |title=Reconstituted death certificate |url=https://archives.paris.fr/archives-numerisees/etat-civil-de-paris/etat-civil-reconstitue-xvie-1859/actes-de-letat-civil-reconstitue?arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--ficheFocus=&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bmode%5D=simple&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bop%5D=AND&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084e00431%5D%5Bop%5D=AND&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084e00431%5D%5Bq%5D%5B%5D=21/08/1827&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084e00431%5D%5Bextras%5D%5Bmode%5D=input&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084de3ca4%5D%5Bop%5D=AND&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084de3ca4%5D%5Bq%5D%5B%5D=D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--filtreGroupes%5Bgroupes%5D%5B0%5D%5Barko_default_64ca084de3ca4%5D%5Bextras%5D%5Bmode%5D=select&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--from=0&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--resultSize=25&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--contenuIds%5B%5D=10841867&amp;arko_default_64ca0823a66c0--modeRestit=arko_default_64ca08cd01e05#/_recherche-api/visionneuse-infos/arko_default_64ca0823a66c0/arko_fiche_671228865e78b/arko_default_649aac8900ae4/image/418287 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=archives.paris.fr |page=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hoton jikin mutum ==
A shekara ta 1786, Briceau-Allais ta samar da aikinta na farko da aka sani, ta zana 16 daga cikin faranti 69 don aikin likitancin Félix Vicq-d'Azyr, Traité d'anatomie et de physiologie . [1] An sanya hannu kan faranti &quot;Mlle Briceau del. et sculp., yana nuna cewa ta zana (''Delineavit'') kuma ta zana (sculpsit) hotunan kanta, yayin da sauran faranti 53 mahaifinta ya sanya hannu.

Hotunan Briceau-Allais sun mayar da hankali kan kwakwalwar mutum da sauran batutuwa na jikin mutum, suna nuna kulawa mai ban mamaki ga daki-daki da daidaito na fasaha. Farantin sun haɗu da etching, stipple, da aquatint, dabarun da aka fi danganta da hoto. Wasu hotuna suna buƙatar yadudduka da yawa da launi na hannu, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci, mai kama da rayuwa wanda ke tunatar da ruwa.[1]
[[Fayil:Mirabeau_gravé_par_Angélique_Allais.jpeg|thumb|Hoton Mirabeau na Angélique Birceau-Allais]]

== Hoton hoto mai launi ==
Angélique Briceau daga baya ta ƙware a cikin zane-zane masu launi. Ta kirkiro hotuna na masu juyin juya hali ciki har da Jean-Paul Marat, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joseph Barra, da Agricola Vialla . Wadannan ayyukan, yawanci a cikin manyan lambobin yabo, an lura da su saboda launi mai kyau da kuma bayyanar melodramatic.

Ta kuma samar da bugawa na tunawa don abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali, kamar Les Vingt-cinq préceptes de la raison, mai kwanan wata 28 ga Oktoba Shekara ta II (1794), wanda ya haɗa da siffofi masu kama da almara da ginshiƙan rubutu wanda mai zane Grasset de Saint-Sauveur ya tsara.Baya ga batutuwan siyasa, ta kirkiro ra'ayoyi masu launi game da lambuna da allon ado, waɗanda aka ɗauka sun fi dacewa da mata masu zane-zane na zamaninta.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Awad Al-Nashri</title>
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'''Awad Haidar Al-Nashri''' (An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2002), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kooora |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=152140 |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212155506/https://www.kooora.com/?player=152140 |archive-date=2024-12-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
A watan Yuni a shekara ta 2023, ya shiga Gasar Maurice Revello a Faransa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Festival International Espoirs Football Tournoi Maurice Revello Toulon |url=https://www.tournoimauricerevello.com/smartphone/festival/archives/joueurs.php?annee=2023 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=tournoimauricerevello.com |publisher=Maurice Revello Tournament |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da Saudi Arabia .

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 28 May 2024.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|awad-al-nashri/662795|accessdate=22 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Al-Ittihad
|2019–20
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Saudi Pro League
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|-
|2020–21
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|2021–22
|12
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|12
|0
|-
|2022–23
|21
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}}
|0
|25
|0
|-
|2023–24
|7
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|3{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Arab Club Champions Cup]]}}
|0
|12
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!44
!0
!4
!0
!1
!0
!4
!0
!53
!0
|}
 

== Daraja ==
'''Al-Ittihad'''

* Saudi Pro League: 2022-23, 2024-25 
* Kofin Sarki: 2024-25 
* Kofin Saudiyya: 2022

'''Saudi Arabia U23'''

* Kofin Asiya na U-23 na AFC: 2022
* Gasar WAFF U-23: 2022

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|awad-al-nashri/662795}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abincin Burusho</title>
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The '''Burusho cuisine''' ( Burushaski   ), wanda kuma ake kira '''abincin Hunza''', ya ƙunshi abinci da abin sha na gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da mutanen Burusho na arewacin Pakistan . Masu fafutukar kare lafiyar halitta sun yi jayayya ba tare da bayar da wata shaida ta kimiyya ba cewa abincin Hunza zai iya ƙara tsawon rai zuwa shekaru 120. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis 1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jarvis, William T. |year=1981 |title=The Myth of the Healthy Savage |url=https://centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/quackwatch/savage.pdf |journal=Nutrition Today |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=14–22 |doi=10.1097/00017285-198103000-00004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818180744/https://centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/quackwatch/savage.pdf |archive-date=2025-08-18 |access-date=2026-09-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abincin da aka fi ci ya ƙunshi abinci danye wanda ya haɗa da goro, kayan lambu sabo, busassun kayan lambu, na'a-na'a, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba da aka ƙara da yogurt. Abincin da aka dafa, wanda aka haɗa da [[Chapati|chappati]], an haɗa shi don abincin dare.

== Tatsuniyar Tsawon Rai ==
A shekarun 1930, likitan Switzerland-Jamus Ralph Bircher ya gudanar da bincike kan abincin Hunza.  A cikin littafinsa game da Hunza, Jay Hoffman ya yi jayayya cewa, bisa ga rabon kuliyoyi, karnuka da dawakai, mutane ya kamata su rayu har zuwa shekaru 120 zuwa 150, kuma ya yi jayayya cewa abincin Hunza shine mabuɗin wannan tsawon rai.  Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin da masu fafutukar kare lafiyar halitta ke gabatarwa an yi watsi da su. Babu wata takarda mai inganci da ke tabbatar da shekarun waɗanda ake zargin sun kai shekaru 100 a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis 1981&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young RD, Desjardins B, McLaughlin K, Poulain M, Perls TT. |year=2010 |title=Typologies of extreme longevity myths |journal=Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res |volume=2010 |issue= |doi=10.1155/2010/423087 |pmc=3062986 |pmid=21461047 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

JI Rodale da GT Wrench sun tallata da'awar ƙarya game da mutanen Hunza da ke rayuwa har zuwa ɗaruruwan shekaru cikin ƙoshin lafiya daga abincinsu na &quot; abinci na halitta &quot;.  Iƙirarin ba shi da tushe kuma ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Japan daga Jami'ar Kyoto sun musanta shi a shekarar 1960 waɗanda suka binciki mazauna Hunza. Ƙungiyar likitoci ta gano alamun rashin lafiya mai tsanani a tsakanin Hunza, ciki har da [[Maƙoƙo|goitre]], rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ciwon rheumatism, tarin fuka da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Levinstein 2013&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2005, ''Encyclopedia of World Geography'' ya bayyana cewa &quot;har zuwa yau babu wata shaida mai inganci da ke tabbatar da cewa abincin Hunzakut na da, ba tare da ambaton abincin da ake ci a yanzu na shekaru arba'in da suka gabata ba, yana taimakawa wajen tsawon rai.&quot; 

Wani tatsuniyar da ake dangantawa da mutanen Hunza ita ce saboda ana zargin cewa abincinsu yana ɗauke da yawan 'ya'yan apricot, ba su da wata cuta. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne yayin da masana kimiyyar likitanci suka gano cewa Hunzas suna fama da cututtuka iri-iri ciki har da ciwon daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis 1981&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greenberg, David M. |year=1980 |title=The case against laetrile: the fraudulent cancer remedy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_1980-02-15_45_4/page/799 |journal=Cancer |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=799–807 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19800215)45:4&lt;799::AID-CNCR2820450432&gt;3.0.CO;2-6 |pmid=6986971 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tatsuniyoyi na Tsawon Rai
* Abincin Pakistan

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yan uwan Olmsted</title>
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Kamfanin '''Olmsted Brothers''' kamfani ne [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri|na gine-ginen shimfidar wuri]] a Amurka, wanda 'yan'uwa John Charles Olmsted (1852–1920) da Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. (1870–1957) suka kafa a shekarar 1898, 'ya'yan mai ginin shimfidar wuri Frederick Law Olmsted . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beveridge |first=Charles E. |title=The Olmsted Firm—An Introduction |url=http://www.olmsted.org/the-olmsted-legacy/the-olmsted-firm/an-introduction |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Olmsted.org |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612020244/https://www.olmsted.org/the-olmsted-legacy/the-olmsted-firm/an-introduction |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
'Yan'uwan Olmsted sun gaji kamfanin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri na farko na ƙasar daga mahaifinsu Frederick Law Olmsted . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1898-1980: Olmsted Brothers |url=https://tclf.org/pioneer/olmsted-bros |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=The Cultural Landscape Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kamfani ya kasance magajin tsohon kamfanin '''Olmsted, Olmsted da Eliot''' bayan mutuwar abokin aikinsu Charles Eliot a shekarar 1897. 'Yan'uwan biyu suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|National Park Service]] . Kafin su karɓi kamfanin, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyon aiki a ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa, yana taimakawa wajen tsara ayyuka kamar Biltmore Estate da World's Columbian Exposition kafin ya kammala karatunsa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .  Tare da Charles Eliot, sun kuma tsara lambunan Cairnwood House a Pennsylvania da Lady Meredith House a [[Montréal|Montreal]] .

Kamfanin ya ɗauki ma'aikata kusan 60 a lokacin da yake kan ganiyarsa a farkon shekarun 1930. Shahararrun masu zane-zanen shimfidar wuri a cikin kamfanin sun haɗa da James Frederick Dawson, Arthur Asahel Shurcliff da Percival Gallagher. &lt;ref name=&quot;tlcf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Percival Gallagher |url=http://tclf.org/content/percival-gallagher |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050114/http://tclf.org/content/percival-gallagher |archive-date=2012-02-22 |access-date=11 April 2012 |publisher=The Cultural Landscape Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya zama abokin tarayya a shekarar 1904, Dawson ya zama cikakken abokin tarayya a shekarar 1922. &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chronology of the Olmsted Firm 1857–1979 |url=https://www.olmsted.org/the-olmsted-legacy/the-olmsted-firm/chronology-of-the-olmsted-firm-18571979 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Olmsted.com |publisher=National Association for Olmsted Parks}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gallagher ya zama abokin tarayya a shekarar 1906 kuma abokin tarayya a shekarar 1927, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot; /&gt; Edward Clark Whiting ya zama abokin tarayya a shekarar 1920 kuma abokin tarayya a shekarar 1927. A wannan shekarar ne Henry Vincent Hubbard ya zama abokin tarayya kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kamfanin har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1947. &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot; /&gt; William B. Marquis ya zama abokin tarayya a shekarar 1937. 

Ɗan gidan Olmsted na ƙarshe a cikin kamfanin, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., ya yi ritaya daga aiki a shekarar 1949, amma ya ci gaba da zama abokin tarayya har zuwa 1957. &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot; /&gt;  Kamfanin da kansa ya ci gaba da aiki, inda Carl Rust Parker, Partridge Richardson da Charles Scott Riley suka zama abokan hulɗa a shekarar 1950.  A shekarar 1958, Joseph George Hudak shi ma ya zama abokin tarayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Birnbaum&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot; /&gt; kamfanin ya canza sunansa zuwa Olmsted Associates domin nuna ritayar Parker a shekarar 1960, Riley a shekarar 1961, Marquis a shekarar 1962, da kuma mutuwar Whiting a shekarar 1962, wanda hakan ya bar kamfanin ya ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin Richardson da Hudak tare da Erno J. Fonagy da suka haɗu a matsayin mataimaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot; /&gt; An rushe Olmsted Associates a shekarar 1979.  Bayan haka Richardson ya ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Ofishin Olmsted &lt;ref name=&quot;NAOP&quot; /&gt; daga Brookline a shekarar 1980 kuma ya ci gaba a Fremont, New Hampshire har zuwa 2000. Wannan ya haifar da kamfani ɗaya mai ci gaba daga 1858 zuwa 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;end&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Filler |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Filler |date=November 5, 2015 |title=America's Green Giant |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/nov/05/frederick-law-olmsted-americas-green-giant/ |journal=[[New York Review of Books]] |volume=62 |page=16 |access-date=November 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ofis da rumbun adana bayanai ==
An kiyaye &quot;Fairsted&quot;—hedkwatar kamfanin mai shekaru 100 da kuma ofishin zane—a hankali a matsayin wurin tarihi na Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, wanda ke kan {{Convert|7|acre|ha|3}} na filayen da aka yi wa ado a lamba 99 Warren St., Brookline, Massachusetts .  Yana ba da kyakkyawan fahimta game da aikin manyan ƙira da injiniyanci na shimfidar wuri. Shafin yana kuma ɗauke da tarin bayanai (wanda za a iya samu ta hanyar alƙawari kawai) na ƙirar kamfanin, jerin masana'antunsa, da hotunan ɗaruruwan ayyuka.

== Aikin zane ==
[[File:View_of_garden_and_house,_Beacon_Hill_House,_Newport_residence_of_Arthur_Curtis_James,_Esq._Olmsted_Brothers,_Landscape_Architects_(LOC)_(19974340191).jpg|thumb| Kallon lambu da gida, Beacon Hill House, mazaunin Arthur Curtiss James na Newport, na Olmsted Brothers]]
[[File:Pdx_wash_mainentrance_sse.jpeg|thumb| Wurin shakatawa na Washington Park a Portland, Oregon]]
'Yan'uwan Olmsted sun kammala manyan ayyuka da dama, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu har yanzu suna shahara har zuwa yau, ciki har da tsarin wuraren shakatawa, jami'o'i, wuraren baje kolin kayayyaki, ɗakunan karatu, asibitoci, unguwannin zama da manyan biranen jihar. Manyan kwamitocin sun haɗa da hanyoyin da ke cikin tsaunukan Great Smoky Mountains da Acadia National Parks ; Yosemite Valley ; Atlanta's Piedmont Park ; Springvale Park; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Springvale Park |url=https://www.vamonde.com/posts/springvale-park/8118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129204546/https://www.vamonde.com/posts/springvale-park/8118 |archive-date=2021-11-29 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.vamonde.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uplands ; unguwannin zama a Oak Bay, [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]], Oakland, [[California]], gami da tsarin titi don abin da yanzu ake kira Lakeshore Homes Association  ( ƙungiyar masu gidaje mafi tsufa a yammacin Kogin Mississippi kuma wanda ya haɗa da sassan unguwannin tarihi na Crocker Highlands da Trestle Glen na Oakland), Palos Verdes Estates, California, (babban aikin zama na Olmsted Brothers) da Baltimore, [[Maryland]] (gami da sassan Mayfield da Roland Park) ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://lakeshorehomes.net/about/history |access-date=March 14, 2020 |website=Lakeshore Homeowner's Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsarin wuraren shakatawa gaba ɗaya a birane kamar Birmingham, Cleveland, Portland, [[Seattle]] ;  da Asibitin Jihar Arewa na jihar Washington. Kungiyar 'Yan'uwa ta Olmsted ta kuma rubuta tare da Harland Bartholomew, wani rahoto na shekarar 1930 ga Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Los Angeles mai taken &quot;Wuraren Shakatawa, Filin Wasanni, da Tekun Ruwa don Yankin Los Angeles&quot; wanda ke ƙarfafa kiyaye sararin jama'a a waje a kudancin California.  Birnin ya yi watsi da rahoton sosai, amma ya zama muhimmin abin tunawa da tsare-tsaren birane. Baya ga waɗannan manyan ayyuka, Olmsted Brothers ta ɗauki ayyukan ƙawata wuraren zama.

'Yan'uwan Olmsted sun yi tasiri sosai a harabar jami'o'i, suna taimakawa wajen tsara da tsara jami'o'i a faɗin ƙasar ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kusanci tsakanin gine-gine da muhalli a cikin ginin da aka gina bisa ga manufar cibiyar. Wannan za a iya danganta shi da aikin da ba a aiwatar da shi ba tare da Kwalejin California, wacce yanzu Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ke yi, wanda ke hasashen harabar jami'a wadda za a haɗa ta da al'ummar da ke kewaye. Sauran cibiyoyin karatun sun haɗa da [[Jami'ar Stanford]], tare da shirin da aka tsara musamman don dacewa da yanayin California; Jami'ar Mississippi, tare da shirin da zai ba da damar faɗaɗa harabar jami'a a nan gaba; Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis ; Kwalejin New Jersey ; Jami'ar Duke ; Jami'ar Brown ; Kwalejin Williams ; Kwalejin Berea da Cibiyar Lincoln; Kwalejin Howard (yanzu Jami'ar Samford ); Jami'ar Maine ; Jami'ar Rochester ; Kwalejin Huntingdon ; Jami'ar Denison ; da kuma filin ginin gwamnati a Jami'ar Idaho . Har ila yau, kundin aikinsu ya haɗa da cibiyoyin ilimi na sakandare, kamar Makarantar Emma Willard (wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta ta 'yan mata kaɗai a New York) da Makarantar Lawrenceville (wata makarantar sakandare a New Jersey). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brookline |first=Mailing Address: 99 Warren Street |last2=Us |first2=MA 02445 Phone: 617 566-1689 Contact |title=Olmsted Designed Campuses - Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/frla/learn/historyculture/olmsted-designed-campuses.htm |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Baggs na Mel</title>
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'''Mel Baggs''' (an haife ta '''Amanda Melissa Baggs'''; 15 ga watan Agusta, 1980 - 11 ga watan Afrilu, 2020) marubuciya ce ta Amurka kuma mai ba da shawara kan [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Hakkin nakasassu]] tare da mai da hankali kan kare kai na nakasassu.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-06-26 |title=Autism Movement Seeks Acceptance, Not Cures |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5488463 |access-date=2013-12-23 |publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Mel |title=About |url=https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/about-2/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Ballastexistenz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McClellan |first=C.S. |date=24 May 2008 |title=Kindergartners Vote Classmate With Disabilities 'Off the Island' |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/255136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415235419/https://www.digitaljournal.com/article/255136 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Digitaljournal.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun fi sanannun abubuwan da suka wallafa a shafin yanar gizon su da bidiyon [[YouTube]] game da autism,  kodayake sun rubuta game da abubuwan da suka faru na nakasassu kuma ba sa son a yi la'akari da su a matsayin &quot;blog na autism&quot;.[ger] Baggs sun bayyana kansu a matsayin &quot;ƙasassun fahimta, nakasassu a jiki, marasa lafiya na lokaci-lokaci, nakasasassun ci gaba, da nakasassu ta hankali&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da suka girma, ba su yi magana ba kuma sun yi amfani da na'urar sadarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;npr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erin Anderssen |title='Autistics': We don't want a cure |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/autistics-we-dont-want-a-cure/article794913/page2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227180137/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/autistics-we-dont-want-a-cure/article794913/page2/ |archive-date=2014-12-27 |access-date=2013-12-23 |publisher=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Baggs a Mountain View, California, a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1980, ga Ronald da Anna (née Lynch) Baggs .  A shekara ta 1994, sun halarci Makarantar Harker, Kwalejin De Anza da Kwalejin Bard a Simon's Rock, kwalejin matasa masu basira a makarantar sakandare, suna da shekaru 14. Baggs ya ƙaura daga [[California]] zuwa [[Vermont]] don ya kasance kusa da aboki a shekara ta 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTObituary&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Living With Autism In A World Made For Others |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/02/21/autism.amanda/index.html |access-date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=CNN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2008 |title=The Language of Autism |url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/28/the-language-of-autism/ |access-date=2013-09-29 |publisher=Well.blogs.nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Baggs ya kirkiro shafin yanar gizon da ake kira &quot;Getting the Truth Out&quot;, martani ga kamfen ɗin da Autism Society of America ta yi. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa kamfen ɗin ASA ya sa mutane masu cutar autism su zama abin tausayi. Sun kuma yi magana a taron game da nakasa kuma sun yi aiki tare da masana kimiyya na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts waɗanda ke binciken autism.

A watan Janairun 2007, Baggs ya sanya bidiyon a [[YouTube]] mai taken &quot;A cikin Harshe na&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Mel |date=14 January 2007 |title=In My Language |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205182539/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=23 February 2007 |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kan batun autism wanda ya zama batun labarai da yawa a kan [[CNN]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gajilan |first=A. Chris |date=February 22, 2007 |title=Living with autism in a world made for others |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/02/21/autism.amanda/index.html |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sanjay |author-link=Sanjay Gupta |date=20 February 2007 |title=Behind the veil of autism |url=http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/blogs/paging.dr.gupta/2007/02/behind-veil-of-autism.html |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abedin |first=Shahreen |date=21 February 2007 |title=Video reveals world of autistic woman |url=http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2007/02/video-reveals-world-of-autistic-woman.html |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baggs ya kuma rubuta rubutun baki game da bidiyon a shafin yanar gizon [[Anderson Cooper]]  kuma ya amsa tambayoyin daga masu sauraro ta hanyar imel. &lt;ref name=&quot;listen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Mel |date=February 21, 2007 |title=Why we should listen to 'unusual' voices |url=http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2007/02/why-we-should-listen-to-unusual-voices.html |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Amanda |date=22 February 2007 |title=Amanda Baggs answers your questions |url=http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2007/02/amanda-baggs-answers-your-questions.html |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da Baggs, Sanjay Gupta ya ce: &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt;
{{Blockquote|[They] told me that because [they don't] communicate with conventional spoken word, [they are] written off, discarded and thought of as mentally retarded. Nothing could be further from the truth. As I sat with [them] in [their] apartment, I couldn't help but wonder how many more people like Amanda are out there, hidden, but reachable, if we just tried harder.}}
Mai zane-zane na bidiyo Mark Leckey ya bayyana cewa yana da kishi game da dangantakar tausayi da Baggs ya bayyana ga abubuwa marasa rai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jonathan Griffin, A Thing for Things, ''Frieze'', Issue 160, January 2014. |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/a-thing-for-things/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025042/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/a-thing-for-things/ |archive-date=June 14, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waƙar da aka yi a farkon bidiyon Leckey &quot;Prop4aShw&quot; daga Baggs' &quot;In My Language&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mark Leckey |url=http://www.we-find-wildness.com/2014/06/mark-leckey/ |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=We Find Wilderness}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baggs ya ba da shawarar ma'anar ma'anar wayar da kan jama'a ta autism, yana mai da'awar cewa iyaye da wasu masu ba da shawara sun yi kuskuren wayar da kan mutane. Sun rubuta labarai a shafukan yanar gizo guda biyu: &quot;Ballastexistenz&quot; da &quot;Cussin' da Discussin'&quot;.

Wataƙila su ne mutum na farko da ya kirkiro kalmar &quot;Aspie supremacy&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Métraux |first=Julia |date=June 4, 2025 |title=The 4chan-Coded Ideology Behind Elon Musk's War on Normies |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/06/elon-musk-aspie-supremacy-4chan-autism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605182603/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/06/elon-musk-aspie-supremacy-4chan-autism/ |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |access-date=June 6, 2025 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon su, &quot;Ballastexistenz&quot;, wanda ake kira &quot;Aspieupremacy can kill&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Chapman (philosopher) |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Mad Supremacy |url=https://criticalneurodiversity.com/2024/02/19/mad-supremacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528091152/https://criticalneurodiversity.com/2024/02/19/mad-supremacy/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=June 6, 2025 |website=Critical Neurodiversity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baggs ya ce sun ba da sunan shafin yanar gizon su na farko &quot;[[:de:Ballastexistenzen|Ballastexistenzen]]&quot; don nuna cewa mutane kamar su suna iya rayuwa mai kyau, tunda an samo shi ne daga kalmar tarihin Jamusanci, &quot;Ballastextistenzen&quot;, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana nakasassu kamar yadda ba su da ikon.

Baggs ya rubuta game da wasu cututtuka da nakasa da dama, ciki har da cutar obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|post-traumatic stress disorder]], craniofacial abnormality, synesthesia, bronchiectasis, hypermobility, Irlen syndrome, da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}}

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Mai sukar wallafe-wallafen Gustavo Rückert yayi nazarin bidiyon Baggs a cikin Harshe na (2007) a matsayin muhimmiyar waka da siyasa wanda ke yaki da iyawa ta hanyar rushe ra'ayi na likita wanda ke ganin autism kawai ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na rashi da rashi. Marubucin ya yi jayayya cewa hulɗar jiki ta Baggs tare da mahalli ba komai ba ne, amma harshe ne mai inganci da waƙoƙi da ke sake gane duniya ta hanyar hankula. Rückert ya nuna cewa Baggs yana aiki ne a matsayin &quot;mai zane-zane na kan iyaka,&quot; yana yin ƙoƙari don fassara gaskiyar su mai wadataccen autistic zuwa harshen neurotypical tare da burin neman girmamawa da sukar hanyar tashin hankali da warewa da al'umma ke aiki.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Baggs ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda ba shi da jinsi kuma ba shi da binary  a cikin rubuce-rubucen su. Sun kuma gano su a matsayin [[Maɗigo|lesbian]] kuma sun yi amfani da duk wani sunaye sai dai ''shi'', kodayake sun fi son sunayen neopronouns sie / hir da ze / zéro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Mel |title=SJ? Anti-SJ? Both? Neither? |url=https://withasmoothroundstone.tumblr.com/socialjustice |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=[[Tumblr]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baggs ya yi magana game da samun wasu cututtuka na nakasa baya ga autism. Wasu daga cikin abokan karatun Baggs sun ga cewa akwai matsalar da ake zarginsu da ita a matsayin wani abu da ba a saba gani ba, daga baya suka yi iƙirarin cewa Baggs &quot;ya yi magana, ya halarci azuzuwan, ya yi soyayya, kuma ya yi wani abu daban ta hanyar da aka saba gani&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amy S.F. Lutz |author-link=Amy S.F. Lutz |date=2013-01-16 |title=Autism neurodiversity: Does facilitated communication work, and who speaks for the severely autistic? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/01/autism_neurodiversity_does_facilitated_communication_work_and_who_speaks.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |publisher=Slate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar waɗannan abokan karatun, Baggs ya yi aiki a matsayin matashi mai tasowa, kuma ya fara fuskantar matsalolin tunani bayan shan magungunan psychedelic na dogon lokaci, wanda ya haifar da matsalar kwakwalwa, bayan haka Baggs ya janye daga Simon's Rock ya yi zaman jinya a asibitin masu tabin hankali. Bayan barin Simon's Rock, Baggs ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai a Deja News a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, inda ya tattauna yadda suke shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma matsalar tabin hankali,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}} yana cewa an gano suna da [[Hauka|cutar schizophrenia]], da kuma hasashen cewa wataƙila sun sami matsalar rarrabuwar kawuna (DID). Duk da haka, a shekarar 1997, Baggs ya ce sun yi kuskure game da samun DID, yana mai bayyana cewa &quot;muryoyin&quot; da suka yi tunanin su ne suka canza DID sun samo asali ne daga &quot;schizophrenia/ schizoaffective /duk abin da ya faru&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=apology |url=https://groups.google.com/g/alt.support.dissociation/c/d8n85pyzHx0/m/uskQjJuQXn0J |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=groups.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Baggs ya ce an gano suna da cutar gastroparesis kuma yanzu suna amfani da bututun ciyarwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Mel |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Feeding tubes and weird ideas |url=http://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/feeding-tubes-and-weird-ideas/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baggs ya yi iƙirarin asarar duk magana mai aiki a cikin shekaru 20. Sauran masu ba da shawara game da cutar autism sun yi tambaya game da ingancin bincikensu, suna mai cewa Baggs bai cika yawancin bukatun cutar autism ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amanda Baggs Autism Controversy |title=Amanda Baggs Autism Controversy |url=http://abaggs.blogspot.com/ |access-date=2021-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2007 |title=Putting autism on trial: An interview with Amanda Baggs |url=https://blog.donnawilliams.net/2007/07/03/putting-autism-on-trial-an-interview-with-amanda-baggs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baggs ya yi iƙirarin cewa haɓaka sadarwa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da autism, kodayake sun kuma goyi bayan amfani da sadarwa mai sauƙin rikici da sauran hanyoyin da aka lalata ta hanyar kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Amanda |date=26 June 2006 |title=Autistic AAC Users |url=https://ballastexistenz.wordpress.com/2006/06/26/autistic-aac-users/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Ballastexistenz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baggs ya yi iƙirarin amfani da FC, kuma cewa Fey, cat din su, shine mafi kyawun mai ba da shawara yayin da Fey ke motsa gaɓoɓin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baggs |first=Amanda |title=Real Supports: What works, what doesn't |url=https://www.autcom.org/pdf/AutcomNLFall2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206144128/https://www.autcom.org/pdf/AutcomNLFall2006.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-06 |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=Autism National Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Baggs ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2020, yana da shekaru 39, a Burlington, Vermont; mahaifiyarsu ta ce an yi imanin cewa dalilin mutuwarsu shine gazawar numfashi.

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Picard |first=Rosalind W. |last2=Smith |first2=Joel |last3=Baggs |first3=Amanda |title=Toward a voice for everyone}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MIT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Picard |first=Rosalind W. |title=Toward a voice for everyone |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/toward-a-voice-for-everyone/ |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=MIT Media Lab}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*  
* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna Amanda &quot;A cikin Harshe&quot; (YouTube, 2007) &lt;ref name=&quot;medhum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garden |first=Rebecca |title=In My Language |url=http://medhum.med.nyu.edu/view/12923 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=medhum.med.nyu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225091437/http://medhum.med.nyu.edu/view/12923 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>sccuuz7px3ht56mvg3jwq9v689ihrqi</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdullah Al-Salem (footballer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>169186</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T16:25:04Z</timestamp>
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'''Abdullah Al-Salem''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke buga wa Al-Qadsiah da ƙungiyar Saudi Arabia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=52637}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2017, Al-Salem ya shiga Al-Fayha bayan da aka sauke Al-Khaleej zuwa rukunin farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=الفيحاء يوقع مع مهاجم الخليج عبدالله آل سالم |url=http://www.alfiha.com/new/s/1034 |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107125801/http://www.alfiha.com/new/s/1034 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, Al Salem ya shiga [[Al-Nassr]] kan rancen watanni shida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=أنهت إدارة نادي #النصر رسمياً إجراءات انتقال مهاجم نادي الفيحاء الكابتن عبدالله السالم |url=https://twitter.com/AlNassrFC/status/1092164777764442117 |access-date=4 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu shekara ta  2020, Al-Salem ya shiga Al-Ettifaq a kan canja wurin kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=الاتفاق يدعم خط هجومه بالتعاقد مع آل سالم |url=https://spl.com.sa/ar/node/3151 |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-date=2023-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610232839/https://spl.com.sa/ar/node/3151 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2023, Al Salem ya shiga Al-Khaleej a kan canja wurin kyauta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=الخليج يعلن تعاقده مع عبدالله آل سالم |url=https://www.dawriplus.com/news/68773-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%84-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2025, Al Salem ya shiga Al-Qadsiah . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=بعد موسم لافت في دوري روشن ..القادسية يدعم الهجوم بعبدالله آل سالم |url=https://www.alqadsiah.com/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AF/ |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802205435/https://www.alqadsiah.com/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AF/ |archive-date=2025-08-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, yana da shekaru 32, Al-Salem ya samu kiransa na farko zuwa tawagar ƙasar Saudi Arabiya domin buga wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 da China da Japan.

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hervé Renard  has named his squad list for the upcoming games against China and Japan |url=https://x.com/SaudiNT_EN/status/1899827585233846727/photo/1 |publisher=Saudi National Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 26 May 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|abdullah-al-salem/294590|accessdate=6 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Sarki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Al-Khaleej
|2014–15
|Saudi Pro League
|24
|6
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4[a]
|0
|29
|7
|-
|2015–16
|Saudi Pro League
|22
|2
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3[a]
|2
|27
|6
|-
|2016–17
|Saudi Pro League
|25
|6
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[a]
|1
|29
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!71
!14
!5
!5
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!9
!3
!85
!22
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Fayha
|2017–18
|Saudi Pro League
|16
|2
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[Saudi Crown Prince Cup]]}}
|0
|19
|3
|-
|2018–19
|Saudi Pro League
|11
|3
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!27
!5
!5
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!1
!0
!33
!8
|-
|[[Al-Nassr]] (an ba da rancen) 
|2018–19
|Saudi Pro League
|9
|0
|0
|0
|7{{Efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}}
|2
|0
|0
|16
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Al-Ettifaq
|2019–20
|Saudi Pro League
|10
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|2
|-
|2020–21
|Saudi Pro League
|21
|2
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|2
|-
|2021–22
|Saudi Pro League
|20
|3
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|3
|-
|2022–23
|Saudi Pro League
|21
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!72
!8
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!74
!8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Khaleej
|2023–24
|Saudi Pro League
|34
|3
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|37
|3
|-
|2024–25
|Saudi Pro League
|33
|10
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|34
|11
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!67
!13
!4
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!71
!14
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Al-Qadsiah
|2025–26
|Saudi Pro League
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!246
!40
!16
!9
!7
!2
!10
!3
!279
!54
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Al-Nassr'''

* Saudi Pro League: 2018-192018–19

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|abdulla-al-salem/294590}}
{{Saudi Arabia squad 2025 CONCACAF Gold Cup}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aracely Quispe Neira</title>
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'''Irma Aracely Quispe Neira''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982; an san ta da Aracely quispe) babbar injiniya ce ta Peruvian-Amurka, masanin kimiyya na NASA, masanin ilimi kuma mai bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-29 |title=Así se vivió el Foro Forbes Mujeres Poderosas Perú 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/asi-se-vivio-el-foro-forbes-mujeres-poderosas-peru-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Forbes México |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-09-15 |title=GMS: Supermoon Eclipse 2015 Live Shots Interviews And B-roll |url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12000 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=svs.gsfc.nasa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aracely Quispe: de un pueblo sin luz en Perú a comandar 3 misiones en la NASA |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/ingeniera-astronauta-nasa-peru-aracely-quispe-intv-camilo-cnne/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=CNN |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta a matsayin mace ta farko ta Latin Amurka  don jagorantar manufofi uku na NASA a Amurka:   Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El cielo es el límite |url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/actualidad/cielo-limite-n459446 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.americatv.com.pe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), [4] da James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). [4] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Mexico Daily |date=2019-12-14 |title=Aracely Quispe, first Latina woman to command three missions in NASA |url=https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/12/14/aracely-quispe-first-latina-woman-to-command-three-missions-in-nasa/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Mazatlan Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-08 |title=Día Internacional de la Mujer: 10 icónicas mujeres que marcaron la historia del Perú |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/03/08/10-iconicas-mujeres-que-marcaron-la-historia-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-01-06 |title='El éxito no es suerte': líder latinoamericana dentro de la Nasa |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/tecnosfera/novedades-tecnologia/aracely-quispe-habla-de-su-trabajo-como-ingeniera-espacial-de-la-nasa-449366 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=El Tiempo |language=spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=NASA y la peruana Aracely Quispe harán historia con el lanzamiento del Telescopio James Webb |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2021/12/23/nasa-y-la-peruana-aracely-quispe-haran-historia-con-el-lanzamiento-del-telescopio-james-webb/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-25 |title=Arriba Perú! Científica peruana coordinó exitoso lanzamiento de telescopio de la NASA |url=https://ojo.pe/actualidad/arriba-peru-cientifica-peruana-coordino-exitoso-lanzamiento-de-telescopio-de-la-nasa-web-ojo-print-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Ojo |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Aracely Quispe, primera mujer latina en comandar tres misiones en la Nasa |url=https://www.rcnradio.com/tecnologia/aracely-quispe-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-misiones-en-la-nasa |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=RCN Radio |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quispe ya kasance babban injiniyan ayyukan jirgin sama da tsarin James Webb Space Telescope.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lettl |first=Dana |date=2022-03-08 |title=From Peru to NASA: A story that inspires |url=https://www.earthday.org/from-peru-to-nasa-a-story-that-inspires/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Earth Day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mai magana da yawun hukuma a NASA da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Capitol,  kuma malamin STEM.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aracely Quispe in conversation with Saúl Pérez Montaño |url=https://www.hayfestival.com/p-16004-aracely-quispe-in-conversation-with-saul-perez-montano.aspx |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Hay Festival |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2023, ta sami matsayin Kwamandan a cikin Order of Merit for Distinguished Services daga Jihar Peruvian.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Irma Aracely Quispe a Marripón, &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;No creo en la suerte, uno es el propio arquitecto de su vida&quot; |url=https://aprendemosjuntos.bbva.com/especial/no-creo-en-la-suerte-uno-es-el-propio-arquitecto-de-su-vida-aracely-quispe/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=BBVA Aprendemos Juntos 2030 |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani yanki na karkara a cikin Gundumar Motupe ta [[Peru]]&quot; id=&quot;mwXA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lambayeque, Peru&quot;&gt;Lambayeque, arewacin Peru, inda babu wutar lantarki.  Mahaifiyarta Irma Neira Samame   malama ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vivanco |first=Miguel |date=2019-08-22 |title=Ingeniera peruana de la NASA impulsa programa STEM |url=https://elpreg.org/news/comunidad/ingeniera-peruana-de-la-nasa-impulsa-programa-stem |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213042026/https://elpreg.org/news/comunidad/ingeniera-peruana-de-la-nasa-impulsa-programa-stem |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Imbaquingo |first=Olga |date=2022-10-07 |title=Aracely Quispe Neira y su viaje desde Perú a la NASA |url=https://eltiempolatino.com/2022/10/07/noticias-locales/dc-dmv/aracely-quispe-neira-y-su-viaje-desde-peru-a-la-nasa/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=El Tiempo Latino |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103135459/https://eltiempolatino.com/2022/10/07/noticias-locales/dc-dmv/aracely-quispe-neira-y-su-viaje-desde-peru-a-la-nasa/ |archive-date=2023-11-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella es Aracely Quispe, la peruana parte del equipo de la NASA a cargo del telescopio James Webb |url=https://elperuano.pe/noticia/136134-ella-es-aracely-quispe-la-peruana-parte-del-equipo-de-la-nasa-a-cargo-del-telescopio-james-webb |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=elperuano.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-23 |title=La inspiradora historia de Aracely Quispe, la ingeniera peruana que triunfa en la NASA |url=https://larepublica.pe/datos-lr/respuestas/2022/06/22/aracely-quispe-la-ingeniera-peruana-que-triunfa-en-la-nasa-que-busca-conservar-ingeniera-astronautica-usa-evat/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sha'awarta ga sararin samaniya da kimiyya ta fara, lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida kuma ta ga watsa shirye-shiryen [[Apollo 11]] Mission  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; da Neil Armstrong yana tafiya a kan wata, wanda ya sa ta so ta yi aiki a NASA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-24 |title=Aracely Quispe, ingeniera peruana que triunfa en la NASA, recibe reconocimiento en Estados Unidos |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2022/07/23/aracely-quispe-ingeniera-peruana-que-triunfa-en-la-nasa-recibe-reconocimiento-en-estados-unidos-james-webb-telescopio-espacial/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |title=From Peru to NASA: A young scientist's journey |url=https://www.captechu.edu/news-events/peru-nasa-young-scientists-journey |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.captechu.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makarantar sakandare, Quispe ya fara yin karate na shotokan, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; kuma ya sami belin baki, &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aracely Quispe, la peruana que hizo historia con el telescopio James Webb, que hoy comenzó a mandar imágenes del espacio exterior |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/07/12/aracely-quispe-la-peruana-que-hizo-historia-con-el-telescopio-james-webb-que-hoy-comenzo-a-mandar-imagenes-del-espacio-exterior/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aracely Quispe, la peruana que comandó tres misiones importantes de la NASA: &quot;Mis pilares son mi abuelita y mi mamá&quot; |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/07/18/aracely-quispe-la-peruana-que-comando-tres-misiones-importantes-de-la-nasa-mis-pilares-son-mi-abuelita-y-mi-mama/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da yake matashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ta zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙasa kuma ta fafata a gasa ta yanki da ta duniya, tana tafiya a duk faɗin Kudancin Amurka da Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-08-01 |title=Aracely Quispe, ingeniera de la NASA: &quot;Nací en el campo y sin tener nada pude avanzar&quot; |url=https://peru21.pe/cultura/aracely-quispe-ingeniera-nasa-naci-campo-pude-avanzar-493651-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quispe ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a kan Kimiyya da Injiniyan Kwamfuta &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; kuma tana da shekaru 21 ta koma Amurka, tana neman zama na dindindin saboda &quot;ƙwarewar ban mamaki&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Aracely_Quispe_Neira_at_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center.jpg|thumb|Aracely Quispe Neira a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Goddard]]
Ta shiga aikin injiniya na sararin samaniya da lantarki a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Prince George a [[Maryland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pacheco |first=Andrea |date=2019-12-21 |title=Aracely Quispe, la primera mujer latina en comandar tres misiones espaciales de la NASA |url=https://aztecaamerica.com/2019/12/21/aracely-quispe-la-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-misiones-espaciales-de-la-nasa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007124033/https://aztecaamerica.com/2019/12/21/aracely-quispe-la-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-misiones-espaciales-de-la-nasa/ |archive-date=2022-10-07 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Azteca America |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai ba da shawara a makaranta ya ba da shawarar cewa don shiga NASA, dole ne ta ci gaba da karatunta a kan Astronautical ko Aerospace Engineering. Quispe ya bi shawarar kuma ya koma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Capitol (CapTechU)  don nazarin Astronautics da ƙwarewa a cikin gini, aiki da saka idanu na jirgin sama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinta na daya daga cikin dalibai mafi kyau a CapTechU, a cikin 2011 Quispe ta yi aikin horarwa a NASA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aracely Quispe: ingeniera que nació en un pueblo sin luz de Lambayeque lanzará telescopio de la NASA |url=https://elpopular.pe/mundo/2021/12/08/aracely-quispe-neira-ingeniera-peruana-nasa-nacio-pueblo-luz-lambayeque-lanzara-telescopio-james-webb-video-99582 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=elpopular.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), ta fara a matsayin Injiniya na Gwaje-gwaje, sannan daga baya ta zama Injiniya ta Tsarin. Bayan kammala aikin horarwa, Aracely ya sami tallafin karatu don yin digiri na biyu tare da rubutun kan narkewar Quelccaya  glacier a Cusco, [[Peru]], ta amfani da Hotunan tauraron dan adam na NASA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Tana da digiri na ilimi guda bakwai, ciki har da digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniya na Jirgin Sama daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Capitol,   digiri na girmamawa a fannin Ilimin Geospatial daga Jami'an Maryland da kuma digiri na girmamawar Doctorate na Kimiyya  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; daga Jami'iyyar Fasaha ta Capitole da aka mayar da hankali kan binciken Tsaro na sadarwa a cikin Satellites na GPS daga hare-hare masu banƙyama.  [4]&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Peru-born engineer belongs to team putting NASA's James Webb telescope into orbit |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peruborn-engineer-belongs-to-team-putting-nasas-james-webb-telescope-into-orbit-874729.aspx |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rosa Ávalos and Aracely Quispe, Peruvian engineers at NASA |url=https://pe.usembassy.gov/es/rosa-avalos-y-aracely-quispe-ingenieras-peruanas-en-la-nasa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614102638/https://pe.usembassy.gov/es/rosa-avalos-y-aracely-quispe-ingenieras-peruanas-en-la-nasa/ |archive-date=2020-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Peruana Aracely Quispe, conoce a la primera mujer latina en comandar tres exitosas misiones de la NASA |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2021/12/24/peruana-aracely-quispe-conoce-a-la-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-exitosas-misiones-de-la-nasa/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdulaziz Al-Othman</title>
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'''Abdulaziz Jamal Al-Othman''' (Arabic: عبد العزيز جمال العثمان; an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]], wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Ataka|ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya]] a kungiyar [[Al Shabab Club|Al-Shabab]], a matsayin aro daga [[Al-Qadsiah FC|Al-Qadsiah]], da kuma tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabiya]].

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulaziz Jamal |url=https://www.kooora.com/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8/zM1budnX7Kno8SqtKc4Oh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=عبدالعزيز العثمان |url=https://www.ksa-team.com/players.php?id=1344}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=عبدالعزيز العثمان |url=https://www.365scores.com/ar/football/player/abdalziz-al-othman-157224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=Abdulaziz Al Othman |url=https://www.spl.com.sa/en/players/84125/abdulaziz-al-othman}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
Al-Othman ya fara aikinsa ne a kungiyoyin matasa na &quot;Al-Qadsiah&quot;  A ranar 10 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru ta farko da Al-Qadsiah. A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2024, Al-Othman ya sabunta kwangilarsa da Al-Qadsiah.[1] A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2025, Al-Othman ya koma &quot;Al-Shabab&quot; (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shabab_Club {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) a matsayin aro.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Al Shabab FC squad}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alvar</title>
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[[File:Loopealne_Keilas_18-06-2012.jpg|thumb| Alvar a [[Istoniya|Estonia]] kusa da garin Keila]]
[[File:Österplana_hed.jpg|thumb| Alvar a Kinnekulle, [[Sweden]] . Yawancin tsire-tsire suna da iyaka ga tsage-tsage da yawa a cikin dutse mai daraja.]]
'''Alvar''' wani yanayi ne na halitta wanda ya dogara da farar ƙasa mai sirara ko babu ƙasa, kuma sakamakon haka, ciyayi marasa yawa. Sau da yawa ana samun ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin bazara, kuma fari ya shafe su a tsakiyar lokacin rani, alvars suna tallafawa wani rukuni na musamman na shuke-shuke masu kama da ciyawa.  Yawancin alvars suna faruwa ko dai a arewacin Turai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Petterson |first=B. |date=1965 |title=Gotland and Öland: two limestone islands compared |journal=Acta Phytogeographic Suecica |volume=50 |pages=131–140}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma a kusa da Manyan Tafkuna a Arewacin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Catling |first=P. M. |last2=Brownell |first2=V. R. |year=1995 |title=A review of the alvars of the Great Lakes region: distribution, floristic composition, biogeography and protection |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=143–171 |bibcode=1995CFNat.109..143C |doi=10.5962/p.357608 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wurin zama mai cike da damuwa yana tallafawa al'ummar shuke-shuke da dabbobi masu wuya, gami da nau'ikan halittu da aka fi samu a wuraren kiwo . Lichen da mosses sune nau'ikan da suka fi yawa. Bishiyoyi da ciyayi ba sa nan ko kuma sun yi tauri sosai.

Babban dalilin da ke haifar da alvars shine ƙaramin tushe da aka fallasa. Ambaliyar ruwa da fari, kamar yadda aka ambata, suna ƙara wa wurin damuwa kuma suna hana nau'ikan halittu da yawa girma.  Damuwa kuma na iya taka rawa. A Turai, kiwo yana yawaita, yayin da a Arewacin Amurka, akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa gobara na iya hana mamaye daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Catling |first=P. M. |last2=Brownell |first2=V.R. |date=1998 |title=Importance of fire in alvar ecosystems – evidence from the Burnt Lands, Eastern Ontario. |url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-field-naturalist_october-december-1998_112_4/page/661 |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=661–667 |doi=10.5962/p.358495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma mazaunin yana da ƙarfin gasa mai ƙarfi, inda masu fafatawa mafi kyau ke mamaye ƙasa mai zurfi kuma suna ware wasu nau'ikan zuwa wurare marasa amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcher |first=J. W. |last2=Keddy |first2=P. A. |last3=Twolan-Strutt |first3=L. |date=1995 |title=Root and shoot competition intensity along a soil depth gradient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1995-08_83_4/page/673 |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=673–682 |bibcode=1995JEcol..83..673B |doi=10.2307/2261635 |jstor=2261635}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raguwa a cikin farar ƙasa tana ba da wurin zama na musamman wanda aka ɗan kare shi daga kiwo, kuma wanda zai iya samar da wurin zama ga ferns na musamman kamar ''Pellaea atropurpurea'' . Filayen dutse marasa siffa suna ba da yankuna masu ƙarancin gasa wanda ke zama mafaka ga masu fafatawa marasa ƙarfi kamar sandwort ''[[Minuartia michauxii]]'' da ''Micranthes virginiensis'' . A cikin jerin sunayen alvars guda huɗu na Ontario, an bayyana nau'ikan mazauninsu guda bakwai. Daga ƙasa mai zurfi zuwa ƙasa mai zurfi, waɗannan su ne: dogayen filayen ciyawa, dogayen filayen ciyawa masu wadataccen fili, ƙananan filayen ciyawa, ƙananan filayen ciyawa masu wadataccen fili, busassun filayen ciyawa, da kuma filayen duwatsu marasa komai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belcher |first=J. |last2=Keddy |first2=P.A. |last3=Catling |first3=P.F.C. |date=1992 |title=Alvar vegetation in Canada: a multivariate description at two scales |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1279–1291 |bibcode=1992CaJB...70.1279B |doi=10.1139/b92-161}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alvars sun ƙunshi ƙaramin kashi na yanayin halittu na Duniya ta hanyar ƙasa. Duk da cewa akwai kimanin 120 a yankin Arewacin Amurka na Manyan Tafkuna, jimilla akwai kusan {{Convert|43|mi2}} kacal.     ya rage a fadin dukkan yankin Manyan Tafkuna, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu an lalata su ta hanyar noma da sauran amfanin ɗan adam. Fiye da rabin dukkan sauran alvars suna faruwa ne a Ontario. Akwai ƙananan yankuna a New York, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin da Quebec. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reschke |first=Carol |last2=Reid |first2=Ron |last3=Jones |first3=Judith |last4=Feeney |first4=Tom |last5=Potter |first5=Heather |date=1999 |title=Conserving Great Lakes Alvars |url=https://archive.epa.gov/ecopage/web/pdf/alvar-technical-report-199903.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Final Technical Report of the International Alvar Conservation Initiative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013124252/http://epa.gov/ecopage/shore/alvars/alvar.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], tsuntsayen alvar suna samar da wurin zama ga tsuntsaye kamar bobolinks, eastern meadowlarks, upland sandpipers, eastern towhees, brown thrashers da loggerhead shrikes waɗanda mazauninsu ke raguwa a wasu wurare. Tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ake samu ba sun haɗa da Kalm's lobelia ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwUQ&quot;&gt;Lobelia kalmii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), Pringle's aster ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwUw&quot;&gt;Symphyotrichum pilosum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; var. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwVA&quot;&gt;pringlei&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), juniper sedge ( ''Carex juniperorum'' ), tafki daisy ( ''Hymenoxys acaulis'' ), ram's-head lady's-slipper ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwWg&quot;&gt;Cypripedium arietinum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), da dwarf lake iris ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXA&quot;&gt;Iris lacustris&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ) . Haka kuma akwai nau'ikan [[Malam buɗe littafi|malam buɗe ido]] da [[Dodon kodi|katantanwa da ba a]] saba gani ba.  Amfani da kalmar &quot;alvar&quot; don nufin wannan nau'in muhalli ya samo asali ne daga [[Sweden]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1898 |title=Alvar |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=A_0787-0269.CNHo&amp;pz=3 |access-date=11 March 2019 |publisher=Svenska Akademiens ordbok (Dictionary of the Swedish Academy)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban alvar a Turai yana kan tsibirin Öland na Sweden. A nan siririyar mantle ɗin ƙasa tana da kauri santimita 0.5 zuwa 2.0 kacal a mafi yawan wurare kuma a fannoni da yawa ta ƙunshi faranti na dutse mai laushi da aka fallasa.   An sanya yanayin wurin a cikin jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi na duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . Akwai wasu ƙarin sunaye na gida don irin waɗannan siffofi na ƙasa, kamar '''shimfidar ƙasa mara amfani''', kodayake ana amfani da wannan kalmar don irin waɗannan siffofi na ƙasa bisa ga dutsen yashi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York: Adirondacks: Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/newyork/preserves/art11877.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214185716/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/newyork/preserves/art11877.html |archive-date=2011-02-14 |access-date=24 April 2010 |publisher=The Nature Conservancy}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasar Burtaniya, ana kiran yanayin ƙasa da aka fallasa a matsayin [[Ginin dutse|hanyar dutse mai laushi]], kuma an san dutsen da aka rufe da siriri a matsayin ciyawar calcareous.

== Wuraren alvar na Turai ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Sarve_loopealne_Hiiumaal.jpg|alt=Sarve alvar in Hiiumaa island| Sarve alvar a tsibirin Hiiumaa
File:Väike-Pakri_loopealsel.jpg|alt=Alvar in Väike-Pakri island| Alvar a tsibirin Väike-Pakri
File:Österplana_hed_vegetation.jpg|alt=Sparse vegetation, Kinnekulle, Sweden| Ƙananan ciyayi, Kinnekulle, [[Sweden]]
File:Limestone_pavement_above_Malham_Cove.jpg|alt=Limestone pavement at Malham Cove, UK| Titin dutse mai laushi a Malham Cove, Birtaniya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Wasu wurare a Arewacin Amurka a cikin alvar ==
[[File:Alvar_near_Singing_Sands.JPG|thumb| Alvar kusa da bakin tekun Singing Sands na Bruce Peninsula National Park, Kanada]]
[[File:Alvar2.JPG|thumb| Lichen, gansakuka da ciyawa a saman farar ƙasa. Tsibirin Kelley, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] a Tafkin Erie .]]

* The ''rare'' Charitable Research Reserve – Cambridge, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-12-02 |title=Trails |url=http://www.raresites.org/trails/ |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=rare Charitable Research Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lake Erie
** Kelley's Island, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] – North Shore Alvar State Nature Preserve&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Shore Alvar State Nature Preserve |url=http://naturepreserves.ohiodnr.gov/northshorealvar |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Marblehead, Ohio – mostly destroyed by limestone quarrying
** Pelee Island, Ontario – Stone Road Alvar Nature Reserve&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stone Road Alvar Nature Reserve |url=https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/stone_road_alvar.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185536/https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/stone_road_alvar.php |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ontario Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lake Huron
** Maxton Plains Proposed Natural Area, Drummond Island, [[Michigan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maxton Plains |url=http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-31154_31260-54020--,00.html |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Belanger Bay Alvar, Manitoulin Island, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=$5.2-million Globally Rare Habitat in Ontario to be Protected |url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/csb/news/oct19nr99.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816100629/http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/csb/news/oct19nr99.html |archive-date=16 August 2007 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Quarry Bay Nature Reserve, Manitoulin Island, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quarry Bay Nature Reserve |url=https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/quarry_bay.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185502/https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/quarry_bay.php |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ontario Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve |url=https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/bruce_alvar.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185200/https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/bruce_alvar.php |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ontario Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Baptise Harbour Nature Reserve, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baptist Harbour Nature Reserve |url=https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/baptist_harbour.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185122/https://www.ontarionature.org/protect/habitat/baptist_harbour.php |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ontario Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Misery Bay Provincial Park, Manitoulin Island, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Come and visit the park! |url=http://www.miserybay.ca/ |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Friends of Misery Bay |quote=Friends of Misery Bay is a registered non-profit charity devoted to supporting the Misery Bay Provincial Park in its mandates of protection (especially of its rare alvar habitats)...}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lake Michigan
** Red Banks Alvar, Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=Red Banks Alvar (No. 332) |url=http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Lands/naturalareas/index.asp?SNA=332 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lake Ontario
** Carden Plain Alvar, City of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, including Carden Alvar Provincial Park&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Carden Plain |url=http://www.couchichingconserv.ca/in-the-field/the-carden-plain/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220100240/http://www.couchichingconserv.ca/in-the-field/the-carden-plain/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=The Couchiching Conservancy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Chaumont Barrens Preserve, New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York: Chaumont Barrens Preserve |url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/newyork/places-preserves/central-chaumont-barrens.xml |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=The Nature Conservancy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220173234/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/newyork/places-preserves/central-chaumont-barrens.xml |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Three Mile Creek Barrens, New York
** Burnt Lands Alvar, Almonte, Ontario
** Balsam Lake Indian Point Provincial Park, Ontario&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Point |url=https://www.ontarioparks.com/park/indianpoint |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=Ontario Parks}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]]
** Quyon
** Alvar d'Aylmer
* Manitoba
** Interlake

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Asusun Ci gaban Dan Adam</title>
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{{databox}}
Asusun Innovation na Ci gaban Dan Adam (wanda aka fi sani da HDIF ko HDIFtz ko Asusun Tasirin Ci gaban Dan adam &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goode |first=Lauren |date=2017-08-24 |title=Blood-delivering drone company Zipline readies for launch in Tanzania |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/24/16195442/zipline-zip-blood-medical-delivery-drones-rwanda-tanzania-keller-rinaudo |access-date=2017-08-25 |website=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt;) asusun kalubalantar Biritaniya miliyan 40 ne wanda ke ba da tallafi ga kamfanoni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin bincike don haɓaka sababbin abubuwa da aka mayar da hankali kan inganci, darajar kuɗi, da dorewar ayyukan asali a ilimi, kiwon lafiya da ruwa, tsabtace jiki da tsabtace jiki ([[WASH]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-08-24 |title=Zipline, la société qui livre des unités de sang par drones s'installe en Tanzanie |url=https://siecledigital.fr/2017/08/24/zipline-la-societe-qui-livre-des-unites-de-sang-par-drones-sinstalle-en-tanzanie/ |access-date=2017-08-25 |website=Siècle Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tanzaniatoday.co.tz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HDIF project launched at COSTECH |url=http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/hdif-project-launched-at-costech |website=tanzaniatoday.co.tz |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601094537/http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/hdif-project-launched-at-costech |archive-date=2019-06-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human Development Innovation Fund (HDIF) |url=http://hdif-tz.org |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731011858/http://www.hdif-tz.org/ |archive-date=31 July 2014 |website=hdif-tz.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da HDIF a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2014 tare da goyon bayan Mataimakin Shugaban Tanzania.   &lt;ref name=&quot;ippmedia.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=67782 |website=ippmedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HDIF project launched at COSTECH - Ifakara Health Institute - IHI |url=http://www.ihi.or.tz/announ/hdifprojectlaunchedatcostech |website=ihi.or.tz |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-date=2015-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220223819/http://www.ihi.or.tz/announ/hdifprojectlaunchedatcostech |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Launch of Human Development Innovation Fund (HDIF) for Tanzania |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/launch-of-human-development-innovation-fund-hdif-for-tanzania |website=gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin sauran girmamawa da aka samu, a cikin shekara ta 2019 HDIF ta lashe kyautar ƙwarewar Burtaniya, don mafi kyawun &quot;Aikin Haɗin Kai na Duniya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=British Expertise International |date=2019-04-18 |title=British Expertise International Awards 2019 |url=https://medium.com/british-expertise-international/british-expertise-international-awards-2019-a9202e06ff7b |access-date=2019-04-26 |website=Medium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da shari'ar kasuwanci ta DFID don kafa asusun abubuwan da aka nufa na HDIF, sune gwaji da amfani da sababbin abubuwa don sarrafawa, da isar da ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam na asali da haɓaka tushen shaidu da tsarin halittu a Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Development Tracker |url=http://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-203539/documents/ |website=dfid.gov.uk |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825230256/https://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-203539/documents/ |archive-date=2017-08-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; HDIF tana tallafawa tsarin halittu da kuma rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a kimiyya, fasaha, da kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tanzania (COSTECH). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About HDIF - Human Development Innovation Fund (HDIF) |url=http://hdif-tz.org/en/about-hdif/index |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301143917/http://www.hdif-tz.org/en/about-hdif/index |archive-date=2015-03-01 |website=hdif-tz.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:GRMFuturesGroup_HDIFLaunch1.jpg|thumb|Taron kaddamarwa don HDIF, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Hoton (l zuwa r): David B. McGinty, Shugaban Kungiyar HDIF; Dokta Hassan Mshinda, Darakta, COSTECH; Dokta Mohamed Gharib Bilal, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Tanzania; Dokta Farfesa Makame Mbarawa, Minista, Ma'aikatar Sadarwa, Kimiyya da Fasaha; Marshall Elliott, Shugaban, DFID Tanzania]]
Abubuwan da suka bambanta HDIF a matsayin Asusun ƙalubale sun haɗa da dogon lokacin saka hannun jari idan aka kwatanta da sauran asusun ƙalubalen, wanda ke nuna niyyar da ake so don haɓaka sababbin abubuwa.[1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Research paper |url=http://www.tripleline.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Challenge-Funds-in-International-Development.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208161408/http://www.tripleline.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Challenge-Funds-in-International-Development.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=tripleline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HDIF ta rufe a ranata 31 ga Yulin 2021 bayan sama da shekaru bakwai a matsayin shirin mai nasara. [[Funguo program|Shirin Funguo]] ne ya maye gurbinsa wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=European Union Tanzania's key partner in innovation, digitisation |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/european-union-tanzania-s-key-partner-in-innovation-digitisation-3409024 |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a bikin buɗewa na Innovation Week 2021.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>27th meridian yamma daga Washington</title>
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[[Fayil:DakotaTerritory.png|thumb|Juyin halitta na yankuna a kan iyaka]]{{Databox}}
Yankin 27 na yammacin Washington wani yanki ne na archaic wanda ya dogara da Washington meridian . Meridian yana da kusan digiri 104 a yammacin Firayim Meridian .  Ana amfani dashi azaman iyakar [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohin]] biyar na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].

== Tarihi ==
Bayan kammala Hanyar jirgin kasa ta farko a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1869, Robert R. Livingston, Janar mai binciken [[Iowa]] da [[Nebraska]], a ranar 29 ga Mayu,, 1869, ya hayar Oliver N. Chaffee, mai binciken ƙasa da masanin taurari daga [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], don bincika 25th da 27th meridians yammacin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oliver N. Chaffee [RG2950.AM] |url=https://history.nebraska.gov/collection_section/oliver-n-chaffee-rg2950-am/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=History Nebraska |publisher=history.nebraska.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaffee ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙarshen gabashin Union Pacific Railroad a Omaha, Nebraska, inda ya sadu da sabon tashar astronomical da aka kafa ta United States Coast Survey. Daga can, ya tafi Bushnell, Nebraska, inda ya yi karatun astronomical na kwana biyu don daidaitawa tare da Omaha. Chaffee sannan ya sanya tashar astronomical ta biyu a [[Colorado]]&quot; id=&quot;mwKw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Julesburg, Colorado&quot;&gt;Julesburg, Colorado, kuma ya yi tafiya gabas don haɗa 25th da 27th meridians tare da 41st parallel, wanda ya kafa iyakoki ko kusurwoyi na jihohin yamma guda biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Penry |first=Jerry |date=2018-08-31 |title=West from Washington |url=https://amerisurv.com/2018/08/31/west-from-washington/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The American Surveyor |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani a matsayin iyaka ==
Amfani da meridian a matsayin iyaka ya fara ne a 1863 lokacin da aka kirkiro Yankin Idaho, tare da meridian na 27 a matsayin iyakar gabashinsa. A wannan lokacin, Yankin Dakota da Yankin Nebraska sun sami iyakar yammacin su yayin da aka sanya wasu sassan waɗannan yankuna a cikin Yankin Idaho. Nebraska ta zama jiha a 1867. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=Citizens of the 37th State |url=http://nebraskahistory.org/exhibits/we_the_people/citizens_37th_state.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122405/http://nebraskahistory.org/exhibits/we_the_people/citizens_37th_state.htm |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014 |website=We the People |publisher=Nebraska State Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1868, an halicci Yankin Wyoming tare da meridian a matsayin iyakar gabashinsa. Yankin Dakota ya kasu kashi zuwa North Dakota da South Dakota lokacin da suka zama jihohi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1889, kuma [[Montana]] ta zama jiha bayan kwana shida.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helm, Merry |date=2 November 2003 |title=Statehood |url=http://www.prairiepublic.org/radio/dakota-datebook/page/3?post=6348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122111/http://www.prairiepublic.org/radio/dakota-datebook/page/3?post=6348 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014 |website=Dakota Datebook |publisher=Prairie Public Broadcasting}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wyoming]] ta zama jiha a cikin 1890. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Wyoming History |url=http://www.wyo.gov/about-wyoming/wyoming-history |access-date=15 May 2014 |publisher=State of Wyoming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Montana-North Dakota, Montana-South Dakota, Wyoming-South Dakota), da iyakar jihar Wyoming-Nebraska saboda haka duk an bayyana su ne ta hanyar 27th meridian yamma daga Washington.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Washington Meridian |url=https://www.usends.com/washington-meridian.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=US Ends .com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512013729/https://www.usends.com/washington-meridian.html |archive-date=2023-05-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Alkawarin Methane na Duniya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Alkawarin [[methane]] na Duniya''' wani shiri ne na kasa da kasa da aka sanar a cikin 2021 wanda ke neman rage fitar da methane a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint EU-US Press Release on the Global Methane Pledge |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/https:////ec.europa.eu//commission//presscorner//detail//en//ip_21_4785 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] sun gabatar da shirin ne a gaban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Canjin Yanayi (COP26) da aka gudanar a [[Glasgow]].

== Sharuɗɗan da masu sa hannu ==
A karkashin shirin, kasashe masu halarta suna da niyyar rage hayakin methane na duniya da akalla kashi 30 cikin dari daga matakan 2020 nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Methane Assessment |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-methane-assessment |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Global Methane Pledge – Global Methane Tracker 2022 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022/the-global-methane-pledge |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a COP26 a cikin 2021, sama da kasashe 100 sun shiga Alkawarin Methane na Duniya wanda ya amince da yin aiki don rage hayakin methane na duniya da kashi 30 cikin dari nan da shekara ta 2030.

== Aiwatarwa ==
Shirin na son rai ne kuma an yi niyyar aiwatarwa ta hanyar manufofi na kasa da nufin rage hayakin methane a bangarori ciki har da makamashi, noma, da kuma kula da sharar gida.

Wani rahoto na 2024 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar ya bayyana cewa kasashe da kamfanoni da yawa suna jinkiri a cikin martani ga hayakin methane. Bloomberg ya ruwaito a cikin 2025 cewa kokarin duniya ya kasance ba tare da hanya ba don cika burin alkawarin na rage hayakin methane nan da shekara ta 2030.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Babban Tafkin (Tasmania)</title>
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'''Babban Tafki''', wanda a hukumance ake kira '''''yingina''''' / '''Babban Tafki''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=27 January 2016 |title=Survey Co-ordination |url=https://www.gazette.tas.gov.au/editions/2016/january_2016/21573_-_Gazette_27_January_2016.pdf |journal=Tasmanian Government Gazette |page=157 |access-date=2 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[tafki]] ne [[Tafki|mai]] tsaftataccen ruwa a yankin [[Tsaunukan Tsakiya (Tasmania)|Tsakiyar Tsaunuka]] na Tasmania, Ostiraliya.

Tafkin ya faɗaɗa sosai ta hanyar ramukan da aka gina a shekarar 1916 ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Miena mai lamba 1, a shekarar 1922 ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Miena mai lamba 2, da kuma a shekarar 1967 ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Miena Rockfill . Ana amfani da tafkin a matsayin wurin adana [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa|wutar lantarki]] da ɗan adam ya gina, da farko a Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Waddamana, kuma tun daga 1967, a tashoshin wutar lantarki na Poatina, Tods Corner, da Trevallyn . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Yingina / Great Lake |url=https://www.hydro.com.au/yingina-great-lake |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=[[Hydro Tasmania]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poatina Power Station Fact Sheet |url=http://www.hydro.com.au/system/files/attachments/Poatina_Power_Station-Fact-Sheets.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033335/http://www.hydro.com.au/system/files/attachments/Poatina_Power_Station-Fact-Sheets.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=23 June 2015 |website=Our power stations: Great Lake – South Esk |publisher=[[Hydro Tasmania]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Babban Tafkin yana kuma tallafawa [[ban ruwa]] na {{Convert|35|km2}} na gonakin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ANCOLD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2022 |title=Register of Large Dams Australia-2015 |url=https://ancold.org.au/information-resources/dams-information/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=[[ANCOLD]] |format=[[Microsoft Excel|Excel]]. Requires download. Row 349: Miena Rockfill Dam}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri da fasaloli ==
Ana ciyar da shi da Pine Rivulet da Breton Rivulet, tafkin ruwan sha na asali, wanda girmansa ya fi {{Convert|176|km2}} yankin saman, an faɗaɗa shi sakamakon gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Miena Mai Lamba ta 2 a shekarar 1922 a lokacin da yake kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa Kogin Shannon. An saka wannan madatsar ruwa a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Tasmania kuma Injiniyoyi na Ostiraliya suna ɗaukarta a matsayin mai daraja ta tarihi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2007 |title=Miena Dam No. 2 |url=https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2017-01/MienaDamNo2Plaque_Jan07_0.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |website=Heritage Markers |publisher=[[Engineers Australia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madatsar ruwan Miena mai lamba 2 ta ƙirƙiro wani sanannen ''wurin shannon Rise'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Fly Fishing in Tasmania |url=http://www.affm.net.au/index.php/fly-fishing-in-tasmania/ |access-date=1 June 2018 |website=Australian Fly Fishing Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313053943/http://www.affm.net.au/index.php/fly-fishing-in-tasmania/ |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin {{Convert|500|m|ft}} ɓangaren Kogin Shannon tsakanin madatsar ruwa da kuma tafkin Shannon. Ƙwanƙwasa dubban ƙwari na caddis a farkon lokacin rani, ya jawo hankalin adadi mai yawa na kifin kifi da masu kamun kifi.

A shekarar 1967, an gina wani madatsar ruwa mai zurfin dutse mai gangara, wato Miena Rockfill Dam, a gefen madatsar ruwa ta Miena mai lamba 2 domin ƙara yawan ruwan da ake buƙata, wanda hakan ya lalata ''Shannon Rise'' . An ƙara ɗaga shi zuwa {{Convert|6|m}} a shekarar 1982, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Great Lake: Anglers Access |url=https://www.ifs.tas.gov.au/static/pdf/Great%20Lake%20Brochure%20Ed%204%20for%20web.801edec4a087.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |website=Inland Fisheries Service |publisher=[[Government of Tasmania]] |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sa madatsar ruwa ta Miena mai lamba 2 ke nutsewa lokaci-lokaci.

Inganta tsarin ban ruwa, ana sa ran zai samar da {{Convert|25|GL|acre.ft}}, an fara shi a shekarar 2024 kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-23 |title=Northern Midlands irrigation scheme |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/water/national-water-grid/projects/northern-midlands-irrigation-scheme |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nishaɗi ==
A {{Convert|1030|m}}, amfanin tafkin ya haɗa da samar da wutar lantarki AHD ruwa, kamun kifi, da [[Yawon bude ido|yawon buɗe ido]] .

Bayan Tafkin Pedder da Tafkin Gordon, Babban Tafki shine tafki na uku mafi girma a jihar da ke da ruwa mai tsafta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ANCOLD&quot; /&gt; An san shi da kyawawan damarsa ta kamun kifi, musamman bayan hunturu ko bazara. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, ana iya samun kifi a cikin 'wutsiya' a gefen tafkin mai zurfi da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan kamun kifi na gani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trout Fishing Near Central Highlands Tasmania |url=https://www.trouttalestasmania.com.au/blog/trout-fishing-near-central-highlands |website=Trout Tales Tasmania}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin ya shahara da kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da bakan gizo. 

Garuruwan Liawenee da Miena da ke kusa sun shahara a wuraren hutu ga masu yawon bude ido na gida, duk da cewa yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi sanyi a jihar da ke da yanayi mai sauƙi. A lokacin hunturu, lokacin da yanayi bai dace da yin sansani ba, yawan waɗannan ƙananan garuruwa biyu ya ragu zuwa ɗari biyu ko uku. Wasu sassan saman tafkin sun yi sanyi a watan Yuli a wasu shekaru.

Babbar Hanyar Lake ko Highland Lakes Road tana tafiya a gefen yamma na tafkin kuma wani lokacin ana yin dusar ƙanƙara a ƙarƙashinta a lokacin hunturu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Al-Dokhi</title>
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'''Ahmad Al-Dokhi Al-Dossary''' (Arabic: أحمد الدوخي; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1976) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Saudiyya, wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ƙungiyar Al-Nassr ce ƙungiyarsa ta ƙarshe.


== Ayyukan kulob din ==
Al-Dokhi na daga cikin tawagar [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] da ta lashe gasar zakarun AFC da AFC Super Cup a shekarar 2000. Daga nan sai ya koma Al-Ittihad kuma ya taimaka musu wajen tayar da Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC a shekara ta 2005.

=== Al-Nassr ===
A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, [[Al-Nassr]] ya sanya hannu kan Ahmad Al-Dokhi tare da kwangilar shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=إدارة النصر توقع رسميا مع اللاعب أحمد الدوخي |url=http://www.sauress.com/ajl/8583}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Ahmad ya buga wasan farko da Al-Ahli. A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, ya taimaka wa Saad Al-Harthi ya ci kwallo a kan Najran, sun ci 6-1. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2011, an tura shi a cikin minti 91 a kan Al-Ettifaq . A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2011, Ahmad Al-Dokhi ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Al-Nassr a wasan karshe da ya yi da Al-Ittihad wanda ya rasa 2-5. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Ya kasance memba na tawagar Saudi Arabia a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1998, 2002 da 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{FIFA player|159257|Ahmed Dokhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dawakai ==

=== Al-Hilal ===

* Saudi Professional League (4): 1995-96, 2001-02, 1997-98, 2004-052004–05
* Kofin Wanda ya Kafa Saudiyya (1): 1999-2000
* Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya (3): 1999-2000, 2002-03, 2004-05
* Kofin Saudiyya da Masar (1): 2001
* Kofin Tarayyar Saudiyya (3): 1995-96, 1999-2000, 2004-05
* Kofin Zakarun Gulf Club (1): 1998
* Kofin Larabawa masu cin kofin (1): 2000
* Kofin Larabawa (1): 2001
* Gasar Kungiyar Asiya (1): 1999-20001999–2000
* Kofin Masu Gasar Asiya (2): 1996-97, 2001-022001–02
* Kofin Asiya (2): 1997, 2000

=== Ittihad ===

* Saudi Professional League (1): 2006-072006–07
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC (1): 2005
* Gasar Zakarun Larabawa (1): 2005

=== Qatar SC ===

* Kofin Qatar (1): 2009

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza tare da 100 ko fiye da na kasa da kasa

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
Ahmed Al-Dokhia National-Football-Teams.com
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Apomu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Apomu''' {{audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Apòmù.wav|Saurara}} wani gari ne mai matsakaici a [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] . Tana da yawan mutane kusan 71,656 a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apomu, Nigeria - Facts and information on Apomu - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2349558-place-apomu.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Apomu wani gari ne na Yoruba na tarihi a [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda ya fara ne a karni na 16. Kimanin shekaru 400, ita ce kawai cibiyar kasuwanci a duk [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]]. Don ayyukan kasuwanci, Apomu sananne ne a duk yankin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://owulakoda.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/apomu-the-early-settlers/ | title=Apomu – the Early Settlers | date=12 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Oba Afolabi, Alapomu of Apomu Marks Two Years on Throne - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/02/20/oba-afolabi-alapomu-of-apomu-marks-two-years-on-throne?amp=1 |access-date=2023-07-16 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
A cikin Apomu, duk shekara tana da zafi kuma ba ta da kyau, tare da Lokacin rigar da aka rufe kuma lokacin fari yana da wani ɓangare na girgije. Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga digiri 19 zuwa 34 na Celsius (67 zuwa digiri 94 na Fahrenheit), da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da {{Cvt|61|°F}} ° C (61 ° F) ko ya tashi sama da {{Cvt|98|°F}} ° C (98 ° F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apomu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/50050/Average-Weather-in-Apomu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://weatherandclimate.com/nigeria/osun/apomu&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate &amp; weather data for Apomu |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/apomu_nigeria_2349558 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-07-28 |title=‘Climate, international travels, others increase Nigeria’s risk of disease outbreaks’ |url=https://guardian.ng/news/climate-international-travels-others-increase-nigerias-risk-of-disease-outbreaks/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-07-16 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Yanayin zafi na Apomu ===
Daga Janairu 21 zuwa Afrilu 9, lokacin zafi, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun wanda ya wuce {{Cvt|92|°F}} ° C (92 ° F), yana da tsawon watanni 2.6. A cikin Apomu, Maris shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin {{Cvt|93|°F}} ° C (93 ° F) da ƙasa da {{Cvt|74|°F}} ° C (74 ° F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Yanayin sanyi na Apomu ===
Lokacin sanyi na watanni 3.7, wanda ke gudana daga Yuni 15 zuwa Oktoba 4, yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na kasa da {{Cvt|85|°F}} ° C (85 ° F). Tare da matsakaicin ƙasa na {{Cvt|71|°F}} ° C (71 ° F) da kuma sama da {{Cvt|83|°F}} ° C (83 ° F), Agusta shine watan da ya mafi sanyi a shekara a Apomu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=S.L |first=Tutiempo Network |title=Weather in Apomu (Nigeria) - 15 days |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/apomu.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.tutiempo.net |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716234716/https://en.tutiempo.net/apomu.html |archive-date=2023-07-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Girgije ===
Matsakaicin rabo na [[sama]] wanda girgije ya rufe a Apomu ya bambanta sosai a cikin shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Observed historical climate &amp; weather data for Apomu |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climateobserved/apomu_nigeria_2349558 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apomu, Osun, NG {{!}} 10-Day Weather Forecasts &amp; Weekend Weather |url=https://www.weatherbug.com/weather-forecast/10-day-weather/apomu-osun-ni |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=WeatherBug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farawa daga Nuwamba 16 kuma yana da tsawon watanni 2.9, lokacin da ya fi dacewa a Apomu ya ƙare a kusa da Fabrairu 13.

A cikin Apomu, Disamba shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara, tare da sararin sama ya kasance a bayyane, galibi a bayyane yake, ko kuma wani ɓangare na girgije 51% na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather in Apomu, Nigeria - Finnish Meteorological Institute |url=https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/weather/nigeria/apomu |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apomu, Osun, NG {{!}} 10-Day Weather Forecasts &amp; Weekend Weather |url=https://www.weatherbug.com/weather-forecast/10-day-weather/apomu-osun-ni |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=WeatherBug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farawa a kusa da Fabrairu 13 kuma yana da tsawon watanni 9.1, lokacin girgije na shekara ya ƙare a kusa da Nuwamba 16 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Asowata |first=I. T. |last2=Akinwumiju |first2=A. S. |date=2020-08-12 |title=Assessment of potentially harmful elements in floodplain soils and stream sediments in Ile-Ife area, South-western Nigeria |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03286-w |journal=SN Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=1506 |doi=10.1007/s42452-020-03286-w |issn=2523-3971 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afrilu shine watan da ya fi hazo a shekara a Apomu, tare da sararin sama yana rufewa ko kuma mafi yawa yana da hazo 86% na lokacin a matsakaita a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apomu (Nigeria) weather today hourly 7, 10 day weather forecast {{!}} Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia {{!}} ar.weather.town |url=https://ar.weather.town/en/forecast/nigeria/osun-state/apomu/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=weather.town |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=S.L |first=Tutiempo Network |title=Weather in Apomu (Nigeria) - Detailed weather forecasting 15 days |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/apomu.html?data=detailed |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.tutiempo.net |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716235601/https://en.tutiempo.net/apomu.html?data=detailed |archive-date=2023-07-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>AntWeb</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''AntWeb''' shine babban bayanan kan layi game da [[tururuwa]]: adana samfurori hotuna da rubuce-rubuce, da kuma rubuce-aikacen samfurori sama da 490,000 a fadin fiye da 35,000 taxa na tururuwa a cikin tushen budewa da kuma ajiyar al'umma har zuwa Nuwamba  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AntWeb |url=http://www.antweb.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027044504/http://antweb.org/ |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=Nov 30, 2014 |at=AntWeb Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brian L. Fisher ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 2002, kuma ya kashe US $ 30,000 don ginawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rex Dalton |date=July 17, 2003 |title=Ants join online colony to boost conservation efforts |url=http://www.antweb.org/Nature_AntWeb_news.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=424 |issue=6946 |page=242 |bibcode=2003Natur.424..242D |doi=10.1038/424242b |pmid=12867945 |s2cid=4302935 |access-date=April 21, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Images from AntWeb}}

== Haɗin waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141027044504/http://www.antweb.org/ Shafin yanar gizo]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asibitin St John of God Subiaco</title>
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      <text bytes="8475" sha1="bmwq72hq0xaoh9mppzbkt8gw0z5ozyz" xml:space="preserve">'''Asibitin St John of God Subiaco''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa a [[Subiaco]], [[Asturaliya|Yammacin Ostiraliya]], wanda aka kafa a {{wikidata |property |P571 }}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULTiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=St+John+of+God+Subiaco+Hospital:&amp;pg=PT190 |title = Paupers, Poor Relief and Poor Houses in Western Australia, 1829- 1910|isbn = 9781742580326|last1 = Hetherington|first1 = Penelope|date = December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sjog.org.au/our-locations/st-john-of-god-murdoch-hospital/more/about-1|title=About|website=sjog.org.au|language=en|access-date=2017-06-16}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Archbishop na [[Perth]] [[Matthew Gibney]] ya gayyaci 'yan'uwa mata takwas na St John of God zuwa Yammacin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1895 don taimaka wa mutanen da ke fama da zazzabin typhoid a lokacin karuwar zinare a shekarun 1890. Ya samar musu da fili don kafa asibiti a wani ginin katako a Subiaco, wanda aka bude a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1898 tare da gadaje goma sha biyar, wanda ya karu zuwa talatin a shekarar 1900. Asibitin ya karbi dukkan marasa lafiya - na sirri, na rangwame da kuma na gado kyauta - ba tare da la'akari da darikar da ke tsakaninsu ba, kuma ya rarraba su a ko'ina cikin gine-ginen don 'yan'uwa mata ba su san halin da suke ciki ba.&lt;ref&gt;Sisters of St John of God, [http://www.ssjg.org.au/story/index.html &quot;Our Founding Story&quot;], Retrieved 2011-02-28. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216060054/http://www.ssjg.org.au/story/index.html|date=2004-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1939, asibitin yana da sashen kula da haihuwa na biyu mafi girma a Yammacin Ostiraliya, bayan Asibitin King Edward Memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dcp.wa.gov.au/FosteringandAdoption/Documents/ROADS2006.pdf |title=ROADS [Records Of ADoptionS]: An index of locations and access to adoption records |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=November 2004 |website= |publisher=Department for Community Development, Government of Western Australia |page=108 |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000714/http://dcp.wa.gov.au/FosteringandAdoption/Documents/ROADS2006.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana ba da jariran da aka haifa wa mata marasa aure ga wasu su rike su, wani lokacin ma ta hanyar tilas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/biogs/WE01085b.htm |title=St John of God Hospital, Subiaco (1898 - ) |last=Rosser |first=Debra |date=2 May 2013 |website=Find &amp; Connect |publisher=University of Melbourne/Australian Catholic University/Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2011, asibitin ya kasance daya daga cikin cibiyoyi da dama da aka ambata a cikin bayanai da aka gabatar yayin binciken majalisar dokokin tarayya kan batun tilasta bayar da yara don a karbe su a matsayin 'ya'ya a Ostiraliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/commcontribformerforcedadoption/submissions |title=Submissions received by the Committee [nos.279, 330] |date=2011–2012 |website=Commonwealth Contribution to Former Forced Adoption Policies and Practices |publisher=Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs, Parliament of Australia |access-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ajiye takardun da ke dauke da cikakkun bayanai game da daukar yara a asibiti, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna samuwa ga iyaye mata, wadanda aka dauka a matsayin 'ya'ya, da kuma zuriyarsu ta kai tsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dcp.wa.gov.au/FosteringandAdoption/Documents/ROADS2006.pdf |title=ROADS [Records Of ADoptionS]: An index of locations and access to adoption records |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=November 2004 |website= |publisher=Department for Community Development, Government of Western Australia |pages=19, 62–63 |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000714/http://dcp.wa.gov.au/FosteringandAdoption/Documents/ROADS2006.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitin shi ne na farko a Yammacin Ostiraliya da ya sanya tsarin tiyata na na'urar mutum-mutumi samfurin da Vinci.&lt;ref&gt;Australian Private Hospital Association official magazine (2008-04). [http://www.apha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ph-apr_2008.pdf &quot;Private Hospital&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301032153/http://www.apha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ph-apr_2008.pdf |date=2017-03-01 }}, pp.30. Retrieved 2011-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne tsohon asibiti mafi dadewa a Ostiraliya wanda ke ci gaba da aiki, kuma kamfanin [[St John of God Health Care]] ne ke gudanar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;Sisters of St John of God, [http://www.ssjg.org.au/story/f_subiaco.html &quot;Foundations&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217081708/http://www.ssjg.org.au/story/f_subiaco.html |date=2011-02-17 }}. Retrieved 2011-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sjog.org.au/more/about-us/facilities|title=Facilities|website=www.sjog.org.au|language=en|access-date=2017-06-16|archive-date=2017-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217051055/https://sjog.org.au/more/about-us/facilities|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayan aiki da wurare ==
Asibitin St John of God Subiaco yana da gadaje 578 da dakunan tiyata 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sjog.org.au/-/media/files/news-and-media/publications/annual-report/st-john-of-god-health-care-annual-report-2015-2016-v2.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=9091E25DDA40DF142744267EA537870EC6BC5AA3|title=St John of God Annual Report 2015-2016 page 48|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330153001/https://sjog.org.au/-/media/files/news-and-media/publications/annual-report/st-john-of-god-health-care-annual-report-2015-2016-v2.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=9091E25DDA40DF142744267EA537870EC6BC5AA3|archive-date=30 March 2017|access-date=16 June 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;St John of God Subiaco Hospital, [http://sjog.org.au/hospitals/subiaco/about_us.aspx &quot;About Us&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112191833/http://www.sjog.org.au/hospitals/subiaco/about_us.aspx |date=2016-11-12 }}. Retrieved 2011-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Asibitin yana kuma da asibitin marasa lafiya, sassan tiyata na rana da kuma cibiyar taro,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |website=[[St John of God Subiaco Hospital]] |url=http://sjog.org.au/hospitals/subiaco/about_us/facilities/subiaco_clinic.aspx |title=Subiaco Clinic |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223171731/http://sjog.org.au/hospitals/subiaco/about_us/facilities/subiaco_clinic.aspx |archive-date=2011-02-23 |url-status=dead }}{{self-published source |date=January 2026}}{{dead link |date=January 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da cibiyar kula da cutar daji da aka sanya wa sunan iyalin Bendat.&lt;ref&gt;FMC Ostiraliya, [http://www.fundraise.com.au/ &quot;The Signature&quot;], pp.1. Retrieved 2011-02-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'aikata ==
Tsohon shugaban Kungiyar Likitocin Ostiraliya, [[Michael Gannon]], yana aiki a asibitin a matsayin likitan kula da mata masu juna biyu da cututtukan mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/dr-michael-gannon-named-new-australian-medical-association-president-20160529-gp6fd3.html |title=Dr Michael Gannon named new Australian Medical Association president |last=Lee |first= Jane |website=The Age |location=Melbourne |publisher=Nine Entertainment Co |access-date=12 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sjog.org.au/our-locations/st-john-of-god-subiaco-hospital/find-a-doctor |title=Find a doctor |website=St John of God Subiaco Hospital |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612063629/https://sjog.org.au/our-locations/st-john-of-god-subiaco-hospital/find-a-doctor |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitattun mutanen da aka haifa a Asibitin St John of God ==

* [[Michael Gannon (obstetrician)|Michael Gannon]]
* [[Gina Rinehart]]

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

== Ƙarin karatu ==
* [https://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=St+John+of+God+Subiaco St John of God Subiaco] a shafin yanar gizo na Trove

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
*{{Official website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110415045848/http://www.ssjg.org.au/ Sisters of St John of God website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asibitin St John of God Subiaco}}
[[Category:Asibitoci a Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya]]
[[Category:Ostiraliya]]
[[Category:St John of God Health Care]]</text>
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    <title>Abin da ya faru na Suresh Kumar da Ranjith Kumar</title>
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'''Suresh Kumar da Ranjith Kumar''' 'yan tsiraru ne na Sri Lankan Tamils da ke aiki ga ''Uthayan'' - jaridar Tamil da aka buga daga [[Jaffna]] . ''Uthayan'' an yi niyya ne musamman don rahotonsa mai zaman kansa daga sojojin Sri Lanka da ƙungiyar sojoji ta EPDP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |title=Gunmen set fire to Tamil newspaper's press |url=https://rsf.org/en/gunmen-set-fire-tamil-newspapers-press |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kashe su a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2006 yayin wani hari a ofishin ''Uthayan''.

== Tarihi ==
A Jaffna - wanda ke karkashin ikon sojojin Sri Lanka a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sri Lanka - 'yan jarida, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da fararen hula sun rayu a karkashin tsoro. Kisan 'yan jarida biyu ya kasance wani ɓangare na jerin kisan kai, sace-sacen da hare-hare kan kafofin watsa labarai na Tamil a Sri Lanka.[1][2][3] Wadannan kashe-kashen, satar mutane da barazanar an ga su a matsayin wani ɓangare na mummunan yakin da gwamnatin Mahinda Rajapaksa ta kaddamar. [4][5]

== Abin da ya faru da kuma martani ==
An kashe Suresh Kumar da Ranjith Kumar bayan wani ''Uthayan'' ya buga wani zane-zane yana ba'a da Douglas Devananda shugaban EPDP ƙungiyar sojoji da ke da alaƙa da Sojojin Sri Lanka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 November 2007 |title=Media Terror in Sri Lanka's Jaffna |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/media-terror-in-sri-lankas-jaffna |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=International Federation of Journalists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Armed Gunmen sun shiga ofishin ''Uthayan'' a cikin sojojin da ke sarrafa Jaffna a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2006 kuma sun bukaci ganin editan R. Kuhanathan kuma sun gano cewa bai kasance a can ba ya bude wuta kuma ma'aikatan biyu sun mutu nan take.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2007 |title=Jaffna’s media in the grip of terror |url=https://rsf.org/en/reports/jaffnas-media-grip-terror |access-date=30 August 2020 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803140641/https://rsf.org/en/reports/jaffnas-media-grip-terror |archive-date=3 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=11th anniversary of Uthayan killings remembered |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/11th-anniversary-uthayan-killings-remembered |access-date=22 February 2023 |publisher=Tamil Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]]</text>
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    <title>Adrian Robinson (mai iyo)</title>
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'''Adrian Robinson''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2000) ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na Botswana.

== Sana'a ==
An haifi Robinson a Botswana, kafin ya koma Kanada yana da shekaru 10 inda ya fara ɗaukar ninkaya da muhimmanci, sannan ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don makarantar sakandare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024 |title=The Adrian Robinson Journey: From Botswana to the Paris 2024 Olympic Games |url=https://www.worldaquatics.com/news/4048599/www.worldaquatics.com/news/4048599/adrian-robinson-botswana-swminning-world-aquatics-scholarship-programme-budapest-hungary-paris-2024-olympic-games |website=World Aquatics}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fafata a gasar tseren mita 50 ta maza a gasar cin kofin ruwa ta duniya ta 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;WAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heats results |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000111010A0103EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728022846/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000111010A0103EB01FFFFFFFFFFFF01 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=FINA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Budapest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2017 World Aquatics Championships &gt; Search via Athletes |url=https://fina-budapest2017.com/en/home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022064850/http://www.fina-budapest2017.com/en/home |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=Budapest 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2019, ya wakilci Botswana a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019 da aka gudanar a Rabat, Morocco. &lt;ref name=&quot;swimming_results_book_african_games_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swimming Results Book |url=http://www.frmnatation.com/sites/default/files/RESULTAT%20AFRICAIN%20GAME%20GLOBALE.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727164719/http://www.frmnatation.com/sites/default/files/RESULTAT%20AFRICAIN%20GAME%20GLOBALE.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=2019 African Games}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Aquaculture na giant kelp</title>
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[[File:CAS_Macrocystis_2.JPG|thumb|Babban kelp]]{{Databox}}
'''Aquaculture na giant kelp''', ''Macrocystis pyrifera'', shine noman kelp don amfani kamar abinci, kayan abinci ko potash.{{Sfn|Abbott|1996}}{{Sfn|Gutierrez|Correa|Muñoz|Santibañez|2006}}Giant kelp ya ƙunshi iodine, potassium, wasu ma'adanai bitamin da carbohydrates.{{Sfn|Bushing|2000}}{{Sfn|Connor|1989}}

== Tarihi ==
A farkon karni na 20 an girbe gadajen kelp na California don potash.{{Sfn|Abbott|1996}}{{Sfn|Neushul|1987}}{{Sfn|Druehl|Baird|Lindwall|Lloyd|1988}}Sha'awar kasuwanci ta karu a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s saboda samar da alginates, da kuma samar da biomass don ciyar da dabbobi saboda Rikicin makamashi.  {{Sfn|Neushul|1987}}{{Sfn|Druehl|Baird|Lindwall|Lloyd|1988}}Koyaya samar da kasuwanci ga ''M. pyrifera'' ba a taɓa haɓaka ba. Tare da ƙarshen rikicin makamashi da raguwar farashin Alginate, bincike game da aikin gona ''Macrocystis'' ya ƙi.{{Sfn|Gutierrez|Correa|Muñoz|Santibañez|2006}}

Samar da ''M. pyrifera'' don samar da alginate ya dogara sosai akan sabuntawa da gudanar da gadaje na halitta a farkon shekarun 1990.{{Sfn|Gutierrez|Correa|Muñoz|Santibañez|2006}}{{Sfn|Buschmann|Varela|Hernández-González|Huovinen|2008}}Sauran ayyuka irin su daidaitawa a California, inda &quot;Aikin gadon Kelp&quot; ya dasa samfurori masu girma 3-6m don kara kwanciyar hankali na tashar jiragen ruwa da inganta bambancin.{{Sfn|Buschmann|Varela|Hernández-González|Huovinen|2008}}{{Sfn|Bushing|2000}}{{Sfn|Simenstad|Estes|Kenyon|1978}}

=== Karni na ashirin da daya ===
Bincike yana binciken amfani da shi azaman abinci ga wasu nau'ikan kifi kamar kifi.{{Sfn|Buschmann|Varela|Hernández-González|Huovinen|2008}}{{Sfn|Cruz-Suárez|Tapia-Salazar|Nieto-López|Guajardo-Barbosa|2009}}

[[Sin|China]] da [[Chile]] sune manyan masu samar da tsire-tsire na ruwa da algae, kowannensu yana samar da sama da tan 300,000 a cikin 2007. Yawan wannan jimlar da za a iya danganta ga ''M. pyrifera'' ba a bayyane yake ba.{{Sfn|Fish and Agriculture Organization|2007}}Kasashen biyu suna da al'adun nau'o'i iri-iri; a Chile kashi 50% na samarwa ya haɗa da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwbQ&quot;&gt;Phaeophytes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; kuma sauran kashi 50% sune ''Rhodophytes''.{{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}China tana samar da mafi yawan nau'ikan shuke-shuke ciki har da chlorophytes.{{Sfn|Wu|Lin|1987}}Gwaje-gwaje a Chile suna bincika hybrids na ''M. pyrifera'' da ''M. integrifolia''.{{Sfn|Westermeier|Patiño|Piel|Maier|2006}}

Ci gaban noma na Kelp yana ci gaba a Oregon da British Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kelp - Saving the Ocean's Forests |url=https://www.oregonkelp.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614112937/http://oregonkelp.com/ |archive-date=2013-06-14 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Oregon Kelp Alliance |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Badelt |first=Brad |date=2017-07-20 |title=B.C. kelp farming is untapped resource |url=https://www.bcbusiness.ca/BC-kelp-farming-is-untapped-resource |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815143752/https://www.bcbusiness.ca/BC-kelp-farming-is-untapped-resource |archive-date=2020-08-15 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BCBusiness |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu farawa sun fara hayar ruwa a Alaska don noma M. Pyrifera a babban sikelin.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kelp Blue 49 |url=https://kelp.blue/alaska/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Kelp Blue |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512001500/https://kelp.blue/alaska/ |archive-date=2023-05-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What We Do |url=https://www.pacifickelp.co/what-we-do |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Pacific Kelp Co. |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Maido da gandun daji na Kelp a California ====
A cikin shekarun 2010, Arewacin California ya rasa kashi 95% na yanayin halittu na kelp saboda yanayin zafi na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Hitting Rock Bottom: The Disappearance of California's Underwater Forests |url=https://west.stanford.edu/news/blogs/and-the-west-blog/2021/hitting-rock-bottom-disappearance-california-s-underwater-forests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318161045/https://west.stanford.edu/news/blogs/and-the-west-blog/2021/hitting-rock-bottom-disappearance-california-s-underwater-forests |archive-date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Bill Lane Center for the American West, Stanford University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kerlin |first=Kat |date=2019-10-21 |title=California's Crashing Kelp Forest |url=https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/news/californias-crashing-kelp-forest/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Science and Climate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=University of California Santa Cruz |date=2021-03-05 |title=The collapse of Northern California kelp forests will be hard to reverse |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-collapse-northern-california-kelp-forests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305100025/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-collapse-northern-california-kelp-forests.html |archive-date=2021-03-05 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=5 Reasons to Protect Kelp, the West Coast's Powerhouse Marine Algae |url=https://pew.org/2LXdtHi |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kokarin dawo da gado na Kelp a California da farko suna mai da hankali kan cirewar Urchin na teku, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foster |first=Michael S |date=2013 |title=Kelp Forests in California |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/21627/SCMS39_Lang_10.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811175704/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/21627/SCMS39_Lang_10.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |website=Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt; duka ta hanyar masu nutsewa, da kuma otters na teku, waɗanda suke dabbobin halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Findings on Kelp Forest Restoration |url=http://dornsifelive.usc.edu/uscseagrant/new-findings-on-kelp-forest-restoration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811164117/http://dornsifelive.usc.edu/uscseagrant/new-findings-on-kelp-forest-restoration/ |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=USC Sea Grant - USC Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saving California's kelp forests |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/07/saving-californias-kelp-forests-cte-spc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730163427/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/07/saving-californias-kelp-forests-cte-spc/ |archive-date=2021-07-30 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-21 |title=New Study Finds Hope for Restoration of Kelp Beds and Commercial Fisheries |url=https://polycentric.cpp.edu/2021/06/new-study-finds-hope-for-restoration-of-kelp-beds-and-commercial-fisheries/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602185116/https://polycentric.cpp.edu/2021/06/new-study-finds-hope-for-restoration-of-kelp-beds-and-commercial-fisheries/ |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=PolyCentric |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Project: Palos Verdes |url=https://sea-trees.org/pages/palos-verdes-kelp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702083316/https://sea-trees.org/pages/palos-verdes-kelp |archive-date=2020-07-02 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=SeaTrees, by Sustainable Surf |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hohman |first=R |date=2019 |title=Sonoma-Mendocino Bull Kelp Recovery Plan, for Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and California Department of Fish &amp; Wildlife |url=https://farallones.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bull-Kelp-Recovery-Plan-2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501172103/https://farallones.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bull-Kelp-Recovery-Plan-2019.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-01 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Greater Farallones Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani launin ruwan kasa, ''Sargassum horneri'', wani nau'in mamayewa da aka fara gani a shekara ta 2003, shi ma ya kasance damuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-17 |title=Marine Invasive Species - Channel Islands National Park |url=https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/marine-invasive-species.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602174204/https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/marine-invasive-species.htm |archive-date=2017-06-02 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=U.S. National Park Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Erika I |date=2020-09-08 |title=An Orange County marine biologist wants to weed the ocean to help kelp grow |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2020/09/08/an-orange-county-marine-biologist-wants-to-weed-the-ocean-to-help-kelp-grow |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911055042/https://www.ocregister.com/2020/09/08/an-orange-county-marine-biologist-wants-to-weed-the-ocean-to-help-kelp-grow/ |archive-date=2020-09-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=[[Orange County Register]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu bincike a Bodega Marine Laboratory na UC Davis suna haɓaka dabarun sake dasa, kuma masu sa kai na ƙungiyar Orange County Coastkeeper suna sake dasa giant kelp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-01-12 |title=Kelp: California's Coastal Forests |url=https://marinescience.ucdavis.edu/blog/kelp-californias-coastal-forests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112225121/https://marinescience.ucdavis.edu/blog/kelp-californias-coastal-forests |archive-date=2021-01-12 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, UC Davis |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kelp Reforestation Program |url=https://www.coastkeeper.org/restoration/kelp-reforestation-program/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Orange County Coastkeeper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Jihar Humboldt ta fara noma bull kelp a gonar bincikenta a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=Kelp is on the Way |url=http://now.humboldt.edu/news/kelp-is-on-the-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712223424/http://now.humboldt.edu/news/kelp-is-on-the-way/ |archive-date=2021-07-12 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Humboldt State Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da kokarin bincike a matakin jihar don hana rushewar gandun daji a California a watan Yulin 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leitzell |first=Katherine |date=2020-07-06 |title=New research to address kelp forest crisis in California |url=https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/news/new-research-to-address-kelp-forest-crisis-in-california |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708070545/https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/news/new-research-to-address-kelp-forest-crisis-in-california |archive-date=2020-07-08 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=California Sea Grant |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matakin tarayya, HR 4458, Dokar Tsaro da Rayuwa da Fitarwa (KELP), wanda aka gabatar a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2021, tana neman kafa sabon shirin tallafi a cikin [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] don maido da gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bittenbender |first=Steve |date=2021-08-10 |title=Huffman-sponsored bill seeks grant funding to restore kelp forests |url=https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/huffman-sponsored-bill-seeks-grant-funding-to-restore-kelp-forests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811174621/https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/huffman-sponsored-bill-seeks-grant-funding-to-restore-kelp-forests |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=SeafoodSource}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ocean Rainforest, wani kamfani na Tsibirin Faroe, ya sami dala miliyan 4.5 a cikin kudaden gwamnatin Amurka don girma mai girma kelp a wani gona mai girman hekta 86 a bakin tekun Santa Barbara, California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ocean rainforest secures $4.5 m to ramp up Californian kelp production |url=https://thefishsite.com/articles/ocean-rainforest-secures-4-5-m-to-ramp-up-californian-kelp-production |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The Fish Site |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita don noma ''M. pyrifera'' an haɓaka ta ne a China a cikin shekarun 1950. Ana kiranta tsarin noman layin dogon lokaci, inda ake samar da sporelings a cikin gidan sanyi na ruwa sannan a dasa su a cikin teku da ke haɗe da layin dogon. Rashin zurfin da suke girma ya bambanta. Wannan nau'in yana sauyawa tsararraki a cikin rayuwarsa, yana motsawa tsakanin babban sporophyte da microscopic gametophyte. Ana girbe sporophyte a matsayin albasa. Manyan sporophytes suna samar da gabobin haifuwa da ake kira sori. Ana samun su a ƙarƙashin ganye kuma suna samar da zoospores masu motsi waɗanda ke tsiro a cikin gametophyte.{{Sfn|Mondragón|Mondragón|2003}}{{Sfn|Prescott|1968}}Don haifar da sporulation, ana bushe shuke-shuke har zuwa sa'o'i goma sha biyu kuma an sanya su a cikin akwati mai cike da ruwan teku na kimanin 9-10 °C; salinity na 30% da pH na 7.8-7.9. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mariculture of Seaweeds&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}{{Sfn|Westermeier|Patiño|Müller|2006}}&amp;nbsp;Ana sarrafa lokacin daukar hoto a lokacin sporulation da matakan girma. An sanya igiya na roba kusan 2 - 6mm a diamita a kasan akwati ɗaya bayan sporulation. zoospores da aka saki sun haɗa da igiya kuma sun fara tsiro cikin namiji da mace gametophytes. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mariculture of Seaweeds&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}{{Sfn|Westermeier|Patiño|Müller|2006}}Bayan balaga waɗannan gametophytes suna saki maniyyi da ƙwayoyin ƙwai waɗanda suka haɗu a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa kuma suka haɗa kansu da wannan substratum kamar gametophites (tashin). &lt;ref name=&quot;Mariculture of Seaweeds&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}{{Sfn|Westermeier|Patiño|Müller|2006}}Wadannan tsire-tsire suna girma cikin ƙananan sporophytes har zuwa kwanaki 60. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mariculture of Seaweeds&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Westermeier|Patiño|Müller|2006}}

Wadannan igiyoyi ana lullube su ko kuma an yanke su cikin ƙananan ɓangarori kuma an haɗa su da igiyar noma mafi girma. igiyoyin noma sun bambanta, amma suna da kusan 60m tare da buoys masu iyo a haɗe.{{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}Rashin zurfin ya bambanta. A kasar Sin, ana noma ''M. pyrifera'' a saman tare da buoys masu iyo da aka haɗe kowane 2-3m da iyakar igiyar da aka haɗi zuwa katako na katako da aka kafa a cikin tushe. Ana rataye igiyoyi guda ɗaya a tsakanin 50 cm. &amp;nbsp;A Chile ''M. pyrifera'' yana girma a zurfin 2m ta amfani da buoys don kiyaye tsire-tsire a zurfin dindindin.{{Sfn|Westermeier|Patiño|Müller|2006}}Wadannan ana barin su kadai su girma har sai an girbe su.

Matsalolin da ke fama da wannan hanyar sun haɗa da gudanar da sauyawa daga spore zuwa gametophyte da embryonic sporophyte waɗanda ake yi a kan kayan aiki na ƙasa tare da kula da ruwa, zafin jiki, abubuwan gina jiki da haske. [[Japan|Jafananci]] suna amfani da hanyar noma ta tilasta inda aka sami shekaru 2 na ci gaba a cikin lokacin girma guda ta hanyar sarrafa abubuwan shigarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mariculture of Seaweeds&quot; /&gt;

A kasar Sin wani aikin samar da ruwa mai zurfi / ruwa mai zurfin ya yi amfani da tsarin gona daban-daban don sauƙaƙe ci gaba, gami da yin amfani da abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwa mai zurfa zuwa gadaje. Babban fa'idar wannan hanyar ita ce an saki algae daga ƙuntatawa na girman ruwa mai zurfi. Batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin aiki da na gona sun addabi noman ruwa mai zurfi kuma sun kawo karshen ci gaba da bincike.

=== Girbi ===
Tsawon noma ya bambanta da yanki da ƙarfin noma. Wannan nau'in yawanci ana girbe shi bayan lokutan girma biyu (shekaru 2). {{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}''M. pyrifera'' wanda aka shuka shi a kan igiyoyi ana girbe shi ta hanyar tsarin pulley wanda aka haɗa shi da jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke jan layi ɗaya a kan tasoshin don tsaftacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mariculture of Seaweeds&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|Buschmann|Hernández-González|Astudillo|De La Fuente|2005}}Sauran ƙasashe kamar Amurka sun dogara da farko akan M. pyrifera mai girma, suna amfani da jiragen ruwa don girbi saman sau da yawa a kowace shekara. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda saurin girma yayin da sassan shuke-shuke da na haihuwa ba su lalace ba.{{Sfn|Bushing|2000}}{{Sfn|Hoek|Mann|Jahns|1995}}

== Aikace-aikacen ==
A Burtaniya, doka ta bayyana giant kelp a matsayin matsala. Ana cire samfurori masu mamayewa ta hanyar inji.

Bukatar ''M. pyrifera'' tana kan [[taki]], bioremediation da abinci ga [[abalone]] da sea urchins.{{Sfn|Gutierrez|Correa|Muñoz|Santibañez|2006}}{{Sfn|Buschmann|Varela|Hernández-González|Huovinen|2008}}

Farawar Maine, Running Tide Technologies, tana neman girma da yawa na kelp wanda zai hana carbon a cikin teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benveniste |first=Alexis |date=2021-05-03 |title=This startup grows kelp then sinks it to pull carbon from the air |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/03/business/running-tide-kelp-carbon/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504043730/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/03/business/running-tide-kelp-carbon/index.html |archive-date=2021-05-04 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Running Tide, Fighting Climate Change with Kelp |url=https://www.mainetechnology.org/mti-impact/success-stories/running-tide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030194133/https://www.mainetechnology.org/mti-impact/success-stories/running-tide/ |archive-date=2020-10-30 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Maine Technology Institute |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Heather |date=2021-06-03 |title=Can Farming Seaweed Put the Brakes on Climate Change? |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2021-2-summer/stress-test/can-farming-seaweed-put-brakes-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628092345/https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2021-2-summer/stress-test/can-farming-seaweed-put-brakes-climate-change |archive-date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=[[Sierra Club]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin man fetur ===
Shirin kula da kelp da shuka yana ci gaba a kusa da Tsibirin Catalina. Hanyoyin noma ta amfani da &quot;mai ɗagawa&quot; sun nuna alkawari don samar da man fetur ta amfani da liquefaction na thermochemical.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Crops |url=https://catalinasearanch.com/crops |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Catalina Sea Ranch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kokarin bincike yana tallafawa ta ARPA-E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=USC scientists may have unlocked kelp's potential as major biofuel source |url=https://news.usc.edu/182840/kelp-as-biofuel-ocean-seaweed-energy-usc-scientists/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=USC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-19 |title=University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine) - MacroAlgae Cultivation Modeling System |url=https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/projects/macroalgae-cultivation-modeling-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318194025/https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/projects/macroalgae-cultivation-modeling-system |archive-date=2021-03-18 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=ARPA_E}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abinci ===
Karamin noma yana amfani da kelp a matsayin maye gurbin kale. Kungiyoyi irin su [[GreenWave]] na Connecticut suna haɗa manoma na teku tare da masu sayen kelp a kokarin tallafawa kasuwar kayan lambu na teku.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agastache parvifolia</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Speciesbox|image=|genus=Agastache|species=parvifolia|authority=[[Alice Eastwood|Eastw.]]|status=G4|status_system=TNC|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;TNC status 30 May 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-30 |url=  https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.161190|access-date=30 May 2022 |website=NatureServe Explorer Agastache parvifolia|title = NatureServe Explorer - Agastache parvifolia |publisher=NatureServe}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Agastache parvifolia''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin dangin mint wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''karamin ganye mai girma'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plants Profile for Agastache parvifolia (smallleaf giant hyssop) |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=AGPA2 |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=plants.usda.gov}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da iyaka a arewacin [[California]], inda yake girma a cikin dazuzzuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agastache parvifolia Calflora |url=https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Agastache+parvifolia |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=www.calflora.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da nau'in da ba a saba gani ba  kuma wani lokacin ana daukar shi a matsayin nau'in gida na ''Agastache urticifolia'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agastache parvifolia |url=https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=12119 |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=ucjeps.berkeley.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Wannan shuka itace mai ƙanshi ne mai ƙanshi wanda ke samar da tsintsiya mai tsayi tare da ganye masu tsayi a kan pecioles. Wannan nau'in yana da ganye a ƙarƙashin 5 centimeters tsawo da 3.5 fadi. Inflorescence wani nau'i ne wanda ke zaune a saman tushe. Furen suna da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma corollas mai launin ruwan hoda.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4745,4753,4754 Jiki na Jepson]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=AGPA2 Bayanan shuke-shuke na USDA]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Agastache+parvifolia Hoton hoto]
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    <title>Agastache pallidiflora</title>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Agastache pallidiflora var. pallidiflora - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg|image_alt=|image_caption=|status={{TNCStatus}}|status_system=TNC|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;NatureServe&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=NatureServe |title=''Agastache pallidiflora'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.150431/Agastache_pallidiflora |access-date=5 November 2024 |location=Arlington, Virginia |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Agastache|species=pallidiflora|authority=([[A.Heller]]) [[Rydb.]], 1906|subdivision_ranks=Subspecies and varieties|subdivision_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite POWO |id=444499-1 |title=''Agastache pallidiflora'' (A.Heller) Rydb. |access-date=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|subdivision={{Species list
 | A. pallidiflora var. gilensis | R.W.Sanders
 | A. pallidiflora var. greenei | (Briq.) R.W.Sanders
 | A. pallidiflora var. harvardii | (A.Gray) R.W.Sanders
 | A. pallidiflora subsp. neomexicana | (Briq.) Lint &amp; Epling
 | A. pallidiflora subsp. pallidiflora | 
}}|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot; /&gt;|synonyms={{Collapsible list | {{Species list
 | Brittonastrum pallidiflorum | A.Heller (1899)
}}
}}}}

'''''Agastache pallidiflora''''', wanda aka fi sani da New Mexico giant hyssop ko '''Bill Williams Mountain giant hyssop''', shuka ce a cikin dangin mint.

== Bayyanawa ==
[[File:Agastache_pallidiflora_var._pallidiflora_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(1).jpg|thumb|Fure.]]
Itace ne mai tsayi wanda ke girma har zuwa {{Convert|4|ft|cm}}   tsawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bishiyoyi suna da ɗan kore, mai sauƙi kuma akasin haka a cikin tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Fure-fure suna da fari zuwa purple a launi kuma suna fure Yuli zuwa Oktoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Species Detail Forb |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailForb.php?genus=Agastache&amp;species=pallidiflora |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=cals.arizona.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424203038/https://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailForb.php?genus=Agastache&amp;species=pallidiflora |archive-date=2023-04-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana girma a cikin canyons masu laushi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=AGPA |access-date= |website=www.wildflower.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da shi ==
[[Navajo people|Navajo]]_Indian_Reservation&quot; id=&quot;mwMQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation&quot;&gt;Ramah Navajo suna amfani da shi azaman maganin waka na bikin, don tari mara kyau, da kuma bushewa, tushen da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin turɓaya don ciwo ko ciwon daji. Ramah kuma yana amfani da shi a matsayin fumigant don &quot;ciwon daji&quot;, a matsayin mai cutar zazzabi, da kuma karewa daga mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database |url=http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Agastache+pallidiflora}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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{{Speciesbox|status=G1|status_system=TNC|taxon=Astragalus hypoxylus|authority=[[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]}}

'''''Astragalus hypoxylus''''' wani nau'in shuke-shuke ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin legume da aka sani da sunan '''Huachuca milkvetch''', ko Huachuca Mountain milkvetch . Yana da iyaka a [[Arizona]] a Amurka, inda aka sani ne kawai daga Patagonia da Dutsen Huachuca .  Akwai al'ummomi uku.

== Bayyanawa ==
Wannan ƙaramin tsiron ganye mai rayuwa na tsawon shekaru da yawa yana girma ne a ƙasa, inda faɗinsa ba ya wuce kusan santimita 10 (inci 3.9) kuma tsayinsa ya kai santimita 3 zuwa 4 (inci 1.2 zuwa 1.6). Yana tsirowa ne daga babban tushe mai ɗauke da zaruruwa. Ganyayyakinsa, waɗanda ke fitowa ta hanyar bi-biyu a jere, sun ƙunshi ƙananan ganye-ganye masu launin toka-toka da kore waɗanda tsawonsu ya kai 'yan milimita kaɗan. Furanninsa suna fitowa ne a matsayin tarin furanni masu faɗin kusan santimita 1 (inci 0.39), waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙananan furanni fari masu ɗan launin shunayya a ƙarshensu. Furannin suna buɗewa a watannin Afrilu da Mayu, kuma ƙudan zuma na nau'ukan *Anthophora*, *Bombus*, da *Osmia* ne ke taimakawa wajen yaɗa pollen ɗinsu. 'Ya'yan tsiron suna cikin kwallo mai launin rawaya da shunayya, mai tsawon kusan santimita 1 (inci 0.39). Wannan nau'in *Astragalus* ya bambanta sosai da sauran nau'ukan har ta kai ga an taɓa sanya shi a cikin rukunin tsirrai na musamman wanda shi kaɗai ne a cikinsa.[1]

Wannan shuka tana girma a cikin gandun daji da Emory oak (''Quercus emoryi''), Mexican blue oak (''Q. oblongifolia''), [[Juniperus deppeana|Juniperus deppeana&quot;&gt;alligator juniper]] (Juniperus deppeana), da Mexican pinyon (''Pinus discolor''). Substrate ne mai laushi ƙasa mai wadata da dutse da metamorphic rock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USDA Plants Database |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=ASHY3}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ASHY3 Bayanan shuke-shuke na USDA]
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  <page>
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{{Speciesbox||status=G1|status_system=TNC|image=2015.05.09 06.40.42 IMG 2057 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh.jpg|taxon=Astragalus iselyi|authority=[[S.L.Welsh]]}}

Astragalus Trailyi wani nau'in shuke-shuke ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin legume da aka sani da sunan Isely's milkvetch . Yana da iyaka a [[Utah]] a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USDA Plants Database |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=ASIS}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ciyawa mai ɗorewa yana girma har zuwa 25 centimeters tsawo. Yana samar da furanni masu launin rawaya kusan kusan 2 centimeters tsawo. 'Ya'yan itace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu ƙwayoyin gashi har zuwa 3.8 centimeters tsawo.

Wannan shuka tana faruwa a yankuna uku a kudu maso gabashin Utah, biyu a cikin San Juan County kuma daya a cikin Grand County. An iyakance shi ga ƙasa da ta samo asali daga [[Tsarin Morrison|Morrison]] da Mancos Formations, kuma mai yiwuwa Paradox Formation. Ƙasa tana da wadataccen [[Yumbu|yumɓu]] a cikin selenium, gypsum, da uranium. Barazanar ga jinsin sun hada da hakar uranium a cikin mazauninta.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Astragalus jaegerianus</title>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Astragalusjaegerianus.jpg|status=LE|status_system=ESA|genus=Astragalus|species=jaegerianus|authority=[[Philip A. Munz|Munz]]}}

'''''Astragalus jaegerianus''''' wani nau'in milkvetch ne mai ban sha'awa wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Lane Mountain milkvetch''' . An sanya sunan shuka ne ga masanin ilimin halitta Edmund Jaeger, wanda ya fara rubuta shi a shekarar 1939. 

== Rarraba ==
Yana da iyaka a arewa maso gabashin San Bernardino County, California, inda aka sani daga mutane huɗu kawai a kusa da Fort Irwin a cikin Mojave Desert .  Yana da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari na tarayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;charlton&quot; /&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Wannan itace ne mai ɗorewa tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin da aka rufe da gashi mai laushi. Tushen ya kai 30 zuwa 70 centimeters a tsawon kuma yana girma a cikin ciyawa na shrubs da ke kusa. A cikin shekaru masu bushe shuka tana girma ne kawai a cikin 'yan centimeters kafin furewa, amma bayan ruwan sama mai yawa yana iya hawa zuwa saman shrubs makwabta. Shafuka suna da tsawon 2 zuwa 5 centimeters kuma suna kunshe da ƙananan takardu da yawa da ke da gashi a saman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USDA Plants Database |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=ASJA |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121065340/https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=ASJA |archive-date=2025-01-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inflorescence wani nau'i ne mai budewa har zuwa 15 pale purple, duhu veined furanni. Kowane furen yana da tsawon santimita daya. Furen suna da ƙwayoyin cuta, tare da mafi yawan mai shuka shine ƙudan zuma mai suna ''Anthidium dammersi'' .  'Ya'yan itace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ke rataye har zuwa 2.5 centimeters tsawo. Ba shi da gashi kuma yana bushewa zuwa fata ko takarda mai kauri.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,3718,3773 Jiki na Jepson]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Astragalus+jaegerianus Hoton hoto]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906211538/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume2number3/b0490tx.html Hoton kwayar iri]
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  <page>
    <title>'Yan Honduras</title>
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'''Honduras''' ( Spanish   ; wanda kuma ake kira '''catrachos''' ) 'yan ƙasar [[Honduras]] ne. Yawancin 'yan Honduras suna zaune a Honduras, kodayake akwai kuma 'yan ƙasar Honduras da yawa da suka fito daga ƙasashen waje, musamman a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da kuma ƙananan al'ummomi da yawa a wasu ƙasashe a duniya.

== Catracho ko Catracha ==
Mutanen Latin Amurka suna kiran mutumin Honduras a matsayin ''{{Lang|es|catracho}}'' ko ''{{Lang|es|catracha}}'' . Mutanen Nicaragua ne suka ƙirƙiro wannan kalmar a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 lokacin da Janar Florencio Xatruch na Honduras ya dawo daga yaƙi tare da sojojinsa na Honduras da Salvador bayan ya kayar da sojojin Amurka masu amfani da 'freebooters' waɗanda William Walker ke jagoranta, waɗanda manufarsu ita ce sake kafa bauta da kuma kwace dukkan Amurka ta Tsakiya . Sa’ad da janar ɗin da sojojinsa suka dawo, wasu mutanen Nicaragua suka yi ihu suna cewa ''{{Lang|es|¡Aquí vienen los xatruches!}}'' , ma'ana &quot;Ga yaran Xatruch nan!&quot; Duk da haka, 'yan Nicaragua sun sami matsala sosai wajen furta sunan ƙarshe na janar ɗin Catalan har suka canza kalmar zuwa ''{{Lang|es|los catruches}}'' kuma a ƙarshe sun zauna a kan ''{{Lang|es|las catrachas}}'' ko kuma ''{{Lang|es|los catrachos}}'' . 

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Estatua_de_Lempira.jpg|thumb| Lempira, gwarzon asalin al'adun Lenca.]]
Kafin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|mamayar]], &quot;'Yan asalin ƙasar Honduras suna zaune ne da al'ummar da suka fito daga ƙabilu daban-daban.&quot; Daga cikinsu akwai: Los Lencas, Payas, Chorotegas, Xicaques, Chortis, da dai sauransu. Duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ba su da &quot;haɗin kan al'adu,&quot; kuma &quot;mai yiwuwa suna da asalin al'adun Mesoamerican da Kudancin Amurka.&quot; A cewar wasu masana tarihi: « ''Waɗannan al'adu sun sami babban ci gaba a fannoni daban-daban na ilimin ɗan adam, wanda ci gaban noma iri-iri ya haifar ... Ta wannan hanyar sun tabbatar da isasshen abinci ga yawan jama'arsu. Sun kuma yi amfani da dabarun kammalawa sosai a cikin yadi da tukwane. Sun haɓaka ciniki mai ƙarfi da bambance-bambance'' . »

A yankin arewa maso yamma na Honduras sun mamaye mutanen Chortís, ƙungiyar Mayan da ke Copán da Ocotepeque, da Lencas waɗanda suka mamaye sassan Santa Bárbara, Lempira, Intibucá, La Paz, Comayagua, Francisco Morazán da Valle. Kuma wani ɓangare na abin da a yau ya ƙunshi yankin El Salvador. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senate Roslution No. 410 |url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm? |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=www.legis.state.pa.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106050104/https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm |archive-date=2020-11-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran yankin Honduras yana zaune ne a hannun mutanen kudancin nahiyar, tare da al'adun makiyaya da na rabin-mazauna, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dangantakar samar da kayayyaki ta asali. Daga cikin waɗannan mutanen akwai Tolupanes (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;xicaques&quot;), Pechs (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;payas&quot;), Tawahkas da Misquitos waɗanda, gabaɗaya, suka ƙunshi mafi yawan al'ummar ƙasar.

A cewar masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Honduras Guillermo Molina Chocano, ƙidayar farko ta yawan jama'ar Honduras sakamakon kiyasin da &quot;masana tarihi, masu tarihi, da matafiya&quot; suka yi ne. Yawancin waɗannan sun yi daidai da cewa lokacin da Sifaniyawa suka iso, al'ummar 'yan asalin ƙasar Honduras da sauran Amurka sun yi yawa sosai. Misali, matafiyi na Milan, Girolaneo Benzoni ( ''Historia del Nuevo Mundo, 1572'' ) ya tabbatar da cewa:

&quot; ''Lokacin da Sifaniyawa suka je cin nasarar yankin Honduras ... sun haɗu da 'yan Indiya sama da dubu ɗari huɗu ...&quot;'' ''Wasu kuma (El Costo de la Conquista, 1992) sun yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;yawan 'yan asalin ƙasar Honduras ya kai kimanin mutane 800,000.&quot;''

Ga wasu masana tarihi &quot;Mafita don nazarin yawan jama'a shine ƙidayar jama'a ta lardin Honduras da magajin garin Don Ramón de Anguiano ya shirya.&quot; &quot;9 10 wanda&quot; ya ba da yawan jama'a 130,000 a cikin cibiyoyi 249 da ke zaune a ciki a shekarar 1801. &quot;Idan aka kwatanta juyin halittar al'ummar Honduras, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, &quot;da alkaluman 1778, 1791 da kuma A cikin 1801, babu wani gagarumin sauyi da aka lura a cikin halayen al'ummar ... &quot;Ta wannan hanyar,&quot; in ji Molina Chocano, &quot;wanda ba zai yiwu a ƙayyade juyin halittar al'umma a zamanin mulkin mallaka gaba ɗaya ba. &quot;Duk da haka, suna iya gano wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekarun canji zuwa matakin jamhuriya da kuma a cikin ƙarni na 19.&quot;

A shekarar 1816, shekaru biyar kafin samun 'yancin kai, &quot;Magajin Gari Don Juan Antonio Tomos ya bayar da rahoto game da ziyararsa a shekarar 1815, inda ya nuna cewa akwai mazauna 100,000 a cikin ƙananan hukumomi 39 da ƙauyuka 8 na baƙar fata na Caribbean kusa da Trujillo (wanda aka kiyasta ya kai 10,000) jimillar mazauna 110,000. Bayan samun 'yancin kai&quot; yawan mutanen 1826 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1890-02-15 |title=Correspondence |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican02151890-103 |journal=Scientific American |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=103 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican02151890-103 |issn=0036-8733 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; (mutane 200,000) ya dogara ne akan lissafin da Mr. Dionisio de Herrera, tsohon shugaban ƙasar Honduras ya yi; daidai da na 1850 (mutane 350,000) wanda ya dogara ne akan lissafin da Mr. EG Squier ya yi &quot;13 Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙidayar jama'a ta 182614 kuma aka kwatanta&quot; da lissafin Bishop na Guatemala, Don Francisco de Paula García Peláez, a 1838, (mazauna 173,365 ('yan Spain 21,165, Ladinos 106,668 da Indiyawa 45,532), 15 za a iya ganin raguwar yawan karuwar jama'a a cikin shekarun &quot;bayan 'yancin kai da&quot; lokacin wanzuwar Tarayyar Amurka ta Tsakiya.

== Alƙaluma ==
Idan aka yi la'akari da yankunan birane kawai, babban birnin Honduras shine na huɗu mafi girma [[Yankin birni|a cikin jerin birane]] na Tsakiyar Amurka, bayan Guatemala City, Managua, da San Salvador.

=== Yawan Jama'a ===
A shekarar 2017, Honduras tana da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 9. A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta Honduras ta 2001, Honduras tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 7.4. Sassan mafi yawan jama'a sune: Cortés (miliyan 1.2), Francisco Morazán (miliyan 1.2), Yoro (466,000), Olancho (420,000), Choluteca (391,000) da Comayagua (353,000). Mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a sune Tsibirin Bay da Gracias a Dios .

Bisa ga wannan tushe, manyan biranen sune: Tegucigalpa (894,000-Central District kawai), San Pedro Sula (517,000), Choloma (160,000), La Ceiba (140,000), El Progreso (106,000), Choluteca, Comayagua, Puerto Cortés , La Li . Duk da haka, manyan yankunan birni sune Tegucigalpa (1,200,000-est. 2007-) da San Pedro Sula (900,000). Tsakanin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1988 da 2001, yawan jama'ar San Pedro Sula ya ninka sau biyu. Kasar tana da birane 20 da ke da mazauna sama da 20,000.

A bisa kididdigar shekarar 2013, 'yan Honduras{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} :
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Rukuni
! Jimilla
! %
|-
| Mestizo
| 6,886,470
| 82.93
|-
| Fari
| 653,637
| 7.87
|-
| 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar
| 601,824
| 7.25
|-
| Garifuna
| 61,617
| 0.74
|-
| Baƙi
| 54,178
| 0.65
|-
| Wani
| 46,046
| 0.55
|}

== Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ==

=== Mestizos ===
[[File:Roberto_Sosa.jpg|thumb|278x278px| Mawaki Roberto Sosa.]]
Yawancin mutanen Honduras Mestizo ne (cakuda ' yan Spain da Amerindian ), 'yan Honduras sun fito ne daga bakin haure daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da mutanen Amerindian kamar Lencas da Maya. Ba wai kawai ya kamata a takaita amfani da mestizaje na Honduras a matsayin cakuda tsakanin Sifaniyanci da 'Yan Asalin Amurka ba, wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutanen suna da asalin Afirka mai yawa, wanda ya kama daga 10% - 35% a matsakaici, galibi saboda cakuda da mutanen Afirka kamar su Creole na tsibirin Bay, da kuma mutanen Garifuna na Caribbean.

Sauran mestizos daga Honduras suma suna da cakuda sauran al'ummomi da suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar kamar Larabawa, sauran al'ummomin Turai, da kuma 'yan Asiya. A cewar bincike, yawan mutanen Mestizo ya kai kashi 80% na jimillar yawan mutanen Honduras. Mestizos kuma suna da mafi yawan wakilci a kafofin watsa labarai saboda su ne mafi rinjaye.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2024}}

=== Baƙaƙe ===
Yawan mutanen Afro-Honduras ya kai kusan kashi 1-2% &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111115717/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afro-Hondurans 1% |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/doc/publications/wp/2015/Funes-et-al-Honduras.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425204300/http://www.seaaroundus.org/doc/publications/wp/2015/Funes-et-al-Honduras.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galibi suna zaune ne a gabar tekun Caribbean ko Atlantic na ƙasar. Baƙar fata sun fito ne daga tushe daban-daban. Da yawa daga cikinsu zuriyar tsibiran Yammacin Indiya ne. Wata babbar ƙungiya kuma ita ce Garífuna, zuriyar wani ɗan Afro-Carib wanda ya yi tawaye ga hukumomin Birtaniya a tsibirin St. Vincent kuma aka tilasta masa ƙaura zuwa Belize da Honduras a ƙarni na 18. Garífunas wani ɓangare ne na asalin Honduras ta hanyar gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Louvavagu.

=== Ba'amurke ɗan Amurka ===
[[File:Native_Hondurans_2013.png|left|thumb| Rarraba 'Yan Asalin Honduras bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2013]]
[[Fayil:Copan_Stela_H_detail.jpg|thumb| Stele na Sarki Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil na Copan. Kasancewar Mayan-Chorti ya yi ƙarfi a yammacin Honduras.]]
Al'ummar Amerindian ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi bakwai na asali waɗanda ƙungiyar Confederation of Autochthonous Peoples of Honduras (CONPAH) da gwamnatin Honduras suka amince da su, daga cikinsu sun amince da ƙungiyoyin Afro-Caribbean da Garífuna waɗanda ba Amerindian ba ne.

Ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar guda bakwai sune: Ch'orti', ƙungiyar Mayan da ke zaune a arewa maso yamma a kan iyaka da [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ; 'yan Garifuna suna magana da yaren Caribbean, waɗanda ke zaune a duk bakin tekun Caribbean na Honduras, da kuma a Tsibirin Bay; 'yan Pech ko Paya Indiyawan da ke zaune a ƙaramin yanki a sashen Olancho; 'yan Tolupan (wanda kuma ake kira Jicaque, &quot;Xicaque&quot;, ko Tol), waɗanda ke zaune a Sashen Yoro da kuma a wurin ajiyar Montaña de la Flor da sassan sashen Yoro; 'yan Indiyawan Lenca da ke zaune a tsaunukan yamma na Intibuca, Lempira, La Paz, Valle da Choluteca; da kuma 'yan Indiyawan Miskito da ke zaune a bakin tekun arewa maso gabas a sashen Gracias A Dios da kuma kan iyaka da [[Nicaragua]] .

=== Fari ===
[[File:Don_Francisco_Morazan_Quezada.JPG|thumb|221x221px| Jarumin Honduras Francisco Morazán . Ya fito ne daga zuriyar Italiya-Spanish.]]
Fararen mutanen Honduras ko kuma fararen mutanen Honduras (wanda a harshen Ingilishi ake kira ''cheles'' ), kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin waɗancan mutanen Honduras waɗanda aka tsara ko aka ɗauke su a matsayin fararen mutane . Duk da haka, kalmar fari a Honduras kamar sauran ƙasashen Latin Amurka ba ta da cikakken bayani, kuma ba za a rarraba wasu fararen fata a matsayin haka a wasu ƙasashe ba. Fararen fata na farko a Honduras sun zo tare da [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] a 1502, a cikin dukan ƙarni na 16 an sami babban ƙaura na Spain zuwa Honduras. Fararen fata 'yan asalin Honduras suma sun fito ne daga bakin haure da suka zo daga Turai, kamar [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Jamus]], [[Italiya]] da [[Gabashin Turai]] a ƙarni na 19 da 20. Kaso ya bambanta daga 1% zuwa 7%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras - Indigenous, Mestizo, Garifuna {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Honduras/The-people |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halittar Halitta ==
Kamar yadda aka ambata, yawancin mutanen Honduras suna Mestizo ne, inda sama da kashi 80% na al'ummar ƙasar ke nuna kansu a matsayin wannan ƙungiyar. Maganar rashin daidaito a Honduras ba wai kawai ta shafi gaurayen gargajiya na 'yan asalin Amurka da mazauna Spain ba ne, har ma da gaurayawa da sauran al'ummomi. Saboda kwararar ƙaura da aka yi bayan Liberal Reform, sauran kabilu sun fara haɗuwa da al'ummar Honduras ta gida tun daga lokacin.

Wani bincike ya nuna cewa 'yan Honduras suna da tsarin kwayoyin halitta mai yawa tare da 'yan Spain da Italiya, wanda ya fi abin da aka yi imani da shi a farko, wanda ya fi kusanci fiye da abin da aka yi imani da shi a farko da al'ummar [[Bahar Rum]] ta Turai da kuma mutanen Honduras. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=redaccion |date=2020-03-30 |title=Yahvé Sabillón: &quot;los hondureños tienen igual factor genético que los italianos y españoles&quot; - RCV Honduras |url=https://www.rcv.hn/2020/03/30/yaveh-sabillon-los-hondurenos-tienen-igual-factor-genetico-que-los-italianos-y-espanoles/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Radio Cadena Voces |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan yawan mutanen mestizo na Honduras da samfuran Garífuna daga gabar tekun Caribbean na Honduras, ya nuna sakamakon kamar haka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salazar-Flores |first=J. |last2=Zuñiga-Chiquette |first2=F. |last3=Rubi-Castellanos |first3=R. |last4=Álvarez-Miranda |first4=J. L. |last5=Zetina-Hérnandez |first5=A. |last6=Martínez-Sevilla |first6=V. M. |last7=González-Andrade |first7=F. |last8=Corach |first8=D. |last9=Vullo |first9=C. |last10=Álvarez |first10=J. C. |last11=Lorente |first11=J. A. |last12=Sánchez-Diz |first12=P. |last13=Herrera |first13=R. J. |last14=Cerda-Flores |first14=R. M. |last15=Muñoz-Valle |first15=J. F. |date=2015-02-01 |title=Admixture and genetic relationships of Mexican Mestizos regarding Latin American and Caribbean populations based on 13 CODIS-STRs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018442X14001036 |journal=Homo |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–59 |doi=10.1016/j.jchb.2014.08.005 |issn=0018-442X |pmid=25435058 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da bincike daban-daban guda biyu ɗaya ta kiraports.org da kuma na biyu ta AHAIASA Journals. An yi amfani da samfuran tsakanin 284-295 tsakanin binciken biyu. Duk binciken sun nuna cewa asalin asalin 'yan asalin Amurka da na Turai sun rabu daidai gwargwado, yayin da suke riƙe da asalin Afirka masu yawa kuma wataƙila cinikin bayi ya yi tasiri a kansu. [https://www.kireports.org/article/S2468-0249(21)00593-3/fulltext] [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCGEN.123.004314]

== Addini ==

=== Imani na 'yan asalin ƙasar ===
[[File:ChaacMaya.jpg|thumb| allahn ruwan sama na Mayan Chaac a gidan kayan tarihi na Mayan Sculpture.]]
Duk da cewa addinin Kiristanci ne ya mamaye ƙasar, 'yan asalin ƙasar galibi suna riƙe da abubuwan da suka shafi ruhaniyarsu ta asali a cikin wani nau'in haɗin kai.

=== Addinin Garifuna ===
Addinin Garífuna shine Dugú, cakuda imani ne na Afirka, Katolika, da na asali.

=== Kiristanci ===
A yau, 'yan Honduras galibi [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ne]], inda kashi 46% [[Protestan bangaskiya|na 'yan Furotesta]] ne, yayin da kashi 41% na 'yan Furotesta ne, inda suka raba daidai tsakanin Furotesta da Katolika. A tarihi, a farkon karni na 20, saboda tasirin da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta samu a wannan lokacin, Furotesta sun fi Katolika yawa, suna wakiltar kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar, galibi a arewa. Wata al'ummar Kiristoci a Honduras mabiya addinin Orthodox ne, galibi Larabawa ne suka kafa ta, sama da iyalai 600 suna cikin Cocin Orthodox na Antakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honduras – Iglesia Ortodoxa Antioquena |url=https://iglesiaortodoxa.org.mx/informacion/arquidiocesis/parroquias/honduras/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da asarar yankunan Furotesta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tare da ƙaruwar rashin yarda da Allah da kuma [[Mulhidanci|rashin yarda da Allah]] a yankin gabashin ƙasar, yawan Furotesta ya ragu. A yau akwai yankunan karkara da birane inda addinin Furotesta ya daina rinjaye.&lt;gallery widths=&quot;240px&quot; heights=&quot;185px&quot;&gt;
File:Basilica_de_Suyapa_TGU.jpg|alt=Roman Catholic Basilica of Our Lady of Suyapa in Tegucigalpa.| Basilica na Roman Katolika na Uwargidanmu na Suyapa a Tegucigalpa.
File:Honduran_Orthodox_christians.jpg|alt=Honduran Orthodox Christians in San Pedro Sula.| Kiristocin Orthodox na Honduras a San Pedro Sula.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Al'adu ==
Honduras ƙasa ce mai kabilu da al'adu daban-daban, tana da gadon tarihi sama da shekaru dubu 12. Kashi 8% na al'ummar Honduras 'yan asalin ƙasar ne daga ƙungiyoyi ko ƙabilu daban-daban waɗanda suka bar tambarinsu a kan al'adu da kuma abincin ƙasar. Wani abu kuma shi ne Sifaniyanci, wanda ya bar wani babban tabo a al'adun ƙasar. Al'adar jama'ar Honduras, kamar yadda take a yawancin ƙasashe, ta ƙunshi ƙirƙirar fasaha da manyan masu kallo ko nune-nune suka halarta. Ana gudanar da irin waɗannan baje kolin al'adu na fasaha a wasu ranakun shekara ta hanyar bukukuwa masu ƙirƙira sosai.

=== Ranakun Hutu ===
[[File:Virgendesuyapa.jpg|thumb| Uwargidanmu ta Suyapa.]]
Daga cikin bukukuwan da suka fi shahara akwai; a ranar 15 ga Satumba, ranar 'yancin kai ta Honduras. Ana gudanar da wannan bikin tunawa da faretin makarantu da kwalejoji a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wasu kamfanoni kuma suna shiga waɗanda ke ƙawata faretin da kowace irin na'urar shawagi. Tun bayan da aka kwace Honduras, addinin da ya fi rinjaye a ƙasar Katolika ne, saboda haka, ana ba da fifiko na musamman ga bukukuwan Makon Tsarki.

Ana bikin ranar Budurwar Suyapa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu na kowace shekara tare da yin babban aikin hajji zuwa Tegucigalpa don girmama ta. A lokacin hutun Ista, yawancin jama'a suna amfani da wannan makon hutun da ke farawa a ranar Laraba kuma ya ƙare a ranar Lahadi don yin tafiya a bakin teku da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar, kuma suna jin daɗin lokacin bazara mai zafi wanda ake jin daɗinsa kawai a wannan lokacin na shekara musamman a Tekun Arewa da Kudancin Honduras. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Shige da fice na Larabawa zuwa Honduras
* Mutanen Criollo
* Al'adun Honduras
* 'Yan Hispanik
* Tarihin Honduras
* Tarihin Yahudawa a Honduras
* 'Yan Amurka 'yan Honduras
* [['Yancin Dan Adam a Honduras|Hakkin Dan Adam a Honduras]]
* Hijira zuwa Italiya zuwa Honduras
* Mutanen Spain a Honduras

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Arctostaphylos silvicola</title>
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{{Speciesbox|name=Bonny Doon manzanita|image=Arctostaphylos_silvicola.jpg|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=&lt;ref  name=&quot;TNC status 14 may  2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.147236 | title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image2=Arctostaphylos silvicola mug shot (25774194863).jpg|genus=Arctostaphylos|species=silvicola|authority=[[Willis Linn Jepson|Jeps.]] &amp; [[Wiesl.]]}}

'''''Arctostaphylos silvicola''''' wani nau'in manzanita ne wanda aka fi sani da sunayen '''Bonny Doon''' ko manzanita na azurfa. Yana da iyaka ga tsaunukan yashi na kudancin tsaunukan Santa Cruz a cikin yankunan Santa Cruz da Santa Clara na California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taxon Report 608 |url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=608 |access-date=25 October 2013 |website=The Calflora Database}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Wannan babban itace ne wanda ke girma aƙalla mita ɗaya kuma an san shi ya wuce mita shida a tsawo, yana kama da itace. Yankin yana da ja mai duhu kuma yana da santsi. Ganyen suna da launin toka mai launin kore kuma wani lokacin dan kadan. Suna da siffar oval kuma har zuwa 3.5 centimeters tsawo. Fure-fure na shrub a cikin inflorescences na dogon, furanni na manzanita mai kama da kwalba kuma yana samar da drupes 6 zuwa 12 millimeters fadi.

== Gida ==
''Arctostaphylos silvicola'' yana girma a cikin gandun daji da chaparral a kan yashi na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNPS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=California Native Plant Society |title=Arctostaphylos silvicola |url=http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/43.html |access-date=25 October 2013 |website=Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin kiyayewa ==
Silverleaf an jera shi a matsayin &quot;mai haɗari sosai&quot; ta California Native Plant Society . &lt;ref name=&quot;CNPS&quot; /&gt; Babban barazanar ga jinsin shine asarar mazaunin ta hanyar hakar yashi da ci gaba. Wani bangare na mazaunin yana karewa ta hanyar Bonny Doon Ecological Reserve.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asimina manasota</title>
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'''''Asimina manasota''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Manasota pawpaw''',  wani nau'in pawpaw ne mai ban sha'awa a yankunan Manatee da Sarasota a [[Florida]], Amurka. {{Authority control}}

== Gida ==
An san shi daga turkey oak sandhill da xeric flatwoods, wuraren zama waɗanda suka fi yawa a kusa da Kogin Manatee.

== Karewa ==
Yanzu an san shi daga wasu shafukan yanar gizo, biyu daga cikinsu ana kiyaye su, inda akwai kimanin shuke-shuke 20 zuwa 25. Marie Selby Botanical Gardens da Cincinnati Zoo da Botanical Lambs sun gudanar da kokarin kiyayewa na musamman, gami da cryopreservation da ƙirƙirar layin al'adun nama, kamar yadda hanyoyin banki na gargajiya ba su da amfani ga wannan nau'in.

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Asimina_manasota_in_flower_(closeup)_-_May_2026.png
File:Asimina_manasota_with_mature_fruit_-_May_2026.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|&lt;ref name=&quot;ns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Asimina manasota'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.939227/Asimina_manasota |website=NatureServe Explorer |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;usf-pa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Asimina manasota'' |url=https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/4346 |website=Florida PlantAtlas |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;fsus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Asimina manasota'' |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon-detail.php&amp;taxonid=30702 |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;cpc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Manasota Pawpaw (''Asimina manasota'') |url=https://saveplants.org/plant-profile/?CPCNum=47000 |website=Center for Plant Conservation |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babbar tushe</title>
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'''Babban beraye mai tushe''' ('''''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''beraye na Afirka ta Habasha''', nau'in beraye ne a cikin nau'in ''Tachyoryctes'' . Wannan nau'in yana da yawa a [[Duwatsun Bale|tsaunukan Bale]] na Habasha, kuma wurin zama na halitta yana da ciyayi mai zafi ko kuma na wurare masu zafi, inda yawan jama'a zai iya kaiwa ga mutane har 2,600 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. Babban beraye mai tushe yana da gashi mai kauri da manyan haƙora, kuma yana ƙirƙirar manyan hanyoyin rami yayin da yake neman abinci kafin ya yi ramuka a saman don ciyar da ciyayi da ke kusa. Akwai nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ke farautar ''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'', musamman kerkecin Habasha, kuma yana fuskantar barazanar [[Rashin mazaunin|asarar muhalli]].

== Halaye ==
''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'' yawanci yana da ƙananan idanu da gashin da ke da kauri, da kuma musamman maɓallan da suka fi shahara. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kingdon|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sanya idanun kusa da saman goshin, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu &quot;periscopes&quot; saboda iyawarsu ta duba ko akwai dabbobin da ke farauta. &lt;ref name=&quot;king2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kingdon|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane yawanci ba su da wani ɓangare na kunne da ake kira pinna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pleštilová |first=Lucie |last2=Hrouzková |first2=Ema |last3=Burda |first3=Hynek |last4=Meheretu |first4=Yonas |last5=Šumbera |first5=Radim |year=2021 |title=Ear morphology in two root-rat species (genus Tachyoryctes) differing in the degree of fossoriality |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-021-01489-z |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |language=en |volume=207 |issue=4 |pages=469–478 |doi=10.1007/s00359-021-01489-z |issn=0340-7594 |pmid=33956210 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; gaɓoɓi yawanci gajeru ne da fikafikai, kuma suna da gajerun wutsiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yalden&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yalden |first=D. W. |date=24 May 1985 |title=Tachyoryctes macrocephalus |url=https://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-237-01-0001.pdf |journal=Mammalian Species |publisher=The American Society of Mammalologists |issue=237 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.2307/3503827 |jstor=3503827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105060757/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-237-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=16 September 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nauyin jikinsu zai iya kaiwa daga gram 160 zuwa gram 930, kuma tsawon jikinsu yana kama daga milimita 160 zuwa milimita 313. Hakora suna da hypsodont (suna da kambi mai tsayi da kuma gajeriyar tushe), kuma ƙashin interparietal yana da gajeru sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poor |first=Allison |title=Tachyoryctinae East African mole rats |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tachyoryctinae/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320142152/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tachyoryctinae/ |archive-date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gashin yawanci launin toka ne a gindinsa, kuma kan ya fi sauran jikin girma sosai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Don |last2=Mittermeier |first2=Russell |title=Tachyoryctes macrocephalus - Plazi TreatmentBank |url=https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF94BD18FFF4F994F71BFC39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325054653/https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF94BD18FFF4F994F71BFC39 |archive-date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=treatment.plazi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan beraye galibi suna cin ciyawa kusa da raminsu kuma suna yin mafi yawan lokacinsu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Nauyin jikinsu na yau da kullun yana kusa da kilogram ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Šklíba |first=J. |last2=Vlasatá |first2=T. |last3=Lövy |first3=M. |last4=Hrouzková |first4=E. |last5=Meheretu |first5=Y. |last6=Sillero-Zubiri |first6=C. |last7=Šumbera |first7=R. |year=2020 |title=The giant that makes do with little: small and easy-to-leave home ranges found in the giant root-rat |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12729 |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |language=en |volume=310 |issue=1 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12729 |issn=0952-8369 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwarangwal ɗin, garkuwar occipital ɗinsa ƙarami ne kuma a kwance, farantin zygomatic yana da faɗi sosai kuma a tsaye, fossa na mesopterygoid yana da siffar V kuma bayan fossa na glenoid a buɗe yake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kingdon|Happold|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berayen tushen maza galibi suna da girma idan aka kwatanta da na mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poor |first=Allison |year=2005 |title=Tachyoryctinae (East African mole rats) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tachyoryctinae/#:~:text=Known%20Predators%20Simian%20jackals%20(%20Canis,rufofuscus%20)%20lammergeiers%20(%20Gypaetus%20barbatus%20) |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=Animal Diversity Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwaikwayo ===
Manyan beraye suna hayayyafa duk shekara kuma suna ɗaukar ciki na tsawon kwanaki 37 zuwa 49. Wasu mata suna da yawan kitse (suna ɗaukar ciki na biyu yayin shayarwa ta farko) ko kuma suna haihuwa sau ɗaya a kowane watanni 6. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Maza wani lokacin suna saka wani abu da zai taimaka wajen saduwa da mace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hayssen|Tienhoven|1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan beraye suna amfani da ruwan sama da canjin yanayin zafi don taimakawa wajen tantance lokacin da ya dace don kiwo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Katandukila |first=J. V. |last2=Faulkes |first2=C. G. |last3=Chimimba |first3=C. T. |last4=Bennett |first4=N. C. |year=2013 |title=Reproduction in the E ast A frican root rat ( T achyoryctes splendens ; R odentia: S palacidae) from T anzania: the importance of rainfall |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12067 |journal=Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=291 |issue=4 |pages=258–268 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12067 |issn=0952-8369 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata a cikin nau'in ''Tachyoryctes'' ana haifar da ƙwayoyin ovulation, ma'ana ovulation yawanci yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin haɗuwa ba wai a zagaye ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Katandukila |first=Jestina V. |last2=Bennett |first2=Nigel C. |date=2016 |title=Pattern of ovulation in the East African root rat ( Tachyoryctes splendens ) from Tanzania: induced or spontaneous ovulator? |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2015-0217 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=345–351 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2015-0217 |issn=0008-4301 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Phylogeny ===
''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'' yana da yawa a cikin ciyayi a [[Duwatsun Bale|tsaunukan Bale]] na Habasha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kingdon|1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin dangin ''Tachyoryctes'', wani nau'in ''Rhizomys'' ne da ke da alaƙa da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reuber |first=Victoria M. |last2=Rey-Iglesia |first2=Alba |last3=Westbury |first3=Michael V. |last4=Cabrera |first4=Andrea A. |last5=Farwig |first5=Nina |last6=Skovrind |first6=Mikkel |last7=Šumbera |first7=Radim |last8=Wube |first8=Tilaye |last9=Opgenoorth |first9=Lars |last10=Schabo |first10=Dana G. |last11=Lorenzen |first11=Eline D. |date=2021-08-03 |title=Complete mitochondrial genome of the giant root-rat ( Tachyoryctes macrocephalus ) |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part B |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=2191–2193 |doi=10.1080/23802359.2021.1944388 |issn=2380-2359 |pmc=8253177 |pmid=34263047}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa nau'in ya taɓa rayuwa a Kudancin Asiya har zuwa arewacin Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wataƙila nau'in ya samo asali ne daga rabuwar da ''Tachyoryctes splendens'' (beran Afirka) kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.3 da suka wuce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wannan cladogram yana nuna matsayin ''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'' a cikin dangin taxonomic Spalacidae.

== Halayya ==
[[File:Giant_mole-rat_(Tachyoryctes_macrocephalus).jpg|alt=A giant root-rat poking its head outside of a hole it dug.|thumb| Kallon daga rami]]
Ba kamar sauran beraye masu rai ba, waɗanda galibi suke kiwo a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, babban beraye masu rai galibi suna kiwo a sama da ƙasa, suna samun abinci ta hanyar tono sama da cin abinci a kan wasu ciyayi kusa da ƙofar shiga ramin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yalden&quot; /&gt; Yana ci gaba da neman abinci na tsawon mintuna 20, har sai da ya ƙare da wadatar ganyen da ke kewaye da ramin, sannan ya toshe ramin da ya gina daga ciki. Galibi yana cin ciyawa da ganye, kuma wasu mutane suna cin galibi daga tushe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yalden&quot; /&gt; Manyan beraye suna tattara abincinsu ba tare da sun bar hanyar karkashin kasa da suka gina ba, suna zaɓar barin rabin jikinsu a ciki yayin da suke kama ciyayin da sauri a waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yalden&quot; /&gt; Suna gina hanyoyin sadarwa masu faɗi waɗanda suka haɗu har zuwa {{Convert|34|m|ft}} a tsayi, tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na rassa waɗanda aka keɓe don adana abinci, yin gida, ko [[Bahaya|yin bayan gida]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Asefa |first=Addisu |last2=Reuber |first2=Victoria M. |last3=Miehe |first3=Georg |last4=Wraase |first4=Luise |last5=Wube |first5=Tilaye |last6=Farwig |first6=Nina |last7=Schabo |first7=Dana G. |date= |year=2024 |title=Giant root-rat engineering and livestock grazing activities regulate plant functional trait diversity of an Afroalpine vegetation community in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00442-024-05563-6 |journal=Oecologia |language=en |volume=205 |issue=2 |pages=281–293 |doi=10.1007/s00442-024-05563-6 |issn=0029-8549 |pmc=11281956 |pmid=38822898}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar sadarwa ta ramukan da aka gina tana tasiri sosai ga yanayin muhalli na yankin da ke kewaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Galibi maza da mata suna zaune ne kawai a cikin rami daban-daban. Girman 'ya'yan itacen ya kai har huɗu, amma ƙanana ɗaya ko biyu sun fi yawa a wannan nau'in, inda ɗaukar ciki ke ɗaukar kwanaki 37 zuwa 49. Yayewa yana faruwa ne bayan kimanin kwanaki 50 bayan haihuwa. Baƙar fata da farko yana fara samun launin balagagge a cikin 'yan makonni masu zuwa kuma ya kai ga balaga cikin jima'i cikin watanni huɗu zuwa shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kamar sauran beraye masu siffar fossorial, beraye masu siffar root-bera galibi suna cika ramukan da ba a yi amfani da su ba da ƙasa mara ƙanƙanta, {{Sfn|Šklíba|Vlasatá|Lövy|Hrouzková|2017}} ta haka suna haifar da bambancin taurin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Šklíba|Vlasatá|Lövy|Hrouzková|2017}} Binciken da aka yi kan yawan sinadarin gina jiki a cikin ƙasa da beraye masu tushe suka shafa ya nuna cewa ƙarancin dattin ƙasa yana ɗauke da ƙarin sinadarin gina jiki, wanda ba shi da wani tasiri, domin ƙasa daga wurare masu zurfi yawanci ba ta da wadataccen sinadarin gina jiki. Wata hujja da za a iya bayarwa game da wannan lamari ita ce cewa beraye masu tushe galibi suna amfani da kayan shuka a matsayin kayan kwanciya a gida. Wannan gadon gida yana gauraye da [[Kashi|najasa]] da ƙasa, kafin a ajiye shi a cikin ramukan da aka yi watsi da su ko kuma a sama da ƙasa, inda zai iya ƙara yawan sinadaran gina jiki a cikin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Šklíba|Vlasatá|Lövy|Hrouzková|2017}}

An san nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna farautar ''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'' . Kerkecin Habasha ( ''Canis simensis'' ) yana amfani da babban beran tushen sa a matsayin babban tushen abinci, wanda ya kai kashi 96% na abincin da suka zaɓa su ci tare da irin wannan beraye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sillero-Zubiri |first=C. |last2=Gottelli |first2=D. |date=19 May 1995 |title=Diet and Feeding Behavior of Ethiopian Wolves (Canis simensis) |url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/1382361 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |language=en |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.2307/1382361 |issn=1545-1542 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane na farko da aka sani da masu tara mafarauta (kimanin shekaru 47,000 da suka wuce) waɗanda suka rayu a yankin Habasha sun fi cin naman babban beran da aka fi sani da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu farautar wannan nau'in sun haɗa da Servals ( ''Leptailurus serval'' ), weasels masu layi-layi na Afirka ( ''Poecilogale albinucha'' ), mujiyawan Abyssinian ( ''Asio abyssinicus'' ), da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Idan mafarauta suka kai masa hari, babban beraye zai yi ƙoƙarin tserewa ta hanyar guduwa cikin ramukan da ya ƙirƙira a baya, kuma ya ciji mafarauci idan babu wanda yake kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
[[File:Tachyoryctes_macrocephalus_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa,_Italy_-_DSC02820.JPG|left|thumb| ''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'' cike da kayan tarihi a wani gidan tarihi a Genoa, Italiya]]
Jerin Ja na IUCN ya sanya babban beran tushen a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tachyoryctes macrocephalus • Giant Root Rat |url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1003791/ |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=Mammal Diversity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane suna zama a yankunan da beraye ke zaune sun yi tasiri ga yadda ''Tachyoryctes macrocephalus'' ke yawan tono rami. Ana samun su ne kawai a ƙaramin yanki wanda bai kai {{Convert|1000|km2|sqmi}} ba   a cikin tsaunukan Bale a tsayi mai tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dabbobin da ke kusa suma suna da tasiri kan wadatar abinci ga babban beran da ke da tushen ciyawa. Dabbobin suna cin irin ciyayin da beraye ke ci, wanda hakan ke hana wadatar abincinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wasu dalilai da ke haifar da dabbobin da ke kusa suna cutar da abincin da beraye ke ci; musamman najasar na iya haifar da yanayi a cikin ƙasa da ake kira &quot;yawan abubuwan gina jiki da yawa&quot;. Wannan zai iya haifar da karuwar nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu mamayewa, kuma motsin dabbobin da ke kusa na iya tattaka abincin da beraye ke iya ci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Tabarbarewar muhalli da kuma ƙarancin sararin da beraye ke rayuwa a ciki ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a, wanda hakan ya haifar da barazanar da ke tattare da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2010 an tabbatar da cewa akwai dabbobi kusan 2000 zuwa 4,800 a kowace murabba'in kilomita da ke zaune a yankin tsaunin Bale. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Abincin Equatorial Guinea</title>
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[[File:Plantain peppersoup with periwinkle from the South-South region of Nigeria.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Paella amb caragols a un restaurant de la Patacona, Alboraia.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|thumb|Yanayin [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]]]]
'''Abincin [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]]''' ya haɗu da abincin 'yan asalin ƙasar Afirka, gami da [[Annobón|Annobonese]], Bubi, Fang, da Kombe. Har ila yau, abincin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] (wanda ya mallaki ƙasar har zuwa 1968); wasu ƙasashen Afirka kamar [[Najeriya]] da [[Kamaru]]; jihohin Islama kamar Morocco; da kuma Abincin Creole gaba ɗaya sun rinjayi shi. Abinci ya kunshi nama daban-daban, gami da wasan da [[Naman daji|nama na daji]] da kuma shigo da kayayyaki, kuma an san shi da dandano mai karfi da matakan kayan yaji. Kifi da kaza abinci ne na yau da kullun.

Duk da yake girke-girke sun bambanta daga al'umma zuwa wani, kabilun ƙasar galibi suna amfani da sinadaran iri ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Desde las cocinas de Guinea Ecuatorial (calendario) |url=https://issuu.com/ccemalabo/docs/calendario_20cocina_20-_202012b |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Centro Cultural de España en Malabo |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025203822/https://issuu.com/ccemalabo/docs/calendario_20cocina_20-_202012b |archive-date=2022-10-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sows da stews sun fi yawa. Tubers kamar yuca da yam, a al'adance ana ba da su tafasa ko soya, suna aiki a matsayin tushen abincin Equatoguinean. Atana zafi yana da fa'ida ga noman kayan lambu da yawa, kamar kwai, da 'ya'yan itace, kamar Tanga. Dajin shine tushen ganye masu ƙanshi da wasan daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=África en los fogones |url=https://www.casafrica.es/sites/default/files/old_cms/casafrica/Publicaciones/RecetarioAfricaenlosFogones.pdf |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Fundación Habitáfrica |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba zato ba tsammani ba, kamar yadda kamun kifi hanya ce ta ''ƙaruwa'' ga babban ɓangare na Equatoguineans, abincin sa hannu na ƙasar shine pepesup (peppersoup), abincin kifi mai ɗanɗano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comida típica ecuatoguineana |url=https://www.iberia.com/es/guia-de-destinos/malabo/comida-tipica-ecuatoguineana/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814145421/https://www.iberia.com/es/guia-de-destinos/malabo/comida-tipica-ecuatoguineana/ |archive-date=2020-08-14 |website=Iberia |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abinci yawanci yana kewaye da sauces da aka dafa. Abincin da aka dafa da aka lulluɓe a cikin ganyen ayaba ma ya zama ruwan dare. Babban abinci yawanci ana haɗa shi da shinkafa ko dafa ko soya yuca, [[Gwaza|malanga]], ko plantain. Abincin da aka karɓa daga wasu ƙasashe sun haɗa da Tortilla na Mutanen Espanya da [[ndolé]] na Kamaru. 

Chilies da sauran kayan yaji suna da mashahuri. Abubuwan da ke cikin abincin Equatoguinean sun fito ne daga tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida, gami da shuke-shuke, dankali mai zaki, 'ya'yan itace, maniyyi, yam, ''cocoyam'' (wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar ''malanga''), groundnuts, da snails.

Amma ga kayan zaki, abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne abincin ''akwadu'', wanda ke nuna ayaba da aka dafa tare da kwakwa. Don abin sha, ƙwarewa sun haɗa da ''Topé'' (abin dabino) da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNA&quot;&gt;malamba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea Food and Dining |url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Equatorial+Guinea/Dining |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402004110/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Equatorial+Guinea/Dining |archive-date=2010-04-02 |access-date=2010-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kofi da koko na Equatoguinean sun kai kololuwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka amma sun fadi sosai tun lokacin, kuma abin da ake kira &quot;koko&quot; a cikin ƙasar, wanda aka fi sani da modica, a zahiri shine iri na Mango na Afirka (wanda aka fi sani le ''ogbono'') wanda ake siyarwa da foda ko a cikin toshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-14 |title=Cacao, café y madera en la colonización española de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.tabakalera.eus/es/cacao-cafe-y-madera-en-la-colonizacion-espanola-de-guinea-ecuatorial |website=Tabakalera |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin noma a Equatorial Guinea ba shi da masana'antu sosai kuma ana yin sa ne a kan kananan gonaki. Yawancin jama'a har yanzu suna da damar cin abinci daya kawai a rana. Koyaya, ana yin bukukuwan na musamman kamar bukukuwan aure tare da manyan bukukuwa.

== Abinci ==

* Peppersoup, wani sop na Yammacin Afirka wanda yawanci ya hada da albasa, nama, da nutmeg;
* Sopa de pescado con cacahuete, man shanu (groundnut) sopo tare da kifi, albasa da tumatir;
* [[Bambucha]], stew ko sauce na ganyen cassava mai laushi da aka murkushe kuma aka tafasa shi da kayan yaji da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen dabino (wanda ake kira kwanakin gida). Yawanci ana haɗa shi da shinkafa da aka dafa ko kuma an dafa shi ko yucca. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Al'adun Equatorial Guinea

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Animesh Sharma</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="6660" sha1="7zj2a5qietlthrfxcfc5uhov99jqdbe" xml:space="preserve">Dr. '''Animesh Sharma''' (wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1982) marubuci ne, mai rubutun yanar gizo, kuma kwararre kan harkokin dijital daga ƙasar Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news  |last=Sharma  |first=Animesh  |title=Digital Arrest  |url=https://www.khushisamay.com/details.aspx?id=45081&amp;type=other  |website=Khushi Samay  |date=19 January 2025  |access-date=30 September 2025  |language=hi  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114003147/https://khushisamay.com/details.aspx?id=45081&amp;type=other  |archive-date=14 November 2025  |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India's Startups Are Moving Into Smaller, Second Tier Cities -- Why The Sudden Shift?
|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sindhujabalaji/2017/10/05/thanks-to-regional-rivalries-indias-startup-surge-is-spreading-across-the-country/|access-date=5 October 2024|website=forbes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Opportunities for Startups in India|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/270330|access-date=3 February 2025|website=entrepreneur.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135931/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/270330|archive-date=22 May 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;An san shi da wallafa kasidun bincike a mujallu daban-daban game da tallace-tallace ta yanar gizo, fasahar basirar ɗan adam, da dokokin kare bayanai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Animesh Kumar Sharma|url=https://www.irma-international.org/affiliate/animesh-kumar-sharma/459224/|access-date=25 October 2025|website=irma-international.org|language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Animesh |date=2024 |title=The Multifaceted Motivations behind Online Travel Agency (OTA) Platform Usage in the AI Era |journal=International Journal of Information Management Sciences |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=31–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sharma a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1982, a Amethi, Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=We help you in building your thought about what the customer is going to type|url=https://khushisamay.com/details.aspx?id=7463&amp;type=other|access-date=25 September 2025|website=khushisamay.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901111202/https://khushisamay.com/details.aspx?id=7463&amp;type=other|archive-date=1 September 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Animesh Sharma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/digitalwala/|access-date=29 April 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology) a Jami'ar Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh da ke Ayodhya, Indiya. Daga baya, ya samu digiri na biyu (Master's) a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (tare da kwarewa a fannin kasuwanci ta yanar gizo) daga Jami'ar Lucknow, sannan ya samu digiri na uku (Doctorate) a fannin Tallata Kayayyaki daga Jami'ar Lovely Professional da ke Punjab, Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Animesh Sharma - Wikidata entry |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89215326 |website=Wikidata |access-date=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web|last=ORCID|title=Animesh Kumar Sharma (0000-0002-6673-319X)|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6673-319X|access-date=15 October 2025|website=orcid.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Animesh Sharma|url=https://animeshsharma.com/about/|access-date= |website=animeshsharma.com|access-date=19 October 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Har ila yau, ya kammala horon ƙwararru kan shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ta amfani da harshen R a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya da ke Bombay, Indiya.
==Aiki ko Sana'a==
Sharma ya yi aiki a masana'antar tallan dijital tsawon sama da shekaru 20 a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da gidaje, karimci, kasuwanci ta intanet, da ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Becoming The Transformational Catalyst In The Ever Evolving Digital Media Sector |url=https://www.apnnews.com/becoming-the-transformational-catalyst-in-the-ever-evolving-digital-media-sector-animesh-sharma/ |website=APN News |access-date=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin ilimi ta haɗa da wallafe-wallafen bincike sama da ashirin, waɗanda da dama daga cikinsu suka fito a mujallun da ke cikin jerin Scopus da sauran mujallu masu daraja ta duniya. Haka kuma, ya rubuta kasidu masu ɗauke da ra'ayoyi da kuma shafukan musamman kan fasaha a manyan jaridun yanar gizo na harshen Hindi a ƙasar Indiya, kamar su Dainik Jagran, Navbharat Times, da Prabhasakshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Career Opportunities in Digital Marketing in India|url=https://www.jagran.com/blogs/animeshsharma/career-opportunities-in-digital-marketing-in-india/|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120174528/https://www.jagran.com/blogs/animeshsharma/career-opportunities-in-digital-marketing-in-india/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Find the best digital marketing agency for your business|url=https://readerblogs.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/animeshsharma/fnd-the-best-digital-marketing-agency-for-your-business/|access-date=5 May 2024|website=navbharattimes.indiatimes.com|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma |first=Animesh |title=Dr. Animesh Sharma - Profile |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/profile/author/Animesh-Sharma |website=Prabhasakshi |access-date=31 October 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Littattafai==
* ''Foundations of Digital Marketing''.{{ISBN|9394596208}}
* ''Foundations of Digital Marketing'' (Hindi Edition). {{ISBN|9789394596207}} &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Kamlesh |title=Develops a deep understanding of digital marketing 'Foundations of Digital Marketing' - A Book Review|url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/literaturearticles/develops-a-deep-understanding-of-digital-marketing-foundations-of-digital-marketing |website=Prabhasakshi  |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=30 September 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amincewa==
An sanya ayyukan bincike da gudummawar ƙwararru da Sharma ya bayar kan sauye-sauyen zamani na dijital da tsare-tsaren manufofi game da fasahar AI a cikin rumbunan bayanai na ilimi da na kundin bayanai daban-daban, ciki har da ResearchGate, Google Scholar, da Scopus.&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |title=Animesh Sharma|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Animesh-Sharma-10|access-date=5 October 2025|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Scopus Author ID: 57826610700 |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57826610700 |website=Scopus |access-date=26 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sharma, Animesh}}
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    <title>Addison Bain</title>
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'''Addison Bain''' (23 ga Satumba, 1935 - 22 ga Janairu, 2025) masanin kimiyya ne na NASA na Amurka  kuma memba ne na kafa National Hydrogen Association &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Station That bain Built |url=http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/advocate/ad82sbb.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518150133/http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/advocate/ad82sbb.asp |archive-date=18 May 2006 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=www.hydrogenassociation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka yaba da shi tare da gabatar da Incendiary Paint Theory (IPT), wanda ya nuna cewa Bala'in Hindenburg ya haifar da wutar lantarki na lacquer- da kuma fentin ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi a waje na jirgin sama. Don haka Bain ya yi imanin cewa hydrogen a cikin jirgin sama ba shi da wani ɓangare da zai taka a farkon bala'in. Wannan ka'idar, wacce aka gabatar a shekarar 1997 kuma kwanan nan aka sabunta ta a cikin littafinsa na 2004, The Freedom Element: Living with Hydrogen, an yarda da ita ta hanyar mutanen da ke da sha'awar inganta hydrogen a matsayin man fetur na sufuri, kuma gabaɗaya mutanen da ke cikin jirgin sama da tarihin su sun ƙi su.&lt;ref name=&quot;dziadeck&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AJ Dessler |date=3 June 2004 |title=The Hindenburg Hydrogen Fire: Fatal Flaws in the Addison Bain Incendiary-Paint Theory |url=https://spot.colorado.edu/~dziadeck/zf/LZ129fire.pdf |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=colorado.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ƙaddamarwa ta farko ta dogara ne akan aikin AJ Dessler, D. E. Overs, da W. H. Appleby.&lt;ref name=&quot;dziadeck&quot; /&gt;
Ayyukansu, duka na ka'idoji da gwaji, sun kammala cewa ko da an rufe jirgin sama da man fetur mai ƙarfi, kamar yadda Incendiary Paint Theory ya yi iƙirarin, har yanzu zai ɗauki awanni 12 don jirgin sama ya ƙone idan ba a kasance hydrogen ba. Wannan karyatawar ta rasa ma'anar ka'idar, wanda ke da alaƙa da abin da ya fara wuta, ba yadda ta ci gaba ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}Kafin Bain ya shiga NASA, ya yi aiki a kan gina madatsar ruwan Noxon Rapids . Daga baya ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka, inda aka sanya shi a Redstone Arsenal kuma ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar ci gaban roket na Wernher von Braun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=None |date=2025-01-26 |title=Addison Bain, 89 |url=https://dailyinterlake.com/news/2025/jan/26/addison-bain-89/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Daily Inter Lake |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana shari'ar Incendiary Paint Theory a cikin zanga-zangar Bain ta talabijin game da matsanancin ƙonewar wani yanki na ainihin fata na ''Hindenburg'' da aka kiyaye daga bala'in. Bain ya nuna kaddarorin konewa na fata na ''Hindenburg'' sannan ya tambayi dalilin da ya sa ɓangarorin fata da aka fitar daga jahannama suka ci gaba da ƙonewa da haske a kan hanyarsu maimakon kashe kansu da zarar an cire su daga yankin hydrogen mafi yawa. Wannan tambaya game da &quot;ƙone kansa&quot; yana da mahimmanci, tunda masu sukar sa sun nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin mahaɗin doping da aka yi amfani da su a fata ya kamata su kashe kansu idan an cire su daga wani man fetur don wuta, kuma bai kamata su ƙone da sauri ba idan wuta ta fara da fata maimakon hydrogen.

Critics also counter that Bain did not actually ignite the skin with a quick electrical charge but instead uses a Jacob's Ladder with ''continuous'' electrical charge, which required several strikes to ignite. Additionally, Bain was required to correctly position the fabric to allow it to ignite. Another part of the IPT hypothesizes that the mooring cables, which were designed to ground any static electricity on the surface of the airship, worked only partly in this instance; since some of the skin panels still carried an electric charge, at least one of them must have sparked, causing the initial outbreak of fire. Thus it has yet to be proven that an electrical charge could ignite the ''Hindenburg'' skin. The design of the ship would likely exclude the skin being an ignition point due to the properties of the doping process, the insulation from the frame and skin of the grounding drop-lines, and the inability of any experiment to ignite the skin via electric spark consistent with the conditions of the 1937 disaster.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2010}}

Shirin talabijin na MythBusters ya kuma sadaukar da shirin buɗewa na kakar 2007 ga ka'idar Bain. An gina samfuran sikelin ''Hindenburg'' kuma an gwada su tare da haihuwar fata. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurin ba shi da hydrogen yayin da ɗayan ya yi. Ƙonewa daya tilo da ya sake maimaita ƙonewar ''Hindenburg'' ya yi amfani da hydrogen. 

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==
Bain ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Flathead, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasahar sararin samaniya daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Florida (FIT), Jagoran Kimiyya a cikin tsarin gudanarwa daga FIT, da Ph.D. a cikin aikin injiniya daga CCU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Solar Energy Center |url=http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/pab/bio-bain.htm |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=www.fsec.ucf.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627170357/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/pab/bio-bain.htm |archive-date=27 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bain ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2025, yana da shekaru 89.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

*  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ava DuVernay</title>
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'''Ava Marie DuVernay''' (/ˌdjuːvərˈneɪ/;  an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1972) 'yar fim ce ta Amurka. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Awards guda biyu, lambar yabo ta NAACP Image Awards guda biyu. A shekara ta 2011, ta kafa kamfanin rarraba mai zaman kanta ARRAY . Bayan ta fara zama darakta, I Will Follow (2010), DuVernay ta lashe lambar yabo ta ba da umarni a gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2012 don fim dinta na biyu na Middle of Nowhere,  ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar. 

Don aikinta a kan ''Selma'' (2014), fim game da [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], DuVernay ta zama mace ta farko ta Afirka da aka zaba don Kyautar Golden Globe don Darakta Mafi Kyawu; fim din ya ci gaba da zabarsa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Hoton Mafi Kyawu.  Sauran kyaututtuka na fina-finai sun hada da shirin [[Netflix]] ''Na 13'' (2016) da aka zaba a matsayin Kyautar Kwalejin, da kuma fim din Disney mai suna A Wrinkle in Time (2018), wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko ta Afirka ta Amurka da ta jagoranci fim tare da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 100, wanda kuma ya shiga cikin Jerin manyan bama-bamai na ofishin akwatin. A cikin 2023, ta ba da umarnin fim din tarihin ''Asalin'' da ya samo asali ne daga littafin Isabel Wilkerson Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents (2020).

Kyautar talabijin ta DuVernay ta haɗa da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na OWN Queen Sugar (2016) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo biyu na [[Netflix]]: ''Lokacin da suka Ganu'' Mu (2019), bisa ga shari'ar tseren tsakiya ta 1989 da Colin a Black &amp; White (2021), bisa ga shekarun matasa na dan wasan NFL Colin Kaepernick. A cikin 2017, an haɗa DuVernay a cikin jerin Time 100 na shekara-shekara na mutanen da suka fi tasiri a duniya.  A cikin 2020, an zabe ta a cikin kwamitin gwamnoni na Kwalejin Fim da Fasaha a matsayin wani ɓangare na reshen daraktoci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Anne |date=June 10, 2020 |title=New Academy Board of Governors Includes Ava DuVernay, Whoopi Goldberg, and Wynn P. Thomas |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/06/academy-board-of-governors-ava-duvernay-whoopi-goldberg-1202236624/ |access-date=June 21, 2020 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Scott |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Ava DuVernay Among Six Elected to Film Academy Board for First Time |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/ava-duvernay-six-elected-film-academy-board-first-time-1297858 |access-date=June 21, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ava Marie DuVernay a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1972, a Long Beach, California . Mahaifiyarta, Darlene (née Sexton), malama ce, da mahaifinta, Murray Maye ne suka haife ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2016 |title=Ava DuVernay |url=http://www.biography.com/people/ava-duvernay |access-date=September 22, 2016 |website=Biography.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan mahaifiyar mahaifinta, Joseph Marcel DuVernay III, ya samo asali ne daga asalin Louisiana Creole. Ta girma a Lynwood, California . Tana da 'yan uwa huɗu.

A lokacin hutun bazara, za ta yi tafiya zuwa gidan yarinta na mahaifinta, wanda ba shi da nisa da Selma, Alabama. DuVernay ta ce waɗannan lokacin rani sun rinjayi yin ''Selma,'' kamar yadda mahaifinta ya ga tafiye-tafiye na Selma zuwa Montgomery na 1965.

Ya girma [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], a cikin 1990 DuVernay ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Saint Joseph a Lakewood . &lt;ref name=&quot;StJosephsHighSchool-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SJ Alumna Receives A Golden Globe Nomination |url=https://www.sj-jester.org/apps/news/article/425495 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306072408/http://www.sj-jester.org/apps/news/article/425495 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=[[St. Joseph High School (Lakewood, California)|St. Joseph's High School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ava DuVernay is Triumphant (Transcript) |url=https://www.ted.com/podcasts/worklife/ava-duvernay-is-triumphant-transcript |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Ted.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA), ta kasance babbar BA sau biyu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi da [[Nazarin baƙar fata|Nazarin Afirka da Amurka]]. DuVernay memba ne mai daraja na ƙungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography-Profile-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2018 |title=Ava DuVernay Biography: Documentarian, Screenwriter, Director (1972–) |url=https://www.biography.com/people/ava-duvernay |website=[[Biography (TV series)|Biography]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Agoralumiere-SaturdayNight-2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miles |first=Ellene V. |date=2006 |title=Agoralumiere Film Series: Saturday Night by Ava DuVernay (USA) |url=http://www.agoralumiere.org/FILMS/SATURDAY.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182412/http://www.agoralumiere.org/FILMS/SATURDAY.htm |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |access-date=February 4, 2018 |website=Agoralumiere at the Cannes Film Festival 2006 |format=Press release}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, an ba DuVernay lambar yabo ta Doctor of Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Yale . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ava DuVernay {{!}} Yale 2021 |url=https://yale2021.yale.edu/honorary-degrees/ava-duvernay |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=yale2021.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
DuVernay ta ruwaito ba ta ɗauki kyamara ba har sai da ta kai shekara 32.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Connley |first=Courtney |date=March 10, 2018 |title=How a career change at 32 led Ava DuVernay to become the first black woman to direct a $100 million film |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/09/a-career-change-at-32-led-ava-duvernay-to-directing-blockbusters.html |access-date=November 29, 2021 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sha'awar farko ta DuVernay ita ce aikin jarida, wani zaɓi da ya rinjayi aikin horarwa tare da CBS News. An sanya ta don taimakawa wajen rufe shari'ar kisan O.J. Simpson. DuVernay ya yi takaici da aikin jarida, duk da haka, kuma ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin hulɗar jama'a, yana aiki a matsayin ƙaramin mai tallatawa a 20th Century Fox, Savoy Pictures, da wasu hukumomin PR. Ta bude kamfaninta na hulɗa da jama'a, The DuVernay Agency, wanda aka fi sani da DVAPR, a cikin 1999.

Ta hanyar DVAPR ta ba da tallace-tallace da sabis na PR ga nishaɗi da masana'antar salon rayuwa, tana aiki a kan kamfen don fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kamar ''Lumumba'', Spy Kids, Shrek 2, The Terminal, Collateral, da Dreamgirls.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography-Profile-2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Agoralumiere-SaturdayNight-2006&quot; /&gt;


DuVernay na gaba ta bincika yin shirye-shirye, saboda ana iya yin su a kan karamin kasafin kuɗi fiye da fina-finai na fiction, kuma tana iya koyon kasuwanci yayin yin hakan. A shekara ta 2007, ta ba da umarnin gajeren ''Compton a cikin C Minor,'' wanda ta &quot;ƙalubalanci kanta don kama Compton a ውሽጢ sa'o'i biyu kawai kuma ta gabatar da duk abin da ta samu&quot;.A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da madadin shirin hip hop This Is the Life, tarihin motsi na zane-zane na LA Good Life Cafe, wanda ta shiga a matsayin wani ɓangare na duo Figures of Speech .  Wannan shi ne Life ya lashe kyaututtuka na masu sauraro a bikin fina-finai na ReelWorld a Toronto, bikin fina-fukkin Pan-African na Los Angeles, bikin fina'in Hollywood Black, da kuma bikin fina-fi na Afirka na Langston Hughes a Seattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2014&quot; /&gt;

=== 2010-2013: Fim na farko da ci gaba ===
[[File:DuVernaySanFranFilmFest.jpg|left|thumb|276x276px|DuVernay a bikin fina-finai na AFI na 2010Bikin Fim na AFI]]
A cikin shekara ta 2010, DuVernay ya ba da umarnin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda uku. Na farko, fim din kide-kide na sa'o'i biyu na TV One Night Only: Live daga Essence Music Festival, ya kasance cakuda wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye da kuma zane-zane na bayan fage. An watsa shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2010, a gidan talabijin na TV One kuma yana nuna babban taron nishaɗin Afirka da Amurka na shekara-shekara, Bikin Kiɗa na Essence . A shekara ta 2010 an gudanar da shi a ranar 2-4 ga Yuli a [[New Orleans]] .  Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, BET ta fara shirin kiɗa na farko na asali, My Mic Sounds Nice: Gaskiya Game da Mata da Hip Hop, tarihin minti 41 na masu fasahar hip hop mata. A ranar godiya ta 2010, TV One ta nuna shirin DuVernay na musamman na minti 44 Essence Presents: Faith Through the Storm, game da 'yan'uwa mata biyu da suka dawo da rayukansu bayan lalacewar kansu a lokacin Guguwar Katrina. &quot;An yi shi ne ga abokin ciniki, don Essence. Sun so suyi magana game da yadda bangaskiya ta taimaka musu, wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci a gare su. Don haka an haɗa shi da kiɗa na bishara, hotuna na Katrina, gidansu da danginsu. &quot;
[[File:Ava_DuVernay_Cannes_2018.jpg|thumb|339x339px|Ava DuVernay a bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na 71 na Cannes a cikin 2018]]
'''''Na 13'''''

A watan Yulin 2016, bikin fina-finai na New York ya ba da sanarwar mamaki cewa 13th, wani shirin da DuVernay ya jagoranta, zai buɗe bikin. Har zuwa sanarwar ba a ambaci fim din ba daga ko dai DuVernay ko [[Netflix]], mai rarraba fim din. An tsara fim din ne game da tseren a cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na Amurka, fim din ana kiransa bayan Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya haramta bautar (sai dai a matsayin horo ga laifi). Shirin DuVernay ya fara ne da sanarwa cewa kashi 25 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku a duniya suna cikin kurkuku, kuma suna jayayya cewa an ci gaba da bautar yadda ya kamata a Amurka ta hanyar ɗaure mutane masu launin fata. Fim din ya ƙunshi fitattun masu gwagwarmaya da yawa, 'yan siyasa, da kuma jama'a, kamar su Bryan Stevenson, [[Angela Davis]], [[Van Jones]], Newt Gingrich, Cory Booker, Henry Louis Gates Jr., [[Michelle Alexander]], da sauransu, waɗanda ke tattauna irin waɗannan batutuwa kamar hayar masu laifi, yaƙi kan kwayoyi, da kuma kamawa, yanke hukunci da kuma yanke hukunci ga' yan tsiraru. Har ila yau, shi ne fim na farko da aka yaba da shi don nuna labarin Kalief Browder.

An sake shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2016, a kan [[Netflix]].  13th ya sami yabo daga masu sukar fim kuma yana da kashi 97% a kan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sake dubawa 94. Yarjejeniyar mai mahimmanci ta ce: &quot;13th ya kai hari a zuciyar tarihin launin fata na Amurka, yana ba da abubuwan lura kamar yadda ake sarrafa su cikin natsuwa. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RottenTomatoes-13th-2916&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=13th (2016) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/13th |access-date=September 30, 2016 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin bita daga Awards Circuit, Angela Davis ta ce &quot;13th shine mai yiwuwa fim mafi muhimmanci da za ku taɓa gani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ava DuVernay |url=http://www.avaduvernay.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708154849/http://www.avaduvernay.com/ |archive-date=July 8, 2016 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=Ava DuVernay |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cikin 2017, an zabi fim din don Kyautar Kwalejin don Kyautar Kyautattun Bayanai a Oscars na 89;  DuVernay ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da makarantar ta zaba a matsayin darektan a cikin wani bangare. &lt;ref name=&quot;AMPAS-OscarNoms-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oscar Nominations |url=http://oscar.go.com/nominees |access-date=January 24, 2017 |website=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Peabody a shekarar 2017  da kuma lambar yabo ta Columbia Journalism School duPont a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 2018 duPont-Columbia Awards |url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/winners-2018-dupont-columbia-awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621135253/https://journalism.columbia.edu/winners-2018-dupont-columbia-awards |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |access-date=October 7, 2018 |website=Columbia University in the City of New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bidiyo na kiɗa don [[Jay-Z]] ft. Waƙar [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]] &quot;Family Feud&quot; ta fara ne a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2017, a kan Tidal. 

'''''Rashin Girma a Lokaci'''''

A shekara ta 2010, an ba da sanarwar cewa [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] ta ɗauki haƙƙin fim ɗin ga littafin Madeleine L'Engle na 1962 A Wrinkle in Time  wanda ke bin wata yarinya da ke tafiya ta sararin samaniya da lokaci. Bayan nasarar Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland, Disney ya sanar da hayar Jeff Stockwell don rubuta rubutun ga Cary Granat da sabon Bedrock Studios. Granat ya riga ya yi aiki tare da Disney a kan ''Tarihin Narnia'' da Bridge zuwa fina-finai na Terabithia .  A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2014, an sanar da Jennifer Lee a matsayin marubucin allo, wanda ya maye gurbin Stockwell, wanda ya rubuta rubutun farko. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa an ba DuVernay damar jagorantar fim din, kuma an tabbatar da ita a matsayin darakta daga baya a wannan watan.

A Wrinkle in Time ya fara yin fim a watan Nuwamba 2016. Gudanar da wannan fim din ya sanya DuVernay mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta jagoranci fim din rayuwa tare da kasafin kuɗi sama da dala miliyan 100, kuma mace ta biyu da ta yi haka bayan [[Patty Jenkins]] (wanda ya jagoranci Wonder Woman).  An saki fim din a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 zuwa sake dubawa, tare da masu sukar &quot;suna yin amfani da fim din da CGI da ramuka masu yawa&quot; yayin da suke &quot;godiya saƙonsa na karfafa mata da bambancin&quot;.Fim din ya kawo dala miliyan 33 a farkon karshen mako, na biyu a ofishin akwatin bayan ''Black Panther''  kuma ya sanya jerin fina-finai 100 na 2018,  yana mai da DuVernay ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin mata huɗu da suka sanya jerin a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Numbers - Top-Grossing Movies of 2018 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/market/2018/top-grossing-movies |access-date=November 29, 2021 |website=The Numbers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, saboda babban kasafin kudin, fim din bam ne na ofishin jakadancin, tare da asarar dala miliyan 130.6 a ofishin jakadun jakadancin.&lt;ref name=&quot;insider&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabbi Shaw |date=February 27, 2017 |title=The biggest box office flop from the year you were born |url=http://www.thisisinsider.com/movie-flops-over-the-years-2018-2#1978-sextette-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303020513/http://www.thisisinsider.com/movie-flops-over-the-years-2018-2#1978-sextette-1 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |website=Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shamsian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shamsian |first=Jacob |date=March 12, 2018 |title=5 reasons why Disney's fantasy epic 'A Wrinkle in Time' failed at the box office |url=http://www.thisisinsider.com/a-wrinkle-in-time-box-office-results-failed-2018-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023907/http://www.thisisinsider.com/a-wrinkle-in-time-box-office-results-failed-2018-3 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=April 21, 2018 |website=Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McClintock&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=13 March 2018 |title='A Wrinkle in Time': Why It Has Underperformed at the Box Office |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/a-wrinkle-time-why-it-has-underperformed-at-box-office-1094032 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030814/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/a-wrinkle-time-why-it-has-underperformed-at-box-office-1094032 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=April 20, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''''Lokacin da suka Ganu'''''

A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa [[Netflix]] ya ba da samarwar ''Lokacin da suka Ganu'' Mu jerin jerin jerin abubuwan da suka kunshi abubuwa huɗu. DuVernay ne ya kirkiro jerin, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa, marubuci, da kuma darektan. Sauran masu samar da zartarwa da aka ba da kyauta, sun haɗa da Jeff Skoll, Jonathan King, Oprah Winfrey, Jane Rosenthal da Berry Welsh. Kamfanonin samarwa da ke da hannu tare da jerin sun kunshi Masu Kasuwanci, Harpo Films, da Tribeca Productions.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhenTheySeeUsNetflixOrder&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=July 6, 2017 |title=Ava DuVernay Teaming With Netflix On Central Park Five Limited Drama Series |url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/ava-duvernay-netflix-on-central-park-five-limited-drama-series-1202124535/ |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara jerin ne a Netflix a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2019. Bayan da aka saki shi, miniseries ya sami yabo na duniya  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Darrisaw |first=Michelle |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Ava DuVernay's &quot;When They See Us&quot; Looks at the Central Park Five—Here's What to Know |url=https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/tv-movies/a26588461/when-they-see-us-netflix-central-park-five-series-ava-duvernay/ |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=The Oprah Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=May 21, 2019 |title=TV Review: Ava DuVernay's 'When They See Us' |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/reviews/ava-duvernay-when-they-see-us-1203220510/ |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Odie |date=May 30, 2019 |title=When They See Us Review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/when-they-see-us-2019 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Roger Ebert]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fienberg |first=Daniel |date=May 31, 2019 |title='When They See Us': TV Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/they-see-us-review-1211524 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=May 31, 2019 |title='When They See Us' Review: Ava DuVernay's Magnum Opus of a Broken America |url=https://collider.com/when-they-see-us-review-netflix/ |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Lucy |date=May 31, 2019 |title=When They See Us review – Netflix's gut-wrenching tale of the Central Park Five |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/may/31/when-they-see-us-review-netflix-ava-duvernay-central-park-five |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [5] [6] [7]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaney |first=Jen |date=May 30, 2019 |title=When They See Us Is an Intimate, Sensitive Look at the Central Park Five Tragedy |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/when-they-see-us-netflix-review.html |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=Vulture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paskin |first=Willa |date=May 30, 2019 |title=When They See Us Is a New Kind of Must-See TV |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/05/when-they-see-us-central-park-five-netflix-review.html |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lloyd |first=Robert |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Review: Ava DuVernay's 'When They See Us' gets to the human heart of the Central Park Five |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-when-they-see-us-review-netflix-duvernay-20190529-story.html |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2019, Netflix ta ba da sanarwar cewa masu kallo sama da miliyan 23 ne suka watsa shirye-shiryen a cikin watan farko na fitowarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=June 26, 2019 |title='When They See Us' Watched By More Than 23 Million Netflix Accounts Worldwide |url=https://deadline.com/2019/06/when-they-see-us-watched-by-more-than-23-million-netflix-accounts-worldwide-1202638036/ |access-date=June 25, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami rikodin 16 Emmy nominations, don rubuce-rubuce, jagorantar, da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo ga taurari da masu tallafawa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.

'''''Asalin'''''

A watan Oktoba 2020, an sanar da fim dinta na gaba, ''Asalin'', wanda aka daidaita da littafin Isabel Wilkerson Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents, a hukumance don Netflix.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=October 14, 2020 |title=Ava DuVernay Back In Director's Chair For 'Caste'; Netflix Adaptation Of Acclaimed Isabel Wilkerson's Best Seller |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/ava-duvernay-netflix-isabel-wilkerson-caste-1234597262/ |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Netflix daga baya ya fita daga aikin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Aunjanue Ellis to Star in Ava DuVernay's 'Caste' Film Adaptation |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/aunjanue-ellis-ava-duvernay-caste-1235487507/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Venice inda ya yi gasa don Zaki na Zinariya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=July 25, 2023 |title=Venice Film Festival Lineup: Mann, Lanthimos, Fincher, DuVernay, Cooper, Besson, Coppola, Hamaguchi In Competition; Polanski, Allen, Anderson, Linklater Out Of Competition – Full List |url=https://deadline.com/2023/07/venice-film-festival-lineup-2023-full-list-1235447144/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sanya DuVernay mace ta farko ta Afirka ta Amurka da ta yi fim don gasar zaki na zinariya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shafer |first=Ellise |date=September 6, 2023 |title=Ava DuVernay on Making Venice History as First African American Woman in Competition: I've Been Told 'Don't Apply, You Won't Get In' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/ava-duvernay-venice-film-festival-origin-first-african-american-woman-director-1235714665/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma Neon ne ya rarraba shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=September 5, 2023 |title=Neon Snaps Up Worldwide Rights For Ava Duvernay's ''Origin'' Ahead Of Venice Premiere; Unveils First Trailer |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/neon-worldwide-rights-ava-duvernay-origin-venice-premiere-trailer-1235536781/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ayyuka masu zuwa ====
A cikin 2013, DuVernay ya ba da sanarwar ci gaba a kan fim mai suna Part of the Sky kuma an saita shi a Compton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ava DuVernay &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; Heineken Affinity Award |url=http://affinity.strutta.com/entry/1205618 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030220033/http://affinity.strutta.com/entry/1205618 |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |website=Strutta}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa DuVernay zai rubuta, samarwa, da kuma ba da umarnin wani asusun almara wanda zai mai da hankali kan bangarorin &quot;social da muhalli&quot; na Guguwar Katrina yayin da ya haɗa da labarin soyayya da asirin kisan kai. An ce [[David Oyelowo]] ya kasance wani ɓangare na aikin. A cikin 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa DuVernay zai jagoranci fim din Sabbin alloli don DC Extended Universe .  A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2019, DuVernay ta ba da sanarwar cewa ita da Tom King za su rubuta fim din.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agard |first=Chancellor |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Batman writer Tom King teams up with Ava DuVernay for New Gods script |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/29/tom-king-new-gods-script-ava-duvernay/ |access-date=May 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ba ya ci gaba da tafiya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |last2=Borys Kit |date=April 1, 2021 |title=Ava DuVernay's 'New Gods,' James Wan's 'The Trench' DC Movies Not Moving Forward at Warner Bros. (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/ava-duvernays-new-gods-james-wans-the-trench-dc-movies-not-moving-forward-at-warner-bros |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa DuVernay zai yi aiki tare da dukiyar Prince don yin fim da ke rufe rayuwarsa ga Netflix. Koyaya, a watan Agustan 2019, DuVernay ya bar matsayin darektan saboda &quot;bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bream |first=Jon |date=August 22, 2019 |title=Ava DuVernay quits as director of Netflix's authorized Prince documentary |url=http://www.startribune.com/ava-duvernay-quits-as-director-of-netflix-s-authorized-prince-documentary/557885482/ |website=[[Star Tribune]] |access-date=September 18, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918065557/https://www.startribune.com/ava-duvernay-quits-as-director-of-netflix-s-authorized-prince-documentary/557885482 |archive-date=September 18, 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2020, Netflix ta ba da sanarwar jerin shirye-shirye shida, waɗanda DuVernay da Colin Kaepernick suka kirkira, mai taken Colin a Black &amp; White, wanda ke mai da hankali kan matasan Kaepernicks da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban a rayuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garrand |first=Danielle |date=June 30, 2020 |title=Colin Kaepernick and Ava DuVernay team up for Netflix series about his high school years |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/colin-kaepernick-ava-duvernay-netflix-series/ |access-date=May 13, 2021 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2020, rahotanni na labarai sun yi hasashen game da DuVernay mai yiwuwa tare da samarwa da kuma jagorantar shirin Nipsey Hussle don Netflix.

An bayar da rahoton a watan Yulin 2026 cewa &quot;sake biye da irin&quot; ga sanannen shirin ta ''''Na 14'''', mai taken 14th, game da Kwaskwarimar goma sha huɗu, za a fara shi a bikin fina-finai na New York na 2026 a watan Satumba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephanie Goodman |date=July 21, 2026 |title=Ava DuVernay’s Documentary ‘14th’ Will Close New York Film Festival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/21/movies/ava-duvernay-14th-new-york-film-festival.html |access-date=July 22, 2026 |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamfanin samarwa ==
A shekara ta 2010, DuVernay ta kafa African-American Film Festival Releasing Movement (AFFRM), kamfaninta don rarraba fina-finai da aka yi ko kuma mayar da hankali ga baƙar fata. DuVernay yana nufin AFFRM a matsayin &quot;ba kasuwanci ba, amma kira ga aiki&quot;.Kodayake tana ganin gina tushe mai karfi na kasuwanci don fina-finai shine fifiko, DuVernay ta ce tana jaddada cewa ƙarfin motsawa na kungiyar shine gwagwarmaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Michael T. |date=2014 |title=Conversations with Ava DuVernay—'A Call to Action': Organizing Principles of an Activist Cinematic Practice |journal=Black Camera |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=57–91 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.6.1.57 |s2cid=61018393}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015 kamfanin ya sake sanya kansa a ƙarƙashin sunan ARRAY, yana alkawarin sabon mayar da hankali ga masu shirya fina-finai mata.

DuVernay kuma ta mallaki Forward Movement, kamfanin samar da fina-finai da talabijin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2014&quot; /&gt;

== Podcast, magana a fili, da kuma bayar da shawarwari ==
A watan Satumbar 2013, DuVernay ya ''Kira,'' jerin kwasfan fayiloli da ake kira The Call-In,  jerin tattaunawar waya da AFFRM na masu shirya fina-finai na Black suka rubuta na labaran labaran da aikin shirye-shirye. DuVernay ta yi magana game da burinta tare da The Call-In: &quot;Ga mutane masu launi da mata masu yin fim, don haka sau da yawa tambayoyin da muke tambaya game da kasancewa mace ko mutum mai launi ne. Don haka The Call-I wuri ne inda za mu iya magana game da sana'a. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Keziah |date=February 20, 2018 |title=11 Career Moments That Made Ava DuVernay Who She Is |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/g18278445/ava-duvernay-career-highlights/ |access-date=November 29, 2021 |website=Elle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2013, DuVernay ya ba da ɗaya daga cikin adiresoshin Babban Jami'in ga Film Independent, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba wacce ke samar da Film Independent Spirit Awards da kuma bikin fina-finai na Los Angeles, a cikin 2013 Film Independent Form, taron kwana uku. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu magana guda biyu tare da babban jami'in Netflix, Ted Sarandos . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cipriani |first=Casey |date=September 18, 2013 |title=Exclusive: Film Independent Forum Announces 2013 Keynote Speakers Ted Sarandos and Ava DuVernay |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/09/exclusive-film-independent-forum-announces-2013-keynote-speakers-ted-sarandos-and-ava-duvernay-34874/ |access-date=November 29, 2021 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

DuVernay, a cikin babban jawabi &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwba8=&quot;&quot;&gt;Selma's' Ava DuVernay: 'Studios Aren't Lining Up for Black Protagonists'&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://variety.com/2015/film/news/selmas-ava-duvernay-studios-arent-lining-up-for-black-protagonists-1201452855/&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;work&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot&lt;/nowiki&gt;;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;March 14, 2015&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwCy8\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt433\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFSetoodeh2015\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Setoodeh, Ramin (March 14, 2015). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://variety.com/2015/film/news/selmas-ava-duvernay-studios-arent-lining-up-for-black-protagonists-1201452855/\&quot; id=\&quot;mwCzA\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;'Selma's' Ava DuVernay: 'Studios Aren't Lining Up for Black Protagonists'\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwCzM\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;799\&quot; href=\&quot;./Variety_(magazine)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwCzQ\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Variety (magazine)\&quot;&gt;Variety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Variety-SXSWKeynote-2015_130-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Ava_DuVernay#cite_note-Variety-SXSWKeynote-2015-130 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; a bikin fina-finai na SXSW na 2015,   ta ba da labarin cewa ita ce mutum na bakwai da aka nemi ya jagoranci Selma  kuma ta bayyana kwarewarta a Oscars na 2015, yayin da take girmamawa don halarta, kawai &quot;ɗaki ne a LA&quot; 

A watan Fabrairun 2018 an sanar da cewa DuVernay, tare da furodusa Dan Lin da Magajin garin Los Angeles Eric Garcetti, sun ƙaddamar da Asusun Nishaɗi na Evolve. Manufar asusun ita ce inganta hadawa da samar da dama ga al'ummomin da ba su da sabis don bin mafarki a masana'antar nishaɗi.

Tun daga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, DuVernay ya dauki bakuncin The Essentials, jerin fina-finai na mako-mako a kan Turner Classic Movies, tare da Ben Mankiewicz . DuVernay ya bayyana a cikin murfin kowane Asabar da dare a tashar, yana tattauna fina-finai da yawa, gami da ''Marty'', ''[[Ashes and Embers|Ashes da Embers]]'', Harlan County, Amurka da La Pointe Courte . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2019 |title=Ava DuVernay Joins TCM to Discuss 'The Essentials' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ava-duvernay-joins-tcm-discuss-essentials-1204680 |access-date=August 29, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A bikin bayar da kyautar Kwalejin 2024, ta sa lambar yabo ta Artists4Ceasefire tana kira ga tsagaita wuta nan da nan a lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Meaning of Kfir Bibas |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/the-meaning-of-kfir-bibas |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=thefp.com |publisher=[[The Free Press (newsletter)|The Free Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2025, ta sanya hannu kan wata alƙawarin budewa tare da Ma'aikatan Fim na Falasdinu da ke alkawarin ba za ta yi aiki tare da cibiyoyin fina-finai na Isra'ila ba &quot;waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kisan kare dangi da wariyar launin fata a kan mutanen Palasdinawa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Film Workers Pledge to End Complicity |url=https://filmworkersforpalestine.org/#endingcomplicity |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Film Workers For Palestine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, DuVernay ya kasance shugaban juri a bikin fina-finai na Morelia International a Mexico . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fuente |first=Anna Marie de la |date=2025-10-18 |title=Pablo Pérez Lombardini's Environmental Thriller 'The Reserve' Wins Top Ojo Prizes at the 23rd Morelia Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/pablo-perez-lombardini-morelia-film-festival-jodie-foster-1236556034/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Variety.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, a cikin 2025, DuVernay ya shiga cikin Fall of Freedom, wani dandamali da kuma taron ga masu zane-zane don sukar yankewa ga zane-zane a cikin gwamnatin Trump ta biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artists respond to a cultural squeeze during the 'Fall of Freedom' |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/11/21/nx-s1-5609005/nationwide-artists-protest-fall-of-freedom |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Npr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
![[Darakta|Daraktan]]
!Marubuci
!Mai gabatarwa
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2010
|''Zan Bi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2012
|''Tsakanin Babu A Wuri''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2014
|''Selma''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sounds, Space And Spirit Of 'Selma': A Director's Take |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/01/08/375756377/the-sounds-space-and-spirit-of-selma-a-director-s-take |access-date=June 22, 2020 |website=[[NPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|''Rashin Girma a Lokaci''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2018 |title='A Wrinkle in Time' isn't a film for critics. It's Ava DuVernay's love letter to black girls |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/wrinkle-time-isn-t-film-critics-it-s-ava-duvernay-ncna855306 |access-date=June 22, 2020 |website=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|''Asalin''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Ava DuVernay's 'Caste' Casts Oscar Nominee Aunjanue Ellis As Lead |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/ava-duvernay-caste-aunjanue-ellis-oprpah-winfrey-isabel-wilkerson-1235219850/ |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|TBA
|''Fashi na Benin''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{No}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=Dec 16, 2025 |title=David Oyelowo and Ava DuVernay Set New Film 'Heist of Benin' in 'Selma' Reunion |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/david-oyelowo-ava-duvernay-heist-of-benin-selma-reunion-1236610003/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
'''Babban mai samarwa'''

* ''White Tiger'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2020 |title=The White Tiger trailer: Priyanka-starrer explores India's class struggle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-white-tiger-trailer-priyanka-chopra-starrer-explores-india-class-struggle-netflix-6907370/ |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2021) 

'''Gajeren fina-finai'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
![[Darakta|Daraktan]]
!Marubuci
!Mai gabatarwa
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2006
|''Rayuwar Asabar da dare''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013
|''Ƙofar''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''Ka ce eh''| {{Yes}} | {{Yes}}| {{No}}
|
|-
|}

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
![[Darakta|Daraktan]]
!Marubuci
!Mai gabatarwa
!Bayani
|-
|2007
|''Compton a cikin C Minor''| {{Yes}}| {{No}}| {{Yes}}
|Takaitaccen
|-
|2008
|''Wannan Rayuwa ce''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|''Agusta 28: Rana a Rayuwar Mutane''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|Takaitaccen
|-
|''Na 13''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2026
|''Na 14''| {{Yes}}
|| {{Yes}}
|
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Daraktan
!Marubuci
!Mai gabatar da kara&lt;br /&gt;
!Mahalicci
!Bayani
|-
|2013
|''Abin kunya''|{{Yes}}|{{No}}|{{No}}|{{No}}
|Fim din &quot;Vermont na masoya ne, ma&quot;
|-
|2015
|''Don Adalci''|{{Yes}}|{{No}}|{{Yes}}|{{No}}
|Jirgin saman talabijin na Unaired
|-
|2016–2022
|''Sarauniyar Sugar''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|Marubuci (4 episodes), Darakta (2 episodes) 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019
|''Lokacin da suka Ganu''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|Darakta (4 episodes) 
|-
|''Red Line''|{{No}}|{{No}}|{{Yes}}|{{No}}
|
|-
|2020–2022
|''Ka yi farin ciki da ranar''|{{No}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
|''Colin a cikin Black &amp;amp;amp; White''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|Fim din &quot;Cornrows&quot;
|-
|''Gida Mai Kyau''|{{No}}|{{No}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
|''Na'omiomi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''DMZ''|{{Yes}}|{{No}}|{{Yes}}|{{No}}
|Fim din &quot;Sa'a Mai Kyau&quot;
|}
'''Jerin shirye-shirye'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Daraktan
!Marubuci
!Mai gabatarwa
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2010
|''TV One Night Only: Rayuwa daga Bikin Kiɗa na Essence''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{No}}
|-
|''My Mic Saunds Nice: Gaskiya game da Mata da Hip Hop''|{{Yes}}|{{No}}|{{Yes|executive}}
|-
|''Abubuwan da ke tattare da su: Bangaskiya Ta hanyar Guguwa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013
|''Venus Vs.''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{No}}
|-
|''HelloBeautiful Interludes Live: John Legend''|{{Yes}}|{{No}}|{{No}}
|-
|}

=== Kasuwanci ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Bayani
|-
|2015–2016
|''Babi na 1'', ''Babi na 2'', ''Babi na 3''
|Waƙoƙin Apple
|}

=== Bidiyo na kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Daraktan
!Marubuci
!Mai gabatarwa
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2017
|&quot;Family Feud,&quot; [[Jay-Z]] ft. [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]]|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}
|
|}

== Kyaututtuka, nadin, girmamawa ==
[[File:Ava_DuVernay_-_Peabody_Awards_(cropped_2).jpg|thumb|DuVernay tare da lambar yabo ta Peabody ''Na 13'' a bikin shekara-shekara na 76 a shekarar 2017]]

* A cikin 2012, Variety ya nuna DuVernay a cikin Rahoton Tasirin Mata.
* A watan Yunin 2013, an gayyace ta zuwa reshen darektan da marubucin AMPAS.  DuVernay ita ce mace ta biyu kawai, bayan Kasi Lemmons, da za a gayyace ta zuwa reshen darektan.
* DuVernay ya zama mai karɓar kyautar Heineken Affinity Award ta Cibiyar Fim ta Tribeca, yana karɓar kyautar $ 20,000 da tallafin masana'antu don ayyukan gaba. DuVernay ta ba da gudummawar duk kuɗin ga AFFRM, ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Black da ta kafa.
* A watan Yunin 2015, an girmama DuVernay a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mata a cikin Fim Crystal + Lucy Awards tare da lambar yabo ta Daraktocin Dorothy Arzner . 
* A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an zabi DuVernay a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;Sheros&quot; na Matel na shekara ta 2015. An samar da Barbie guda ɗaya da aka yi da al'ada a cikin kamannin DuVernay. An sayar da yar tsana tare da kuɗin da aka ba wa sadaka. Saboda babban buƙata, an samar da nau'in ɗan tsana kuma an sayar da shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.
* A cikin 2016, an sanya sunan DuVernay a cikin jerin Oprah Winfrey's ''SuperSoul 100'' na masu hangen nesa da shugabannin masu tasiri 
* A cikin 2017, DuVernay ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da aka zaba don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Bayani, don fim dinta ''Na 13''.  
* A cikin 2017, DuVernay ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Smithsonian Magazine ta American Ingenuity Award for Visual Arts . 
* A cikin 2018, DuVernay ta lashe kyautar Entertainer of the Year a 49th NAACP Image Awards saboda aikinta a cikin 2017. 
* PETA ta ayyana DuVernay da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Benedict Cumberbatch a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Vegan Celebs na 2018.
* A cikin 2019, sunan farko na DuVernay shine amsa mai kyau ga wata alama a cikin jigon jigon ''[[New York Times]]'' na Lahadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kinnel |first=Laura Taylor |date=22 December 2019 |title=Down for the Count |url=https://www.nytimes.com/crosswords/game/daily/2019/12/22 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 2020, an ba DuVernay Kyautar Dorothy da Lillian Gish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Messman |first=Lauren |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Ava DuVernay Wins the Gish Prize |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/movies/ava-duvernay-gish-prize.html |access-date=November 26, 2020 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 2021, an ba DuVernay lambar yabo ta samar da fina-finai ta Royal Photographic Society . 
* A cikin 2024, ''Los Angeles Times'' ya nuna DuVernay a cikin jerin &quot;LA Influential&quot; a matsayin &quot;mai kirkirar da ke barin alamar su a Los Angeles&quot;.
* A cikin 2024, an shigar da DuVernay cikin Hall of Fame na California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=17th Annual California Hall of Fame |url=https://californiamuseum.org/california-hall-of-fame/17th-annual-california-hall-of-fame-california-museum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821015235/https://californiamuseum.org/california-hall-of-fame/17th-annual-california-hall-of-fame-california-museum/ |archive-date=August 21, 2024 |access-date=August 21, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 2025, Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Amurka ta ba DuVernay lambar yabo ta Billie Jean King Champions of Equality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alcido |first=Macy |date=September 4, 2025 |title=Ava DuVernay awarded Billie Jean King Champions of Equality Award at 2025 US Open |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2025-09-04/2025-09-04_ava_duvernay_awarded_billie_jean_king_champions_of_equality_award_at_2025_us_open.html |access-date=September 6, 2025 |website=U.S. Open}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 2025, an zabi DuVernay a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=Ava DuVernay {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/ava-duvernay |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Amacad.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Agnès Varda</title>
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'''Agnès Varda''' (an haife ta '''Arlette Varda'''; 30 ga Mayu 1928 - 29 ga Maris 2019) ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai na Faransa, mai zane, kuma mai daukar hoto.{{Efn|{{IPA|fr|aɲɛs vaʁda|lang|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Exilexi-Agnès Varda.wav}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gallus |first=Maya |date=6 June 2020 |title=Agnes Varda: Emotion Pictures |url=https://povmagazine.com/agnes-varda-emotion-pictures/ |website=POV Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ayyukan Varda sun yi amfani da harbi a wani lokaci lokacin da iyakokin fasahar sauti suka sauƙaƙa kuma sun fi dacewa da yin fim a cikin gida, tare da gine-gine da fentin shimfidar wurare, maimakon waje, a wurin. Amfani da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo marasa sana'a ba su da al'ada ga fim din Faransa na 1950. Farkon fim na Varda shine La Pointe Courte (1955), sannan Cléo ya biyo baya daga 5 zuwa 7 (1962), daya daga cikin shahararrun fina-finai, Vagabond (1985), da Kung Fu Master (1988). Varda kuma an san ta da aikinta a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shirye, tare da irin waɗannan ayyukan kamar ''Black Panthers'' (1968), The Gleaners and I (2000), The Beaches of Agnès (2008), Faces Places (2017), da fim dinta na ƙarshe, ''Varda ta Agnès'' (2019).

Mai shirya fina-finai [[Martin Scorsese]] ya bayyana Varda a matsayin &quot;ɗaya daga cikin alloli na fina-fakka&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Telluride Martin Scorsese Calls Agnes Varda one of the Gods |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-martin-scorsese-calls-agnes-varda-one-gods-at-fest-tribute-1235935 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}|&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wasu kyaututtuka da yawa, Varda ta sami lambar yabo ta Palme d'Or a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2015, ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar, Zaki na Zinariya don Vagabond a bikin fina'a na Venice na 1985, gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Bayani don Fuskokin Fuka. A shekara ta 2001, an girmama ta da César mai daraja . A shekara ta 2017, ta zama darakta mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Academy Honorary Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Meet the first female director to get an honorary Oscar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-41185923 |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Varda Arlette Varda a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1928 a Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium, ga Christiane (née Pasquet) da Eugène Jean Varda, injiniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 1928 |title=Agnes Varda Biography (1928-) |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/29/Agnes-Varda.html |access-date=10 September 2017 |publisher=Filmreference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Sète, Faransa, kuma mahaifinta memba ne na dangin 'yan gudun hijirar Girka daga Asia Minor a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] . Ita ce ta uku cikin yara biyar. Varda ta canza sunanta na farko zuwa Agnès a shekara 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=Agnès Varda: 'I am still alive, I am still curious. I am not a piece of rotting flesh' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/sep/21/agnes-varda-i-am-still-alive-i-am-still-curious-i-am-not-a-piece-of-rotting-flesh |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta bar Belgium tare da iyalinta a 1940 zuwa Sète, inda ta yi shekaru da haihuwa kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta zauna a can a cikin jirgin ruwa tare da iyakarta. A nan ne ta fara abota ta tsawon rai tare da mai zane-zane Valentine Schlegel . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Valentine Schlegel par Agnès Varda - Exposition présentée par Rosalie Varda |url=https://www.nathalieobadia.com/video/9-valentine-schlegel-par-agnes-varda-exposition-presentee-par-rosalie-varda/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Galerie Nathalie Obadia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Varda ta yi karatun tarihin fasaha a École du Louvre da daukar hoto a {{Lang|fr|[[École des Beaux-Arts]]}}, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na National Populaire a Paris .  Varda ta halarci Lycée et collège Victor-Duruy, kuma ta sami digiri na farko a cikin adabi da ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Sorbonne . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia_com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnes Varda facts, information, pictures |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/agnes-varda |access-date=10 April 2018 |website=Encyclopedia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kira ƙaura zuwa Paris &quot;mai banƙyama sosai&quot;, tana mai cewa ya ba ta &quot;tunanin tsoro game da isowata a cikin wannan birni mai launin toka, marar mutunci, mai baƙin ciki&quot;.Ba ta yi hulɗa da 'yan uwanta ba kuma ta kira azuzuwan a Sorbonne &quot;wauta, tsoho, abstract, [kuma] wanda bai dace da manyan bukatun da mutum yake da su a wannan shekarun ba. &quot;[and]

== Ayyukan daukar hoto ==
Varda ya yi niyyar zama mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya, kuma ya yi nazarin tarihin fasaha a École du Louvre, &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia_com&quot; /&gt; amma ya yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto a Makarantar daukar hoto ta Vaugirard a maimakon haka.  Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai daukar hoto kafin ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan muryoyin Cinema na Left Bank da New Wave na Faransa. Ta ci gaba da alaƙa tsakanin siffofin daukar hoto da na fim: &quot;Ina ɗaukar hotuna ko ina yin fina-finai. Ko kuma na sanya fina-fakka a cikin hotuna, ko hotuna a cikin fina-fukkuna. &quot;

Varda ta tattauna farkonta tare da matsakaicin daukar hoto: &quot;Na fara samun rayuwa daga daukar hoto nan da nan, na dauki hotuna marasa muhimmanci na iyalai da bukukuwan aure don samun kuɗi. Amma nan da nan na so in yi abin da na kira 'ƙungiyoyi.' Kuma tare da waɗannan ne na sami ra'ayi ina yin wani abu inda nake tambayar tambayoyi tare da abun da ke ciki, tsari da ma'ana. &quot;A shekara ta 1951, abokinta Jean Vilar ta bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo na National Populaire kuma ta hayar da Varda a matsayin mai daukar hoto. Kafin ta karɓi matsayinta a can, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na wasan kwaikwayo na bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Avignon . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia_com&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na National Populaire na tsawon shekaru goma daga 1951 zuwa 1961, a lokacin da martabarta ta girma kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami ayyukan jarida a duk faɗin Turai.

Har yanzu hotunan Varda wani lokacin sun yi wahayi zuwa ga hotunan motsi na gaba. Ta ba da labarin cewa: &quot;Lokacin da na yi fim na farko, La Pointe Courte - ba tare da kwarewa ba, ba tare da na kasance mataimaki ba, ba, ba kafin na je makarantar fim ba - na ɗauki hotuna na duk abin da nake so na yin fim, hotuna waɗanda kusan samfuran hotuna ne kawai. Kuma na fara yin fina-finai tare da kwarewar daukar hoto, wato, ina za a sanya kyamarar, a wane nesa, tare da wane ruwan tabarau da wane fitilu?&quot;

Daga baya ta tuna wani misali:&lt;blockquote&gt;Na yi fim a 1982 da ake kira ''Ulysse'', wanda ya dogara ne akan wani hoto da na dauka a 1954, wanda na yi da wannan kyamarar bellows, kuma na fara ''Ulysse'' da kalmomin, 'Na kasance ina ganin hoton a sama.'Akwai hoton awaki a ƙasa, kamar tauraron da ya faɗi, kuma wannan shine asalin hoton. Tare da waɗancan kyamarori, za ku tsara hoton a sama, don haka na ga Brassai ta hanyar kyamarar tare da kansa a kasan hoton.&lt;/blockquote&gt;A shekara ta 2010, Varda ta shiga gidan Nathalie Obadia . 

== Ayyukan fim ==
[[File:AGNES_CHAIR.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Varda a Gidan Tarihin Kwalejin a [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]. Yarinyar cat a gefen kujera tana nuni da ƙaunar Varda ga cats.]]
Ayyukan fim na Varda sun riga sun wuce New Wave na Faransa, amma sun ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na musamman ga wannan motsi.: 3 Yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto, Varda ta zama mai sha'awar yin fim, kodayake ta bayyana cewa ba ta san komai game da matsakaici ba kuma ta ga kusan fina-finai 20 ne kawai tun tana da shekaru 25. Daga baya ta ce ta rubuta rubutun ta na farko &quot;kamar yadda mutum ya rubuta littafinsa na farko. Lokacin da na gama rubuta shi, na yi tunani a kaina: 'Zan so in harbe wannan rubutun,' don haka wasu abokai da ni sun kafa hadin gwiwa don yin shi.Ta sami tsarin yin fim da wahala saboda bai ba da izinin 'yanci iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake rubuta wani labari ba; ta ce hanyar da take yi ta halitta ce kuma ta mace. A wata hira da The Believer, Varda ta ce tana so ta yi fina-finai da suka shafi lokacinta (a cikin ambaton La Pointe Courte), maimakon mayar da hankali kan al'adu ko ka'idojin gargajiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heti |first=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Heti |title=Agnès Varda [Filmmaker] |url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200910/?read=interview_varda |access-date=29 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A madadin haka, ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da mashahuri, ana iya ganin Varda a matsayin wani ɓangare na tauraron da aka yi watsi da su a cikin tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na Faransa bayan yakin. Wannan ƙarni na ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s, da gangan an rufe shi da masu shirya fina-finai na New Wave na shekarun 1960, yawanci suna yin gajeren fina-fakka na kwamiti, fina-fukkuna na asali, da kafofin watsa labarai na kowane nau'i waɗanda aka tsara don inganta ilimin kafofin watsa labarai tsakanin 'yan ƙasa masu kallo. Masu yin mahimmanci sun haɗa da Nicole Vèdres, Yannick Bellon, Chris Marker da Georges Franju . Kamar yadda Tim Palmer ya yi jayayya, sake sanya Varda a cikin takwarorinta na ainihi bayan yaƙi ya nuna yadda a kusa da &quot; isowar Varda muna samun maganganu masu mahimmanci a fadin kafofin watsa labarai masu gauraye: bincike amma ayyukan zamantakewa marasa amfani tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mutane da wuraren su; rubutun da aka ba da umarni waɗanda ke tambayarwa da ƙalubalanci burinsu na ainihi; gajerun fina-finai da matsakaici waɗanda ke bunƙasa a cikin tsarin su na rushewa kuma wani lokacin gwaji ba tare da fasalin su ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Palmer (film historian) |title=Entropic Creativity: Agnès Varda’s Early Publications &amp; France’s Post-war Film Ecosystem |url=https://www.maifeminism.com/entropic-creativity-agnes-vardas-early-publications-and-frances-post-war-film-ecosystem/ |access-date=25 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== La Pointe Courte (1955) ===
Varda yana son daukar hoto amma yana da sha'awar shiga fim. Bayan ya kwashe 'yan kwanaki yana yin fim a karamin garin kamun kifi na Faransa na Sète, a cikin tsohuwar yankin masunta na La Pointe Courte, don aboki mai fama da rashin lafiya wanda ba zai iya ziyarta ba da kansa, Varda ta yanke shawarar yin fim na kanta, ta bar jagorancin fasaha a hannun abokin aikinta Valentine Schlegel . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Don haka, a cikin 1955, an saki fim na farko na Varda, La Pointe Courte, game da ma'aurata marasa farin ciki da ke aiki ta hanyar dangantakarsu a wani karamin garin kamun kifi. Fim din shine farkon salon New Wave na Faransa. A lokacin, falsafar Gaston Bachelard ta rinjayi Varda, wanda ta taɓa karatu a Sorbonne. &quot;Ta kasance mai sha'awar ka'idarsa ta '{{Lang|fr|l'imagination des matières}}', inda aka gano wasu halaye na mutum don dacewa da abubuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin wani nau'i na psychoanalysis na duniya ta zahiri. &quot;Wannan ra'ayin ya sami furci a cikin La Pointe Courte yayin da halayen halayen halayyar halayen suka yi karo, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar adawa da abubuwa kamar itace da ƙarfe. Don ci gaba da sha'awar halayyar halayyar, Varda ta yi amfani da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu, [[Silvia Monfort]] da Philippe Noiret, tare da mazaunan La Pointe Courte, don samar da wani abu na gaskiya wanda ke ba da kansa ga kyawawan abubuwan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar neorealism. Varda ta ci gaba da amfani da wannan haɗuwa da abubuwan almara da na takardu a cikin fina-finai.

Abokin Varda kuma ɗan'uwansa mai shirya fim din &quot;Left Bank&quot; Alain Resnais ne ya shirya fim ɗin, wanda ba ya son yin aiki a ciki saboda &quot;kusan fim ɗin da yake so ya yi da kansa&quot;; fim ɗin Resnais na 1959 Hiroshima mon amour daga baya zai ƙunshi irin wannan tsari. Resnais da Varda sun kasance abokai na dindindin, kodayake Resnais ya ce ba su da wani abu iri ɗaya &quot;ban da cats&quot;. Cahiers du Cinéma ya yaba da fim din nan da nan: André Bazin ya ce, &quot;Akwai cikakken 'yanci ga salon, wanda ke samar da ra'ayi, wanda ba shi da yawa a cikin fina-finai, cewa muna cikin gaban aikin da ke bin mafarkai da sha'awar marubucinsa kawai ba tare da wasu wajibai na waje ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Pointe Courte - Agnes Varda |url=http://www.newwavefilm.com/french-new-wave-encyclopedia/la-pointe-courte.shtml |access-date=1 April 2019 |website=Newwavefilm.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;François Truffaut ya kira shi &quot;aikin gwaji, mai burin gaske, mai gaskiya da basira&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Filmmaker Agnès Varda to Receive WGAW's 2019 Jean Renoir Award for International Screenwriting Achievement |url=http://www.wga.org/news-events/news/press/2019/french-filmmaker-agnes-varda-to-receive-2019-jean-renoir-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401013749/https://www.wga.org/news-events/news/press/2019/french-filmmaker-agnes-varda-to-receive-2019-jean-renoir-award |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019 |website=Wga.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Varda ya ce fim din &quot;ya buga kamar harsashi ne saboda ni budurwa ce, tun kafin haka, don zama darektan dole ne ka yi shekaru a matsayin mataimaki. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Bianca |date=2019-03-29 |title=Agnès de '28 à '19: Remembering Agnès Varda |url=https://filmotomy.com/agnes-de-28-a-19-remembering-agnes-varda/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Filmotomy |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;Amma fim din ya gaza kudi, kuma Varda ya yi gajeren fina-finai ne kawai na shekaru bakwai masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An dauki Varda a matsayin kakarta da mahaifiyar sabuwar tawagar Faransa. La Pointe Courte ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma an dauke shi fim na farko na motsi. Ita ce ta farko daga cikin mutane da yawa da ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da talakawa ke fuskanta. A ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta ce ba ta da sha'awar asusun mutanen da ke da iko amma &quot;ta fi sha'awar 'yan tawaye, mutanen da ke yaƙi don rayuwarsu&quot;.

=== ''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7'' (1961) ===
[[File:Agnès_Varda_-_Les_femmes_s'emparent_du_cinéma.jpg|thumb|Hoton tunawa da Cléo na Varda daga 5 zuwa 7 (1961) ]]
Bayan La Pointe Courte, Varda ya yi gajeren fina-finai da yawa; ofishin yawon bude ido na Faransa ya ba da izini biyu. Wadannan sun hada da daya daga cikin abubuwan da Varda ta fi so na ayyukanta, L'opéra-mouffe, fim game da kasuwar titin Rue Mouffetard wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a bikin fina-finai na gwaji na Brussels na 1958. 

''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7'' ya bi mawaƙa mai suna pop ta hanyar sa'o'i biyu na musamman inda take jiran sakamakon binciken biopsy na baya-bayan nan. Fim din yana da alaƙa da wata mace da ke fuskantar mutuwarta, abin da ya zama ruwan dare ga Varda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson1999&quot; /&gt; A matakin da ya fi zurfi, ''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7'' ya fuskanci mace da aka saba da ita ta hanyar ba Cléo hangen nesa. Ba za a iya gina ta ta hanyar kallon wasu ba, wanda sau da yawa ana wakilta ta hanyar tunani da kuma ikon Cléo na cire jikinta na halayen &quot;da za a yi kama da su&quot; (kamar tufafi ko wigs). A cikin salon, ''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7'' ya haɗu da takardu da fiction, kamar yadda La Pointe Courte ya yi. Fim din yana wakiltar aikin diegetic da aka ce ya faru tsakanin karfe 5 zuwa 7 na yamma, kodayake lokacin tafiyarsa minti 89.

=== ''Daguerreotypes'' (1976) ===
''Daguerreotypes'' fim ne na 1976 wanda Agnès Varda ya jagoranta, wanda ke kama rayuwar masu sayar da kaya da mazauna Rue Daguerre, wani karamin titi a birnin Paris inda Varda ke zaune. Fim din ya ɗauki taken daga sunan titin da kalmar &quot;daguerreotype&quot;, wanda ke nuna sha'awar Varda game da adana lokutan da suka wuce a lokaci. Ta hanyar jerin zane-zane na kusa, shirin ya binciki al'amuran, labaru, da alaƙar masu yin burodi na gida, masu yankan nama, masu gyaran tufafi, da sauran masu mallakar ƙananan kasuwanci. Tare da aikin kyamara mai tsauri da tsarin lura, fim din yana ba da kyakkyawar hoto na al'umma da ke da tushe a cikin al'ada a cikin yanayin birane mai tasowa. An yi la'akari da shi sosai a matsayin lokacin lokacin 1970s Paris, Daguerréotypes ya nuna ikon Varda na samun shayari a rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma ɗaukaka duniya zuwa wani abu mai zurfi na ɗan adam.

=== Ciné-Tamaris (1977) ===
A shekara ta 1977, Varda ta kafa kamfaninta na samarwa, Ciné-Tamaris, don samun ƙarin iko kan harbi da gyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;senses&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2013, Gidan Tarihi na Los Angeles County ya gudanar da baje kolin Amurka na farko na Varda, ''Agnès Varda a California'' . Ya ƙunshi shigarwar zane-zane, hotuna da yawa, da gajeren fina-finai, kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta lokacin da ta yi a Los Angeles a cikin shekarun 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda in Californialand |url=http://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/agn%C3%A8s-varda-californialand |access-date=24 October 2014 |website=Lacma.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Jacquot na Nantes'' (1991) ===
A shekara ta 1991, jim kadan bayan mutuwar mijinta Jacques Demy, Varda ta kirkiro fim din ''Jacquot na Nantes'', wanda ke game da rayuwarsa da mutuwarsa. An tsara fim din da farko a matsayin nishaɗi na rayuwarsa ta farko, yana sha'awar sana'o'i daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su don yin fim kamar motsa jiki da zane. Amma sai Varda ya samar da abubuwa na shirin ta hanyar saka shirye-shiryen fina-finai na Demy da kuma hotunan mutuwarsa. Fim din ya ci gaba da taken Varda na karɓar mutuwa, amma a zuciyarsa ana ɗaukarsa harajin Varda ga marigayi mijinta da aikinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson1999&quot; /&gt;

=== Ni da Gleaners (2000) ===
[[File:Agnès_Varda_(Guadalajara)_18_cropped.jpg|thumb|Varda a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Guadalajara a shekarar 2010]]
Les Glaneurs et la Glaneuse (The Gleaners and I), wani shirin, yana mai da hankali kan hulɗar Varda tare da masu tarawa (masu tarawa) waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ƙauyukan Faransa, kuma ya haɗa da batutuwa waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar fasaha ta hanyar kayan da aka sake amfani da su, da kuma hira da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Jean Laplanche. Fim din sananne ne saboda yanayin da ya ragu da kuma kyauta tare da kasancewa karo na farko da Varda ya yi amfani da kyamarori na dijital. Wannan salon yin fim sau da yawa ana fassara shi azaman sanarwa cewa ana iya ƙirƙirar manyan abubuwa kamar fasaha ta hanyar raguwa, duk da haka tattalin arzikin zamani yana ƙarfafa mutane su yi amfani da samfurin mafi kyau kawai.

Game da The Gleaners da ni, Varda ya ce, &quot;Yana da maganin gaskiyar da ke da ban sha'awa, yadda ake jaddada kyakkyawa. Wataƙila ba ta da kyau a faɗi haka, amma ina son kyakkyawa, Ko da yake hakan na iya zama kamar baƙo a cikin shirin zamantakewa. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Agnès Varda on The Gleaners and I |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/refuseniks-agnes-varda-gleaners-i |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=BFI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Agnès Varda ta ci gaba da shekaru biyu bayan haka, mai taken The Gleaners and I: Two Years Later , wani shirin da ta sake haduwa da masu gabatarwa da yawa daga The Gleaner . Sun tattauna yadda rayuwarsu ta bayyana kuma sun raba ra'ayoyinsu game da fim na farko.

=== ''Fuskokin Wuraren'' (2017) ===
A cikin 2017, Varda ya jagoranci Faces Places tare da mai zane JR . An nuna fim din daga gasar a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;Cannes2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=The 2017 Official Selection |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/actualites/articles/the-2017-official-selection |access-date=13 April 2017 |website=Cannes}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya lashe kyautar L'Œil d'or. &lt;ref name=&quot;IW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=2017 Cannes Film Festival Announces Lineup: Todd Haynes, Sofia Coppola, 'Twin Peaks' and More |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2017/04/cannes-2017-lineup-list-film-festival-schedule-1201804813/ |access-date=13 April 2017 |website=IndieWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Cannes: Agnes Varda's 'Faces Places' Takes Golden Eye Documentary Prize |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-agnes-vardas-faces-places-takes-golden-eye-documentary-prize-1008246 |access-date=27 May 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=Prometheus Global Media, LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya biyo bayan Varda da JR suna tafiya a yankunan karkara na Faransa, suna ƙirƙirar hotunan mutanen da suka haɗu da su. An zabi Varda don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Bayani don wannan fim, wanda ya sa ta zama mutum mafi tsufa da za a zaba don gasar Oscar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Withers |first=Rachel |date=23 January 2018 |title=The 2018 Oscar nominees include these historic firsts |url=https://slate.com/culture/2018/01/a-round-up-of-this-years-history-making-firsts.html |journal=Slate |publisher=Slate.com |access-date=24 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake gabatarwa ita ce ta farko, Varda ba ta ɗauke shi da mahimmanci ba, tana mai cewa: &quot;Babu wani abu da za a yi alfahari da shi, amma farin ciki. Farin ciki saboda muna yin fina-finai don ƙauna. Muna yin fina-filimu don ku ƙaunaci fim din. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Sandy |date=6 February 2018 |title=Agnes Varda is happy, but not proud, of her Oscar nomination |url=https://www.apnews.com/05d71453839c41728c03d111f6c9ee4d |access-date=29 March 2019 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Fim din ya ƙare tare da Varda da JR suna ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar Jean-Luc Godard a Rolle don hira. Godard ya amince da taron amma &quot;ya tsayar da su&quot;.

=== ''Varda ta Agnes'' (2019) ===
Fim din karshe da Varda ya jagoranta, ''Varda ta Agnes'' ya nuna Varda tana kallo da tattauna fina-finai da aikinta. Ta ba da labarin tafiyarta ta shekaru 60 ta hanyar daukar hoto da yin fim. Ta bayyana muhimmancin kalmomi guda uku: wahayi, halitta, da rabawa. Fim din ya nuna Varda zaune da tunani game da abubuwan da take so, kamar mijinta, cats, launuka, rairayin bakin teku, da dankali masu kama da zuciya.

== Hanyar da tasiri ==
Yawancin fina-finai na Varda suna amfani da masu gabatarwa waɗanda aka ware ko aka ƙi membobin al'umma, kuma suna da takardu a cikin yanayi. Ta yi wani ɗan gajeren fim a kan Black Panthers bayan ta ga cewa an kama shugabansu, Huey Newton, saboda kashe wani jami'in 'yan sanda. Fim din yana mai da hankali kan zanga-zangar don tallafawa Newton da kamfen din &quot;Free Huey&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Letort |first=Delphine |date=15 December 2014 |title=Agnès Varda: filming the Black Panthers's Struggle |journal=L'Ordinaire des Amériques |language=en |volume=217 |issue=217 |doi=10.4000/orda.1646 |issn=0997-0584 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar sauran daraktocin New Wave na Faransa, Varda mai yiwuwa ta rinjayi ka'idar marubuci, ta kirkiro salon sa hannu ta hanyar amfani da kyamara &quot;a matsayin alkalami&quot;. Varda ta kira hanyar yin fim &quot;{{Lang|fr|cinécriture}}&quot; (&quot;rubuce-rubuce na fim&quot; ko &quot;rubuce a fim&quot;). : 12 Maimakon raba muhimman matsayi waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga fim (kamar mai daukar hoto, marubuci, da darektan), ta yi imanin cewa duk matsayi ya kamata ya yi aiki tare a lokaci guda don ƙirƙirar fim mai haɗin kai, kuma duk abubuwan fim ɗin ya kamata su ba da guddina ga saƙonsa. Ta yi iƙirarin yin mafi yawan abubuwan da ta gano yayin gyarawa, tana neman damar samun hotuna ko tattaunawa da ke haifar da dalili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gorbman |first=Claudia |title=Places and Play in Agnès Varda's Cinécriture |url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/beachesofagnes/gorbman.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150933/http://www.pbs.org/pov/beachesofagnes/gorbman.php |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 October 2014 |website=Pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda asalin hotunan da take da shi, har yanzu hotuna galibi suna da mahimmanci a cikin fina-finai. Suna iya yin amfani da alamomi ko dalilai na labari, kuma kowane bangare na su yana da mahimmanci. Wani lokaci akwai rikici tsakanin har yanzu da hotunan motsi a cikin fina-finai, kuma sau da yawa tana haɗuwa da hotuna masu motsi (snapshots) tare da hotunan motsin rai.: 13 Varda ta mai da hankali sosai ga daki-daki kuma tana da masaniya sosai game da tasirin kowane zaɓi na fim da ta yi. Abubuwan fim din ba sa aiki sosai, kowane bangare yana da nasa ma'ana, duka da kansa kuma yana ba da damar saƙon fim din gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith1998&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|15}}

Yawancin tasirin ta na fasaha ne ko wallafe-wallafen, gami da Surrealism, William Faulkner, [[Franz Kafka]], da Nathalie Sarraute . {{Rp|6, 12, 106}}

=== Kasancewa cikin Sabon Wave na Faransa ===
[[File:Identite-AgnesVarda-1962-Sacem.jpg|thumb|Varda a cikin 1962]]
Saboda tasirin wallafe-wallafen ta, kuma saboda aikinta ya riga ya wuce New Wave na Faransa, fina-finai na Varda sun fi dacewa da ƙungiyar fim ta Left Bank (Rive Gauche), tare da na Resnais, Chris Marker, [[Marguerite Duras]], Alain Robbe-Grillet, Jean Cayrol da Henri Colpi. A takaice dai, gefen hagu na New Wave ya rungumi salon gwaji fiye da ƙungiyar Cahiers du Cinéma, amma wannan bambancin yana da ban dariya idan aka yi la'akari da cewa New Wave kanta an dauke ta gwaji a cikin maganin hanyoyin gargajiya da batutuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Darke |first=Chris |date=April 2015 |title=Agnes Varda |url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5&amp;sid=d97b7c14-ce86-4526-a99a-2f5adcc5b7d7@sdc-v-sessmgr03&amp;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#AN=101798961&amp;db=a9h |journal=Sight &amp; Sound |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=46–50 |via=EBSCO}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim din Bankin Hagu yana da alaƙa sosai da sabon motsi na Roman a cikin adabi. Mambobin kungiyar suna da asali na asali a cikin fina-finai, siyasa ta hagu, da kuma sha'awar gwaji da kuma kula da fim a matsayin fasaha. Varda da sauran masu shirya fina-fakka na hagu sun kirkiro yanayin yin fim wanda ya haɗu da ɗayan hanyoyin da suka fi motsawa da zamantakewar al'umma, takaddar, tare da ɗayan hanyoyin gwaji na yau da kullun, avant-garde. Membobinta galibi suna aiki tare da juna. A cewar masanin Delphine Bénézet, Varda ta yi tsayayya da &quot;ka'idojin wakilci da diktats na samarwa&quot;.{{Rp|6}}

=== A matsayin mai shirya fina-finai na mata ===
Ayyukan Varda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mata saboda amfani da mata masu ba da labari da kuma kirkirar muryar fim din mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;senses&quot; /&gt; Ta ce, &quot;Ni ba mai ba da shawara game da mata ba ne. Na yi duk wannan - hotuna, sana'ata, fim na, rayuwata - a kan sharuddan na, sharuddan kaina, kuma kada in yi shi kamar namiji&quot;.: 1142-1148 Ko da yake ba ta da hannu sosai a cikin kowane tsananin ajanda na ƙungiyar mata, Varda sau da yawa tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan mata a kan batutuwar jigogi kuma ba ta taɓa ƙoƙarin canza sana'arta don yin ta da al'ada ko namiji ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Female Inhibition and Empowerment in 1960s Paris&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Ruby |title=Female Inhibition and Empowerment in 1960s Paris |url=http://facets.org/blog/exclusive/lists/vault/female-inhibition-and-empowerment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826162145/http://facets.org/blog/exclusive/lists/vault/female-inhibition-and-empowerment/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Facets}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Female Directors, Female Gaze: The Search for Female Subjectivity in Film&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hossain |first=Rubaiyat |title=Female Directors, Female Gaze: The Search for Female Subjectivity in Film |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/May/female.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408030123/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2011/May/female.htm |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin fina-finai a Makarantar Sakandare ta Turai .

Bénézet ya yi jayayya game da muhimmancin Varda a matsayin &quot;mace mai ban sha'awa&quot; ({{Lang|fr|au feminin singulier}}), kuma mafi mahimmanci a tarihin fim. Varda ta rungumi mace tare da ƙarfin hali.

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==
[[File:Deneuve-Demy-Varda-Venise-1966_(2).jpg|thumb|Catherine Deneuve, Jacques Demy da Varda (daga ''hagu zuwa dama'') a Venice, 1966]]
A shekara ta 1958, yayin da yake a wani gajeren fim a Tours, Varda ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Jacques Demy, wanda shi ma darektan Faransa ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Travers |first=James |date=2012-01-01 |title=Biography and filmography of Jacques Demy |url=http://www.frenchfilms.org/biography/jacques-demy.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=frenchfilms.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun koma tare a shekarar 1959. Ta auri Demy daga 1962 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1990. Varda tana da 'ya'ya biyu: 'yar, Rosalie Varda (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958), daga ƙungiyar da ta gabata tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Antoine Bourseiller (wanda ya fito a ''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7''), da ɗa, Mathieu Demy (an haifa a shekara ta 1972), tare da Demy.&lt;ref name=&quot;senses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Helen |date=21 May 2002 |title=Agnes Varda |url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/varda/ |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=Senses of Cinema |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906230042/http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/varda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Demy ya karbi Rosalie Varda bisa doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Emma Wilson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varda ta yi aiki a kan shirin da aka zaba na Oscar Faces Places tare da 'yarta. 

A shekara ta 1971, Varda na ɗaya daga cikin mata 343 da suka sanya hannu kan Manifesto na 343 da ke yarda cewa sun zubar da ciki duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Faransa a lokacin kuma suna neman a sanya zubar da cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016 |title=manifesto343 |url=https://manifesto343.wordpress.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003603/https://manifesto343.wordpress.com/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |website=manifesto343.wordpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane huɗu kawai da suka halarci jana'izar abokinta [[Jim Morrison]] a Kabari na Père Lachaise . 

Varda dan uwan mai zane ne Jean Varda . A shekara ta 1967, yayin da take zaune a [[California]], Varda ta sadu da dan uwan mahaifinta a karon farko. Shi ne batun gajeren fim dinta ''Uncle Yanco'' . Jean Varda ya kira kansa &quot;Yanco&quot; kuma Varda ya kiransa da ƙauna &quot;ɗan'uwa&quot; saboda bambancin shekarunsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uncle Yanco (1967)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uncle Yanco (1967) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/uncle-yanco/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Uncle Yanco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uncle Yanco |url=https://www.criterion.com/films/28626-uncle-yanco |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=[[Criterion.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Varda ya mutu daga [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a ranar 29 ga Maris 2019 a [[Faris|Paris]], yana da shekaru 90.  An binne ta a Kabari na Montparnasse a ranar 2 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2019 |title=Agnes Varda funeral in Paris photo preview 55099062 |url=http://www.epa.eu/arts-culture-and-entertainment-photos/people-photos/agnes-varda-funeral-in-paris-photos-55099062 |publisher=[[European Pressphoto Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izarta akwai Catherine Deneuve, Julie Gayet, Jean-Pierre Léaud, [[Jane Birkin]], da Sandrine Bonnaire. Masu makoki sun bar furanni da dankali a waje da gidanta a kan titin Daguerre . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irvine |first=Margot |date=16 April 2019 |title=Agnès Varda, a pioneering artist who saw the extraordinary in the ordinary |url=http://theconversation.com/agnes-varda-a-pioneering-artist-who-saw-the-extraordinary-in-the-ordinary-115437 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutuwarta ta jawo amsa mai ban sha'awa daga al'ummar yin fina-finai tare da [[Martin Scorsese]] wanda ya saki wata sanarwa da ke rubutawa, &quot;Ina da shakka sosai cewa Agnès Varda ta taɓa bin sawun wani, a kowane kusurwar rayuwarta ko fasaharta. Kowane ɗayan hotunan da aka yi da hannu, wanda aka daidaita da kyau tsakanin takardun shaida da fiction, kamar babu wani - kowane hoto, kowane yanke ... Menene aikin da ta bari a baya: fina-finen da ƙananan, wasa da wuya, karimci da kaɗaici da ba tare da rai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Agnes Varda Remembered As Influential Director Who 'Lived Fully for Every Moment' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/agnes-varda-remembered-as-influential-director-who-lived-fully-for-every-moment/ |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Barry Jenkins ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter, &quot;Aiki da rayuwa sun haɗu ba tare da wata shakka ba don wannan labari. Ta rayu sosai ga kowane lokaci na waɗannan shekaru 90 da suka lalace&quot;. [[Ava DuVernay]] ta rubuta game da dangantakarta da Varda, ta kawo karshen sanarwa da &quot;Merci, Agnes. Don fina-finai. Don sha'awarka. Don haskenka. Yana haskakawa. &quot;Sauran masu shirya fina-finai da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka ba da yabo ga Varda sun haɗa da Guillermo del Toro, 'Yan uwan Safdie, Edgar Wright, JR da [[Madonna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Agnès Varda Tributes: Martin Scorsese, Ava DuVernay, Cannes, Madonna &amp; More React To Passing Of Cinema 'Legend' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/agnes-varda-reaction-martin-scorsese-ava-duvernay-madonna-faces-places-1202585005/ |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jean-Luc Godard ya aika wa 'yar Varda Rosalie (wanda ya samar da Faces Places) &quot;wani nau'in hotunan Agnès ... Wani abu ne na musamman. Amma ya aiko mini da wani abu mai kyau. Ina tsammanin ya kula da Agnès da yawa. Ya ga dukkan fina-finai nata&quot;, in ji ta.&amp;nbsp;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
[[File:Cannes_handprints.jpg|thumb|Alamar hannu ta Varda a Cannes]]
Varda ya sami nasarar da ba a saba gani ba na lashe manyan kyaututtuka: Oscar na Hollywood, Berlin Bear, Lion na Venice, Palme mai daraja daga Cannes da Césars da yawa. Ta kasance memba na juri a bikin fina-finai na Cannes a shekara ta 2005 kuma memba na juriya a bikin fina na Venice a shekara ta 1983. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juries 2005 : All the Juries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juries 2005 : All the Juries |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2005/allJury.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092218/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2005/allJury.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Festival de Cannes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Giurie anni ’80&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Giurie anni '80 |url=http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/?page_id=122&amp;lang=en+Juries+for+the+1980s |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830025432/http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/?page_id=122 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Carnival of Venice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin da ba su cika ba da ke mai da hankali kan manyan kyaututtuka.

*

== Manyan nune-nunen da kuma abubuwan da suka faru ==
[[File:Agnes_varda.jpg|right|thumb|Varda tana magana a jerin abubuwan da ta yi a shekarar 2009 a Harvard Film ArchiveTarihin Fim na Harvard]]

* ''Agnès Varda, Tsibirin da Ita'', Gidauniyar Cartier don Fasahar zamani, Paris, Faransa. 18 Yuni - 8 Oktoba 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda, L'île et elle |url=https://www.fondationcartier.com/en/exhibitions/agnes-varda-lile-et-elle |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=fondationcartier.com |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302020311/https://www.fondationcartier.com/en/exhibitions/agnes-varda-lile-et-elle |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Agnès Varda'' a Bildmuseet, Jami'ar Umeå, Sweden. 2 Yuni 2013 - 18 Agusta 2013. 
* ''Agnès Varda a California'' a Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Amurka, 3 ga Nuwamba 2013 - 22 ga Yuli 2014 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda in Californialand |url=https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/agnes-varda-californialand |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=lacma.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Agnès Varda - Patates &amp; Compagnie'' a Gidan Tarihi na Ixelles a Brussels, Belgium, 25 Fabrairu - 29 Mayu 2016 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda - Patates &amp; Compagnie |url=https://www.museumofixelles.irisnet.be/en/exhibitions/previous-exhibitions/exhibitions-2016?set_language=en |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=museedixelles.irisnet.be |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122201828/http://www.museumofixelles.irisnet.be/en/exhibitions/previous-exhibitions/exhibitions-2016?set_language=en |archive-date=22 November 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Agnès Varda'' a Blum Gallery, New York, Amurka, 2 Maris - 15 Afrilu 2017 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda Organized with Olivier Renaud-Clément |url=https://www.blum-gallery.com/exhibitions/agns_varda |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=blum-gallery.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Varda: A Retrospective a Lincoln Center, New York, Amurka, 20 Disamba 2019 - 6 Janairu 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Varda: A Retrospective |url=https://www.filmlinc.org/series/varda-a-retrospective/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Film at Lincoln Center |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* Valentine Schlegel ta hanyar Agnès Varda a cikin Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris, Faransa, 5 ga Nuwamba - 19 ga Disamba 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* ''Agnès Varda Expo 54'' a Cibiyar daukar hoto, Lille, Faransa, 8 ga Oktoba - 5 ga Disamba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda Expo 54 |url=https://www.institut-photo.com/event/agnes-varda-4/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=institut-photo.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527135520/https://www.institut-photo.com/event/agnes-varda-4/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Agnès Varda - Rayuwata ta Farko'' a Gidan Tarihi na Finnish a Helsinki, Finland, 13 ga Mayu - 28 ga Agusta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda - My First Life |url=https://www.valokuvataiteenmuseo.fi/en/exhibitions/agnes-varda-my-first-life |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=valokuvataiteenmuseo.fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Das dritte Leben der Agnès Varda'' a Silent Green a Berlin, Jamus, 9 Yuni - 20 Yuli 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Third Life of Agnès Varda |url=https://www.silent-green.net/en/film-feld-forschung/projects/agnes-varda |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=silent-green.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agnès Varda - Plages, Cabanes et Coquillages a Cannes, Faransa, 8 ga Yuli - 20 ga Nuwamba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda : Plages, cabanes et coquillages à Cannes |url=https://www.artcotedazur.fr/actualite,109/exposition,110/agnes-varda-plages-cabanes-et-coquillages-a-cannes,13072.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=artcotedazur.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ka rayu Varda!'': nune-nunen da aka yi a Cinémathèque française, Paris, Faransa, 11 ga Oktoba 2023, zuwa 28 ga Janairu 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Viva Varda ! - la Cinémathèque française |url=https://www.cinematheque.fr/exposition/viva-varda.html |website=Cinematheque.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Darakta ta Inspiration: Agnès Varda a Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Motion Pictures a Los Angeles, Amurka, har zuwa 5 ga Janairu 2025.
* Agnès Varda ta Paris ''daga nan zuwa can'' a Musée Historie de Paris Carnavalet a Paris 9 Afrilu 2025 zuwa 24 Agusta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda’s Paris {{!}} Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris |url=https://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/en/exhibitions/agnes-vardas-paris |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.carnavalet.paris.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Hotuna masu ban sha'awa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken Turanci
!Taken asali &lt;ref name=&quot;filmog&quot; /&gt;
!Bayani
|-
!1955
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ƙarshen Ƙarshen''
|
|-
!1962
|''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7''
|''Cleus daga 5 zuwa 7''
|
|-
!1965
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Farin Ciki''
|
|-
!1966
|''Halitta''
|''Halitta''
|
|-
!1967
|''Daga Vietnam''
|''Da nisa daga Vietnam''
|Fim din tarihin
|-
!1969
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ƙaunar Zaki''
|Har ila yau mai samarwa
|-
!1975
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Daguerreotypes''
|
|-
!1977
|''Ɗaya Yana rera, Sauran Ba su yi''
|''Ɗaya yana raira waƙa, ɗayan kuma mataki''
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1981
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ganuwar Ganuwa''
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Mai ba da takardu''
|
|-
!1985
|''Mai yawo''
|''Ba tare da gida ba ko doka''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Har ila yau edita
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1988
|''Jane B. ta Agnes V.''
|''Jane B. ta hanyar Agnes V.''
|-
|''Maigidan Kung Fu''
|''Ƙaramin soyayya''
|
|-
!1991
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Jacquot na Nantes''
|
|-
!1993
|''Matasa 'yan mata sun cika shekaru 25''
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan mata sun kai shekara 25''
|
|-
!1995
|''Ɗari da Ɗaya daga cikin dare''
|''Simon Cinema's One Hundred and One Nights''
|
|-
!1995
|''Duniya ta Jacques Demy''
|''Duniyar Jacques Demy''
|
|-
!2000
|''Ni da masu cin ganyayyaki''
|''Masu Gishiri da Mai Gishiri''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Har ila yau furodusa da edita
|-
!2002
|''Ni da Gleaners: Shekaru Biyu Bayan haka''
|''Masu Girbi da Mai Girbi . . .Shekaru biyu bayan haka''
|-
!2004
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Hoton Cinévarda''
|
|-
!2006
|''Wasu gwauraye na Noirmoutier''
|''Wasu gwauraye na Noirmoutier''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Har ila yau furodusa da edita
|-
!2008
|''Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Agnès''
|''Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Agnès''
|-
!2017
|''Fuskokin Wuraren''
|''Fuskokin Ƙauyuka''
|Mataimakin darektan da kuma hadin gwiwar edita
|-
!2019
|''Varda ta Agnès''
|''Varda ta hanyar Agnes''
|Har ila yau edita
|}

=== Gajeren fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken Turanci
!Taken asali &lt;ref name=&quot;filmog&quot; /&gt;
!Bayani
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1958
|''Rubuce-rubucen wata mace mai ciki''
|''Wasan kwaikwayo na opera''
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Gishiri mai launin shudi''
|
|-
|''Tare da Tekun / Tekun Tekun''
|''A gefen gabar teku''
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ya lokutan, ya gidajen sarauta''
|
|-
!1960
|
|''Mélangite''
|ba a gama shi ba saboda rashin kudade
|-
!1961
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''MacDonald Bridge Bride (Ka yi la'akari da baƙar tabarau) ''
|
|-
!1963
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Gaisuwa ga mutanen Cuba''
|
|-
!1965
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Elsa mai laushi''
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1966
|''Yara na gidan kayan gargajiya''
|''Yaran gidan kayan gargajiya''
|
|-
|
|''Karamin Kirsimeti''
|ba a gama shi ba saboda rashin kudade
|-
!1967
|''Uncle Yanco''
|''Kawun Yanco''
|
|-
!1968
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Black Panthers''
|
|-
!1975
|''Amsa Mata''
|''Amsar mata: Jikinmu, jinsi''
|
|-
!1976
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Jin daɗin soyayya a Iran''
|
|-
!1982
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ulysse''
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1984
|''Abin da ake kira Caryatids''
|''Abin da ake kira cariatides''
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''7 shafi na 7 An dafa shi., s. daga b., ...Za a iya kamawa''
|
|-
!1986
|''Kuna da Kyakkyawan Matakala, Kun sani''
|''Kuna da matakala masu kyau, ka sani''
|
|-
!2002
|''Kyauta ga Zgou the Cat''
|''Godiya ga Zgougou (da gaisuwa ga Sabine Mamou) ''
|
|-
!2003
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Zaki mai tashi''
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''Ydessa, Bears da sauransu.''
|''Ydessa, bears da sauransu''
|
|-
|''Bikin Fim na Duniya na Vienna 2004 - Trailer''
|''Viennale Walzer''
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|''Abin da ake kira Caryatids 2''
|''Abin da ake kira cariatides bis''
|
|-
|''Cléo daga 5 zuwa 7: Tunanin da Labarai''
|''Cleos daga 5 zuwa 7: abubuwan tunawa da labarai''
|
|-
!2015
|''Buttons Uku''
|''Maɓallin 3''
|
|}

=== Ayyukan talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken&lt;ref name=&quot;filmog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda: Filmographie |url=http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne-2492/filmographie/ |access-date=29 March 2019 |website=Allocine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Kyaututtuka
|-
!1970
|''Nausicaa''
|Fim din talabijin
|-
!1983
|''Minti daya don hoto''
|Hotunan talabijin
|-
!2010
|''P.O.V.'', fasalin 3, kakar 23, The Beaches of Agnès''Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Agnès''
|Har ila yau furodusa da mai daukar hoto
|-
!2011
|''{{Interlanguage link|Agnès de ci de là Varda|fr}}''
|Shirin talabijin, aukuwa 5
|}

== Littattafai ==

* ''La Côte d'Azur, d'azur, d'azur, d'azur'', collection Lieu-dit, Les éditions du Temps (1961)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnès Varda, Professor of Film at The European Graduate School / EGS |url=https://egs.edu/faculty/agn%C3%A8s-varda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630190723/https://egs.edu/faculty/agn%C3%A8s-varda |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=[[European Graduate School]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Varda par Agnès'', Les Cahiers du Cinéma  (1994, reprint 2005)   {{ISBN|9782866421458}}
* ''Sans toit ni loi: un film d'Agnès Varda'', L'Avant-scène Cinéma, 92 pp. (2003)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notice bibliographique |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399599701 |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BNF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''L'île et elle: Agnès Varda'', Actes Sud, 81 pp. (2006)   {{ISBN|9782742762088}}
* ''Les Plages d'Agnès: texte illustré du film d'Agnès Varda'', collection Mémoires de César, éditions de l'Œil, 108 pp. (2010)   {{ISBN|2351370872}}
* ''Agnès Varda Interviews'', University Press of Mississippi (2013–12) {{ISBN|9781617039201}}
* ''Agnès Varda: Director's Inspiration'', DelMonico Books (2023-11-10) {{ISBN|9781636810607}}
* ''Viva Varda!'', Editions de la Martinière (2023-10-06) {{ISBN|9791040112174}}
* ''Varda par Agnès - l'intégrale'', Editions de la Martinière (2023-11-03) {{ISBN|9782732471525}}
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
*  
*  
* [Hasiya] ''Agnes Varda tsakanin Fim, Hoto, da Fasaha.'' Jami'ar California Press.  .{{ISBN|9780520279407}}
* Joanna Bruzdowicz et al. Sight and Sound; Yuni 2019, shafi na 12-13: &quot;Agnès Varda, 1928-2019&quot;&amp;nbsp;
*  

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.cine-tamaris.fr/agnes-varda/ Agnès Varda] a Ciné Tamaris
* {{IMDb name|889513}}
* [https://marteloderubinero.com/index.php?/archives/230-Pioneering-visionary-of-cinema-Agnes-Vardas-impact-on-the-seventh-art.html Mai hangen nesa na fina-finai: Tasirin Agnès Varda akan fasaha ta bakwai]
{{Academy Honorary Award}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Ci gaba a Aikin Archaeological Journal''''' wata mujalla ce ta ilimi da aka yi nazari a kanta a kowace kwata, wadda Cambridge University Press ke bugawa, a madadin Society for American Archaeology, wata ƙungiya ta ƙwararru da ta sadaukar da kanta ga ci gaban ilmin kayan tarihi, gado, da aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAA Mission and Goals |url=https://saa.org/quick-nav/about-saa/mission-goals |website=Society for American Archaeology |language=en |access-date=2026-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208014901/http://advertising@saa.org/quick-nav/about-saa/mission-goals |archive-date=2025-12-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
''Ci gaba a Aikin Tarihi na Tarihi'' wata mujalla ce ta dijital wacce ke da cikakken launi a kowace kwata, wacce ke buga labarai da ke raba 'mafita masu ƙirƙira ga ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a fannin ilmin kayan tarihi a duniya'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advances in Archaeological Practice |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-archaeological-practice |website=Cambridge Core |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ƙirƙiro mujallar ne a lokacin wani taro na musamman na SAA a shekarar 2010, inda membobin kwamitin suka lura da gibin da ke akwai a damar buga littattafai ga masana ilmin kayan tarihi da membobin SAA, musamman masana ilmin kayan tarihi da aka yi amfani da su. Mujallu da yawa sun bayar da wurare don buga bincike na asali, amma akwai ƙarancin wurare don raba hanyoyi da dabaru masu dacewa a fannoni daban-daban na aikin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi. Saboda haka, manufar ''Advances'' ita ce samar da wurin da masana ilmin kayan tarihi za su buga gajerun labarai, waɗanda aka yi nazari a kansu, waɗanda suka dace da tsarin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dore |first=Christopher D. |date=16 January 2017 |title=Advances in Archaeological Practice |journal=Advances in Archaeological Practice |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.7183/2326-3768.1.1.1 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2024, mujallar ta sauya daga tsarin shiga ta hanyar haɗakar hanyoyi zuwa tsarin shiga ta hanyar zinare.

Wani abu na musamman na wannan mujallar shine sashen 'bita na dijital'. Waɗannan labaran kimantawa ce mai zurfi tsakanin kalmomi 1500-2000 na ɗaya (ko jerin) aikace-aikacen dijital da aka haɓaka don masu sauraron ilmin kayan tarihi da na gado. Labarai na baya a cikin wannan sashe sun yi bitar nunin kayan tarihi/kayan tarihi ta yanar gizo, wasannin bidiyo, taskar bayanai ta dijital, shirye-shiryen podcasts, chatbots, shirye-shiryen labarai, Sketchfab, [[Instagram]], [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], shafukan sada zumunta, da ƙari gabaɗaya akan aikace-aikacen VR da AR, da darussan jama'a na kan layi (misali MOOCs ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perry |first=Sara |date=16 January 2017 |title=Deconstructing Archaeology's Digital Media |journal=Advances in Archaeological Practice |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=217 |doi=10.7183/2326-3768.4.2.217 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2024, Ci gaban Aikin Archaeological Practice ya gabatar da Ben Marwick a matsayin Mataimakin Editan farko na Reproducibility. Manufar wannan aikin edita shine 'tabbatar da kuma girmama ƙoƙarin marubuta a bainar jama'a don raba bincike mai inganci da amfani don amfanar al'umma nan gaba' [1] Mataimakin Edita don Reproducibility yana da alhakin sake ƙirƙirar duk wani nazarin bayanai ko zane-zane da aka samar ta amfani da shirye-shiryen R, Python, ko makamancin haka na buɗe tushen . Idan ana iya sake yin nazari ko nuna hotuna, labaran suna ɗauke da Bayanin Kwaikwayo da Alamar Dijital. Idan lambar ba ta yi aiki ba, marubuta da Editan Mataimakin suna aiki tare don gyara lambar, ko kuma Bayanin Kwafi zai lura da matsalar. Ba a buƙatar tsarin sake buga sakamakon daga marubuta zuwa Advances; an fara wannan tsari ne don ƙarfafa gwiwa da kuma haskaka bincike mai gaskiya da inganci, don haka marubuta za su iya zaɓar shiga ko fita.

== Editocin da suka gabata ==

* [[Christopher D. Dore]] (2013–2016)
* [[Sarah Herr]] (2016–2025)
* [[Christina Rieth]] (2016–2025)
* [[Sjoerd van der Linde]] (2016-2025)
* Sara Perry (Editan Sharhin Dijital, 2017–2020)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ariana Brown</title>
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'''Ariana Brown''' (an haife ta a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]]) mawaki ce ta Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jack Preston |date=2017-04-11 |title=Meet Ariana Brown — National Poetry Month Featured Poet for April 11th |url=https://medium.com/@jackprestonking/meet-ariana-brown-national-poetry-month-featured-poet-for-april-11th-f7115a90b308 |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Medium}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ta kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar waka ta kwaleji ta kasa. Ariana Brown ta lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mawallafi&quot; sau biyu a wannan taron.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Priscilla |date=2017-02-28 |title=34 Poets Of Color Summarize 2017 In Verse |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poets-of-color-2017-title_n_58b07eb6e4b060480e079dbf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Huffington Post |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Van de Kamp |first=Alexandra |date=2017-05-05 |title='The Writers Desk' with Spoken Word Poet Ariana Brown |url=https://therivardreport.com/the-writers-desk-with-spoken-word-poet-ariana-brown/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Rivard Report |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Waƙoƙin Amurka sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ta wallafa littafin waka na farko, ''Sana Sana'', tare da Game Over Books a farkon 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sana Sana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sana Sana |url=https://www.gameoverbooks.com/product-page/sana-sana |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=GAME OVER BOOKS |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Brown a [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]] . Mahaifinta Baƙar fata ne kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Mexico ce. Brown ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Baƙar fata na Mexican.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Bio - Ariana Brown |url=https://www.arianabrown.com/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125154646/http://www.arianabrown.com/bio.html |archive-date=2014-11-25 |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Arianabrown.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda take girma, Brown ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami wakilci na kanta a cikin wallafe-wallafen, don haka ta yanke shawarar rubuta waka ga matasan mata waɗanda suka fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmayar ainihi da wakilci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Segal |first=Corrine |date=2016-02-08 |title=How poet Ariana Brown became the Afro-Latina role model she needed |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/poetry/how-poet-ariana-brown-became-the-afro-latina-role-model-she-needed |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=PBS |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabannin Black Movement ne suka yi mata wahayi, ciki har da [[Malcolm X]] . A shekara ta 2011, ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar waka ta farko da ake kira Spitshine Slam wanda take kula da co-kafa kuma sun yi a Brave New Voices . A shekara ta 2014 sun kasance na farko a cikin Kwalejin Kwalejin Poetry Slam International (CUPSI).  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-02 |title=Invocation: An Interview of Ariana Brown |url=https://blackyouthproject.com/invocation-an-interview-of-ariana-brown/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Black Youth Project |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111203908/https://blackyouthproject.com/invocation-an-interview-of-ariana-brown/ |archive-date=2024-11-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brown ta sami digiri na farko a fannin nazarin kasashen Afirka da kuma nazarin Amurka ta Mexico daga Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma sami Master of Fine Arts a cikin shayari a Jami'ar Pittsburgh kuma tana aiki a kan rubutun shayari game da rayuwarta, kafa asalin launin fata, siyasar al'adu, da sahihanci tsakanin sauran jigogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Brown ta ci gaba da shiga cikin waƙoƙin waka, ta yi waƙarta a duk faɗin Amurka, kuma sau da yawa tana gudanar da bitar waka da ke mai da hankali kan rubuta waƙoƙi da ke warkarwa. An san ta sosai da yin wasan kwaikwayo a wurare da yawa kamar su gidan wasan kwaikwayo na San Antonio Guadalupe, bikin waka na Tucson, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya San Francisco .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kick-off! Latinx Poetry Series at Harvard in Celebration of AfroLatinx History |url=https://emr.fas.harvard.edu/event/latinx-poetry-series%C2%A0-harvard-celebration-afrolatinx-history |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=emr.fas.harvard.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329153712/https://emr.fas.harvard.edu/event/latinx-poetry-series%C2%A0-harvard-celebration-afrolatinx-history |archive-date=2019-03-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jack Preston |date=April 11, 2017 |title=Meet Ariana Brown — National Poetry Month Featured Poet for April 11th |url=https://medium.com/@jackprestonking/meet-ariana-brown-national-poetry-month-featured-poet-for-april-11th-f7115a90b308 |website=Medium |access-date=September 18, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125142307/https://medium.com/@jackprestonking/meet-ariana-brown-national-poetry-month-featured-poet-for-april-11th-f7115a90b308 |archive-date=January 25, 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brown ta rubuta waka don tayar da baƙar fata da kuma girmama kakanninta da tarihin mutanenta.[1] Tana so ta yi wahayi da kuma inganta al'ummomin da ba su da iko ta hanyar waƙarta.[2] Ta kuma yi amfani da waƙarta don tabbatar da fushin yarinya Black.[3] Ta rubuta game da adawa da Blackness a cikin al'ummar Mexico kuma tana ba da shawara ga mutanen Black Chicanx . [4] An kira Brown &quot;mai kula da lokaci&quot; saboda waƙarta tana magana ne game da matsalolin warkarwa na launin fata, kabilanci, jinsi, aji, da kuma jima'i.[2] Ta yi amfani da batutuwan zamani da tashin hankali a cikin waƙarta.[5]

A cikin 2021, an buga tarin shayari na farko na Brown &quot;We Are Owed&quot;, bayan shekaru shida na aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Ali |date=September 23, 2024 |title=Longing for What It Is: On Ariana Brown's &quot;We Are Owed.&quot; |url=https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/writing/ariana-brown-we-are-owed-review |website=Cleveland Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wandermurem |first=Isabella |date=May 20, 2024 |title=10 Afro-Latina Authors You Should Know |url=https://remezcla.com/lists/culture/afro-latina-authors-you-should-know-books/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=Remezcla}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jonathan Cortez, mai karɓar Ph.D. daga Sashen Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Brown, ya bayyana taken littafin a matsayin &quot;kira zuwa aiki, buƙata, sanarwa, ramawa, sake daidaitawa, da sake farfadowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cortez |first=Jonathan |date=July 16, 2021 |title=We Are Owed. |url=https://newbooksnetwork.com/we-are-owed |website=New Books Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali Black, marubuci kuma mawaki wanda ke zaune a Cleveland, Ohio, ya bayyana wannan tarin a matsayin wanda ba na gargajiya ba, yayin da ya haɗu da waƙoƙi, rubutun rubutu, da &quot;ƙwarewar kwalejin Brown daga 2014 da 2015,&quot; yana ba shi jin daɗin duka littafin rubutu da littafin tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan tarin, Brown ya binciki haɗuwa da asalin Black yayin da yake kewaya sararin Mexican-Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Waƙoƙin Brown kuma suna aiki don dawowa da kuma haskaka tarihin da aka share na manyan tarihin Black, gami da Gaspar Yanga da Estevanico . &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Brown ya nuna takaici saboda ya dogara da bidiyon [[YouTube]] don ya koyi game da tarihin Black.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melido |first=Janea |date=October 4, 2021 |title=Meet Ariana Brown: Latinx Heritage Month Keynote Speaker |url=https://www.upbeacon.com/article/2021/10/ariana-brown-delivers-latinx-heritage-keynote |website=The Beacon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan dalili, ta keɓe waƙoƙi da yawa ga Yanga, gami da &quot;Littafi ga Yanga. Daga Ariana mai shekaru shida&quot;, inda ta nemi Yanga ta aiko mata da hoton kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Daga ƙarshe ta zo da cikakkun ra'ayoyin da ba ta iya &quot;samun hoton Yanga a kan layi&quot; ta kammala &quot;maimakon haka, ina ƙoƙari in ƙaunaci fuskata, hanci, leɓuna, gashi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ta tattauna game da kuskuren wakilci na mutanen Black Chicanx a cikin al'adun gargajiya, kamar a wasan Lotería .  Brown kuma tana tunani game da kwarewarta ta karatu a kasashen waje a Birnin Mexico, inda ita kadai ce baƙar fata a kan tafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dominguez |first=Ayling Zulema |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Author Interview: We are Owed. By Ariana Brown |url=https://latinxinpublishing.com/blog/ariana-brown-interview |website=Latinos in Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Birnin Mexico, ta ji rabuwa da al'adun Latino saboda warewar Afro-Latinos da wahalar da take da ita na shiga cikin al'adun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Ta nuna &quot;gogewar Blackness a Mexico a cikin Mexicanidad&quot; kuma ta magance tashin hankali da Afro-Latinos ke fuskanta, gami da warewa da kuma ra'ayoyin Black.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2020, Ariana Brown ta buga littafin waka, ''[https://www.arianabrown.com/sana-sana Sana Sana].'' . Wannan tarin waƙoƙi ne bincike game da kwarewarta a matsayin mace baƙar fata, kewayawa, soyayya, rayuwa, da mace. Littafinta girmamawa ne ga maganar &quot;Sana Sana, colita de rana, si no sana hoy, sana en la mañana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-14 |title=What does &quot;Sana, Sana Colita de Rana&quot; mean for the Latino community? |url=https://smcbhrsblog.org/2017/11/14/what-does-sana-sana-colita-de-rana-mean/#:~:text=When%20translated%20literally%20it%20means,has%20fallen%20or%20gotten%20hurt. |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Behavioral Health &amp; Recovery Services Blog |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Brown ta bayyana cewa wannan littafin yana nuna rubuce-rubucenta ne game da warkarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sana Sana by Ariana Brown |url=https://www.arianabrown.com/sana-sana |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Ariana Brown |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nuna aikinta a cikin PBS, Huffington Post, Blavity, For Harriet, da Remezcla da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2024, an haɗa aikinta a cikin ''Xican-a.o.x. Jiki'', cikakken nune-nunen rukuni game da abubuwan da masu zane-zane na Chicano suka bayar a al'adun zamani. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon a Cibiyar Cheech Marin don Fasaha da Al'adu ta Chicano a Gidan Tarihi na Riverside, California, kuma daga baya a Gidan kayan Tarihi na Pérez Miami, Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Xican-a.o.x. Body • Pérez Art Museum Miami |url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/xican-a-o-x-body/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Pérez Art Museum Miami |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-first2=Chavoya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ariana Brown, mawakiyar Black Mexican American, ta tattauna a bayyane dangantakarta mai rikitarwa da ainihi da wakilci a rayuwarta. An haife ta kuma ta girma a San Antonio, Texas, 'yar mahaifin Afirka ne kuma mahaifiyar Amurka ce ta Mexico. Kwarewarta a matsayin mace mai kama da juna, mace ta Blaxican ta yi tasiri sosai ga aikinta, yayin da take amfani da shayari don bincika jigogi na asalin launin fata, siyasar al'adu, da kuma share Blackness a cikin al'ummomin Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finding the Window: A Conversation with Ariana Brown |url=https://emergentliterary.com/sonic-summer-22/arianabrown |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=EMERGENT LITERARY. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ariana Brown, Blaxican Poet born |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/ariana-brown-blaxican-poet-born/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brown tana da sha'awar zurfi game da zuriya da tarihi ya samo asali ne daga mahaifinta da ya mutu kafin a haife ta, wanda ya kai ta ga yin tunani game da al'adun ta da kuma muhimmancin haɗin kakanninmu. Wannan mayar da hankali kan ainihi a bayyane yake a yawancin ayyukanta, gami da littafinta na farko ''Sana Sana'' da tarin shayinta We Are Owed . Waƙoƙinta galibi suna magana ne game da tsinkaye na launin fata, kabilanci, da jinsi, kuma tana magana a bayyane game da ƙalubalen samun matsayinta a cikin al'ummomin Black da Latinx.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Willis |first=Mia S. |date=2020-04-06 |title=&quot;I belong in my community&quot;: A Conversation with Ariana Brown - The Adroit Journal |url=https://theadroitjournal.org/2020/04/06/i-belong-in-my-community-a-conversation-with-ariana-brown/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga ayyukanta na wallafe-wallafen, Brown mai kula da cututtuka ne na ɗan lokaci, wanda ke nuna mayar da hankali ga warkarwa a rubuce-rubucenta. Ta haɗa da jigogi na warkarwa ta motsin rai da ruhaniya, ta samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ta samu a cikin waƙoƙin waka da kuma fahimtar tarihin da kuma ainihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ayomide Tewogbade</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name = Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|2007|10|1}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Nigerian
| height_cm = 188
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| position = Forward
| current_team = Dolphins Basketball Club
| league = Zenith Bank/NBBF Women's Basketball League
| national_team = Nigeria
| national_years = 2024–
}}
'''Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade''' 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ke buga wasan a matsayin ''forward''. An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2007. Tewogbade ta wakilci Najeriya a matakin ƙasa da shekara 18 da kuma ƙasa da shekara 19, sannan ta buga gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Afirka tare da ''First Bank Basketball Club''. FIBA ta rubuta tsayinta a matsayin santimita 188 (6 ft 2 in).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da farkon wasanta ==
An haifi Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2007. Bayanai na FIBA sun nuna cewa 'yar Najeriya ce kuma matsayinta na wasan ƙwallon kwando shi ne ''forward''. Tsayinta ya kai santimita 188. Ba a samu ingantaccen tushe na jama'a da ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da garin da aka haife ta ko tarihinta na farko na rayuwa ba, saboda haka ba a ƙara waɗannan bayanai a nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wakiltar Najeriya a matakin ƙasa da shekara 18 ==
Tewogbade ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta Najeriya da ta shiga gasar neman gurbin zuwa gasar FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket a shekarar 2024. Jerin 'yan wasan da ''The Guardian Nigeria'' ya wallafa ya hada da Tewogbade Ayomide tare da Pius Idubamo Beggi, Wandoo Hembam, Abigail Isaac da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s U-18 basketball teams begin battle in Abidjan |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/nigerias-u-18-basketball-teams-begin-battle-in-abidjan/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=31 July 2024 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket ta shekarar 2024, Tewogbade ta kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya da ta kai matakin karshe. FIBA ta nuna cewa ta buga wasanni shida, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 9.7, rebounds 5.7 da assists 2.2 a kowane wasa. Haka kuma ta samu matsakaicin ''efficiency'' na 9.0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade — Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024/teams/nigeria/344248-momoluwa-ayomide-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2024, a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Zimbabwe da ci 107–30, Tewogbade ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarar tawagar. Ta ci maki 19, ta dauko rebounds bakwai, ta yi steals shida sannan ta bayar da assists hudu. FIBA ta bayyana cewa ita da Idubamo Beggi sun kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi fice a wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt and Tunisia remain undefeated, Nigeria bounce back |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/egypt-and-tunisia-remain-undefeated-nigeria-bounce-back |website=FIBA Basketball |date=5 September 2024 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar U18 AfroBasket, Najeriya ta doke Masar da ci 66–51. Tewogbade ta ci maki 13, yayin da ta zura kwando uku daga nesa a cikin wasan. FIBA ta kuma bayyana cewa ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da nasarar da ta kai tawagar zuwa wasan karshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Semis here we come! |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/semis-here-we-come |website=FIBA Basketball |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar kididdigar FIBA, Tewogbade ta kammala gasar U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 da matsakaicin maki 9.7, rebounds 5.7 da assists 2.2 a kowane wasa. Ta kuma samu matsakaicin steals 4.3 a kowane wasa, wanda ya nuna gudunmawarta wajen kare fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Team Profile — FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024/teams/nigeria |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup ==
A shekarar 2025, Tewogbade ta kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya da ta fafata a gasar FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup. Takardar jerin 'yan wasan gasar ta FIBA ta bayyana sunanta a matsayin ''Momoluwa Tewogbade'', mai lamba 9, matsayinta ''Forward'', tsayinta 1.88 m, kuma shekarar haihuwarta 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 — Team Roster |url=https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2025/FIBA%20U19%20Women%27s%20Basketball%20World%20Cup/rosters.pdf |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar U19 World Cup ta 2025, Tewogbade ta buga wasanni bakwai. A cewar kididdigar FIBA, ta samu matsakaicin maki 5.3, rebounds 2.7 da assists 1.7 a kowane wasa, tare da ''efficiency'' 2.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade — Career Statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin jerin kididdigar tawagar Najeriya na gasar U19 World Cup 2025, Tewogbade ta kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen kare fili, inda ta samu matsakaicin steals 1.0 a kowane wasa. Ta kuma kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tawagar wajen assists bayan Pius Idubamo Beggi da Wandoo Hembam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Team Profile — FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u19-womens-basketball-world-cup-2025/teams/nigeria |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasan kulob ==
A shekarar 2025, Tewogbade ta kasance 'yar wasan ''First Bank Basketball Club'' a gasar FIBA Women's Basketball League Africa. FIBA ta nuna cewa ta buga wasanni biyu a matakin neman gurbin gasar, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 6, rebounds 2 da assists 1.5 a kowane wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade — First Bank Basketball Club Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-women-basketball-league-africa-2025-qualifiers/teams/first-bank-basketball-club/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar WBLA ta 2025, kididdigar FIBA ta nuna cewa Tewogbade ta buga wasanni hudu tare da First Bank, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 4.8, rebounds 2.0 da assists 1.3 a kowane wasa. Wannan ya nuna cewa ta fara samun kwarewar buga manyan gasannin kulob na nahiyar Afirka tun tana karama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade — Career Statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

First Bank ta lashe gasar neman gurbin WBLA Zone 3 ta shekarar 2025 bayan ta yi nasara a dukkan wasanninta uku. A wasan karshe da Friends Basketball Association ta Côte d'Ivoire, Tewogbade ta taimaka da maki 9, yayin da First Bank ta yi nasara da ci 63–59. Wannan nasara ta kai kungiyar zuwa zagayen karshe na gasar WBLA a Alkahira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Bank crowned WBLA Qualifiers for Zone 3, FBA secure second spot |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/first-bank-crowned-wbla-qualifiers-for-zone-3-fba-secure-second-spot |website=FIBA Basketball |date=24 November 2025 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin wannan wasan karshe, a wasan farko na First Bank a gasar Zone 3, Tewogbade ta ci maki 13, ta dauko rebounds biyu sannan ta bayar da assists biyu a cikin kasa da mintuna 18 da ta yi a filin wasa. First Bank ta doke CSA ta Côte d'Ivoire da ci 66–55.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Bank Overrun CSA, Begin WBLA Zone 3 Qualifier on a Bright Note |url=https://www.sports247.ng/first-bank-overrun-csa-begin-wbla-zone-3-qualifier-on-a-bright-note/ |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=23 November 2025 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar lig ta Najeriya ta 2025 ==
A shekarar 2025, Tewogbade ta kasance cikin tawagar Dolphins Basketball Club ta Lagos, wadda ta lashe gasar Zenith Bank/NBBF Women's Basketball League. Dolphins ta doke First Bank da ci 61–55 bayan karin lokaci a wasan karshe, inda Tewogbade ta samu lambar yabo ta ''highest scorer'' na gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolphins defeat First Bank 61-55 to win basketball league |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/822529-dolphins-defeat-first-bank-61-55-to-win-basketball-league.html |website=Premium Times |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

FIBA ta kuma tabbatar da cewa Tewogbade ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Dolphins da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen lashe gasar, inda aka bayyana ta a matsayin wadda ta fi kowa zura maki a gasar. A wasan karshe da First Bank, ta jagoranci Dolphins wajen cin maki 14, yayin da kungiyar ta lashe gasar bayan shekaru goma ba tare da kofin ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolphins reclaim the Nigerian Women's League title for the first time in a decade |url=https://about.fiba.basketball/en/news/dolphins-reclaim-the-nigerian-womens-league-title-for-the-first-time-in-a |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiran tawagar D'Tigress ==
A watan Yunin 2024, an sanya sunan Tewogbade cikin jerin 'yan wasan da aka gayyata zuwa sansanin horo na D'Tigress a shirye-shiryen gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024. PUNCH ta ruwaito cewa sunanta yana cikin jerin 'yan wasa 20 da Nigeria Basketball Federation ta gayyata, tare da wasu 'yan wasa kamar Murjanatu Musa, Ifunanya Okoro da Pius Idubamo Beggi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=D’Tigress begin Olympics preparations with 20 players |url=https://punchng.com/dtigress-begin-olympics-preparations-with-20-players/ |website=PUNCH |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2026, an sake saka sunan Tewogbade cikin jerin 'yan wasan wucin-gadi na D'Tigress domin gasar neman gurbin FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup a Lyon, Faransa. PUNCH ta bayyana cewa Tewogbade tana cikin 'yan wasa 17 da aka zaba a jerin wucin-gadin, tare da Pius Beggi Idubano, Wandoo Hemba, Grace Efosa da sauran 'yan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=D’Tigress unveils W’Cup qualifying provisional squad |url=https://punchng.com/dtigress-unveils-wcup-qualifying-provisional-squad/ |website=PUNCH |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayinta da kididdigar wasa ==
FIBA ta bayyana Tewogbade a matsayin ''Forward'', kuma tsayinta ya kai santimita 188. A matakin U18, ta kasance mai taimakawa wajen zura maki da daukar rebounds, yayin da kididdigar gasar 2024 ta nuna cewa ta kuma yi fice wajen ''steals''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade — Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Shekara
! Gasar
! Wasanni
! Maki a wasa
! Rebounds a wasa
! Assists a wasa
|-
| 2024
| FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket Qualifiers
| 2
| 5.5
| 3.5

3.5
2024
FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket
6
9.7
5.7
2.2
-
2025
FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup
7
5.3
2.7
1.7
-
}

Bayanan FIBA sun nuna cewa Tewogbade ta samu jimillar matsakaicin maki 7.1, rebounds 4.0 da assists 2.1 a dukkan manyan gasannin matakin matasa da ta buga a bayanan FIBA na 2024–2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade — Career Statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==

* Gasar ''Zenith Bank/NBBF Women's Basketball League'' — zakara tare da Dolphins, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolphins defeat First Bank 61-55 to win basketball league |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/822529-dolphins-defeat-first-bank-61-55-to-win-basketball-league.html |website=Premium Times |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Highest Scorer'' na Zenith Bank/NBBF Women's Basketball League, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolphins defeat First Bank 61-55 to win basketball league |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/822529-dolphins-defeat-first-bank-61-55-to-win-basketball-league.html |website=Premium Times |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wakiltar Najeriya a FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade — FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024/teams/nigeria/344248-momoluwa-ayomide-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wakiltar Najeriya a FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 — Team Roster |url=https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2025/FIBA%20U19%20Women%27s%20Basketball%20World%20Cup/rosters.pdf |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=2026-09-18}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ayomide Mololuwa Tewogbade</title>
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      <text bytes="10332" sha1="7m1a13on5vfxg9ew79byjr356w2lo6s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|10|1}}
| birth_place = Nigeria
| nationality = Nigerian
| height = 188 cm
| weight =
| position = Forward
| current_team = Dolphins
| number = 9
| national_team = Nigeria
| national_years = 2024–present
}}

'''Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade''' 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin ''forward''. An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2007, kuma tana da tsayin santimita 188 (ƙafa 6 da inci 2). Bayanai na [[FIBA]] sun nuna cewa ta wakilci Najeriya a matakan matasa, ciki har da gasar FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket da kuma FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade (Nigeria) – Basketball Stats, Height, Age |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da wasan kwando ==

Tewogbade ta fara samun shiga cikin tsarin ƙwallon kwando na Najeriya tun tana ƙarama, inda daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka wakilci ƙasar a gasannin matasa na nahiyar Afirka. Bayanai daga FIBA sun tabbatar da cewa ta buga gasar FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket Qualifiers a shekarar 2024 kafin ta shiga babbar gasar U18 ta wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade – Career Stats |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 ==

A shekarar 2024, Tewogbade na cikin tawagar Najeriya da ta shiga gasar [[FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024]] da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu. FIBA ta sanya sunanta a cikin jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya na gasar, inda aka rubuta sunanta da ''Tewogbade Ayomide''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roster Tracker: FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024/news/roster-tracker-fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024 |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar U18 ta 2024, Tewogbade ta buga wasanni shida ga Najeriya. Ta samu matsakaicin maki 9.7, rebounds 5.7 da assists 2.2 a kowane wasa. FIBA ta nuna cewa ta samu jimillar maki 58 a wasanni shida, tare da rebounds 34, assists 13 da steals 26. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Ayomide Tewogbade – FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024/teams/nigeria/344248-momoluwa-ayomide-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasan Najeriya da Zimbabwe a matakin rukuni na gasar U18, Tewogbade ta taka muhimmiyar rawa inda ta zura maki 19, ta dauko rebounds 7, ta yi steals 6 sannan ta bayar da assists 4. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wasanninta mafi ƙarfi a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akinbo |first=Peter |title=U-18 AfroBasket: Junior D’Tigers set to redeem image vs. Angola |url=https://punchng.com/u-18-afrobasket-junior-dtigers-set-to-redeem-image-vs-angola/ |work=PUNCH |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen gasar U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024, Najeriya ta samu matsayi na biyu bayan ta kai wasan ƙarshe. Tewogbade ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya a kididdigar gasar, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 9.7, rebounds 5.7, assists 2.2 da steals 4.3 a kowane wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Team Profile – FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket 2024 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u18-womens-afrobasket-2024/teams/nigeria |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 ==

Bayan rawar da ta taka a gasar U18, Tewogbade ta shiga tawagar Najeriya da ta wakilci ƙasar a [[FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025]] da aka gudanar a Jamhuriyar Czech. FIBA ta sanya ta a cikin jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya, inda aka bayyana matsayinta a matsayin ''Forward'', tsayinta 188 cm, shekarar haihuwa 2007, sannan aka nuna ''Dolphins'' a matsayin ƙungiyarta a wancan lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 – Nigeria Team Roster |url=https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2025/FIBA%20U19%20Women%27s%20Basketball%20World%20Cup/rosters.pdf |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gasar U19 ta 2025, Tewogbade ta buga wasanni bakwai ga Najeriya, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 5.3, rebounds 2.7 da assists 1.7 a kowane wasa. Kididdigar FIBA ta kuma nuna cewa ta samu matsakaicin efficiency na 2.3 a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Team Profile – FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u19-womens-basketball-world-cup-2025/teams/nigeria |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Koriya ta Kudu a zagayen rarrabawa na gasar U19 ta 2025, Tewogbade ta samu maki 9, rebounds 4 da assists 5. Najeriya ta sha kashi da maki 85–79 a wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Junior D’Tigress fail Korea test at U-19 W’Cup |url=https://punchng.com/junior-dtigress-fail-korea-test-at-u-19-wcup/ |work=PUNCH |date=2025-07-20 |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Najeriya ta kammala gasar FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 da nasara biyu da rashin nasara biyar, inda ta kare a matsayi na 12. Tewogbade ta kasance cikin tawagar da ta wakilci ƙasar a wannan gasar ta duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Team Profile – FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup 2025 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-u19-womens-basketball-world-cup-2025/teams/nigeria |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwallon kwando ta kulob ==

A shekarar 2025, Tewogbade ta wakilci [[First Bank Basketball Club]] a gasar FIBA Women's Basketball League Africa. Kididdigar FIBA ta nuna cewa ta buga wasanni biyu a matakin cancantar shiga gasar, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 6, rebounds 2 da assists 1.5 a kowane wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade – First Bank Basketball Club Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-women-basketball-league-africa-2025-qualifiers/teams/first-bank-basketball-club/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A babban gasar FIBA Women's Basketball League Africa ta 2025, FIBA ta rubuta cewa Tewogbade ta buga wasanni huɗu da First Bank, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 4.8, rebounds 2 da assists 1.3 a kowane wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade – Career Stats |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya a gasar lig ɗin mata ta Najeriya ta 2025, Tewogbade ta kasance tare da Dolphins. A wasan ƙarshe da Dolphins ta doke First Bank da ci 61–55 bayan karin lokaci, Tewogbade ta jagoranci masu zura maki da maki 14. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dolphins reclaim the Nigerian Women's League title for the first time in a decade |url=https://about.fiba.basketball/en/news/dolphins-reclaim-the-nigerian-womens-league-title-for-the-first-time-in-a |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nasarar Dolphins ta ba ƙungiyar damar lashe gasar lig ɗin mata ta Najeriya bayan shekaru goma ba tare da lashe gasar ba. Bayan wasan, an kuma bayyana Tewogbade a matsayin wadda ta fi kowa zura maki a gasar, yayin da Awele Okoh ta lashe kyautar Most Valuable Player. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dolphins Dedicate Basketball Title to Late Founder Aboderin |url=https://punchng.com/dolphins-women-dedicate-zenith-bank-nbbf-title-to-late-founder-aboderin/ |work=PUNCH |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton ''Premium Times'' kan wasan ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Tewogbade ta samu kyautar ''highest scorer'' tare da kyautar kuɗi ₦500,000, yayin da Dolphins ta karɓi ₦7.5 miliyan a matsayin kyautar zakara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Dolphins defeat First Bank 61-55 to win basketball league |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/822529-dolphins-defeat-first-bank-61-55-to-win-basketball-league.html |work=Premium Times |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tawagar Najeriya ==

Tewogbade ta wakilci Najeriya a matakan U18 da U19. FIBA ta rubuta cewa a matakin matasa ta buga wasanni biyu a U18 AfroBasket Qualifiers na 2024, wasanni shida a U18 AfroBasket na 2024, da kuma wasanni bakwai a U19 Women's Basketball World Cup na 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade – Career Statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2026, an saka sunan Tewogbade cikin jerin 'yan wasan wucin-gadi na D'Tigress da aka zaba domin shirin gasar neman gurbin [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026]]. Rahoton PUNCH ya bayyana cewa tawagar za ta kara da Colombia, Koriya ta Kudu, Philippines, Faransa da Jamus a Lyon, Faransa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=D’Tigress unveils W’Cup qualifying provisional squad |url=https://punchng.com/dtigress-unveils-wcup-qualifying-provisional-squad/ |work=PUNCH |date=2026-02-26 |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aikinta ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Gasar !! Shekara !! Wasanni !! PPG !! RPG !! APG
|-
| FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket Qualifiers || 2024 || 2 || 5.5 || 3.5 || 3.5
|-
| FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket || 2024 || 6 || 9.7 || 5.7 || 2.2
|-
| FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup || 2025 || 7 || 5.3 || 2.7 || 1.7
|-
| FIBA Women's Basketball League Africa Qualifiers || 2025 || 2 || 6.0 || 2.0 || 1.5
|-
| FIBA Women's Basketball League Africa || 2025 || 4 || 4.8 || 2.0 || 1.3
|}

Kididdigar da ke sama ta samo asali ne daga bayanan FIBA na wasannin matasa da na kulob, wadanda suka nuna ci gabanta daga gasannin U18 zuwa U19 da kuma gasar kulob ta Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Momoluwa Tewogbade (Nigeria) – Basketball Stats, Height, Age |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/344248-momoluwa-tewogbade |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=18 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[FIBA U18 Women's AfroBasket]]
* [[FIBA U19 Women's Basketball World Cup]]
* [[Nigeria women's national basketball team]]
* [[Basketball in Nigeria]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ambitle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Ambitle''' tsibiri ne na dutsen wuta a kan Farantin Bismarck na Kudu wanda, tare da Babase, wani [[Dutsen Volcano|tsibirin dutsen wuta]], ya zama Tsibirin Feni a cikin Bismarck Archipelago . Tsibirin yana cikin Lardin New Ireland na [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], a gabashin tsibirin New Ireland. Yana daga cikin yankin karamar hukumar Tanir Rural LLG . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village Coordinates Lookup |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=OCHA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambitle dutsen wuta ne, wanda ya kai mita 450 (1,480 feet) sama da matakin teku, wanda yake a ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin tsibirin Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) mai tsawon kilomita 250. &amp;nbsp;Ya fashe na karshe a cikin kimanin 350 KZ bisa ga kwanan wata na radiocarbon. Nau'ikan dutsen da aka samo daga Ambitle sun haɗa da basalt mai ɗauke da feldspathoid, trachybasalt, phonotephritis, trachyandesite, da trachydacite ko Quartz-trachyte. Caldera, mai faɗin kilomita 3, ya ƙunshi wuraren zafi a gefen yamma. Rashin ruwa mai zafi yana faruwa a cikin coral reefs zuwa yammacin wannan tsibirin. Ruwan da ke Tutum Bay na musamman ne saboda ruwan da ke kewaye da shi yana dauke da wasu daga cikin mafi girman maida hankali na arsenic a cikin tsarin halitta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambitle |url=https://comet.nerc.ac.uk/volcanoes/ambitle/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=UK Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612150407/https://comet.nerc.ac.uk/volcanoes/ambitle/ |archive-date=12 June 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karlen |first=David |title=The Biocomplexity of Benthic Communities Associated with a Shallow-water Hydrothermal System in Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ambitle-Island-Papua-New-Guinea-sampling-locations-C-2009-Google-Earth-Image-C2010_fig1_254708203 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Research Gate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ponyalou |first=Olive L. |last2=Petterson |first2=Michael George |title=Tectonics and magmatism of Ambitle Island, Feni, Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369816473_Tectonics_and_magmatism_of_Ambitle_Island_Feni_Papua_New_Guinea |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Conference Paper. Port Moresby 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1643 balaguron zuwa Oceania na Abel Tasman ya kusanci New Ireland. Tasman ya yi imanin cewa ya riga ya isa ƙasar New Guinea, yayin da yake tafiya a gabashin gabar New Ireland. Binciken ya wuce kudu da Ambitle, yana kiranta tsibirin St. Jan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin Zeehaen, ɗaya daga cikin jirage biyu a kan tafiya, ya zana bayanan bakin teku na tsibirin a cikin mujallar Tasman.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arintica</title>
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'''Arintica''' wani dutse ne mai tsaunuka wanda ke cikin Yankin Arica da Parinacota na [[Chile]], kusa da iyakar da [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] . Yana arewacin Salar de Surire . 

== Geomorphology da geology ==
mita 5,597 (18,363  tsawo :{{Rp|226}} Arintica tana arewacin [[Salar de Surire]] . A gabas akwai wani dutsen wuta, [[Pukintika]], wanda ya fi girma da mita 5,780 (18,960 .  :{{Rp|226}} Dutsen yana da babban taro a arewa, ɗan gajeren taro na kudanci da kuma wani karamin tudu a yamma. Wani kwarin kankara yana tsakanin taron koli. :{{Rp|325}} Babban taron koli, Cerro Calajalata da wani dutse na biyu sun samar da tudun arewa maso gabas- kudu maso yamma. Tsawon layin dusar ƙanƙara shine mita 5,590 (18,340 .  Mataki na II da aka samo a Arintica suna da tsawo daga mita 4,350 (14,270  a gefen kudu zuwa mita 4,550 (14,930  a gabashin gabashin. A gefen yamma suna kaiwa tsawo na mita 4,400 (14,400 .  Gabaɗaya, ƙanƙara biyar sun kewaye Arintica kuma sun shiga cikin [[Salar de Surire]] .  Har yanzu akwai kankara a cikin shekara ta 1977. Dangane da taswirar shekara ta 1996, duka Arintica da tsaunukanta na Cerro Calajalata zuwa kudu maso yamma sun nuna dusar ƙanƙara / kankara na dindindin. A halin yanzu, [[Rock glacier|dutsen kankara]] suna aiki a kan dutsen. Arintica da Pukintika sun samar da [[Raba magudanan ruwa|Rarrabawar ruwa]] tsakanin Salar de Surire da [[Lauca River|Kogin Lauca]]; bangarorin kudancin suna shiga cikin Salar de surire :{{Rp|217}} da bangarorin arewa ta hanyar Rio Paquisa zuwa cikin [[Lauca River|Kogin Lauca]] .  {{Rp|125}}
&lt;ref name=&quot;DGdA2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=MATRAZ CONSULTORES ASOCIADOS S.A. |title=DIAGNÓSTICO DE DISPONIBILIDAD HÍDRICA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO LAUCA, REGIÓN DE ARICA Y PARINACOTA |url=https://snia.mop.gob.cl/sad/REH5578v1.pdf |website=Dirección General de Aguas |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=es |date=August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Map1&quot;&gt;{{cite map|title=Latin America, Joint Operations Graphic|author=[[Defense Mapping Agency]]|map=Arica; Chile; Peru; Bolivia|map-url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/latin_america/txu-oclc-224571178-se19-10.jpg|year=1996|scale=1:250000|edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;González Miranda2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=González Miranda |first1=Sergio |title=LA PRESENCIA BOLIVIANA EN LA SOCIEDAD DEL SALITRE Y LA NUEVA DEFINICIÓN DE LA FRONTERA: AUGE Y CAÍDA DE UNA DINÁMICA TRANSFRONTERIZA (TARAPACÁ 1880-1930) |journal=Chungará (Arica) |date=June 2009 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=71–81 |doi=10.4067/S0717-73562009000100005 |issn=0717-7356|doi-access=free |hdl=10533/139975 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CAA1977&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Historia del Andinismo Germano: Andinistas Alemanes en la Puna Chilena |journal=Andina |date=1977 |url=https://www.dav.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Andina-1977-1978.pdf |access-date=13 November 2023 |publisher=Club Aleman Andino |language=es|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;MdA2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Monumento Nacional Salar de Surire |url=https://www.parquesnacionales.cl/planifica-tu-visita/ficha-monumento-natural-salar-de-surire/ |website=Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres del Estado |publisher=Ministerio de Agricultura |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AmigoOrozco2012&quot;&gt;{{cite report|language=es|url=https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/CGCH_GAMB_17_TextoyMapa.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629145638/https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/CGCH_GAMB_17_TextoyMapa.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=20 August 2021|issn=0717-7305|publisher=[[SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA]]|title=Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile|first1=Álvaro R.|last1=Amigo|first2=Daniel U.|last2=Bertin|first3=Gabriel L.|last3=Orozco|year=2012|series=Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental|volume=17|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JennyKammer1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jenny |first1=Bettina |last2=Kammer |first2=Klaus |title=Climate Change in den trockenen Anden |date=1996 |publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Institutes der Universität Bern |isbn=3906151034 |page=46 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Barcaza2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barcaza |first1=Gonzalo |last2=Nussbaumer |first2=Samuel U. |last3=Tapia |first3=Guillermo |last4=Valdés |first4=Javier |last5=García |first5=Juan-Luis |last6=Videla |first6=Yohan |last7=Albornoz |first7=Amapola |last8=Arias |first8=Víctor |title=Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America |journal=Annals of Glaciology |date=2017 |volume=58 |issue=75pt2 |page=177 |doi=10.1017/aog.2017.28 |bibcode=2017AnGla..58..166B |language=en |issn=0260-3055|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;GVP&quot;&gt;{{Cite GVP|vn=355814|name=Arintica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AmmannJenny2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ammann|first1=Caspar|last2=Jenny|first2=Bettina|last3=Kammer|first3=Klaus|last4=Messerli|first4=Bruno|title=Late Quaternary Glacier response to humidity changes in the arid Andes of Chile (18–29°S)|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|date=August 2001|volume=172|issue=3–4|page=317|doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00306-6|bibcode=2001PPP...172..313A }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Sernageomin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=PELIGROS VOLCÁNICOS DE CHILE|url=http://www.sernageomin.cl/archivos/PeligrosVolcanicosdeChile.pdf|website=sernageomin.cl|publisher=[[SERNAGEOMIN]]|accessdate=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022114248/http://www.sernageomin.cl/archivos/PeligrosVolcanicosdeChile.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ram Bali Singh|title=Dynamics of Mountain Geosystems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P59sPiXnWpIC&amp;pg=PA164|year=1992|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-472-1|page=164}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;SilvaFrancis1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Shanaka L. De Silva|author2=Peter William Francis|title=Volcanoes of the Central Andes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3ASAQAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-540-53706-9|page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Troll1985&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Carl Troll|title=Tagebücher der Reisen in Bolivien 1926/1927|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdWAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden|isbn=9783515045674 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ReutterScheuber2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Klaus-Joachim Reutter|author2=Ekkehard Scheuber|author3=Peter Wigger|title=Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3f1CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA82|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-77353-2|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarihin fashewar ===
Tattaunawar potassium-argon ta samar da shekaru 637000±19000 a kan duwatsu daga Arintica. An gina dutsen mai fitattun wuta a matakai biyu kuma an sami kwararar dutse ta hanyar Landsat, amma ba a samo su ba. A baya gano wani kwararar dutsen kudu maso gabashin daga baya an gano shi a matsayin tarkace, kuma sauran kwararar da ke gudana a cikin rami a zahiri dutsen dutse ne. An samo wani dutsen Dacitic a kudu maso yammacin dutsen mai fitattun wuta kuma ana kiransa Calajata . A cikin taswirar haɗari ta 2011 an yi la'akari da Arintica a matsayin dutsen wuta mai haɗari na Chile. Ko dutsen mai fitattun wuta yana aiki a cikin Holocene yana da rikici kuma babu wata alama ta fashewar tarihi. Sabunta ayyukan tabbas zasu kasance karami kuma suna da tasirin gida kawai.

== Shuke-shuke ==
Wani bel na bishiyoyin ''Polylepis'' ya kewaye dutsen mai fitattun wuta.:{{Rp|322}} Dutsen mai fitattun wuta da maƙwabcinsa Pukintika suna cikin [[Salar de Surire]] Natural Monument&quot;&gt;Salar de Surire Natural Monument, wurin shakatawa na ƙasa wanda ke kewaye da Salar de surire. Abin tunawa na halitta yana nuna wuraren kiwo na nau'ikan flamingo da yawa da kuma mahimman wuraren ruwa na duniya, waɗanda aka jera a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar.

== Amfani da Mutum ==
Gidan Tarihi na Salar de Surire wuri ne na [[yawon bude ido]]. A baya, yawancin izini don hakar sulfur suna aiki a Arintica da makwabcinta Poquentica.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ardtornish</title>
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'''Ardtornish''' wani yanki ne [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|na Highland]] a Scotland wanda ke Morvern, Lochaber. Gidan Ardtornish ya shahara saboda lambunansa kuma gidan shine wurin da Gidan Ardtornish ya lalace da kuma Gidan Kinlochaline wanda har yanzu yake zaune.
[[File:Achranich.jpg|thumb| Tsohon gidan Factor a Achranich]]

== Tarihi ==
A tsakiyar karni na 18, yankin da gidan yanzu ya mamaye galibi yana hannun Cameron na Glendessary, tare da wasu kadarori a gabas da kudu na ƙasar Maclean na Kingairloch da Duke na Argyll . Wani ƙaramin yanki kusa da kan Loch Aline mallakar Murray na Stanhope ne. A shekarar 1800, filayen Cameron sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon sabbin manyan hafsoshi, ciki har da Maclean na Inverscaddle, MacDonald na Borrodale da MacLachlan na Callart, yayin da ƙasar Stanhope kuma ke hannun MacLachlan. 

A shekara ta 1850, an sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci. A shekarar 1845, ƙasar MacDonald da ke gabashin Loch Aline ta zama {{Convert|9,000|acre|ha}} Achranich Estate mallakar Octavius Smith ne, wani ɗan ƙasar Landan wanda mahaifinsa ya sami kuɗinsa a fannin sayar da kayan abinci kuma shi kansa mai yin distillation ne mai nasara. A yamma, wani ɓangare na manyan kadarorin Argyll ya karye, inda John Sinclair ya mallaki Lochaline Estate, kuma a gabashin ƙasar Argyll tana hannun sanannen Patrick Sellar, wanda shi ma ya sayi kadarorin MacLean da MacLachlan a 1844, wanda ya sanya wa Ardtornish Estate suna bayan gidan sarautar da ke akwai.   

== Octavius Smith da iyalinsa ==
A Whitsun a shekara ta 1860, Smith ya sayi filayen Sellar kuma nan take ya sake wa dukkan kadarorin suna &quot;Ardtornish&quot;,  sunan yana nufin &quot;Ƙasar Thorir's (ko Thora's) promontory&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iain Mac an Tàilleir |title=Placenames |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/gaelic/pdfs/placenamesA-B.pdf |access-date=2007-07-23 |publisher=Pàrlamaid na h-Alba}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, wuraren da aka yi wa dokar sun shafi Morvern - sama da mutane 3,200 sun bar cocin a ƙarni na 19, an kore su da ƙarfi 750 - kuma abubuwan da suka faru na Sellar da maƙwabtansa sun daɗe suna rayuwa a yankin.  Duk da haka, Ardtornish ya yi kama da ya yi wa waɗanda suka yi sa'a suka sami nishaɗi a gidan. [[Alfred, Ubangiji Tennyson|Tennyson]] wanda ya rasa damar ziyartar Skye yayin da yake zaune a can ya rubuta:&lt;blockquote&gt;
: Idan bai ga Loch Coruisk ba
: Ya kamata a gafarta masa;
: Duk da cewa bai yi kewar kwana ɗaya a Skye ba,
: Ya yi kwana ɗaya a Aljanna! 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Ardtornish_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821868.jpg|thumb| Gidan Ardtornish daga Lochaline]]
Yanzu haka kadarorin Smith sun kai {{Convert|30,000|acre|ha}} kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikata talatin. Ya fara gina wani babban gida mai hasumiya mai tsayin agogo, wanda Alexander Ross na Inverness ya tsara, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1866.  Duk da haka, Octavius bai daɗe yana jin daɗin sabon gidansa na bazara ba domin ya mutu a Landan a watan Fabrairun 1871. Kuma gidansa bai daɗe da wanzuwa ba. Ɗansa Valentine, wanda ya gaji kadarorin da kuma kasuwancin hakar mai, ya ruguza su ya kuma gina wani sigar da ta fi girma a shekarar 1884. Hasumiyar agogo ce kawai daga ragowar asali. 

Sabon tsarin Valentine yana kan matakin jarumtaka. A lokacin da aka fara ginin, ginin ya dauki ma'aikata 160 aiki a shekarar 1888, kuma ya yi matukar kokari wajen inganta damar samun aikin yi a lokacin da kungiyar [[Gasar Highland Land League|Highland Land League]] ta fara fafutukar neman gyaran filaye.  Valentine ya kuma sayi gidan Lochaline da ke makwabtaka a shekarar 1880, inda ya ƙara wani {{Convert|9,000|acre|ha}} har da mafi girman mazaunin Morvern, Lochaline . &lt;ref name=&quot;G101&quot; /&gt; Ya mutu a shekarar 1906 a cikin jirgin ruwansa na ''Rannoch'' a Gourock Bay, bayan ya zama wani abu na daban a lokacin tsufansa. Daga ƙarshe, ya hana shiga cikin gidan kuma yana rayuwa cikin tsoron masu hutu da masu yawon buɗe ido. 

'Yar'uwarsa Gertrude ce ta gaji Ardtornish, wacce ta auri Alexander Craig Sellar, ɗan Patrick Sellar a shekarar 1870.  Gertrude ta karɓi ragamar kula da kadarorin har zuwa shekarar 1909 lokacin da ta miƙa shi ga ɗanta Gerard wanda ba shi da aure, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 38. Sun ci gaba da zama a cikin sabon gidan har zuwa lokacin hunturu na 1929, lokacin da suka mutu cikin 'yan makonni kaɗan da juna. Cikin shekara guda aka sayar da Ardtornish ga sabbin masu shi. 

== Iyalan Smith-Raven ==
Lokacin da Owen (1859–1958) da Emmeline Hugh Smith daga Langham a Rutland suka sayi Ardtornish a shekarar 1930, lambunan da suka yi fice sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na jan hankalin. Valentine Smith ya gina {{Convert|28|acre|ha}} na shimfidar wuri na musamman, ciki har da ciyayi, wuraren duwatsu da lambunan ciyawa da na kicin da aka gina a bango, kuma an ɗauki masu lambu har 12 aiki don kula da su. Hugh Smiths, waɗanda lambunan Colonsay House suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su, sun dasa sabbin bishiyoyi iri-iri, musamman rhododendron .  

'Yar Owen da Emmeline, Faith, ta auri ɗan Cambridge, John Raven, kuma daga ƙarshe ta gaji Ardtornish daga iyayenta.  

== Na yanzu ==
An lissafa Ardtornish a matsayin wanda ya yi fice a fannin gine-gine, kyawawan wurare, da kuma muhimmancin kiyaye yanayi.  Gidan Ardtornish  da wasu gidaje da aka jera a matsayin rukunin A sun ƙunshi wani kamfani na baƙi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar baƙi sama da 100. Lambunan a buɗe suke ga jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ardtornish - Glorious Gardens of Argyll &amp; Bute |url=http://www.gardens-of-argyll.co.uk/view-details.php?id=483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ardtornish yana bayar da farautar barewa, kamun kifi a kogi da kuma loch: bayan ziyara a shekarar 2013, marubucin marubuci Justin Cartwright ya bayyana &quot;kamun kifi a wuri mai kyau haka&quot; a matsayin &quot;wani abin da ya fi ƙarfin gaske&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=An insider's guide to Ardtornish |url=http://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/insider-guide-ardtornish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kula da wani ɓangare na kadarorin tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Wildlife Trust a matsayin wurin ajiyar namun daji na Rahoy Hills - wanda aka bayyana a cikin mujallar Scottish Natural Heritage a matsayin &quot;mafi yawan halittu daga cikin kadarorinta 130.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=The Nature of Scotland |url=http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/SNHMagazine/SNHMagazine_SpringSummer2014Issue19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072316/http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/SNHMagazine/SNHMagazine_SpringSummer2014Issue19.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-10 |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=Scottish Natural Heritage}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;

Kamfanin gidaje ya daɗe yana sha'awar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, gidan Ardtornish tsawon shekaru da yawa wanda ke cike da wutar lantarki daga ƙaramin kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki nasa. Wannan ya zama tarihi bayan yakin duniya na biyu, amma a farkon shekarun 1990, kamfanin ya yi amfani da tsarin gwamnati na ƙarfafa makamashi mai sabuntawa, wato Scottish Renewables Order, inda ya gina 700.&amp;nbsp;Tsarin ruwa na kwararar kW na kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ardtornish Estate |url=http://www.british-hydro.org/installations/a/ardtornish_estate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072454/http://www.british-hydro.org/installations/a/ardtornish_estate.html |archive-date=2018-04-10 |access-date=2018-04-09 |website=British Hydropower Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2010, an ƙara wannan tsari da wani tsari mai kama da haka a cikin wannan yankin (tsarin Tearnait), kuma an dakatar da tsarin shekarun 1990 aka maye gurbinsa da babban, 1.5&amp;nbsp;Injin injin MW, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Disamba na 2012 - tsarin madatsar ruwa ta Rannoch. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OFGEM : Renewable Energy Project Installation Data |url=http://renewables-map.co.uk/listofgem.asp?pshowofgemtech=Hydro}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina wasu tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda uku tun daga lokacin, ciki har da injin turbine mai ƙarancin kai na Archimedes a tsakiyar yankin Achranich - wanda ya kai jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 3.3.&amp;nbsp;MW na ƙarfin da aka shigar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ardtornish Estate – Hydroplan – Hydropower Consultancy |url=https://www.hydroplan.co.uk/portfolio/ardtornish-estate/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Hydroplan.co.uk |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516100101/https://www.hydroplan.co.uk/portfolio/ardtornish-estate/ |archive-date=2021-05-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OFGEM : renewable Energy Project Installation Data |url=http://renewables-map.co.uk/listofgem.asp?pshowofgemtech=Hydro |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=renewables-map.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan ya sami izinin tsara gidaje a shekarar 2010 don gina sabuwar &quot;gari&quot; mai gidaje 20 a Achabeag, mil biyu a yammacin Lochaline. Daraktan gidaje Hugh Raven ya ce &quot;Muna da niyyar wannan ya zama misali mai mahimmanci a ƙasa baki ɗaya na sabuwar al'umma mai ɗorewa - tare da ginawa mai ƙarancin tasiri, mafi girman matakan muhalli, samun filayen noma abinci da amfani da al'umma, da kuma yiwuwar samar da makamashin al'umma.&quot;  Daga cikin gidaje na farko da aka kammala akwai gidaje biyu masu araha, waɗanda aka gina tare da amintaccen gida, kuma ana iya hayar su a tsakiyar kasuwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Helping Rural Scotland Thrive &amp;#124; Scottish Land &amp; Estates |url=http://www.scottishlandandestates.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2875:pioneering-houses-a-spectacular-addition-to-the-community-of-morvern&amp;catid=77:highlands-a-islands&amp;Itemid=175}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma wurin ya haɗa da wasu gidaje biyar masu araha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Future Opportunities - the Highlands Small Communities Housing Trust |url=http://www.hscht.co.uk/future-opportunities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410071946/http://www.hscht.co.uk/future-opportunities.html |archive-date=10 April 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu da aka yi da katako &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Achabeag |url=https://ardtornish.co.uk/achabeag/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Ardtornish Estate |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ardtornish gida ne ga ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ma'adinan da ake haƙowa a Turai don yashi silica, yana samar da kayan yin gilashi kuma Lochaline Quartz Sand ke sarrafawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Production and plant |url=https://lochalinequartzsand.co.uk/production-and-plant |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Lochaline Quartz Sand Ltd. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana gudanar da gonar noma ta halitta, tana sayar da naman sa, rago, da naman alade da ake nomawa a gida, har ma da gidan cin abinci na Whitehouse da ke yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miers |first=Mary |date=2016-08-11 |title=Extreme eating: remote restaurants worth the journey |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/food-drink/extreme-eating-remote-restaurants-worth-the-journey-119913 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Country Life |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==

* Gaskell, Philip (1996) ''Morvern ya canza'' . Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* 
* 
* Hunter, James (2000) ''Ƙarshen 'Yanci: Tarihin Tsaunuka da Tsibiran Scotland'' . Edinburgh. Babban abu.{{ISBN|1-84018-376-4}}

== Manazarta ==

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'''Gidan Ardkinglas gidan''' ƙauye ne da aka jera a Rukunin A a kan Ardkinglas Estate da ke Argyll, Scotland. Gidan yana kan gabar gabashin Loch Fyne, kuma gidan yana kusa da ƙauyen [[Cairndow]]. Tun daga ƙarni na 14 kuma asalinsa mallakar Campbell ne, yanzu gidan ya ƙunshi fiye da {{Convert|12000|acre}} na tsaunuka masu birgima da kuma wuraren shakatawa masu kyau. Cibiyar gidan ita ce Gidan Ardkinglas har sai da aka maye gurbinsa da sabon gida a ƙarni na 18. An maye gurbin wannan gidan da Gidan Ardkinglas na yanzu a farkon ƙarni na 20, wanda Sir Robert Lorimer ya tsara don Sir Andrew Noble.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu mallakar dangin Noble ne, kuma a buɗe take ga jama'a a kan iyaka. Lambunan daji suna buɗe duk shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ardkinglas.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Historic Mansion House and Woodland Gardens Argyll, West Coast of Scotland &amp;#124; Ardkinglas Estate |url=http://www.ardkinglas.com/the-house/ardkinglas-house.html |access-date=2016-12-14 |publisher=Ardkinglas.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin kadarori ==

=== Gidan Arkkinglas ===
Ana kyautata zaton cewa Gidan Ardkinglas ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 14. An gina shi a siffar kusurwa huɗu a kusa da farfajiyar ciki mai girman {{Convert|98|ft}} a kowane bangare. Akwai manyan hasumiyai a kusurwoyi uku, a gaba akwai wani babban hasumiyar ƙofa mai hasumiyai biyu masu kariya a gefe. Ardkinglas ya zama gidan sabon layin dangin Campbell lokacin da Sir Colin Campbell ya ba wa ɗansa Caileen Oig a shekara ta 1396 &quot;a cikin dukkan tsaunuka da tafiye-tafiyen adalci, ko kuma matuƙar dazuzzuka za su yi girma kuma ruwa ya gudana&quot;. 

[[James VI da kuma I|James VI na Scotland]] ya naɗa James Campbell na Ardkinglas, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1584 ya zama &quot;mai binciken gabaɗaya&quot; na kwastomomin Tekun Yamma, tare da ikon kama jiragen ruwa da aka haramta jigilar kaya. 

A ranar 23 ga Maris 1679, Colin Campbell na Ardkinglas ya zama baronet . Ɗansa Sir James Campbell, baronet na 2, (ya mutu a shekara ta 1752) ya zauna a Majalisar Scotland daga 1702, kuma, bayan Tarayyar Scotland da Ingila, a Majalisar Westminster har zuwa 1741. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hayton, D. W. |date=2002 |title=CAMPBELL, James (c.1666-1752), of Ardkinglas, Argyll |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/campbell-james-1666-1752 |website=The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690-1715 |access-date=2026-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213182217/https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/campbell-james-1666-1752 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sayi gidan Dunderave a kusa da shekara ta 1700, kuma jikansa, Laftanar Kanar Sir James Livingston-Campbell, ɗan babbar 'yarsa Helen, ya gaje shi.

A shekara ta 1769 an ruwaito cewa an lalata gidan sarauta.

=== Gidan Ardkinglas na farko ===
A ƙarni na 18, Campbells sun ba da umarnin tsara sabon gida a Ardkinglas daga wasu manyan masu zane-zane na lokacin, ciki har da Colen Campbell, Robert Adam da James Playfair . Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan zane-zanen da aka gina, kuma an bayyana gidan da aka gina a shekarar 1795 a matsayin &quot;mai ban sha'awa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ardkinglas House |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/141356/ardkinglas-house |access-date=3 May 2017 |website=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lalata wannan gidan da gobara a shekarar 1831, kuma duk da ƙarin zane-zane daga masu zane-zane, ciki har da William Burn da Alexander Binning, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa gidan da aka gyara shi a matsayin babban gida. 

A shekara ta 1810, lokacin da Sir Alexander Livingston-Campbell ya mutu, ɗan uwansa James Callander na Craigforth ya gaji Ardkinglas, wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Campbell ya kuma ɗauki salon baronet, kodayake bai cancanci yin hakan ba.

=== Gidan da ke yanzu ===
[[File:Ardkinglas_House.jpg|left|thumb| Gidan a shekarar 2019]]
[[File:Ardkinglas_-_the_entrance_front_1911.png|thumb| Gaban shiga 1911]]
[[File:Ardkinglas_-_In_the_Saloon_1911.png|thumb| Saloon 1911]]
[[File:Ardkinglas_-_from_loggia_to_garden_1911.png|thumb| Matakala daga loggia zuwa lambu 1911]]
A shekarar 1905, Sir Andrew Noble, ƙwararre kan fasahar harba makamai da [[Artillery|bindigogi]], wanda shi ne shugaban ayyukan manyan bindigogi na Lord Armstrong a [[Newcastle]], ya sayi Ardkinglas. An tsara Gidan Ardkinglas ta hannun mai zane Sir Robert Lorimer, kuma an fara ginin a watan Mayu na shekarar 1906. Duk da cewa wa'adin da Noble ya bayar na kammala ginin a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1907 bai cika ba, an kammala ginin cikin watanni 21. An kunna wutar lantarki daga wata [[Wutar lantarki ta ruwa|masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki]] a gidan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An gina madatsar ruwa a kogin Kinglas da kuma wani gini da aka gina a kusa da shi don ɗaukar kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki.

An gina gidan ne da dutse mai launin kore, an yi masa fenti da zinare, an samo shi ne daga shuɗin dutse mai launin shuɗi a gefen loch. An samo kayan ado daga wani wurin hakar ma'adinai a Dullatur, kuma an samo alluna daga Caithness . 

Banda dutse na gida, duk kayan ginin da aka yi amfani da su an kai su wurin. An gina sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen loch don wannan dalili. 

Bene na ƙasa ya haɗa da baranda, babban zauren ƙasa, ɗakin maza don shan taba da wasan biliyard, da kuma ɗaki mai siffar oval wanda Sir Andrew Noble ke amfani da shi a matsayin ofis, wurin hidima da kuma wurin ajiye barewa. An tsara waɗannan ɗakunan a kusa da farfajiyar da ke buɗe, wadda ke ba da haske da kuma samun iska. An gina manyan ɗakunan a hawa na farko. Don samun damar shiga lambunan, Lorimer ta samar da matattakalar waje a gefen arewa maso yamma wadda ke kaiwa daga loggia zuwa matakin lambun, da kuma wani a kudu maso yamma. A bene na farko, hanyar shiga ɗakin safe da kuma babban ɗakin shakatawa, murhu da ke ciki yana ɗauke da labule ɗaya na dutse mai nauyin tan 5 wanda Mr. Morgan na Aberdeen ya sassaka. A cikin ɗakin shakatawa akwai zanen karusa da dawaki na Roger Fry . Babban salon yana da {{Convert|40|ft|m}} da {{Convert|30|ft|m}} .  A kusurwar kudu maso yamma, wata ƙofa ta sirri a cikin faifan ta ba da damar shiga falon da ke kaiwa ga matattakalar hawa zuwa lambun. Bene na farko kuma ya ƙunshi loggia, ɗakin cin abinci da kuma manyan ɗakunan kwana. Bene na biyu da ke sama an keɓe shi gaba ɗaya ga ɗakunan kwana. Bayin maza suna zaune a ƙasa a kusurwar arewa maso yamma, bayin mata kuma suna zaune a bene na farko a kusurwar gabas. Ana amfani da babban ɗakin girkin ne kawai lokacin da iyalin ke zaune, kuma wurin girkin ya isa lokacin da bayi kawai ke buƙatar abinci. A wajen ɗakin cin abinci akwai ɗakunan ajiya guda biyu da kuma akwatin ajiya na faranti, tare da ɗagawa daga ɗakin girki a ƙasa. 

Ganin cewa Sir Andrew Noble fitaccen masanin kimiyya ne, ya sanya cikakken kayan aikin rikodi na yanayi da na lantarki waɗanda ke haɗawa da na'urori a cikin hasumiyar da aka gina da kuma a cikin baranda da ke ƙasa. 

John Noble ya gaji gidan a shekarar 1972, kuma ya fara noma kawa a cikin garin. A shekarar 1988 ya buɗe Loch Fyne Oyster Bar ta farko, wacce yanzu ta zama babbar sarka ta ƙasa. An yi amfani da gidan a matsayin wurin ɗaukar fim a shirye-shiryen talabijin, ciki har da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwmw&quot;&gt;The Crow Road&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ''The Diplomat'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hatchett |first=Keisha |date=2 November 2024 |title=Where is The Diplomat Filmed? Your Guide to the Season 2 Locations |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/the-diplomat-locations |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[Netflix]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da fina-finai ciki har da ''The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep'' .

Ana buɗe shi ga jama'a, kodayake ba a kai a kai ba. Ana iya hayar &quot;Butler's Quarters&quot; na asali na gidan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date= |title=The Butler's Quarters |url=https://www.ardkinglas.com/self-catering/butlers-quarters.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Ardkinglas |publisher=Ardkinglas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambunan Ardkinglas ==
Lambunan Woodland, waɗanda aka gina tun ƙarni na 18, suna buɗewa duk shekara tare da ra'ayoyin wajen Gidan Ardkinglas da kuma bangonsa na Loch Fyne. Iyalan Callander ne suka dasa Arboretum a shekarun 1860-70 kuma yana da wasu samfuran manyan bishiyoyi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan bishiyoyin Grand Fir (Abies grandis) ya riƙe tarihin tsawon shekaru da yawa a matsayin &quot;itacen da ya fi tsayi a Birtaniya,&quot; wani itacen kuma ana kiransa Silver Fir (Abies alba) a matsayin &quot;Mafi ƙarfin Conifer a Turai&quot; tare da faɗin gangar jikinta sama da {{Convert|31|ft|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ardkinglas.com&quot; /&gt;

== Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Ardkinglas ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Ardkinglas''' ya kasance 12 a cikin    layin dogo mai kunkuntar ma'aunin gidaje da aka gina don hidimar Ardkinglas Estate, tsohon mazaunin Sir James Campbell, Baronet na 2, na Ardkinglass, a bakin tekun Loch Fyne . Jirgin ƙasa ya yi tafiya a bakin tekun daga wani gidan jirgin ruwa a Caspian. An gina layin dogo a matsayin tsarin sufuri ga rukunin gidaje da kuma a matsayin kayan wasan lambu ga wani tsohon ginin gidaje na 17, George Livingston-Campbell-Callander. Jirgin ƙasa mai tururi ɗaya ne ke aiki a layin; jirgin da ke birgima ya ƙunshi motar fasinja mai kujeru biyu a buɗe da kuma wasu karusa da dama. An wargaza layin dogo a shekarar 1897 kuma an sayar da kayan aikin. Tukunyar jirgin ƙasan tana nan a bakin teku a Tayvallich da ke Loch Sween har zuwa farkon shekarun 1950.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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{{Databox}}

'''3-Nitrooxypropanol''' (an taƙaita shi a matsayin '''3-NOP''' ko '''3NOP''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Bovaer''') wani fili ne na roba tare da tsari HOCH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;psu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Feed supplement for dairy cows cuts their methane emission by about a quarter |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/feed-supplement-dairy-cows-cuts-their-methane-emission-about-quarter |access-date=4 December 2024 |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mononitrate ester na 1,3-propanediol kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai hana enzyme wanda ke da niyya musamman methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR), enzyme wanda yake haɓaka mataki na ƙarshe na methanogenesis a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin tsarin narkewar ruminants, kamar shanu da tumaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hristov |first=Alexander N. |year=2015 |title=An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=112 |issue=34 |pages=10663–10668 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11210663H |doi=10.1073/pnas.1504124112 |pmc=4553761 |pmid=26229078 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da aka kara shi ga abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa, yana rage hayakin methane sosai ta hanyar hana aikin MCR ba tare da an haɗa shi cikin madara ko nama ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;efsa&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bampidis |first=Vasileios |last2=Azimonti |first2=Giovanna |last3=Bastos |first3=Maria de Lourdes |last4=Christensen |first4=Henrik |last5=Dusemund |first5=Birgit |last6=Fašmon Durjava |first6=Mojca |last7=Kouba |first7=Maryline |last8=López-Alonso |first8=Marta |last9=López Puente |first9=Secundino |last10=Marcon |first10=Francesca |last11=Mayo |first11=Baltasar |last12=Pechová |first12=Alena |last13=Petkova |first13=Mariana |last14=Ramos |first14=Fernando |last15=Sanz |first15=Yolanda |date=November 2021 |title=Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of 3-nitrooxypropanol (Bovaer® 10) for ruminants for milk production and reproduction (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd) |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=e06905 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6905 |pmc=8603004 |pmid=34824644 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana haifar da karuwar karuwa a cikin sauyawar abinci ba tare da ya shafi amfanin gona ba. Bincike ya nuna cewa an rage fitar da methane da kashi 30 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Publications |url=https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/corporate/en_US/documents/bovaer-list-of-peer-reviewed-scientific-studies.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jenkins, T. C. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Reducing methane emissions in dairy cows: Efficacy of 3-Nitrooxypropanol |journal=Journal of Animal Science |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=176–182 |doi=10.1093/jas/skw240 |doi-broken-date=15 August 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
DSM ta ba da izini kuma ta sayar da 3-NOP a matsayin mai hana methane don samar da dabbobi a ƙarƙashin sunan alama ''Bovaer'', kayan abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;psu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.dsm-firmenich.com/en/home.html |website=@dsm-firmenich}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya kunshi [[silicon dioxide]] (60% w / w), propylene glycol, da 3-nitrooxypropanol (10% w /w). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CVM File: G-150438 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/178913/download?attachment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529231000/https://www.fda.gov/media/178913/download?attachment |archive-date=May 29, 2024 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ci gaban Bovaer ya fara ne a cikin 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Clean Cow wanda DSM-Firmenich ya fara. Wannan aikin ya yi niyyar magance hayakin methane daga dabbobi, wanda shine babban tushen iskar gas. A cewar Maik Kindermann, shugaban bincike da ci gaba don aikin Bovaer, binciken ya fara ne a cikin 2008 tare da mai da hankali kan fahimtar hanyoyin kwayoyin a bayan samar da methane a cikin ruminants.

An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na farko da suka ci nasara a cikin 2010 kuma an gudanar da gwajjoji sama da 40 don tabbatar da inganci da aminci a duk faɗin abinci da mahalli daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Clean Cow |url=https://www.dairyherd.com/news/business/project-clean-cow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Bovaer ya sami amincewarsa ta farko don amfani a [[Brazil]] da [[Chile]], sannan ya biyo bayan izini daga [[Tarayyar Turai]] don shanu a cikin 2022. An amince da samfurin don amfani a [[Kanada]] a farkon 2024 kuma ya sami amincewar [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] don kasuwar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a watan Mayu 2024. 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, an ba Elanco haƙƙin lasisi na musamman don haɓaka da kasuwanci Bovaer a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elanco and Royal DSM Announce Strategic Alliance in U.S. for Bovaer® – A Revolutionary, Methane-Reducing Feed Additive for Cattle {{!}} DSM |url=https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2022/elanco-and-royal-dsm-announce-strategic-alliance-in-us-for-bovaer-27042022.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=@corporate}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2023, Elanco ya nemi shawarwari tare da Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta FDA ta Amurka game da matsayin maganin Bovaer don amfani da shi azaman mai hana methane a cikin shanu. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2024, FDA ta Amurka ta kammala cewa Bovaer na iya rage samar da methane lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman lakabi kuma yana haifar da ƙananan haɗari ga dabbobi da mutane a ƙarƙashin yanayin sayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tsaro ==
Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala cewa Bovaer ya cika ka'idojin aminci da inganci don amfani da shi wajen shayar da shanu, yana mai cewa ba ya tasiri ga samar da madara ko inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;elanco.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elanco Announces FDA Has Completed Review of Bovaer®, First-in-Class Methane-Reducing Feed Ingredient, for U.S. Dairy Industry |url=https://www.elanco.com/en-us/insights/elanco-announces-fda-has-completed-review-of-bovaer-first-in-class-methane-reducing-feed-ingredient-for-u-s-dairy-industry |website=@Elanco |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520153400/https://www.elanco.com/en-us/insights/elanco-announces-fda-has-completed-review-of-bovaer-first-in-class-methane-reducing-feed-ingredient-for-u-s-dairy-industry |archive-date=2025-05-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayi na kimiyya daga Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai (EFSA) ya gano cewa Bovaer yana da aminci ga shanu masu samar da madara a matsakaicin matakan da aka ba da shawarar kuma ba ya haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar abinci ko muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;dairyherd.com&quot; /&gt;

3-NOP na iya zama mai cutarwa idan aka sha shi kuma yana da damuwa ga fata da idanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Art |first=Pop Culture &amp; |date=November 28, 2024 |title=Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2512549/boycott-calls-grow-over-arlas-bovaer-feed-trial-for-dairy-cows |website=The Express Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake an nuna damuwa da cewa ba su da karatun dogon lokaci,  irin waɗannan binciken guda uku a zahiri sun wanzu tun daga Nuwamba 2021 kuma an yi la'akari da su ta hanyar nazarin tsarin EFSA. &lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2512549/boycott-calls-grow-over-arlas-bovaer-feed-trial-for-dairy-cows}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;efsa&quot; /&gt; Arla Foods ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bovaer ba zai shafi ingancin madara ko aminci ba, saboda yana cikin madara da nama kawai a cikin adadi mai yawa;  wannan ma yana tallafawa ta EFSA. &lt;ref name=&quot;tribune.com.pk&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;efsa&quot; /&gt; 

3-NOP yana narkewa da sauri a cikin mahadi waɗanda ke cikin rumen na shanu da mahadi 3-NOPA a cikin adadi mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;psu&quot; /&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Arla Foods ta ba da sanarwar gwaji na hadin gwiwa wanda ya shafi manyan 'yan kasuwa na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kamar Morrisons, Tesco da Aldi don gwada Bovaer a kusan gonaki 30 a Burtaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;newfoodmagazine.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arla partners with retailers to tackle methane emissions from dairy cows |url=https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/246090/arla-partners-with-retailers-to-trial-feed-additive-targeting-methane-emission-reduction/ |website=New Food Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Duk da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa, gwajin ya fuskanci mummunar martani daga masu amfani waɗanda suka yi kira ga kauracewa samfuran Arla, musamman man Lurpak. Masu sukar sun nuna damuwa game da aminci da tasirin ɗabi'a na amfani da kayan karawa kamar Bovaer a cikin abincin dabbobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;standard.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Jordan |date=December 2, 2024 |title=What is the Arla Foods Bovaer animal feed trial? |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/environment/arla-foods-bovaer-trial-bill-gates-animal-feed-methane-b1196654.html |website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Arla ya kare gwajin, yana mai tabbatar da cewa Bovaer an gwada shi sosai kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar hukumomin da ke kula da shi kamar Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Turai (EFSA) da Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Burtaniya. Kamfanin ya nace cewa ba za a sami mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar dabbobi ko ingancin madara ba yayin gwaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;newfoodmagazine.com&quot; /&gt;

=== Tasirin muhalli ===
Bovaer yana da niyyar ba da gudummawa ga rage sauyin yanayi ta hanyar rage hayakin methane daga shanu. Bincike ya nuna cewa ciyar da takalma daya na Bovaer a kowace saniya mai shayarwa a kowace rana na iya haifar da raguwar kusan 30% a cikin hayakin methane, wanda yayi daidai da kimanin tan 1.2 na [[carbon dioxide]] daidai (CO2e) a kowace saniya a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=FDA Greenlights Bovaer: A Revolutionary Methane-Reducing Supplement for US Dairy Cattle Launching in 2024 |url=https://www.thebullvine.com/news/fda-greenlights-bovaer-a-revolutionary-methane-reducing-supplement-for-us-dairy-cattle-launching-in-2024/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani cikakken binciken da aka gudanar a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] wanda ya shafi gonakin madara 150 da shanu sama da 20,000 ya nuna cewa Bovaer ya fi tasiri a mafi girman sashi kuma lokacin da aka haɗa shi da masara a cikin abincin shanu. Bugu da ƙari, gwaje-gwaje a [[Italiya]] sun ba da rahoton raguwar methane har zuwa 50% lokacin da aka ba da Bovaer kowace rana ga shanun shayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;dairyherd.com&quot; /&gt; Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Turai (EFSA) ta kammala cewa Bovaer yana da aminci don amfani a cikin shanu, ba tare da wani mummunan sakamako akan samar da madara ba, abun da ke ciki, ko lafiyar dabba da aka lura yayin gwaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elanco.com&quot; /&gt; An kuma amince da samfurin a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, gami da [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], da [[Kanada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dairyherd.com&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Amnesty International UK Media Awards 2012</title>
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{{Amnesty International UK Media Awards Nav Bar}} Amnesty International UK Media Awards 2012 ta amince da kyakkyawan aiki a aikin jarida na haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin bugawa, watsa shirye-shirye da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. An buɗe shigarwar don kyaututtuka a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, an buga gajerun jerin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2012 kuma an bayyana masu nasara a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2012 .￼


An ba da lambar yabo a Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya (BFI) a tsakiyar London kuma Dermot Murnaghan ne ya shirya bikin.

== Kyaututtuka na 2012 ==
Wadanda suka ci nasara da wadanda suka ci gaba sune:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;centre&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffdead&quot; |'''2012'''
|-
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Sashe
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Taken
! width=&quot;23%&quot; |Shirye-shiryen
! width=&quot;22%&quot; |'Yan jarida
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Refs
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Kafofin watsa labarai na dijital'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Mutuwa a tsare: shari'ar da za a amsa&lt;br /&gt;'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Ofishin Bincike na Jarida&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwNA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Iain Overton, Angus Stickler, Dan Bell, Charlie Mole&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Kashe Troy Davis
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''[[The Guardian]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Ed Pilkington, Guardian Digital Team[[The Guardian|Kungiyar Mai Tsaro ta Dijital]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Muryoyi daga Wuraren Duhu: Bayyana Laifukan Gwamnatin Assad
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Al Jazeera
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Annasofie Flamand, Hugh Macleod
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Anna Doble, Wesley Johnson, Sam Strudwick, Jody Thompson
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Hotuna'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Maƙiyan Jama'a (fim)|''Maƙiya na Jama'a'' (Muryoyi daga Filin Kashewa)]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Ƙari4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Rob Lemkin, Stefan Ronowicz, Thet Sambath
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Enemies of the people 001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Enemies of the people 002&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Ka daina gobe''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |BBC4 Storyville&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwgg&quot;&gt;Gidan Tarihi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Michael Collins, Nick Fraser, Eric Daniel Metzgar,arty Syjuco&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''''Filin Kashewa na Sri Lanka'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |ITN Productions forChannel 4&lt;br /&gt;Tashar 4
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Callum Macrae, Chris Shaw, Jon Snow&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: John Amaechi, Mike Blakemore, Clemency Burton-Hill, Alison Rooper, Kim Sengupta
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Kyautar Gaby RadoMemorial&lt;br /&gt;'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Tsoro a Homs'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Labaran Channel 4
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Mani  
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&quot;Yaran Midnight&quot;; &quot;Kenya tana kan iyakar bala'inta&quot;; &quot;'Bridenapping': Laifin da aka ɓoye mai girma&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Mai zaman kansa a ranar Lahadi''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Emily Dugan 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Najeriya: Jima'i, Ƙarya da Black Magic''; Jarirai na Mu'ujiza na Uganda; Honduras: Ruwa cikin Haɗari
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Tashar 4 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw9A&quot;&gt;Duniya da ba a bayar da rahoto ba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Jenny Kleeman
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Mike Blakemore, Janet Murray, Louis Rado, Ritula Shah, Jon Snow
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Talabijin da Rediyo na Duniya&lt;br /&gt;'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''''Bahrain: Yin ihu a cikin Duhu'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Al Jazeera Turanci
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Jon Blair, May Ying Welsh&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;BahrainShouting001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BahrainShouting002&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Aiki: Rashin mutunci - Wani Mataki na Rayuwa da Mutuwa''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Sabis na Duniya na BBC]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Caroline Finnigan, Bridget Harney, Jill McGivering, Bushra Taskeen
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Mutuwa a cikin hamada'': A CNN Freedom Project Documentary
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[CNN]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Sheri Ingila, Mohamed Fahmy, Tim Lister, Earl Nurse, Frederik Pleitgen
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Jane Corbin, Mark Galloway, Flora Hunter, Sean Ryan, Thomas Schultz-Jagow
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Mujallu: Abokan ciniki&lt;br /&gt;'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Masu kare yanayi'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |''Sabon Mai Ƙasashen Duniya''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Vanessa Baird 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Batun Art: &quot;Art ko Vandalism?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;Robin Hood na Rasha &quot;Sabon Yarjejeniyar China&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Lissafi game da Censorship''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Yasmine El Rashidi, Nick Sturdee Nick SturdeESimon Kirby&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Richard Horton, Maggie Paterson, Rod Stanley, Emma Tucker, Jenny Wood
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Mujallu: Ƙarin jarida&lt;br /&gt;'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Rashin fyade ga maza'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |''Mujallar Observer''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Zai yi tsalle
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,000,000 Ghosts na Baghdad
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Wasi a cikin mujallar SundayLive&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwAbc&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Evan Williams
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amnesty magazine by Maggie Paterson - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/amnestyinternationaluk/docs/jnl_174_amnesty_magazine |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125000152/https://issuu.com/amnestyinternationaluk/docs/jnl_174_amnesty_magazine |archive-date=2025-01-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Richard Horton, Maggie Paterson, Rod Stanley, Emma Tucker, Jenny Wood
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Jaridu na kasa'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&quot;A cikin mulkin kama-karya na ƙarshe na Turai duk 'yan adawa sun lalace ba tare da tausayi ba&quot;; 'Mijina ya kira ya ce yana zuwa sauna ... ba mu sake ganinsa ba'a 'RBS ta taimaka wa Bankroll ta ƙarshe ta Turai&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Mai Zaman Kanta''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Jerome Taylor
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Bincike game da Shirin Shirin Shinge na zanga-zangar&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''[[The Guardian]]''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Paul Lewis da Rob Evans
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Muna rayuwa cikin tsoron kisan kiyashi'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |''Lokaci na Lahadi''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Marie Colvin
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Mike Blakemore, Jemima Khan, Iain Overton, Michelle Stanistreet, Joel Taylor
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Al'ummai da Yankuna'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'Yan sanda na sirri na Gaddafi sun zo su yi magana da ni&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Sunday Herald''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |David Pratt 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''[[Adam (wanda aka kashe)|Jiki a cikin Thames]]'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |ITV &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAjE&quot;&gt;Landan Yau da dare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Ronke Phillips, Faye Nickolds&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Mata na Ƙananan Ƙasashe na Duniya&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Sunday Herald''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |David Pratt 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Women Of the Worlds slums 001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: David Cornock, Helena Drakakis, Mike Gilson, Shabnum Mustapha, Naresh Puri
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Jarida ta hoto'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Wurin zama - Dale Farm'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |''Lokaci''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Mary Turner 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Cin zarafin 'yancin Dan Adam a Masar
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Nunin juyin juya halin Masar na NUJ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Lewis Whyld 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Yakin Yakin da Ciwon Yunwa
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''The Guardian''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Robin Hammond 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Stuart Freedman, Colin Jacobson, Jenny Matthews, Maggie Paterson, Kelly Preedy
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Rediyo'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Afghanistan: Ƙididdigar Kudin
| align=&quot;center&quot; |BBC Radio 4 Yau da Duniya Yau Yau Yau''Duniya Yau da Dare''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Nina Manwaring, Ceri Thomas, Mike Thomson
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Victoria Derbyshire a cikin Guantanamo Bay&lt;br /&gt;'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |BBC Radio 5 Live
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Victoria Derbyshire, Louise Compton&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Jane Anderson, Mike Blakemore, Henry Bonsu, Mariella Frostrup
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Kyautar Mai ba da Hakkin Dan Adam ta Dalibai&lt;br /&gt;'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''Labarin mai ban sha'awa na John Oguchuckwu&lt;br /&gt;'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |''Jaridar Glasgow Guardian''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Amy Mackinnon
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Curious Case Of Oguchuckwu001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Curious Case Of Oguchuckwu002&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Dimokuradiyya da aka aikata a Gabashin Urushalima
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Jaridar Brig'' (Stirling University's Online Student Voice) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Boel Marcks Von Wurtemberg
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Democracy East Jerusalem 001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Rayuwa a cikin gudun hijira
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Rayuwa 360'': Mujallar Jarida ta Duniya ta Jami'ar Cardiff 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Paul Dharamraj
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Living In Exile 001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Nes Cazimoglu, Sean Coughlan, Guy Gunaratne, Hannah Livingstone, Sophie Mei Lan, Yasser Ranjha, Hannah Shaw
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Labaran Talabijin'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Yaƙi don Misrata
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Labaran ITV
| align=&quot;center&quot; |John Irvine, Arti Lukha, Sean Swan, Tim Singleton, Deborah Turness&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Battle For Misrata 001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Battle For Misrata 002&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Tsoro a Homs
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Labaran Channel 4''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[Hasiya] An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin da ake amfani da su
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |'''A ɓoye a Homs'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |BBC Newsnight&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAy4&quot;&gt;Labaran Labarai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |Sue Lloyd-Roberts, Amanda Gunn&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff50;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsnightInsideHoms001&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsnightInsideHoms002&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Alƙalai: Mike Blakemore, Lyse Doucet, Julie Etchingham, Tim Miller, Mike Radford
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2&quot; |
|}

== Dubi kuma ==
{{Amnesty International UK Media Awards Nav Bar}}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|3}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anup Talao</title>
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'''Anup Talao''' wani pavilion ne da aka kammala a shekara ta 1576. An saita shi a tsakiyar tafkin a cikin farfajiyar Fatehpur Sikri Fort a Fatehpur sikri, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya. An kuma san gidan da &quot;Char-Chamad&quot;, yana nufin gadoji huɗu. Yana arewacin gidajen sarauta a cikin farfajiyar Mahal-i Khass Khwabgah &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khas Mahal « Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://asi.nic.in/khas-mahal/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=asi.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Arewa maso gabashin Hujra-i-Anup Tala-u wani ɗakin da ke da baƙi na Akbar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archnet &gt; Site &gt; Hujra-i-Anup Talao |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/2637 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.archnet.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203123242/https://www.archnet.org/sites/2637 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da tsari ==
An halicce shi a zamanin Mughal, a karkashin umarnin Sarkin sarakuna Akbar, an halicci &quot;wurin da ba shi da alaƙa&quot; don taimakawa sanyaya farfajiyar yankin da kuma samar da wurin nishaɗi ga sarki. An raba tankin dutsen yashi mai launin ja a cikin tsari na biyu. Tare da dandamali na tsakiya tsakanin gadoji huɗu na dutse, dandalin ya taɓa zama wurin zama wanda aka rufe shi da ɗakin. An kuma yi amfani da wannan dandalin a matsayin mataki ga masu wasan kwaikwayo. Bridges na dutse suna tallafawa da ginshiƙai tare da kyawawan zane-zane a saman da aka fallasa a saman ruwa. A shekara ta 1578 an umarci Anup Talao da a cika shi da tsabar kudi na jan ƙarfe, azurfa, da zinariya, dukansu Akbar zai rarraba su ga al'ummarsa daga baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Akbar's Palace; Anup Talao |url=https://library.artstor.org/asset/ATAJIG_10312573262 |series=Beyond the Taj: Architectural Traditions and Landscape Experience in South Asia (Cornell University Library). Artstor |language=en |access-date=2023-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tankunan suna kewaye da matakala wanda zai iya zama ambaton matakan ruwa a tarihin tsarin. Matsayin ruwan tanki ya canza saboda sabon magudanar ruwa da aka kara kuma aka toshe shi a duk lokacin. Matsayin ruwa na asali ya kasance mita .96 zuwa mataki na shida na matakan. A cikin karni na ashirin, Ubangiji Curzon dole ne a tsabtace tarkace da datti daga hanyoyin ruwa bayan matakin ruwa ya kai matakala na goma sha biyu (sau biyu matakin asali) kuma nutsewa ya zama batun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=walwyn |date=2011-05-01 |title=Anup Talao and Pavilion |url=http://professor-moriarty.com/info/section/historic-locations/northern-india/fatehpur-sikri-anup-talao-pavilion |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=professor-moriarty.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andries Coetzee</title>
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Andries 'Boeboes' Coetzee (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu na Lions a gasar zakarun Rugby ta United . Yawancin lokaci yana taka leda a matsayin fullback.[1]

Daga 2011 zuwa 2020, ya buga wa Lions wasa a Super Rugby da Golden Lions a gasar cin Kofin Currie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andries Coetzee returns for the Lions |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/rugby/super-rugby/andries-coetzee-returns-for-the-lions-42207101 |access-date=2021-06-01 |website=iol.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South African Super Rugby Team of Decade – Sanzar |url=https://super.rugby/superrugby/news/south-african-super-rugby-team-of-decade/ |access-date=2021-06-01 |website=super.rugby}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2013 Coetzee ya buga wa Sharks, a kan aro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Super Rugby: Sharks lose Beast and lone-player Andries Coetzee for quite some time &amp;#124; Rugby-Talk.com |url=https://www.rugby-talk.com/2013/04/super-rugby-sharks-lose-beast-and-lone-player-andries-coetzee-for-quite-some-time/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=rugby-talk.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103203145/https://www.rugby-talk.com/2013/04/super-rugby-sharks-lose-beast-and-lone-player-andries-coetzee-for-quite-some-time/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya buga wa Benetton wasa a gasar zakarun Rugby ta United a kakar 2021-22.  

A shekarar 2017 Coetzee ta buga wa tawagar Afirka ta Kudu wasa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arnold S na Beer</title>
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'''Arnoldus Stephanus na Beer''' (10 Yuni 1942 - 20 Oktoba 2021) ɗan jaridar Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya kasance Farfesa na Musamman a Sashen Jarida, [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]], Afirka ta Kudu . Batutuwan bincikensa sun haɗa da rawar da kafofin watsa [[labarai]] ke takawa a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, labarai da ilimi [[Journalism|aikin jarida]]. Yawancin ayyukansa na Turanci sun bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami '''Arnold S na Beer''' . Daga cikin abokan aiki da abokai na [[Afrikaans]] an san shi da '''Arrie na Beer''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arnold S de Beer &amp;#124; Stellenbosch University - Academia.edu |url=https://sun.academia.edu/arnolddebeer/CurriculumVitae |website=sun.academia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin 1980, de Beer ya kafa mujallar bincike ta aikin jarida Ecquid Novi, [1] [2] kuma ya kasance a matsayin editan kafa [3] a kan kwamitin mujallar a ƙarƙashin taken African Journalism Studies (Routledge / T&amp;F). Ya kuma kasance editan fitowar 5 na Jaridar Duniya - Topical Issues and Media Systems (Pearson), da kuma co-editor na Worlds of Journalism - Journalistic Cultures around the Globe. [4][5] Ya shirya littafin aikin jarida na farko a cikin Afrikaans, Joernalistiek Malley (1982). [6]

Tsohon ɗan jarida tare da jaridu na Afrikaans Die Burger da Die Transvaler, ya kasance editan ''Ensiklopedie van die Wehreld'' kafin ya koma ilimi a shekara ta 1974. Ya kasance shugaban sassan sadarwa a Jami'ar Free State da [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] (Potchefstroom) kuma shugaban mukaddashin a Jami'an Johannesburg (RAU). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof Arnold (Arrie) de Beer |url=http://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/arts/research/arnold-de-beer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206021922/https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/arts/research/arnold-de-beer |archive-date=6 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=www.sun.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1996 |title=South African Human Sciences Research Networking Directory |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED423185.pdf |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=eric.ed.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance tsohon memba na kwamitin Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu (SABC), mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Television comes to South Africa |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/24845/07chapter7.pdf?sequence=8&amp;isAllowed=y |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=up.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Du Plessis |first=Christiaan |date=November 18, 2020 |title=Al RSG se omroepers kry briewe |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Algemeen/al-rsg-se-omroepers-en-12-ander-verloor-hul-werk-20201118 |website=Netwerk24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kasance wakilin aikin jarida na ilimi kuma ya kafa memba na kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka ta Kudu' (Sanef)  kuma ya yi aiki a Kwamitin daukaka kara na SA Press Ombudsman.

De Beer ya kasance co-kafa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History – SACOMM |url=http://sacomm.org.za/history/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shugaban kungiyar Sadarwar Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya kasance Lifelong Fellow . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Members – SACOMM |url=https://sacomm.org.za/honorary-members/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2000 ya zama na farko da ya karbi [[:af:Stalsprys|Kyautar Stals]] don aikin jarida wanda Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns ta bayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2018 |title=Bekroningsplegtigheid |url=http://www.akademie.ussdmobile.co.za/Nuusbrief_Desember_2018.pdf |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Nuusbrief, SA Akademie |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ziyara a jami'o'in Washington, Baylor, da Indiana-Purdue, ya kuma kasance farfesa na musamman a Jami'ar Western Cape . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Har zuwa 2019 de Beer ya kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa kuma mai kula da Afirka na Nazarin Jarida na Duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Principal Investigators (2012–2016) |url=https://worldsofjournalism.org/principal-investigators-2012-2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Members – SACOMM |url=https://sacomm.org.za/honorary-members\ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125130057/https://sacomm.org.za/honorary-members/ |archive-date=2020-11-25 |website=sacomm.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Keyan Gray Tomaselli |year=2002 |title=A brief history of South African journalism, mass communication and media education |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8775 |journal=African Communication Scholars Association |volume=4 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=In memoriam: Arnold S de Beer |url=https://www.litnet.co.za/in-memoriam-arnold-s-de-beer/ |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=LitNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gous |first=Nico |title=Professor in joernalistiek se dood 'laat groot leemte' |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/netwerk24/nuus/aktueel/professor-in-joernalistiek-se-dood-laat-groot-leemte-20211021 |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=Netwerk24 |language=af-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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    <title>Adedayo Agarau</title>
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'''Adedayo Agarau''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) mawaƙin  ƙasar Najeriya wanda aikinsa ke bincike kan jigogi na tashin hankali da al'ada, ƙwaƙwalwa, da sihiri na Afirka. Shi ne marubucin tarin waƙoƙi mai tsawo mai suna The Years of Blood (Fordham University Press, 2025), wanda ya lashe Kyautar Edita ta Cibiyar Shari'a ta Waƙoƙi don Marubutan BIPOC . &lt;ref name=&quot;fordham2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Years of Blood |url=https://fordhampress.com/the-years-of-blood-pb-9781531511616.html |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Fordham University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agarau shi ne Babban Edita na Mujallar Agbowó, mujallar da aka keɓe ga wallafe-wallafen Afirka da fasaha, kuma yana aiki a matsayin Edita na Poetry Reviews na The Rumpus . &lt;ref name=&quot;poetry foundation2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adedayo Agarau |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226180347/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau |archive-date=26 February 2026 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Poetry Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na mawaƙi na ƙasar Najeriya da ke aiki a wurin haɗuwa da al'ada da gogewar zamani, waƙoƙin Agarau sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da Poetry Magazine, Guernica, World Literature Today, da Iowa Review . &lt;ref name=&quot;poetry foundation2&quot; /&gt; Wallace Stegner Fellow a Jami'ar Stanford (2023-2025) da kuma Cave Canem Fellow, yana da MFA daga Iowa Writers' Workshop.&lt;ref name=&quot;stanford2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adedayo Agarau |url=https://creativewriting.stanford.edu/people/adedayo-agarau |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Stanford University Creative Writing Program}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, ya lashe kyautar C.P. Cavafy Poetry Prize don wata waƙa mai taken &quot;Halloween, Iowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cavafy2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2025 |title=Adedayo Agarau Wins 2024 C.P. Cavafy Poetry Prize worth $1,000 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/11/adedayo-agarau-wins-2024-c-p-cavafy-poetry-prize-worth-1000/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Brittle Paper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga aikinsa na ƙirƙira, Agarau yana aiki sosai wajen gina wallafe-wallafen al'ummomi a duk faɗin Afirka. Ya kafa lambar yabo ta Arole Agarawu International Poetry Prize for African Writers kuma ya kafa Poetry Sango-Ota, dandalin jagoranci ga mawaƙa na  ƙasar Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rumpus2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2025 |title=A Poem Invites You, Warns You, and Then Confounds You: A Conversation with Adedayo Agarau |url=https://therumpus.net/2025/11/20/a-poem-invites-you-warns-you-and-then-confounds-you-a-conversation-with-adedayo-agarau/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=The Rumpus}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya tsara Memento: Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry (2020), tarihi wanda ke nuna aikin mawaƙa na ƙasar Najeriya, kuma memba ne na UnSerious Collective . &lt;ref name=&quot;unserious2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adedayo Agarau |url=https://unseriouscollective.com/adedayo-agarau/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Unserious Collective}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Agarau a garin Ibadan, dake ƙasar Najeriya a shekarar 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;about2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2025 |title=About |url=https://adedayoagarau.com/about/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Adedayo Agarau}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami Digiri na Ƙasa mafi girma a cikin Abinci na Ɗan Adam da Dietetics daga Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo a cikin shekarar 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;about2&quot; /&gt;

Ya sami MFA a cikin Waƙoƙi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Marubutan Iowa a Jami'ar Iowa a cikin shekarar 2023, inda aka san shi da tallafin karatu da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Stanley don Binciken Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chireview2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2025 |title=The Unsettling Hand of Grief: An Interview with Adedayo Agarau About &quot;The Years of Blood&quot; |url=https://chireviewofbooks.com/2025/09/02/the-unsettling-hand-of-grief-an-interview-with-adedayo-agarau-about-the-years-of-blood/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902103739/https://chireviewofbooks.com/2025/09/02/the-unsettling-hand-of-grief-an-interview-with-adedayo-agarau-about-the-years-of-blood/ |archive-date=2 September 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Chicago Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Wallace Stegner Fellow a Jami'ar Stanford daga shekarar 2023 zuwa shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;stanford2&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==

=== Waƙoƙi da wallafe-wallafe ===
Farkon waƙar Agarau na farko, The Years of Blood, an buga shi ne ta hanyar Fordham University Press a watan Satumbar shekarar 2025.  waƙar tana magana ne game da kisan kiyashi da satar yara a ƙasar Najeriya, musamman a yankin Ibadan, yana mai da hankali kan ilimin sararin samaniya da al'adun Yorubawa. Aikin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Edita ta Cibiyar Shari'a ta shekarar 2023-24 ga Marubutan BIPOC kuma an jera shi a cikin shayari da aka fi tsammani na shekarar 2025 ta Isele Magazine, The Modaculture, da Open Country Magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;fordham2&quot; /&gt;

Kafin wallafar sa ta farko, Agarau ya buga litattafai guda uku waɗanda suka kafa sunansa a matsayin jagora a cikin waƙoƙin Afirka na zamani: For Boys Who Went (2016), The Origin of Name (African Poetry Book Fund, 2020), da The Arrival of Rain (Vegetarian Alcoholic Press, 2020). &lt;ref name=&quot;unserious2&quot; /&gt; Mawallafa Kwame Dawes da [[Chris Abani]] ne suka zaɓi ''Asalin Sunan'' don akwatin littafin Sabon Ƙwararrun Afirka, wanda ya nuna muryoyin da ke fitowa a cikin shayari na Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;wlt2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=The State of the African Poetry Book Fund: A Conversation with Chris Abani and Kwame Dawes |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2022/march/state-african-poetry-book-fund-conversation-chris-abani-and-kwame-dawes-erik-gleibermann |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=World Literature Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waƙoƙinsa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da yawa ciki har da Poetry Magazine, [https://www.guernicamag.com/author/adedayo-agarau/ Guernica], World Literature Today, Iowa Review, Poet Lore, da Poetary Society of America . &lt;ref name=&quot;poetry foundation2&quot; /&gt; An nuna aikinsa a cikin nune-nunen a Wellcome Collections of Medicine a London da kuma Paris Photo Exhibition, yana nuna girman gani da kuma rikice-rikice na shayensa.&lt;ref name=&quot;about2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ayyukan edita da jagorancin wallafe-wallafen ===
Agarau yana aiki a matsayin Babban Edita na [https://agbowo.org/ Mujallar Agbowó], ɗaya daga cikin manyan mujallu da aka keɓe ga wallafe-wallafen Afirka da fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;poetry foundation2&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan rawar, ya kasance kayan aiki wajen tsara marubutan Afirka da inganta muryoyin wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani. Har ila yau, shi ne Editan Binciken Waƙoƙi a The Rumpus, inda yake ba da gudummawa ga maganganu masu mahimmanci game da shayari.&lt;ref name=&quot;poetry foundation2&quot; /&gt;

Ya kasance editan da ya kafa a IceFloe Press, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan New International Voices da kuma manajan African Chapbook Acquisition, yana mai da hankali kan buga ayyukan mawaƙa na Afirka da faɗaɗa damar yin amfani da shayari na Afirka a faɗin duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;icefloe2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IceFloe Press |url=https://icefloepress.net/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=IceFloe Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2020, Agarau ya tsara kuma ya gyara Memento: Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry, wani muhimmin tarin da ke tattare da muryoyi da salon mawaƙa na Najeriya na zamani ciki har da [[Dami Ajayi]], JK Anowe, Pelumi Salako, Jide Badmus, Patrick Nome, da sauransu da yawa. An gane tarihin a matsayin muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ƙwarewar wallafe-wallafen Najeriya da Afirka.

=== Gine-gine da jagoranci na al'umma ===
Agarau memba ne na UnSerious Collective, shirin zumunci wanda ke tallafawa marubutan Najeriya masu tasowa. &lt;ref name=&quot;unserious2&quot; /&gt; Ya kafa Poetry Sango-Ota, wani dandamali da aka keɓe don jagorantar mawaƙa na ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar bita da shirye-shiryen wallafe-wallafen.

Ya kafa lambar yabo ta Arole Agarawu International Poetry Prize for African Writers, wani shiri da nufin ganewa da tallafawa mawaƙa na Afirka. An ba da kyautar ne bayan kakansa, Alhaji Arole Agarawu, marubucin waƙoƙin Afirka ta Yamma da ba a san shi ba, wanda ke haɗa aikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani tare da al'adun kiɗa da na baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rumpus2&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
Agarau ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga shayari da wallafe-wallafen Afirka, su ne kamar haka:

* Wanda ya lashe kyautar The Future Awards ta Afirka don wallafe-wallafen (2025) 
* Wanda ya lashe, C.P. Cavafy Poetry Prize (2024) don &quot;Halloween, Iowa&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;cavafy2&quot; /&gt;
* Wanda ya ci nasara, Kyautar Edita ta Cibiyar Shari'a ta Waƙoƙi don Marubutan BIPOC (2023-24) don ''Shekaru na Jinin'' &lt;ref name=&quot;fordham2&quot; /&gt;
* Wanda ya kammala, Ruth Lilly-Rosenberg Fellowship (2024) &lt;ref name=&quot;jaylit2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=Adedayo Agarau Named to 2025 Poets &amp; Writers Get the Word Out Poetry Cohort |url=https://jaylit.com/adedayo-agarau-named-to-2025-poets-writers-get-the-word-out-poetry-cohort/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=JAY Lit}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An lissafa shi, Kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Duniya ta Wales (2024) &lt;ref name=&quot;poetry foundation2&quot; /&gt;
* Finalist, Sillerman Littafin Farko na Mawallafin Afirka (2021, 2023) &lt;ref name=&quot;sillerman2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shenoda wins Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets |url=https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/shenoda-wins-sillerman-first-book-prize-for-african-poets/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An lissafa shi, Brunel African Poetry Prize (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;iowa honors2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=Iowa Writers' Workshop 2021 – 2022 Honors |url=https://writinguniversity.uiowa.edu/news-archive/2022/09/iowa-writers-workshop-2021-2022-honors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222233949/https://writinguniversity.uiowa.edu/news-archive/2022/09/iowa-writers-workshop-2021-2022-honors |archive-date=22 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=The Writing University - The University of Iowa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Stanley don Binciken Duniya, Jami'ar Iowa (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;stanley2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the recipients of the 2022 Stanley Award for International Research |url=https://international.uiowa.edu/news/2022/04/meet-recipients-2022-stanley-award-international-research |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=International Programs - The University of Iowa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Robert Hayden Fellowship (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;hayden2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Writers' Conference Scholarships |url=https://wintergetaway.com/registration/writers-conference-scholarships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218141944/https://wintergetaway.com/registration/writers-conference-scholarships/ |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Winter Poetry &amp; Prose Getaway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wanda ya ci nasara, Kyautar Masana'antar Waƙoƙi ta Yankin, Matsayi na 3 (2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;frontier2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agarau |first=Adedayo |date=18 November 2020 |title=The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau |url=https://www.frontierpoetry.com/2020/11/18/poetry-adedayo-agarau/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Frontier Poetry}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Longlist, Emerging Poet Prize, Palette Poetry (2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;palette2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Winners of the 2020 Emerging Poet Prize! |url=https://www.palettepoetry.com/2020/07/10/winners-and-finalists-of-the-2020-emerging-poet-prize/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Palette Poetry}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wanda ya zo na farko, SEVHAGE / Kyautar Waƙoƙin Angya (2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;sevhage2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=Winners Of Sevhage Literary Prizes |url=https://mammothspectrummedia.wordpress.com/2019/06/23/winners-of-sevhage-literary-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216034121/https://mammothspectrummedia.wordpress.com/2019/06/23/winners-of-sevhage-literary-prizes/ |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Mammoth Spectrum Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An lissafa shi, Kyautar Waƙoƙin Babishai Niwe (2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;babishai2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |title=CONGRATULATIONS: THE #BABISHAI2018 SHORTLIST |url=https://babishainiwe.com/2018/07/19/congratulations-the-babishai2018-shortlist/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216034123/https://babishainiwe.com/2018/07/19/congratulations-the-babishai2018-shortlist/ |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=BABISHAI NIWE POETRY FOUNDATION}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wanda ya lashe, Kyautar Waƙoƙin Eriata Oribhabor (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;eopp2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=MESIOYE, AGARAU, OGWIJI WIN ERIATA ORIBHABOR POETRY PRIZE 2017 |url=https://www.wrr.ng/news/eopp-2017-mesioye-wins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124044215/https://www.wrr.ng/news/eopp-2017-mesioye-wins/ |archive-date=24 January 2026 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Words Rhymes &amp; Rhythm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Cikakken tarin ===

* ''Shekaru na Jinin'' (Fordham University Press, 2025)  {{ISBN|978-1531511616}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Don Yara Wadanda suka tafi (An buga su da kansu, 2016) 
* ''Zuwan Ruwan Sama'' (Vegetarian Alcoholic Press, 2020) 
* ''Asalin Sunan'' (Asusun Littafin Waƙoƙi na Afirka, 2020) 

=== A matsayin edita ===

* ''Memento: Tarihin Waƙoƙin Najeriya na zamani'' (2020) 

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Adabin Najeriya|Littattafan Najeriya]]
* [[African poetry|Waƙoƙin Afirka]]
* Gidauniyar Cave Canem
* Nazarin Marubutan Iowa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [https://adedayoagarau.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma]
* [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau Adedayo Agarau] a Gidauniyar Waƙoƙi
* [https://agbowoart.com/ Mujallar Agbowó]
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  <page>
    <title>Adam Moffat</title>
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'''Adam John William Moffat''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1986) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] kuma ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa yana wasa a lig-lig daban-daban na ƙwararru a Amurka. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gryffe da ke Houston, Scotland kafin ya fara aikinsa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland tare da Ross County da Elgin City, Moffat ya buga wasa a Amurka tun daga 2007, da farko tare da Cleveland City Stars . Daga nan ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin Major League Soccer (MLS) kamar Columbus Crew, [[Katako na Portland|Portland Timbers]], Houston Dynamo da Seattle Sounders FC da FC Dallas kafin ya koma New York Cosmos a shekarar 2015 kuma ya kammala aikinsa da Sacramento Republic . Ya lashe gasar MLS tare da Columbus a shekarar 2008.

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Moffat ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙungiyar [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] ta Scotland kafin ya koma Ross County don neman damar shiga ƙungiyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Jose de Jesus |date=2012-11-07 |title=MLS helps Dynamo's Moffat transform career |url=https://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/MLS-helps-Dynamo-s-Moffat-transform-career-4014279.php |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Houston Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya fara shiga ƙungiyar farko ta Ross County a ƙarƙashin kocin Alex Smith, inda ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ƙarshen watan Mayu na 2005. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kakar wasa ta 2004-05, Ross County ta kori Smith ta kuma ɗauki John Robertson a matsayin kocinta. Sabon manajan bai kimanta Moffat kamar yadda ya gada ba, kuma damar Moffat ta ragu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Waddell |first=Gordon |date=2015-01-18 |title=Adam Moffat on his extraordinary journey from Elgin City to New York Cosmos |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/elgin-city-playing-raul-scots-4999266 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=dailyrecord}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Birnin Elgin ===
Moffat ya koma ƙungiyar Elgin City ta rukuni na uku ta Scotland kafin kakar wasa ta 2006-07 domin neman ƙarin lokacin wasa. A lokacin da yake tare da Elgin City, Moffat ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani shagon Gap don biyan buƙatunsa domin zai sami 'yan fam ɗari kawai a kowane wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wa Elgin City wasa a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2006 a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Dumbarton . Moffat ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Elgin City a ranar 23 ga Satumba a wasan da Berwick Rangers ta doke su da ci 2-1. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan da suka yi da Buckie Thistle a gasar cin kofin Scotland. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, wanda hakan ya bai wa Elgin City nasara a kan East Stirlingshire da ci 2-1. Moffat ya buga wasanni 29 kuma ya zura kwallaye 7 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga a kakar wasa ta bana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elgin City Player Adam Moffat, Games Played |url=http://www.fitbastats.com/elgin/player_games.php?playerid=333 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=fitbastats.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakar wasa ta kasance mai wahala ga ƙungiyar, domin ta kare a matsayi na biyu a teburin gasar, ko kuma na 41 cikin ƙungiyoyi 42 na gasar Scotland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da yake Elgin city, Moffat ya yi tunanin yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa don zuwa jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

Yayin da kakar wasa ta Moffat da Elgin City ke karewa, ya sami kiran waya daga ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kocinsa, Richard Huxford . Abokin Huxford Martin Rennie shi ne babban kocin Cleveland City Stars, sabuwar ƙungiya a USL Second Division, mataki na uku na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Linwood footballer following in the bootsteps of New York legends |url=https://www.the-gazette.co.uk/sport/13969459.linwood-footballer-following-in-the-bootsteps-of-new-york-legends/ |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=The Gazette |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Moffat ya amince ya je buga wasa a Amurka a lokacin bazara, yana shirin komawa Scotland bayan kakar wasa.   Moffat yana samun dala 600 kacal a wata kuma yana zaune tare da wani iyali mai masaukin baki yayin da yake [[Cleveland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Moffat and the Stars sun kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da rashin nasara sau ɗaya kacal a gasar da kuma matsayi na biyu, inda Moffat ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye 8 da kuma taimakawa wajen taimakawa 2. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-20 |title=Crew signs M Adam Moffat to developmental deal |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/crew-signs-m-adam-moffat-to-developmental-deal/n-3542239 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=OurSports Central |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasannin share fage, Cleveland za ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a zagayen farko a hannun Harrisburg City Islanders . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-12-27 |title=United Soccer Leagues (USL) |url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/stats/2007/545090.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227124026/http://www.uslsoccer.com/stats/2007/545090.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2020-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Moffat a cikin Ƙungiyar Farko ta USL Division ta Biyu sakamakon kyakkyawan aikinsa a lokacin kakar wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Columbus Crew ===
Kyawawan ayyukan Moffat ga Cleveland sun jawo hankalin Sigi Schmid, babban kocin kulob din MLS na Columbus Crew a lokacin, wanda ya gayyaci Moffat ya zo ya yi atisaye tare da tawagar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2007, Moffat ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar Crew wasa, inda ya yi nasara da ci 3-2 a kan DC United a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/adam-moffat |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Maris, A wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2008, Moffat ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar MLS don taimakawa Columbus ta doke Toronto FC da ci 2-0. A ranar 3 ga Mayu ya sake zura kwallo, a wannan karon a wasan da suka doke Kansas City Wizards da ci 2-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, Moffat ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta hagu yayin atisaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-06-17 |title=Pierre-Louis Signs with Columbus Crew |url=http://www.ssacsports.com/article/1089 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Southern States Athletic Conference |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Raunin zai hana shi yin wasa har tsawon kakar wasa ta bana. Duk da cewa ba tare da Moffat ba, ƙungiyar za ta lashe gasar Supporters' Shield da kuma gasar cin kofin MLS . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Adam_Moffat_Crew.jpg|thumb| Moffat yana bugawa Columbus wasa a shekarar 2008]]
Moffat ya fara buga kakar wasa ta 2009 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Colorado Rapids . Ya samu rauni a cinyarsa a farkon watan Mayu wanda ya tilasta masa yin watanni 2. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat |url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/players/adam-moffat |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Houston Dynamo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya dawo daga raunin a ranar 25 ga Yuli, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Toronto FC da ci 3-2. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, Moffat ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke San Jose Earthquakes da ci 3-0. Moffat ya buga wasanni 12 a gasar yayin da ya taimaka wa Columbus lashe gasar Fansers' Shield a karo na biyu a jere. Bai fito a gasar share fage ba, inda aka fitar da Crew a zagaye na farko ta hannun Real Salt Lake . Moffat ya buga dukkan wasanni a matakin rukuni a gasar zakarun CONCACAF ta 2009-10, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Ƙungiyar ta fara kakar wasa ta 2010 a ranar 9 ga Maris da kunnen doki 2-2 da Deportivo Toluca a zagaye na 1 na wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CONCACAF ta 2009-10, inda Moffat ya fara wasan. Zai fara zagaye na biyu shi ma, amma Columbus zai sha kashi da ci 3-2. Wasansu na farko a gasar MLS ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Maris, inda Moffat ya buga cikakken 90 na nasarar da suka samu a kan Toronto da ci 2-0. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasansu na gaba wanda ya taimaka wa Columbus samun kunnen doki 2-2 da FC Dallas . Ya sake zura kwallo a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta samu nasara a kan Chicago Fire da ci 2-1. Moffat ya buga wasanni 24 a gasar don taimakawa Crew ta kare a matsayi na biyu a gasar Eastern Conference da kuma cancantar shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar. Columbus ta sha kashi a hannun Colorado Rapids a zagaye na farko na gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar, inda Moffat bai buga wasa a kowanne zagaye ba. Ya bayyana sau 4 a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun CONCACAF ta 2010–11, inda ya taimaka wa Columbus ta kare a matsayi na biyu da kuma ficewa daga matakin rukuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Katako na Portland ===
A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2010, ƙungiyar [[Katako na Portland|Portland Timbers]] ta zaɓi Moffat a cikin daftarin faɗaɗa MLS na 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-12-23 |title=Timbers Select 10 Players in 2010 Expansion Draft {{!}} Portland Timbers |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2010/11/timbers-select-10-players-2010-expansion-draft |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223210232/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2010/11/timbers-select-10-players-2010-expansion-draft |archive-date=2010-12-23 |access-date=2020-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Maris 2011, Moffat ya fara buga wa Timbers wasa a wasan farko da suka sha kashi da ci 3-1 a hannun Colorado Rapids a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2011. Moffat ya sha wahala wajen samun lokacin wasa a Portland, inda ya buga wasanni 4 kacal cikin 18 na gasar MLS a lokacin da yake tare da Timbers. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2011 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2011/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Houston Dynamo ===
A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2011, an sayar da Moffat ga Houston Dynamo tare da kuɗin da aka ware domin musayar Lovel Palmer, Mike Chabala, da kuma wani matsayi na duniya a cikin jerin 'yan wasa .  Ya fara buga wa Dynamo wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, bayan ya sauka daga benci a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-0 a hannun Chivas USA . Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 30 ga Yuli, inda ya taimaka wa Houston ta doke Seattle Sounders FC da ci 3-0. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, Moffat ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Dynamo don taimakawa Houston ta doke Portland da ci 2-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2011 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2011/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa kwallon, wadda aka ci daga yadi 40 zuwa kusurwar sama ta dama, suna a matsayin Kwallon da ta fi kowacce kyau a MLS.  Bayan rashin buga wasa saboda samun katin gargadi guda biyu a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, Moffat ya fara dukkan sauran wasannin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a Dynamo. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, Moffat ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya kara kwallo da ta taimaka wa Dynamo ta yi nasara a kan LA Galaxy da ci 3-1 a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Kwallon da aka sanya wa suna Manufar MLS ta Mako, ta sa Moffat ya katse wata kwallo a tsakiyar fili, ya yi ƙwallo na tsawon yadi kaɗan, sannan ya buga ƙwallon a kusurwar sama ta dama daga sama da yadi 40. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prince-Wright |first=Joe |date=28 October 2011 |title=Moffat's wonder strike wins AT&amp;T Goal of the Week |url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2011/10/28/moffats-wonder-strike-wins-att-goal-week |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=Houston Dynamo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moffat ya taimaka wa Dynamo ta kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da ƙarfi kuma ta sami matsayi na biyu a gasar Gabas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2011 Major League Soccer Stats |url=https://fbref.com/en/comps/22/509/2011-Major-League-Soccer-Stats |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasannin share fage, Moffat ya buga wasa a kowane minti yayin da ya taimaka wa Dynamo ta kai ga gasar cin kofin MLS ta 2011, inda Dynamo ta sha kashi 1-0 a hannun LA Galaxy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Dynamo da Moffat sun fara kakar wasa ta 2012 a ranar 11 ga Maris da nasara 1-0 a kan Chivas USA, inda Moffat ya sami taimako daga kwallon da André Hainault ya ci a minti na 92. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2012 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2012/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Maris, gasar ta dakatar da Moffat na wasa ɗaya saboda ketar da ya yi wa ɗan wasan Seattle Sounders FC Osvaldo Alonso ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Jose De Jesus |date=2012-03-30 |title=Dynamo midfield gets thinner as MLS suspends Moffat one game |url=https://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-midfield-gets-thinner-as-MLS-suspends-3447446.php |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Houston Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya dawo daga dakatarwar da aka yi masa kuma ya taimaka wajen taimakawa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Columbus Crew . A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni ya zira kwallon da ta ba shi nasara a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsu na Texas Derby FC Dallas da ci 2-1. Moffat ba zai buga wasanni uku a watan Yuli ba saboda raunin da ya samu a kugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Jesus Ortiz |first=Jose |date=24 July 2012 |title=Dynamo's Creavalle fulfilling father's dream |url=https://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-s-Creavalle-fulfilling-father-s-dream-3732053.php |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=Houston Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Moffat ya zura kwallo a minti na 82, wanda hakan ya bai wa Dynamo damar yin kunnen doki 2-2 da Columbus. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Zai rasa wasanni uku a watan Satumba saboda raunin da ya samu a kugunsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Jose de Jesus |date=2012-09-13 |title=Dynamo face health issues as season winds down |url=https://www.chron.com/sports/dynamo/article/Dynamo-face-health-issues-as-season-winds-down-3860906.php |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Houston Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dynamo ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayin ta biyar a Gabas, inda ta cancanci shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar. Bayan sun doke Chicago Fire a zagaye na farko, Moffat da Dynamo sun fafata da Sporting Kansas City a wasan kusa da na karshe na taron. A zagaye na farko, Moffat ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru 25 a gefen hagu, wanda ya taimaka wa Houston ta yi nasara da ci 2-0. Za su sha kashi a zagaye na biyu, amma za su ci gaba da samun jimillar maki idan aka ci 2-1. Bayan da ta doke DC United a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, Dynamo ta sake fafatawa da Galaxy a wasan karshe. Dynamo ba ta kai zagaye na biyu a jere ba, inda ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; A lokacin matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun CONCACAF ta 2012–13, Moffat ya fara wasanni 3 kuma ya zura kwallaye daya don taimakawa Dynamo ta kare a saman rukuninsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Bayan kakar wasa ta 2012, Moffat ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Dynamo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2012 |title=Dynamo announce contract extensions for midfielders Brad Davis and Adam Moffat and goalkeepers Tally Hall and Tyler Deric |url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2012/12/12/dynamo-announce-contract-extensions-midfielders-brad-davis-and-adam-moffat-and |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=Houston Dynamo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moffat da Dynamo sun fara kakar wasa ta 2013 a ranar 2 ga Maris da nasara 2-0 a kan DC United. Moffat ya fara wasanni biyu na zagayen kwata fainal na gasar CONCACAF Champions League ta 2012–13, amma Houston ta sha kashi a hannun Santos Laguna da ci 3-1 a jimilla. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A ranar 13 ga Yuli, Moffat ya zura kwallaye biyu, wanda hakan ya bai wa Houston nasara a kan New England Revolution da ci 2-1. A ranar 1 ga Satumba ya zura kwallo a minti na 90, wanda hakan ya bai wa Dynamo damar yin kunnen doki 1-1 da Chicago. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2013 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2013/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Seattle Sounders FC ===
A ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013, an sayar da Moffat ga Seattle Sounders FC don Servando Carrasco da kuma zaɓen zagaye na biyu a gasar MLS SuperDraft ta 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayers |first=&quot;Joshua |date=13 September 2013 |title=Sounders trade Servando Carrasco, draft pick to Houston for midfielder Adam Moffat |url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/soundersfc/2013/09/13/sounders-trade-servando-carrasco-draft-pick-to-houston-for-midfielder-adam-moffat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209183716/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/soundersfc/2013/09/13/sounders-trade-servando-carrasco-draft-pick-to-houston-for-midfielder-adam-moffat/ |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=13 September 2013 |website=The Seattle Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa Seattle wasa a ranar 21 ga Satumba, inda ya buga wasa a madadinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da LA Galaxy . Da zarar an shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar, Moffat ya fara wasan zagaye na farko da Colorado Rapids, inda ya taimaka wa Sounders ta yi nasara da ci 2-0. Moffat zai fara zagaye biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na taron da Portland Timbers, abokin hamayyarsa a gasar Cascadia Cup, amma Seattle za ta rasa dukkan wasannin biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== FC Dallas ===
A ranar 13 ga Disamba 2013, FC Dallas ta sayi Moffat daga Seattle a madadin Kenny Cooper da kuma kuɗin da aka ware mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FC Dallas get Adam Moffat from Seattle Sounders for rights to Kenny Cooper |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2013/12/13/fc-dallas-get-adam-moffat-seattle-sounders-rights-kenny-cooper-allocation-mo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217174840/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2013/12/13/fc-dallas-get-adam-moffat-seattle-sounders-rights-kenny-cooper-allocation-mo |archive-date=17 February 2014 |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wa Dallas wasa a ranar 15 ga Maris, inda ya fara wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Sporting Kansas City . Ya buga wasanni 20 a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, inda ya shigo da fita daga jerin 'yan wasa saboda ƙananan raunuka da ya samu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2014 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2014/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Epperley |first=Drew |date=2015-01-02 |title=Moffat signs with the New York Cosmos |url=https://www.bigdsoccer.com/2015/1/2/7483029/adam-moffat-signs-new-york-cosmos |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Big D Soccer |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208115654/https://www.bigdsoccer.com/2015/1/2/7483029/adam-moffat-signs-new-york-cosmos |archive-date=2021-12-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai rasa dukkan wasannin share fage uku na Dallas saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrew Clark |date=29 November 2014 |title=Scots abroad: MLS star Adam Moffat |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/spfl/412969/scots-abroad-mls-star-adam-moffat/ |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Press and Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014, Dallas ya ƙi amincewa da tayin kwangilarsa ta 2015 kan Moffat kuma ya shiga cikin daftarin sake shiga gasar MLS ta 2014 . Babu wata ƙungiyar MLS da ta zaɓe shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Epperley |first=Drew |date=2014-12-11 |title=62 players enter Re-Entry Draft |url=https://www.bigdsoccer.com/2014/12/11/7378933/62-players-available-in-2014-mls-re-entry-draft |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Big D Soccer |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130033332/https://www.bigdsoccer.com/2014/12/11/7378933/62-players-available-in-2014-mls-re-entry-draft |archive-date=2021-11-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cosmos na New York ===
A ranar 2 ga Janairu 2015, Moffat ya sanya hannu da New York Cosmos na North American Soccer League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cosmos Sign Midfielder Adam Moffat |url=http://www.nycosmos.com/article/uuid/1s35km01yqe091qw5urzazrvb5/cosmos-sign-midfielder-adam-moffat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103024058/http://www.nycosmos.com/article/uuid/1s35km01yqe091qw5urzazrvb5/cosmos-sign-midfielder-adam-moffat |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wa Cosmos wasa a ranar 4 ga Afrilun 2015 a wasan da suka yi da Fort Lauderdale Strikers a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83. Moffat ya buga wasanni 8 cikin 10 a kakar bazara don taimakawa Cosmos ta kai matsayi na farko. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a New York a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2015, inda ya taimaka wa Cosmos su yi kunnen doki 3-3 da Fort Lauderdale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Center {{!}} NASL |url=http://www.nasl.com/match-center/971/ftl-vs-nyc |access-date=2020-04-22 |publisher=North American Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai sake zura kwallo a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta a wasan da suka doke Carolina Railhawks da ci 3-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Center {{!}} NASL |url=http://www.nasl.com/match-center/983/car-vs-nyc |access-date=2020-04-22 |publisher=North American Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moffat bai buga wasannin share fage na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ba da kuma dukkan wasannin share fage saboda rauni. Cosmos za su ci gaba da lashe gasar idan Moffat bai samu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Moffat da Cosmos sun fara kakar bazara ta 2016 a ranar 3 ga Afrilu da nasara 3-0 a kan Ottawa Fury, inda Moffat ya zira kwallo ta uku a wasan lokacin da ya yi wa mai tsaron gidan Fury keta, wanda ya fito daga layinsa, daga gaban layin tsakiyar fili. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title='Motivated' Adam Moffat Returns to Action |url=https://www.nycosmos.com/news/2016/04/09/motivated-adam-moffat-returns-to-action |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=New York Cosmos}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake zura kwallo a wasansu na gaba wanda ya bai wa New York nasara da ci 2-0 a kan Jacksonville Armada . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Center {{!}} NASL |url=http://www.nasl.com/match-center/1117/nyc-vs-jax |access-date=2020-04-22 |publisher=North American Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moffat ba zai buga wasanni 7 na ƙarshe na bazara ba saboda rauni. Ya dawo a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni, inda ya dawo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke New York City FC da ci 1-0 a gasar US Open Cup . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2016 |title=US Open Cup: 10 of 12 MLS clubs advance to Round of 16 on Wednesday |url=https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-06-15-new-york-city-fc-vs-new-york-cosmos/recap |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=Major League Soccer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145102/https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2016-06-15-new-york-city-fc-vs-new-york-cosmos/recap |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moffat da Cosmos sun fara kakar kaka a ranar 2 ga Yuli da nasara 2-1 a kan Ottawa, inda Moffat ya zura kwallo a bugun fenariti a minti na 9 don fara zura kwallo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Center {{!}} NASL |url=http://www.nasl.com/match-center/1166/nyc-vs-ott |access-date=2020-04-22 |publisher=North American Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake zura kwallo a ranar 13 ga Yuli a wasan da suka doke Jacksonville da ci 3-0, inda ya jefa kwallo daga wajen akwatin zuwa kusurwar hagu ta sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-14 |title=Maurer Nearly Scores, Settles for Shutout as Cosmos Keep Jacksonville Winless on Road |url=https://www.nysportsday.com/2016/07/14/maurer-nearly-scores-settles-for-shutout-as-cosmos-keep-jacksonville-winless-on-road/ |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=NY Sports Day |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya zura kwallo sau ɗaya a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta don taimakawa Cosmos su yi kunnen doki 1 da Rayo OKC, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasansu na gaba inda New York ta doke Tampa Bay Rowdies da ci 3-2. Zai sake zura kwallo a ranar 28 ga Satumba domin taimakawa Cosmos ta doke Railhawks da ci 2-0. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Moffat ya taimaka wa Cosmos kammala kakar kaka a saman tebur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 NASL Stats |url=https://fbref.com/en/comps/76/1504/2016-NASL-Stats |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun doke Rayo OKC a zagaye na farko na gasar share fagen shiga gasar kafin su doke Indy Eleven a bugun fenariti a wasan karshe, inda Moffat ke buga wasa a kowane minti na gasar share fagen shiga gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Jamhuriyar Sacramento ===
Moffat ya koma ƙungiyar Sacramento Republic ta United Soccer League a ranar 2 ga Janairun 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bill Paterson |date=2 January 2017 |title=Republic FC signs veteran midfielder Adam Moffat |url=http://www.sacbee.com/sports/mls/article124219959.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104001341/http://www.sacbee.com/sports/mls/article124219959.html |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=9 December 2017 |publisher=The Sacramento Bee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a Sacramento a ranar 26 ga Maris, inda ya fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Seattle Sounders FC 2 da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2017 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2017/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai buga wasanni bakwai kacal a kakar wasa ta farko a Sacramento saboda raunin da ya samu a kugu wanda ya buƙaci tiyata a watan Yuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat |url=https://www.sacrepublicfc.com/adam-moffat |access-date=2020-04-22 |publisher=Sacramento Republic FC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715200502/https://www.sacrepublicfc.com/adam-moffat |archive-date=2019-07-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=William |last2=MD |date=2017-07-27 |title=Dr. William Brown Performs Successful Sports Hernia Surgery on Sacramento Republic FC Midfielder, Adam Moffat – Sports Hernia Specialist |url=https://www.sportshernia.com/dr-william-brown-performs-successful-sports-hernia-surgery-sacramento-republic-fc-midfielder-adam-moffat/ |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=SPORTSHERNIA.COM |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024181122/https://www.sportshernia.com/dr-william-brown-performs-successful-sports-hernia-surgery-sacramento-republic-fc-midfielder-adam-moffat/ |archive-date=2020-10-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sacramento ta fara kakar wasa ta 2018 a ranar 17 ga Maris da nasara 2-1 a kan San Antonio FC, inda Moffat ya fito daga benci a lokacin wasan. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, Moffat ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Sacramento a wasan da suka doke Sounders 2 da ci 1-0. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat 2018 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/matchlogs/2018/Adam-Moffat-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai sake zura kwallo a ranar 16 ga Mayu domin taimakawa Sacramento ta doke San Francisco City FC da ci 3-1 a wasan US Open Cup. Zai buga wasanni uku daga cikin huɗu na gasar cin kofin Open Cup da Republic ta buga a wannan shekarar, inda ya taimaka musu su kai zagaye na 16, inda suka sha kashi 3-2 a hannun LAFC . &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scotland – A. Moffat – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/adam-moffat/28078/matches/ |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=us.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Satumba, Moffat ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya tilasta masa yin rashin sauran kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2018 {{!}} Sacramento Republic FC vs Seattle Sounders FC 2 {{!}} uslchampionship.com |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/sacramentorepublicfc-seattlesoundersfc2-971679 |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=uslchampionship.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Moffat ya sanar da shawararsa ta yin ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=USLChampionship com Staff |date=2018-11-30 |title=Republic FC's Moffat Announces Retirement |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/972830-republic-fc-s-moffat-announces-retirement |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=USL Championship |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===

: Tushe: &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat Stats |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/5cfa5a39/Adam-Moffat |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat » Club matches |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe6300/adam-moffat/club-matches/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/adam-moffat/28078/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=us.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffat {{!}} SoccerStats.us |url=http://soccerstats.us/bios/adam-moffat/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=soccerstats.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adam Moffatt {{!}} Football Stats {{!}} No Club {{!}} Season 2004/2005 {{!}} 2005-2007 {{!}} Soccer Base |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=41218&amp;season_id=134 |access-date=2020-04-20 |publisher=Soccerbase}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ayyukan kulob din
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Kasa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Kungiyar
!Lokacin
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Scotland
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Scotland
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[UEFA|Turai]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gundumar Ross
|2004–05
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sashe na farko na Scotland
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
|2005–06
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!2
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!2
!0
|-
|Birnin Elgin
|2006–07
|Sashe na Uku na Scotland
|27
|6
|2
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Amurka
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin bude Amurka
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Wasanni
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |CONCACAF
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
|Taurari na Birnin Cleveland
|2007
|USL2
|19
|8
|2
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Jirgin Columbus
|2007
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |MLS
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
|-
|2008
|7
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8
|2
|-
|2009
|12
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
|18
|1
|-
|2010
|24
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|6
|0
|31
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!44
!5
!2
!0
!0
!0
!12
!0
!58
!5
|-
|[[Katako na Portland]]
|2011
|MLS
|4
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Houston Dynamo
|2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |MLS
|13
|2
|0
|0
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|17
|2
|-
|2012
|23
|2
|1
|0
|6
|1
|3
|1
|33
|4
|-
|2013
|26
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|4
|0
|31
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!62
!7
!2
!0
!10
!1
!7
!1
!81
!9
|-
|Seattle Sounders FC
|2013
|MLS
|6
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
|9
|0
|-
|FC Dallas
|2014
|MLS
|20
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|23
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |New York Cosmos
|2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NASL
|19
|2
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|2
|-
|2016
|22
|8
|2
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!41
!10
!4
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!47
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jamhuriyar Sacramento
|2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |USL
|6
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|0
|-
|2018
|25
|1
|3
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!31
!1
!4
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!35
!2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!256
!37
!20
!3
!16
!1
!19
!1
!311
!42
|}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Adam yana auren Jennifer Lenhart, 'yar'uwar tsohon ɗan wasan MLS Steven Lenhart, wanda abokin wasan Moffat ne a ƙungiyar Columbus Crew . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merz |first=Craig |title=Crew Cornered: Q&amp;A with Adam Moffat |url=http://www.thecrew.com/news/2010/04/crew-cornered-qa-adam-moffat |access-date=6 November 2012 |publisher=Columbus Crew}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana zaune tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa uku a Folsom, California, kusa da Sacramento . &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Republic FC |date=2018-11-30 |title=Republic FC Midfielder Adam Moffat Announces Retirement |url=https://www.sacrepublicfc.com/news_article/show/972809-republic-fc-midfielder-adam-moffat-announces-retirement- |access-date=2020-04-22 |website=Sacramento Republic FC – USL |language=en-us}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan Kunnawa ==
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga wasan ƙwararru, Adam ya zauna a yankin Sacramento kuma yana gudanar da Moffat Soccer Academy wanda ke mai da hankali kan horar da ƙwallon ƙafa na sirri da na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Private Soccer Training {{!}} Moffat Soccer Academy {{!}} Folsom |url=https://www.moffatsoccer.com/ |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=moffatsoccer.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519015330/https://www.moffatsoccer.com/ |archive-date=19 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>h4bxfk10jrsp3c9s4dkggua6j56mtxf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akshai Runchal</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:45:40Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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'''Akshai Runchal''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1943) farfesa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Indiya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma majagaba a fannin Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) da kuma Finite Volume Method (FVM). Ya kammala karatunsa na digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) a shekarar 1969 a Kwalejin Imperial da ke Landan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa DB Spalding . Ya kasance babban memba na ƙungiyar mutane 3 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa DB Spalding waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro Hanyar Ƙaramin Juzu'i (FVM) ta Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) a tsakiyar shekarun 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers (ASTFE) |url=https://www.astfe.org/courses/mcfd2025/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.astfe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHT-21 {{!}} ICHMT |url=https://www.ichmt.org/cht-21 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.ichmt.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karrama shi saboda gudummawar da ya bayar tare da tallafin karatu na ASTFE a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers (ASTFE) |url=https://www.astfe.org/fellowship/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.astfe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Ya sami digirin farko a fannin injiniyanci tare da girmamawa daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta Punjab (PEC, Chandigarh) a shekarar 1964 kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1969 daga Kwalejin Imperial (London).

== Sana'a ==
Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin malami a IIT Kanpur a shekarar 1969 kuma ya koyar a matsayin malami na yau da kullun ko na gaba a Kwalejin Imperial ( [[Landan|London]] ), Jami'ar California ( [[Los Angeles]] ), Caltech ( Pasadena ), da Jami'ar Jihar California ( Northridge ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US honour for retd IIT professor residing in Mcleodganj |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/us-honour-for-retd-iit-professor-609953/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHT-21 {{!}} ICHMT |url=https://www.ichmt.org/cht-21 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.ichmt.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi memba ne na ASME &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers (ASTFE) |url=https://www.astfe.org/fellowship/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.astfe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Gidauniyar IIT Kanpur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Foundation Board Directors |url=https://iitk.ac.in/new/hindi/index.php/the-foundation-board-directors |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=iitk.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na yau da kullun na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta IIT Gandhinagar tun daga 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IIT Gandhinagar {{!}} Administration Leadership Conclave |url=https://iitgn.ac.in/alc/fifth |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=iitgn.ac.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance yana taimakawa cibiyoyin ilimi da dama a cikin shirye-shiryensu na bincike da haɓaka alaƙa da masana'antu. Shi ne marubucin ko kuma wanda ya rubuta littattafai 12 da kuma wallafe-wallafen fasaha sama da 200. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DS, Directory of Specialists - Akshai K. Runchal |url=https://wdst.begellhouse.com/search/details/5872457821428430.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=wdst.begellhouse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1979, Runchal ya kafa ƙungiyar kamfanoni ta ACRi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACRi -- Analytic &amp; Computational Research, Inc. -- Developers of CFDStudio, ANSWER, PORFLOW ... |url=https://www.acricfd.com/default.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.acricfd.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223181830/https://www.acricfd.com/default.htm |archive-date=2024-12-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda ke da ofisoshi a [[Los Angeles]], [[Nice]] da McLeod ganj . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACRi Corporate Info {{!}} Contact -- ACRiCFD.COM |url=https://www.acricfd.com/contact/default.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.acricfd.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekarun 1970, ya samar da ayyukan fasaha da CFD Simulation ga abokan ciniki sama da 200 waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan kamfanoni, ƙungiyoyin bincike da ci gaba, birane da gwamnatoci a ƙasashe sama da 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers (ASTFE) |url=https://www.astfe.org/courses/covid-19/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.astfe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne babban marubucin kayan aikin software na ANSWER, PORFLOW, TIDAL, da RADM CFD waɗanda ke magance matsaloli iri-iri a fannin yanayin ruwa, zafi da sufuri mai yawa, da [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatar muhalli]] kuma ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci/masana'antu da bincike a faɗin duniya suna amfani da su sosai. A shekarar 2011, Dr. Runchal ya kafa wata Cibiyar Gaskiya ta Zamani ta CFD mai zaman kanta don ci gaba da inganta ilimi, horo da bincike da ci gaba na CFD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFD Virtual Reality Institute |url=https://www.cfdvrinstitute.org/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.cfdvrinstitute.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ne kwamitin Gwamnonin Kangra Arts Promotion Society, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki don haɓaka fasaha a babban yankin Kangra wanda ya ƙunshi gundumar Kangra ta yanzu da yankunan da ke kewaye waɗanda a da Daular Kangra ke mulkinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-08-27 |title=Board of governors |url=https://kangraarts.org/about-us/our-team/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Kangra Arts Promotion Society |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdulrahman Al-Yami</title>
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Abdulrahman Hashim Al-Yami (Arabic: عَبْد الرَّحْمٰن هَاشِم الْيَامِي; born 19 June 1997) is a Saudi Arabian professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a striker for Saudi club [[Radwa Club|Radwa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulrahman Al Yami |url=http://www.kooora.com/?player=94726 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174436/http://www.kooora.com/?player=94726 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Al-Al-Yami ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar matasa ta [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]]. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko da ƙungiyar a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017.[1]

A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018, an ba da Al-Yami a matsayin aro ga ƙungiyar [[Al-Fayha FC|Al-Fayha]] ta Saudi Pro League domin kakar 2018–19.[2] A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, an kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar aron Al-Yami kafin wa'adinta, sannan ya koma Al-Hilal.[3]

Ya buga wasanni takwas a ƙarƙashin Al-Fayha, inda ya zura ƙwallo guda ɗaya a wasan da suka doke [[Ohod Club|Ohod]] da ci 3–0.

Bayan dawowarsa zuwa Al-Hilal, an haɗa Al-Yami a cikin tawagar AFC Champions League ta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=زوران يعتمد قائمة الهلال الآسيوية |url=https://www.dawriplus.com/news/34952-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara fitowa tun lokacin da ya dawo ta hanyar fitowa daga benci a kan Al Ain a cikin nasara 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=زوران يقود الهلال لأول فوز &quot;آسيوي&quot; على ملعب العين |url=https://www.emaratalyoum.com/sports/local/2019-03-06-1.1189164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake buga wasanni biyu a benci kuma ya fara wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin Kofin Sarki na 2019 da Al-Taawoun .

A ranar 19 ga watan Yulin 2019, Al-Yami ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Al-Hazem . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=رسميًا - الحزم يتعاقد مع عبد الرحمن اليامي لاعب الهلال |url=https://www.goal.com/ar/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A/onbevewli58m11ogaajtrmf0m}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa Al-Hazem wasa ta hanyar fitowa daga benci a minti na 89 a wasan 1-1 da Al-Taawoun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=النيران الصديقة تجبر التعاون على التعادل أمام الحزم |url=https://arabia.eurosport.com/article/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%85}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2019, Al-Yami ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Al-Hazem a cikin asarar 2-1 a kan tsohon kulob din Al-Fayha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;جزائية قاتلة&quot; تحلق بالفيحاء أمام الحزم |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/658513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2022, Al-Yami ya shiga Damac kan kwangilar watanni 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ضمك يعلن التعاقد مع عبدالرحمن اليامي |url=https://www.alriyadh.com/1928674}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Satumba 2022, Al-Yami ya shiga kungiyar Al-Riyadh ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=يا هلا فيك عبد الرحمن اليامي في نادي الرياض |url=https://twitter.com/AlRiyadhFC/status/1567943795156582400}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2024, Al-Yami ya shiga Ohod.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=عبدالرحمن اليامي أحدي |url=https://twitter.com/OHOD1936/status/1752439096272732515}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2025, Al-Yami ya shiga Arar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=أنهت إدارة النادي إجراءات التوقيع مع اللاعب الدولي السابق عبدالرحمن اليامي |url=https://x.com/ArarclubFC/status/1971634660825616676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]]
|2017–18
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[2017 Arab Club Championship|Arab Club Championship]]}}
|1
|2
|1
|-
|2018–19
|0
|0
|2
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
|4
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!0
!0
!2
!0
!2
!0
!2
!1
!6
!1
|-
|Al-Fayha (an ba da rancen) 
|2018–19
|8
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; | -
|8
|1
|-
|Al-Hazem
|2019–20
|9
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; | -
|9
|3
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Al-Ittihad
|2020–21
|4
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; | -
|1[a]
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2021–22
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; | -
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
!Jimillar
!6
!0
!1
!0
!0
!0
!1
!0
!8
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Adadin aikinsa
!23
!4
!3
!0
!2
!0
!3
!1
!31
!5
|}

==Bayanan Kula==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
== Haɗin waje ==
* {{Soccerway|abdulrahman-al-yami/465482}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asalin da gine-ginen Taj Mahal</title>
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      <comment>/* Agra na ƙarni na 16-17 */</comment>
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The [[Taj Mahal]] represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its origin lies in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule of large parts of India. The distraught [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives [[Mumtaz Mahal]].

Kyakkyawan aikin babban masanin gine-ginen Mughal [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori|Ahmad ma'mar]], yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gine-gine a duniya a yau. Duk da yake babban mausoleum na marmara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren abin tunawa, Taj Mahal babban tsari ne na gine-gine da lambuna wanda ya kai sama da hekta 22.44 (55.5 acres) &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1983 |title=ICOMOS advisory body evaluation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/252.pdf |access-date=2007-03-21 |publisher=[[ICOMOS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haɗa da kaburbura, kayan aikin ruwa, ƙaramin garin Taj Ganji a kudu da 'aljanna mai haske' a arewacin kogi. Ginin Taj M[[Hijira kalanda|AH]] ya fara ne a cikin 1632 AD, (1041 AH), a gefen kudu na Kogin Yamuna a [[Agra]], kuma an kammala shi sosai a cikin 1648 AD (1058 AH). An tsara zane a matsayin gidan Mumtaz Mahal a cikin aljanna.

== Mumtaz da Shah Jahan ==
A cikin shekara ta 1607 (AH 1025) Yarima Mughal Khurrum (daga baya ya zama [[Shah Jahan]]) ya yi riƙo ga [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum]], jikokin wani mai daraja na Farisa. Za ta zama ƙaunarta marar tambaya game da rayuwarsa. Sun yi aure bayan shekaru biyar a shekara ta 1612. Bayan bikin aurensu, Khurram &quot;samun ta a bayyanar da halayyar da aka zaba daga cikin dukkan mata na lokacin,&quot; ya ba ta taken [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (Jewel of the Palace). 

Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga Khurrum ya ɗauki wasu mata biyu da aka sani da Akbarabadi Mahal da Kandahari Mahal, amma a cewar marubucin tarihin kotu Qazwini, dangantakar da sauran matansa &quot;ba ta da yawa fiye da matsayin aure. Dangantaka, zurfin ƙauna, kulawa da ni'ima wanda Mai Girma yake da shi ga Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] ya rasa sau dubu fiye da yadda yake ji ga wani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;islamic arch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). &quot;The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800&quot;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press |url=http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024711/http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Story_of_Mejnun_-_in_wilderness.jpg|left|thumb|Misali na ƙaunar Musulmi mai tsarki - [[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], hauka a cikin jeji]]
Mumtaz ya mutu a Burhanpur a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 1631, bayan rikice-rikice tare da haihuwar ɗansu na goma sha huɗu, 'yar mai suna Gauhara Begum .  Ta kasance tare da mijinta yayin da yake yaƙi da kamfen a Deccan Plateau . &lt;ref name=&quot;daljeet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dr. Daljeet |title=Mumtaz Mahal |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/MB77 |access-date=2009-08-07 |publisher=Exotic Indian Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; An binne jikinta na ɗan lokaci a cikin lambun da ake kira Zainabad a bakin Kogin Tapti a Burhanpur . &lt;ref name=&quot;A210&quot; /&gt; Marubutan tarihin kotu na zamani sun ba da hankali sosai ga wannan taron da kuma baƙin ciki na Shah Jahan game da mutuwarta. Nan da nan bayan ya ji labarin, an ruwaito cewa sarki ba shi da ta'aziyya. Ba a gan shi ba har mako guda a kotu kuma an yi la'akari da barin mulki da kuma rayuwa a matsayin mai zaman kansa na addini. Masanin tarihin kotu Muhammad Amin Qazwini, ya rubuta cewa kafin mutuwar matarsa gemu na sarki ba shi da &quot;fiye da gashi goma ko goma sha biyu, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don cirewa', ya zama launin toka kuma a ƙarshe fari&quot;  kuma nan da nan yana buƙatar tabarau saboda idanunsa sun lalace daga kuka koyaushe. Tun da Mumtaz ya mutu a ranar Laraba, an dakatar da duk nishaɗi a wannan rana. Jahan ya daina sauraron kiɗa, yana sanye da kayan ado, tufafi masu kyau ko turare na tsawon shekaru biyu. Iyalan sarki sun damu sosai har wani kawun mai daraja ya rubuta ya ce &quot;idan ya ci gaba da barin kansa ga makoki, Mumtaz na iya tunanin barin farin ciki na Aljanna don dawowa duniya, wannan wurin wahala - kuma ya kamata ya yi la'akari da yaran da ta bar masa&quot;.&amp;nbsp;Masanin Austrian Ebba Koch ya kwatanta Shah Jahan da &quot;[[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], babban mai son ilimin Musulmi, wanda ya gudu zuwa cikin hamada don yin amfani da Layla da ba a iya isa ba. &quot;

'Yar Jahan ta fari, mai himma [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara Begum Sahib]], a hankali ta fitar da shi daga baƙin ciki kuma ta cika ayyukan Mumtaz a kotu. Nan da nan bayan binnewar a Burhanpur, Jahan da kotun sarki sun mayar da hankalinsu ga tsarawa da ƙirar mausoleum da lambun jana'iza a Agra.{{Clear}}

== Shafin yanar gizo ==

=== Agra na ƙarni na 16-17 ===
An ƙirƙiro lambun Mughal na farko a cikin 1526 a Agra ta Babur, wanda ya kafa daular. Bayan haka, lambuna sun zama muhimman alamomin Mughal na iko, suna maye gurbin jaddada alamomin ikon kafin Mughal kamar su sansani. Wannan canjin ya wakilci gabatar da sabon tsari mai kyau - zane-zane tare da bangarorin addini da jana'iza kuma a matsayin kwatanci ga ikon Babur na sarrafa filayen Indiya da kuma sabili da haka ƙasar gaba ɗaya. &amp;nbsp;Babur ya ki amincewa da yawancin gine-ginen 'yan asalin ƙasar da Lodhi a gefen bankin kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kirkiro sabbin ayyukan da lambunan Farisa da sansanonin sarauta suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Na farko daga cikin wadannan lambuna, Aram Bagh, ya biyo bayan wani babban, na yau da kullun da kuma hadin gwiwar lambuna da manyan gidaje da suka kai fiye da kilomita daya tare da kogi. Wani dutse mai tsawo mai ci gaba ya iyakance canji tsakanin lambuna da kogi kuma ya kafa tsarin ci gaba na gaba a cikin birni.

A cikin karni mai zuwa, wani birni mai tasowa a bakin kogi ya bunkasa a bangarorin biyu na Yamuna. Wannan ya haɗa da sake [[Ginin Agra]] Fort ta Akbar, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin da Jahan ya hau gadon sarauta, yawan mutanen Agra ya karu zuwa kusan 700,000 kuma, kamar yadda Abdul Aziz ya rubuta, &quot;wani abin mamaki ne na zamani - kamar yadda cibiyar jijiyoyin kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ruwa a matsayin wurin taro na tsarkaka, masu hikima da malamai daga duk Asiya.....ainihin wurin zama don aikin fasaha, baiwar wallafe-wallafen da darajar ruhaniya&quot;.  &amp;nbsp;

[[Agra]] ya zama birni da ke tsakiyar bakin tekun kuma ya bunkasa wani bangare zuwa gabas amma galibi zuwa yamma daga dukiyar da ke gefen bankunan. Babban shafuka sun kasance waɗanda ke da damar zuwa kogi kuma an gina Taj Mahal a cikin wannan mahallin, amma na musamman; a matsayin mai alaƙa da juna a bangarorin biyu na kogi.

=== Shirin hulɗa ===
'''Danna hoton don kewayawa'''

Za'a iya raba Taj Mahal zuwa sassa biyar:

# 'Lardin hasken wata' (Mehtab Bagh) zuwa arewacin kogin Yamuna.
# Yankin da ke bakin kogi, wanda ke dauke da Mausoleum, Masallaci da Gidan Baƙi.
# Gidan lambu na Charbagh wanda ke dauke da ɗakuna.
# Naubat Khana (Drum House) a yamma da gabashin bangarorin lambun. Yammacin Naubat Khana an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya.
# Garoukhana (farko) wanda ke dauke da masauki ga masu kula da kabarin da kuma kaburbura guda biyu.
# Taj Ganji, asalin kasuwa ne da kuma caravanserai wanda har yanzu ana kiyaye alamun su. Babban ƙofar tana tsakanin jilaukhana da lambun.

Matakan sannu a hankali suna sauka a matakai daga Taj Ganji zuwa kogi. Bayanan zamani na rikitarwa sun lissafa abubuwa don daga kogin zuwa Taj Ganji . 

== Abubuwan da suka gabata ==

=== Kabarin Mughal ===
Gina kaburbura na Mughal don girmama matattu shine batun muhawara ta tauhidi da aka gudanar a wani bangare, ta hanyar gine-ginen da aka gina a cikin ƙarni da yawa. Ga mafi yawan Musulmai, ikon ruhaniya ([[Barakah|barakat]]) na Ziyarar wuraren hutawa (ziyarat) na waɗanda ake girmamawa a cikin Islama, wani karfi ne wanda za'a iya samun tsarkakar mutum. Koyaya, addinin Musulunci na Orthodox ya sami kaburbura masu matsala saboda yawancin [[Hadisi]] sun hana gina su. A matsayin al'ada kuma da ke ƙoƙarin karɓar, daidaitawa da kuma mamaye yawancin jama'ar Hindu, adawa ta fito ne daga al'adun yankin waɗanda suka yi imanin gawawwakin da tsarin da ke kansu ba su da tsabta. Ga Musulmai da yawa a lokacin da aka gina Taj, ana iya ɗaukar kaburbura a matsayin halatta idan ba su yi ƙoƙari ba don girman kai kuma ana ganin su a matsayin hanyar samar da alamar aljanna (Jannah) a nan a duniya.

Ana iya ganin raguwa da kwararar wannan muhawara a cikin masallatai na Mughul wanda ya koma ga na kakanninsu Timur. An gina shi a cikin 1403 AD (810 AH) an binne Timur a cikin Gur-e Amir a Samarkand, a ƙarƙashin wani dome. Kabarin yana amfani da iwan na gargajiya na Farisa a matsayin ƙofar. Kabarin Babur na 1528 AD (935 AH) a Kabul ya fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta, tare da cenotaph mai sauƙi da aka fallasa zuwa sama, wanda aka shimfiɗa a tsakiyar lambun da aka ganuwa.

Kabarin Humayun da aka ba da izini a cikin 1562 AD, yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin kai tsaye a kan ƙirar Taj Mahal kuma ya kasance martani ga Gur-e Amir, ya ranta babban dome, tsarin lissafi da ƙofofin iwan, amma ya haɗa da na'urorin Mughal na Indiya na chhatris, aikin fuska na ja, da 'Lardin Aljanna' (Charbagh). Kabarin Akbar c.1600 a Sikandra, Agra, yana riƙe da abubuwa da yawa na kabarin Humayan amma ba shi da dome kuma ya koma cikin cenotaph da ke buɗewa zuwa sama. Taken da aka ci gaba a cikin Kabarin Itmad-Ud-Daulah kuma a Agra, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1622 da 1628, wanda 'yarsa [[Nur Jahan]] ta ba da umarni. Kabarin Jahangir a Shahdara ([[Lahore]]), wanda aka fara a cikin 1628 AD (1037 AH), kawai shekaru 4 kafin gina Taj kuma ba tare da dome ba, yana ɗaukar siffar matattarar mai sauƙi tare da minaret a kowane kusurwa.

=== Gidajen Aljanna ===
Manufar lambun aljanna (charbagh) an kawo ta ne daga Farisa ta Mughals a matsayin wani nau'i na lambun Timurid. Su ne maganganun gine-gine na farko da sabuwar daular ta yi a cikin yankin Indiya, kuma sun cika ayyuka daban-daban tare da ma'anoni masu karfi na alama. Alamar waɗannan lambuna ta samo asali ne daga matani na Musulunci mai ban mamaki wanda ke kwatanta aljanna a matsayin lambu cike da itatuwa masu yawa, furanni da tsire-tsire, tare da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa: A cikin Aljanna [[Kogi|koguna]] huɗu suna fitowa a tsakiyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko dutse. A cikin kyakkyawan siffarsu an shimfiɗa su a matsayin murabba'i da aka raba zuwa sassa huɗu daidai. Wadannan koguna galibi ana wakilta su a cikin charbagh a matsayin ƙananan hanyoyin da ke raba lambun ta hanyar gudana zuwa ga maki masu mahimmanci. Hanyoyin suna wakiltar alkawarin ruwa, madara, ruwan inabi da zuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal |url=http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607191815/http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |access-date=2007-07-23 |publisher=About Taj Mahal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar lambun, a tsakiya na bangarorin tana da caji sosai a alamance kuma tana inda, a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, za a sami ɗakin, tafki ko kabarin. Kabarin Humayun, [[Agra|Akbar]] da Jahangir, sarakunan Mughal na baya, sun bi wannan tsari. Har ila yau, lambun giciye yana da abubuwan da suka gabata masu zaman kansu a cikin Kudancin Asiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 5 inda aka shimfiɗa lambunan sarauta na Sigiriya a Sri Lanka a irin wannan hanyar.

Ga kabarin marigayi matar Jahan duk da haka, inda mausoleum yake a gefen lambun, akwai muhawara tsakanin masana game da dalilin da ya sa ba a yi amfani da tsarin gargajiya na gargajiya ba. Ebba Koch ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da bambancin charbagh; wanda ya fi dacewa da lambun ruwa da aka samu a Agra, wanda aka daidaita don manufar addini. Mughuls ne suka kirkiro irin waɗannan lambuna don takamaiman yanayin filayen Indiya inda koguna masu saurin gudana ke samar da tushen ruwa, ana ɗaga ruwa daga kogi ta hanyar na'urorin da dabbobi ke motsawa da aka sani da jaka kuma ana adana su a cikin tankuna. An saita wani layi na layi kusa da bakin kogi tare da ƙananan ɗakuna da aka saita a ƙasa da babban ginin da ke buɗewa zuwa kogi. An jaddada bangarorin biyu na terrace tare da hasumiyoyi. Babur ne ya kawo wannan nau'in zuwa Agra kuma a lokacin Shah Jahan, lambuna na wannan nau'i, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, sun haɗa bangarorin biyu na kogin Jumna. An tsara filin da ke gefen kogi don inganta ra'ayoyin Agra ga manyan masarautar da za su yi tafiya a ciki da kewayen birnin ta kogi. Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wani bayani game da wurin da aka yi da mausoleum. Idan an dauki lambun tsakar dare a arewacin kogin Jumna a matsayin wani bangare na hadaddun, to ana iya fassara mausoleum a matsayin kasancewa a tsakiyar lambun da kogi na ainihi ya raba kuma don haka ana iya la'akari da shi a cikin al'adar charbagh mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;persimmon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leoshko |first=Janice |year=2002 |title=Book Review: The Moonlight Garden: New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal |url=https://www.persimmon-mag.com/winter2002/bookre1.htm |access-date=2007-02-13 |publisher=Persimmon&amp;nbsp;– Asian literature, Arts and Culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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The [[Taj Mahal]] represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its origin lies in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule of large parts of India. The distraught [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives [[Mumtaz Mahal]].

Kyakkyawan aikin babban masanin gine-ginen Mughal [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori|Ahmad ma'mar]], yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gine-gine a duniya a yau. Duk da yake babban mausoleum na marmara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren abin tunawa, Taj Mahal babban tsari ne na gine-gine da lambuna wanda ya kai sama da hekta 22.44 (55.5 acres) &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1983 |title=ICOMOS advisory body evaluation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/252.pdf |access-date=2007-03-21 |publisher=[[ICOMOS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haɗa da kaburbura, kayan aikin ruwa, ƙaramin garin Taj Ganji a kudu da 'aljanna mai haske' a arewacin kogi. Ginin Taj M[[Hijira kalanda|AH]] ya fara ne a cikin 1632 AD, (1041 AH), a gefen kudu na Kogin Yamuna a [[Agra]], kuma an kammala shi sosai a cikin 1648 AD (1058 AH). An tsara zane a matsayin gidan Mumtaz Mahal a cikin aljanna.

== Mumtaz da Shah Jahan ==
A cikin shekara ta 1607 (AH 1025) Yarima Mughal Khurrum (daga baya ya zama [[Shah Jahan]]) ya yi riƙo ga [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum]], jikokin wani mai daraja na Farisa. Za ta zama ƙaunarta marar tambaya game da rayuwarsa. Sun yi aure bayan shekaru biyar a shekara ta 1612. Bayan bikin aurensu, Khurram &quot;samun ta a bayyanar da halayyar da aka zaba daga cikin dukkan mata na lokacin,&quot; ya ba ta taken [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (Jewel of the Palace). 

Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga Khurrum ya ɗauki wasu mata biyu da aka sani da Akbarabadi Mahal da Kandahari Mahal, amma a cewar marubucin tarihin kotu Qazwini, dangantakar da sauran matansa &quot;ba ta da yawa fiye da matsayin aure. Dangantaka, zurfin ƙauna, kulawa da ni'ima wanda Mai Girma yake da shi ga Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] ya rasa sau dubu fiye da yadda yake ji ga wani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;islamic arch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). &quot;The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800&quot;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press |url=http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024711/http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Story_of_Mejnun_-_in_wilderness.jpg|left|thumb|Misali na ƙaunar Musulmi mai tsarki - [[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], hauka a cikin jeji]]
Mumtaz ya mutu a Burhanpur a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 1631, bayan rikice-rikice tare da haihuwar ɗansu na goma sha huɗu, 'yar mai suna Gauhara Begum .  Ta kasance tare da mijinta yayin da yake yaƙi da kamfen a Deccan Plateau . &lt;ref name=&quot;daljeet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dr. Daljeet |title=Mumtaz Mahal |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/MB77 |access-date=2009-08-07 |publisher=Exotic Indian Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; An binne jikinta na ɗan lokaci a cikin lambun da ake kira Zainabad a bakin Kogin Tapti a Burhanpur . &lt;ref name=&quot;A210&quot; /&gt; Marubutan tarihin kotu na zamani sun ba da hankali sosai ga wannan taron da kuma baƙin ciki na Shah Jahan game da mutuwarta. Nan da nan bayan ya ji labarin, an ruwaito cewa sarki ba shi da ta'aziyya. Ba a gan shi ba har mako guda a kotu kuma an yi la'akari da barin mulki da kuma rayuwa a matsayin mai zaman kansa na addini. Masanin tarihin kotu Muhammad Amin Qazwini, ya rubuta cewa kafin mutuwar matarsa gemu na sarki ba shi da &quot;fiye da gashi goma ko goma sha biyu, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don cirewa', ya zama launin toka kuma a ƙarshe fari&quot;  kuma nan da nan yana buƙatar tabarau saboda idanunsa sun lalace daga kuka koyaushe. Tun da Mumtaz ya mutu a ranar Laraba, an dakatar da duk nishaɗi a wannan rana. Jahan ya daina sauraron kiɗa, yana sanye da kayan ado, tufafi masu kyau ko turare na tsawon shekaru biyu. Iyalan sarki sun damu sosai har wani kawun mai daraja ya rubuta ya ce &quot;idan ya ci gaba da barin kansa ga makoki, Mumtaz na iya tunanin barin farin ciki na Aljanna don dawowa duniya, wannan wurin wahala - kuma ya kamata ya yi la'akari da yaran da ta bar masa&quot;.&amp;nbsp;Masanin Austrian Ebba Koch ya kwatanta Shah Jahan da &quot;[[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], babban mai son ilimin Musulmi, wanda ya gudu zuwa cikin hamada don yin amfani da Layla da ba a iya isa ba. &quot;

'Yar Jahan ta fari, mai himma [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara Begum Sahib]], a hankali ta fitar da shi daga baƙin ciki kuma ta cika ayyukan Mumtaz a kotu. Nan da nan bayan binnewar a Burhanpur, Jahan da kotun sarki sun mayar da hankalinsu ga tsarawa da ƙirar mausoleum da lambun jana'iza a Agra.{{Clear}}

== Shafin yanar gizo ==

=== Agra na ƙarni na 16-17 ===
An ƙirƙiro lambun Mughal na farko a cikin shekarun 1526 a Agra ta Babur, wanda ya kafa daular. Bayan haka, lambuna sun zama muhimman alamomin Mughal na iko, suna maye gurbin jaddada alamomin ikon kafin Mughal kamar su sansani. Wannan canjin ya wakilci gabatar da sabon tsari mai kyau - zane-zane tare da bangarorin addini da jana'iza kuma a matsayin kwatanci ga ikon Babur na sarrafa filayen Indiya da kuma sabili da haka ƙasar gaba ɗaya. &amp;nbsp;Babur ya ki amincewa da yawancin gine-ginen 'yan asalin ƙasar da Lodhi a gefen bankin kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kirkiro sabbin ayyukan da lambunan Farisa da sansanonin sarauta suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Na farko daga cikin wadannan lambuna, Aram Bagh, ya biyo bayan wani babban, na yau da kullun da kuma hadin gwiwar lambuna da manyan gidaje da suka kai fiye da kilomita daya tare da kogi. Wani dutse mai tsawo mai ci gaba ya iyakance canji tsakanin lambuna da kogi kuma ya kafa tsarin ci gaba na gaba a cikin birni.

A cikin karni mai zuwa, wani birni mai tasowa a bakin kogi ya bunkasa a bangarorin biyu na Yamuna. Wannan ya haɗa da sake [[Ginin Agra]] Fort ta Akbar, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin da Jahan ya hau gadon sarauta, yawan mutanen Agra ya karu zuwa kusan 700,000 kuma, kamar yadda Abdul Aziz ya rubuta, &quot;wani abin mamaki ne na zamani - kamar yadda cibiyar jijiyoyin kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ruwa a matsayin wurin taro na tsarkaka, masu hikima da malamai daga duk Asiya.....ainihin wurin zama don aikin fasaha, baiwar wallafe-wallafen da darajar ruhaniya&quot;.  &amp;nbsp;

[[Agra]] ya zama birni da ke tsakiyar bakin tekun kuma ya bunkasa wani bangare zuwa gabas amma galibi zuwa yamma daga dukiyar da ke gefen bankunan. Babban shafuka sun kasance waɗanda ke da damar zuwa kogi kuma an gina Taj Mahal a cikin wannan mahallin, amma na musamman; a matsayin mai alaƙa da juna a bangarorin biyu na kogi.

=== Shirin hulɗa ===
'''Danna hoton don kewayawa'''

Za'a iya raba Taj Mahal zuwa sassa biyar:

# 'Lardin hasken wata' (Mehtab Bagh) zuwa arewacin kogin Yamuna.
# Yankin da ke bakin kogi, wanda ke dauke da Mausoleum, Masallaci da Gidan Baƙi.
# Gidan lambu na Charbagh wanda ke dauke da ɗakuna.
# Naubat Khana (Drum House) a yamma da gabashin bangarorin lambun. Yammacin Naubat Khana an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya.
# Garoukhana (farko) wanda ke dauke da masauki ga masu kula da kabarin da kuma kaburbura guda biyu.
# Taj Ganji, asalin kasuwa ne da kuma caravanserai wanda har yanzu ana kiyaye alamun su. Babban ƙofar tana tsakanin jilaukhana da lambun.

Matakan sannu a hankali suna sauka a matakai daga Taj Ganji zuwa kogi. Bayanan zamani na rikitarwa sun lissafa abubuwa don daga kogin zuwa Taj Ganji . 

== Abubuwan da suka gabata ==

=== Kabarin Mughal ===
Gina kaburbura na Mughal don girmama matattu shine batun muhawara ta tauhidi da aka gudanar a wani bangare, ta hanyar gine-ginen da aka gina a cikin ƙarni da yawa. Ga mafi yawan Musulmai, ikon ruhaniya ([[Barakah|barakat]]) na Ziyarar wuraren hutawa (ziyarat) na waɗanda ake girmamawa a cikin Islama, wani karfi ne wanda za'a iya samun tsarkakar mutum. Koyaya, addinin Musulunci na Orthodox ya sami kaburbura masu matsala saboda yawancin [[Hadisi]] sun hana gina su. A matsayin al'ada kuma da ke ƙoƙarin karɓar, daidaitawa da kuma mamaye yawancin jama'ar Hindu, adawa ta fito ne daga al'adun yankin waɗanda suka yi imanin gawawwakin da tsarin da ke kansu ba su da tsabta. Ga Musulmai da yawa a lokacin da aka gina Taj, ana iya ɗaukar kaburbura a matsayin halatta idan ba su yi ƙoƙari ba don girman kai kuma ana ganin su a matsayin hanyar samar da alamar aljanna (Jannah) a nan a duniya.

Ana iya ganin raguwa da kwararar wannan muhawara a cikin masallatai na Mughul wanda ya koma ga na kakanninsu Timur. An gina shi a cikin 1403 AD (810 AH) an binne Timur a cikin Gur-e Amir a Samarkand, a ƙarƙashin wani dome. Kabarin yana amfani da iwan na gargajiya na Farisa a matsayin ƙofar. Kabarin Babur na 1528 AD (935 AH) a Kabul ya fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta, tare da cenotaph mai sauƙi da aka fallasa zuwa sama, wanda aka shimfiɗa a tsakiyar lambun da aka ganuwa.

Kabarin Humayun da aka ba da izini a cikin 1562 AD, yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin kai tsaye a kan ƙirar Taj Mahal kuma ya kasance martani ga Gur-e Amir, ya ranta babban dome, tsarin lissafi da ƙofofin iwan, amma ya haɗa da na'urorin Mughal na Indiya na chhatris, aikin fuska na ja, da 'Lardin Aljanna' (Charbagh). Kabarin Akbar c.1600 a Sikandra, Agra, yana riƙe da abubuwa da yawa na kabarin Humayan amma ba shi da dome kuma ya koma cikin cenotaph da ke buɗewa zuwa sama. Taken da aka ci gaba a cikin Kabarin Itmad-Ud-Daulah kuma a Agra, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1622 da 1628, wanda 'yarsa [[Nur Jahan]] ta ba da umarni. Kabarin Jahangir a Shahdara ([[Lahore]]), wanda aka fara a cikin 1628 AD (1037 AH), kawai shekaru 4 kafin gina Taj kuma ba tare da dome ba, yana ɗaukar siffar matattarar mai sauƙi tare da minaret a kowane kusurwa.

=== Gidajen Aljanna ===
Manufar lambun aljanna (charbagh) an kawo ta ne daga Farisa ta Mughals a matsayin wani nau'i na lambun Timurid. Su ne maganganun gine-gine na farko da sabuwar daular ta yi a cikin yankin Indiya, kuma sun cika ayyuka daban-daban tare da ma'anoni masu karfi na alama. Alamar waɗannan lambuna ta samo asali ne daga matani na Musulunci mai ban mamaki wanda ke kwatanta aljanna a matsayin lambu cike da itatuwa masu yawa, furanni da tsire-tsire, tare da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa: A cikin Aljanna [[Kogi|koguna]] huɗu suna fitowa a tsakiyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko dutse. A cikin kyakkyawan siffarsu an shimfiɗa su a matsayin murabba'i da aka raba zuwa sassa huɗu daidai. Wadannan koguna galibi ana wakilta su a cikin charbagh a matsayin ƙananan hanyoyin da ke raba lambun ta hanyar gudana zuwa ga maki masu mahimmanci. Hanyoyin suna wakiltar alkawarin ruwa, madara, ruwan inabi da zuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal |url=http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607191815/http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |access-date=2007-07-23 |publisher=About Taj Mahal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar lambun, a tsakiya na bangarorin tana da caji sosai a alamance kuma tana inda, a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, za a sami ɗakin, tafki ko kabarin. Kabarin Humayun, [[Agra|Akbar]] da Jahangir, sarakunan Mughal na baya, sun bi wannan tsari. Har ila yau, lambun giciye yana da abubuwan da suka gabata masu zaman kansu a cikin Kudancin Asiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 5 inda aka shimfiɗa lambunan sarauta na Sigiriya a Sri Lanka a irin wannan hanyar.

Ga kabarin marigayi matar Jahan duk da haka, inda mausoleum yake a gefen lambun, akwai muhawara tsakanin masana game da dalilin da ya sa ba a yi amfani da tsarin gargajiya na gargajiya ba. Ebba Koch ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da bambancin charbagh; wanda ya fi dacewa da lambun ruwa da aka samu a Agra, wanda aka daidaita don manufar addini. Mughuls ne suka kirkiro irin waɗannan lambuna don takamaiman yanayin filayen Indiya inda koguna masu saurin gudana ke samar da tushen ruwa, ana ɗaga ruwa daga kogi ta hanyar na'urorin da dabbobi ke motsawa da aka sani da jaka kuma ana adana su a cikin tankuna. An saita wani layi na layi kusa da bakin kogi tare da ƙananan ɗakuna da aka saita a ƙasa da babban ginin da ke buɗewa zuwa kogi. An jaddada bangarorin biyu na terrace tare da hasumiyoyi. Babur ne ya kawo wannan nau'in zuwa Agra kuma a lokacin Shah Jahan, lambuna na wannan nau'i, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, sun haɗa bangarorin biyu na kogin Jumna. An tsara filin da ke gefen kogi don inganta ra'ayoyin Agra ga manyan masarautar da za su yi tafiya a ciki da kewayen birnin ta kogi. Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wani bayani game da wurin da aka yi da mausoleum. Idan an dauki lambun tsakar dare a arewacin kogin Jumna a matsayin wani bangare na hadaddun, to ana iya fassara mausoleum a matsayin kasancewa a tsakiyar lambun da kogi na ainihi ya raba kuma don haka ana iya la'akari da shi a cikin al'adar charbagh mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;persimmon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leoshko |first=Janice |year=2002 |title=Book Review: The Moonlight Garden: New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal |url=https://www.persimmon-mag.com/winter2002/bookre1.htm |access-date=2007-02-13 |publisher=Persimmon&amp;nbsp;– Asian literature, Arts and Culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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The [[Taj Mahal]] represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its origin lies in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule of large parts of India. The distraught [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives [[Mumtaz Mahal]].

Kyakkyawan aikin babban masanin gine-ginen Mughal [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori|Ahmad ma'mar]], yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gine-gine a duniya a yau. Duk da yake babban mausoleum na marmara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren abin tunawa, Taj Mahal babban tsari ne na gine-gine da lambuna wanda ya kai sama da hekta 22.44 (55.5 acres) &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1983 |title=ICOMOS advisory body evaluation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/252.pdf |access-date=2007-03-21 |publisher=[[ICOMOS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haɗa da kaburbura, kayan aikin ruwa, ƙaramin garin Taj Ganji a kudu da 'aljanna mai haske' a arewacin kogi. Ginin Taj M[[Hijira kalanda|AH]] ya fara ne a cikin 1632 AD, (1041 AH), a gefen kudu na Kogin Yamuna a [[Agra]], kuma an kammala shi sosai a cikin 1648 AD (1058 AH). An tsara zane a matsayin gidan Mumtaz Mahal a cikin aljanna.

== Mumtaz da Shah Jahan ==
A cikin shekara ta 1607 (AH 1025) Yarima Mughal Khurrum (daga baya ya zama [[Shah Jahan]]) ya yi riƙo ga [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum]], jikokin wani mai daraja na Farisa. Za ta zama ƙaunarta marar tambaya game da rayuwarsa. Sun yi aure bayan shekaru biyar a shekara ta 1612. Bayan bikin aurensu, Khurram &quot;samun ta a bayyanar da halayyar da aka zaba daga cikin dukkan mata na lokacin,&quot; ya ba ta taken [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (Jewel of the Palace). 

Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga Khurrum ya ɗauki wasu mata biyu da aka sani da Akbarabadi Mahal da Kandahari Mahal, amma a cewar marubucin tarihin kotu Qazwini, dangantakar da sauran matansa &quot;ba ta da yawa fiye da matsayin aure. Dangantaka, zurfin ƙauna, kulawa da ni'ima wanda Mai Girma yake da shi ga Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] ya rasa sau dubu fiye da yadda yake ji ga wani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;islamic arch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). &quot;The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800&quot;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press |url=http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024711/http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Story_of_Mejnun_-_in_wilderness.jpg|left|thumb|Misali na ƙaunar Musulmi mai tsarki - [[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], hauka a cikin jeji]]
Mumtaz ya mutu a Burhanpur a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 1631, bayan rikice-rikice tare da haihuwar ɗansu na goma sha huɗu, 'yar mai suna Gauhara Begum .  Ta kasance tare da mijinta yayin da yake yaƙi da kamfen a Deccan Plateau . &lt;ref name=&quot;daljeet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dr. Daljeet |title=Mumtaz Mahal |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/MB77 |access-date=2009-08-07 |publisher=Exotic Indian Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; An binne jikinta na ɗan lokaci a cikin lambun da ake kira Zainabad a bakin Kogin Tapti a Burhanpur . &lt;ref name=&quot;A210&quot; /&gt; Marubutan tarihin kotu na zamani sun ba da hankali sosai ga wannan taron da kuma baƙin ciki na Shah Jahan game da mutuwarta. Nan da nan bayan ya ji labarin, an ruwaito cewa sarki ba shi da ta'aziyya. Ba a gan shi ba har mako guda a kotu kuma an yi la'akari da barin mulki da kuma rayuwa a matsayin mai zaman kansa na addini. Masanin tarihin kotu Muhammad Amin Qazwini, ya rubuta cewa kafin mutuwar matarsa gemu na sarki ba shi da &quot;fiye da gashi goma ko goma sha biyu, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don cirewa', ya zama launin toka kuma a ƙarshe fari&quot;  kuma nan da nan yana buƙatar tabarau saboda idanunsa sun lalace daga kuka koyaushe. Tun da Mumtaz ya mutu a ranar Laraba, an dakatar da duk nishaɗi a wannan rana. Jahan ya daina sauraron kiɗa, yana sanye da kayan ado, tufafi masu kyau ko turare na tsawon shekaru biyu. Iyalan sarki sun damu sosai har wani kawun mai daraja ya rubuta ya ce &quot;idan ya ci gaba da barin kansa ga makoki, Mumtaz na iya tunanin barin farin ciki na Aljanna don dawowa duniya, wannan wurin wahala - kuma ya kamata ya yi la'akari da yaran da ta bar masa&quot;.&amp;nbsp;Masanin Austrian Ebba Koch ya kwatanta Shah Jahan da &quot;[[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], babban mai son ilimin Musulmi, wanda ya gudu zuwa cikin hamada don yin amfani da Layla da ba a iya isa ba. &quot;

'Yar Jahan ta fari, mai himma [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara Begum Sahib]], a hankali ta fitar da shi daga baƙin ciki kuma ta cika ayyukan Mumtaz a kotu. Nan da nan bayan binnewar a Burhanpur, Jahan da kotun sarki sun mayar da hankalinsu ga tsarawa da ƙirar mausoleum da lambun jana'iza a Agra.{{Clear}}

== Shafin yanar gizo ==

=== Agra na ƙarni na 16-17 ===
An ƙirƙiro lambun Mughal na farko a cikin shekarun 1526 a Agra ta Babur, wanda ya kafa daular. Bayan haka, lambuna sun zama muhimman alamomin Mughal na iko, suna maye gurbin jaddada alamomin ikon kafin Mughal kamar su sansani. Wannan canjin ya wakilci gabatar da sabon tsari mai kyau - zane-zane tare da bangarorin addini da jana'iza kuma a matsayin kwatanci ga ikon Babur na sarrafa filayen Indiya da kuma sabili da haka ƙasar gaba ɗaya. &amp;nbsp;Babur ya ki amincewa da yawancin gine-ginen 'yan asalin ƙasar da Lodhi a gefen bankin kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kirkiro sabbin ayyukan da lambunan Farisa da sansanonin sarauta suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Na farko daga cikin wadannan lambuna, Aram Bagh, ya biyo bayan wani babban, na yau da kullun da kuma hadin gwiwar lambuna da manyan gidaje da suka kai fiye da kilomita daya tare da kogi. Wani dutse mai tsawo mai ci gaba ya iyakance canji tsakanin lambuna da kogi kuma ya kafa tsarin ci gaba na gaba a cikin birni.

A cikin ƙarni mai zuwa, wani birni mai tasowa a bakin kogi ya bunƙasa a ɓangarorin biyu na Yamuna. Wannan ya haɗa da sake [[Ginin Agra]] Fort ta Akbar, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin da Jahan ya hau gadon sarauta, yawan mutanen Agra ya karu zuwa kusan 700,000 kuma, kamar yadda Abdul Aziz ya rubuta, &quot;wani abin mamaki ne na zamani - kamar yadda cibiyar jijiyoyin kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ruwa a matsayin wurin taro na tsarkaka, masu hikima da malamai daga duk Asiya.....ainihin wurin zama don aikin fasaha, baiwar wallafe-wallafen da darajar ruhaniya&quot;.  &amp;nbsp;

[[Agra]] ya zama birni da ke tsakiyar bakin tekun kuma ya bunkasa wani bangare zuwa gabas amma galibi zuwa yamma daga dukiyar da ke gefen bankunan. Babban shafuka sun kasance waɗanda ke da damar zuwa kogi kuma an gina Taj Mahal a cikin wannan mahallin, amma na musamman; a matsayin mai alaƙa da juna a bangarorin biyu na kogi.

=== Shirin hulɗa ===
'''Danna hoton don kewayawa'''

Za'a iya raba Taj Mahal zuwa sassa biyar:

# 'Lardin hasken wata' (Mehtab Bagh) zuwa arewacin kogin Yamuna.
# Yankin da ke bakin kogi, wanda ke dauke da Mausoleum, Masallaci da Gidan Baƙi.
# Gidan lambu na Charbagh wanda ke dauke da ɗakuna.
# Naubat Khana (Drum House) a yamma da gabashin bangarorin lambun. Yammacin Naubat Khana an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya.
# Garoukhana (farko) wanda ke dauke da masauki ga masu kula da kabarin da kuma kaburbura guda biyu.
# Taj Ganji, asalin kasuwa ne da kuma caravanserai wanda har yanzu ana kiyaye alamun su. Babban ƙofar tana tsakanin jilaukhana da lambun.

Matakan sannu a hankali suna sauka a matakai daga Taj Ganji zuwa kogi. Bayanan zamani na rikitarwa sun lissafa abubuwa don daga kogin zuwa Taj Ganji . 

== Abubuwan da suka gabata ==

=== Kabarin Mughal ===
Gina kaburbura na Mughal don girmama matattu shine batun muhawara ta tauhidi da aka gudanar a wani bangare, ta hanyar gine-ginen da aka gina a cikin ƙarni da yawa. Ga mafi yawan Musulmai, ikon ruhaniya ([[Barakah|barakat]]) na Ziyarar wuraren hutawa (ziyarat) na waɗanda ake girmamawa a cikin Islama, wani karfi ne wanda za'a iya samun tsarkakar mutum. Koyaya, addinin Musulunci na Orthodox ya sami kaburbura masu matsala saboda yawancin [[Hadisi]] sun hana gina su. A matsayin al'ada kuma da ke ƙoƙarin karɓar, daidaitawa da kuma mamaye yawancin jama'ar Hindu, adawa ta fito ne daga al'adun yankin waɗanda suka yi imanin gawawwakin da tsarin da ke kansu ba su da tsabta. Ga Musulmai da yawa a lokacin da aka gina Taj, ana iya ɗaukar kaburbura a matsayin halatta idan ba su yi ƙoƙari ba don girman kai kuma ana ganin su a matsayin hanyar samar da alamar aljanna (Jannah) a nan a duniya.

Ana iya ganin raguwa da kwararar wannan muhawara a cikin masallatai na Mughul wanda ya koma ga na kakanninsu Timur. An gina shi a cikin 1403 AD (810 AH) an binne Timur a cikin Gur-e Amir a Samarkand, a ƙarƙashin wani dome. Kabarin yana amfani da iwan na gargajiya na Farisa a matsayin ƙofar. Kabarin Babur na 1528 AD (935 AH) a Kabul ya fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta, tare da cenotaph mai sauƙi da aka fallasa zuwa sama, wanda aka shimfiɗa a tsakiyar lambun da aka ganuwa.

Kabarin Humayun da aka ba da izini a cikin 1562 AD, yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin kai tsaye a kan ƙirar Taj Mahal kuma ya kasance martani ga Gur-e Amir, ya ranta babban dome, tsarin lissafi da ƙofofin iwan, amma ya haɗa da na'urorin Mughal na Indiya na chhatris, aikin fuska na ja, da 'Lardin Aljanna' (Charbagh). Kabarin Akbar c.1600 a Sikandra, Agra, yana riƙe da abubuwa da yawa na kabarin Humayan amma ba shi da dome kuma ya koma cikin cenotaph da ke buɗewa zuwa sama. Taken da aka ci gaba a cikin Kabarin Itmad-Ud-Daulah kuma a Agra, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1622 da 1628, wanda 'yarsa [[Nur Jahan]] ta ba da umarni. Kabarin Jahangir a Shahdara ([[Lahore]]), wanda aka fara a cikin 1628 AD (1037 AH), kawai shekaru 4 kafin gina Taj kuma ba tare da dome ba, yana ɗaukar siffar matattarar mai sauƙi tare da minaret a kowane kusurwa.

=== Gidajen Aljanna ===
Manufar lambun aljanna (charbagh) an kawo ta ne daga Farisa ta Mughals a matsayin wani nau'i na lambun Timurid. Su ne maganganun gine-gine na farko da sabuwar daular ta yi a cikin yankin Indiya, kuma sun cika ayyuka daban-daban tare da ma'anoni masu karfi na alama. Alamar waɗannan lambuna ta samo asali ne daga matani na Musulunci mai ban mamaki wanda ke kwatanta aljanna a matsayin lambu cike da itatuwa masu yawa, furanni da tsire-tsire, tare da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa: A cikin Aljanna [[Kogi|koguna]] huɗu suna fitowa a tsakiyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko dutse. A cikin kyakkyawan siffarsu an shimfiɗa su a matsayin murabba'i da aka raba zuwa sassa huɗu daidai. Wadannan koguna galibi ana wakilta su a cikin charbagh a matsayin ƙananan hanyoyin da ke raba lambun ta hanyar gudana zuwa ga maki masu mahimmanci. Hanyoyin suna wakiltar alkawarin ruwa, madara, ruwan inabi da zuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal |url=http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607191815/http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |access-date=2007-07-23 |publisher=About Taj Mahal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar lambun, a tsakiya na bangarorin tana da caji sosai a alamance kuma tana inda, a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, za a sami ɗakin, tafki ko kabarin. Kabarin Humayun, [[Agra|Akbar]] da Jahangir, sarakunan Mughal na baya, sun bi wannan tsari. Har ila yau, lambun giciye yana da abubuwan da suka gabata masu zaman kansu a cikin Kudancin Asiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 5 inda aka shimfiɗa lambunan sarauta na Sigiriya a Sri Lanka a irin wannan hanyar.

Ga kabarin marigayi matar Jahan duk da haka, inda mausoleum yake a gefen lambun, akwai muhawara tsakanin masana game da dalilin da ya sa ba a yi amfani da tsarin gargajiya na gargajiya ba. Ebba Koch ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da bambancin charbagh; wanda ya fi dacewa da lambun ruwa da aka samu a Agra, wanda aka daidaita don manufar addini. Mughuls ne suka kirkiro irin waɗannan lambuna don takamaiman yanayin filayen Indiya inda koguna masu saurin gudana ke samar da tushen ruwa, ana ɗaga ruwa daga kogi ta hanyar na'urorin da dabbobi ke motsawa da aka sani da jaka kuma ana adana su a cikin tankuna. An saita wani layi na layi kusa da bakin kogi tare da ƙananan ɗakuna da aka saita a ƙasa da babban ginin da ke buɗewa zuwa kogi. An jaddada bangarorin biyu na terrace tare da hasumiyoyi. Babur ne ya kawo wannan nau'in zuwa Agra kuma a lokacin Shah Jahan, lambuna na wannan nau'i, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, sun haɗa bangarorin biyu na kogin Jumna. An tsara filin da ke gefen kogi don inganta ra'ayoyin Agra ga manyan masarautar da za su yi tafiya a ciki da kewayen birnin ta kogi. Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wani bayani game da wurin da aka yi da mausoleum. Idan an dauki lambun tsakar dare a arewacin kogin Jumna a matsayin wani bangare na hadaddun, to ana iya fassara mausoleum a matsayin kasancewa a tsakiyar lambun da kogi na ainihi ya raba kuma don haka ana iya la'akari da shi a cikin al'adar charbagh mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;persimmon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leoshko |first=Janice |year=2002 |title=Book Review: The Moonlight Garden: New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal |url=https://www.persimmon-mag.com/winter2002/bookre1.htm |access-date=2007-02-13 |publisher=Persimmon&amp;nbsp;– Asian literature, Arts and Culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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The [[Taj Mahal]] represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Indo-Islamic architecture. Its origin lies in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule of large parts of India. The distraught [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives [[Mumtaz Mahal]].

Kyakkyawan aikin babban masanin gine-ginen Mughal [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori|Ahmad ma'mar]], yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gine-gine a duniya a yau. Duk da yake babban mausoleum na marmara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren abin tunawa, Taj Mahal babban tsari ne na gine-gine da lambuna wanda ya kai sama da hekta 22.44 (55.5 acres) &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1983 |title=ICOMOS advisory body evaluation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/252.pdf |access-date=2007-03-21 |publisher=[[ICOMOS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haɗa da kaburbura, kayan aikin ruwa, ƙaramin garin Taj Ganji a kudu da 'aljanna mai haske' a arewacin kogi. Ginin Taj M[[Hijira kalanda|AH]] ya fara ne a cikin 1632 AD, (1041 AH), a gefen kudu na Kogin Yamuna a [[Agra]], kuma an kammala shi sosai a cikin 1648 AD (1058 AH). An tsara zane a matsayin gidan Mumtaz Mahal a cikin aljanna.

== Mumtaz da Shah Jahan ==
A cikin shekara ta 1607 (AH 1025) Yarima Mughal Khurrum (daga baya ya zama [[Shah Jahan]]) ya yi riƙo ga [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum]], jikokin wani mai daraja na Farisa. Za ta zama ƙaunarta marar tambaya game da rayuwarsa. Sun yi aure bayan shekaru biyar a shekara ta 1612. Bayan bikin aurensu, Khurram &quot;samun ta a bayyanar da halayyar da aka zaba daga cikin dukkan mata na lokacin,&quot; ya ba ta taken [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (Jewel of the Palace). 

Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga Khurrum ya ɗauki wasu mata biyu da aka sani da Akbarabadi Mahal da Kandahari Mahal, amma a cewar marubucin tarihin kotu Qazwini, dangantakar da sauran matansa &quot;ba ta da yawa fiye da matsayin aure. Dangantaka, zurfin ƙauna, kulawa da ni'ima wanda Mai Girma yake da shi ga Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] ya rasa sau dubu fiye da yadda yake ji ga wani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;islamic arch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). &quot;The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800&quot;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press |url=http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024711/http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Story_of_Mejnun_-_in_wilderness.jpg|left|thumb|Misali na ƙaunar Musulmi mai tsarki - [[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], hauka a cikin jeji]]
Mumtaz ya mutu a Burhanpur a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 1631, bayan rikice-rikice tare da haihuwar ɗansu na goma sha huɗu, 'yar mai suna Gauhara Begum .  Ta kasance tare da mijinta yayin da yake yaƙi da kamfen a Deccan Plateau . &lt;ref name=&quot;daljeet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dr. Daljeet |title=Mumtaz Mahal |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/MB77 |access-date=2009-08-07 |publisher=Exotic Indian Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; An binne jikinta na ɗan lokaci a cikin lambun da ake kira Zainabad a bakin Kogin Tapti a Burhanpur . &lt;ref name=&quot;A210&quot; /&gt; Marubutan tarihin kotu na zamani sun ba da hankali sosai ga wannan taron da kuma baƙin ciki na Shah Jahan game da mutuwarta. Nan da nan bayan ya ji labarin, an ruwaito cewa sarki ba shi da ta'aziyya. Ba a gan shi ba har mako guda a kotu kuma an yi la'akari da barin mulki da kuma rayuwa a matsayin mai zaman kansa na addini. Masanin tarihin kotu Muhammad Amin Qazwini, ya rubuta cewa kafin mutuwar matarsa gemu na sarki ba shi da &quot;fiye da gashi goma ko goma sha biyu, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don cirewa', ya zama launin toka kuma a ƙarshe fari&quot;  kuma nan da nan yana buƙatar tabarau saboda idanunsa sun lalace daga kuka koyaushe. Tun da Mumtaz ya mutu a ranar Laraba, an dakatar da duk nishaɗi a wannan rana. Jahan ya daina sauraron kiɗa, yana sanye da kayan ado, tufafi masu kyau ko turare na tsawon shekaru biyu. Iyalan sarki sun damu sosai har wani kawun mai daraja ya rubuta ya ce &quot;idan ya ci gaba da barin kansa ga makoki, Mumtaz na iya tunanin barin farin ciki na Aljanna don dawowa duniya, wannan wurin wahala - kuma ya kamata ya yi la'akari da yaran da ta bar masa&quot;.&amp;nbsp;Masanin Austrian Ebba Koch ya kwatanta Shah Jahan da &quot;[[Layla da Majnun|Majnun]], babban mai son ilimin Musulmi, wanda ya gudu zuwa cikin hamada don yin amfani da Layla da ba a iya isa ba. &quot;

'Yar Jahan ta fari, mai himma [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara Begum Sahib]], a hankali ta fitar da shi daga baƙin ciki kuma ta cika ayyukan Mumtaz a kotu. Nan da nan bayan binnewar a Burhanpur, Jahan da kotun sarki sun mayar da hankalinsu ga tsarawa da ƙirar mausoleum da lambun jana'iza a Agra.{{Clear}}

== Shafin yanar gizo ==

=== Agra na ƙarni na 16-17 ===
An ƙirƙiro lambun Mughal na farko a cikin shekarun 1526 a Agra ta Babur, wanda ya kafa daular. Bayan haka, lambuna sun zama muhimman alamomin Mughal na iko, suna maye gurbin jaddada alamomin ikon kafin Mughal kamar su sansani. Wannan canjin ya wakilci gabatar da sabon tsari mai kyau - zane-zane tare da bangarorin addini da jana'iza kuma a matsayin kwatanci ga ikon Babur na sarrafa filayen Indiya da kuma sabili da haka ƙasar gaba ɗaya. &amp;nbsp;Babur ya ki amincewa da yawancin gine-ginen 'yan asalin ƙasar da Lodhi a gefen bankin kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kirkiro sabbin ayyukan da lambunan Farisa da sansanonin sarauta suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Na farko daga cikin wadannan lambuna, Aram Bagh, ya biyo bayan wani babban, na yau da kullun da kuma hadin gwiwar lambuna da manyan gidaje da suka kai fiye da kilomita daya tare da kogi. Wani dutse mai tsawo mai ci gaba ya iyakance canji tsakanin lambuna da kogi kuma ya kafa tsarin ci gaba na gaba a cikin birni.

A cikin ƙarni mai zuwa, wani birni mai tasowa a bakin kogi ya bunƙasa a ɓangarorin biyu na Yamuna. Wannan ya haɗa da sake [[Ginin Agra]] Fort ta Akbar, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin da Jahan ya hau gadon sarauta, yawan mutanen Agra ya karu zuwa kusan 700,000 kuma, kamar yadda Abdul Aziz ya rubuta, &quot;wani abin mamaki ne na zamani - kamar yadda cibiyar jijiyoyin kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ruwa a matsayin wurin taro na tsarkaka, masu hikima da malamai daga duk Asiya.....ainihin wurin zama don aikin fasaha, baiwar wallafe-wallafen da darajar ruhaniya&quot;.  &amp;nbsp;

[[Agra]] ya zama birni da ke tsakiyar bakin tekun kuma ya bunkasa wani bangare zuwa gabas amma galibi zuwa yamma daga dukiyar da ke gefen bankunan. Babban shafuka sun kasance waɗanda ke da damar zuwa kogi kuma an gina Taj Mahal a cikin wannan mahallin, amma na musamman; a matsayin mai alaƙa da juna a bangarorin biyu na kogi.

=== Shirin hulɗa ===
'''Danna hoton don kewayawa'''

Za'a iya raba Taj Mahal zuwa sassa biyar:

# 'Lardin hasken wata' (Mehtab Bagh) zuwa arewacin kogin Yamuna.
# Yankin da ke bakin kogi, wanda ke dauke da Mausoleum, Masallaci da Gidan Baƙi.
# Gidan lambu na Charbagh wanda ke dauke da ɗakuna.
# Naubat Khana (Drum House) a yamma da gabashin bangarorin lambun. Yammacin Naubat Khana an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya.
# Garoukhana (farko) wanda ke dauke da masauki ga masu kula da kabarin da kuma kaburbura guda biyu.
# Taj Ganji, asalin kasuwa ne da kuma caravanserai wanda har yanzu ana kiyaye alamun su. Babban ƙofar tana tsakanin jilaukhana da lambun.

Matakan sannu a hankali suna sauka a matakai daga Taj Ganji zuwa kogi. Bayanan zamani na rikitarwa sun lissafa abubuwa don daga kogin zuwa Taj Ganji . 

== Abubuwan da suka gabata ==

=== Kabarin Mughal ===
Gina kaburbura na Mughal don girmama matattu shine batun muhawara ta tauhidi da aka gudanar a wani bangare, ta hanyar gine-ginen da aka gina a cikin ƙarni da yawa. Ga mafi yawan Musulmai, ikon ruhaniya ([[Barakah|barakat]]) na Ziyarar wuraren hutawa (ziyarat) na waɗanda ake girmamawa a cikin Islama, wani karfi ne wanda za'a iya samun tsarkakar mutum. Koyaya, addinin Musulunci na Orthodox ya sami kaburbura masu matsala saboda yawancin [[Hadisi]] sun hana gina su. A matsayin al'ada kuma da ke ƙoƙarin karɓar, daidaitawa da kuma mamaye yawancin jama'ar Hindu, adawa ta fito ne daga al'adun yankin waɗanda suka yi imanin gawawwakin da tsarin da ke kansu ba su da tsabta. Ga Musulmai da yawa a lokacin da aka gina Taj, ana iya ɗaukar kaburbura a matsayin halatta idan ba su yi ƙoƙari ba don girman kai kuma ana ganin su a matsayin hanyar samar da alamar aljanna (Jannah) a nan a duniya.

Ana iya ganin raguwa da kwararar wannan muhawara a cikin masallatai na Mughul wanda ya koma ga na kakanninsu Timur. An gina shi a cikin 1403 AD (810 AH) an binne Timur a cikin Gur-e Amir a Samarkand, a ƙarƙashin wani dome. Kabarin yana amfani da iwan na gargajiya na Farisa a matsayin ƙofar. Kabarin Babur na 1528 AD (935 AH) a Kabul ya fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta, tare da cenotaph mai sauƙi da aka fallasa zuwa sama, wanda aka shimfiɗa a tsakiyar lambun da aka ganuwa.

Kabarin Humayun da aka ba da izini a cikin shekara ta 1562 AD, yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin kai tsaye a kan ƙirar Taj Mahal kuma ya kasance martani ga Gur-e Amir, ya ranta babban dome, tsarin lissafi da ƙofofin iwan, amma ya haɗa da na'urorin Mughal na Indiya na chhatris, aikin fuska na ja, da 'Lardin Aljanna' (Charbagh). Kabarin Akbar c.1600 a Sikandra, Agra, yana riƙe da abubuwa da yawa na kabarin Humayan amma ba shi da dome kuma ya koma cikin cenotaph da ke buɗewa zuwa sama. Taken da aka ci gaba a cikin Kabarin Itmad-Ud-Daulah kuma a Agra, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1622 da 1628, wanda 'yarsa [[Nur Jahan]] ta ba da umarni. Kabarin Jahangir a Shahdara ([[Lahore]]), wanda aka fara a cikin 1628 AD (1037 AH), kawai shekaru 4 kafin gina Taj kuma ba tare da dome ba, yana ɗaukar siffar matattarar mai sauƙi tare da minaret a kowane kusurwa.

=== Gidajen Aljanna ===
Manufar lambun aljanna (charbagh) an kawo ta ne daga Farisa ta Mughals a matsayin wani nau'i na lambun Timurid. Su ne maganganun gine-gine na farko da sabuwar daular ta yi a cikin yankin Indiya, kuma sun cika ayyuka daban-daban tare da ma'anoni masu karfi na alama. Alamar waɗannan lambuna ta samo asali ne daga matani na Musulunci mai ban mamaki wanda ke kwatanta aljanna a matsayin lambu cike da itatuwa masu yawa, furanni da tsire-tsire, tare da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa: A cikin Aljanna [[Kogi|koguna]] huɗu suna fitowa a tsakiyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko dutse. A cikin kyakkyawan siffarsu an shimfiɗa su a matsayin murabba'i da aka raba zuwa sassa huɗu daidai. Wadannan koguna galibi ana wakilta su a cikin charbagh a matsayin ƙananan hanyoyin da ke raba lambun ta hanyar gudana zuwa ga maki masu mahimmanci. Hanyoyin suna wakiltar alkawarin ruwa, madara, ruwan inabi da zuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal |url=http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607191815/http://www.abouttajmahal.com/about-taj-mahal/charbagh-gardens-taj-mahal.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |access-date=2007-07-23 |publisher=About Taj Mahal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar lambun, a tsakiya na bangarorin tana da caji sosai a alamance kuma tana inda, a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, za a sami ɗakin, tafki ko kabarin. Kabarin Humayun, [[Agra|Akbar]] da Jahangir, sarakunan Mughal na baya, sun bi wannan tsari. Har ila yau, lambun giciye yana da abubuwan da suka gabata masu zaman kansu a cikin Kudancin Asiya wanda ya fara daga karni na 5 inda aka shimfiɗa lambunan sarauta na Sigiriya a Sri Lanka a irin wannan hanyar.

Ga kabarin marigayi matar Jahan duk da haka, inda mausoleum yake a gefen lambun, akwai muhawara tsakanin masana game da dalilin da ya sa ba a yi amfani da tsarin gargajiya na gargajiya ba. Ebba Koch ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da bambancin charbagh; wanda ya fi dacewa da lambun ruwa da aka samu a Agra, wanda aka daidaita don manufar addini. Mughuls ne suka kirkiro irin waɗannan lambuna don takamaiman yanayin filayen Indiya inda koguna masu saurin gudana ke samar da tushen ruwa, ana ɗaga ruwa daga kogi ta hanyar na'urorin da dabbobi ke motsawa da aka sani da jaka kuma ana adana su a cikin tankuna. An saita wani layi na layi kusa da bakin kogi tare da ƙananan ɗakuna da aka saita a ƙasa da babban ginin da ke buɗewa zuwa kogi. An jaddada bangarorin biyu na terrace tare da hasumiyoyi. Babur ne ya kawo wannan nau'in zuwa Agra kuma a lokacin Shah Jahan, lambuna na wannan nau'i, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, sun haɗa bangarorin biyu na kogin Jumna. An tsara filin da ke gefen kogi don inganta ra'ayoyin Agra ga manyan masarautar da za su yi tafiya a ciki da kewayen birnin ta kogi. Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wani bayani game da wurin da aka yi da mausoleum. Idan an dauki lambun tsakar dare a arewacin kogin Jumna a matsayin wani bangare na hadaddun, to ana iya fassara mausoleum a matsayin kasancewa a tsakiyar lambun da kogi na ainihi ya raba kuma don haka ana iya la'akari da shi a cikin al'adar charbagh mai tsarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;persimmon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leoshko |first=Janice |year=2002 |title=Book Review: The Moonlight Garden: New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal |url=https://www.persimmon-mag.com/winter2002/bookre1.htm |access-date=2007-02-13 |publisher=Persimmon&amp;nbsp;– Asian literature, Arts and Culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ambureen Rana</title>
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'''Ambureen Rana''' 'yar siyasar Amurka ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na [[Maine House of Representatives|Majalisar Wakilai ta Maine]] tun daga ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2022. Tana wakiltar gundumar Maine ta 21. Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan manufofi da shirye-shirye a Maine Women's Lobby . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Bangor Democrats tap Ambureen Rana for newly open House seat |url=https://emergeamerica.org/bangor-democrats-tap-ambureen-rana-for-newly-open-house-seat/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Emerge |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120000502/https://emergeamerica.org/bangor-democrats-tap-ambureen-rana-for-newly-open-house-seat/ |archive-date=2024-01-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin zabe ==
A cikin 2018, Rana ta lashe zaben dimokuradiyya na gundumar 100 a zaben 2018 na Maine House of Representatives, amma ta janye. Ta lashe kujerar gundumar ta 21 a Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Maine na 2022.[1]

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Rana ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halitta daga Jami'ar Maine . Ita LGBTQ+ ce kuma Musulmi ce.[1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Amrou Al-Kadhi''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Burtaniya-Iraqi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma Mai shirya fina-finai wanda aikinsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan asalin jinsi, wakilcin al'adu da siyasar launin fata. 

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Al-Kadhi ne a [[Landan]] ga dangin [[Musulmi]] na Iraki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. An haife su ne a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] da [[Baharen|Bahrain]], kafin iyalin su koma London.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cocozza |first=Paula |date=October 9, 2019 |title=Muslim drag queen Amrou Al-Kadhi: 'Whenever the drag came off, I'd have a nervous breakdown' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/oct/09/muslim-drag-queen-amrou-al-kadhi-whenever-the-drag-came-off-id-have-a-nervous-breakdown |access-date=May 12, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Kadhi ya yi iƙirarin cewa gano Ilimin halittu na ruwa da kimiyyar lissafi ya taimaka musu su fahimci ainihin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al-Kadhi |first=Amrou |date=11 June 2019 |title=What quantum physics taught me about my queer Islamic identity |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/amrou_al_kadhi_what_quantum_physics_taught_me_about_my_queer_islamic_identity |via=ted.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Kadhi yana da ɗan tagwaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2019 |title=Amrou Al-Kadhi's Unicorn: The Memoir of a Muslim Drag Queen is the searing autobiography the community needs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/amrou-al-kadhis-unicorn-the-memoir-of-a-muslim-drag-queen-is-the-searing-autobiography-the-community-needs-7779681.html |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, an ba Al-Kadhi tallafin karatu na shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Eton, inda suka yi matakan A, &lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life as a Unicorn: A Journey from Shame to Pride and Everything in Between |url=https://www.thebookshop.com.au/forthcoming/life-as-a-unicorn-a-journey-from-shame-to-pride-and-everything-in-between/ |website=The Bookshop Darlinghurst |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622221708/https://www.thebookshop.com.au/forthcoming/life-as-a-unicorn-a-journey-from-shame-to-pride-and-everything-in-between/ |archive-date=2020-06-22 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan suka kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Cambridge tare da BA da MPhil a Tarihin Fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amrou Al-Kadhi |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk//people/amrou-al-kadhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016214242/https://www2.bfi.org.uk//people/amrou-al-kadhi |archive-date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=September 19, 2024 |publisher=British Film Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan mataki na Al-Kadhi shine Glamrou . A Jami'ar Cambridge ne suka gano jan hankali, shirya abubuwan da suka faru kuma suka zama &quot;mahaifiyar jan hankali&quot; ga 'yan uwan su a cikin ƙungiyar jan hankali ta farko ta jami'ar. Yayinda suke a Cambridge, sun kirkiro kuma sun jagoranci ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Denim, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Drag queen Glamrou's memoir goes for six figures |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/4th-estate-scoops-drag-queens-memoir-six-figures-742996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824193517/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/4th-estate-scoops-drag-queens-memoir-six-figures-742996 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=September 19, 2024 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda suka rubuta tare kuma suka yi wasan kwaikwayo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amrou Al-Kadhi |url=https://www.unitedagents.co.uk/amrou-al-kadhi#film_tv_theatre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910035808/https://www.unitedagents.co.uk/amrou-al-kadhi#film_tv_theatre |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2024 |website=United Agents}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, sun bar ƙungiyar don su mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayon solo a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da ake kira ''Glamrou: Daga Alkur'ani zuwa Sarauniya''.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Fina finai ===
Matsayin farko na Al-Kadhi, yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya kasance a fim din Steven Spielberg ''Munich'', inda suka taka rawar dan ta'addan Islama. Sun yi sharhi cewa, a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Larabawa, an kusantar su don taka rawar ta'addanci kusan sau talatin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2017 |title=I'm an Arab actor who's been asked to play a terrorist 30 times. If La La Land cleans up at the Oscars, I'm done |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/oscars-la-la-land-moonlight-arab-muslim-actor-audition-terrorist-i-am-done-a7595261.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223202712/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/oscars-la-la-land-moonlight-arab-muslim-actor-audition-terrorist-i-am-done-a7595261.html |archive-date=2017-02-23 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Kadhi ta fara zama darektan ''Layla'', tare da Film 4 da Fox Cub Films, an fara shi a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2024.

A cikin 2021, Al-Kadhi ya bayyana a cikin fim din Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) Venom: Bari a kasance Carnage a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin wucin gadi na Venom bayan ya rabu da Eddie Brock.

=== Talabijin ===
Al-Kadhi yana da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda uku a ci gaba: a matsayin marubuci da mahalicci, Tarkaanfi, tare da BBC Drama, a matsayin tauraruwa, co-halicci da co-marubuci, Nefertiti, jerin wasan kwaikwayo a ci gaba tare da Big Talk Productions, kuma a matsayin co-tauraro, co-muruciya da co-rubuci, Beards, a ci gaba da Playground Entertainment.

=== Rubuce-rubuce ===
Tarihin rayuwar Al-Kadhi, Life as a Unicorn: A Journey From Shame to Pride and Everything In Between, an buga shi a cikin 2019 kuma yana ba da labarin rabuwarsu daga sulhu na ƙarshe da mahaifiyarsu da Islama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Amrou Al-Kadhi interview: 'My mum is a drag queen, but not knowingly' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/amrou-alkadhi-interview-glamrou-drag-queen-a4364166.html |website=London Evening Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amrou Al-Kadhi |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/author/amrou-al-kadhi |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226082455/http://www.independent.co.uk/author/amrou-al-kadhi |archive-date=2017-02-26 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, tarihin kansa ya lashe lambar yabo ta Somerset Maugham ta Society of Authors . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Muslim drag performer wins Society Of Authors award for debut memoir |url=https://www.aol.co.uk/entertainment/2020/06/17/muslim-drag-performer-wins-society-of-authors-award-for-debut-me/ |website=aol.co.uk |access-date=28 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124000059/https://www.aol.co.uk/entertainment/2020/06/17/muslim-drag-performer-wins-society-of-authors-award-for-debut-me/ |archive-date=24 January 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun rubuta shafi na ra'ayi na mako biyu don The Independent, da kuma shafi na kowane wata a cikin Gay Times . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2018 |title=Human beings aren't products, why try and package us to all be the same? |url=http://gaytimes.co.uk/community/97922/human-beings-arent-products-try-package-us/ |website=Gay Times |access-date=September 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621200739/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/97922/human-beings-arent-products-try-package-us/ |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga ''GQ'',  ''[[The Guardian]]'', Attitude, ''[[CNN]]'' da Little White Lies. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=How drag helped me come to terms with my gender |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/unicorn-amrou-al-kadhi |website=British GQ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=#EdFringe17 Comedy Q&amp;A: Amrou Al-Kadhi from Denim: The World Tour by Martin Walker |url=http://broadwaybaby.com/features/edfringe17-comedy-qa-amrou-al-kadhi-from-denim-the-world-tour/1833 |website=broadwaybaby.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Kadhi ya rubuta a kan batutuwa da suka fara daga asalin jinsi da Islamophobia zuwa falsafar Ilimin halittu na ruwa da sukar fim.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Al-Kadhi mai son kai ne kuma ba binary ba.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taken
!Shekara
!Matsayi
!Fitarwa
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Tsayawa da dare''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2016
|Marubuci da mai wasan kwaikwayo
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Rashin jituwa''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2017
|Darakta da marubuci
|BBC4 watsa shirye-shirye, BFI, Revry &lt;ref name=&quot;soundcloud&quot; /&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Gudun (a) hanyar Larabawa''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2017
|Darakta da marubuci
|Hotunan Peccadillo &amp; Revry &lt;ref name=&quot;soundcloud&quot; /&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Victoria Sin''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2017
|Darakta da marubuci
|Mai ban sha'awa, Revry &lt;ref name=&quot;soundcloud&quot; /&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Anemone''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2018
|Darakta da marubuci
|Fim din BBC da Fim din London &lt;ref name=&quot;soundcloud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unicorn - Amrou Al-Kadhi |url=https://soundcloud.com/5x15/amrou-al-khadi |via=soundcloud.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Christopher Robin''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2018
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo, Nemir Azizi (Mai ba da tikitin London) 
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Venom: Bari a sami yanka''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2021
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo, Venom (Mai Gida na Biyu)  
|Bayyanar Cameo
|-
|''Layla''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2024
|Darakta da marubuci
|
|}

=== Talabijin ===

== Mataki ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>2cbnkz62460on5jk5tui6x8xwz2mya8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adeola Emmanuel Abolaji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>177500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964886</id>
      <parentid>960056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>964886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11666" sha1="e6rl8mdanltouetlzyl3t8fo40v5phi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Adeola Emmanuel Abolaji''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan  Nuwamba a shekarar 1993) dan wasan kwaikwayo ne dan Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, fasto, ɗan kasuwan midiya, kuma wakilin siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 November 2021 |title=Redeemed Church Organises Workshop On Photography, Social Media, Graphics, Videography For Young People |url=https://independent.ng/redeemed-church-organises-workshop-on-photography-social-media-graphics-videography-for-young-people/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Man |first=The New |date=2023-03-24 |title=Biography of Pastor Abolaji Adeola |url=https://www.thenewman.org.ng/2022/11/biography-of-pastor-abolaji-adeola.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The New Man}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Adeola trains, empowers entrepreneurs, marketers |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/adeola-trains-empowers-entrepreneurs-marketers/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma Babban Fasto na ''Cocin [[Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God|RCCG]] Living Seed Omole'' da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ''Spirit Of Prophecy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-04-19 |title=The importance of leadership and human relations in Adeola's journey to becoming a entrepreneur and pastor |url=https://guardian.ng/news/the-importance-of-leadership-and-human-relations-in-adeolas-journey-to-becoming-a-entrepreneur-and-pastor/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Eze |first=Chinelo |date=2023-03-07 |title=Enoch: The Biopic On The Life Of Adejare Adeboye |url=https://guardian.ng/life/enoch-the-biopic-on-the-life-of-adejare-adeboye/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=From a Young Age to an Established Brand: Abolaji Adeola Shares His Entrepreneurial Journey and How it Led to the Creation of Expert Beam Media. |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/04/19/from-a-young-age-to-an-established-brand-abolaji-adeola-shares-his-entrepreneurial-journey-and-how-it-led-to-the-creation-of-expert-beam-media/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
Ya kammala karatunsa ne a fannin ''biochemistry'' daga [[Jami'ar Babcock]], tare da digirin MBA daga Jami'ar Redeemers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cyril |date=2023-04-22 |title=From Biochemistry to Blockbusters: Abolaji Adeola's rise in Nigerian Film Industry |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/from-biochemistry-to-blockbusters-abolaji-adeolas-rise-in-nigerian-film-industry/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne Shugaban Sadarwa ta Dijital a Ofishin Babban Mataimaki ga Mai Kula da Daukakin [[Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God|RCCG]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Telegraph |first=New |date=2023-04-18 |title=Abolaji Adeola, Digital Communications Head for the Office of the Principal Executive Assistant to the General Overseer of RCCG, Discusses the Role of Technology in Spreading the Gospel and Building Communities |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/abolaji-adeola-digital-communications-head-for-the-office-of-the-principal-executive-assistant-to-the-general-overseer-of-rccg-discusses-the-role-of-technology-in-spreading-the-gospel-and-building-c/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[New Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Adeola Abolaji - Xplorenollywood |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/tag/adeola-abolaji/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
A shekarar 2017, Abolaji ya kafa ''Expert Beam Media'', wani kamfanin watsa labarai na Afirka da ke ba da ayyuka masu alaƙa da kafofin watsa labarai a fannonin shirya bidiyo, talla, da kafofin sada zumunta..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-18 |title=From a Young Age to an Established Brand: Abolaji Adeola Shares His Entrepreneurial Journey and How it Led to the Creation of Expert Beam Media. |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/04/19/from-a-young-age-to-an-established-brand-abolaji-adeola-shares-his-entrepreneurial-journey-and-how-it-led-to-the-creation-of-expert-beam-media/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2023-04-19 |title=Adeola trains, empowers entrepreneurs, marketers |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/adeola-trains-empowers-entrepreneurs-marketers/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ijaseun |first=David |date=2023-08-12 |title=Adeola Abolaji: Igniting change through leadership, humanitarian activities |url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/adeola-abolaji-igniting-change-through-leadership-humanitarian-activities/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2025-08-11 |title=Adeola Abolaji appointed as strategic advisor for real estate initiative |url=https://guardian.ng/news/adeola-abolaji-appointed-as-strategic-advisor-for-real-estate-initiative/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin da ya yi aiki da su akwai [[BBC]], Premium Trust Bank, da Opera News.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2025-08-11 |title=Adeola Abolaji appointed as strategic advisor for real estate initiative |url=https://guardian.ng/news/adeola-abolaji-appointed-as-strategic-advisor-for-real-estate-initiative/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ijaseun |first=David |date=2023-08-12 |title=Adeola Abolaji: Igniting change through leadership, humanitarian activities |url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/adeola-abolaji-igniting-change-through-leadership-humanitarian-activities/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma rike mukamai na ba da shawara a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar dabarun Makkan Innovation don shirin fasahar gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2025-08-11 |title=Adeola Abolaji appointed as strategic advisor for real estate initiative |url=https://guardian.ng/news/adeola-abolaji-appointed-as-strategic-advisor-for-real-estate-initiative/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Fim da Fim ===
Abolaji ya nuna [[Enoch Adeboye|Fasto EA Adeboye]] a cikin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwa ''Enoch'' (2023), wanda Mount Zion Films and Solid Rock Foundation suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=sunnews |date=2023-04-22 |title=From Biochemistry to Blockbusters: Abolaji Adeola’s rise in Nigerian Film Industry |url=https://thesun.ng/from-biochemistry-to-blockbusters-abolaji-adeolas-rise-in-nigerian-film-industry/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya kuma fito a cikin shirin Ayaba da Trampled (Sashe na 1-3) wani shiri na fim da Solid Rock Foundation suka shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Kyaututtuka ===
A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 2023, an nada Abolaji a matsayin Jakadan Matasa [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|na ECOWAS]] kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Nelson Mandela don girmama gudummawar da ya bayar wajen taimakon jama'a a fannin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da ci gaban zamantakewa da al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Amos |date=2023-08-07 |title=Adeola Abolaji bags ECOWAS Youth Ambassador, Nelson Mandela Leadership Award |url=https://guardian.ng/news/adeola-abolaji-bags-ecowas-youth-ambassador-nelson-mandela-leadership-award/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ijaseun |first=David |date=2023-08-12 |title=Adeola Abolaji: Igniting change through leadership, humanitarian activities |url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/adeola-abolaji-igniting-change-through-leadership-humanitarian-activities/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Siyasa ===
Abolaji yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki kuma Kansila mai wakiltar Unguwar Ofada a karamar hukumar [[Obafemi Owode]], [[jihar Ogun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Adeola: Local Government Gives Power to the Electorate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/09/30/adeola-local-government-gives-power-to-the-electorate/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=THURSDAY 30TH SEPTEMBER 2021 |url=https://issuu.com/thisdaylive/docs/tdla_0930x/1 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=issuu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyaututtuka ===

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Yana auren Moromoluwatiketike Abolaji &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Enoch Movie actor, Abolaji Adeola gushes over his wife as he celebrates her on International Women's Day (Photos) |url=https://gospelfilmsng.com/enoch-movie-actor-abolaji-adeola-gushes-over-his-wife-as-he-celebrates-her-on-international-womens-day-photos/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161525/https://gospelfilmsng.com/enoch-movie-actor-abolaji-adeola-gushes-over-his-wife-as-he-celebrates-her-on-international-womens-day-photos/ |archive-date=2023-05-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna da ɗa, Jubilee Abolaji da 'ya mace ɗaya.

== Fim ɗin fim ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
! Fim
! Matsayin
! Harafi
! Bayani
|-
| 2023
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TxD3cxUQcc&amp;vl=en Enoch] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Man |first=The New |date=2023-03-15 |title=Watch Enoch Movie: The Biopic of Pastor E.A.Adeboye |url=https://www.thenewman.org.ng/2022/06/download-enoch-biopic-of-pastor.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The New Man}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Babban Jarumi
| Adeboye Adejare
| 
|-
| 2024
| An tattake
|
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gospel Film News |date=2025-03-20 |title=Photo News: Solid Rock Foundation Films Trampled Part 3 - Gospel Film News |url=https://www.gospelfilmnews.com/photo-news-solid-rock-foundation-films-trampled-part-3/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904043111/https://www.gospelfilmnews.com/photo-news-solid-rock-foundation-films-trampled-part-3/ |archive-date=2026-09-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Ayaba
|
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Solid Rock Foundation - Gospel Film News |url=https://www.gospelfilmnews.com/tag/solid-rock-foundation/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260905113018/https://www.gospelfilmnews.com/tag/solid-rock-foundation/ |archive-date=2026-09-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://instagram.com/abolajiadeola?igshid=ZWQyN2ExYTkwZQ== abolaji adeola] a [[Instagram]]
* [https://obafemiowodelocalgov.org/legislators-2/ Ƙaramar Hukuma]
* {{Official website|https://abolajiadeola.com/}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>e6rl8mdanltouetlzyl3t8fo40v5phi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adama Dosso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>177516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964881</id>
      <parentid>960200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:02:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>964881</origin>
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      <text bytes="3046" sha1="fnu04ibypoc1porlji2b166v2kp2kpe" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Adama Dosso''' jami'in diflomasiyyar [[Ivory Coast]] ne, Jakadan Ivory Coast a kasar Sin tun watan Agusta 2014. Jakadan Ivory Coast a kasar Sin kuma yana aiki a matsayin jakadan da ba mazaunin ba a Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Koriya ta Arewa da Myanmar.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Adama Dosso ya kasance Jakadan Ivory Coast a [[Kamaru]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.businessincameroon.com/cooperation/1110-4356-cameroon-ivory-coast-mixed-commission-in-2014 Cameroon, Ivory Coast Mixed Commission in 2014], ''Businessincameroon.com'', 11 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.businessincameroon.com/trade/0908-4983-strong-growth-in-trade-between-cameroon-and-cote-d-ivoire-in-2013 Strong growth in trade between Cameroon and Cote d’Ivoire in 2013], ''Businessincameroon.com'', 9 August 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
 

A watan Agustan 2014, an nada Adama Dosso a matsayin Jakadan Ivory Coast a kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinese-embassy.no/eng/zyxw/t1202089.htm President Xi Jinping Accepts Credentials from Nine New Ambassadors to China], ''Chinese-embassy.no'', 16 Octobre 2014&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Yunin 2015, ya ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da China's Tiesiju Civil Engineering Group Co don gina cibiyoyin noma a yankuna 11 na Ivory Coast, yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 53.&lt;ref&gt;Zhu Lixin, [https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201506/19/WS5a2b54a9a310eefe3e99fd28.html Developers sign logistics deal with Cote d'Ivoire], ''Chinadaily.com'', 19 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2017, ya yi jawabi ga takardun diflomasiyyarsa ga sabon shugaban Vietnam Trần Đại Quang a matsayin jakadan Ivory Coast a Vietnam. &lt;ref&gt;[https://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/State-President-receives-new-Ambassadors/20171/29555.vgp State President receives new Ambassadors], ''Chinhphu.vn'', 11 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2017, Adama Dosso ya zama jakadan Ivory Coast na farko a Cambodia.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.fratmat.info/index.php/politique/diplomatie-dosso-adama-prend-fonction-au-cambodge Diplomatie: Dosso Adama prend fonction au Cambodge], ''Fratmat.info'', 29 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://norodomsihamoni.org/en/news/2017-06-21_1 Côte d’Ivoire Ambassador’s Credentials], ''Norodomsihamoni.org'', 21 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan watan, ya fara watsawa a gidan talabijin na Ivory Coast don tabbatar da mutuwar dan wasan kwallon kafa na Ivory [[Cheick Tioté]] .&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifpro.org/news/cheick-tiote-dies-of-a-heart-attack/en/ Cheick Tioté dies of a heart attack] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Fifpro.org'', 8 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, ya ba da wasiƙunsa na amincewa ga shugaban da aka zaba kwanan nan na Mongolia Khaltmaagiin Battulga a matsayin jakadan Ivory Coast a Mongolia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mongolia.gogo.mn/r/161452 Non-resident ambassadors present credentials], ''Mongolia.gogo.mn'', 4 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Shafuka masu alaƙa ==

* List of ambassadors of Ivory Coast to China
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    <title>Bambam</title>
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|subdivision_name = [[Najeriya]]
|subdivision_type1 = Jiha
|subdivision_name1 = [[Jihar Gombe]]
|subdivision_type2 = Ƙaramar hukuma
|subdivision_name2 = [[Balanga (Nigeria)|Balanga]]
|postal_code = 761001
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'''Bambam''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Nigeria)|ƙaramar hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Bambam yana cikin yankin Balanga kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren rajistar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Directory of Polling Units — Gombe State
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Lambar gidan waya ta Bambam ita ce 761001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Bambam, Balanga - Postcode 761001
|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam.html
|website=Nigeria Postcode
|access-date=30 Satumba 2026
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Bambam na daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Haka kuma, akwai wasu ƙauyuka da ke ƙarƙashin gundumar Bambam, ciki har da Bajoga, Bakin Kasuwa, Gadamayo, Gindin Dutse, Gwadabe, Jauro Tukur, Kashere, Kukumeti, Kwata, Lambawa, Makera, Nasarawo, Taliyayi, Tasha da Yarbawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=List of villages in Gombe State
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=30 Satumba 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Garuruwa a Jihar Gombe]]
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'''Bangu''' gari ne da ke cikin karamar hukumar [[Balanga (Nijeriya)|Balanga]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Bangu yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan kada kuri'ar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
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Lambar gidan waya ta yankin Bangu ita ce 761109. Wasu daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke ƙarƙashin yankin Bangu sun haɗa da Bangu Garu, Baure, Bokabundi, Daurawa, Laura, Sabon Layi, Shangi, Yobuyo da Zangayari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Postcode - 761109
|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/
|website=Nigeria Postcode
|access-date=30 September 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}


[[Rukuni:Garuruwa]]
[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Gombe]]
[[Rukuni:Garuruwa daga jihar Gombe]]</text>
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'''Anupam Mittal''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1971&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Anupam Mittal Biography: Birth, Age, Family, Education, Career, Net Worth, Shark Tank India, and More |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/anupam-mittal-biography-1641395244-1 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, babban jami'in kasuwanci kuma mai saka hannun jari a fannin mala'iku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Karan |title=The 8 Most Prominent Angel Investors In India |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/krnkashyap/2016/09/29/the-8-most-prominent-angel-investors-in-india/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na People Group da Shaadi.com . Baya ga fara Shaadi.com, wani kamfanin bikin aure na Indiya ta yanar gizo, ya kuma kasance fitaccen mai saka hannun jari a Season 1, 2, 3, 4 da 5, inda ya zuba jari a kamfanoni sama da 250. Ya kuma kasance tare da kafa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Intanet da Wayar Salula ta Indiya (IAMAI) daga 2006 zuwa 2007 kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin Majalisar Gudanarwarta. Shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar Karmaveer Chakra Award . Ya kuma yi wasa a fina-finan Bollywood kamar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwHQ&quot;&gt;99&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwHw&quot;&gt;Flavors&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Leadership {{!}} IAMAI |url=https://www.iamai.in/our-leadership |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.iamai.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Anupam Mittal net worth: The Shaadi.com founder's net worth is around Rs 15 Crore |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/anupam-mittal-net-worth-the-shaadicom-founders-net-worth-is-around-rs-15000-crore |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062709/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/anupam-mittal-net-worth-the-shaadicom-founders-net-worth-is-around-rs-15000-crore |archive-date=2023-01-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shanthi |first=S. |date=2022-02-04 |title=Anupam Mittal: The Bull Shark |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/anupam-mittal-the-bull-shark/416945 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a Mumbai, Indiya, kuma ya yi karatunsa a Kwalejin Jai Hind. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Boston, Massachusetts. Ya yi karatun digirinsa na MBA a fannin Ayyuka da Gudanar da Dabaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Ashneer Grover to Vineeta Singh; Educational qualifications of Shark Tank India judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashneer-grover-to-vineeta-singh-a-quick-look-at-the-educational-qualifications-of-shark-tank-india-judges/photostory/89891928.cms |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Mittal ya yi aiki a MicroStrategy a matsayin manajan samfura. Wani abin da ya faru da wani mai ba da shawara kan aure ya haifar da wata shawara. Daga nan ya fara Sagai.com a shekarar 1997, wani shafin yanar gizo na aure na farko da aka sani da Shaadi.com. Bayan Shaadi.com, Mittal ya kafa kamfanin caca na wayar hannu na farko a Indiya, Mauj Mobile da kasuwannin kadarori na Indiya, Makaan.com . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Anupam Mittal celebrates 10th anniversary with Anchal Kumar; Check out net worth of Shark Tank India judge |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shark-tank-indias-anupam-mittals-net-worth-1228658 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Intanet da Wayar Salula ta Indiya (IAMAI) daga 2006–2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Anupam Mittal launches DreamDeal initiative; provides budding Indian entrepreneurs grants upto Rs 1 lakh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/anupam-mittal-launches-dreamdeal-initiative-provides-budding-indian-entrepreneurs-grants-upto-rs-1-lakh/2623025/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Shark Tank India: Failures to towering success, here are Anupam Mittal's lesser-known facts |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/shark-tank-india-failures-towering-success-here-are-anupam-mittals-lesser-known-facts-1062850 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-07 |title='It is best time for start-ups to raise money in India' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/lsquoIt-is-best-time-for-start-ups-to-raise-money-in-India/article20330318.ece |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaadi.com's Anupam Mittal: A Bachelor Finds Success as an Online Matchmaker |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/shaadi-coms-anupam-mittal-a-bachelor-finds-success-as-an-online-matchmaker/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Knowledge at Wharton |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anupam Mittal yana ɗaya daga cikin masu saka hannun jari na farko a Ola Cabs, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sufuri na Indiya. Mittal ya kasance mai saka hannun jari a kamfanoni sama da 250 kafin Shark Tank a fannoni kamar fasahar zamani, intanet, wayar hannu, kiwon lafiya da SaaS . Wasu daga cikin manyan jarin da aka saka sun haɗa da Rupeek, Agnikul, Basic Home Loan, Animal, Interactive Avenues, BigBasket, [https://mitigata.com/ Mitigata-Smart Cyber Insurance], Rapido da WhatFix. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India Season 2: 15 सही कंपनी में निवेश 200 कंपनियों के नुकसान को कवर करने के लिए काफी, अनुपम मित्तल का क्या है संकेत? |url=https://hindi.economictimes.com/sme/shark-tank-india-season-2-anupam-mittal-on-start-up-investment/articleshow/97266161.cms |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Economic Times Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tankin Shark ===
Mittal ya kasance &quot;Shark&quot; a shirin gaskiya na SonyLiv ''Shark Tank India'' a cikin Seasons 1, 2 da 3 . A Kashi na 1, ya zuba jarin ₹54,000,000 (US$680,000) a cikin kasuwanci 25, yayin da a Kashi na 2, ₹ 54,000,000  a cikin kasuwanci 25 yayin da a Kashi na 3 ya zuba jarin kusan ₹ 80,500,000  a cikin kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title='There were hardly any VCs in India': Shark Tank's Anupam Mittal shares how he raised funds |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/entrepreneurship/story/there-were-hardly-any-vcs-in-india-shark-tanks-anupam-mittal-shares-how-he-raised-funds-from-sequoia-svb-westbridge-370161-2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fina-finai da nishaɗi ====
Mittal ya kuma fito a fina-finan Bollywood ''99'' da ''Flavors'', waɗanda abokansa na kud da kud Raj &amp;amp;amp; DK suka ba da umarni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2023-01-31 |title=Did You Know? Shark Tank Panelist Anupam Mittal Has Produced A Bollywood Film With Raj &amp; DK, Featured In Another Co-Starring Boman Irani! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/did-you-know-shark-tank-panelist-anupam-mittal-has-produced-a-bollywood-film-with-raj-dk-featured-in-another-co-starring-boman-irani/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A talabijin, Mittal ya fito a Seasons 1 da 2 na shirin gaskiya na kasuwanci na Indiya ''Shark Tank India'' . A matsayin wani ɓangare na tallata ''Shark Tank India'', Mittal ya fito a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, kamar ''Kaun Banega Crorepati'' na Amitabh Bachchan da kuma ''The Kapil Sharma Showml.''

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
[[File:Anupam_Mittal_with_Aanchal_Kumar_2.jpg|thumb| Mittal tare da matarsa Aanchal Kumar]]
An haifi Mittal a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1971 a [[Mumbai]] ga Bhagwati Devi Mittal da Gopal Krishna Mittal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Millionaire To Bankruptcy And Bouncing Back To New Heights: Success Story Of Anupam Mittal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/from-millionaire-to-bankruptcy-and-bouncing-back-to-new-heights-success-story-of-anupam-mittal-2798866.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Mittal ya auri budurwarsa ta dogon lokaci, mai suna Aanchal Kumar, a [[Jaipur]] . Suna da 'ya mace, Alyssa Mittal.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=When Shark Tank India's Anupam Mittal tied the knot with Bigg Boss 4's Anchal Kumar. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-anupam-mittal-bigg-boss-anchal-kumar-wedding-video-7753273/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==

* A shekarar 2011, Mittal ya sami kyautar kamfanin da ya fi ƙirƙira a Indiya ta ''Fast Company'', wani kamfanin buga littattafai na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-07 |title='It is best time for start-ups to raise money in India' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/lsquoIt-is-best-time-for-start-ups-to-raise-money-in-India/article20330318.ece |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mittal ya sami kyautar Karmaveer Chakra a cikin rukunin 'Yan Kasuwa don Canjin Zamani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=9 Lesser Known Facts About Shark Tank India's Anupam Mittal |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/facts-about-shark-tank-india-s-anupam-mittal/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin ''Business Standard'' ya lissafa Mittal a matsayin babban mai zuba jari a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar 2014 da 2015 saboda saka hannun jari a kamfanoni 25 da 34 bi da bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Ranju |date=2018-01-25 |title=Here's why top angel investors take a back seat on investing in start-ups |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/here-s-why-top-angel-investors-take-a-back-seat-on-investing-in-start-ups-118012401739_1.html |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2016, an saka Mittal a cikin jerin manyan masu zuba jari guda 8 mafi shahara a Indiya ta ''Forbes'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* A shekarar 2020, ya sami lambar yabo a matsayin Babban Ɗan Kasuwa na Serial da kuma Mai Zuba Jari na Angel ta TiE . 
* Ya kuma shiga cikin jerin mutane 50 mafi ƙarfi a Indiya a cikin wani kamfani na mako-mako, ''The Week'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India: All you need to know about the shark Anupam Mittal, his net worth and personal life |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shark-tank-india-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-shark-anupam-mittal-his-net-worth-and-personal-life/74bb5e556049 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
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'''Azim Hashim Premji''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1945) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai taimakon jama'a ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya kasance shugaban Wipro . Premji ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba na kwamitin gudanarwa kuma shugaban kwamitin kafa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/azim-premji/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2010, an zaɓe shi cikin mutane 20 mafi ƙarfi a duniya ta hanyar ''Asiaweek.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji: Latest News, Videos and Azim Premji Photos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Azim-Premji |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saka shi cikin [[Time 100|mutane 100 mafi tasiri]] a mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', a tsakanin 2004 da 2011. Tsawon shekaru, ana yawan sanya shi a cikin jerin ''Musulmai 500 Mafi Tasiri.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2018 |title=Azim Premji |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/azim-premji/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |publisher=themuslim500.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amin Jafri |first=Syed |date=12 October 2015 |title=22 Indians among world's influential Muslims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kuma aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Jami'ar Azim Premji da [[Bengaluru|ke Bangalore]]. Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba Premji kyautar Padma Vibhushan, lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma a fannin farar hula a Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2011 |title=Premji happy to win Padma Vibhushan |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Premji-happy-to-win-Padma-Vibhushan/article20053145.ece/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na 2023, ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa dukiyar Premji ta kai dala biliyan 11.6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/azim-premji/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, ya sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa, inda ya yi alƙawarin bayar da aƙalla rabin dukiyarsa, farawa da gudummawar dala biliyan 2.2 ga Gidauniyar Azim Premji, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan ilimi a Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;karmali_forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karmali |first=Naazneen |date=23 February 2013 |title=Azim Premji Donates $2.3 Billion After Signing Giving Pledge |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2013/02/23/azim-premji-donates-2-3-billion-after-signing-giving-pledge/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya hau kan gaba a jerin masu tallafawa al'umma na EdelGive Hurun India a lokuta da dama.  

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Premji a [[Mumbai|Bombay]], ƙasar Birtaniya ta Indiya a cikin dangin Musulmi na Khoja [[Nizari|, 'yan Shi'a]] na Gujarati .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji, Chairman/CEO, Wipro |url=http://www.worldofceos.com/dossiers/azim-premji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227000058/http://www.worldofceos.com/dossiers/azim-premji |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=worldofceos.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne kuma an san shi da ''Sarkin Rice na Burma'' . [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], wanda ya kafa [[Pakistan]], ya gayyaci mahaifinsa Muhammed Hashim Premji da ya zo Pakistan, amma ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar kuma ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da zama a Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;bp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Mandovi |date=23 June 2011 |title=Billionaire Profile: Azim Premji |url=https://www.mensxp.com/work-life/leadership/10244-billionaire-profile-azim-premji.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=mensxp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Premji yana da digirin farko a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim H. Premji |url=https://www.wipro.com/leadership/azim-h-premji/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=[[Wipro]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana auren Yasmeen Premji. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Rishad da Tariq. Rishad Premji a halin yanzu shine Shugaban Wipro . 

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1945, Muhammed Hashim Premji ya kafa kamfanin Western Indian Vegetable Products Ltd, wanda ke Amalner, wani ƙaramin gari a gundumar Jalgaon da ke Maharashtra. Tana yin man girki a ƙarƙashin sunan Sunflower Vanaspati, da kuma sabulun wanki mai suna 787, wani abu da aka samo daga masana'antar mai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=When Azim Premji's father said no, and no again |url=https://churumuri.blog/2009/07/20/when-azim-premjis-father-said-no-and-no-again/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=churumuri.wordpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1966, bayan labarin mutuwar mahaifinsa, Azim Premji mai shekaru 21 a lokacin ya dawo gida daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]], inda yake karatun injiniya, don ya ɗauki nauyin Wipro .  Kamfanin, wanda ake kira Western Indian Vegetable Products a lokacin, yana aiki ne a fannin kera mai mai dauke da hydrogen amma daga baya Azim Premji ya rarraba kamfanin zuwa kitsen burodi, kayan wanka da aka yi da sinadarai na kabilanci, sabulun kula da gashi, kayan wanka na jarirai, kayan haske, da silinda na hydraulic. A shekarun 1980, bayan korar IBM daga Indiya, Premji ya canza sunan kamfanin zuwa ''Wipro'' kuma ya shiga fannin fasaha ta zamani ta hanyar ƙera ƙananan kwamfutoci tare da haɗin gwiwar fasaha tare da wani kamfanin Amurka mai suna Sentinel Computer Corporation.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page – Sentinel Technologies, Inc |url=http://www.sentinel.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513070215/https://sentinel.com/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, Premji ya mayar da hankali kan sabulun salo zuwa manhaja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji Profile – Biography of Azim Premji – Information on Azeem Premji Wipro Technologies |url=https://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/azim-premji.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=iloveindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017063945/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/azim-premji.html |archive-date=17 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, Premji ya kafa ofishin iyalinsa mai suna PremjiInvest (PI).  

=== Ganewa ===
[[File:The_President,_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Padma_Vibhushan_Award_to_Shri_Azim_Premji,_at_an_Investiture_Ceremony_II,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_01,_2011.jpg|thumb| Premji yana karbar lambar yabo ta Padma Vibhushan daga Shugaban Indiya, Pratibha Patil, a cikin Afrilu 2011]]

* An karrama Premji a ''Business Week'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin &quot;Manyan 'Yan Kasuwa&quot;. 
* A shekarar 2000, Kwalejin Ilimi Mai Zurfi ta Manipal ta ba shi digirin girmamawa. A shekara ta 2006, Cibiyar Injiniyan Masana'antu ta Ƙasa da ke Mumbai ta ba Azim Premji lambar yabo ta Lakshya Business Visionary. 
* A shekarar 2005, gwamnatin Indiya ta karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Padma Bhushan saboda aikinsa a fannin kasuwanci da kasuwanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013) |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2009, an ba shi digirin girmamawa na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Wesleyan da ke Middletown, [[Connecticut]] saboda ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a.  A shekarar 2015, Jami'ar Mysore ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir. 
* A shekarar 2011, an ba shi kyautar Padma Vibhushan, kyautar farar hula ta biyu mafi girma da gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi. 
* A watan Afrilun 2017, mujallar ''India Today'' ta sanya shi a matsayi na 9 a cikin jerin mutane 50 mafi iko a Indiya a shekarar 2017. 
* A shekarar 2018, an ba Premji kyautar Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honor) – mafi girman girmamawa ga farar hula na Faransa daga Gwamnatin Faransa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=Meet Azim Premji, the wipro founder who donated 39% of his shares to a charitable trust |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/a-look-at-azim-premjis-salary-over-the-years-and-net-worth-shows-the-wipro-founder-is-indias-most-generous-billionaire/slidelist/70340117.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[Business Insider India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028181338/https://www.businessinsider.in/a-look-at-azim-premjis-salary-over-the-years-and-net-worth-shows-the-wipro-founder-is-indias-most-generous-billionaire/slidelist/70340117.cms |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2018, ya sami kyautar nasarorin rayuwa a kyautar EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award, India. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Not Found |url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/builders-of-better-india/2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206070107/https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/builders-of-better-india/2018 |archive-date=2025-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2019, ''Forbes'' ta sanya Premji a cikin jerin masu bayar da agaji mafi karimci a duniya a wajen Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Çam |first=Deniz |date=26 March 2019 |title=From Azim Premji to Carlos Slim: The World's Most Generous Billionaires Outside Of The U.S. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbes/2019/03/26/from-azim-premji-to-carlos-slim-the-worlds-most-generous-billionaires-outside-of-the-us/ |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taimakon jama'a ==

=== Gidauniyar Azim Premji ===
A shekara ta 2001, ya kafa Gidauniyar Azim Premji, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji Foundation |url=http://azimpremjifoundation.org/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=azimpremjifoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; wadda ta mai da hankali kan inganta tsarin makarantun gwamnati a yankunan da ba su da galihu a Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://azimpremjifoundation.org/what-we-do/education |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=Azim Premji Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2010, ya yi alƙawarin bayar da gudummawar dala 2 na Amurka&amp;nbsp;biliyan don inganta ilimin makarantu a Indiya ta hanyar canja wurin hannun jari miliyan 213 ko kuma kashi 8.7% na hannun jarin Wipro, wanda wasu ƙungiyoyi kaɗan ke da iko da shi, zuwa ga Kamfanin Amintacce na Azim Premji.  A watan Fabrairun 2013, ya mika hannun jarin Wipro na kashi 12% ga Gidauniyar Azim Premji.   A watan Yulin 2015, ya bayar da ƙarin kashi 18% na hannun jarinsa a Wipro ga gidauniyar, wanda ya kai jimillar gudummawar da ya bayar zuwa kashi 39%.  

A watan Afrilun 2020, Gidauniyar Azim Premji, Wipro, da Wipro Enterprises sun bayar da tallafin dala miliyan ₹1,125 (dala miliyan 140) ga ayyukan agajin COVID-19.  Bayan haka, an ƙara alƙawarin ₹1,000 crore a watan Yunin 2021 don tallafawa shirin allurar riga-kafi na duniya baki ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Response to the COVID-19 Crisis |url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/our-response-to-the-covid-19-crisis |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=Azim Premji University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar kuɗi ta 25, Azim Premji da iyalinsa (Gidauniyar Azim Premji) sun ba da gudummawar kuɗi har dala miliyan 147. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=These Indian philanthropists have donated over ₹100 crore in FY25: Shiv Nadar, Mukesh Ambani, Bajaj family—See full list {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/indian-philanthropists-donate-over-100-crore-fy25-shiv-nadar-mukesh-ambani-bajaj-birla-adani-nilekani-hinduja-full-list-11762438464752.html |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=www.livemint.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidauniyar ta yi gargaɗi game da imel ɗin zamba waɗanda ke iƙirarin cewa sun fito ne daga gidauniyar kuma suna neman gudummawa ta ƙarya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alerts on online scams / fraudulent mails |url=https://azimpremjifoundation.org/alerts-online-scams-fradulent-mails |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=azimpremjifoundation.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618024519/https://azimpremjifoundation.org/alerts-online-scams-fradulent-mails |archive-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa ===
A shekarar 2013, Premji ya zama ɗan ƙasar Indiya na farko da ya yi rajista don yin alƙawarin bayar da gudummawa, wani kamfen da [[Warren Buffett]] da [[Bill Gates]] suka jagoranta, don ƙarfafa masu kuɗi su yi alƙawarin bayar da mafi yawan dukiyarsu ga ayyukan agaji. Shi ne mutum na uku da ba ɗan Amurka ba bayan [[Richard Branson]] da David Sainsbury da suka shiga wannan ƙungiyar.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 June 2016 |title=Premji to donate more to philanthropic causes |url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/11343877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826144033/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/11343877 |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] |agency=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin Shari'a ==
Tun daga shekarar 2020, an sanya sunan Premji a cikin jerin ƙarar da aka shigar ta hannun ƙungiyar NGO ta India Awake for Transparency.  Babbar Kotun Karnataka ta bayyana ƙarar a matsayin &quot;babu wani abu da ya shafi shari'a&quot;, ta yi watsi da su, sannan ta daure masu ƙara biyu bisa laifin raina su.  A watan Maris na 2022, Kotun Koli ta lura da neman afuwa ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba daga babban mai ƙarar sannan ta rufe sauran batutuwan. 

=== Shari'ar canja wurin kadarori marasa amfani ===
A shekarar 2022, a wata shari'a da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, India Awake for Transparency ta fara, Kotun Koli ta yi la'akari da neman afuwa ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba ga R Subramanian, wanda ta hanyar kamfanoni daban-daban ya fara shari'o'in &quot;marasa amfani&quot; a kan Azim Premji da sauransu, kuma ta ce tsohon shugaban Wipro ya ɗauki ra'ayi &quot;mai kyau&quot; ta hanyar yanke shawarar rufe shi idan ba su fuskanci &quot;tarin&quot; shari'o'i na gaba ba. An zargi Azim Premji da wasu da laifin karkatar da kadarorin da kamfanoni uku suka mallaka zuwa wani amintaccen gida. Kamfanin 'Indiya Awake for Transparency' na Mr Subramanian ya shigar da ƙara a kotun shari'a ta Bengaluru yana zargin cewa an yi amfani da haramtacciyar hanya wajen canja wurin kadarorin da suka kai darajar Rs 45,000 crore daga kamfanoni uku zuwa wani amintaccen kamfani mai zaman kansa da kuma wani sabon kamfani.  Wani alkalai da suka ƙunshi Alƙalai Sanjay Kishan Kaul da M Sundresh, waɗanda suka yi la'akari da ƙarar &quot;marasa amfani&quot; da &quot;mugunta&quot; da Subramanian ya shigar, sun duba takardar shaidarsa ta neman afuwa ga Mista Premji da wasu kuma suka shawarce shi da ya fara &quot;sabon babi a rayuwarsa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two jailed for filing frivolous litigations against Azim Premji |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-jailed-for-filing-frivolous-litigations-against-azim-premji/article38274951.ece |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Koli ta Indiya]] ta rufe shari'ar a watan Maris na 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cases Against Wipro's Azim Premji &quot;Frivolous&quot;, Closed By Supreme Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sc-takes-note-of-apology-of-litigant-for-past-conduct-of-filing-cases-against-ex-wipro-chief-premji-2814921 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=SC stays proceedings before Bengaluru court against former Wipro chairman Azim Premji, others |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Feb/08/sc-stays-proceedings-before-bengaluru-court-against-former-wipro-chairman-azim-premji-others-2417004.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shari'ar keta dokar aiki ===
A shekarar 2024, Azim Premji ya fuskanci tuhume-tuhume a Lucknow dangane da zargin karya dokar daidaiton albashi ta 1976, wadda ta samo asali daga korafin da aka yi wa wani kamfanin tsaro na Wipro. Kotun shari'a ta Lucknow da ke babban kotun Allahabad ta soke shari'ar laifukan da ake yi wa Premji, inda kotun ta lura cewa alkalin kotun bai yi nazari sosai kan yanayin zarge-zargen ba kuma Premji ba shi da hannu kai tsaye a cikin lamarin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2024 |title=HC junks CJM order against Azim Premji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/allahabad-high-court-sets-aside-criminal-proceeding-against-azim-premji-for-alleged-violation-of-labour-laws/articleshow/110547529.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bencin ya lura cewa, &quot;Premji, fitaccen masanin masana'antu kuma shugaba kuma babban darakta na Wipro Ltd, ya ci gaba da nuna jajircewa ga ayyukan kasuwanci na ɗabi'a da kuma alhakin zamantakewa.&quot; &quot;Majalisar ta ƙara da cewa, &quot;Dangane da tunani kan halayen mutumin da aka kira a gaban kotu da gudummawarsa, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a yi la'akari da takamaiman shari'ar da ke gaban kotu da kuma la'akari da faffadan mahallin rayuwar mutum da aikinsa.&quot; Wannan kotu ta fahimci yanayin Premji mai fuskoki daban-daban, wanda ƙoƙarinsa, a matsayinsa na mai masana'antu da kuma mai taimakon jama'a, ya bar wani babban tasiri ga al'umma.  Kotun Allahabad ta rufe shari'ar a watan Mayun 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wipro के चेयरमैन अजीम प्रेमजी के खिलाफ मुकदमा खारिज, श्रम कानून के कथित उल्लंघन के मामले में मिली राहत - Case against Wipro Chairman Azim Premji dismissed relief in alleged violation of labor law |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-case-against-wipro-chairman-azim-premji-dismissed-relief-in-alleged-violation-of-labor-law-23728178.html |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cinkoson ababen hawa a Bengaluru ===
A watan Satumba na 2025, gwamnatin Karnataka ta nemi a yi amfani da wani ɓangare na harabar Sarjapur ta Wipro don rage cunkoson ababen hawa a kan titin Outer Ring. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dwarakanath |first=Nagarjun |date=23 September 2025 |title=Karnataka CM to Azim Premji: Lend me a road, I've a traffic problem to solve |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/allow-limited-vehicle-movement-through-bengaluru-wipro-campus-to-ease-congestion-siddaramaiah-to-azim-premji-2791925-2025-09-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani martani da ya bayar a hukumance, Premji ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar, yana mai cewa &quot;ƙalubalen shari'a, shugabanci, da na doka masu mahimmanci&quot; saboda harabar makarantar mallakar mutum ne kuma Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (SEZ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=Wipro founder Azim Premji replies to Karnataka CM on Bengaluru’s traffic problem: ‘There is no silver bullet to resolve it, so we suggest …’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/wipro-founder-azim-premji-replies-to-karnataka-cm-on-bengalurus-traffic-problem-there-is-no-silver-bullet-to-resolve-it-so-we-suggest-/articleshow/124120289.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madadin haka, Premji ya ba da shawarar cewa Wipro za ta ba da kuɗaɗen wani muhimmin ɓangare na wani cikakken bincike da ƙwararru suka jagoranta don haɓaka mafita mai ɗorewa ta dogon lokaci ga matsalolin zirga-zirgar birnin. 
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'''Ajay Bijli''' ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya kuma babban darakta na PVR INOX, kamfanin da ke da manyan kamfanoni na biyar a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=PVR-INOX, now fifth largest listed multiplex chain globally, awaits good movies |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/pvr-inox-now-fifth-largest-listed-multiplex-chain-globally-awaits-good-movies/articleshow/98621386.cms# |website=businessinsider.in |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=30 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117043942/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/pvr-inox-now-fifth-largest-listed-multiplex-chain-globally-awaits-good-movies/articleshow/98621386.cms |archive-date=17 January 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2022 |title=PVR, INOX announce merger; Ajay Bijli appointed MD, Sanjeev Kumar Executive Director |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvr-inox-announce-merger-ajay-bijli-appointed-as-md-11648377077764.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=livemint.com |publisher=[[Livemint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2022 |title=PVR, INOX Announce Merger Of Operations, To Create Largest Multiplex Chain With Over 1,500 Screens In India |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pvr-inox-announce-merger-of-operations-to-create-largest-multiplex-chain-with-over-1500-screens-in-india-1522009 |website=news.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP Live]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bijli shine wanda ya kafa PVR Cinemas kuma shine shugaban kuma babban daraktan PVR kafin hadewar INOX Leisure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Ajay Bijli, who rebuilt Rs 14,224 crore empire after devastating fire, father's death; had got Mercedes at wedding |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-ajay-bijli-pvr-gurgaon-man-who-lost-biz-in-fire-and-rebuilt-rs-14224-crore-empire-got-mercedes-at-wedding-3038747 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ne kuma manajan darakta na PVR INOX Pictures, reshen fina-finan PVR INOX tun daga shekarar 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Indian Exhibitor PVR Inox Launches PVR Inox Pictures To Increase Acquisitions Of International Films For India |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/india-exhibitor-pvr-inox-pictures-increase-buying-activity-1235369577/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin kwamitin amintattu na Kwalejin Moving Image ta Mumbai kuma shine wanda ya kafa FICCI Multiplex Association India (MAI). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site |url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |website=www.mumbaifilmfestival.com |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120104803/https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |archive-date=2023-01-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Shi ma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Shirya Fina-finai da Talabijin (India), Ƙungiyar Matasan Shugabanni kuma yana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Siyarwa ta Indiya. Yana kuma da alaƙa da Hukumar Ba da Takaddun Shaidar Fina-finai ta Tsakiya, Gwamnatin Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajay Bijli - Shopping Centres Association of India |url=https://www.scai.in/profile/ajay-bijli/ |website=www.scai.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bijli ta kuma kammala shirin Gudanarwa na Masu Gida/Shugaba daga Makarantar Digiri ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci, [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. Shi memba ne na YPO Gold Fellow na babbar ƙungiyar shugabannin manyan jami'ai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajay Bijli – Shopping Centres Association of india |url=https://www.scai.in/profile/ajay-bijli/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Bijli kuma ya girma a Delhi, Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2009 |title=The PVR man |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090601-the-pvr-man-739785-2009-05-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716191025/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090601-the-pvr-man-739785-2009-05-20 |archive-date=2023-07-16 |access-date=Jul 17, 2023 |publisher=india today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa Krishan Mohan Bijli ya yi aiki a kamfanin jigilar kaya na iyalinsa, Amritsar Transport Co., wanda kakan Bijli ya kafa a shekarar 1939. Daga baya iyalan suka ƙaura zuwa Delhi, inda Bijli ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Zamani. Ya kammala karatunsa na BCom daga Kwalejin Hindu ta Jami'ar Delhi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 March 2013 |title=How PVR's Ajay Bijli became the king of multiplexes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/how-pvrs-ajay-bijli-became-the-king-of-multiplexes-655635.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020711/http://www.firstpost.com/business/how-pvrs-ajay-bijli-became-the-king-of-multiplexes-655635.html |archive-date=2015-06-12 |access-date=Dec 20, 2014 |publisher=firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2007 |title=Ajay Bijli The original Mister Multiplex |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ikT4JUJj9fbFvzDx82V5LL/Ajay-Bijli--The-original-Mister-Multiplex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818232255/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ikT4JUJj9fbFvzDx82V5LL/Ajay-Bijli--The-original-Mister-Multiplex.html |archive-date=2013-08-18 |access-date=Oct 27, 2007 |publisher=LiveMint}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mahaifin Bijli Krishan Mohan Bijli ya rasu a shekara ta 1992. A shekarar 1994, wata babbar gobara ta tashi a rumbun ajiyar kayansa na sufuri. 

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1995, Bijli ta haɗu da John Crawford, babban daraktan Asiya na Village Roadshow, wani ƙwararren mai watsa labarai na Australiya wanda ke sha'awar shiga Indiya a wancan lokacin. Sun shiga wani haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya haifar da kafa Priya Village Roads Show (PVR). A shekarar 1997, kamfanin PVR ya kafa wani gidan sinima mai yawan jama'a a Saket (Delhi) bayan ya sake gina gidan sinima na Anupam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=How PVR's Ajay Bijli became the king of multiplexes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/how-pvrs-ajay-bijli-became-the-king-of-multiplexes-655635.html |publisher=firstpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ya faɗaɗa PVR a wasu sassan Delhi zuwa allo 12 kafin shekarar 2000, kafin abokin aikinsa na Australiya ya bar Village Roadshow daga kasuwar Indiya. Daga nan ya sami tallafin kuɗi na ₹ crore 80 daga ICICI Ventures a shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=From Priya Village Roadshow to PVR: How Ajay Bijli built India's largest multiplex chain |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/from-priya-village-roadshow-to-pvr-how-ajay-bijli-built-indias-largest-multiplex-chain-7262591.htm |publisher=cnbctv18.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2007 |title=Sundowner with Ajay Bijli: The showman who saw it coming |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-leisure-lounge/sundowner-with-ajay-bijli-the-showman-who-saw-it-coming/articleshow/2433781.cms?from=mdr |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2012, kamfanin PVR ya sayi kamfanin Cinemax da ke [[Mumbai]] kuma Bijli ya zama babban daraktan kamfanin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Salman of Screens: Ajay Bijli-led PVR buys screen multiplex chain Cinemax for Rs 395 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/salman-of-screens-ajay-bijli-led-pvr-buys-screen-multiplex-chain-cinemax-for-rs-395-crore/articleshow/17420937.cms?from=mdr |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma sayi gidajen sinima na DLF na DT a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2017, ɗan wasan sinima na Amurka iPic Entertainment ya naɗa Bijli a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa, inda ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a watan Yulin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors and Corporate Governance |url=https://investors.ipictheaters.com/static-files/774ede3e-2f0d-4c98-a130-ba6f378b3acc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110165643/https://investors.ipictheaters.com/static-files/774ede3e-2f0d-4c98-a130-ba6f378b3acc |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2018 |publisher=Investors.IPIC Theaters}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gauri Chauhan |date=13 August 2018 |title=PVR Cinemas to acquire SPI Cinemas |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/pvr-cinemas-to-acquire-spi-cinemas/102280 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106210753/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/pvr-cinemas-to-acquire-spi-cinemas/102280 |archive-date=2018-11-06 |access-date=2018-11-03 |website=fortuneindia.com |publisher=Fortune India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 August 2018 |title=PVR will release Rs 100 crore post regulatory nods, says Ajay Bijli |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/pvr-will-release-rs-100-crore-post-regulatory-nods-says-ajay-bijli-509061.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010246/https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/pvr-will-release-rs-100-crore-post-regulatory-nods-says-ajay-bijli-509061.htm |archive-date=2018-11-07 |access-date=2018-11-03 |website=cnbctv18.com |publisher=[[Network18 Group#TV 18|TV18 Broadcast Limited]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na wanda ya kafa Multiplex Association of India, Bijli ya fara kuma ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin tsaro da kariya ga sinima ga Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labarai (Indiya) da sauran gwamnatocin jihohi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2021 |title=PVR Announces Results For The Quarter And Year Ended March 31, 2021 |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/PVR-Announces-Results-For-The-Quarter-And-Year-Ended-March-31-2021/02-06-2021-391738/ |publisher=businessworld.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=SPVR's Covid-19 relief efforts is the brand's first project ever that had no budget: Gautam Dutta |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/pvrs-covid-19-relief-efforts-is-the-brands-first-project-ever-that-had-no-budget-gautam-dutta/83025867 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=PVR Expands Vaccination Drive – Jabs For Film Fraternity Benefitting Federation Of Western India Cine Employees (FWICE) In Association With Nanavati Max Super Speciality Hospital |url=https://bollyy.com/pvr-expands-vaccination-drive-jabs-for-film-fraternity-benefitting-federation-of-western-india-cine-employees-fwice-in-association-with-nanavati-max-super-speciality-hospital/ |publisher=bolly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2022, ya ƙaddamar da wani bidiyon waƙa tare da ƙungiyarsa ta Random Order don girmama ƙungiyar likitoci saboda aikin da suka yi a lokacin annobar. 

A watan Afrilun 2023, bayan haɗakar PVR Cinemas da INOX Leisure, Bijli ya zama Manajan Darakta (MD) na ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗa, PVR INOX da PVR INOX Pictures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |title=India's Largest Multiplex Operators PVR And INOX To Merge |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saramerican/2022/03/28/indias-largest-multiplex-operators-pvr-and-inox-to-merge/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kundin Waƙoƙi ==
{| class=&quot;wiki table&quot;
!Shekara
! Waƙa
! Fim
! Daraktan kiɗa
! Mawaƙi(masu haɗin gwiwa)
! Nassoshi
|-
| 2023
| Waheguru
| ''Dunki''
| Pritam
|
| 
|}

== Aikin agaji ==
Bijli yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa PVR Nest, wani ɓangare na zamantakewa na PVR, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2006. Gidan PVR yana aiki a yankunan birane da wurare masu kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=A Radically Transformed Women-Friendly City! |url=https://indiacsr.in/a-radically-transformed-women-friendly-city/ |publisher=indiacsr.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==

* [https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-live-bollywood-is-all-set-ready-to-party-in-abu-dhabi Gudummawa Mai Kyau Ga Kyautar Cinema ta Indiya ta 2024] ta IIFA saboda &quot;tasirinsa mai ban mamaki kan ci gaban da kuma samun damar shiga sinima a faɗin ƙasar&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IIFA AWARDS ANNOUNCES IT'S HIGHLY ANTICIPATED 2024 WINNERS IN THE POPULAR CATEGORY |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-winners-in-the-popular-category |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=IIFA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mai Baje Kolin Duniya na Shekara a Gasar Cinemasia Awards ta 2017, Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PVR's Chairman And MD bags 'Exhibitor Of the Year' Award |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/PVR-s-Chairman-And-MD-bags-Exhibitor-Of-the-Year-Award/31-08-2017-125164/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010154/http://www.businessworld.in/article/PVR-s-Chairman-And-MD-bags-Exhibitor-Of-the-Year-Award/31-08-2017-125164/ |archive-date=2018-11-04 |access-date=November 1, 2018 |publisher=Businessworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An ba wa mai ƙirƙira na Asiya kyautar gwarzon shekara a gasar shugabancin kasuwanci ta Indiya ta CNBC TV18 a shekarar 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=Network18 honours leaders at CNBC-TV18 India Business Leader Awards |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/iQdvnWEdQhZjpXYubgN8lI/Network18-honours-leaders-at-CNBCTV18-India-Business-Leader.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901150415/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/iQdvnWEdQhZjpXYubgN8lI/Network18-honours-leaders-at-CNBCTV18-India-Business-Leader.html |archive-date=2016-09-01 |access-date=Sep 1, 2016 |publisher=Livemint}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ɗan Kasuwa na Shekara na EY - Sauyin Kasuwanci 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Bijli ɗa ne ga Krishan Mohan Bijli da Sandhuro Mohan Bijli. Kanin sa Sanjeev Bijli abokin kasuwancinsa ne a gidajen sinima na PVR.  Ya auri masoyiyarsa Selena a makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1990, kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku - 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editor's Note: Freedom is the best medicine |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/editors-note-freedom-is-the-best-medicine-101668805978526.html |website=hindustantimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Adegboyega Dosunmu Amororo II</title>
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'''Adegboyega Dosunmu Amororo II''' (CON shi ne mai mulkin gargajiya na [[Owu kingdom|Masarautar Owu]], [[Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun, Najeriya]] tare da sunan [[Olowu of Owu Kingdom|Olowu na Masarautar Owu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 October 2012 |title=Odun Omo Olowu: Yam festival in another style |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/odun-omo-olowu-yam-festival-in-another-style/ |accessdate=30 December 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya gaji Oba Olawale Adisa Odeleye, Lagbedu 1 wanda ya mutu a watan Yunin 2003 yana da shekaru 65.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 October 2013 |title=Odun Omo Olowu: celebrating culture at its best |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/odun-omo-olowu-celebrating-culture-best/ |accessdate=30 December 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Oba Adegboyega Dosunmu an haife shi ne ga Yarima Benjamin Okelana Dosunmu (memba ne na dangin da ke mulki a ƙarƙashin zuriyar marigayi Adesunmbo Dosunmu, Amororo I, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 1918 da 1924). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oba Dr. Olusanya Adegboyega Dosunmu - citypeoplegroup.org |url=http://citypeoplegroup.org/i/tag/oba-dr-olusanya-adegboyega-dosunmu/ |access-date=30 December 2014 |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230145724/http://citypeoplegroup.org/i/tag/oba-dr-olusanya-adegboyega-dosunmu/ |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Benjamin Okelana Dosunmu shi ne ɗan na uku na marigayi Oba Adesunmbo Dosunmu, Amororo l . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2005 |title=Nigeria: Owu Stool: the Coronation of Dosunmu, Obasanjo's Candidate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507180452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230134649/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507180452.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya halarci makarantar Owu Baptist Day School, [[Abeokuta]] don ilimin firamare a shekara ta 1941 kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Baptist Boys, Abeokuta, inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare a Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1950.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OLOWU STOOL: COURT SUMMONS OBJ, MONARCH |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/news/72576/1/olowu-stool-court-summons-obj-monarch.html |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=thenigerianvoice.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya kammala karatu daga [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]] a 1956, an shigar da shi cikin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hendon a [[Landan]] don nazarin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin a 1963.
Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Baptist ta Landmark [[Tennessee]], Amurka a 1987 inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tauhidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Owu day: Ogun govt fails to arrest monarch |url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news/11536-owu-day-ogun-govt-fails-to-arrest-monarch |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230135540/http://sunday.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news/11536-owu-day-ogun-govt-fails-to-arrest-monarch |archivedate=30 December 2014 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dosunmu ya shiga aikin gwamnati na Najeriya a matsayin magatakarda na biyu a 1956 a [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Najeriya]], Ebute Metta, jihar Legas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suleiman |first=Toba |date=13 September 2005 |title=Nigeria Needs Upright Leader to Succeed Obasanjo - Olowu |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200509140230.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203406/https://allafrica.com/stories/200509140230.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru biyu, ya shiga ƙungiyar watsa shirye-shirye inda ya kai matsayin Shugaban Sashen Wasan kwaikwayo.
Dosunmu daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shirye a ''Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya'' inda ya kai matsayin Shugaban Sashen Wasan kwaikwayo.
Shi ne mai gabatar da sabulu na gidan talabijin na Najeriya, The Village Headmaster wanda ke riƙe da rikodin kasancewa mafi tsawo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da shekaru 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WE WERE SPENDING N7 WEEKLY TO PRODUCE &quot;VILLAGE HEADMASTER&quot; – Paramount Ruler of OwuKingdom, HRM. Oba Dr. Olusanya Adegboyega Dosunmu (FTA, CON) &amp;#124; the Movietainment Magazine |url=http://movietainmentmagazine.com/we-were-spending-n7-weekly-to-produce-village-headmaster-paramount-ruler-of-owukingdom-hrm-oba-dr-olusanya-adegboyega-dosunmu-fta-con/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230133902/http://movietainmentmagazine.com/we-were-spending-n7-weekly-to-produce-village-headmaster-paramount-ruler-of-owukingdom-hrm-oba-dr-olusanya-adegboyega-dosunmu-fta-con/ |archive-date=2014-12-30 |access-date=2015-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ya bar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] a 1975 don kafa kayan aikin samar da fina-finai masu zaman kansu,  ''Starline Films Limited'' a karkashin samar da ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin shahararren fim din Najeriya, mai taken Dinner with the Devil, fim na farko na [[Enebeli Elebuwa]] wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske a 1974.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olowu Of Owu, Oba Dosunmu Is Dead {{!}} Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/12/14/olowu-of-owu-oba-dosunmu-is-dead/amp/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=www.channelstv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Daga baya ya shiga siyasa kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Abeokuta a shekara ta 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 October 2014 |title=Egba monarchs endorse Amosun for second term |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/10/28/egba-monarchs-endorse-amosun-second-term/ |accessdate=30 December 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin shekara ta 2005, an nada shi Olowu na Masarautar Owu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Our Reporter |title=Ogun may dethrone coronet Obas |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=27112 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230224843/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=27112 |archivedate=30 December 2014 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban Masarautar Owu da al'umma. Daga cikin wasu akwai:

* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Nigeria|Kwamandan Order of Niger, CON]] wanda marigayi [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi.
* ''Omolafe na Owu'', taken shugabanci wanda Oba Salami Gbadela Ajibola, Gbadela Ayoloye II ya ba shi a shekarar 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=[General] Adeboye, Gani, 273 others bag national honours [Archive] - Village Square Forum |url=http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-27688.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230164031/http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-27688.html |archive-date=2014-12-30 |access-date=30 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Omoluberin na Owu'', taken shugabanci wanda Oba Adebowale Oyegbade, Akinjobi I ya ba shi a 1975.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ashaka</title>
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      <text bytes="10236" sha1="jqcwsgztsqhbne1e4zwj5memiz4pap5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ashaka
| settlement_type = Town
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area
| subdivision_name2 = [[Funakaye]]
| government_type = Registration Area
| parts_type = Electoral ward
| parts = Ashaka/Magaba
| postal_code = 762102
| timezone = WAT
| utc_offset = +1
}}

'''Ashaka''' gari ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Funakaye]] ta [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. Garin yana cikin yankin Ashaka/Magaba, wanda [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) ta ware a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba 01 a ƙaramar hukumar Funakaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ashaka/Magaba na daga cikin Registration Areas na ƙaramar hukumar Funakaye. Kundin INEC na rumfunan zaɓe da aka sabunta a watan Janairun 2015 ya nuna cewa Ashaka/Magaba tana da lambar 01, kuma a lokacin tana da rumfunan zaɓe guda 24. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan rumfunan zaɓe da aka sabunta daga baya sun nuna cewa Ashaka/Magaba tana da rumfunan zaɓe guda 37. Wannan adadi ya haɗa da tsofaffin rumfunan zaɓe da kuma wasu sabbin rumfunan da aka ƙara bayan kundin INEC na 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kundin INEC na 2015, an lissafa wurare da dama a ƙarƙashin Ashaka/Magaba. Daga cikinsu akwai Unguwar Yerima Ashaka, Unguwar Chiroma, Unguwar Malumri, Bula Gaidam, Mannari, Manawashi, Jalingo, Dayayi da Workers Village. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran wuraren da aka lissafa a yankin sun haɗa da Jauro Bappah, Magaba, Mabani, Jauro Kadiri, Kademi, Garin Alhaji Bello, Wuro Na'i, Wuro Zarma da Mutukel. An sanya rumfunan zaɓe a wurare daban-daban kamar Kofar Sarki, Kofar Jauro da makarantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen kafa rumfunan zaɓe akwai Bula Gaidam Primary School, Jalingo Primary School, Workers Village Primary School da Magaba Primary School. Wannan ya nuna cewa makarantu na daga cikin wuraren jama'a da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe a yankin Ashaka/Magaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ashaka ta shahara a matsayin wurin da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar siminti ta Ashaka Cement. Hukumar Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) ta bayyana cewa Ashaka Cement an kafa ta a ranar 7 ga Agustan 1974, sannan ta fara gudanar da ayyukan samar da siminti a watan Satumban 1979. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Living-Stone Cement |url=https://bpe.gov.ng/staging/transaction/living-stone/ |website=Bureau of Public Enterprises |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar BPE, Ashaka Cement ta kasance kamfani mai muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antar siminti ta Najeriya. Kafin a yi mata rajistar sayar da hannun jari, kamfanin yana da ƙimar amfani da ƙarfin masana'anta kusan kashi 88 cikin ɗari, daga ƙarfin samarwa na metric tonnes 700,000 a shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Living-Stone Cement |url=https://bpe.gov.ng/staging/transaction/living-stone/ |website=Bureau of Public Enterprises |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026, an samu rahoton cewa Lafarge Africa na faɗaɗa masana'antar Ashaka domin ƙara ƙarfin samar da siminti. Rahoton BusinessDay ya bayyana cewa sabon aikin faɗaɗawar zai yi amfani da fasahohin zamani kamar preheater kilns, vertical raw mills da roller presses, kuma ana sa ran ƙarfin samar da masana'antar Ashaka zai kai metric tonnes miliyan biyu a shekara bayan kammala aikin. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa expands Sagamu and Ashaka plants to boost cement production |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lafarge-africa-expands-sagamu-and-ashaka-plants-to-boost-cement-production/ |website=BusinessDay |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, Gwamnan Gombe ya gana da shugabannin Ashaka Cement domin tattauna batutuwan samar da ayyukan yi, kare muhalli, ƙara kuɗaɗen shiga na jihar da kuma tallafa wa al'ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin masana'antar. Rahoton Tribune Online ya bayyana cewa kamfanin yana shirin ƙara ƙarfin samarwa da metric tonnes miliyan biyu a shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gov Inuwa seeks partnership with Ashaka Cement for jobs, others |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gov-inuwa-seeks-partnership-with-ashaka-cement-for-jobs-others/ |website=Tribune Online |date=17 January 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahoton Tribune Online ya kuma bayyana cewa Ashaka Cement ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da ayyukan yi a Gombe State, yayin da kamfanin ke ci gaba da tattauna yadda zai ƙara tallafa wa al'ummomin da ke kewaye da masana'antar. Waɗannan bayanai sun fito ne daga bayanin da aka bayar yayin ganawar gwamnatin jihar da shugabannin kamfanin. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gov Inuwa seeks partnership with Ashaka Cement for jobs, others |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gov-inuwa-seeks-partnership-with-Ashaka-Cement-for-jobs-others/ |website=Tribune Online |date=17 January 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Faɗaɗa masana'antar Ashaka Cement yana da alaƙa da ƙarin samar da siminti a Najeriya. BusinessDay ta ruwaito cewa kamfanin yana sa ran aikin faɗaɗawar zai inganta samar da kayayyaki da kuma ƙarfafa ikon masana'antar wajen biyan buƙatun kasuwannin gine-gine. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa expands Sagamu and Ashaka plants to boost cement production |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lafarge-africa-expands-sagamu-and-ashaka-plants-to-boost-cement-production/ |website=BusinessDay |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan BPE sun nuna cewa Ashaka Cement ta fara aiki tun shekarar 1979, kuma ta kasance wani muhimmin aikin masana'antu a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Saboda kasancewar masana'antar a Ashaka, sunan garin ya shahara sosai a harkokin masana'antar siminti da tattalin arzikin Gombe State. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Living-Stone Cement |url=https://bpe.gov.ng/staging/transaction/living-stone/ |website=Bureau of Public Enterprises |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsarin zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Funakaye, Ashaka/Magaba tana daga cikin yankunan da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe. Bayanan INEC sun nuna cewa Funakaye North ya haɗa da Ashaka/Magaba, Bage, Bajoga West, Bajoga East da Wawa/Wakkulutu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Information Kit for 2015 General Elections |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=2015 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan INEC na zamani kan Registration Area Centres sun kuma tabbatar da cewa INEC tana da bayanan cibiyoyin Registration Area na Gombe State, ciki har da yankunan ƙaramar hukumar Funakaye. Wannan tsarin yana taimakawa wajen tsara ayyukan zaɓe da gudanar da harkokin rumfunan zaɓe a matakin ƙananan hukumomi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Registration Area Centres (RACs) Directory |url=https://inecnigeria.org/resources/rac |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda haka, '''Ashaka''' gari ne a ƙaramar hukumar Funakaye ta Jihar Gombe, kuma yana cikin Ashaka/Magaba Registration Area. Garin yana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da Ashaka Cement, wadda ta kasance masana'antar siminti da aka kafa a shekarun 1970 kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa wani muhimmin aikin masana'antu a yankin, tare da shirin faɗaɗa samarwa da aka ruwaito a shekarar 2026. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa expands Sagamu and Ashaka plants to boost cement production |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lafarge-africa-expands-sagamu-and-ashaka-plants-to-boost-cement-production/ |website=BusinessDay |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Funakaye]]
* [[Gombe State]]
* [[Ashaka/Magaba]]
* [[Ashaka Cement]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>jqcwsgztsqhbne1e4zwj5memiz4pap5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bage</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>965228</id>
      <parentid>961830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:38:12Z</timestamp>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="5680" sha1="m1lowj56f3rxhqdb0c1bz43trxhjukn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bage
| settlement_type = Registration Area
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area
| subdivision_name2 = [[Funakaye]]
| government_type = Registration Area
| parts_type = Ward
| parts = Bage
| postal_code =
| timezone = WAT
| utc_offset = +1
}}

'''Bage''' yanki ne na rajista da kuma gundumar zaɓe da ke cikin [[Funakaye]] Local Government Area na [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta sanya Bage a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba 02 a cikin Funakaye, yayin da lambar yankin ita ce 15/05/02. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bage na daga cikin yankunan rajista guda goma da INEC ta ayyana a cikin Funakaye Local Government Area. A kundin INEC na shekarar 2015, Bage tana da rumfunan zaɓe 30, yayin da bayanan da aka sabunta daga tsarin lambobin rumfunan zaɓe suka nuna cewa adadin ya ƙaru zuwa rumfunan zaɓe 32, sakamakon ƙarin sabbin rumfunan zaɓe biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kundin INEC, Bage tana da lambar rajista '''15-05-02''', inda 15 ke wakiltar Gombe State, 05 kuma Funakaye Local Government Area, yayin da 02 ke wakiltar Bage Registration Area. INEC ta kuma bayyana makarantar Bage Primary School a matsayin cibiyar karɓar katunan zaɓe (PVC) ta wannan yankin rajista. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GOMBE |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan rumfunan zaɓe na Bage sun nuna cewa yankin yana da rumfunan zaɓe 32. Daga cikin wuraren da aka ambata akwai Unguwan Shamaki, Santuraki, Badabti, Bulturi, Feshingo J. Bose, Wuro Yayaru, Fufajamna, Wurodole, Wuro Accama, Manawashi, Hamma Kolori, Wuro Bapparu, Malam Madu da Gube. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran wuraren da ke cikin tsarin rumfunan zaɓe na Bage sun haɗa da Juggol Borkono, Gongila, Feshingo Yerima, Kafiwol Ardo, Kafiwol, Koyaya, Kerziki, Ashaka Coastain Estate Housing, Darumfa, Bungum, Dindi Jauro Damji, Unguwan Katako da Gardawashi. Wannan jerin ya nuna yadda Registration Area ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da ƙananan wuraren zama da dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsarin zaɓe na Gombe State, Bage tana ƙarƙashin Funakaye Local Government Area, wadda take da Registration Areas guda goma. Baya ga Bage, sauran yankunan sun haɗa da Ashaka/Magaba, Bajoga West, Bajoga East, Bodor/Tilde, Jillahi, Kupto, Ribadu, Tongo da Wawa/Wakkulutu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bage kuma tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gudanar da zaɓe na yankin Funakaye saboda yawan rumfunan zaɓe da ke ƙarƙashinta. Bayanai na yanzu sun nuna cewa Bage tana da rumfunan zaɓe 32, tare da lambar ward '''15/05/02'''. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ward 15-05-02 — Polling Units &amp; Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-05-02/ |website=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan ƙidayar al'ummomin da Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (IOM) ta tattara a wani zagayen tantance yankuna sun kuma haɗa Bage cikin yankunan da aka tantance a Funakaye Local Government Area na Gombe State. Wannan yana nuna cewa Bage na daga cikin wuraren da ake sa ido kan yanayin al'umma da motsin jama'a a jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%20OF%20WARDS%20ASSESSED.pdf |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A bayanan da suka shafi ƙauyukan Gombe State, an kuma ambaci Bage a matsayin wani yanki da ke da alaƙa da Ashaka a Funakaye. Jerin wuraren ya haɗa Bage da wasu wurare kamar Bulturi, Yayaru da Zadawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Funakaye]]
* [[Gombe State]]
* [[Ashaka, Gombe State]]
* [[Bajoga]]
* [[Gombe State]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>m1lowj56f3rxhqdb0c1bz43trxhjukn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Babban Shida (Premier League)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="46894" sha1="hcuev0et5ouxbyhosh9l1nnxwd2fve5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:20100131_Arsenal_vs_Manchester_United.jpg|alt=Arsenal and Manchester United players in a game at the [[Emirates Stadium]] in January 2010.|thumb| Manyan 'Yan wasa Biyu daga shekarun 1990 - Arsenal da Manchester United]]
[[File:Chelsea_1_Liverpool_2_(48782248833).jpg|alt=Chelsea and Liverpool players in a 2019 fixture.|thumb| Fadadawa tare da Chelsea da Liverpool don shiga manyan huɗu]]
[[File:Free_Kick_Discussion_(36593751686).jpg|alt=Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur players at [[Nissan Stadium (Nashville)|Nissan Stadium]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], United States, in 2017.|thumb| Karin Manchester City da Tottenham Hotspur don kafa manyan kungiyoyi shida]]
'''Manyan 'Yan wasa shida''' kalma ce da ba ta da tsari da ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta rukuni na kungiyoyi shida a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] : [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] . Waɗannan su ne ƙungiyoyi shida da suka fi girma a girman magoya baya. Ana kuma yaba musu saboda nasarar da suka samu da kuma ƙarfin kuɗin da suka samu a gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Conn |first=David |date=19 April 2021 |title=Premier League's Big Six and why they want to join a European Super League |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/19/super-league-plan-english-clubs-european-football |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315125147/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/19/super-league-plan-english-clubs-european-football |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=From Champions League finalists to relegation fears: Tottenham are OUT of the Premier League's 'big six' after years of negligence at all levels {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/champions-league-finalists-relegation-fears-tottenham-out-premier-league-big-six/blt3ae74ae6898ba76f |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.goal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa ba a hukumance aka sanya wa kulob-kulob a cikin wannan rukunin ba, galibi suna da aƙalla rabin jimillar kuɗin shiga da ƙungiyoyin Premier League ke samarwa a kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Matt |date=30 September 2021 |title=The 'challenging' state of Premier League finances and how the Big Six operate in a world of their own |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2552635/2021/05/05/challenging-premier-league-finances-big-six-operate-world-of-their-own/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315130955/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2552635/2021/05/05/challenging-premier-league-finances-big-six-operate-world-of-their-own/ |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[The Athletic]] |language=en-US |via=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ra'ayin ya fara bayyana ne a shekarun 1980 a matsayin Manyan Biyar (Big Five), waɗanda suka ƙunshi Arsenal, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United da Tottenham Hotspur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2013&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ne suke da mafi yawan magoya baya da kuma ƙarfin kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da hakan. Sun mamaye watsa wasannin talabijin daga kusan shekarar 1985 zuwa 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;King2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Ian |date=18 Jul 2022 |title=Hillsborough, the Big Five and a Football League power grab: How the Premier League was born |url=https://www.football365.com/news/sky-origin-story-premier-league-hillsborough-big-five-football-league-power-grab |access-date=10 Dec 2025 |work=365.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000, an samu ƙungiyoyi biyu masu rinjaye tsakanin Manchester United da Arsenal saboda rinjayensu wajen lashe kambunan gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mark |date=2 May 2023 |title=The Big Six era is over, with a new era now taking its place |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/premier-league-the-big-six-era-is-over-with-a-new-era-now-taking-its-place |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315132012/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/premier-league-the-big-six-era-is-over-with-a-new-era-now-taking-its-place |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=FourFourTwo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mustapha |first=Ibrahim |date=11 August 2021 |title='Big Six' is no more, but Manchester City, United, Liverpool, and Chelsea are pulling away fast |url=https://www.tntsports.co.uk/football/premier-league/2021-2022/opinion-premier-league-big-six-is-no-more-but-manchester-city-united-liverpool-and-chelsea-are-pulli_sto8455308/story.shtml |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261003134234/https://www.tntsports.co.uk/football/premier-league/2021-2022/opinion-premier-league-big-six-is-no-more-but-manchester-city-united-liverpool-and-chelsea-are-pulli_sto8455308/story.shtml |archive-date=3 October 2026 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=TNT Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan Manyan Biyu sun kasance mafi rinjayen ƙarfi a ƙwallon ƙafar Ingila tsakanin 1997 da 2003. Kalmar Manyan Hudu (Big Four) ta fara samun karɓuwa a farkon shekarun 2000 lokacin da Chelsea da Liverpool suka kasance suna kammala gasar a cikin manyan huɗu akai-akai, inda ƙungiyoyin suka mamaye tsakanin 2004 da 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Potts |first=Michael |date=19 April 2021 |title=Who are the Big Six in the Premier League? |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sport/football/premier-league-big-6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309144323/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sport/football/premier-league-big-6/ |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Radio Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon shekarun 2010, Manchester City da Tottenham Hotspur sun kasance suna fafatawa akai-akai a saman teburin gasar, lamarin da ya haifar da faɗaɗa sunan ba bisa ƙa'ida ba zuwa Manyan Shida (Big Six).&lt;ref name=&quot;Goal-Kelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Ryan |date=21 April 2021 |title=Who are the Premier League 'Big Six'? Top English clubs &amp; nickname explained |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/who-are-premier-league-big-six-top-english-clubs-nickname-explained/130iokmi8t8dt1k3kudou73s1k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315130550/https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/who-are-premier-league-big-six-top-english-clubs-nickname-explained/130iokmi8t8dt1k3kudou73s1k |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Whitehead |first=Jacob |date=4 March 2025 |title=Does the Premier League's 'Big Six' still exist (on and off the pitch)? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6086082/2025/01/27/premier-league-big-six-on-off-pitch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315130744/https://web.archive.org/web/20250315130744/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6086082/2025/01/27/premier-league-big-six-on-off-pitch/ |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=The Athletic |via=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan Shidan sun mamaye Premier League daga 2010 zuwa 2022.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, ƙungiya daga cikin Manyan Shidan ta lashe kambun Premier League a kowace kaka tun kafuwar gasar, ban da kakar 1994–95 da 2015–16, waɗanda Blackburn Rovers da Leicester City suka lashe bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sky2024&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin Manyan Shidan, Tottenham Hotspur ce kaɗai ba ta taɓa lashe kambun Premier League ba tun kafuwar gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sky2024&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga kusan shekarar 2023, an fara shakku kan manufar manyan shida. Wannan tattaunawar ta samo asali ne daga ingantattun ayyukan ƙungiyoyi a wajen Big Six, kamar [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]], da kuma rashin kyawun tsarin ƙungiyoyin Big Six, musamman Tottenham Hotspur da Manchester United. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=The age of the Premier League's 'Big Six' is over - Man Utd &amp; Tottenham's incompetence has left smaller but smarter clubs dreaming of Europe and the title {{!}} Goal.com UK |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/lists/premier-league-big-six-over-man-utd-tottenham-incompetence/blt3ca8447a93dca797 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breaking into the Premier League's &quot;Big 6&quot;: Are challengers changing the competitive landscape on and off the pitch? |url=https://footballbenchmark.com/w/breaking-into-the-premier-league-s-big-6-are-challengers-changing-the-competitive-landscape-on-and-off-the-pitch- |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Football Benchmark |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Five reasons why the Premier League's 'Big Six' era is over |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/insider/story/_/id/43493847/premier-league-big-six-dead-man-city-man-united-arsenal-liverpool-chelsea-tottenham |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, babu wata yarjejeniya da aka cimma kan yadda za a maye gurbin Big Six, kuma Big Six na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ra'ayi a cikin wallafe-wallafen wasanni daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheldrake |first=Lonan |date=2026-01-15 |title=Which big-6 Premier League club has had the most success from their summer signings? Every transfer ranked |url=https://www.dazn.com/en-GB/news/football/big-6-premier-league-summer-signings-review-liverpool-arsenal-manchester-city-united-totteham-cheslea-isak-wirtz/prum2r4nidrv1vw1q7be26h0p |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.dazn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Grading the Premier League 'Big Six': Arsenal an A; Liverpool a D |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/46829553/grading-premier-league-big-six-arsenal-man-utd-c-liverpool-d |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=FA Cup: Which big teams get the easiest and hardest FA Cup draws? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/clyvwxgngq5o |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;float:right;font-size:90%;margin-left:1em;clear:right&quot;
|+Finishing places of the Big Six in the Premier League since 2009
!Season
!{{Abbr|[[Arsenal F.C.|ARS]]|Arsenal}}
!{{Abbr|[[Chelsea F.C.|CHE]]|Chelsea}}
!{{Abbr|[[Liverpool F.C.|LIV]]|Liverpool}}
!{{Abbr|[[Manchester City F.C.|MCI]]|Manchester City}}
!{{Abbr|[[Manchester United F.C.|MUN]]|Manchester United}}
!{{Abbr|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|TOT]]|Tottenham Hotspur}}
|-
|2009–10
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |7
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
|-
|2010–11
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
|6
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
|-
|2011–12
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |8
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |4
|-
|2012–13
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
|7
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
|-
|2013–14
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
|7
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |6
|-
|2014–15
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
|-
|2015–16
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
|10
|8
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
|-
|2016–17
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#D0F0C0&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
|-
|2017–18
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
|-
|2018–19
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |4
|-
|2019–20
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |8
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |6
|-
|2020–21
|8
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#C39BD3&quot; |7
|-
|2021–22
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |4
|-
|2022–23
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
|12
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
|8
|-
|2023–24
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#C39BD3&quot; |6
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |8
| style=&quot;background:#97DEFF&quot; |5
|-
|2024–25
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |4
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
|15
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |17
|-
|2025–26
| style=&quot;background:#FFE34D&quot; |'''1'''
|10
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |5
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF&quot; |3
|17
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; style=&quot;border-top:3px solid black&quot;
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; |{{Color box|#FFE34D}} League champions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|#ACE1AF}} Champions League&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|#97DEFF}} Europa League &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|#C39BD3}} Conference League
|}
Kafin shekarun 1980, fitattun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila kan yi ta canzawa akai-akai. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi za su iya shiga cikin dogon lokaci na nasara, kamar Huddersfield Town ta lashe gasar rukuni na farko sau uku a jere tsakanin 1924 da 1926 da kuma [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] ta lashe [[UEFA Champions League|gasar cin kofin Turai]] a jere a 1979 da 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=EFL Rewind: Treble-winning Terriers on top |url=https://efl.com/news/2023/september/20/efl-rewind--treble-winning-terriers-on-top/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202180432/https://www.efl.com/news/2023/september/20/efl-rewind--treble-winning-terriers-on-top/ |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[English Football League]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nottingham Forest's Double European Cup winners Hall of Fame |url=https://nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/nottingham-forest-1978-1980/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320013213/https://nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/nottingham-forest-1978-1980/ |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[National Football Museum]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi sun fi yin nasara a manyan matsayi a tsawon lokaci. Misali, a shekarun 1960, akwai 'yan wasa bakwai daban-daban da suka yi nasara a rukunin farko, idan aka kwatanta da 'yan wasa huɗu a shekarun 1980 da kuma uku a shekarun 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2025 |title=Premier League Winners List – EPL winners from 1888 to 2025 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/premier-league/winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618194900/https://www.marca.com/en/football/premier-league/winners.html |archive-date=18 June 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manyan Biyar ===
A shekarun 1980, an samu manyan ƙungiyoyi biyar—wadanda suka ƙunshi Liverpool, Manchester United, Arsenal, Everton da Tottenham Hotspur.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN-Olley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olley |first=James |date=18 August 2021 |title=Is there a Premier League 'Big Six' anymore? |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37619780/does-premier-league-big-six-how-gaps-opening-elite-end |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202064919/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37619780/does-premier-league-big-six-how-gaps-opening-elite-end |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=[[ESPN]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin sun mamaye manyan gasa a shekarun 1980. Uku daga cikin ƙungiyoyin (Arsenal, Everton da Liverpool) sun mamaye gasar First Division a wannan lokacin, babu wata ƙungiya sai waɗannan ukun da suka lashe gasar First Division tsakanin 1982 da 1991.  Tsakanin 1982 da 1988, Everton da Liverpool sun lashe kowace gasar First Division, a lokacin da aka sani da Merseyside Monopoly. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1993-08-22 |title=Football: Liverpool rediscover the force: Merseyside monopoly returns |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-liverpool-rediscover-the-force-merseyside-monopoly-returns-to-english-game-as-swindon-hit-rock-bottom-1462975.html |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Oktoban 1990, wakilan Big Five sun gana da shugaban sashen yada labarai Greg Dyke don tattauna kafuwar gasar Premier, wanda hakan ya kai ga kafa ta a shekarar 1992.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN-Olley&quot; /&gt;

=== Manyan Biyu ===
Manchester United ta kare a matsayi na daya a cikin shekaru biyar daga cikin bakwai na farko, sannan ta biyu a sauran biyun. Bayan nadin Arsene Wenger a matsayin babban kocinta a shekarar 1996, Arsenal ta fara shiga cikin manyan gasa da Manchester United, inda kungiyoyin biyu suka mamaye manyan matsayi biyu na gasar Premier tsakanin 1998 da 2003. Sakamakon haka, kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun sun amince da su a matsayin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Premier Biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goal-Walsh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Sean |date=24 January 2025 |title=The age of the Premier League's 'Big Six' is over – Man Utd &amp; Tottenham's incompetence has left smaller but smarter clubs dreaming of Europe and the title |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/premier-league-big-six-over-man-utd-tottenham-incompetence/blt3ca8447a93dca797#cs750dc6c7d0cb1a48 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315131645/https://www.goal.com/en/lists/premier-league-big-six-over-man-utd-tottenham-incompetence/blt3ca8447a93dca797#csc544a36789f2b5a0 |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[Goal.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FFT&quot;/&gt; Manchester United ta lashe kofuna biyar na gasar (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08), yayin da Arsenal ta samu nasara sau biyu (2001–02, 2003–04). &lt;ref name=&quot;Sky2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Premier League winners: Full list of previous champions of English football's top flight by year |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/13136017/premier-league-winners-full-list-of-previous-champions-of-english-footballs-top-flight-by-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225034447/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/13136017/premier-league-winners-full-list-of-previous-champions-of-english-footballs-top-flight-by-year |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakar wasan Arsenal ta 2003–04 ba tare da an doke ta ba ta haifar da laƙabi da &quot; The Invincibles ,&quot; ƙungiya ɗaya tilo da ta cimma wannan a zamanin Premier League. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Oli |date=4 March 2021 |title=Arsenal Invincibles: How Wenger's 2003–04 Gunners went a season without defeat |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/arsenal-invincibles-how-wengers-2003-04-gunners-went-a-season-without-defeat/1xkm3tgyvsbjj1wzrewhqz0liu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311230236/https://www.goal.com/en/news/arsenal-invincibles-how-wengers-2003-04-gunners-went-a-season-without-defeat/1xkm3tgyvsbjj1wzrewhqz0liu |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Goal.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manyan Huɗu ===
Liverpool ta fara kalubalantar manyan 'yan wasa biyu tun daga shekarar 2001, saboda nasarar da ta samu a gasar cin kofin UEFA, gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Football League da kuma gasar FA Cup, tare da dan wasanta Michael Owen wanda ya lashe [[Ballon d'Or|kyautar Ballon d'Or]] a wannan shekarar, baya ga kungiyar da ta kare a cikin manyan kungiyoyi shida na gasar Premier a farkon shekarun 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goal-Walsh&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, manyan 'yan wasa biyu sun ci gaba da mamaye gasar Premier. A shekara mai zuwa, Liverpool ta kare a matsayi na biyu, inda ta zama kungiya ta farko da ba ta cikin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ba tun bayan [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] a shekarar 1997 da ta kare a manyan kungiyoyi biyu na Premier, duk da cewa manyan kungiyoyi biyu za su mamaye manyan kungiyoyi biyu a kakar wasa mai zuwa.

A shekara ta 2003, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Rasha Roman Abramovich ya sayi Chelsea, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu ci gaba a wasanni da kuma samun karɓuwa sosai. Wannan, tare da karuwar nasarar da Liverpool ke samu, daga karshe ta kafa manyan kungiyoyi hudu tare da Arsenal da Manchester United. Tsakanin 2004 da 2009, manyan ƙungiyoyin huɗu (Big Four) sun mamaye manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gasar Premier, inda Everton a 2005 ita ce kawai ƙungiyar da ta fito daga ƙungiyar da ke wajen manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu (Big Four) ta kare a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu (Hour Four) a wancan lokacin. Daga 2005 zuwa 2012, ƙungiyoyin Big Four sun fito a wasanni bakwai daga cikin takwas na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai, inda Liverpool, Manchester United, da Chelsea kowannensu ya lashe kofi ɗaya, yayin da Arsenal ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mendola |first=Nicholas |date=11 March 2025 |title=List of UEFA Champions League past winners: year-by-year results, final locations |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/soccer/news/uefa-champions-league-winners-every-club-to-lift-the-european-cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207155917/https://www.nbcsports.com/soccer/news/uefa-champions-league-winners-every-club-to-lift-the-european-cup |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[NBC Sports]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manyan Six ===
Bayan sayen Abu Dhabi United Group da kuma karuwar kudaden kashe kuɗi daga baya, Manchester City ta fara siyan fitattun 'yan wasa kuma ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a 2011, a karon farko a tarihinta, haka kuma ta lashe gasar Premier a kakar wasa ta 2011-12 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Goal-Walsh&quot; /&gt; Tottenham Hotspur, karkashin jagorancin Harry Redknapp daga 2009 zuwa 2012, ta kare a matsayi na 4 da na 5 a jere, wanda hakan ya sa ta shiga manyan kungiyoyi hudu tare da Manchester City don kafa manyan kungiyoyi shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goal-Walsh&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ridge |first=James |date=23 October 2024 |title=Study reveals the 'new' Premier League 'big six' clubs – and it's exactly how you would predict it |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/study-reveals-the-new-premier-league-big-six-clubs-and-its-exactly-how-you-would-predict-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213232521/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/study-reveals-the-new-premier-league-big-six-clubs-and-its-exactly-how-you-would-predict-it |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=[[FourFourTwo]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakar gasar Premier ta 2010–11 ita ce karo na farko a tarihin gasar da dukkan ƙungiyoyi shida suka kammala a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi shida. 

Big Six sun mamaye matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu a gasar Premier tsakanin 2010 da 2022, inda kakar wasa ta 2015-16 ita ce kaɗai da ta zo ta ƙarshe a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu a gasar, inda ta ƙare da [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] ta zama zakara a karon farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Hanlon |first=Ryan |date=21 January 2025 |title=Five reasons the Premier League's 'Big Six' era is officially dead |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/insider/story/_/id/43493847/premier-league-big-six-dead-man-city-man-united-arsenal-liverpool-chelsea-tottenham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315132401/https://www.espn.com/soccer/insider/story/_/id/43493847/premier-league-big-six-dead-man-city-man-united-arsenal-liverpool-chelsea-tottenham |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[ESPN]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kakar wasa tsakanin 2010 da 2024, akwai ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyu da suka halarci gasar Big Six da ba ta kammala a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi shida ba, kuma tsakanin 2019 da 2024, akwai kakar wasa ɗaya da ƙungiyoyin Big Six suka kammala a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi shida na gasar, inda suka sauya daga kakar wasa ta 2016-17 zuwa 2019-20, lokacin da manyan ƙungiyoyi shida suka mamaye dukkan manyan ƙungiyoyi shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2022 da 2023, manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Big Six kowannensu ya samar da kuɗin shiga tsakanin £372 a shekara.&amp;nbsp;miliyan zuwa £713&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chadderton |first=Sam |date=17 April 2024 |title=Premier League PSR: Clubs total of £1Bn of losses in 11 charts |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68713522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202161622/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68713522 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, matsakaicin kudin da kungiyoyin Big Six suka kashe wajen siyan 'yan wasa shine £50.9&amp;nbsp;miliyan, fiye da ninki biyu na adadin da kowace ƙungiya ta kashe a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Critchley |first=Mark |date=5 August 2022 |title=Premier League remains stacked in favour of the big six status quo |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league-big-six-man-utd-arsenal-b2138296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315133047/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league-big-six-man-utd-arsenal-b2138296.html |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Jaridar Herald'' ta bayyana su a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu &quot;mafi girman ma'aunin banki da kuma manyan magoya baya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bryce |first=Liam |date=3 January 2025 |title=Are we witnessing the end of Premier League's 'Big Six'? |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/24829015.witnessing-end-premier-leagues-big-six/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108154614/https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/24829015.witnessing-end-premier-leagues-big-six/ |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Aikin Babban Hoto da Gasar Zakarun Turai ====
A watan Oktoban 2020, ƙungiyoyi biyu na Big Six, Liverpool da Manchester United, sun tsara wani shiri mai suna Project Big Picture, wanda zai bai wa ƙungiyoyi a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila fam miliyan 250 don raba tsakaninsu, tare da kashi 25% na kuɗaɗen shiga daga yarjejeniyoyi na talabijin na gaba da gasar Premier za ta samu. Za a rage yawan ƙungiyoyin Premier daga 20 zuwa 18 sannan a soke gasar cin kofin EFL da Community Shield . Za a kuma bai wa Big Six da wasu ƙungiyoyi uku (Everton, [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] da Southampton ) haƙƙin zaɓe na musamman kan wasu batutuwa.  Kungiyoyin Premier sun yi watsi da ra'ayin. 

A shekarar 2021, an kafa gasar European Super League (ESL), gasar da aka kirkira da nufin maye gurbin [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]], wadda ta kunshi manyan kungiyoyi shida da kuma wasu kungiyoyi shida daga manyan kungiyoyin Turai biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ouzia |first=Mark |date=19 April 2021 |title=European Super League confirmed as Premier League 'Big Six' clubs join breakaway competition as founders |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/european-super-league-confirmed-premier-league-arsenal-chelsea-man-utd-liverpool-tottenham-man-city-b930338.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127052812/https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/european-super-league-confirmed-premier-league-arsenal-chelsea-man-utd-liverpool-tottenham-man-city-b930338.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aarons |first=Ed |last2=Ingle |first2=Sean |date=18 April 2021 |title=European Super League: Premier League 'big six' sign up to competition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/18/five-english-clubs-sign-up-to-european-super-league-report-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313154523/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/apr/18/five-english-clubs-sign-up-to-european-super-league-report-says |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sun fuskanci suka daga gwamnatin Burtaniya, [[The Football Association|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa]] da kuma [[Premier League|Gasar Premier]], kungiyoyin Big Six sun janye membobinsu daga gasar ESL kuma an ci su tarar jimillar £22.&amp;nbsp;miliyan daga ƙungiyoyi biyu na ƙarshe, ban da fuskantar hukuncin da ka iya biyo baya, ciki har da rage maki 30 da tarar £25&amp;nbsp;miliyan idan suka yi ƙoƙarin shiga wata ƙungiya makamanciyar haka a nan gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kleinman |first=Mark |date=10 June 2021 |title=European Super League: 'Big Six' clubs to pay £22M settlement to Premier League over failed breakaway plot |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12328502/european-super-league-big-six-clubs-to-pay-gbp20m-settlement-to-premier-league-over-failed-breakaway-plot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315132559/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12328502/european-super-league-big-six-clubs-to-pay-gbp20m-settlement-to-premier-league-over-failed-breakaway-plot |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya gwamnati ta kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta wacce magoya baya ke jagoranta, inda ta umarci kungiyoyin Premier League da su kula da wani kaso mai yawa na kudaden da take kashewa. 

=== Madadin ma'anoni ===
A tsawon tarihin manyan ƙungiyoyi shida da magabata, an yi hasashen makomarsu kuma an yi hasashen wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. A shekara ta 2010, yayin da gasar ke ƙara samun gasa, kuma ana ɗaukar taken a matsayin yaƙi tsakanin Manchester United da Chelsea, BBC Sport ta fara hasashen ko manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu sun zama manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu da suka ƙunshi Manchester United da Chelsea.  Duk da haka, wannan bai samu karbuwa sosai ba. A watan Maris na 2016, an ruwaito cewa ƙungiyoyi biyar na Premier League (Arsenal, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Liverpool, [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da Manchester United) sun yi wani taro na sirri don tattauna batun kafa gasar &quot;Super European&quot; ta gaba, duk da cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun musanta hakan. Wannan ya sa aka yi ta kiransu da Manyan Biyar ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angry Premier League clubs to hit back at big five over hotel talks {{!}} Football {{!}} Sport {{!}} Express.co.uk |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/649467/Premier-League-breakaway-European-Super-League-Dorchester-Hotel-London-News-Gossip/amp |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.express.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2017, tattaunawa ta fara kan ko Everton za ta kafa Big Seven, bayan kakar wasa inda suka mamaye teburin gasar tare da Big Six. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-19 |title=You Bet {{!}} Premier League big seven begins to take shape at the top |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/soccer/article/2094938/improvement-all-around-premier-league-big-seven-begins-take-shape-top |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan rashin nasarar da aka samu a kakar wasa mai zuwa, hasashe ya ƙare. A farkon shekarar 2021, an kuma yi tattaunawa game da yiwuwar kafa manyan kungiyoyi bakwai (Big Seven) [[Leicester City F.C.|a Leicester City]] saboda karuwar gasa a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leicester City are in the big six now: Brendan Rodgers on the tactical flexibility that is key to their success |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/12227534/leicester-city-are-in-the-big-six-now-brendan-rodgers-on-the-tactical-flexibility-that-is-key-to-their-success |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga kusan shekarar 2023, an yi ta tattaunawa mai zurfi game da wanda zai iya maye gurbin manyan ƙungiyoyi shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;FFT&quot; /&gt; Wani magaji da aka tattauna shi ne Big Seven wanda ya ƙunshi Big Six da Newcastle United, wani abu da ya samu karbuwa a farkon 2023 bayan da asusun saka hannun jari na Saudiyya ya karɓe kulob ɗin a watan Oktoban 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Newcastle United: Saudi Arabian-backed takeover completed |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58826899 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601110320/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58826899 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Yulin 2024, Sky Sports ta fara magana game da Big Bakwai maimakon Big Six. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2024 |title=Sky make 'official' Newcastle United change that will anger Aston Villa &amp; West Ham |url=https://www.shieldsgazette.com/sport/football/newcastle-united/sky-make-official-newcastle-united-change-that-will-anger-aston-villa-west-ham-fans-4719204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809145015/https://www.shieldsgazette.com/sport/football/newcastle-united/sky-make-official-newcastle-united-change-that-will-anger-aston-villa-west-ham-fans-4719204 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Shields Gazette]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani labari da Jordan Campbell ya rubuta a watan Mayun 2023 a cikin ''The Athletic'' ya kira &quot;Big Eight&quot; da [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]], [[Brighton &amp; Hove Albion FC|Brighton &amp; Hove Albion]], [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]], da kuma kowace kungiyar Big Six banda Chelsea.  Duk da haka, kalmar ta sake bayyana a watan Afrilun 2024 wadda ta ƙunshi Chelsea maimakon Brighton. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simms |first=George |date=23 April 2024 |title=Aston Villa's big gamble could create a Premier League Big Eight |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/unai-emery-aston-villa-contract-premier-league-3020454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601110320/https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/unai-emery-aston-villa-contract-premier-league-3020454 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The i Paper]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soutar |first=Jason |date=24 October 2024 |title=Arsenal clear as Premier League 'Big Eight' ranked by injury woes |url=https://www.football365.com/news/premier-league-big-eight-ranked-injury-suspension-problems-2024-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601110320/https://www.football365.com/news/premier-league-big-eight-ranked-injury-suspension-problems-2024-25 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Football365]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2025, an buga wani labari a shafin yanar gizo na [[Premier League]] wanda ke cewa &quot;ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin tsakiya ya nuna ƙarshen zamanin manyan ƙungiyoyi shida&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;PL1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Ten things we learned from the 2024/25 Premier League season |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4322001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724114627/https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4322001 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[Premier League]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan labarin, ya kuma nuna cewa &quot;ya dace a yi magana game da Big Eight yanzu&quot;, kafin ya ƙara da cewa &quot;Brighton &amp; Hove Albion ma na iya ƙalubalantar hakan&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;PL1&quot; /&gt;

Bayan shekaru biyu a jere inda suka kare matsayi ɗaya a wajen wuraren faɗuwa a matsayi na 17, muhawara ta fara bayyana kan ko Tottenham Hotspur musamman za a iya ɗaukarta a matsayin ƙungiyar &quot;Manyan Shida&quot;; a watan Fabrairun 2026, tare da ƙungiyar da ke da maki huɗu sama da yankin faɗuwa, [[Wayne Rooney]] ya yi tsokaci a shirinsa na BBC Sounds cewa ƙungiyar ba ta &quot;isa ta fafata a saman teburin Premier ba&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2026 |title=Tottenham news: Spurs 'miles off' being a top-six team - Wayne Rooney |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c5yq0yg0klro |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da tsohon manajan ƙungiyar Ange Postecoglou ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ba &quot;ba babbar ƙungiya ba ce&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=Tottenham 'not a big club', says former manager Ange Postecoglou |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cwyx18287k9o |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''BBC Sport'' ta yi tambaya ko Aston Villa, wacce ta kammala wasanni uku a jere a cikin manyan kungiyoyi shida, ko kuma Newcastle United da biyu tun daga shekarar 2020, za ta iya maye gurbin kungiyar da ke cikin manyan kungiyoyi shida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2026 |title=Aston Villa news: Could Villa replace Spurs in the 'big six'? - Have your say |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3rz4d22013o |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2026 |title=Newcastle news: Could Newcastle replace Spurs in the 'bix six'? - Have your say |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c0q3le223npo |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2026, ''SportsView'' ta hanyar ''OneFootball'' ta nuna cewa Aston Villa ta maye gurbin Tottenham Hotspur a manyan kungiyoyi shida &quot;bayan ta yi nasara a wasannin da suka gabata&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2026 |title=Manchester United go top of ‘Big Six’ head-to-head table as Premier League top four race heads to the wire |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/manchester-united-go-top-of-big-six-head-to-head-table-as-premier-league-top-four-race-heads-to-the-wire-42616000 |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=OneFootball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da ''Planet Football'' ta yi bayan kakar wasa ya nuna cewa ra'ayin manyan 'yan wasa shida &quot;sun kusa durƙushewa&quot; yayin da Tottenham ta guji faduwa daga gasar, amma ya yi tsokaci idan &quot;irin su Aston Villa suka ci gaba da cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai&quot;, dole ne a yi ritaya daga gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Watach |first=Nestor |date=28 May 2026 |title=Man Utd better than Arsenal in final 2025-26 'Big Six' Head to Head table |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/premier-league/big-six-head-to-head-table-2025-16-premier-league-man-city-arsenal-liverpool-man-utd-chelsea |access-date=8 June 2026 |website=Planet Football |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kishiyoyi ==
Akwai gasa da dama tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin Big Six. Arsenal tana da hamayya da Chelsea da Tottenham Hotspur da ke [[Landan]], sannan kuma tana da hamayya da Manchester City da Manchester United a gasar Premier, yayin da ''[[The Guardian|jaridar Guardian]]'' ta lura cewa dangantakar kulob din da Liverpool &quot;mai kyau da kuma wasa&quot;.  Baya ga Arsenal, fafatawar da ke tsakanin Chelsea da Tottenham ta kunshi Liverpool, Manchester United da Tottenham, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2010 |title=Manchester United vs Chelsea: a rivalry that will not die |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/manchester-united-vs-chelsea-a-rivalry-that-will-not-die-1934609.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182154/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/manchester-united-vs-chelsea-a-rivalry-that-will-not-die-1934609.html |archive-date=26 December 2017 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da fafatawar da ke tsakanin Liverpool da Manchester United ta kunshi Manchester City, wadanda dukkansu ke da fafatawa a tsakanin birane, a fafatawar da suka yi a wasan Manchester Derby . Gasar da Chelsea ke yi da Manchester City ta samo asali ne daga nasarorin da ƙungiyoyin suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA a farkon shekarun 2020. 

== 'Yan wasa ==
Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2019, an samu karuwar musayar 'yan wasa daga manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasashen waje, yayin da kasa da kashi 15% na 'yan wasan da aka sanya hannu a lokacin suka fito ne daga wasu kungiyoyin Premier League. A cikin shekarun 2020, kaso na 'yan wasan da Big Six ta saye daga wasu kungiyoyin Premier League ya karu sosai, inda kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta bazara ta 2025 ta ga kaso mafi girma tun 2010 a kashi 27%.

'Yan wasa takwas sun buga wasa a manyan ƙungiyoyi uku ko fiye da haka a Big Six. Nicolas Anelka da [[Raheem Sterling]] su ne kawai 'yan wasa da suka buga wa kungiyoyi hudu, dukkansu suna wakiltar Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool da Manchester City, yayin da [[Kolo Touré]], William Gallas, Yossi Benayoun, [[Emmanuel Adebayor]], Daniel Sturridge da Danny Welbeck kowannensu ya buga wa kungiyoyi uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westby |first=Nick |date=31 January 2023 |title=Seven men have played for three of the 'Big Six' – can you name them |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/football/seven-players-have-played-for-three-of-the-big-six-arsenal-chelsea-liverpool-manchester-city-manchester-united-and-tottenham-hotspur-can-you-name-them-gallery-4008213 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202014519/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/football/seven-players-have-played-for-three-of-the-big-six-arsenal-chelsea-liverpool-manchester-city-manchester-united-and-tottenham-hotspur-can-you-name-them-gallery-4008213 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The Yorkshire Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Raheem Sterling: Arsenal sign Chelsea forward on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cevj7r81ggwo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115014827/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cevj7r81ggwo |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka kafa gasar Premier har zuwa watan Agusta na 2022, an samu musayar 'yan wasa 77 tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na Big Six. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Chris |date=16 August 2022 |title=Ranking every Premier League transfer ever between the Big Six clubs |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37630749/arsenal-chelsea-liverpool-man-city-man-united-tottenham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515133959/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37630749/arsenal-chelsea-liverpool-man-city-man-united-tottenham |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+List of footballers of three or more Big Six clubs
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;175px&quot; |Player
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Clubs
|-
!ARS
!CHE
!LIV
!MCI
!MUN
!TOT
|-
|[[Emmanuel Adebayor]]
|2006–2009
|–
|–
|2009–2012
|–
|2012–2015
|-
|Nicolas Anelka
|1997–1999
|2008–2012
|2001–2002
|2002–2005
|–
|–
|-
|Yossi Benayoun
|2011–2012
|2010–2013
|2007–2010
|–
|–
|–
|-
|William Gallas
|2006–2010
|2001–2006
|–
|–
|–
|2010–2013
|-
|[[Raheem Sterling]]
|2024–2025
|2022–2026
|2012–2015
|2015–2022
|–
|–
|-
|Daniel Sturridge
|–
|2009–2013
|2013–2019
|2006–2009
|–
|–
|-
|[[Kolo Touré]]
|2002–2009
|–
|2013–2016
|2009–2013
|–
|–
|-
|'''Danny Welbeck'''
|2014–2019
|2026–
|–
|–
|2008–2014
|–
|}

== Ƙungiyoyin Big Six da girmamawa ==
{{Updated|16 August 2026}}Kowace ƙungiya ta lashe gasar Premier ko ta First Division aƙalla sau ɗaya, inda Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City da Manchester United suka lashe gasar sau goma ko fiye. Arsenal da Manchester United sun lashe kofin FA fiye da sau goma,  yayin da Liverpool ta lashe kofin zakarun Turai/Kofin Turai da kuma kofin UEFA Europa League /UEFA Cup mafi yawa daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi shida. [3] Manchester United ta lashe gasar FA Community Shield sau ashirin ko fiye. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Premier League's Big Six&lt;ref name=&quot;Goal-Kelly&quot;/&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stadium
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Capacity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Premier League Handbook 2026/27 |url=https://resources.premierleague.pulselive.com/premierleague/document/2026/07/31/8a890ff9-176c-4364-a8ff-e08f995e2c86/TM2040_PL-Handbook-and-Collateral-2026-27_Digital_31.07.pdf |access-date=3 August 2026 |publisher=[[Premier League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |City
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Manager
! colspan=&quot;11&quot; |Honours
|-
!{{Abbr|L1|First Division/Premier League}}
!{{Abbr|FA|FA Cup}}
!{{Abbr|LC|League Cup}}
!{{Abbr|CS|FA Charity/Community Shield}}
!{{Abbr|UCL|UEFA Champions League/European Cup}}
!{{Abbr|UEL|UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup}}
!{{Abbr|UECL|UEFA Conference League}}
!{{Abbr|UCW|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)}}
!{{Abbr|USC|UEFA Super Cup}}
!{{Abbr|WC|Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)/FIFA Club World Cup}}
!Total
|-
|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|Emirates Stadium
|60,704
|London
|[[Mikel Arteta]]
|14
|'''14'''
|2
|18
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|'''49'''
|-
|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
|Stamford Bridge
|40,044
|London
|Xabi Alonso
|6
|8
|5
|4
|2
|2
|'''1'''
|'''2'''
|2
|'''2'''
|'''34'''
|-
|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|[[Filin Wasa na anfield|Anfield]]
|61,276
|Liverpool
|[[Andoni Iraola]]
|'''20'''
|8
|'''10'''
|16
|'''6'''
|'''3'''
|0
|0
|'''4'''
|1
|'''68'''
|-
|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|Etihad Stadium
|61,038
|Manchester
|[[Enzo Maresca]]
|10
|8
|9
|7
|1
|0
|0
|1
|1
|1
|'''38'''
|-
|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|[[Old Trafford]]
|74,158
|Manchester
|Michael Carrick
|'''20'''
|13
|6
|'''21'''
|3
|1
|0
|1
|1
|'''2'''
|'''68'''
|-
|[[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|Tottenham Hotspur Stadium
|62,850
|London
|[[Roberto De Zerbi]]
|2
|8
|4
|7
|0
|'''3'''
|0
|1
|0
|0
|'''25'''
|}

== Nassoshi ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abubuwan Jungian</title>
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'''Tsarin Jungian ra'ayi''' ne daga [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] wanda ke nufin ra'ayi na duniya, wanda aka gada, tsarin tunani, ko hoto wanda ke cikin dukkan mutane ba tare da sanin komai ba . A matsayinta na abokiyar ruhi ta ilhami (watau, nau'ikan almara kalmomi ne na asali, na alama, na tunani waɗanda ke bayyana a martani ga yanayin halittu masu tsari  ), ana tsammanin nau'ikan almara su ne tushen jigogi da alamomi da yawa da suka bayyana a cikin labarai, [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]], da [[Mafarki|mafarkai]] a cikin al'adu da al'ummomi daban-daban.

Wasu misalan nau'ikan siffofi sun haɗa da na uwa, yaro, mai yaudara, da ambaliyar ruwa, da sauransu. Carl Jung, wani masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan ƙasar Switzerland kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ne ya fara gabatar da manufar rashin sanin juna.

A cewar Jung, nau'ikan archetypes sune siffofi na asali na tunani da halaye waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin cimmawa a cikin yanayin mutum. Wannan tsari na aiwatarwa yana tasiri ga matakin mutum ɗaya, ko kuma ci gaban asalin mutum na musamman. Misali, kasancewar wata uwa wadda ta yi daidai da ra'ayin da yaron ya tsara game da uwa zai iya haifar da tsammanin da kuma kunna siffar uwa a cikin tunanin yaron. An haɗa wannan nau'in akida cikin rashin sani na yaron a matsayin &quot;haɗakar uwa&quot;, wanda shine sashin aiki na rashin sani na mutum wanda yayi kama da nau'in akida a cikin rashin sani na gama gari.

== Gabatarwa ==
[[File:D369-platon.-L2-Ch8.png|left|thumb|193x193px| Ra'ayoyin Jung game da nau'ikan siffofi sun dogara ne akan Siffofin Plato.]]
Carl Jung ya yi watsi da ka'idar ''tabula rasa'' ta ci gaban tunanin ɗan adam, wadda ke nuna cewa an haifi mutane a matsayin &quot;babu komai&quot; kuma abubuwan da suka fuskanta suna tsara tunaninsu, halayensu, da kuma yadda suke ji. Madadin haka, Jung ya yi imani cewa akwai abubuwan da suka shafi duniya baki ɗaya waɗanda suka shafi ƙwarewar ɗan adam, kamar kasancewa tare, [[So|ƙauna]], [[mutuwa]], da [[tsoro]] .  Waɗannan abubuwan da ya kira &quot;rashin sanin juna,&quot; an bayyana su a cikin abin da ya kira &quot;masu kama da juna.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Jung ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan nau'ikan halittu suna da tasirin matsin lamba na juyin halitta kuma suna bayyana a cikin halaye da gogewar mutane.  Ya fara gabatar da manufar hotunan farko, wanda daga baya ya kira su da nau'ikan archetypes, don bayyana wannan ra'ayin. A cikin takardarsa ta 2010 kan sake duba asalin nau'ikan Jungian, Goodwyn ya gabatar da cewa nau'ikan archetypes na asali ne kuma sun dogara ne akan yanayin motsin rai na duniya, amma ana bayyana su ta hanyar da ta dace dangane da yadda abubuwan muhalli ke siffanta su. 

A cewar ilimin halayyar Jungian, nau'ikan archetypes suna da iko na asali wanda aka bayyana a cikin halayen ɗan adam da gogewa. Su siffofi ne ɓoyayyun siffofi waɗanda ake kunnawa lokacin da suka shiga cikin sani kuma ana tsara su ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru na mutum ɗaya da na al'adu.  Manufar nau'ikan archetypes muhimmin bangare ne na ka'idar Jung ta rashin sani na gama gari, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai abubuwan da suka shafi duniya baki daya wadanda suka shafi kwarewar dan adam. Ana iya fahimtar wanzuwar nau'ikan almara daga al'adu daban-daban, kamar labarai, [[Art|fasaha]], tatsuniyoyi, [[Addini|addinai]], da mafarkai. 

Ka'idojin [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Plato]], da Arthur Schopenhauer sun yi tasiri ga ra'ayin Jung game da nau'ikan archetypes. &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew Samuels 1986&quot;&gt;Andrew Samuels, Jung and the Post-Jungians {{ISBN|0415059046}}, Routledge (1986)&lt;/ref&gt; Ra'ayin Jung game da nau'ikan siffofi ya bambanta da ra'ayin Plato na Ra'ayoyi domin suna da ƙarfi kuma suna neman bayyana a cikin halayen mutum da halayensa. Ya yi imani cewa waɗannan nau'ikan siffofi suna kunnawa kuma ana ba su tsari a cikin haɗuwa da gogewa ta gwaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew Samuels 1986&quot; /&gt;

Ga Jung, &quot;nau'in almara shine nau'in da ake iya gane shi a cikin tunani na tsari na ruhaniya ''na farko'' &quot;.  &quot;Waɗannan hotunan dole ne a yi la'akari da su a matsayin waɗanda ba su da wani abu mai ƙarfi, don haka a matsayin waɗanda ba su san komai ba. Suna samun ƙarfi, tasiri, da kuma sanin yakamata ne kawai a lokacin da suka haɗu da hujjojin kimiyya.&quot; 

A cewar ilimin halayyar Jungian, nau'ikan archetypes suna samar da tushe iri ɗaya don abubuwan da dukkan mutane ke fuskanta. Kowanne mutum yana gina abubuwan da ya fuskanta a kan wannan tushe, wanda al'adunsa na musamman, halayensa, da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa suka rinjayi shi. Duk da cewa akwai ƙananan adadin nau'ikan siffofi na asali da marasa tsari, suna iya haifar da tarin hotuna, alamomi, da halaye. Duk da cewa an san hotunan da siffofi da suka fito da su, nau'ikan da ke ƙasa ba su san komai ba kuma ba za a iya fahimtar su kai tsaye ba.  

Jung ya yi imani da cewa siffar nau'in archetype ɗin tana kama da tsarin axial na lu'ulu'u, wanda ke ƙayyade tsarin lu'ulu'u ba tare da wanzuwar zahiri ta kansa ba. Tsarin almara babu komai a ciki kuma an yi shi ne kawai bisa tsari, kuma takamaiman hanyar da ake bayyana shi ya dogara ne da yanayin da aka kunna shi. Ba a gadon wakilcin nau'in archetype ba, sai dai siffofin, kuma sun dace da ilhami. Ba za a iya tabbatar da wanzuwar ilhami da nau'ikan halittu ba sai dai idan sun bayyana kansu a zahiri. [1]

Wani bincike da aka buga a mujallar ''Psychological Perspective'' a shekarar 2017 ya binciki hanyoyin da ake bayyana wakilcin Jungian a cikin abubuwan da ɗan adam ya fuskanta. Labarin ya taƙaita sakamakon binciken,

== Ci gaban farko ==
[[File:Jung_1910.jpg|thumb| Carl Jung yana tsaye a gaban asibitin Burghölzli, Zurich a shekarar 1909]]
Fahimtar Jung cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa a cikin tunanin mutum fiye da ƙwarewar mutum ɗaya da ya samo asali tun yana yaro.  Yana da mafarkai da suka yi kama da sun fito daga wani tushe a wajensa, kuma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fara tunawa da su shine mafarkin wani allahn ƙabilar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Daga baya a rayuwarsa, binciken da Jung ya yi a Asibitin Burghölzli kan marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali da kuma nazarin kansa ya goyi bayan imaninsa game da wanzuwar tsarin ruhi na duniya wanda ke ƙarƙashin dukkan gogewa da halayyar ɗan adam. Ya gano cewa mafarkin marasa lafiyarsa ya bi wasu tsare-tsare kuma yana da abubuwan tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi, da tatsuniyoyi .  Da farko Jung ya kira waɗannan da &quot;hotuna na farko&quot; - kalmar da ya aro daga Jacob Burckhardt,  daga baya ya kira su &quot;masu rinjaye a cikin rashin sani na gama gari&quot; a cikin 1917. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Jolande |date=7 February 2017 |title=COMPLEX, ARCHETYPE, SYMBOL in the Psychology of C.G. Jung |url=https://appliedjung.com/complex-archetype-symbol/ |website=appliedjung.com |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206084937/https://appliedjung.com/complex-archetype-symbol/ |archive-date=6 December 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jung ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;archetypes&quot; a cikin rubutunsa na 1919 mai suna &quot;Instinct and the Unconscious&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Girkanci, tare da ma'anar farko, &quot;arche,&quot; ma'ana &quot;farko, asali, dalili, ƙa'idar tushe ta asali,&quot; da kuma &quot;matsayin shugaba, mulki mafi girma, da gwamnati.&quot; Abu na biyu, &quot;nau'i,&quot; yana nufin &quot;busa da abin da aka samar ta hanyar buguwa, alamar tsabar kuɗi, siffa, hoto, samfuri, tsari, da ƙa'ida.&quot; A amfani da shi na zamani, kalmar tana nufin &quot;tsarin da ke ƙarƙashin tsari, tsari na asali.&quot; 

== Ci gaba daga baya ==
A cikin shekarun baya, Jung ya yi gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa ra'ayin nau'in archetype, yana ɗaukar su a matsayin tsarin tunani da na jiki da ke wanzuwa a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda aka ba da takamaiman bayani ta hanyar wayewar ɗan adam da al'adunsa. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na ƙoƙarinsa na haɗa zurfin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da babban shirin kimiyya na ƙarni na ashirin. 

Jung ya yi imanin cewa tsarin halittar ya ƙunshi yanayi biyu, wanda ke wanzuwa a cikin ruhin mutum da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Abin da ba shi da hankali, ko kuma &quot;ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa&quot;, wani tsari ne na ilhami da ruhi  kuma ba a iya samunsa ga sani ba.  Jung ya ƙirƙiro wannan ra'ayi tare da haɗin gwiwar masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Austriya Wolfgang Pauli, wanda ya yi imanin cewa nau'in ilimin halin ɗan adam yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fahimtar ƙa'idodin duniya.  Jung ya kuma ga tsarin tunanin psychid a matsayin ci gaba wanda ya haɗa da abin da ya kira &quot;tsarin archtypal&quot;, ko kuma tsarin aiki na asali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Tsarin ba wai kawai wani abu ne na ruhi ba, amma kuma a zahiri gado ne ga abubuwa gabaɗaya.  Jung ya yi amfani da kalmar ''unus mundus'' don bayyana gaskiyar da ya yi imani da ita ce ke da alhakin dukkan abubuwan da suka bayyana, abubuwan da ake iya gani ko kuma waɗanda ake iya gani a duniyar zahiri. Ya yi tunanin nau'ikan halittu a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na ''unus mundus'', ba wai kawai yana tsara ra'ayoyi a cikin ruhi ba, har ma da ƙa'idodin asali na kwayoyin halitta da makamashi a duniyar zahiri. Bangaren ilimin halin ɗan adam na wannan nau'in ya burge masanin kimiyyar lissafi mai lambar yabo ta Nobel Wolfgang Pauli, wanda ya rungumi ra'ayin Jung kuma ya yi imanin cewa nau'in halittar ta samar da alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru na zahiri da kuma tunanin masanin kimiyyar da ke nazarin su. Wannan ya yi daidai da matsayin da masanin ilmin taurari na Jamus [[Johannes Kepler]] ya ɗauka. Saboda haka, nau'ikan halittu da ke tsara fahimtarmu da ra'ayoyinmu kansu samfuri ne na tsari mai ma'ana wanda ya wuce tunanin ɗan adam da kuma duniyar waje. 

== Misalai ==
[[File:Processed_SAM_loki.jpg|thumb| Allamin mai yaudara na Norse Loki kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wani rubutun Icelandic na ƙarni na 18.]]
Jung ya gano nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru kamar haihuwa, mutuwa, da aure; siffofi kamar uwa, uba, da ɗa; da kuma siffofi kamar ƙarshen duniya da ambaliyar ruwa .  Duk da cewa adadin nau'ikan archetyples ba shi da iyaka,  akwai wasu hotuna masu ban mamaki da suka sake dawowa, &quot;babban cikinsu shine&quot; (a cewar Jung) &quot; ''inuwar'', ''dattijo mai hikima'', ''yaro'', ''uwa'' ... da takwararta, ''[[Budurci|budurwa]]'', kuma a ƙarshe &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw4Q&quot;&gt;anima&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a cikin namiji da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw4g&quot;&gt;animus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a cikin mace &quot;.   A madadin haka zai yi magana game da &quot;bayyanuwar wasu takamaiman nau'ikan siffofi ... inuwar, dabba, dattijo mai hikima, anima, animus, uwa, yaro&quot;.  Halin mutum, anima da animus, inuwar, da kuma kai su ne nau'ikan siffofi guda huɗu da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin halayen daban-daban. 

Uba yana wakiltar halayen uba na halin mutum. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan halaye na iya haɗawa da ƙarfi, fushi, kariya, mai bayarwa, da hikima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adeola |first=FA |date=2007-09-05 |title=Baba: Men and fatherhood in South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gab.v5i1.23383 |journal=Gender and Behaviour |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.4314/gab.v5i1.23383 |issn=1596-9231 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya ganin siffar uba ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar, [[Sarki|sarakuna]], sarakuna, da kuma uban halitta.

Uwa tana wakiltar ɓangaren renon mace, gafara da kuma kariya. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da halayen soyayya, tausayi, haƙuri da kulawa. Tsarin uwa na iya bayyana kansa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar uwa ta halitta, siffar uwa a rayuwar mutum, ko ma fuskar uwa a cikin halayen mutum.

Kai yana nuna dukkan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin mutane ta hanyar tunani. Yana bayyana haɗin kai na halayen gaba ɗaya.  A cewar Jung, wannan nau'in dabi'a yana bayyana ne a lokacin tsakiyar shekaru - matakin da dukkan tsarin halayen mutum suka bunkasa kuma mutum ya riga ya damu da cikakken rayuwarsa da kuma cikar kansa . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adolphus Aghughu</title>
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Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/senate-confirms-adolphus-as-auditor-general-for-the-federation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Senate confirms Adolphus as Auditor-General for the Federation - Vanguard|date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/438945-buhari-appoints-auditor-general-frc-chairman.html |title=Buhari appoints Auditor-General, FRC chairman |date=2021-01-27|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-auditor-general-frc-boss/|title=Buhari appoints auditor-general, FRC boss|date=2021-01-27|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/26/buhari-nominates-aghughu-as-auditor-general-of-the-federation/|title=Buhari Nominates Aghughu as Auditor General of the Federation|date=2021-01-26|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://afrosai-e.org.za/2021/02/25/sai-nigeria-welcomes-new-auditor-general-mr-adolphus-aghughu/|title=SAI Nigeria welcomes new Auditor General, Mr Adolphus Aghughu - Afrosai-e|date=2021-02-25|work=Afrosai-e(Institution of Auditors-General from English-speaking African countries)|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108123517/https://afrosai-e.org.za/2021/02/25/sai-nigeria-welcomes-new-auditor-general-mr-adolphus-aghughu/|archive-date=2021-11-08|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thecable.ng/senate-confirms-aghughu-adolphus-as-auditor-general-for-the-federation|title=Senate confirms Aghughu Adolphus as auditor-general - TheCable|date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerias-auditor-general-emerges-au-board-of-external-auditors-chair/gl2ez28|title=Nigeria's Auditor-General emerges AU Board of External Auditors Chair - Pulse.ng|date=2021-02-25|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/auditor-general-queries-multibillion-naira-irregularities-in-npa-accounts/|title=Auditor-General queries multibillion-naira irregularities in NPA accounts|date=2021-06-26|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. 
A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://gazettengr.com/profile-aghughu-adolphus-newly-confirmed-auditor-general-of-the-federation/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|title=Profile: Aghughu Adolphus, newly confirmed Auditor-General of the Federation |date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|title=President AFROSAI WGEA|work=AFROSAI WGEA|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130125639/https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.gbetutv.com/about-mr-aghughu-arhotomhenla-adolphus-jp-fcna/|title=About Mr. Aghughu Arhotomhenla Adolphus (JP), FCNA|date=2021-01-27|work=Gbetu Tv|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==
Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019.

Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered).
Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alfonso X na Castile</title>
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'''Alfonso X''' (wanda aka fi Zaki da Wise, Mutanen Espanya: el Sabio; 23 ga Nuwamba 1221 - 4 ga Afrilu 1284) ya kasance Sarkin Castile, León da Galicia daga 1 ga Yuni 1252 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1284. A lokacin zaben 1257, wata kungiya mai adawa ta zaba shi ya zama Sarkin Jamus a ranar 1 ga Afrilu. Ya yi watsi da da'awarsa ga Jamus a cikin 1275, kuma a cikin ƙirƙirar kawance tare da Masarautar Ingila a cikin 1254, da'awar sa a kan Duchy na Gascony.

Sha'awar kimiyya ta Alfonso—wani lokacin ana yi masa lakabi da '''Mai Tauraro''' ( ''el Astrólogo'' )—ta sa shi ɗaukar nauyin ƙirƙirar teburin Alfonsine, kuma an sanya wa ramin Alphonsus da ke kan Wata suna bayansa. Ya kuma ɗauki nauyin ayyukan masana tarihi waɗanda, a karon farko tun bayan Isidore na Seville a {{Circa|600}}, ya sanya Spain cikin mahallin tarihin duniya. A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya gabatar da dokar farko ta harshen Castile, wato ''Siete Partidas'' . Ya ƙirƙiri Mesta, ƙungiyar manoman tumaki a tsakiyar yankin, amma ya lalata kuɗin don ya biya kuɗin da ya mallaka wa gwamnatin Jamus. Ya yi yaƙi mai nasara da Portugal, amma bai yi nasara ba da Granada . Ƙarshen mulkinsa ya fuskanci yaƙin basasa da babban ɗansa da ya rage, Sancho na gaba&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;IV, wanda ya ci gaba bayan mutuwarsa.

== Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko ===
An haifi Alfonso a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1221 {{Sfn|Thacker|Escobar|2002}} a Toledo, Masarautar Castile. Shi ne ɗan fari na Ferdinand&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwMQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;na uku da Elizabeth (Beatrice) na Swabia . {{Sfn|O'Callaghan|1998}} Mahaifiyarsa 'yar uba ce ga Sarki Frederick na Romawa Mai Tsarki&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwOA&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II, wanda galibi ana kwatanta Alfonso da shi. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Philip na Swabia da Irene Angelina . Ba a san komai game da yadda ya girma ba, amma wataƙila an rene shi a Toledo. A cikin shekaru tara na farko na rayuwarsa, Alfonso ya kasance magajin Castile ne kawai har sai da kakansa na uba, sarki Alfonso na IX na León, ya mutu, kuma mahaifinsa ya haɗa masarautun Castile da León . Ya fara aikinsa na soja, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa, lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida.

Bayan hawan Sarki Theobald na ɗaya na Navarre, Ferdinand ya yi ƙoƙarin shirya auren Alfonso da 'yar Theobald, Blanche, amma matakin bai yi nasara ba. A lokaci guda kuma, yana da alaƙa ta soyayya da Magajin Gari Guillén de Guzmán, wanda ya haifa masa 'ya mace, Beatrice . A shekara ta 1240, ya auri Magajin Gari Guillén de Guzmán, amma daga baya aka soke auren kuma aka ayyana batunsu a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya. A cikin shekarun 1240, tare da mahaifinsa, ya mamaye wurare da dama na musulmai a Al-Andalus, ciki har da Murcia, Alicante da Cádiz .

A shekara ta 1249, Alfonso ya auri Violante, 'yar Sarki James na ɗaya na Aragon kuma Violant na Hungary, {{Sfn|Previté-Orton|1952}} duk da cewa an riga an yi aure a shekara ta 1246.

=== Sarki ===
Alfonso ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Castile da León a shekara ta 1252. A shekara mai zuwa ya mamaye Portugal, inda ya kwace yankin Algarve . Dole ne Sarki Afonso na Uku na Portugal ya miƙa wuya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}} Duk da haka, Afonso III ya cimma yarjejeniya da Alfonso X cewa ta hanyar amincewa da auren 'yar Alfonso X, Beatrice na Castile, za a mayar wa magadansu ƙasar da aka kama. A shekara ta 1261 Alfonso X ya kama Jerez . A shekara ta 1263 ya mayar da Algarve ga Sarkin Portugal kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Badajoz (1267) .

A shekara ta 1254, Alfonso X ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙawance da Sarki Henry na Uku na Ingila, inda ya tallafa masa a yaƙin da ya yi da Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa . A wannan shekarar ce 'yar'uwar Alfonso, Eleanor, ta auri ɗan Henry Edward : da wannan halin, Alfonso ya daina da'awar mallakar Duchy of Gascony har abada, wanda Castile ta kasance mai yin ƙarya tun auren Alfonso VIII na Castile da Eleanor na Ingila .

==== Zaɓen sarauta ====
A shekara ta 1256, bayan mutuwar William II na Holland, zuriyar Alfonso daga Hohenstaufen ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa, 'yar Philip na Swabia, ta ba shi da'awar sarautar Jamus ta hanyar zuriyar Hohenstaufen . Zaɓen da Alfonso ya yi a matsayin sarkin Jamus da masu zaɓen yarima suka yi ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin tsare-tsare masu sarkakiya waɗanda suka haɗa da kashe kuɗi mai yawa amma ba tare da sun kai ga nasara ba. Alfonso bai taɓa yin tafiya zuwa Jamus ba, kuma haɗin gwiwarsa da Ghibelline na Italiya Lord Ezzelino IV da Romano ya hana shi samun goyon bayan Paparoma Alexander na IV . Abokin hamayyarsa, Richard na Cornwall, ya tafi Jamus kuma aka naɗa shi a shekara ta 1257 a Aachen .

Domin samun kuɗi, Alfonso ya kawar da darajar kuɗin sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin hana hauhawar farashi ta hanyar amfani da kuɗin fito na musamman. Ƙaramin cinikin da aka yi a mulkinsa ya lalace, kuma masu farautar shanu da manoma sun yi matuƙar fushi. Manyan mutanensa, waɗanda ya yi ƙoƙarin hana su ta hanyar ayyukan ta'addanci lokaci-lokaci, sun yi masa tawaye a shekara ta 1272. Dan Alfonso Ferdinand ne ya kawo sulhu da sarakuna a shekara ta 1273.

Bayan mutuwar Richard na Cornwell, sarakunan Jamus sun zaɓi Rudolph na Habsburg (1273), inda Paparoma Gregory X ya ayyana cewa Alfonso ya hambarar da shi. A shekara ta 1275, Alfonso ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da babban firist ɗinsa a Italiya, William VII na Montferrat (wanda ya gaji Ezzelino), da abokansa na Ghibelline a Piedmont da Lombardy don murnar nasarar da aka samu a kan Guelph Charles I na Anjou kuma a naɗa shi a Lombardy. Duk da haka, Paparoma ya dakatar da shi daga burinsa na sarauta a Provence, wanda bayan dogon tattaunawa, ya sami izinin Alfonso na yin watsi da duk wani ikirarin da ya yi wa Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki.

==== Yaƙin basasa ====
[[File:TumboAKing.jpg|thumb| Hoton Alfonso X daga kundin Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (An rubuta tsakanin 1229 da 1255)]]
A tsawon mulkinsa, Alfonso ya yi gwagwarmaya da manyan sarakunansa, musamman iyalan Nuño González de Lara, Diego López de Haro da Esteban Fernández de Castro, waɗanda dukkansu sojoji ne masu ƙarfi kuma suka taka rawa wajen kiyaye ƙarfin sojojin Castile a yankunan da ke kan iyaka. A cewar wasu malamai, Alfonso ba shi da manufa ɗaya da mai mulki zai sadaukar da kansa ga tsari da kuma haɗakar ƙarfin hali da ake buƙata don mu'amala da manyansa duk da cewa wannan ba ra'ayi ne da kowa ke ɗauka ba.   Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarinsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen diflomasiyya da na kuɗi da suka shafi yunƙurinsa na zama Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Castillia.jpg|right|thumb| Jakadun Castillian suna ganawa da Almohad khalifa Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada, daga &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwig&quot;&gt;Cantigas de Santa María&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Babban ɗan Alfonso, Ferdinand, ya mutu a shekara ta 1275 a Yaƙin Écija da sojojin mamayar Morocco da Granada, inda ya bar jarirai maza biyu. Ɗan Alfonso na biyu, Sancho, ya yi iƙirarin zama sabon magaji, maimakon 'ya'yan Ferdinand de la Cerda, yana mai da'awarsa bisa ga tsohuwar al'adar Castilian, wato kusancin jini da kuma girman kai . Alfonso ya fi son ya bar wa jikokinsa sarauta, amma Sancho ya sami goyon bayan manyan mutane. Yaƙin basasa mai zafi ya ɓarke wanda ya tilasta wa Alfonso a shekara ta 1282 ya karɓi Sancho a matsayin magajinsa maimakon jikokinsa ƙanana; biranen [[Sevilla|Seville]], Murcia da Badajoz ne kawai suka riƙe aminci a gare shi. Ɗansa da manyan mutane sun goyi bayan [[Moors]] lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa kan al'umma a wani yaƙi; kuma lokacin da ya haɗa kai da Abu Yusuf Yakub, sarkin Maroko mai mulki, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin maƙiyin addini. Wani martani da ya mayar masa ya fara ne a kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, amma ya mutu a yaƙin da aka yi masa kaca-kaca aka kuma yashe shi a Seville a shekara ta 1284, inda ya bar wasiyya, wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin ware Sancho, da kuma gadon yaƙin basasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}}

==== Manufar tattalin arziki ====
A shekara ta 1273, ya ƙirƙiri Mesta, wata ƙungiya ta kimanin ƙananan masu kiwon tumaki 3,000 a Castile, a matsayin martani ga ƙarancin ulu da ake fitarwa daga wuraren gargajiya a Ingila.  Daga baya wannan ƙungiya ta sami ƙarfi sosai a ƙasar (yayin da ulu ya zama babban kayan da Castile ke fitarwa &lt;ref name=&quot;Nicholas 1999&quot; /&gt; kuma ya ba da rahoton ƙarin ciniki, wanda ake kira &quot;farin zinariya&quot;, saboda yawan ulu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a a lokacin hunturu), kuma daga ƙarshe gatansa ya zama mummunan rauni a tattalin arzikin Castilian. Ɗaya daga cikin illolin da garken tumakin ke fuskanta wajen faɗaɗawa cikin sauri shi ne raguwar gonakin Castilian inda tumakin ke kiwo ta ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nicholas 1999&quot; /&gt;

Aikin Mesta na asali shine raba gonaki da hanyoyin tumaki da ke haɗa wuraren kiwo.

==== Ayyukan yin dokoki ====
A matsayinsa na mai mulki, Alfonso ya nuna ikon yin dokoki, da kuma sha'awar samar wa masarautun da aka faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa da dokokin doka da kuma tsarin shari'a mai ɗorewa. Dokar ''Fuero Real'' ko ta sarauta wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin tsara waɗannan dokoki wataƙila aikin sa ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Fuero Real de Alfonso X el Sabio |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-2018-7 |website=Leyes Históricas de la monarquía hispánica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara ɗaya daga cikin dokokin Turai mafi cikakken tsari a zamanin da, ''Siete Partidas'', wanda manyan Castile suka hana, sai dai jikansa ne ya ayyana shi. Saboda haka, kuma saboda jam'iyyar ''Partidas'' ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar doka a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka,  yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa 23 da aka wakilta a zauren Majalisar Wakilai na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .

==== Horar da sojoji ====
[[File:Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Equestrian seal of Alfonso X of Castile]]
Tun yana ƙarami, Alfonso X ya nuna sha'awar rayuwarsa ta soja da jarumtaka. A shekara ta 1231 Alfonso ya yi tafiya tare da Pérez de Castron a wani yakin neman zabe a yankin Andalusia. A lokacin da yake rubutu a cikin ''littafin Estoria de España'', Alfonso ya bayyana yadda ya ga St. James a kan farin doki mai launin fari da kuma rundunar jarumai suna fafatawa a yaƙi a saman sojojin Spain.  Wannan hangen nesa na rundunar sama da ke yaƙi a Jerez da kuma shiga cikin yaƙin soja wataƙila ya bar Alfonso X da ilimi mai zurfi da girmamawa ga ayyukan soja da jaruman jarumai. Ana iya ganin girmama Alfonso ga jarumtaka a cikin rubutunsa game da dokokin Spain. An tsara tsarin mulkin kama-karya na {{Lang|es|Siete Partidas}} a cikin tsarin mulkin kama-karya na Siete (2,21) inda ya rubuta cewa ya kamata jarumai su kasance, &quot;masu kyawawan zuri'a kuma an bambanta su da kirki, hikima, fahimta, aminci, jarumtaka, daidaito, adalci, ƙwarewa, da ilimin aiki da ake buƙata don tantance ingancin doki da makamai ( {{Lang|es|Siete Partidas}}, 21, 1–10). &quot;  Waɗannan ƙoƙarin da aka yi na samar da ƙa'idar ɗabi'ar jarumtaka mai tsari wataƙila an yi su ne don ƙarfafa ƙarfin makamai (ƙarfin hali) da kuma hana amfani da tashin hankali don amfani mai adalci (wanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa) .

== Al'adar kotu ==
Sarki Alfonso X ya ƙirƙiro al'adar kotu wadda ke ƙarfafa ilimin duniya baki ɗaya. Alfonso yana da rubuce-rubuce da yawa a baya a cikin [[Larabci]] da Latin da aka fassara zuwa harshen Castilian a fadarsa. Alfonso &quot;ya koma ga harshen yaren don irin alkawuran ilimi da a da ba a iya tsammani ba a wajen [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] .&quot;  An yaba masa da ƙarfafa amfani da harshen Castilian a rubuce maimakon Latin a matsayin harshen da ake amfani da shi a kotuna, majami'u, da littattafai da takardu na hukuma (kodayake mahaifinsa, Ferdinand III, ya fara amfani da shi don wasu takardu). Wannan fassarar takardun Larabci da na Gargajiya zuwa harsunan ya ƙarfafa ci gaban kimiyyar Sifaniyanci, adabi, da falsafa.

=== Fassarori ===
Tun daga farkon mulkinsa, Alfonso ya ɗauki malamai Yahudawa, Kirista da Musulmi a fadarsa, musamman don fassara littattafai daga [[Larabci]] da [[Ibrananci]] zuwa Latin da Castilian, kodayake koyaushe yana dagewa kan kula da fassarar da kansa. Wannan ƙungiyar malamai ta kafa littafin sarautarsa, tana ci gaba da al'adar Escuela de Traductores de Toledo ( Makarantar Masu Fassara ta Toledo ) ta ƙarni na sha biyu. Sakamakonsu na ƙarshe ya ɗaukaka Castilian a matsayin harshen koyo a fannin kimiyya da adabi, kuma ya kafa harsashin sabon [[Yaren Sifen|harshen Sifaniyanci]] . Wannan sigar harshen Castilian da ta bunƙasa ta kuma sami muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin gidan sarauta, inda ta zo ta maye gurbin Latin, wanda har zuwa lokacin shine harshen da aka fi amfani da shi don diflomasiyyar sarauta a Castile da León. 

Fassarar farko, wadda ɗan'uwansa, Fernando de la Cerda, ya bayar - wanda yake da ƙwarewa sosai, a fannin diflomasiyya da soja, tsakanin Musulmin kudancin Iberia da arewacin Afirka - ta fito ne daga Castilian, wani littafi mai suna ''Kalila wa-Dimna''  ya ƙunshi nau'in adabin hikima mai suna Mirrors for Princes : labarai da maganganu da aka yi niyya don koyar da sarki kan shugabanci mai kyau da inganci.

Babban aikin ilimi na waɗannan masana ya ta'allaka ne akan ilmin taurari da ilmin taurari. A farkon zamanin mulkin Alfonso, an fassara wasu ayyukan sihiri ( ''Lapidario'', ''Picatrix'', ''Libro de las formas et las ymagenes'' ) waɗanda wani masani Bayahude mai suna Yehuda ben Moshe (Yhuda Mosca, a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen tushen Sifaniyanci) ya fassara. Waɗannan duk rubuce-rubuce ne masu matuƙar ado ( ''Lapidario'' ne kawai suka tsira gaba ɗaya) waɗanda ke ɗauke da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sirri ne game da sifofin sihiri na duwatsu da talisman . Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan littattafan sihiri na taurari, Alfonso ya ba da umarnin fassara fitattun labaran Larabci compendia, ciki har da ''Libro de las cruzes'' da ''Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas'' . Na farko daga cikin waɗannan, abin mamaki, an fassara shi daga Latin (an yi amfani da shi a tsakanin Visigoths ), zuwa Larabci, sannan aka mayar da shi zuwa Castilian da Latin.  Yawancin rubuce-rubucen da aka fara fassara a wannan lokacin sun tsira ne kawai a cikin rubutun hannu ɗaya kowanne.

=== Ilimin Taurari ===
A matsayinsa na mai ilimi, ya sami shaharar kimiyya sosai bisa ga ƙarfafawarsa ga ilmin taurari, wanda ya haɗa da ilmin taurari a lokacin da kuma ilimin sararin samaniya na Ptolemaic kamar yadda [[Larabawa]] suka sani. Ya kewaye kansa da yawancin masu fassara Yahudawa waɗanda suka fassara rubuce-rubucen kimiyya na Larabci zuwa Castilian a Toledo. Shahararsa ta kai ga shirya teburin Alfonsine, bisa ga lissafin [[Al-Zarqali|al-Zarqali, &quot;Arzachel&quot;]] . Alexander Bogdanov ya dage cewa waɗannan tebura sun zama tushen ci gaban [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] na fahimtar sararin samaniya mai tsayi .  Saboda wannan aikin, an sanya wa Alphonsus sunan ramin wata. Wani sanannen magana, amma mai kama da na apocryphal, wanda aka jingina masa bayan jin sa, bayanin lissafi mai sarkakiya da ake buƙata don nuna ka'idar Ptolemy ta ilmin taurari shine &quot;Da Ubangiji Mai Iko Dukka ya nemi shawarata kafin fara halitta haka, da na ba da shawarar wani abu mafi sauƙi.&quot;  Gingerich (1990) ya ce wani nau'in wannan zance da ake zargin an ambaci (amma an ƙi) tun farkon ƙarni na 16 ta masanin tarihi Jerónimo de Zurita, kuma Soriano Viguera (1926) ya ce &quot;ba za a iya samun wani abu makamancin haka a rubuce-rubucen Alfonso ba.&quot;  Duk da haka, [[Dean Acheson]] (Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Amurka, 1949–1953) ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen taken da kuma rubutun tarihin rayuwarsa ''Present at the Creation.'' 

=== Tarihi ===
Alfonso ya kuma ba da umarnin tattara tarihin tarihi, ''[[Crónica general|Janar na Cronica]]'', wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1264. Wannan tarihin ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tarihi gabaɗaya kuma ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin tarihin tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da kuma tushen Larabci. &lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alfonso X – king of Castile and Leon |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-X |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan aikin ya sami karbuwa tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, lokacin da aka farfaɗo da sha'awar tarihi; [[Florián de Ocampo|Floríán de Ocampo]] ya buga sabon bugu kuma Lorenzo de Sepúlveda ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin babban tushen soyayyarsa . Sepúlveda ta rubuta wasu fina-finan soyayya da dama, inda Alfonso X ya zama gwarzonsu.

=== Ayyukan tarihi ===
Kotun Alfonso ta tattara wani aiki da aka rubuta da harshen Castilian mai suna ''Janar Estoria'' . Wannan aikin yunƙuri ne na tarihin duniya wanda ya samo asali daga tushe da yawa kuma ya haɗa da fassarori daga Tsohon Alkawari na Vulgate wanda aka haɗa shi da tatsuniyoyi da tarihi daga duniyar gargajiya, galibi Masar, Girka, da Roma. &lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, wannan tarihin duniya bai cika ba, don haka ya tsaya a lokacin haihuwar Almasihu.  Babban mahimmancin wannan aikin yana cikin fassarar daga Latin zuwa Castilian. &lt;ref name=&quot;Procter&quot; /&gt; Kamar tarihin rayuwarsa, ikon kotun Alfonso na tattara rubuce-rubuce daga al'adu daban-daban da kuma fassara su zuwa Castilian ya bar wani tasiri na tarihi a Spain.

An yaba wa Alfonso X da hoton farko na ''hórreo'', wani gidan ajiyar kaya na yau da kullun daga arewa maso yammacin yankin Iberian. Tsohuwar takarda mai ɗauke da hoton ''hórreo'' ita ce Alfonso's ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' (waƙar CLXXXVII) daga XII AC A cikin wannan hoton, an kwatanta ''hórreos'' mai rectangular guda uku na salon Gothic.

=== Wasanni ===
[[File:Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg|right|thumb| Matsalar dara #35]]
Alfonso kuma ya sami ''Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas'' ( ''&quot;Libro de los Juegos&quot; (Littafin Wasanni)'' ) wanda aka fassara zuwa Castilian daga Larabci kuma ya ƙara zane-zane da nufin kammala aikin.  An kammala shi a shekara ta 1283.  Littafin Libro de juegos ya ƙunshi tarin rubuce-rubuce masu yawa game da [[Dara (Chess)|wasan dara]], tare da matsalolin wasan dara sama da 100 da bambance-bambancen wasan dara . 

=== Kiɗa ===
Alfonso X ya ba da umarni ko kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa a lokacin mulkinsa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da ''Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer'' da babban littafin ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' (&quot;Waƙoƙi ga Budurwa Maryamu&quot;), wanda aka rubuta a cikin [[Galician{{endash}}Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese]] da ƙididdiga daga cikin mafi mahimmancin ayyukansa. ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarin waƙoƙin monophonic na gargajiya da suka tsira tun [[zamanin Tsakiya]] . Sun ƙunshi waƙoƙi 420 tare da rubutun waƙa. Waƙoƙin galibi suna kan mu'ujizai da aka danganta ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] . Ɗaya daga cikin mu'ujizai da Alfonso ya faɗa shine warkarwarsa a Puerto de Santa María . 

== Iyali ==
Violante tana da shekaru goma sha biyu ko goma sha uku a lokacin aurenta da Alfonso; ba ta haifi 'ya'ya ba tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ana jin tsoron cewa ba ta da haihuwa. An kusa kashe auren Alfonso, amma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya:

# Berengaria (1253 - bayan 1284). An yi mata aure da Louis, ɗan kuma magajin Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa, amma saurayinta ya mutu kafin lokacin a shekara ta 1260. Ta shiga gidan sufi da ke Las Huelgas, inda take zaune a shekara ta 1284.
# Beatrice (1254–1280). Ta auri William VII, Marquess na Montferrat .
# Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante na Castile (23 Oktoba 1255 - 25 Yuli 1275). Ya auri Blanche, 'yar Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Domin kuwa ya riga mahaifinsa rasuwa, ƙaninsa Sancho ya gaje shi.
# [[Eleanor of Castile (1257–1275)|Eleanor]] (1257–1275)
# Sancho na IV na Castile (13 Mayu 1258 - 1295)
# [[Constance of Castile (1258–1280)|Constance]] (1258 - 22 ga Agusta 1280), yar uwa a Las Huelgas.
# Bitrus, Ubangijin Ledesma (Yuni 1260 - 10 Oktoba 1283)
# John, Ubangijin Valencia de Campos (Maris ko Afrilu 1262 - 25 ga Yuni 1319).
# Isabella, ta mutu tana ƙarama.
# Mai Ta'addanci (1265–1296). Ta auri Diego López V de Haro, Ubangijin Biscay
# James, Ubangijin Cameros (Agusta 1266 - 9 Agusta 1284)

Alfonso X shi ma yana da 'ya'ya da dama da ba a haifa ba. Tare da magajin gari Guillén de Guzmán, 'yar Guillén Pérez de Guzman da María González Giron, ya haifi:

* Beatrice, ta auri Sarki Afonso na Uku na Portugal .

Tare da Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, 'yar [[Rodrigo Fernández de Villada]], ya haifi:

* Alfonso Fernández de Castilla (1242-1281), kuma aka sani da ''el Niño'', ya riƙe taken &quot;Señor de Molina y Mesa&quot; ta hanyar aurensa tare da [[Blanca Alfonso de Molina]] .

Tare da [[María Alfonso de León]], mahaifiyarsa, 'yar sarki Alfonso IX na León da [[Teresa Gil de Soverosa]] na shege yana da:

* Berenguela Alfonso na Castile, wanda ya auri Pedro Núñez de Guzmán a shekara ta 1264, amma ya mutu yana matashi bai bar zuriya ba.


== Ƙarin karatu ==

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*  
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |date=July–August 2009 |title=The Game of Kings |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |url-status=dead |journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |location=Houston |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=18–23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051322/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/2000/200904.pdf PDF version]) Cf. especially section on &quot;The Alfonso X 'Book of Games'&quot;.
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*   ([https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Alfonso_X_BEA.pdf PDF version])
*  
*  
*  

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_245.html Lewis E 245 Fuero real (Lambar birni ta sarauta) a OPenn]
* [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/ Cantigas de Santa Maria]
* [http://games.rengeekcentral.com/ Alphonso X – Littafin Wasanni]
* ''Cantigas de Santa María'', Códice rico, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, MS TI-1, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220105213431/https://rbdigital.realbiblioteca.es/s/rbme/item/11337#?c=&amp;m=&amp;s=&amp;cv=&amp;xywh=-3673%2C-313%2C11089%2C6240/ haɗi zuwa rubutun hannu] Archived  
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195648/http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=B18550071&amp;idioma=1 Libros del Saber de Astronomía] Archived''   – Hotunan rubutun hannu daga 1276.
* Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile   
* Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile   
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185029/http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n Alfonso X de Castilla y León], a [http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki Cancioneros Musicales Españoles]{{Dead link|date=June 2020}} .
* Works by or about Alfonso X of Castile  
* Works by Alfonso X of Castile   
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Castilian House of Ivrea]]|23 November|1221|4 April|1284|[[House of Ivrea]]}}
{{S-reg}}
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{{S-aft}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef}}
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
== Manazarta ==
 </text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robert Gillmor</title>
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        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
        <id>49197</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="8564" sha1="cscdu49zmq6wt7a4oqmefz2h7hbhtkx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (6 ga Yulin 1936 - 8 ga Mayu 2022) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Burtaniya, mai zane, mai zane-zane, marubuci da edita. Ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar Society of Wildlife Artists (SWLA) kuma ya kasance sakatarenta, shugaban da shugaban. Ya ba da gudummawa ga littattafai sama da 100, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert returns to his roots |url=http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141135/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |website=Henley Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avery-medal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |date=10 October 2011 |title=Top scientist slams government |url=http://markavery.info/2011/10/10/top-scientist-slams-government/ |access-date=10 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Birdwatch-medal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Independent journalist wins RSPB medal |url=http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&amp;cate=__7806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195200/http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&amp;cate=__7806 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=Birdwatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da [[ilimi]] ==
An haifi Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor a Reading, Berkshire a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1936, &lt;ref name=&quot;Avery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Avery |title=Robert Gillmor – 1936 – 2022 |url=https://markavery.info/2022/05/09/robert-gillmor-1936-2022/ |access-date=10 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Leighton Park da kuma makarantar Fine Art a Jami'ar Reading. Yana da shekara 16 kawai lokacin da aka fara buga hotunansa, a cikin mujallar British Birds ta kowane wata. Lokacin da yake dalibi a sashen fasaha na Jami'ar Reading, ya kwatanta littafinsa na farko, A Study of Blackbirds . Gillmor ya koyar da fasaha da sana'a a tsohuwar makarantarsa, Leighton Park a Reading, na tsawon shekaru shida kafin ya fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 1965.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, shi ne ƙaramin memba na farko da aka zaba ta Reading Ornithological Club (daga baya Berkshire Ornithology Club) kuma ya ci gaba da kwatanta murfin rahotannin shekara-shekara daga 1950. Daga bisani aka sanya shi shugaban rayuwar kulob din.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Fitarwar Gillmor ta kasance mai girma kuma a cikin siffofi daban-daban, layin zane-zane na ruwa, yankan lino da allon siliki. Bayan littafinsa na farko a shekara ta 1958, aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin wasu sama da 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt;

Motsawa daga Reading zuwa Cley kusa da Tekun a Norfolk a cikin 1998 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title=&amp;nbsp; |series=Springwatch |series-link=Springwatch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b611k8 |access-date=4 June 2018 |network=[[BBC Television]] |date=4 June 2018 |season=2018 |number=5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya tabbatar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan aikinsa. Ya ci gaba da yin zane-zane. Ya kuma kasance masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, kuma ya yi aiki a majalisa ga dukkan kungiyoyi uku na kasa, RSPB, Ƙungiyar Masana Ornithology ta Burtaniya da British Trust for Ornithological. Ya tsara sigar farko ta alamar RSPB ta Avocet.Ya kasance memba na dogon lokaci (kuma tsohon shugaban) na Reading Guild of Artists .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title=&amp;nbsp; |series=Springwatch |series-link=Springwatch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b611k8 |access-date=4 June 2018 |network=[[BBC Television]] |date=4 June 2018 |season=2018 |number=5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a long-standing member (and former president) of the Reading Guild of Artists.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt;

== SWLA ==
After founding the Society of Wildlife Artists with Eric Ennion in the early 1960s, Robert served as its secretary and chairman for many years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avery&quot; /&gt; He was also elected president in 1984 and served for two five-year periods,&lt;ref name=&quot;Avery&quot; /&gt; he also served as a vice-president of the society. As well as working to promote current work, he did much to promote work of past artists, including Charles Tunnicliffe, (editing three books) and his grandfather, Professor Allen W. Seaby (1867–1953), who instilled in him a love of printmaking.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}

== Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya ==
A cikin shekara ta 2011, Gillmor ya kammala yanke lino don saiti huɗu na hatimi na Royal Mail, tare da ƙarin saiti uku (na hatimi shida kowannensu) a cikin shekara ta 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt; Ya tsara lambar yabo ta Dilys Breese ta British Trust for Ornithology, wanda aka fara bayarwa a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitby&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitby |first=Max |title=A Gong For Barclay |url=http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&amp;a=1827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042948/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&amp;a=1827 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |publisher=BirdGuides}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nuna tarihin aikin Gillmor a Gidan Tarihi na Karatu daga 23 ga Oktoba 2011 zuwa 29 ga Afrilu 2012 . &lt;ref name=&quot;RM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Robert Gillmor: Retrospective |url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172111/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=[[Reading Museum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2015 an nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), &quot;don hidimomi ga Wildlife Art&quot;.   Sauran lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta RSPB (2001), da kuma lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Burtaniya (1997). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the BOU |url=https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172205/https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=British Ornithologists' Union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gillmor ya mutu a gidansa, North Light, a [[Cley kusa da Tekun]], Norfolk, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2022, bayan dogon lokaci na rashin lafiya. Ya kasance mai shekaru 85.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avery&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWLA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robert Gillmor MBE 1936-2022 |url=https://swla.co.uk/news/robert-gillmor-mbe-1936-2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Society of Wildlife Artists]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |title=Gillmor retires as cover artist for New Naturalist series |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/gillmor-retires-cover-artist-new-naturalist-series-1300296 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gillmor, Robert Allen Fitzwilliam |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000383010?rskey=D3xzco&amp;result=102 |access-date=9 July 2026 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matarsa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Susan (née Norman; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974 ), da 'ya'ya Emily (kuma mai zane-zane na namun daji &lt;ref name=&quot;Moss&quot; /&gt;) da Thomas sun mutu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emily Gillmor |url=https://www.pinkfootgallery.co.uk/artist/117030/emily-gillmor |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Pinkfoot Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

*  
*  
*  
*  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toms, Mike |title=Review of ''Robert Gillmor's Norfolk Bird Sketches'' |url=https://www.bto.org/understanding-birds/book-reviews/robert-gillmors-norfolk-bird-sketches |website=British Trust for Ornithology (bto.org)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*  

=== A matsayin edita ===

*  

=== A matsayin editan zane-zane ===

* ''Tsuntsaye na Yammacin Palaearctic'', kundin tara, 1977-1994 &lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt;
* ''Tsuntsaye na Berkshire'', 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt;

=== A matsayin mai zane ===

* - Littafin farko na Gillmor, wanda aka yi yayin da yake dalibi &lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt;{{Cite book|last3=David Snow (ornithologist)}}
* {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}}
* {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}}
* {{Cite book|last3=Tony Soper}}
*  
* {{Cite book|last3=John Clare}}
*  
* Jaket din ƙura na kowane sabon jerin Naturalist tun 1985.

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://swla.co.uk/wp-swla/members-list/robert-gillmor/ Sample works on SWLA website]
* Robert Gillmor discography at Discogs (Cover illustrator)
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]</text>
      <sha1>cscdu49zmq6wt7a4oqmefz2h7hbhtkx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robert alexendr</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964735</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
        <id>49197</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: = Robot Alexander =</comment>
      <origin>964735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="mj52vmp2rwd0kctiksw6djamff8euzd" xml:space="preserve">= Robot Alexander =</text>
      <sha1>mj52vmp2rwd0kctiksw6djamff8euzd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emeka Ojukwu da batun fanshonsa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:06:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>964736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1993" sha1="7ki9hu1thlklxdfksaqjdrg7qsb1aks" xml:space="preserve">Emeka Ojukwu da batun fanshonsa

Emeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ya fuskanci wata muhawara game da matsayin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tantance fanshonsa daga gwamnatin Najeriya bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya. A shekarar 2008, ya karɓi fanshon soja daga gwamnatin Najeriya, kusan shekaru arba'in bayan ƙarshen yaƙin.

Kafin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa, Ojukwu jami'i ne a Sojojin Najeriya kuma yana riƙe da matsayin Laftanar Kanal. Kundin Nigeria Year Book 1967 ya bayyana sunansa da matsayin Laftanar Kanal a lokacin.

A lokacin Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya (1967–1970), Ojukwu ya zama shugaban ƙasar Biafra kuma jagoran rundunar sojojin Biafra. A tsarin Biafra, an san shi da matsayin Janar.

Lokacin da ya karɓi fanshonsa a shekarar 2008, Ojukwu ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da yadda aka bayyana matsayinsa. Ya yi korafin cewa an ɗauke shi a matsayin Laftanar Kanal, maimakon matsayin Janar da ya riƙe a lokacin da yake jagorantar sojojin Biafra. Duk da wannan korafin, ya karɓi fanshon da aka ba shi.

Batun ya kasance wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ta shafi yadda gwamnatin Najeriya ta magance batutuwan tsoffin jami'an sojin Najeriya waɗanda suka koma bangaren Biafra a lokacin yaƙin. A watan Janairun 2008, rahoton Radio France Internationale (RFI) ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Najeriya ta fara biyan wasu tsoffin sojojin Biafra bashin fansho, ciki har da Ojukwu, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin sulhu bayan yaƙin.

Biyan fanshon ya kasance muhimmin al'amari wajen ci gaba da tsarin sulhu da sake haɗa kan ƙasa bayan Yaƙin Basasa, wanda ya gudana daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1970.

==Manazarta==

1. The Independent, Emeka Ojukwu: Soldier who led his people into the war of Biafran independence, 2011.
2. Radio France Internationale (RFI), Les anciens du Biafra touchent leur pension, 16 Janairu 2008.
3. Nigeria Year Book 1967, National Library of Nigeria — bayanin Ojukwu a matsayin Laftanar Kanal.
4. TheCable, Psychological effect of paying pension to Biafran police, 20 Oktoba 2017.</text>
      <sha1>7ki9hu1thlklxdfksaqjdrg7qsb1aks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964737</id>
      <parentid>964736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>964737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2312" sha1="dw11rr8fcb8msh2de5bg98i91h14v20" xml:space="preserve">Emeka Ojukwu da batun fanshonsa[[File:Emeka Ojukwu da Batun Fanshon Soja Bayan Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya.jpg|thumb|Kusan shekaru 40 bayan Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya, Emeka Ojukwu ya karɓi fanshon soja — amma ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da yadda aka ƙididdige shi a matsayin Laftanar Kanal, maimakon matsayin Janar da ya riƙe a lokacin jagorancin Biafra.]]

Emeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ya fuskanci wata muhawara game da matsayin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tantance fanshonsa daga gwamnatin Najeriya bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya. A shekarar 2008, ya karɓi fanshon soja daga gwamnatin Najeriya, kusan shekaru arba'in bayan ƙarshen yaƙin.

Kafin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa, Ojukwu jami'i ne a Sojojin Najeriya kuma yana riƙe da matsayin Laftanar Kanal. Kundin Nigeria Year Book 1967 ya bayyana sunansa da matsayin Laftanar Kanal a lokacin.

A lokacin Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya (1967–1970), Ojukwu ya zama shugaban ƙasar Biafra kuma jagoran rundunar sojojin Biafra. A tsarin Biafra, an san shi da matsayin Janar.

Lokacin da ya karɓi fanshonsa a shekarar 2008, Ojukwu ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da yadda aka bayyana matsayinsa. Ya yi korafin cewa an ɗauke shi a matsayin Laftanar Kanal, maimakon matsayin Janar da ya riƙe a lokacin da yake jagorantar sojojin Biafra. Duk da wannan korafin, ya karɓi fanshon da aka ba shi.

Batun ya kasance wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ta shafi yadda gwamnatin Najeriya ta magance batutuwan tsoffin jami'an sojin Najeriya waɗanda suka koma bangaren Biafra a lokacin yaƙin. A watan Janairun 2008, rahoton Radio France Internationale (RFI) ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Najeriya ta fara biyan wasu tsoffin sojojin Biafra bashin fansho, ciki har da Ojukwu, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin sulhu bayan yaƙin.

Biyan fanshon ya kasance muhimmin al'amari wajen ci gaba da tsarin sulhu da sake haɗa kan ƙasa bayan Yaƙin Basasa, wanda ya gudana daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1970.

==Manazarta==

1. The Independent, Emeka Ojukwu: Soldier who led his people into the war of Biafran independence, 2011.
2. Radio France Internationale (RFI), Les anciens du Biafra touchent leur pension, 16 Janairu 2008.
3. Nigeria Year Book 1967, National Library of Nigeria — bayanin Ojukwu a matsayin Laftanar Kanal.
4. TheCable, Psychological effect of paying pension to Biafran police, 20 Oktoba 2017.</text>
      <sha1>dw11rr8fcb8msh2de5bg98i91h14v20</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pauline Opango Lumumba da gwagwarmayarta bayan mutuwar Patrice Lumumba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964739</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:16:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>964739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3257" sha1="qghq6j9kktxnlsdg7qy3rvmjzuhva15" xml:space="preserve">Pauline Opango Lumumba da gwagwarmayarta bayan mutuwar Patrice Lumumba

Pauline Opango Lumumba (1937–2014) ’yar gwagwarmayar Kongo ce kuma matar tsohon Firayim Ministan Jamhuriyar Kongo, Patrice Émery Lumumba. Bayan kashe mijinta a watan Janairun 1961, Pauline ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin neman a bayyana abin da ya faru da shi tare da neman a dawo da gawarsa domin a yi masa jana'iza.

==Gwagwarmaya bayan kama Lumumba==

Patrice Lumumba, wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan farko na Jamhuriyar Kongo bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, an kama shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Daga bisani aka kai shi Katanga, inda aka kashe shi a ranar 17 Janairu 1961, yana da shekaru 35.

Bayan labarin mutuwar mijinta ya bazu, Pauline ta jagoranci wata jerin gwanon makoki a Léopoldville, wadda yanzu ake kira Kinshasa. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1961, ta jagoranci kusan mutane 100 zuwa wurin da tawagar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya take. Rahoton Le Monde na lokacin ya bayyana cewa matan da ke cikin jerin gwanon sun yi tafiya babu riga daga sama, ba takalmi, yayin da wasu maza ke biye da su.

Wannan salon nuna makoki ya kasance wata alama ta al'adar makoki a yankin. Pauline ta nufi wakilan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ne domin neman taimako kan batun gawar mijinta da kuma yi masa jana'iza. A hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ta gana da wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Rajeshwar Dayal, tare da wasu daga cikin dangin Lumumba.

==Batun gawar Lumumba==

Bayan kashe Lumumba, ba a mayar da gawarsa ga iyalinsa domin a yi masa jana'izar da ta dace ba. Bayanai daga baya sun nuna cewa gawarsa ta kasance cikin wani tsari na ɓoye shaidar inda aka binne shi. Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa an yi ƙoƙarin lalata gawar, lamarin da ya sa ba a samu kabarinsa ba na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, ya fi dacewa a bayyana wannan batu a matsayin abin da majiyoyi suka ruwaito, maimakon gabatar da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi yadda aka lalata gawar a matsayin hujjar da ba ta da gardama.

==Mafaka da rayuwa bayan mutuwar Lumumba=

Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Pauline da 'ya'yanta sun fuskanci barazana kuma suka nemi kariya a sansanin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke Léopoldville. Daga baya ta tafi Masar, inda gwamnatin Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser ta ba ta kariya. Ta kuma yi rayuwa a wasu ƙasashe kafin daga bisani ta koma Kongo.

Pauline ba ta sake yin aure ba bayan mutuwar Lumumba. Ta ci gaba da rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo kuma ta kasance tana halartar wasu abubuwan tunawa da mijinta.

==Mutuwa==

Pauline Opango Lumumba ta rasu a Kinshasa a ranar 23 Disamba 2014, tana da shekaru 77. Bayan rasuwarta, an ci gaba da tunawa da ita a matsayin matar Patrice Lumumba kuma ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka nemi a girmama tunawarsa bayan mutuwarsa.

==Manazarta==

1. Le Monde, « Mme Lumumba conduit une manifestation de deuil à travers Léopoldville », 16 Fabrairu 1961.
2. TIME, “The Congo: Death of Lumumba—and After”, 24 Fabrairu 1961.
3. Radio-Télévision Isanganiro, “La veuve de Patrice Emery Lumumba décédée à Kinshasa”, 24 Disamba 2014.
4. Wikimedia Commons, hoton Pauline Opango Lumumba yayin jerin gwanon makoki a Léopoldville, 14 Fabrairu 1961.
5. Pauline Opango, bayanan tarihin rayuwa da ayyukanta.</text>
      <sha1>qghq6j9kktxnlsdg7qy3rvmjzuhva15</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964756</id>
      <parentid>964739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:23:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
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      <text bytes="3557" sha1="2lvmufm9lodl8cm1h5r02jpivszp362" xml:space="preserve">Pauline Opango Lumumba da gwagwarmayarta bayan mutuwar Patrice Lumumba[[File:Pauline Opango Lumumba da iyalanta.jpg|thumb|Pauline Opango Lumumba, matar Patrice Lumumba, yayin wani jerin gwanon makoki a Léopoldville (yanzu Kinshasa) a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1961, bayan kashe mijinta. Ta jagoranci masu zanga-zangar zuwa wurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya domin neman diyya.]]

Pauline Opango Lumumba (1937–2014) ’yar gwagwarmayar Kongo ce kuma matar tsohon Firayim Ministan Jamhuriyar Kongo, Patrice Émery Lumumba. Bayan kashe mijinta a watan Janairun 1961, Pauline ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin neman a bayyana abin da ya faru da shi tare da neman a dawo da gawarsa domin a yi masa jana'iza.

==Gwagwarmaya bayan kama Lumumba==

Patrice Lumumba, wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan farko na Jamhuriyar Kongo bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, an kama shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Daga bisani aka kai shi Katanga, inda aka kashe shi a ranar 17 Janairu 1961, yana da shekaru 35.

Bayan labarin mutuwar mijinta ya bazu, Pauline ta jagoranci wata jerin gwanon makoki a Léopoldville, wadda yanzu ake kira Kinshasa. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1961, ta jagoranci kusan mutane 100 zuwa wurin da tawagar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya take. Rahoton Le Monde na lokacin ya bayyana cewa matan da ke cikin jerin gwanon sun yi tafiya babu riga daga sama, ba takalmi, yayin da wasu maza ke biye da su.

Wannan salon nuna makoki ya kasance wata alama ta al'adar makoki a yankin. Pauline ta nufi wakilan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ne domin neman taimako kan batun gawar mijinta da kuma yi masa jana'iza. A hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ta gana da wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Rajeshwar Dayal, tare da wasu daga cikin dangin Lumumba.

==Batun gawar Lumumba==

Bayan kashe Lumumba, ba a mayar da gawarsa ga iyalinsa domin a yi masa jana'izar da ta dace ba. Bayanai daga baya sun nuna cewa gawarsa ta kasance cikin wani tsari na ɓoye shaidar inda aka binne shi. Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa an yi ƙoƙarin lalata gawar, lamarin da ya sa ba a samu kabarinsa ba na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, ya fi dacewa a bayyana wannan batu a matsayin abin da majiyoyi suka ruwaito, maimakon gabatar da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi yadda aka lalata gawar a matsayin hujjar da ba ta da gardama.

==Mafaka da rayuwa bayan mutuwar Lumumba=

Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Pauline da 'ya'yanta sun fuskanci barazana kuma suka nemi kariya a sansanin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke Léopoldville. Daga baya ta tafi Masar, inda gwamnatin Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser ta ba ta kariya. Ta kuma yi rayuwa a wasu ƙasashe kafin daga bisani ta koma Kongo.

Pauline ba ta sake yin aure ba bayan mutuwar Lumumba. Ta ci gaba da rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo kuma ta kasance tana halartar wasu abubuwan tunawa da mijinta.

==Mutuwa==

Pauline Opango Lumumba ta rasu a Kinshasa a ranar 23 Disamba 2014, tana da shekaru 77. Bayan rasuwarta, an ci gaba da tunawa da ita a matsayin matar Patrice Lumumba kuma ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka nemi a girmama tunawarsa bayan mutuwarsa.

==Manazarta==

1. Le Monde, « Mme Lumumba conduit une manifestation de deuil à travers Léopoldville », 16 Fabrairu 1961.
2. TIME, “The Congo: Death of Lumumba—and After”, 24 Fabrairu 1961.
3. Radio-Télévision Isanganiro, “La veuve de Patrice Emery Lumumba décédée à Kinshasa”, 24 Disamba 2014.
4. Wikimedia Commons, hoton Pauline Opango Lumumba yayin jerin gwanon makoki a Léopoldville, 14 Fabrairu 1961.
5. Pauline Opango, bayanan tarihin rayuwa da ayyukanta.</text>
      <sha1>2lvmufm9lodl8cm1h5r02jpivszp362</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nitrogen (doki)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964751</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378035949|Nitrogen (horse)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>964751</origin>
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'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan Amurka ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud((((Nitrogen's sire is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medaglia_d'Oro_(horse)&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Medaglia d'Oro (horse)&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;117&quot;&gt;Medaglia d'Oro&lt;/a&gt; who at the age of 26 stands at Godolphin's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Stud&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Darley Stud&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;118&quot;&gt;Darley Stud&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Lexington, Kentucky&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;119&quot;&gt;Lexington, Kentucky&lt;/a&gt; for $75,000 in 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;())))) a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

== Mataki ==
{{Pedigree|name=Nitrogen, bay filly, foaled March 6, 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;Equineline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Pedigree of Nitrogen|url=https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Nitrogen?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&amp;reference_number=11106511&amp;registry=T&amp;horse_name=Nitrogen&amp;foaling_year=2022&amp;dam_name=Tiffany+Case&amp;include_sire_line=Y&amp;nicking_stats_indicator=Y&amp;sire_reference_number=0&amp;dam_reference_number=0&amp;color=&amp;sex=&amp;hypo_foaling_year=&amp;breeder=&amp;include_truenick=Y |website=Equineline  |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|f=[[Medaglia d'Oro (horse)|Medaglia d'Oro]] &lt;br /&gt; (1999)|m=Tiffany Case  &lt;br&gt; (2013)|ff=[[El Prado (horse)|El Prado]] ([[Ireland|IRE]])&lt;br /&gt; (1989)|fm=Cappucino Bay&lt;br /&gt; (1989)|mf=[[Uncle Mo]]&lt;br&gt; (2008)|mm=Biblical Point &lt;br&gt; (2003)|fff=[[Sadler's Wells (horse)|Sadler's Wells]]&lt;br /&gt; (1981)|ffm=Lady Capulet&lt;br /&gt; (1974)|fmf=Bailjumper&lt;br /&gt; (1974)|fmm=Dubbed In&lt;br /&gt; (1973)|mff=[[Indian Charlie]]  &lt;br /&gt; (1995)|mfm=Playa Maya &lt;br /&gt; (2000)|mmf=[[Point Given]] &lt;br /&gt; (1998)|mmm=Bibical Sense &lt;br /&gt; (1990)|ffff=[[Northern Dancer]] (1961)|fffm=Fairy Bridge (1975)|ffmf=[[Sir Ivor]] (1965)|ffmm=Cap and Bells  (1958)|fmff=[[Damascus (horse)|Damascus]] (1964)|fmfm=Court Circuit (1964)|fmmf=Silent Screen (1967)|fmmm=Society Singer (1968)|mfff=[[In Excess (horse)|In Excess]] ([[Ireland|IRE]]) (1987)|mffm=Soviet Sojourn (1989)|mfmf=[[Arch (horse)|Arch]] (1995)|mfmm=Dixie Slippers (1995)|mmff=[[Thunder Gulch]] (1992)|mmfm=Turko's Turn(1986)|mmmf=[[Blushing Groom]] ([[France|FR]]) (1974)|mmmm=Star in the North (1971) (family: 1-s)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thoroughbred Bloodlines - JULIA (b 1756) - Family 1-s |url=http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family1s.htm |website=www.bloodlines.net |access-date=August 17, 2025 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016004934/http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family1s.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}</text>
      <sha1>n2o8y9mbfhdgcsuehhujkenry8w5pqz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964758</id>
      <parentid>964751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T12:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SaadatuAliyu5484</username>
        <id>48956</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi</comment>
      <origin>964758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan Amurka ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

== Mataki ==
{{Pedigree|name=Nitrogen, bay filly, foaled March 6, 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;Equineline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Pedigree of Nitrogen|url=https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Nitrogen?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&amp;reference_number=11106511&amp;registry=T&amp;horse_name=Nitrogen&amp;foaling_year=2022&amp;dam_name=Tiffany+Case&amp;include_sire_line=Y&amp;nicking_stats_indicator=Y&amp;sire_reference_number=0&amp;dam_reference_number=0&amp;color=&amp;sex=&amp;hypo_foaling_year=&amp;breeder=&amp;include_truenick=Y |website=Equineline  |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|f=[[Medaglia d'Oro (horse)|Medaglia d'Oro]] &lt;br /&gt; (1999)|m=Tiffany Case  &lt;br&gt; (2013)|ff=[[El Prado (horse)|El Prado]] ([[Ireland|IRE]])&lt;br /&gt; (1989)|fm=Cappucino Bay&lt;br /&gt; (1989)|mf=[[Uncle Mo]]&lt;br&gt; (2008)|mm=Biblical Point &lt;br&gt; (2003)|fff=[[Sadler's Wells (horse)|Sadler's Wells]]&lt;br /&gt; (1981)|ffm=Lady Capulet&lt;br /&gt; (1974)|fmf=Bailjumper&lt;br /&gt; (1974)|fmm=Dubbed In&lt;br /&gt; (1973)|mff=[[Indian Charlie]]  &lt;br /&gt; (1995)|mfm=Playa Maya &lt;br /&gt; (2000)|mmf=[[Point Given]] &lt;br /&gt; (1998)|mmm=Bibical Sense &lt;br /&gt; (1990)|ffff=[[Northern Dancer]] (1961)|fffm=Fairy Bridge (1975)|ffmf=[[Sir Ivor]] (1965)|ffmm=Cap and Bells  (1958)|fmff=[[Damascus (horse)|Damascus]] (1964)|fmfm=Court Circuit (1964)|fmmf=Silent Screen (1967)|fmmm=Society Singer (1968)|mfff=[[In Excess (horse)|In Excess]] ([[Ireland|IRE]]) (1987)|mffm=Soviet Sojourn (1989)|mfmf=[[Arch (horse)|Arch]] (1995)|mfmm=Dixie Slippers (1995)|mmff=[[Thunder Gulch]] (1992)|mmfm=Turko's Turn(1986)|mmmf=[[Blushing Groom]] ([[France|FR]]) (1974)|mmmm=Star in the North (1971) (family: 1-s)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thoroughbred Bloodlines - JULIA (b 1756) - Family 1-s |url=http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family1s.htm |website=www.bloodlines.net |access-date=August 17, 2025 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016004934/http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family1s.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}</text>
      <sha1>7swmdaj9dug9n44v22xoxaazp4k48t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964873</id>
      <parentid>964758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:46:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan Amurka ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

== Mataki ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964874</id>
      <parentid>964873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:46:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan Amurka ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan Amurka ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10661" sha1="o76ifyemnkkmk2oep4sw3md0dle1113" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan Amurka ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <parentid>964876</parentid>
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'''Nitrogen''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, 2022) dan [[Amurka]] ne wanda ya lashe tseren doki na Thoroughbred kuma ya lashe gasar Eclipse wanda ya lashe babbar tseren Grade I Alabama Stakes a Saratoga Race Course .

== Tarihi ==
Nitrogen wani nau'i ne wanda aka haifa kuma mallakar D. J. Stable. Mahaifinta shine Medaglia d'Oro kuma madatsar ruwanta shine Tiffany Case wanda Uncle Mo ya haifa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Sean |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Nitrogen Holds Off Good Cheer to Win Alabama; D. J. Stable's Medaglia d'Oro filly stakes her claim for champion 3-year-old filly. |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/286570/nitrogen-holds-off-good-cheer-to-win-alabama |access-date=August 18, 2025 |website=bloodhorse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifin Nitrogen shine Medaglia d'Oro wanda yake da shekaru 26 yana tsaye a Godolphin's Darley Stud a Lexington, Kentucky don $ 75,000 a cikin 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;BH_Alabama&quot; /&gt;

Nitrogen ya horar da mai horar da Horse Racing Hall Of Fame na Kanada Mark E. Casse.

An kira Nitrogen Champion na Kanada mai shekaru biyu Filly ta hanyar 114-62 a kan Souper Supreme a matsayin budurwa bayan wasan kwaikwayon ta biyu na Grade 1 a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierson |first=Cindy |date=April 25, 2025 |title=The Sovereign Awards |url=http://www.horse-races.net/library/sov24-awards.htm |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=www.horse-races.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:95%; font-size:90%&quot; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Distance
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Race
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Grade
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Track
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Odds
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Field
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finish
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Time
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Winning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Losing)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Margin
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Jockey
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2024 &amp;#x2013; Two-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Aug 30, 2024
|  1 mile
|  Maiden Special Weight
| 
|Woodbine
|  0.70*
|6
|2
|1:39.11
|   (neck)
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Chart for August 30, 2024 Maiden Special Weight at Woodbine - race 1 |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=1&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=08/30/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Sep 14, 2024
|  1 mile
|Natalma Stakes
| I
|Woodbine
|  41.35
|11
|3
|1:33.99
|  (  [[Horse length|length]])
|{{Sortname|Sahin|Civaci|nolink=1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2024 |title=Johnnie Walker Natalma Stakes Grade 1 - (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=WO&amp;CTRY=CAN&amp;DT=09/14/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Nov 1, 2024
|  1 mile
|Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf
| I
|Del Mar
|  49.60
|14
|3
|1:34.28
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Juv_F_Turf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2024 |title=John Deere Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Grade 1 - (race 8) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/01/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2025 – Three-year-old season'''
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jan 4, 2025
|  1 mile
|Ginger Brew Stakes
| Listed
|Gulfstream Park
|  1.80*
|10
|1
|1:34.53
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GingerBrew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Ginger Brew Stakes Listed – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=GP&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=01/04/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Mar 8, 2025
|    miles
|Florida Oaks
| III
|Tampa Bay Downs
|  1.50*
|11
|1
|1:40.42
|     [[Horse length|length]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;FloridaOaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Florida Oaks Grade 3 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=TAM&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=03/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Apr 8, 2025
|  1 mile
|Appalachian Stakes
| II
|Keeneland
|  1.20*
|7
|1
|1:37.00
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Appalachian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Appalachian Stakes Presented by Japan Racing Association Grade 2 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=04/08/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|May 2, 2025
|    miles
|Edgewood Stakes
| II
|Churchill Downs
|  0.97*
|7
|1
|1:41.58
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgewood&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Edgewood Stakes presented by Accenture Grade 2 – (race 5) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=CD&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=05/02/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jun 7, 2025
|  1 mile
|Wonder Again Stakes{{Efn|The Wonder Again Stakes was originally scheduled for {{frac|1|1|16}} miles on the Inner turf course but was moved to the dirt track due to the rain affected track. Consequently, the event was downgraded to Grade III}}
| III
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|3
|1
|1:36.16
|   17 [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;WonderAgain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Wonder Again Stakes Grade 3 – (race 6) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=06/07/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:lightcyan&quot;
|Jul 5, 2025
|    miles
|Belmont Oaks
| I
|Saratoga
|  0.40*
|7
|2
|1:44.84{{Efn|The winner Fionn set a new track record for the {{frac|1|1|8}} miles distance}}
|  (nose)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Belmont Oaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2025 |title=Belmont Oaks Invitational Stakes Grade 1 – (race 11) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=07/05/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Aug 16, 2025
|    miles
|Alabama Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  2.05
|6
|1
|2:03.31
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2025 |title=Alabama Stakes Presented by Keeneland Sales Grade 1 - (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=SAR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=08/16/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=August 17, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Oct 5, 2025
|    miles
|Spinster Stakes
| I
|Keeneland
|  2.10
|5
|2
|1:49.77
|   (head)
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Juddmonte Spinster Stakes (Gr. 1) – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=9&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=KEE&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=10/5/2025&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nov 1, 2025
|    miles
|Breeders' Cup Distaff
| I
|Del Mar
|3.70
|12
|2
|1:48.07
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BC_Distaff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Longines Breeders' Cup Distaff Grade 1 - (race 7) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=6&amp;BorP=P&amp;TID=DMR&amp;CTRY=USA&amp;DT=11/02/2024&amp;DAY=D&amp;STYLE=EQB |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background-color:white&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''2026 &amp;#x2013; Four-year-old season'''
|- 
|Feb 7, 2026
|    miles
|Bayakoa Stakes
| III
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|6
|1
|1:43.53
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayakoa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Bayakoa Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260207-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Mar 7, 2026
|    miles
|Azeri Stakes
| II
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.30*
|7
|3
|1:43.36
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Azeri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Azeri Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260307-usa-op-9-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Apr 11, 2026
|    miles
|Apple Blossom Handicap
| I
|Oaklawn Park
|  0.80*
|9
|2
|1:42.21
|   (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AppleBlossom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Apple Blossom Handicap Grade 1 – (race 10) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/2026/usa/op/20260411-usa-op-10-d.standard.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Jun 5, 2026
|    miles
|Ogden Phipps Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  1.00*
|6
|1
|1:46.93
|     [[Horse length|lengths]]
|{{Sortname|José L.|Ortiz|José Ortiz (jockey)}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OgdenPhipps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Ogden Phipps Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/pdf/SAR060526USA12.pdf |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|Aug 8, 2026
|    miles
|Whitney Stakes
| I
|Saratoga
|  5.83
|7
|2
|1:47.91
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|{{Sortname|John|Velazquez}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitney2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2026 |title=Whitney Stakes Grade 1 - (race 12) |url=https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=SAR&amp;raceDate=08/08/2026&amp;cy=USA&amp;rn=12 |access-date=9 August 2026 |website=Equibase}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sep 25, 2026
|    miles
|Beldame Stakes
|II
|Belmont Park
|  2.10*
|5
|1
|1:48:36
|  (  [[Horse length|lengths]])
|José L. Ortiz
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Beldame2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2026 |title=2026 Beldame Stakes Grade 2 |url=https://www.equibase.com/static/chart/gps/BEL092526USA2.html |access-date=26 September 2026 |website=www.equibase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
 
'''''Bayani:'''''Asterisk bayan rashin daidaito yana nufin Nitrogen shine mafi sha'awa bayan lokaci.{{Notelist}}

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289959533|Carolyn Blank]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. wanda ta shahara sosai
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289959533|Carolyn Blank]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. wanda ta shahara sosai

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East . 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. wanda ta shahara sosai

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East . 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. wanda ta shahara sosai

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East . 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East . 

== Manazarta ==
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East. 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East. 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Amurka]] da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East. 

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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    <revision>
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'''Carolyn Blank''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Amurka]] da ta yi ritaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Info |first=WVU Sports |date=June 30, 2010 |title=Despite setbacks, former WVU women's soccer player Carolyn Blank has made it |url=https://www.thedaonline.com/despite-setbacks-former-wvu-womens-soccer-player-carolyn-blank-has-made-it/image_4cab70cb-0500-5242-ad90-3aed3f42841a.html |website=The Daily Athenaeum - West Virginia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carolyn Blank to make D.C. United Women debut Sunday |url=https://boxscorenews.com/carolyn-blank-to-make-dc-united-women-debut-sunday-p38098-68.htm |website=boxscorenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife ta ne a Toms River, New Jersey, ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Toms River East. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caroline Birkel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964809</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T13:40:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375246840|Caroline Birkel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375246840|Caroline Birkel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375246840|Caroline Birkel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ya shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375246840|Caroline Birkel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ya shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375246840|Caroline Birkel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ya shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375246840|Caroline Birkel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ya shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>964815</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T13:44:30Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29711</id>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ya shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <id>29711</id>
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 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ya shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>lhi68tmu62umwygs2qndmzu5mlpzrd2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964817</id>
      <parentid>964816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T13:49:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan kwaleji */</comment>
      <origin>964817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2680" sha1="8xtg05i3voykit2b2kyein0cx24h8ek" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ta shiga da wuri kuma ya fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8xtg05i3voykit2b2kyein0cx24h8ek</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964818</id>
      <parentid>964817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T13:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan kwaleji */</comment>
      <origin>964818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2680" sha1="dqaf6yfvll4j0rpt0px3hrawib1kr2v" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal . YAR AMURKACE. Yar wasan kwalo wanda akafi sani da kwallan kafa anan gida Nigeria wanda ta zama shahararria wajen nuna kwarewa da gogewa a wasan

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ta shiga da wuri kuma ta fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>dqaf6yfvll4j0rpt0px3hrawib1kr2v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964831</id>
      <parentid>964818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2535" sha1="3ashf2h9593bdehdk9h13sz02d3rn2w" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ta shiga da wuri kuma ta fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>3ashf2h9593bdehdk9h13sz02d3rn2w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964867</id>
      <parentid>964831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:43:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2539" sha1="1nape7stgvqy003unace963ebj9ax7f" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin [[Amurka]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ta shiga da wuri kuma ta fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year . &lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>1nape7stgvqy003unace963ebj9ax7f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964868</id>
      <parentid>964867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:43:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2537" sha1="j5c2zhzv8m9s3sjhizu7uj2etx59w3l" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin [[Amurka]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ta shiga da wuri kuma ta fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year.&lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>j5c2zhzv8m9s3sjhizu7uj2etx59w3l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964869</id>
      <parentid>964868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:43:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2548" sha1="bcdzei6liu8sgdwf1iupr2e0xhd0ydi" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Databox}}

'''Caroline Nicole Birkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin [[Amurka]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na Stanford Cardinal.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Birkel kuma ta girma a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], 'yar Courtney da Mike Birkel, kuma tana da' yan'uwa maza biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caroline Birkel |url=https://gostanford.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/player/caroline-birkel |access-date=2026-05-16 |publisher=[[Stanford Cardinal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St. Louis Scott Gallagher SC, inda ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun ECNL biyu kuma an kira ta ECNL All-American sau biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stan&quot; /&gt; Ta halarci Cibiyar Maryamu da Makarantar Ranar Kasa ta St. Louis, inda ta kasance fitacciyar a wasan hockey.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Birkel ta shiga da wuri kuma ta fara horo tare da Stanford Cardinal a cikin bazara na 2025.  A cikin fall, ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko na gaskiya da ya fara ga Cardinal tun [[Jane Campbell (soccer)|Jane Campbell]] a cikin 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SF25&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Kadanal zuwa duka taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) na yau da kullun da kuma gasar, ta dakatar da kisa a wasan karshe da Notre Dame. A Gasar NCAA, ta taimaka wa Stanford ta kai wasan karshe, inda ta sha kashi a Jihar Florida. Bayan kakar wasa ta farko, an ba ta suna All-ACC na farko da kuma ACC Goalkeeper of the Year.&lt;ref name=&quot;VS25&quot; /&gt; An kuma gabatar da ita lambar yabo ta Chalupny da aka ba wa fitaccen 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara daga yankin St. Louis . 

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Birkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare guda biyu (tare da Addison Halpern) da aka sanya wa Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2024, tana aiki a matsayin ta uku yayin da tawagar ta lashe tagulla. Ta buga kowane minti ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026 a Poland, ta kai zagaye na 16, amma ba ta iya dakatar da duk wani hukunci a cikin asarar da suka yi wa Brazil ba.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Stanford Cardinal'''

* Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025
* Gasar Taron Tekun Atlantika: 2025

'''Amurka U-20'''

* FIFA U-20 lambar tagulla ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2024

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Mai tsaron raga na shekara na ACC: 2025
* Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2025
* Kyautar Chalupny: 2025

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T13:59:48Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360199830|Hailey Baumann]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers . YAR WASACE. wanda take taka leda a kasar amaurka dama wasu sassa na dunia domin burgewa da isa
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:00:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360199830|Hailey Baumann]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers . YAR WASACE. wanda take taka leda a kasar amaurka dama wasu sassa na dunia domin burgewa da isa

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:01:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360199830|Hailey Baumann]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers . YAR WASACE. wanda take taka leda a kasar amaurka dama wasu sassa na dunia domin burgewa da isa

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ya zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
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        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360199830|Hailey Baumann]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers . YAR WASACE. wanda take taka leda a kasar amaurka dama wasu sassa na dunia domin burgewa da isa. Wanda wannan ya taka rawa a ayyukan da kuma nisan datayi

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ya zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:03:12Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29711</id>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ya zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>1q9hvdfsoehwj5z21hwqmc5i6ov4s93</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:04:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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      <text bytes="2182" sha1="50sop99xr64k7xiq387ryi3pbiq2427" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ya zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>50sop99xr64k7xiq387ryi3pbiq2427</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964828</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:04:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ya zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>005dfpjw4da3irndmwcc6fknqknu6vr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964829</id>
      <parentid>964828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:05:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan kwaleji */</comment>
      <origin>964829</origin>
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      <text bytes="2170" sha1="onqe5kkxa54razqoj02fu0q42kglmop" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ta kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ya zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>onqe5kkxa54razqoj02fu0q42kglmop</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964830</id>
      <parentid>964829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:06:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>/* Ayyukan kwaleji */</comment>
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'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ta kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ta zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>p4aqoboep45ia8kapgr0xy35vq9f9zj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964864</id>
      <parentid>964830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:41:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2174" sha1="18kc9w71l3bdkffdjylfs0pw703u489" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin [[Amurka]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ta kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ta zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>18kc9w71l3bdkffdjylfs0pw703u489</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964865</id>
      <parentid>964864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2131" sha1="9bhzjd2ke9iu5vlvv8ni3b6uf3kp9ul" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin [[Amurka]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ta kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ta zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9bhzjd2ke9iu5vlvv8ni3b6uf3kp9ul</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964866</id>
      <parentid>964865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:42:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2142" sha1="nl5l7tkl9xd3e8fu7isg0izuj17ef72" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Hailey Baumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin [[Amurka]] wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya ga Wisconsin Badgers.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Baumann ta girma ne a Kudancin Lyon, Michigan, 'yar Jennifer da Russ Baumann, kuma tana da ɗan'uwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hailey Baumann |url=https://uwbadgers.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/hailey-baumann/15499 |access-date=2026-04-02 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Badgers]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Wisconsin Badgers a lokacin ƙaramar shekarunta a St. Catherine na Siena Academy .  Ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] a St. Catherine,  ta kafa rikodin shirye-shirye don taimakawa da sata.  Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Michigan Hawks, ana kiranta da sunan ECNL All-American selection bayan kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Baumann ta kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga Wisconsin Badgers a matsayin sabon shiga a 2023, ya fara wasanni 22 yana ba da gudummawa ga tsaron da ta zira kwallaye 0.65 a kan matsakaici. Ta taimaka wa Badgers su kai wasan karshe na Gasar Big Ten da kuma Gasar NCAA ta biyu kuma an sanya musu suna a cikin ƙungiyar All-Big Ten ta uku da kuma ƙungiyar sabbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BE24&quot; /&gt; Ta fara dukkan wasanni 24 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a matsayin mai karatun digiri na biyu a 2024, inda ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti da aka buga.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; Ta taimaka wa Badgers ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA ta zagaye na uku kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta All-Big Ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt; A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2025, an ba ta suna All-Big Ten na farko bayan ta fara dukkan wasanni 22 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Baumann ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a watan Yunin shekara ta 2024. 

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Kungiyar farko All-Big Ten: 2025
* Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big Ten: 2024
* Kungiyar ta uku All-Big Ten: 2023

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>nl5l7tkl9xd3e8fu7isg0izuj17ef72</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>964823</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T14:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe | native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe | type = Makarantar sakandare | location = Federal Low Cost | city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | coordinates = | language = [[Turanci]] | campus_type = Birni }}  '''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' ({{lang-en|Ilimi International School Gombe}}) makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birn...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5985" sha1="20dzz7wlvsbgyxwnkh0yp5l5sp8w7op" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe
| native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe
| type = Makarantar sakandare
| location = Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Turanci]]
| campus_type = Birni
}}

'''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' ({{lang-en|Ilimi International School Gombe}}) makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Employers Live Register |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission (PenCom) |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lissafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar sakandare a wasu kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Makarantar tana Federal Low Cost a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]]. Bayanan makarantar sun nuna adireshinta a Gombe 760253, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan kasuwanci da makarantu ya nuna makarantar a adireshin 75X3+JPV, Gombe, tare da lambar waya da aka jera don hulɗa da makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ilimi International School Gombe tana cikin makarantun da ke bayar da ilimin sakandare a Gombe. Kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya bayyana matakin makarantar a matsayin '''Secondary/High School'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin jarrabawar WAEC ya kuma lissafa '''Ilimi International College, Gombe''' da lambar cibiyar '''4160629'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WAEC Centre Numbers &amp; Schools for School Teachers &amp; Students |url=https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php |website=ASEI Class |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai da ayyukan al'umma ==
A watan Nuwamba 2024, wata ɗalibar makarantar mai suna '''Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed''' ta wakilci ɗaliban Gombe a wani taron da ya shafi matsalar [[bara]] da [[cinikin yara]] a jihar. Taron ya gudana ne a wani taron ziyara zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta Jihar Gombe, a yayin bikin [[Ranar Yara ta Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ |work=The Punch |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Independent ta Najeriya ma ta ruwaito wannan taron, inda ta bayyana Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed a matsayin ɗalibar Ilimi International School Gombe kuma mai magana a madadin sauran ɗaliban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging |url=https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rajista da bayanan hukuma ==
Sunan '''ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL''' ya bayyana a cikin kundin ma'aikata na [[National Pension Commission]] (PenCom), inda aka jera makarantar a matsayin mai aiki a Federal Low Cost, Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanan rajistar kamfanoni ya nuna cewa '''Ilimi International School Limited''' an yi rajistarsa a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai lambar RC-1025319 a shekarar 2012, tare da adireshin Federal Low Cost, Gombe. Sai dai bayanan rajistar sun nuna cewa wannan kamfani yana da matsayin ''inactive'' a lokacin da aka sabunta bayanan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL LIMITED – RC-1025319 |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-international-school-limited--RC-1025319 |website=B2BHint |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaka da al'ummar Gombe ==
Makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na birnin Gombe. Wurin makarantar a Federal Low Cost ya sanya ta kusa da wasu cibiyoyi da ayyukan ilimi da na al'umma a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaBiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi]]
* [[Ilimi Nursery and Primary School]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf National Pension Commission – Employers Live Register]
* [https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ The Punch – Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking]
* [https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria – 2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 AfricaBizInfo – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php WAEC Centre Numbers and Schools]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>964859</id>
      <parentid>964823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:37:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5938" sha1="1saf54qq9ik8n93b8eigc5rnb0x81hs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe
| native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe
| type = Makarantar sakandare
| location = Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Turanci]]
| campus_type = Birni
}}

'''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Employers Live Register |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission (PenCom) |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lissafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar sakandare a wasu kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Makarantar tana Federal Low Cost a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]]. Bayanan makarantar sun nuna adireshinta a Gombe 760253, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan kasuwanci da makarantu ya nuna makarantar a adireshin 75X3+JPV, Gombe, tare da lambar waya da aka jera don hulɗa da makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ilimi International School Gombe tana cikin makarantun da ke bayar da ilimin sakandare a Gombe. Kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya bayyana matakin makarantar a matsayin '''Secondary/High School'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin jarrabawar WAEC ya kuma lissafa '''Ilimi International College, Gombe''' da lambar cibiyar '''4160629'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WAEC Centre Numbers &amp; Schools for School Teachers &amp; Students |url=https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php |website=ASEI Class |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai da ayyukan al'umma ==
A watan Nuwamba 2024, wata ɗalibar makarantar mai suna '''Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed''' ta wakilci ɗaliban Gombe a wani taron da ya shafi matsalar [[bara]] da [[cinikin yara]] a jihar. Taron ya gudana ne a wani taron ziyara zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta Jihar Gombe, a yayin bikin [[Ranar Yara ta Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ |work=The Punch |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Independent ta Najeriya ma ta ruwaito wannan taron, inda ta bayyana Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed a matsayin ɗalibar Ilimi International School Gombe kuma mai magana a madadin sauran ɗaliban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging |url=https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rajista da bayanan hukuma ==
Sunan '''ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL''' ya bayyana a cikin kundin ma'aikata na [[National Pension Commission]] (PenCom), inda aka jera makarantar a matsayin mai aiki a Federal Low Cost, Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanan rajistar kamfanoni ya nuna cewa '''Ilimi International School Limited''' an yi rajistarsa a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai lambar RC-1025319 a shekarar 2012, tare da adireshin Federal Low Cost, Gombe. Sai dai bayanan rajistar sun nuna cewa wannan kamfani yana da matsayin ''inactive'' a lokacin da aka sabunta bayanan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL LIMITED – RC-1025319 |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-international-school-limited--RC-1025319 |website=B2BHint |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaka da al'ummar Gombe ==
Makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na birnin Gombe. Wurin makarantar a Federal Low Cost ya sanya ta kusa da wasu cibiyoyi da ayyukan ilimi da na al'umma a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaBiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi]]
* [[Ilimi Nursery and Primary School]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf National Pension Commission – Employers Live Register]
* [https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ The Punch – Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking]
* [https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria – 2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 AfricaBizInfo – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php WAEC Centre Numbers and Schools]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964860</id>
      <parentid>964859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5942" sha1="6rkfcuvyk0mxlnt6mbeoq05m1rsiial" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe
| native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe
| type = Makarantar sakandare
| location = Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Turanci]]
| campus_type = Birni
}}

'''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Employers Live Register |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission (PenCom) |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lissafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar sakandare a wasu kundin bayanan makarantu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Makarantar tana Federal Low Cost a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]]. Bayanan makarantar sun nuna adireshinta a Gombe 760253, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan kasuwanci da makarantu ya nuna makarantar a adireshin 75X3+JPV, Gombe, tare da lambar waya da aka jera don hulɗa da makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ilimi International School Gombe tana cikin makarantun da ke bayar da ilimin sakandare a Gombe. Kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya bayyana matakin makarantar a matsayin '''Secondary/High School'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin jarrabawar WAEC ya kuma lissafa '''Ilimi International College, Gombe''' da lambar cibiyar '''4160629'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WAEC Centre Numbers &amp; Schools for School Teachers &amp; Students |url=https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php |website=ASEI Class |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai da ayyukan al'umma ==
A watan Nuwamba 2024, wata ɗalibar makarantar mai suna '''Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed''' ta wakilci ɗaliban Gombe a wani taron da ya shafi matsalar [[bara]] da [[cinikin yara]] a jihar. Taron ya gudana ne a wani taron ziyara zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta Jihar Gombe, a yayin bikin [[Ranar Yara ta Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ |work=The Punch |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Independent ta Najeriya ma ta ruwaito wannan taron, inda ta bayyana Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed a matsayin ɗalibar Ilimi International School Gombe kuma mai magana a madadin sauran ɗaliban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging |url=https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rajista da bayanan hukuma ==
Sunan '''ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL''' ya bayyana a cikin kundin ma'aikata na [[National Pension Commission]] (PenCom), inda aka jera makarantar a matsayin mai aiki a Federal Low Cost, Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanan rajistar kamfanoni ya nuna cewa '''Ilimi International School Limited''' an yi rajistarsa a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai lambar RC-1025319 a shekarar 2012, tare da adireshin Federal Low Cost, Gombe. Sai dai bayanan rajistar sun nuna cewa wannan kamfani yana da matsayin ''inactive'' a lokacin da aka sabunta bayanan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL LIMITED – RC-1025319 |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-international-school-limited--RC-1025319 |website=B2BHint |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaka da al'ummar Gombe ==
Makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na birnin Gombe. Wurin makarantar a Federal Low Cost ya sanya ta kusa da wasu cibiyoyi da ayyukan ilimi da na al'umma a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaBiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi]]
* [[Ilimi Nursery and Primary School]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf National Pension Commission – Employers Live Register]
* [https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ The Punch – Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking]
* [https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria – 2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 AfricaBizInfo – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php WAEC Centre Numbers and Schools]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>6rkfcuvyk0mxlnt6mbeoq05m1rsiial</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964861</id>
      <parentid>964860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5946" sha1="k4yg94qp8gw93gwejdhj3jauwu6ydhg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe
| native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe
| type = Makarantar sakandare
| location = Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Turanci]]
| campus_type = Birni
}}

'''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin [[Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Employers Live Register |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission (PenCom) |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lissafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar sakandare a wasu kundin bayanan makarantu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Makarantar tana Federal Low Cost a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]]. Bayanan makarantar sun nuna adireshinta a Gombe 760253, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan kasuwanci da makarantu ya nuna makarantar a adireshin 75X3+JPV, Gombe, tare da lambar waya da aka jera don hulɗa da makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ilimi International School Gombe tana cikin makarantun da ke bayar da ilimin sakandare a Gombe. Kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya bayyana matakin makarantar a matsayin '''Secondary/High School'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin jarrabawar WAEC ya kuma lissafa '''Ilimi International College, Gombe''' da lambar cibiyar '''4160629'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WAEC Centre Numbers &amp; Schools for School Teachers &amp; Students |url=https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php |website=ASEI Class |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai da ayyukan al'umma ==
A watan Nuwamba 2024, wata ɗalibar makarantar mai suna '''Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed''' ta wakilci ɗaliban Gombe a wani taron da ya shafi matsalar [[bara]] da [[cinikin yara]] a jihar. Taron ya gudana ne a wani taron ziyara zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta Jihar Gombe, a yayin bikin [[Ranar Yara ta Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ |work=The Punch |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Independent ta Najeriya ma ta ruwaito wannan taron, inda ta bayyana Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed a matsayin ɗalibar Ilimi International School Gombe kuma mai magana a madadin sauran ɗaliban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging |url=https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rajista da bayanan hukuma ==
Sunan '''ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL''' ya bayyana a cikin kundin ma'aikata na [[National Pension Commission]] (PenCom), inda aka jera makarantar a matsayin mai aiki a Federal Low Cost, Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanan rajistar kamfanoni ya nuna cewa '''Ilimi International School Limited''' an yi rajistarsa a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai lambar RC-1025319 a shekarar 2012, tare da adireshin Federal Low Cost, Gombe. Sai dai bayanan rajistar sun nuna cewa wannan kamfani yana da matsayin ''inactive'' a lokacin da aka sabunta bayanan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL LIMITED – RC-1025319 |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-international-school-limited--RC-1025319 |website=B2BHint |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaka da al'ummar Gombe ==
Makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na birnin Gombe. Wurin makarantar a Federal Low Cost ya sanya ta kusa da wasu cibiyoyi da ayyukan ilimi da na al'umma a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaBiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi]]
* [[Ilimi Nursery and Primary School]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf National Pension Commission – Employers Live Register]
* [https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ The Punch – Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking]
* [https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria – 2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 AfricaBizInfo – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php WAEC Centre Numbers and Schools]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964862</id>
      <parentid>964861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:39:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5950" sha1="2wqcfe0i0fxfpk8eww9pzhx7abmr9b0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe
| native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe
| type = Makarantar sakandare
| location = Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Turanci]]
| campus_type = Birni
}}

'''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin [[Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Employers Live Register |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission (PenCom) |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lissafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar sakandare a wasu kundin bayanan makarantu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Makarantar tana Federal Low Cost a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]]. Bayanan makarantar sun nuna adireshinta a Gombe 760253, Jihar [[Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan kasuwanci da makarantu ya nuna makarantar a adireshin 75X3+JPV, Gombe, tare da lambar waya da aka jera don hulɗa da makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ilimi International School Gombe tana cikin makarantun da ke bayar da ilimin sakandare a Gombe. Kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya bayyana matakin makarantar a matsayin '''Secondary/High School'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin jarrabawar WAEC ya kuma lissafa '''Ilimi International College, Gombe''' da lambar cibiyar '''4160629'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WAEC Centre Numbers &amp; Schools for School Teachers &amp; Students |url=https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php |website=ASEI Class |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai da ayyukan al'umma ==
A watan Nuwamba 2024, wata ɗalibar makarantar mai suna '''Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed''' ta wakilci ɗaliban Gombe a wani taron da ya shafi matsalar [[bara]] da [[cinikin yara]] a jihar. Taron ya gudana ne a wani taron ziyara zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta Jihar Gombe, a yayin bikin [[Ranar Yara ta Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ |work=The Punch |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Independent ta Najeriya ma ta ruwaito wannan taron, inda ta bayyana Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed a matsayin ɗalibar Ilimi International School Gombe kuma mai magana a madadin sauran ɗaliban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging |url=https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rajista da bayanan hukuma ==
Sunan '''ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL''' ya bayyana a cikin kundin ma'aikata na [[National Pension Commission]] (PenCom), inda aka jera makarantar a matsayin mai aiki a Federal Low Cost, Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanan rajistar kamfanoni ya nuna cewa '''Ilimi International School Limited''' an yi rajistarsa a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai lambar RC-1025319 a shekarar 2012, tare da adireshin Federal Low Cost, Gombe. Sai dai bayanan rajistar sun nuna cewa wannan kamfani yana da matsayin ''inactive'' a lokacin da aka sabunta bayanan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL LIMITED – RC-1025319 |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-international-school-limited--RC-1025319 |website=B2BHint |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaka da al'ummar Gombe ==
Makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na birnin Gombe. Wurin makarantar a Federal Low Cost ya sanya ta kusa da wasu cibiyoyi da ayyukan ilimi da na al'umma a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaBiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi]]
* [[Ilimi Nursery and Primary School]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf National Pension Commission – Employers Live Register]
* [https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ The Punch – Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking]
* [https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria – 2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 AfricaBizInfo – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php WAEC Centre Numbers and Schools]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964863</id>
      <parentid>964862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T17:39:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5946" sha1="d11vsrhyux0k4bm6a7xipbuwsqrrmoy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe
| native_name = Ilimi International School Gombe
| type = Makarantar sakandare
| location = Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Turanci]]
| campus_type = Birni
}}

'''Makarantar Ilimi International ta Gombe''' makarantar ilimi ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin [[Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Employers Live Register |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission (PenCom) |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lissafa makarantar a matsayin makarantar sakandare a wasu kundin bayanan makarantu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Makarantar tana Federal Low Cost a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]]. Bayanan makarantar sun nuna adireshinta a Gombe 760253, Jihar [[Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan kasuwanci da makarantu ya nuna makarantar a adireshin 75X3+JPV, Gombe, tare da lambar waya da aka jera don hulɗa da makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ilimi International School Gombe tana cikin makarantun da ke bayar da ilimin sakandare a Gombe. Kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya bayyana matakin makarantar a matsayin '''Secondary/High School'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan cibiyoyin jarrabawar WAEC ya kuma lissafa '''Ilimi International College, Gombe''' da lambar cibiyar '''4160629'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WAEC Centre Numbers &amp; Schools for School Teachers &amp; Students |url=https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php |website=ASEI Class |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai da ayyukan al'umma ==
A watan Nuwamba 2024, wata ɗalibar makarantar mai suna '''Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed''' ta wakilci ɗaliban Gombe a wani taron da ya shafi matsalar [[bara]] da [[cinikin yara]] a jihar. Taron ya gudana ne a wani taron ziyara zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta Jihar Gombe, a yayin bikin Ranar Yara ta Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ |work=The Punch |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar Independent ta Najeriya ma ta ruwaito wannan taron, inda ta bayyana Ramlat Kasimu Ahmed a matsayin ɗalibar Ilimi International School Gombe kuma mai magana a madadin sauran ɗaliban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging |url=https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rajista da bayanan hukuma ==
Sunan '''ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL''' ya bayyana a cikin kundin ma'aikata na [[National Pension Commission]] (PenCom), inda aka jera makarantar a matsayin mai aiki a Federal Low Cost, Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot; /&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanan rajistar kamfanoni ya nuna cewa '''Ilimi International School Limited''' an yi rajistarsa a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai lambar RC-1025319 a shekarar 2012, tare da adireshin Federal Low Cost, Gombe. Sai dai bayanan rajistar sun nuna cewa wannan kamfani yana da matsayin ''inactive'' a lokacin da aka sabunta bayanan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ILIMI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL LIMITED – RC-1025319 |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ilimi-international-school-limited--RC-1025319 |website=B2BHint |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alaka da al'ummar Gombe ==
Makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na birnin Gombe. Wurin makarantar a Federal Low Cost ya sanya ta kusa da wasu cibiyoyi da ayyukan ilimi da na al'umma a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaBiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilimi International School Gombe |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi]]
* [[Ilimi Nursery and Primary School]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Employers_live-1.pdf National Pension Commission – Employers Live Register]
* [https://punchng.com/gombe-schoolchildren-seek-end-to-child-begging-hawking/ The Punch – Gombe schoolchildren seek end to child begging, hawking]
* [https://independent.ng/2024-icd-gombe-children-decry-increasing-child-hawking-begging/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria – 2024 ICD: Gombe Children Decry Increasing Child Hawking, Begging]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/69621fcd53a4a/Ilimi-International-School-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/ilimi-international-school-gombe-0814-662-2052 AfricaBizInfo – Ilimi International School Gombe]
* [https://aseiclass.com/catalog/waec_centres_ng.php WAEC Centre Numbers and Schools]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>d11vsrhyux0k4bm6a7xipbuwsqrrmoy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zulaihat Musa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964840</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T15:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>964840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2532" sha1="mlnwoyimk8xx4bormz2s79qcru717of" xml:space="preserve">==Zulaihat==
Zulaihat, wadda wasu majiyoyi suka rubuta da Zulaihatu Musa, ita ce mahaifiyar Muhammadu Buhari, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya kuma shugaban Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. An haifi Buhari a Daura, Jihar Katsina, a ranar 17 Disamba 1942.
==Rayuwarta da asalinta==
Wasu tarihin rayuwar Muhammadu Buhari sun ambaci mahaifiyarsa da suna Zulaihat, daga gidan Musa. An kuma danganta asalinta da al'ummomin Hausa da Kanuri. Sai dai wannan bayani yana bukatar a jingina shi da takamaiman tushen tarihin iyalinsa domin a tabbatar da cikakkun bayanan asalinta.
Zulaihat ta auri Hardo Adamu, wanda aka bayyana a wasu tarihin rayuwar Buhari a matsayin wani basaraken Fulani mai alaƙa da yankin Dumurkul, kusa da Daura.
Yawan 'ya'yan da Buhari yake cikin su
A wata hira, Muhammadu Buhari ya bayyana cewa shi ne ɗa na 23 ga mahaifinsa, yayin da yake ɗa na 13 ga mahaifiyarsa. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin adadin 'ya'yan mahaifinsa da na mahaifiyarsa.
==Tarbiyyar Muhammadu Buhari==
Mahaifin Buhari ya rasu ne lokacin da Buhari yake ƙarami. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa Zulaihat ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen renonsa, tare da taimakon 'yan uwa.
Wannan lokaci na ƙuruciyar Buhari ya kasance muhimmin sashe na tarihin rayuwarsa, musamman kasancewarsa ya girma ba tare da mahaifinsa ba.
==Rasuwar Zulaihat==
Zulaihat ta rasu a shekarar 1988, a lokacin da Muhammadu Buhari yake tsare bayan hambarar da gwamnatinsa ta soja a watan Agustan 1985.
A wata hira, Buhari ya bayyana cewa bai samu damar halartar jana'izar mahaifiyarsa ba saboda yana tsare. Bayan an sake shi, ya ziyarci kabarinta. Wannan lamari ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya ambata game da dangantakarsa da mahaifiyarsa.
==Sunan Zulaihat da aka bai wa 'yar Buhari==
A matsayin girmamawa ga mahaifiyarsa, Muhammadu Buhari ya sanya wa ɗiyarsa ta farko suna Zulaihat. An bayyana cikakken sunanta da Zulaihat Junaid.
Zulaihat Junaid ta rasu a Nuwamba 2012.
Muhimmancin Zulaihat a tarihin Muhammadu Buhari
Rayuwar Zulaihat tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙuruciyar Muhammadu Buhari. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa yana ƙarami, Buhari ya girma ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarsa da sauran danginsa. Daga baya ya shiga aikin soja, ya zama shugaban mulkin soja, sannan ya zama shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar zaɓe a shekarar 2015.
==Manazarta==
The Nation, “Buhari: From Cradle to Candidate”, 18 Janairu 2015.
Hira da Muhammadu Buhari, wadda aka wallafa a watan Nuwamba 2013.
Tarihin rayuwar Muhammadu Buhari da bayanan tarihin iyalinsa.</text>
      <sha1>mlnwoyimk8xx4bormz2s79qcru717of</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>964841</id>
      <parentid>964840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T16:02:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>964841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2628" sha1="o7777zpmocq3mml1pwpdldb4eezbwvu" xml:space="preserve">==Zulaihat==[[File:Hajia Zulaihat musa.jpg|thumb|Mahaifiyar tsohon shugaban kasar najeriya Muhammad Buhari]]
Zulaihat, wadda wasu majiyoyi suka rubuta da Zulaihatu Musa, ita ce mahaifiyar Muhammadu Buhari, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja na Najeriya kuma shugaban Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. An haifi Buhari a Daura, Jihar Katsina, a ranar 17 Disamba 1942.
==Rayuwarta da asalinta==
Wasu tarihin rayuwar Muhammadu Buhari sun ambaci mahaifiyarsa da suna Zulaihat, daga gidan Musa. An kuma danganta asalinta da al'ummomin Hausa da Kanuri. Sai dai wannan bayani yana bukatar a jingina shi da takamaiman tushen tarihin iyalinsa domin a tabbatar da cikakkun bayanan asalinta.
Zulaihat ta auri Hardo Adamu, wanda aka bayyana a wasu tarihin rayuwar Buhari a matsayin wani basaraken Fulani mai alaƙa da yankin Dumurkul, kusa da Daura.
Yawan 'ya'yan da Buhari yake cikin su
A wata hira, Muhammadu Buhari ya bayyana cewa shi ne ɗa na 23 ga mahaifinsa, yayin da yake ɗa na 13 ga mahaifiyarsa. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin adadin 'ya'yan mahaifinsa da na mahaifiyarsa.
==Tarbiyyar Muhammadu Buhari==
Mahaifin Buhari ya rasu ne lokacin da Buhari yake ƙarami. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa Zulaihat ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen renonsa, tare da taimakon 'yan uwa.
Wannan lokaci na ƙuruciyar Buhari ya kasance muhimmin sashe na tarihin rayuwarsa, musamman kasancewarsa ya girma ba tare da mahaifinsa ba.
==Rasuwar Zulaihat==
Zulaihat ta rasu a shekarar 1988, a lokacin da Muhammadu Buhari yake tsare bayan hambarar da gwamnatinsa ta soja a watan Agustan 1985.
A wata hira, Buhari ya bayyana cewa bai samu damar halartar jana'izar mahaifiyarsa ba saboda yana tsare. Bayan an sake shi, ya ziyarci kabarinta. Wannan lamari ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya ambata game da dangantakarsa da mahaifiyarsa.
==Sunan Zulaihat da aka bai wa 'yar Buhari==
A matsayin girmamawa ga mahaifiyarsa, Muhammadu Buhari ya sanya wa ɗiyarsa ta farko suna Zulaihat. An bayyana cikakken sunanta da Zulaihat Junaid.
Zulaihat Junaid ta rasu a Nuwamba 2012.
Muhimmancin Zulaihat a tarihin Muhammadu Buhari
Rayuwar Zulaihat tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙuruciyar Muhammadu Buhari. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa yana ƙarami, Buhari ya girma ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarsa da sauran danginsa. Daga baya ya shiga aikin soja, ya zama shugaban mulkin soja, sannan ya zama shugaban Najeriya ta hanyar zaɓe a shekarar 2015.
==Manazarta==
The Nation, “Buhari: From Cradle to Candidate”, 18 Janairu 2015.
Hira da Muhammadu Buhari, wadda aka wallafa a watan Nuwamba 2013.
Tarihin rayuwar Muhammadu Buhari da bayanan tarihin iyalinsa.</text>
      <sha1>o7777zpmocq3mml1pwpdldb4eezbwvu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taliyar mirj</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964890</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zaujeel khair</username>
        <id>49197</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: = Taliyar mirji = taliya che waccha aka qirqira da ake anfani da fulawa waccha aka sarrafa tah da [[alkama]]</comment>
      <origin>964890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108" sha1="mj9uuc5hw793rh83uj55q1qceta1dm4" xml:space="preserve">= Taliyar mirji =
taliya che waccha aka qirqira da ake anfani da fulawa waccha aka sarrafa tah da [[alkama]]</text>
      <sha1>mj9uuc5hw793rh83uj55q1qceta1dm4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joy Academy, Gombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964894</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Joy Academy, Gombe | native_name = Joy Academy School, Gombe | type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta | established = 1998 | location = Along Goodluck Jonathan Street, Federal Low Cost | city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | coordinates = {{Coord|10.291922|11.146738|type:edu_region:NG|display=inline,title}} | campus_type = Birni | grades = Nursery, Primary da Secondary | website = [https://joy-academy.net joy-ac...</comment>
      <origin>964894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5467" sha1="qzl6iyxavthk3b668l0smkzi0qfzijf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Joy Academy, Gombe
| native_name = Joy Academy School, Gombe
| type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta
| established = 1998
| location = Along Goodluck Jonathan Street, Federal Low Cost
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.291922|11.146738|type:edu_region:NG|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = Birni
| grades = Nursery, Primary da Secondary
| website = [https://joy-academy.net joy-academy.net]
}}

'''Joy Academy, Gombe''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana kan Goodluck Jonathan Street a yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Directory&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Joy Academy Gombe |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/joy_academy_gombe |website=Nigeria Directory |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa makarantar a shekarar '''1998'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Directory&quot; /&gt; Bayanai na makarantar sun nuna cewa tana bayar da ilimi tun daga matakan yara ƙanana da firamare, yayin da wasu kundin bayanan makarantu suka kuma lissafa ta a matsayin makarantar sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Joy Academy, Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/67654d946a1d7/Joy-Academy%2C-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Joy Academy a Gombe a shekarar 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Directory&quot; /&gt; Makarantar ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kanta a birnin Gombe, inda take ba da ilimi ga yara da matasa.

Bayanan makarantar sun bayyana manufarta a matsayin samar da ilimi tare da ƙarfafa tarbiyya, ɗabi'a da haɓaka halayen ɗalibai.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;

== Wuri ==
Joy Academy tana kan '''Goodluck Jonathan Street''', kusa da Goodness Bakery, a yankin Federal Low Cost, [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Directory&quot; /&gt;

Wikidata ta kuma rubuta adireshin makarantar a matsayin No. 2, Goodluck Jonathan Street, P.O. Box 502, kusa da Goodness Bakery, Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joy Academy, Gombe (Q119809607) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119809607 |website=Wikidata |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka wallafa a Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies ya kuma nuna wurin Joy Academy a taswirar makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi na Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, Vol. 1 No. 2 |journal=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies |year=2020 |url=https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2002%2015.pdf |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Joy Academy tana da shirye-shiryen ilimi na matakan '''Nursery, Primary da Pre-School''', kamar yadda kundin bayanan Nigeria Private Schools ya nuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;

Wani kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya kuma lissafa Joy Academy a matsayin makarantar sakandare a Gombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Joy Academy Gombe |url=https://www.edusko.com/school/joy-academy-gombe |website=Edusko |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Falsafa da manufofi ==
Bayanan makarantar sun bayyana cewa Joy Academy tana mai da hankali kan haɗa nasarar karatu da tarbiyyar ɗalibai, tare da ƙarfafa ɗabi'a, jagoranci da haɓaka tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;

Makarantar ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin samar da yanayin koyo wanda zai taimaka wa ɗalibai su haɓaka ilimi, zamantakewa da ɗabi'a domin su zama masu amfani ga al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan makaranta ==
Bayanan makarantar sun lissafa wasu ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da suka haɗa da wasanni, Arts and Crafts, kiɗa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, muhawara, aikin sa-kai, coding da robotics, wasan kwaikwayo, environmental club, journalism, chess da dance.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;

Makarantar tana kuma da wasu kayayyakin ilimi da aka jera a cikin bayananta, ciki har da ɗakunan karatu, ICT laboratory, science laboratory, art room, multipurpose hall da wuraren wasanni.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;

== Matsayin makarantar ==
Joy Academy makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Gombe. Nigeria Private Schools ta bayyana makarantar a matsayin mai ba da ilimi a matakan Nursery, Primary da Pre-School, yayin da wasu kundin bayanan makarantu suka nuna cewa akwai kuma matakin sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe Secondary Schools Names and Addresses |url=https://soluap.com/gombe-secondary-schools-names-and-addresses/ |website=Soluap |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Joy Academy]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.directory.org.ng/joy_academy_gombe Nigeria Directory – Joy Academy Gombe]
* [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/67654d946a1d7/Joy-Academy%2C-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Joy Academy, Gombe]
* [https://www.edusko.com/school/joy-academy-gombe Edusko – Joy Academy Gombe]
* [https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2002%2015.pdf Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies]
* [https://soluap.com/gombe-secondary-schools-names-and-addresses/ Soluap – Gombe Secondary Schools]
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119809607 Wikidata – Joy Academy, Gombe]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:An kafa a Najeriya a 1998]]
[[Category:1998 a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matrix International Academy, Gombe</title>
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      <id>964895</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:57:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Matrix International Academy | native_name = Matrix International Academy, Gombe | type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta | location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | curriculum = Tsarin karatun Najeriya da Birtaniya | website = [https://matrixacademy.com.ng/ matrixacademy.com.ng] }}  '''Matrix International Academy''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ma...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3460" sha1="g2190378dl96ostwmh02rtltkyyeww5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = Matrix International Academy
| native_name = Matrix International Academy, Gombe
| type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta
| location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| curriculum = Tsarin karatun Najeriya da Birtaniya
| website = [https://matrixacademy.com.ng/ matrixacademy.com.ng]
}}

'''Matrix International Academy''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana koyar da ɗalibai daga matakin ''Early Years'' zuwa firamare da sakandare, kuma tana amfani da tsarin karatu da ya haɗa tsarin Najeriya da na Birtaniya.

== Tarihi ==
Matrix International Academy tana cikin makarantun da ke ba da ilimi mai zaman kansa a birnin Gombe. Wata majiyar da aka wallafa a shekarar 2016 ta bayyana makarantar a matsayin sabuwar makaranta a lokacin, wadda ke amfani da tsarin karatun ƙasa na Birtaniya tare da tsarin karatun Najeriya.

A shekarar 2022, an ambaci Matrix International Academy a cikin bayanan shari'ar wata ƙara da aka gabatar a [[National Industrial Court of Nigeria]], Gombe Judicial Division. Hukuncin kotun ya bayyana Matrix International Academy Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake ƙara, tare da Alhaji Bala Bello (Tinka), wanda aka bayyana a matsayin shugaban makarantar.

== Ilimi da tsarin karatu ==
Makarantar tana amfani da tsarin karatu na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tsarin Najeriya da tsarin Birtaniya. Shafin makarantar ya bayyana wannan a matsayin ''Hybrid Curriculum'', wato haɗa ƙa'idodin tsarin ilimin Najeriya da na Birtaniya.

Shafin makarantar ya nuna cewa tana da shirye-shiryen:

* ''Early Years Foundation Stage'';
* Firamare;
* Sakandare;
* da wasu shirye-shiryen ilimin addini.

== Wuri ==
Matrix International Academy tana cikin birnin Gombe. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayar da bayanan adireshin makarantar a yankin [[Dukku Road]] da kuma yankin [[FCE]] Round-About/Ashaka Road na Gombe.

A shekarar 2024, [[JAMB]] ta lissafa ''Matrix Academy CBT Centre 1'' a matsayin cibiyar CBT da ke cikin Matrix International Academy, Gombe. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa makarantar tana karɓar ayyukan da suka shafi jarabawar JAMB a matsayin cibiyar CBT.

== Manufa da hangen nesa ==
Shafin makarantar ya bayyana manufarta da cewa tana son inganta koyarwa da koyo domin ƙara ci gaban makarantar da ɗalibanta. Haka kuma, hangen nesanta ya haɗa da samar da yanayi mai kyau wanda zai haɗa ɗabi'a da ilimi tare da shirya ɗalibai domin fuskantar sababbin fasahohi da ƙalubalen ƙarni na 21.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)]]
* [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://matrixacademy.com.ng/about.php Matrix International Academy — About the Academy]
* [https://matrixacademy.com.ng/ Matrix International Academy — Official website]
* [https://jamb.gov.ng/Bulletin/JAMBulletin_25-03-2024.pdf JAMB Bulletin — Matrix Academy CBT Centre, Gombe]
* [https://nicnadr.gov.ng/judgement/details.php?id=7122 National Industrial Court of Nigeria — Matrix International Academy Gombe]
* [https://www.directory.org.ng/matrix_international_academy_gombe/ Nigeria Directory — Matrix International Academy, Gombe]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gombe Children &amp; High School</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>964896</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T19:58:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Gombe Children &amp; High School | native_name = Gombe Children and High School | former_name = Government Children And High School, Gombe | type = Makarantar firamare da sakandare | location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | established = 1982 }}  '''Gombe Children &amp; High School''' makaranta ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma samun sunanta a wasu majiyoyi da ''Gombe Chi...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3518" sha1="naeup2gs8ejq71q5cjss5iyrch1pmqv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = Gombe Children &amp; High School
| native_name = Gombe Children and High School
| former_name = Government Children And High School, Gombe
| type = Makarantar firamare da sakandare
| location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| established = 1982
}}

'''Gombe Children &amp; High School''' makaranta ce da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma samun sunanta a wasu majiyoyi da ''Gombe Children and High School'' ko ''Government Children And High School, Gombe''.

== Tarihi ==

Gombe Children &amp; High School ta kasance a Gombe tun aƙalla shekarar [[1982]], lokacin da Gombe take ƙarƙashin tsohuwar [[Jihar Bauchi]]. Majiyar da ta yi bayani kan tarihin makarantar ta ce makarantar tana nan tun wannan lokaci, kafin ƙirƙirar [[Jihar Gombe]] a shekarar 1996.

Bayanan [[Universal Service Provision Fund]] (USPF) na gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya sun lissafa makarantar da sunan ''Government Children And High School, Gombe''. Makarantar ta bayyana a bayanan ayyukan USPF na shekarun 2011 da 2015.

== Ilimi ==

Makarantar tana ba da ilimi ga yara da matasa a Gombe. A wasu bayanai an ambace ta a matsayin makarantar da ke da matakan firamare da sakandare. Wani binciken ilimi daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] ya kuma sanya ''Gombe Children High School'' cikin makarantun sakandare da aka yi amfani da su wajen bincike.

Wata majiya ta shekarar 2024 ta ambaci makarantar a matsayin tsohuwar makarantar wani ɗalibi da ya yi karatun [[JSS 3]] a cikinta a shekarar 1997, wanda ke nuna cewa makarantar tana da tarihin koyar da matakin ƙaramar sakandare tun aƙalla ƙarshen shekarun 1990.

== Matsayi da muhimmanci ==

Gombe Children &amp; High School na daga cikin makarantun da aka rubuta a cikin bayanan makarantun Gombe. Wani bincike da aka wallafa kan makarantun sakandare a Gombe North ya lissafa makarantar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da ke [[Gombe LGA]].

An kuma bayyana tsoffin ɗaliban makarantar a wasu wallafe-wallafen yanar gizo. Misali, wasu tsoffin ɗalibai sun ambaci cewa sun fara ko ci gaba da karatunsu a Gombe Children and High School kafin su wuce zuwa wasu makarantun sakandare.

== Wuri ==

Makarantar tana cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], hedkwatar [[Jihar Gombe]] a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Bayanai na taswirar Wikidata sun nuna wurin makarantar a Gombe, tare da lambar akwatin gidan waya 760252.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Jihar Bauchi]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://uspf.gov.ng/projects/north-east Universal Service Provision Fund — North East Projects]
* [https://uspf.gov.ng/2014-09-20-22-37-38/2014-09-30-15-59-52/12-skc-schools-tertiary-institutions Universal Service Provision Fund — School Knowledge Centres]
* [https://periscopenga.com/2022/08/analysis-demolition-of-illegal-structure-by-gombe-state-urban-planning-development-authority-is-for-security-reasons-says-the-executive-chairman/ Periscope — Tarihin Gombe Children and High School]
* [https://mediterraneanpublications.com/mejaee/article/download/404/459/794 Mediterranean Publications — jerin makarantun sakandare a Gombe]
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126011909 Wikidata — Gombe Children &amp; High School]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:1982 a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gombe International School</title>
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        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography  | name = Gombe International School | native_name = Gombe International School | type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta | gender = Ga maza da mata | day = Makarantar yini | established = 12 Satumba 1994 | location = Bolari Quarters, State Low-Cost Road | city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | grades = Nursery, Primary da Secondary | website = [https://www.gischool.com.ng/ gischool.com.ng] }}  '''Gombe International Sch...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6038" sha1="od4171mhoenssyxwjgnsr0dvrklrj95" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography 
| name = Gombe International School
| native_name = Gombe International School
| type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta
| gender = Ga maza da mata
| day = Makarantar yini
| established = 12 Satumba 1994
| location = Bolari Quarters, State Low-Cost Road
| city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| grades = Nursery, Primary da Secondary
| website = [https://www.gischool.com.ng/ gischool.com.ng]
}}

'''Gombe International School''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta kuma ta yini wadda ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana karɓar maza da mata kuma tana da matakan [[nursery]], [[firamare]] da [[sakandare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GISAbout&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.gischool.com.ng/about-us |website=Gombe International School |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GISLearning&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Learning |url=https://www.gischool.com.ng/learning |website=Gombe International School |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

An kafa Gombe International School a ranar '''12 Satumba 1994''' a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kanta. Shafin makarantar ya bayyana cewa manufar kafuwarta ita ce bayar da gudummawa wajen inganta ingancin ilimi a garin Gombe da kewaye, tare da tallafa wa ƙoƙarin gwamnati wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISAbout&quot;/&gt;

A cewar shugaban makarantar, Gombe International School ta buɗe ƙofofinta a shekarar 1994 a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kanta ta cikakken lokaci. Tun daga lokacin, makarantar ta ci gaba da bunƙasa tare da mai da hankali kan ilmantarwa da ci gaban ɗalibai.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISChairman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chairman's Message |url=https://www.gischool.com.ng/about-us/chairmans-message |website=Gombe International School |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashen sakandare na makarantar an ƙirƙire shi ne daga baya domin mayar da martani ga buƙatar iyaye na samun ilimin sakandare da kuma manufofin [[Universal Basic Education]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GISAbout&quot;/&gt;

== Wuri ==

Gombe International School tana kan '''Miyetti–State Low-cost Road, Bolari Quarters''', a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GISAbout&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GISWikidata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe International School |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119808374 |website=Wikidata |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan Wikidata sun kuma rubuta adireshin makarantar da lambar akwatin gidan waya '''760251'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISWikidata&quot;/&gt;

== Tsarin ilimi ==

Makarantar tana da sassan '''Nursery, Primary da Secondary'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISLearning&quot;/&gt;

A matakin nursery, makarantar tana amfani da koyarwa da wasa da gogewa domin taimaka wa yara wajen haɓaka ci gaban tunani, zamantakewa da halayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISLearning&quot;/&gt;

A matakin firamare, makarantar tana mai da hankali kan ci gaban ilimi da ƙarfafa ɗalibai su koyi yadda za su haɗa ilimi da mu'amala da mutane da ra'ayoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISLearning&quot;/&gt;

A matakin sakandare, makarantar tana mai da hankali kan haɓaka basirar ɗalibai, gano baiwarsu da shirya su domin ci gaba da karatu a jami'o'i a Najeriya ko ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISSecondary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Secondary |url=https://www.gischool.com.ng/learning/secondary |website=Gombe International School |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufa da hangen nesa ==

Manufar Gombe International School ita ce samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga ɗalibai domin su iya ba da gudummawa mai inganci ga ƙasa da bil'adama.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe International School |url=https://www.gischool.com.ng/ |website=Gombe International School |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar ta bayyana cewa hangen nesanta ya haɗa da samar da ɗalibai masu shiri domin duniya, tare da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa, kirkire-kirkire da ƙwarewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GISEthos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=School Ethos |url=https://www.gischool.com.ng/about-us/school-ethos |website=Gombe International School |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ilimi ==

An ambaci Gombe International School a cikin wani binciken ilimin harshe da aka adana a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]]. Binciken ya yi amfani da ɗaliban JSS 2 da JSS 3 na Gombe International School da wata makaranta a Gombe wajen nazarin amfani da harshen Fulfulde da sauran harsuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABUStudy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Système phonologique du français et du fulfulde |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/24530370-622e-44f6-bf03-213410bef366/content |website=Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma, wani bayanin da Hukumar Kula da Fensho ta Najeriya ([[National Pension Commission|PenCom]]) ta wallafa ya lissafa Gombe International School a cikin jerin ma'aikata/masu ɗaukar ma'aikata da aka yi wa rajista.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenCom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Employers |url=https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GTPL-PFA-1.pdf |website=National Pension Commission |access-date=8 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.gischool.com.ng/about-us Gombe International School — About Us]
* [https://www.gischool.com.ng/learning Gombe International School — Learning]
* [https://www.gischool.com.ng/learning/secondary Gombe International School — Secondary]
* [https://www.gischool.com.ng/about-us/school-ethos Gombe International School — School Ethos]
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119808374 Wikidata — Gombe International School]
* [https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/24530370-622e-44f6-bf03-213410bef366/content Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello — binciken harshe]
* [https://www.pencom.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/GTPL-PFA-1.pdf PenCom — jerin masu ɗaukar ma'aikata]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:An kafa a 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Makarantun Firamare na Tsakiya a Jihar Gombe''' jerin wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare da ake kira ''Central Primary School'' ko ''Central Primary School'' tare da sunan garinsu ko yankinsu a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantun suna cikin ƙananan hukumomi daban-daban na jihar.  Bayanan [[Independent National Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa]] (INEC) da wasu bayanan ilimi sun tabbatar da kasancewar wasu daga cikin waɗannan makarantu a matsayin wuraren za...</comment>
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      <text bytes="7885" sha1="swf52a93vxsilwa56vlb7f3tlfvucif" xml:space="preserve">'''Makarantun Firamare na Tsakiya a Jihar Gombe''' jerin wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare da ake kira ''Central Primary School'' ko ''Central Primary School'' tare da sunan garinsu ko yankinsu a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantun suna cikin ƙananan hukumomi daban-daban na jihar.

Bayanan [[Independent National Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa]] (INEC) da wasu bayanan ilimi sun tabbatar da kasancewar wasu daga cikin waɗannan makarantu a matsayin wuraren zaɓe, cibiyoyin al'umma ko wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen binciken ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State
|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf
|website=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin makarantu bisa ƙaramar hukuma ==

=== [[Akko]] ===

Wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare na tsakiya da aka samu a Akko sun haɗa da:

* '''Kumo Central Primary School''' — [[Kumo]]
* '''Central Primary School, Kashere''' — [[Kashere]]
* '''Central Primary School, Pindiga''' — [[Pindiga]]
* '''Central Primary School, Tumu''' — [[Tumu]]

INEC ta lissafa Kumo Central, Kashere, Pindiga da Tumu a cikin bayanan cibiyoyin tarin katin PVC na Akko.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State PVC Collection Centres
|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf
|website=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken ilimi kuma ya lissafa Kumo Central Primary School da wasu makarantun Akko cikin makarantun da aka yi nazari a Gombe Central Senatorial District.&lt;ref name=&quot;Research&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Primary school libraries in Gombe State
|url=https://teras.ng/api/asset/document/64044b24-120c-4079-b8c8-73dcdf39433f
|website=TERAS
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== [[Balanga]] ===

A Balanga, majiyoyin INEC sun nuna:

* '''Central Primary School, Bambam'''
* '''Jubulang Central Primary School'''

INEC ta lissafa waɗannan makarantu a cikin wuraren tarin katin PVC na Balanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2023&quot;/&gt;

=== [[Billiri]] ===

* '''Billiri Central Primary School'''

Billiri Central Primary School na cikin makarantun firamare da aka rubuta a Billiri. Takardar kasafin kuɗin [[Jihar Gombe]] ta shekarar 2020 ta nuna aikin gyaran ajujuwan makarantar, yayin da wani binciken ilimi ya kuma lissafa makarantar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Budget2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State Approved 2020 Budget
|url=https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/openstates.ng.storage/documents/dataset_Gombe%20State%20Approved%202020%20Budget.pdf
|website=Gombe State Government
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Research&quot;/&gt;

=== [[Dukku]] ===

* '''Dukku Central Primary School'''
* '''Malala Central Primary School'''
* '''Gona Dukku Central Primary School'''

Bayanan INEC sun nuna Dukku Central Primary School da Malala Central Primary School a cikin wuraren tarin katin PVC na Dukku.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2023&quot;/&gt;

Bayanan makarantu na Dukku kuma sun lissafa Dukku Central Primary School cikin makarantun da ke yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dukku&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in Dukku LGA
|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/
|website=Eduweb
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== [[Funakaye]] ===

Wasu makarantun firamare na yankin Funakaye ana amfani da su a matsayin wuraren zaɓe da cibiyoyin jama'a. Ana buƙatar ƙarin majiyoyin hukuma kafin a ware kowace makaranta a matsayin ''Central Primary School'' a wannan jerin.

=== [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] ===

* '''Central Primary School, Gombe'''
* '''Hassan Central Primary School, Gombe'''

Central Primary School, Gombe tana daga cikin tsofaffin makarantun firamare da aka ambata a bayanan hukumomin ilimi. [[Universal Basic Education Commission|UBEC]] ta bayyana cewa Injiniya Sadiq Abubakar Sa'ad ya koma Central Primary School, Gombe a shekarar 1971 kuma ya kammala Primary Seven a shekarar 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Physical Planning
|url=https://ubec.gov.ng/physical-planning/
|website=Universal Basic Education Commission
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan bincike kan tarihin Gombe sun kuma nuna cewa Central Primary School an sake mata suna zuwa '''Hassan Central Primary School''' bayan Malam Hassan Deba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gombe25&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368602021_Gombe25_Essays_in_Honor_of_Ibrahim_Hassan_Dankwambo_PhD_OON
|website=ResearchGate
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Wikidata, Hassan Central Primary School Gombe tana da lambar abu '''Q120500986'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WikidataHassan&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Hassan Central primary school Gombe
|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120500986
|website=Wikidata
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== [[Kaltungo]] ===

Wasu daga cikin makarantun da aka tabbatar a Kaltungo sun haɗa da:

* '''Baule Central Primary School'''
* '''Wange Central Primary School'''
* '''Kaltungo Pilot Primary School'''

INEC ta lissafa Baule Central Primary School da Wange Central Primary School a matsayin wuraren da ake amfani da su a Kaltungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2023&quot;/&gt;

Wani binciken ilimi kuma ya lissafa Kaltungo Pilot Primary School a cikin makarantun Kaltungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Research&quot;/&gt;

=== [[Kwami]] ===

A Kwami akwai makarantun firamare da dama, amma ana buƙatar majiyar da ta bayyana kalmar ''Central Primary School'' kai tsaye kafin a saka takamaiman suna a cikin wannan jerin.

=== [[Nafada]] ===

* '''Central Primary School, Nafada I'''
* '''Central Primary School, Nafada II'''
* '''Ubandoma Central Primary School'''

INEC ta lissafa Central Primary School Nafada I da II da Ubandoma Central Primary School a cikin bayanan wuraren zaɓe na Nafada.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;

=== [[Shongom]] ===

* '''Boh Central Primary School'''

Bayanan INEC sun nuna Boh Central Primary School a Boh Ward, Shongom Local Government Area.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2023&quot;/&gt;

=== [[Yamaltu-Deba]] ===

Wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare da aka tabbatar a wannan ƙaramar hukuma sun haɗa da:

* '''Deba Central Primary School'''
* '''Bello Central Primary School'''

Wani binciken ilimi ya lissafa Deba Central Primary School da Bello Central Primary School a cikin makarantun Gombe South/Central da aka yi nazari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Research&quot;/&gt;

== Muhimmancin makarantu ==

Makarantun firamare suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ilimin farko ga yara a ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Gombe. Wasu daga cikin makarantun suna kuma zama wuraren da hukumomin gwamnati ke amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyukan jama'a, ciki har da zaɓe da ayyukan wayar da kan al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Makarantar firamare]]
* [[Universal Basic Education Commission]]
* [[Independent National Electoral Commission]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]
* [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf INEC — Gombe State PVC Collection Centres]
* [https://ubec.gov.ng/physical-planning/ UBEC — Physical Planning]
* [https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/openstates.ng.storage/documents/dataset_Gombe%20State%20Approved%202020%20Budget.pdf Gombe State Approved 2020 Budget]
* [https://teras.ng/api/asset/document/64044b24-120c-4079-b8c8-73dcdf39433f TERAS — Binciken makarantun firamare a Gombe]
* [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120500986 Wikidata — Hassan Central Primary School Gombe]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
      <sha1>swf52a93vxsilwa56vlb7f3tlfvucif</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Makarantun Firamare na Al'umma a Shongom</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T20:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Makarantun Firamare na Al'umma a Shongom''' wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare ne da ke cikin [[Shongom|Ƙaramar Hukumar Shongom]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantun suna cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka daban-daban na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma suna taka rawa wajen samar da ilimin firamare ga yara a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=SHONGOM Wards New and Existing Polling Units |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/shongom-wards-new-and-exsiting-polling-unit/ |webs...</comment>
      <origin>964900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6975" sha1="2f7v8vhlu898ce3txd1onijpe322l2t" xml:space="preserve">'''Makarantun Firamare na Al'umma a Shongom''' wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare ne da ke cikin [[Shongom|Ƙaramar Hukumar Shongom]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantun suna cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka daban-daban na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma suna taka rawa wajen samar da ilimin firamare ga yara a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=SHONGOM Wards New and Existing Polling Units
|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/shongom-wards-new-and-exsiting-polling-unit/
|website=Eduweb
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==

Majiyoyin da aka samu sun tabbatar da kasancewar makarantun firamare da dama a Shongom. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da:

* '''Bangunji Primary School''' — [[Bangunji]]
* '''Boh Central Primary School''' — [[Boh]]
* '''Burak Primary School''' — [[Burak]]
* '''Chemyam Primary School''' — Burak
* '''Kwanan Kuka Primary School''' — Burak
* '''Filiya Primary School''' — [[Filiya]]
* '''Jauro Sajo Primary School''' — Filiya
* '''Gundale Primary School''' — [[Gundale]]
* '''Dwaja Primary School''' — Gundale
* '''Gwandum Primary School''' — [[Gwandum]]
* '''Kukar Primary School''' — Gwandum
* '''Keffi Primary School''' — Gwandum
* '''Pamadu Primary School''' — Gwandum
* '''Kulishin Primary School I''' — [[Kulishin]]
* '''Kulishin Primary School II''' — Kulishin
* '''Kushi Primary School''' — [[Kushi]]
* '''Lapandimtai Primary School''' — Kushi
* '''Lalaipido Primary School I''' — [[Lalaipido]]
* '''Lalaipido Primary School II''' — Lalaipido
* '''Lakenturum Primary School''' — Lalaipido
* '''Latatar Primary School''' — Lalaipido
* '''Lalatar Primary School''' — [[Lapan]]
* '''Lassanjang Primary School''' — Lapan
* '''Lapan Primary School''' — Lapan

Bayanan wuraren zaɓe na Shongom sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan makarantu ana amfani da wurarensu a matsayin cibiyoyin zaɓe, ciki har da Bangunji Primary School, Boh Central Primary School, Burak Primary School da wasu makarantu a sauran wards.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC&quot;/&gt;

== Boh ==

A [[Boh]], akwai '''Boh Central Primary School'''. An jera makarantar a matsayin sabon wurin zaɓe a bayanan wuraren zaɓe na Boh Ward. Haka kuma, Pokata Primary School da Karel Primary School suna cikin makarantun da aka ambata a bayanan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boh&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in Shongom LGA, Gombe State
|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-shongom-lga-gombe-state/
|website=Eduweb
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Burak ==

A [[Burak]], akwai Burak Primary School, Chemyam Primary School da Kwanan Kuka Primary School. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe sun nuna waɗannan makarantu a matsayin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burak&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in Shongom LGA, Gombe State
|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-shongom-lga-gombe-state/
|website=Eduweb
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata rahoton jaridar ''[[The Punch|Punch]]'' ta kuma ambaci Tidi Primary School da Farin Kasa Primary School a Shongom Local Government Area a matsayin makarantun gwamnati da ke fuskantar matsalolin kayan more rayuwa da gine-ginen makaranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|title=Unbelievable tales of states where learning takes place under trees
|url=https://punchng.com/unbelievable-tales-of-states-where-learning-takes-place-under-trees/
|date=18 November 2019
|work=The Punch
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filiya ==

A [[Filiya]], akwai Filiya Primary School da Jauro Sajo Primary School. Bayanai na yankin Shongom sun nuna cewa Filiya na ɗaya daga cikin wards goma na ƙaramar hukumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wards&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=SHONGOM Wards New and existing polling unit
|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/shongom-wards-new-and-exsiting-polling-unit/
|website=Eduweb
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar Universal Service Provision Fund ta Najeriya ta kuma lissafa ''Community Say Sch Filiya, Shongom'' a cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da aka sanya a Shongom a shekarar 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPF&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=School Knowledge Centres
|url=https://www.uspf.gov.ng/projects/skc
|website=Universal Service Provision Fund
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gundale ==

A [[Gundale]], akwai Gundale Primary School da Dwaja Primary School. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe na Shongom sun nuna wuraren da aka danganta da waɗannan makarantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wards&quot;/&gt;

== Gwandum ==

A [[Gwandum]], akwai Gwandum Primary School, Kukar Primary School, Keffi Primary School da Pamadu Primary School.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wards&quot;/&gt;

Gwandum Primary School ta samu kulawar gwamnati a cikin shirye-shiryen kasafin kuɗin Jihar Gombe. Kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2021 ya tanadi kuɗi domin yin taswirar iyakar makarantar da kafa alamomin iyaka a Gwandum Primary School, Shongom LGA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State 2021 Approved Budget
|url=https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/openstates.ng.storage/documents/dataset_Gombe%20State%20FY2021%20NCoA%20Compliant%20Approved%20Budget.pdf
|website=Gombe State Government
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kushi da Lalaipido ==

A Kushi akwai Kushi Primary School da Lapandimtai Primary School, yayin da a Lalaipido akwai Lalaipido Primary School I, Lalaipido Primary School II, Lakenturum Primary School da Latatar Primary School.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wards&quot;/&gt;

== Muhimmancin makarantu ==

Makarantun firamare na al'umma a Shongom suna daga cikin cibiyoyin da ke taimaka wa yara samun ilimin farko a yankunan ƙaramar hukumar. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa wasu makarantun yankin sun fuskanci matsalolin gine-gine da kayan koyarwa, lamarin da ya jawo hankalin jama'a da gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Shongom]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantar firamare]]
* [[Universal Basic Education Commission]]
* [[Independent National Electoral Commission]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GOMBE-LGA.pdf INEC — Gombe State PVC Pickup Addresses]
* [https://www.eduweb.com.ng/shongom-wards-new-and-exsiting-polling-unit/ Eduweb — Shongom Wards and Polling Units]
* [https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-shongom-lga-gombe-state/ Eduweb — Shongom LGA Polling Units]
* [https://punchng.com/unbelievable-tales-of-states-where-learning-takes-place-under-trees/ The Punch — Primary Schools in Shongom]
* [https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/openstates.ng.storage/documents/dataset_Gombe%20State%20FY2021%20NCoA%20Compliant%20Approved%20Budget.pdf Gombe State — 2021 Approved Budget]
* [https://www.uspf.gov.ng/projects/skc Universal Service Provision Fund — School Knowledge Centres]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Shongom]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
      <sha1>2f7v8vhlu898ce3txd1onijpe322l2t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Makarantun Firamare na Al'umma a Balanga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964902</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T20:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Makarantun Firamare na Al'umma a Balanga''' jerin wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare na gwamnati da al'umma da ke cikin [[Balanga (ƙaramar hukuma)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantun suna cikin ƙauyuka da garuruwa daban-daban na ƙaramar hukumar kuma suna cikin tsarin ilimin firamare na jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeEducation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12...</comment>
      <origin>964902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5775" sha1="72ifhm914aihfa2dd4rk3r87hbegurs" xml:space="preserve">'''Makarantun Firamare na Al'umma a Balanga''' jerin wasu daga cikin makarantun firamare na gwamnati da al'umma da ke cikin [[Balanga (ƙaramar hukuma)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantun suna cikin ƙauyuka da garuruwa daban-daban na ƙaramar hukumar kuma suna cikin tsarin ilimin firamare na jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeEducation&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030
|url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf
|website=Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==

Bayanan [[Universal Basic Education Commission|SUBEB]] na Jihar Gombe sun lissafa wasu makarantun firamare na gwamnati a Balanga. Daga cikin waɗanda aka ambata akwai:

* '''Lip Talesse Primary School'''
* '''Bormi Primary School'''
* '''Bangu Primary School'''

Waɗannan makarantu suna cikin jerin makarantun firamare na jama'a da aka nuna cewa suna da dakunan karatu a Balanga LGEA.&lt;ref name=&quot;SUBEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State Universal Basic Education (SUBEB) Public Primary Schools with Libraries
|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/1050154825/184-1
|website=Gombe State Universal Basic Education Board
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Balanga ==

A yankin Balanga akwai '''Balanga Primary School'''. [[Independent National Electoral Commission|INEC]] ta lissafa makarantar a matsayin wurin da aka kafa rumfunan zaɓe biyu, Balanga South da Balanga North.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Directory of Polling Units — Gombe State
|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf
|website=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A bayanan wuraren zaɓe na baya, ana kuma samun makarantar a matsayin ''Balanga Pri. Sch.'' a cikin bayanan INEC.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;

== Gelengu ==

'''Gelengu Primary School''' tana cikin Gelengu/Balanga Registration Area. INEC ta lissafa makarantar a matsayin wurin da ake da rumfunan zaɓe na Garu East I da Garu East II.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;

Hakan ya nuna cewa makarantar tana daga cikin cibiyoyin jama'a da ake amfani da su a yankin Gelengu na Balanga.

== Kembu ==

A [[Kembu]], akwai '''Kembu Primary School'''. INEC ta lissafa Kembu Primary School a matsayin wurin zaɓe a Kembu Registration Area, tare da rumfunan Kembu da Kembu Matinja.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;

== Gumsa ==

'''Gumsa Primary School''' tana cikin Gumsa Registration Area na Balanga. INEC ta lissafa makarantar a matsayin wurin da aka kafa rumfar zaɓe ta Gumsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2015&quot;/&gt;

== Talasse ==

Talasse na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan Balanga. Bayanai na INEC sun nuna cewa '''Central Primary School Talasse''' tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar tarawa a Balanga North State Constituency.&lt;ref name=&quot;INECStats&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=2015 General Elections Information Kit
|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-GENERAL-ELECTIONS-INFO-KIT-.pdf
|website=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, bayanan SUBEB sun lissafa '''Lip Talesse''' cikin makarantun firamare na Balanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;SUBEB&quot;/&gt;

== Nyuwar ==

A yankin [[Nyuwar]], akwai '''Nyuwar Primary School'''. Bayanai na INEC sun nuna makarantar a matsayin wurin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyukan zaɓe da rajistar masu zaɓe.&lt;ref name=&quot;INECNyuwar&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=CVR Live Locator — Balanga LGA
|url=https://locator.incportals.com/locator/browse/16/283
|website=INEC
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin ilimi a Balanga ==

Bayanan Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa Balanga tana da makarantu na firamare da dama. A shekarar makaranta ta 2018/2019, shirin ci gaban jihar ya nuna cewa Balanga tana da jimillar makarantun firamare guda 172.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeEducation&quot;/&gt;

Wannan ya nuna girman tsarin ilimin firamare a ƙaramar hukumar, wanda ya haɗa da makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeEducation&quot;/&gt;

== Kalubalen ilimi ==

Wasu rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa makarantun firamare a wasu yankunan Balanga suna fuskantar matsalolin ƙarancin malamai da kayan more rayuwa. Misali, wani rahoto na ''[[The Independent (Nigeria)|Independent Newspaper Nigeria]]'' ya ambaci [[Dogon Ruwa Primary School]] a Balanga tare da matsalar ƙarancin malamai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|title=Crisis In Public Primary Schools In Gombe
|url=https://independent.ng/crisis-in-public-primary-schools-in-gombe/
|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria
|date=2025
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Balanga (ƙaramar hukuma)|Balanga]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantar firamare]]
* [[Universal Basic Education Commission]]
* [[Independent National Electoral Commission]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]
* [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-GENERAL-ELECTIONS-INFO-KIT-.pdf INEC — 2015 General Elections Information Kit]
* [https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030]
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/1050154825/184-1 Gombe State SUBEB — Public Primary Schools with Libraries]
* [https://locator.incportals.com/locator/browse/16/283 INEC — Balanga LGA CVR Centres]
* [https://independent.ng/crisis-in-public-primary-schools-in-gombe/ Independent Newspaper Nigeria — Crisis in Public Primary Schools in Gombe]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Ilimi a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Balanga]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>964905</id>
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        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo | native_name = L.E.A. Primary School | type = Makarantar firamare | location = [[Kaltungo]], [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | district = [[Kaltungo]] }}  '''L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo''' makarantar firamare ce da ke [[Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana daga cikin makarantun firamare na gwamnati da ke yankin Kaltungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;FNAS&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Species Diversity of H...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4612" sha1="e8gyonr8g1qz7gi2g6ciitg39gyx473" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo
| native_name = L.E.A. Primary School
| type = Makarantar firamare
| location = [[Kaltungo]], [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| district = [[Kaltungo]]
}}

'''L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo''' makarantar firamare ce da ke [[Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana daga cikin makarantun firamare na gwamnati da ke yankin Kaltungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;FNAS&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
|title=Species Diversity of Helminth Eggs in Soils of Selected Public and Private Primary Schools in Kaltungo, Gombe State
|url=https://fnasjournals.com/index.php/FNAS-JBER/article/download/709/629/1186
|journal=FNAS Journal of Biology and Environmental Research
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==

Bayanan wani binciken ilimi kan makarantun firamare a Kaltungo sun nuna cewa L.E.A. Primary School na daga cikin makarantun gwamnati da aka zaɓa domin gudanar da bincike. Binciken ya kuma yi amfani da bayanan [[Kaltungo]] Local Education Authority wajen zaɓar makarantun da aka yi nazari a kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;FNAS&quot;/&gt;

Makarantar ta kasance cibiyar ilimin firamare ga yara a Kaltungo. Wani fitaccen tsohon ɗalibin makarantar shi ne [[Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi]], wanda ya taɓa zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Maiduguri sannan Shugaban Jami'ar Maiduguri. Majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa Njodi ya halarci L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|last=Aina
|first=Olatunde
|title=Abubakar-Njodi, a VC and worthy alumnus
|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/abubakar-njodi-vc-worthy-alumnus/
|work=Vanguard
|date=5 February 2017
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata majiya ta Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation ma ta tabbatar da cewa Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi ya yi karatu a L.E.A. Primary School, Kaltungo daga '''1967 zuwa 1973''', kafin ya koma ECWA Primary School, Kaltungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;BLERF&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=NJODI, Prof Ibrahim Abubakar
|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/njodi-professor-ibrahim-abubakar/
|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==

L.E.A. Primary School tana cikin garin [[Kaltungo]], a [[Kaltungo Local Government Area|Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]] ta Jihar Gombe. Bayanai daga wani kundin adireshin makarantu sun kuma nuna L.E.A. Primary School a Kaltungo da lambar akwatin gidan waya '''770117'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldOrgs&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=LEA Primary School
|url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/kaltungo/school/leaprimaryschool
|website=WorldOrgs
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan [[Independent National Electoral Commission|INEC]] na Gombe sun kuma lissafa '''L.E.A. Primary School''' a matsayin wurin tattara katin zaɓe na yankin Kaltungo West a Kaltungo LGA.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Gombe State: PVC Collection Centres
|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf
|website=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin makarantar ==

L.E.A. Primary School na daga cikin makarantun firamare na gwamnati da ke ba da ilimin firamare a Kaltungo. Kasancewar an ambaci makarantar a cikin binciken ilimi da kuma bayanan hukumomin zaɓe na nuna cewa makarantar tana daga cikin cibiyoyin da ake amfani da su a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;FNAS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC&quot;/&gt;

== Tsoffin ɗalibai ==

* '''[[Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi]]''' – malami kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Maiduguri, wanda ya yi karatu a makarantar daga 1967 zuwa 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanguard&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kaltungo]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantar firamare]]
* [[Makarantu a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://fnasjournals.com/index.php/FNAS-JBER/article/download/709/629/1186 FNAS Journal — Species Diversity of Helminth Eggs in Soils of Selected Public and Private Primary Schools in Kaltungo, Gombe State]
* [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/abubakar-njodi-vc-worthy-alumnus/ Vanguard — Abubakar-Njodi, a VC and worthy alumnus]
* [https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/njodi-professor-ibrahim-abubakar/ Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation — Prof. Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi]
* [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf INEC — Gombe State PVC Collection Centres]
* [https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/kaltungo/school/leaprimaryschool WorldOrgs — LEA Primary School, Kaltungo]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Kaltungo]]
[[Category:Kaltungo]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Central Primary School, Billiri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964909</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T20:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uskeone</username>
        <id>40867</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Central Primary School, Billiri | native_name = Billiri Central Primary School | type = Makarantar firamare | location = [[Billiri]], [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | district = [[Billiri Local Government Area|Billiri]] }}  '''Central Primary School, Billiri''' makarantar firamare ce da ke [[Billiri]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma ambaton makarantar da sunan '''Billiri Central Primary School''' a wasu takardun gwamnati.&lt;ref na...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3983" sha1="6xpvwui34ro5oaic6nykkc8ec4q6nmx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = Central Primary School, Billiri
| native_name = Billiri Central Primary School
| type = Makarantar firamare
| location = [[Billiri]], [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
| district = [[Billiri Local Government Area|Billiri]]
}}

'''Central Primary School, Billiri''' makarantar firamare ce da ke [[Billiri]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma ambaton makarantar da sunan '''Billiri Central Primary School''' a wasu takardun gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeBudget&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=2018 Approved Capital Expenditure
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2018-Budget.pdf
|website=Gombe State Government
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==

Central Primary School na daga cikin makarantun firamare da ke yankin [[Billiri Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Billiri]]. Bayanan Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun ambaci makarantar a cikin shirin ayyukan gine-ginen makarantu na jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeBudget&quot;/&gt;

A cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018 na Jihar Gombe, an ware aikin gina '''shinge da ƙofar makaranta''' ga Billiri Central Primary School. Wannan ya nuna cewa makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin makarantu da gwamnatin jihar ta yi wa tanadin ayyukan gine-gine.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeBudget&quot;/&gt;

== Tsoffin ɗalibai ==

'''[[David Danladi]]''' yana daga cikin mutanen da aka tabbatar sun yi karatu a Central Primary School, Billiri. Bisa ga bayanin Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation, ya halarci makarantar daga shekarar '''1972 zuwa 1978''', kafin ya ci gaba da karatu a Government Secondary School, Dadin Kowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BLERF&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=DANLADI, David
|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/danladi-david/
|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

David Danladi daga baya ya yi karatu a Bauchi College of Arts and Science da [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria, inda ya samu digirin Library Science. Daga baya ya yi aiki a fannin ɗakunan karatu, ciki har da [[Jami'ar Gombe State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BLERF&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan gwamnati ==

Bayanan kasafin kuɗin Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa an tanadi aikin '''gine shinge da ƙofar makaranta''' a Billiri Central Primary School a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018. An sanya aikin a ƙarƙashin ayyukan gine-ginen makarantu a Billiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GombeBudget&quot;/&gt;

== Wuri ==

Makarantar tana cikin [[Billiri]], hedikwatar [[Billiri Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Billiri]] ta Jihar Gombe. Bayanan wurin makarantar sun kuma nuna Billiri Central Primary School a yankin Billiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Location&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Central Primary School, Billiri
|url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&amp;query=Central+Primary+School+Billiri+Gombe
|website=Google Maps
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Billiri na cikin [[Gombe South Senatorial District|Gombe ta Kudu]] kuma tana daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Billiri&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Billiri
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiri
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Billiri]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Billiri Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Billiri]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantar firamare]]
* [[Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2018-Budget.pdf Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe — 2018 Approved Capital Expenditure]
* [https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/danladi-david/ Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation — David Danladi]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&amp;query=Central+Primary+School+Billiri+Gombe Central Primary School, Billiri — bayanin wurin]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiri Billiri — bayanan gari da makarantu]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Billiri]]
[[Category:Billiri]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantun firamare a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178593</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>40867</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography  | name = Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School | native_name = Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School | type = Makarantar firamare | location = [[Kagarawal]], [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | district = [[Gombe Local Government Area|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] }}  '''Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School''' makarantar firamare ce da ke [[Kagarawal]], a [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin [[Shamaki]] Ward na...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6114" sha1="j1n82hfnaiai26tbau9zo6825archaw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography 
| name = Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School
| native_name = Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School
| type = Makarantar firamare
| location = [[Kagarawal]], [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
| district = [[Gombe Local Government Area|Gombe]]
| state = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| country = [[Najeriya]]
}}

'''Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School''' makarantar firamare ce da ke [[Kagarawal]], a [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana yankin [[Shamaki]] Ward na Gombe Local Government Area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Commons&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=File:Kagarawal nomadic primary school 01.jpg
|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kagarawal_nomadic_primary_school_01.jpg
|website=Wikimedia Commons
|date=14 December 2023
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==

Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School tana cikin al'ummar Kagarawal a yankin Shamaki na [[Gombe Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe]]. Bayanai na hoton makarantar da aka ɗora a Wikimedia Commons sun bayyana makarantar a matsayin ''community primary school'' da ke Kagarawal, Shamaki Ward, Gombe LGA, Jihar Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Commons&quot;/&gt;

Bayanan adireshin makarantar sun kuma nuna ta a yankin Gombe mai lambar akwatin gidan waya '''760253'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldOrgs&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School
|url=https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/school/kagarawalnomadicprimaryschool
|website=WorldOrgs
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaba ==

Kagarawal Primary School tana daga cikin makarantun da aka yi wa tanadin ayyukan raya ilimi a kasafin kuɗin [[Jihar Gombe]]. A cikin bayanan kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ware kuɗi domin '''gina rukunin ajujuwa guda biyu tare da ɗakin ajiya da ofis''' a Kagarawal Primary School ƙarƙashin shirin Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).&lt;ref name=&quot;Budget2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=2018 Performance Consolidated Budget Summary
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/September-Performance-2018.pdf
|website=Gombe State Government
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin bayanan aiwatar da kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, an kuma ware kuɗi domin samar da '''kujeru da tebura guda 40 masu zama biyu-biyu''' ga ɗaliban Kagarawal Primary School.&lt;ref name=&quot;BudgetFurniture&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=2018 December Budget Performance
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2018-December-Budget-Perfomance.pdf
|website=Gombe State Government
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2019 sun kuma sake ambaton aikin gina ajujuwa a Kagarawal Primary School a cikin ayyukan ilimi na jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Budget2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=2019 Approved Capital Expenditure
|url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2019-Budget.pdf
|website=Gombe State Government
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin makiyaya ==

Sunan makarantar yana da alaƙa da tsarin '''ilimin makiyaya''' a Najeriya, wanda aka tsara domin samar da ilimi ga al'ummomin makiyaya da ke yawan ƙaura. [[National Commission for Nomadic Education]] na daga cikin hukumomin da ke da alhakin inganta ilimin irin waɗannan al'ummomi a Najeriya.

Wani bincike na ilimi da aka wallafa a ''Kashere Journal of Education'' ya yi amfani da bayanan masu bada shaida daga Gombe wajen nazarin asali da bunƙasar ilimin yamma a Gombe Emirate. Daya daga cikin masu bada shaida, Babaji Waziri, an yi hira da shi a Kagarawal Village a matsayin tsohon ma'aikacin ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kashere&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
|last=Arawa
|first=Abubakar A.
|author2=Bappah Ahmed
|title=Origin and development of western education in Gombe Emirate, Nigeria
|journal=Kashere Journal of Education
|volume=4
|issue=1
|year=2023
|pages=118–122
|url=https://journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kje/article/download/1018/771/3189
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata takarda daga [[National Commission for Nomadic Education]] ta kuma nuna cewa Kagarawal na daga cikin wuraren da aka gudanar da azuzuwan ilimin manya ga mata a Gombe. Takardar ta jera '''Kagarawal I Women Adult Literacy Class''' da '''Kagarawal II Women Adult Literacy Class'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCNE&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Provision of Adult Literacy, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Livelihood Skills Amongst the Nomadic Communities in Nigeria
|url=https://www.ncne.gov.ng/journals/Adult%20Literacy%2C%20Entreprenuership%20and%20Sustainable%20Livelihoods%20Paper%202015.pdf
|website=National Commission for Nomadic Education
|access-date=8 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Gombe Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe]]
* [[Kagarawal]]
* [[Ilimin makiyaya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Makarantar firamare]]
* [[National Commission for Nomadic Education]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Majiyoyi ==

* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kagarawal_nomadic_primary_school_01.jpg Wikimedia Commons — Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School]
* [https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/September-Performance-2018.pdf Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe — 2018 Performance Consolidated Budget Summary]
* [https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2018-December-Budget-Perfomance.pdf Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe — 2018 December Budget Performance]
* [https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2019-Budget.pdf Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe — 2019 Approved Capital Expenditure]
* [https://journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kje/article/download/1018/771/3189 Kashere Journal of Education — Origin and development of western education in Gombe Emirate]
* [https://www.ncne.gov.ng/journals/Adult%20Literacy%2C%20Entreprenuership%20and%20Sustainable%20Livelihoods%20Paper%202015.pdf National Commission for Nomadic Education]
* [https://ng.worldorgs.com/catalog/gombe/school/kagarawalnomadicprimaryschool WorldOrgs — Kagarawal Nomadic Primary School]

[[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]]
[[Category:Makarantun firamare a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Makarantun makiyaya]]
[[Category:Gombe (birni)]]
[[Category:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kisan kiyashin 1966 a Arewacin Najeriya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T20:34:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>964914</origin>
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      <text bytes="5873" sha1="p2qjf5fn8r4i6xcgzgq34cjhoyah4ox" xml:space="preserve">Kisan kiyashin 1966 a Arewacin Najeriya

Kisan kiyashin 1966 a Arewacin Najeriya na nufin kisan gillar da aka yi wa dubban ’yan Najeriya daga ƙabilar Igbo da sauran mutanen yankin Gabashin Najeriya da ke zaune a Arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1966. Lamarin ya faru ne a cikin wani yanayi na rikicin siyasa da na soja, wanda ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga Janairun 1966 da kuma rikice-rikicen siyasa da ƙabilanci da suka dabaibaye ƙasar a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko.

Abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen haddasa kisan kiyashin sun haɗa da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa, juyin mulkin soja, rashin amincewa tsakanin manyan ƙabilun ƙasar da matakan da gwamnatin soja ta ɗauka bayan juyin mulkin. Waɗannan abubuwa sun taimaka wajen ƙara tsananta rashin zaman lafiya a Najeriya kafin barkewar Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1967.

== Tarihin abubuwan da suka faru ==

A ranar 15 ga Janairun 1966, wasu jami'an sojojin Najeriya sun yi juyin mulki wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar manyan shugabannin siyasa da na soja, ciki har da Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Firayim Ministan Yankin Arewa Ahmadu Bello, da kuma wasu manyan hafsoshin soja.

Juyin mulkin ya haifar da sauyin gwamnati, inda Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja. Sai dai yadda aka gudanar da juyin mulkin da kuma kasancewar wasu daga cikin manyan jami'an da suka jagorance shi 'yan asalin Gabashin Najeriya ne, yayin da yawancin manyan waɗanda aka kashe suka fito daga Arewa, ya haifar da zargi da rashin amincewa a wasu sassan ƙasar.

Masana tarihi sun yi nazari kan yadda bambancin waɗanda aka kashe da kuma waɗanda suka tsira daga juyin mulkin ya taimaka wajen haifar da zargin nuna bambanci na ƙabila. Duk da haka, ba za a iya danganta dukkan dalilan rikicin ga ƙabila ɗaya ko wani lamari guda ba.

== Dokar Unification Decree ta 1966 ==

A watan Mayun 1966, gwamnatin Aguiyi-Ironsi ta fitar da dokar da aka sani da Unification Decree No. 34. Dokar ta sauya tsarin gudanar da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya, inda ta mayar da tsarin ma'aikatan gwamnati da wasu hukumomin ƙasa zuwa tsarin bai ɗaya, maimakon tsarin da ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna.

Matakin ya haifar da damuwa da adawa a wasu sassan Arewacin Najeriya, inda wasu suka fassara shi a matsayin barazana ga tsarin tarayya da ikon yankuna. Wannan rashin amincewa ya kasance cikin abubuwan da suka ƙara tsananta rikicin siyasa da na soja a shekarar 1966.

Sai dai yana da muhimmanci a bambanta tasirin dokar da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. Dokar ba ita kaɗai ce ta haddasa rikicin ba; akwai wasu dalilai na siyasa, soja da zamantakewa da suka riga suka haifar da rashin zaman lafiya.

== Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa ’yan Igbo ==

A shekarar 1966, an kai hare-hare kan ’yan asalin Gabashin Najeriya, musamman ’yan ƙabilar Igbo da ke zaune a Arewacin Najeriya. Hare-haren sun haɗa da kashe-kashe, lalata gidaje da shaguna, da kuma kwace dukiyoyi. Mutane da dama sun tsere zuwa yankin Gabas domin neman mafaka.

A watan Yulin 1966, wani juyin mulkin soja ya kifar da gwamnatin Aguiyi-Ironsi tare da kashe shi. Laftanar Kanal Yakubu Gowon ya zama sabon shugaban gwamnatin soja. A cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, tashin hankalin ƙabilanci ya ƙaru, musamman a hare-haren watan Satumba da Oktoban 1966, lokacin da aka kashe dimbin ’yan Igbo da sauran mutanen Gabas a Arewacin Najeriya.

Yawan mutanen da aka kashe ya kasance batun da ake samun bambancin ƙididdiga a kansa a cikin rubuce-rubucen tarihi. Duk da haka, hare-haren sun haifar da mummunan asarar rayuka, gudun hijira da tabarbarewar dangantaka tsakanin yankunan Najeriya.

== Muhawara kan musabbabin kisan kiyashin ==

A shekarar 2026, wani ɗan Najeriya mai suna Julius Afolalu ya sake tayar da muhawara kan abubuwan da suka haddasa kisan kiyashin 1966. A cikin bayaninsa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa juyin mulkin Janairun 1966 ba shi kaɗai ne ya haddasa tashin hankalin ba. Ya kuma ambaci zargin nuna hotuna ko wallafe-wallafen da aka fassara a matsayin cin mutuncin shugabannin Arewa da aka kashe, da kuma adawar da ta biyo bayan fitar da Unification Decree No. 34.

Afolalu ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan abubuwa sun taimaka wajen ƙara tsananta fargaba da rashin amincewa a wasu sassan Arewacin Najeriya. Sai dai ya kuma yi amfani da kalaman da suka ɗora laifin abin da ya faru gaba ɗaya kan ’yan Igbo. Irin wannan ikirari na buƙatar tantancewa ta hanyar takardun tarihi da binciken masana, domin kada a ɗora laifin gama-gari kan wata ƙabila.

Ba za a ɗauki bayanin mutum guda a matsayin cikakken bayanin musabbabin kisan kiyashin ba, musamman idan ya shafi abubuwan da ake takaddama a kansu ko kuma zarge-zargen da ba a tabbatar da su ba.

== Tasirin kisan kiyashin ==

Kisan kiyashin 1966 ya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga zamantakewa da siyasar Najeriya. Dubban mutane sun rasa rayukansu, yayin da wasu da dama suka rasa gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Mutane da yawa daga Gabashin Najeriya sun koma yankinsu na asali saboda fargabar sake fuskantar hare-hare.

Rikicin ya kuma ƙara tabarbarewar dangantaka tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da shugabannin yankin Gabas. Rashin amincewa da tsoron tsaro sun kasance cikin abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen ƙara tsananta rikicin da ya kai ga ayyana Jamhuriyar Biyafara a watan Mayun 1967 da kuma barkewar Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya a watan Yulin 1967.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966]]
* [[Yakubu Gowon]]
* [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]]
* [[Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya]]
* [[Jamhuriyar Biyafara]]

== Manazarta ==

* {{cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The History of Nigeria |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Frederick |title=The Biafra Story |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1969}}
* {{cite book |last=Gould |first=Michael |title=The Struggle for Modern Nigeria: The Biafran War 1967–1970 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2011}}</text>
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    <title>Malam Bako Ibrahim</title>
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      <text bytes="5119" sha1="45skz2hpk6pv7rk2h2cocb4jpmlmisk" xml:space="preserve">Malam Bako Ibrahim

Malam Bako Ibrahim (kimanin 1878–1968), wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci Malam Bako, ɗan asalin Argungu ne a yankin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a rundunar ’yan sandan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, inda ya kai matsayin babban mai horar da ’yan sanda. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin ’yan sanda, ya shugabanci kotun Mixed Court a Kaduna, sannan ya zama Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. Shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Kano.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Malam Bako Ibrahim a kusan shekarar 1878 a Argungu, yankin da ke cikin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu. A cewar tarihin da aka bayar, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka isa Argungu, Sarkin Argungu ya ba su Malam Bako domin ya taimaka musu da nuna musu hanyoyin yankin. Daga baya, Turawan sun nemi a bar shi tare da su domin ya riƙa kula da dawakan su.

A lokacin da yake wannan aiki, Turawan sun lura da ƙwazonsa da basirarsa, abin da ya taimaka wajen shigar da shi aikin ’yan sanda.

==Aikin ’yan sanda==

Malam Bako ya shiga aikin ’yan sanda a Sakkwato a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1903. Ya shafe shekaru 34 da watanni biyar da kwanaki 26 yana aikin gwamnati, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar.

A cikin shekarun aikinsa, ya samu ƙarin girma a matakai daban-daban. A shekarar 1904, bayan kusan shekara guda da fara aikinsa, ya samu matsayin Saje. Daga baya, a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1907, ya samu matsayin Samanja.

Yana daga cikin jami’an da suka taka rawa a ayyukan farko da suka shafi kafa birnin Kaduna. A lokacin da yake matsayin Samanja, an mayar da shi daga Dungurun zuwa Kaduna.

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1914, ya samu matsayin Saje Manjo, sannan a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1915, ya kai matsayin Regimental Sergeant Major, wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci.

Saboda ƙwarewarsa da jajircewarsa, daga baya ya samu matsayin Major Instructor, wato babban mai koyar da ’yan sanda. Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1938.

==Lambobin yabo==

A lokacin aikinsa, Malam Bako ya samu lambobin yabo daban-daban saboda hidimarsa da aikin da ya gudanar. Daga cikin lambobin da aka ambata a tarihin akwai:

- African General Service Medal.
- African Police Medal.
- Jubilee Medal ta shekarar 1936.
- Lambar yabo da ta shafi hidima, kyakkyawar ɗabi’a da aiki a rundunar ’yan sanda da kashe gobara ta mulkin mallaka.

Ya kamata a tabbatar da cikakkun sunayen lambobin yabon nan daga takardun tarihi domin a rubuta su daidai.

==Neman ilimi==

Baya ga aikin ’yan sanda, Malam Bako ya kasance mutum mai sha’awar karatu da neman ilimi. Ya iya karatu da rubutu, kuma ya san yadda ake amfani da na’urar buga rubutu.

Duk da nauyin aikinsa, bai yi watsi da neman ilimi ba. A cewar bayanan da aka bayar, a shekarar 1920 yakan hau keke ya bi ta unguwar Lebura zuwa Kangiwa domin karatu a wajen Malam Hurdi. Ya kuma yi karatu a wajen malamai daban-daban, inda ya koyi fannoni masu yawa.

An bayyana cewa ya kasance mai sayen littattafai da tara su, har ya zama yana da tarin littattafai masu yawa. Wannan sha’awa tasa ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa iliminsa a fannoni daban-daban.

==Shugabancin Mixed Court==

Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin ’yan sanda a shekarar 1938, an naɗa Malam Bako shugaban kotun Mixed Court a watan Mayun 1940.

A lokacin shugabancinsa, kotun ta samu ci gaba, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar. An danganta wannan ci gaba da yadda yake gudanar da al’amuran kotun bisa gaskiya da riƙon amana.

An kuma ruwaito cewa Mista McCallum, wani jami’in mulkin mallaka da ke aiki a lokacin, ya yaba da rawar da Malam Bako ya taka wajen inganta martabar kotun a idon jama’ar Kaduna.

==Sarautar Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna==

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Mixed Court, an naɗa Malam Bako Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. A cewar bayanan tarihin, Sarkin Zazzau Jafaru ne ya naɗa shi sarautar a Zariya, bayan Magaji Muhammad Sambo ya samu ƙarin girma.

Ya riƙe sarautar har zuwa ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1956.

==Iyali==

Malam Bako Ibrahim shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, wanda ya zama gwamnan mulkin soja na Jihar Kano daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma bar wasu ’ya’ya shida, waɗanda suka haɗa da:

1. Amadu Argungun (Ɗan Boyi).
2. Alhaji Audu Bako.
3. Mairamu (Kurundu).
4. Balarabe Bako.
5. Sani Bako.
6. Amina.
7. Rabiu Bako.

==Rasuwarsa==

Malam Bako Ibrahim ya rasu a shekarar 1968, yana da kusan shekaru 90 bisa shekarar haihuwarsa da aka bayar.

An tuna da shi a tarihin iyalinsa da na Kaduna a matsayin tsohon jami’in ’yan sanda, mai sha’awar ilimi, shugaban kotu, kuma Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna.

==Manazarta==

1. Yusuf Nadabo, Tarihin Garin Kaduna da Kewaye. Ana buƙatar tabbatar da cikakkun bayanan bugun littafin, shekarar wallafawa da shafukan da aka samo bayanan.
2. Bayanan tarihin da aka gada daga Alhaji Musa Badayi da Hajiya Halima Musa Badayi, kamar yadda marubucin bayanan ya bayyana. Waɗannan bayanai ne na baka, don haka yana da kyau a ƙara musu madogara ta rubuce-rubucen tarihi.
3. Takardun aikin Malam Bako Ibrahim da bayanan lambobin yabonsa, idan ana iya samunsu a ma’ajiyar tarihi ko ta rundunar ’yan sandan Najeriya.</text>
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      <text bytes="4790" sha1="qtsuk5reo36m2r3sqbdmtwcv6qr8vyz" xml:space="preserve">Malam Bako Ibrahim

Malam Bako Ibrahim (kimanin 1878–1968), wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci Malam Bako, ɗan asalin Argungu ne a yankin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a rundunar ’yan sandan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, inda ya kai matsayin babban mai horar da ’yan sanda. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin ’yan sanda, ya shugabanci kotun Mixed Court a Kaduna, sannan ya zama Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. Shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Kano.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Malam Bako Ibrahim a kusan shekarar 1878 a Argungu, yankin da ke cikin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu. A cewar tarihin da aka bayar, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka isa Argungu, Sarkin Argungu ya ba su Malam Bako domin ya taimaka musu da nuna musu hanyoyin yankin. Daga baya, Turawan sun nemi a bar shi tare da su domin ya riƙa kula da dawakan su.

A lokacin da yake wannan aiki, Turawan sun lura da ƙwazonsa da basirarsa, abin da ya taimaka wajen shigar da shi aikin ’yan sanda.

==Aikin ’yan sanda==

Malam Bako ya shiga aikin ’yan sanda a Sakkwato a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1903. Ya shafe shekaru 34 da watanni biyar da kwanaki 26 yana aikin gwamnati, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar.

A cikin shekarun aikinsa, ya samu ƙarin girma a matakai daban-daban. A shekarar 1904, bayan kusan shekara guda da fara aikinsa, ya samu matsayin Saje. Daga baya, a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1907, ya samu matsayin Samanja.

Yana daga cikin jami’an da suka taka rawa a ayyukan farko da suka shafi kafa birnin Kaduna. A lokacin da yake matsayin Samanja, an mayar da shi daga Dungurun zuwa Kaduna.

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1914, ya samu matsayin Saje Manjo, sannan a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1915, ya kai matsayin Regimental Sergeant Major, wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci.

Saboda ƙwarewarsa da jajircewarsa, daga baya ya samu matsayin Major Instructor, wato babban mai koyar da ’yan sanda. Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1938.

==Lambobin yabo==

A lokacin aikinsa, Malam Bako ya samu lambobin yabo daban-daban saboda hidimarsa da aikin da ya gudanar. Daga cikin lambobin da aka ambata a tarihin akwai:

- African General Service Medal.
- African Police Medal.
- Jubilee Medal ta shekarar 1936.
- Lambar yabo da ta shafi hidima, kyakkyawar ɗabi’a da aiki a rundunar ’yan sanda da kashe gobara ta mulkin mallaka.

Ya kamata a tabbatar da cikakkun sunayen lambobin yabon nan daga takardun tarihi domin a rubuta su daidai.

==Neman ilimi==

Baya ga aikin ’yan sanda, Malam Bako ya kasance mutum mai sha’awar karatu da neman ilimi. Ya iya karatu da rubutu, kuma ya san yadda ake amfani da na’urar buga rubutu.

Duk da nauyin aikinsa, bai yi watsi da neman ilimi ba. A cewar bayanan da aka bayar, a shekarar 1920 yakan hau keke ya bi ta unguwar Lebura zuwa Kangiwa domin karatu a wajen Malam Hurdi. Ya kuma yi karatu a wajen malamai daban-daban, inda ya koyi fannoni masu yawa.

An bayyana cewa ya kasance mai sayen littattafai da tara su, har ya zama yana da tarin littattafai masu yawa. Wannan sha’awa tasa ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa iliminsa a fannoni daban-daban.

==Shugabancin Mixed Court==

Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin ’yan sanda a shekarar 1938, an naɗa Malam Bako shugaban kotun Mixed Court a watan Mayun 1940.

A lokacin shugabancinsa, kotun ta samu ci gaba, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar. An danganta wannan ci gaba da yadda yake gudanar da al’amuran kotun bisa gaskiya da riƙon amana.

An kuma ruwaito cewa Mista McCallum, wani jami’in mulkin mallaka da ke aiki a lokacin, ya yaba da rawar da Malam Bako ya taka wajen inganta martabar kotun a idon jama’ar Kaduna.

==Sarautar Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna==

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Mixed Court, an naɗa Malam Bako Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. A cewar bayanan tarihin, Sarkin Zazzau Jafaru ne ya naɗa shi sarautar a Zariya, bayan Magaji Muhammad Sambo ya samu ƙarin girma.

Ya riƙe sarautar har zuwa ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1956.

==Iyali==

Malam Bako Ibrahim shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, wanda ya zama gwamnan mulkin soja na Jihar Kano daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma bar wasu ’ya’ya shida, waɗanda suka haɗa da:

1. Amadu Argungun (Ɗan Boyi).
2. Alhaji Audu Bako.
3. Mairamu (Kurundu).
4. Balarabe Bako.
5. Sani Bako.
6. Amina.
7. Rabiu Bako.

==Rasuwarsa==

Malam Bako Ibrahim ya rasu a shekarar 1968, yana da kusan shekaru 90 bisa shekarar haihuwarsa da aka bayar.

An tuna da shi a tarihin iyalinsa da na Kaduna a matsayin tsohon jami’in ’yan sanda, mai sha’awar ilimi, shugaban kotu, kuma Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna.

==Manazarta==

1. Yusuf Nadabo, Tarihin Garin Kaduna da Kewaye. 

2. Bayanan tarihin da aka gada daga Alhaji Musa Badayi da Hajiya Halima Musa Badayi, 

3. Takardun aikin Malam Bako Ibrahim da bayanan lambobin yabonsa,</text>
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      <text bytes="4891" sha1="syqzwjj7hq3nqv5fbnxixqbnefmfhiv" xml:space="preserve">Malam Bako Ibrahim

Malam Bako Ibrahim (kimanin 1878–1968), wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci Malam Bako, ɗan asalin Argungu ne a yankin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a rundunar ’yan sandan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, inda ya kai matsayin babban mai horar da ’yan sanda. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin ’yan sanda, ya shugabanci kotun Mixed Court a Kaduna, sannan ya zama Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. Shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Kano.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Malam Bako Ibrahim a kusan shekarar 1878 a Argungu, yankin da ke cikin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu. A cewar tarihin da aka bayar, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka isa Argungu, Sarkin Argungu ya ba su Malam Bako domin ya taimaka musu da nuna musu hanyoyin yankin. Daga baya, Turawan sun nemi a bar shi tare da su domin ya riƙa kula da dawakan su.

A lokacin da yake wannan aiki, Turawan sun lura da ƙwazonsa da basirarsa, abin da ya taimaka wajen shigar da shi aikin ’yan sanda.

==Aikin ’yan sanda==

Malam Bako ya shiga aikin ’yan sanda a Sakkwato a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1903. Ya shafe shekaru 34 da watanni biyar da kwanaki 26 yana aikin gwamnati, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar.

A cikin shekarun aikinsa, ya samu ƙarin girma a matakai daban-daban. A shekarar 1904, bayan kusan shekara guda da fara aikinsa, ya samu matsayin Saje. Daga baya, a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1907, ya samu matsayin Samanja.

Yana daga cikin jami’an da suka taka rawa a ayyukan farko da suka shafi kafa birnin Kaduna. A lokacin da yake matsayin Samanja, an mayar da shi daga Dungurun zuwa Kaduna.

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1914, ya samu matsayin Saje Manjo, sannan a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1915, ya kai matsayin Regimental Sergeant Major, wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci.

Saboda ƙwarewarsa da jajircewarsa, daga baya ya samu matsayin Major Instructor, wato babban mai koyar da ’yan sanda. Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1938.

==Lambobin yabo==

A lokacin aikinsa, Malam Bako ya samu lambobin yabo daban-daban saboda hidimarsa da aikin da ya gudanar. Daga cikin lambobin da aka ambata a tarihin akwai:

- African General Service Medal.
- African Police Medal.
- Jubilee Medal ta shekarar 1936.
- Lambar yabo da ta shafi hidima, kyakkyawar ɗabi’a da aiki a rundunar ’yan sanda da kashe gobara ta mulkin mallaka.

Ya kamata a tabbatar da cikakkun sunayen lambobin yabon nan daga takardun tarihi domin a rubuta su daidai.

==Neman ilimi==

Baya ga aikin ’yan sanda, Malam Bako ya kasance mutum mai sha’awar karatu da neman ilimi. Ya iya karatu da rubutu, kuma ya san yadda ake amfani da na’urar buga rubutu.

Duk da nauyin aikinsa, bai yi watsi da neman ilimi ba. A cewar bayanan da aka bayar, a shekarar 1920 yakan hau keke ya bi ta unguwar Lebura zuwa Kangiwa domin karatu a wajen Malam Hurdi. Ya kuma yi karatu a wajen malamai daban-daban, inda ya koyi fannoni masu yawa.

An bayyana cewa ya kasance mai sayen littattafai da tara su, har ya zama yana da tarin littattafai masu yawa. Wannan sha’awa tasa ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa iliminsa a fannoni daban-daban.

==Shugabancin Mixed Court==

Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin ’yan sanda a shekarar 1938, an naɗa Malam Bako shugaban kotun Mixed Court a watan Mayun 1940.

A lokacin shugabancinsa, kotun ta samu ci gaba, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar. An danganta wannan ci gaba da yadda yake gudanar da al’amuran kotun bisa gaskiya da riƙon amana.

An kuma ruwaito cewa Mista McCallum, wani jami’in mulkin mallaka da ke aiki a lokacin, ya yaba da rawar da Malam Bako ya taka wajen inganta martabar kotun a idon jama’ar Kaduna.

==Sarautar Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna==

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Mixed Court, an naɗa Malam Bako Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. A cewar bayanan tarihin, Sarkin Zazzau Jafaru ne ya naɗa shi sarautar a Zariya, bayan Magaji Muhammad Sambo ya samu ƙarin girma.

Ya riƙe sarautar har zuwa ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1956.

==Iyali==

Malam Bako Ibrahim shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, wanda ya zama gwamnan mulkin soja na Jihar Kano daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma bar wasu ’ya’ya shida, waɗanda suka haɗa da:

1. Amadu Argungun (Ɗan Boyi).
2. Alhaji Audu Bako.
3. Mairamu (Kurundu).
4. Balarabe Bako.
5. Sani Bako.
6. Amina.
7. Rabiu Bako.

==Rasuwarsa==

Malam Bako Ibrahim ya rasu a shekarar 1968, yana da kusan shekaru 90 bisa shekarar haihuwarsa da aka bayar.

An tuna da shi a tarihin iyalinsa da na Kaduna a matsayin tsohon jami’in ’yan sanda, mai sha’awar ilimi, shugaban kotu, kuma Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna.

==Manazarta==

1. Yusuf Nadabo, Tarihin Garin Kaduna da Kewaye. 

2. Bayanan tarihin da aka gada daga Alhaji Musa Badayi da Hajiya Halima Musa Badayi, 

3. Takardun aikin Malam Bako Ibrahim da bayanan lambobin yabonsa,

4.Haruna, Suleiman. The Kano State of Audu Bako. 1998. Sashe na farko: “Mallam Bako (His Father).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>964923</id>
      <parentid>964921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
      <origin>964923</origin>
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      <text bytes="5157" sha1="bx3hipuq7a7m6di0x2m90u8k0dcntmo" xml:space="preserve">Malam Bako Ibrahim[[File:Malam Bako Ibrahim, Mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako.jpg|thumb|Malam Bako Ibrahim (kimanin 1878–1968), tsohon jami’in ’yan sanda, shugaban Mixed Court kuma Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. Shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na Jihar Kano.]]

Malam Bako Ibrahim (kimanin 1878–1968), wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci Malam Bako, ɗan asalin Argungu ne a yankin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a rundunar ’yan sandan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, inda ya kai matsayin babban mai horar da ’yan sanda. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin ’yan sanda, ya shugabanci kotun Mixed Court a Kaduna, sannan ya zama Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. Shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Kano.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko==

An haifi Malam Bako Ibrahim a kusan shekarar 1878 a Argungu, yankin da ke cikin Jihar Kebbi ta yanzu. A cewar tarihin da aka bayar, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka isa Argungu, Sarkin Argungu ya ba su Malam Bako domin ya taimaka musu da nuna musu hanyoyin yankin. Daga baya, Turawan sun nemi a bar shi tare da su domin ya riƙa kula da dawakan su.

A lokacin da yake wannan aiki, Turawan sun lura da ƙwazonsa da basirarsa, abin da ya taimaka wajen shigar da shi aikin ’yan sanda.

==Aikin ’yan sanda==

Malam Bako ya shiga aikin ’yan sanda a Sakkwato a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1903. Ya shafe shekaru 34 da watanni biyar da kwanaki 26 yana aikin gwamnati, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar.

A cikin shekarun aikinsa, ya samu ƙarin girma a matakai daban-daban. A shekarar 1904, bayan kusan shekara guda da fara aikinsa, ya samu matsayin Saje. Daga baya, a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1907, ya samu matsayin Samanja.

Yana daga cikin jami’an da suka taka rawa a ayyukan farko da suka shafi kafa birnin Kaduna. A lokacin da yake matsayin Samanja, an mayar da shi daga Dungurun zuwa Kaduna.

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1914, ya samu matsayin Saje Manjo, sannan a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1915, ya kai matsayin Regimental Sergeant Major, wanda aka fi sani da Rejimanci.

Saboda ƙwarewarsa da jajircewarsa, daga baya ya samu matsayin Major Instructor, wato babban mai koyar da ’yan sanda. Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1938.

==Lambobin yabo==

A lokacin aikinsa, Malam Bako ya samu lambobin yabo daban-daban saboda hidimarsa da aikin da ya gudanar. Daga cikin lambobin da aka ambata a tarihin akwai:

- African General Service Medal.
- African Police Medal.
- Jubilee Medal ta shekarar 1936.
- Lambar yabo da ta shafi hidima, kyakkyawar ɗabi’a da aiki a rundunar ’yan sanda da kashe gobara ta mulkin mallaka.

Ya kamata a tabbatar da cikakkun sunayen lambobin yabon nan daga takardun tarihi domin a rubuta su daidai.

==Neman ilimi==

Baya ga aikin ’yan sanda, Malam Bako ya kasance mutum mai sha’awar karatu da neman ilimi. Ya iya karatu da rubutu, kuma ya san yadda ake amfani da na’urar buga rubutu.

Duk da nauyin aikinsa, bai yi watsi da neman ilimi ba. A cewar bayanan da aka bayar, a shekarar 1920 yakan hau keke ya bi ta unguwar Lebura zuwa Kangiwa domin karatu a wajen Malam Hurdi. Ya kuma yi karatu a wajen malamai daban-daban, inda ya koyi fannoni masu yawa.

An bayyana cewa ya kasance mai sayen littattafai da tara su, har ya zama yana da tarin littattafai masu yawa. Wannan sha’awa tasa ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa iliminsa a fannoni daban-daban.

==Shugabancin Mixed Court==

Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin ’yan sanda a shekarar 1938, an naɗa Malam Bako shugaban kotun Mixed Court a watan Mayun 1940.

A lokacin shugabancinsa, kotun ta samu ci gaba, bisa bayanan tarihin da aka bayar. An danganta wannan ci gaba da yadda yake gudanar da al’amuran kotun bisa gaskiya da riƙon amana.

An kuma ruwaito cewa Mista McCallum, wani jami’in mulkin mallaka da ke aiki a lokacin, ya yaba da rawar da Malam Bako ya taka wajen inganta martabar kotun a idon jama’ar Kaduna.

==Sarautar Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna==

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Mixed Court, an naɗa Malam Bako Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna. A cewar bayanan tarihin, Sarkin Zazzau Jafaru ne ya naɗa shi sarautar a Zariya, bayan Magaji Muhammad Sambo ya samu ƙarin girma.

Ya riƙe sarautar har zuwa ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1956.

==Iyali==

Malam Bako Ibrahim shi ne mahaifin Alhaji Audu Bako, wanda ya zama gwamnan mulkin soja na Jihar Kano daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma bar wasu ’ya’ya shida, waɗanda suka haɗa da:

1. Amadu Argungun (Ɗan Boyi).
2. Alhaji Audu Bako.
3. Mairamu (Kurundu).
4. Balarabe Bako.
5. Sani Bako.
6. Amina.
7. Rabiu Bako.

==Rasuwarsa==

Malam Bako Ibrahim ya rasu a shekarar 1968, yana da kusan shekaru 90 bisa shekarar haihuwarsa da aka bayar.

An tuna da shi a tarihin iyalinsa da na Kaduna a matsayin tsohon jami’in ’yan sanda, mai sha’awar ilimi, shugaban kotu, kuma Sarkin Sabon Garin Kaduna.

==Manazarta==

1. Yusuf Nadabo, Tarihin Garin Kaduna da Kewaye. 

2. Bayanan tarihin da aka gada daga Alhaji Musa Badayi da Hajiya Halima Musa Badayi, 

3. Takardun aikin Malam Bako Ibrahim da bayanan lambobin yabonsa,

4.Haruna, Suleiman. The Kano State of Audu Bako. 1998. Sashe na farko: “Mallam Bako (His Father).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gundumar Makarantar Brandywine</title>
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        <username>Baffa ali</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371140327|Brandywine School District]]&quot;</comment>
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'''gundumar makaranta Brandywine''' (abbreviated '''BSD''') gundumar makarantar jama'a ce a arewacin New Castle County, [[Delaware]] a Amurka .

Yana aiki da Arden, Ardencroft, Ardentown, Bellefonte, Claymont, Edgemoor, &lt;ref name=&quot;SDmap2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: New Castle County, DE |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st10_de/schooldistrict_maps/c10003_new_castle/DC20SD_C10003.pdf |access-date=2021-06-18 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talleyville, &lt;ref name=&quot;TalleyvilleCDPmap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1990 COUNTY BLOCK MAP (RECREATED): NEW CASTLE County |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk1990/st10_Delaware/10003_NewCastle/90B10003_000.pdf |access-date=2021-07-04 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}} - Talleyville is on [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk1990/st10_Delaware/10003_NewCastle/90B10003_003.pdf page 3]. Compare to the school boundary maps.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma yankin arewa maso gabashin birnin Wilmington. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da Brandywine Hundred . Girman yankinta shine murabba'in mil 33 (85 ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Brandywine School District! |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/domain/32 |access-date=2021-07-04 |publisher=Brandywine School District}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ofisoshin gudanarwa suna cikin wani yanki da ba a kafa shi ba, kuma yana da adireshin gidan waya na Wilmington.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |publisher=Brandywine School District |quote=1311 Brandywine Boulevard Wilmington, DE 19809}} - The address does not match any municipalities, despite the Wilmington, DE address.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gundumar kuma tana ba da shirin da aka sani da shirin mai baiwa da baiwa. Shirin na yara ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta game da ayyukan matakin digiri. Akwai makarantu uku da ke shiga cikin wannan shirin: Mount Pleasant Elementary School, Claymont Elementary School. Mount Pleasant High School da Talley Middle School suna ba da Shirin Baccalaureate na Duniya ga ɗaliban da ke gwadawa cikin shirin.

== Tarihi ==
 
An kafa shi a cikin 1981, ya ɗauki wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Gundumar Makarantar New Castle County . &lt;ref name=&quot;Delgovhist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Castle County School District |url=https://archives.delaware.gov/delaware-agency-histories/new-castle-county-school-district/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |publisher=Government of Delaware}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000 hukumar makarantar ta sayi kwangilar mai kula da Joseph P. DeJohn don ya tafi, kuma hukumar tana da niyyar zabar sabon mai kula. A wannan shekarar Al Mascitti, wani marubuci na The News Journal, ya bayyana cewa hukumar makarantar &quot;ta fara bi da gundumar kamar firiji mai wari&quot;.

== Gudanarwa ==
mai kula da yanzu shine Dokta Lisa Lawson . Shugaban kwamitin ilimi na yanzu shine Ralph Ackerman, kuma mataimakin shugaban yanzu shine Dr. Shawn Jegede . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Meet the School Board |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/Page/2432 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828210828/https://www.brandywineschools.org/Page/2432 |archive-date=2020-08-28 |access-date=2020-08-28 |website= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yawan jama'a ==
A cikin shekarar makaranta ta 2019-2020, gundumar ta yi rajistar dalibai 10,500 kuma ta dauki malamai 919 don rabo daga dalibi zuwa malami na kusan 11.43:1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Welcome to the Brandywine School District! |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/domain/32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903213737/https://www.brandywineschools.org/domain/32 |archive-date=2020-09-03 |access-date=2020-09-03 |website=Brandywine School District}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin 2012 da 2016 an rubuta cewa ɗalibai 66% Caucasian, 22% Afirka-Amurka, 5% Asiya, da 4% Hispanic ko Latino. A cikin gundumar a wannan lokacin 12.5% na iyalai suna da kudin shiga a ƙasa da Matsayin talauci, kuma 21.9% suna karɓar fa'idodin Food Stamp / SNAP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACS-ED: Brandywine School District Demographic Dashboard 2012-2016 |url=https://nces.ed.gov/Programs/Edge/ACSDashboard/1001240 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=EDGE: Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwa ==
Gundumar makarantar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da shirin Jami'ar Delaware TeenSHARP don taimakawa wajen shirya ɗaliban da aka zaɓa a cikin gundumar don manyan kwalejoji, inda ɗalibai ke shiga har zuwa karatun kwaleji biyu a kowace shekara ta makaranta, har zuwa shekaru 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Yvonne |date=November 3, 2017 |title=Our schools should challenge kids so they're ready for college: Delaware Voice |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/11/03/our-schools-should-challenge-kids-so-theyre-ready-college-delaware-voice/829402001/ |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=delawareonline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==

; Makarantu masu girma (ƙasa 9-12) 

* Makarantar Sakandare ta Brandywine
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Concord
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Mount Pleasant

; Makarantu na tsakiya (ƙasa 6-8) 

* Makarantar Tsakiya ta P.S. duPont
* Makarantar Tsakiya ta Springer
* [https://www.brandywineschools.org/talley Makarantar Tsakiya ta Talley]

; Makarantun firamare (digiri K-5) 

[[File:David_W._Harlan_Elementary_School_in_Wilmington,_Delaware.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Firamare ta David W. Harlan]]

* Makarantar Firamare ta Carrcroft
* Makarantar Firamare ta Claymont
* Makarantar Firamare ta Forwood
* Makarantar Firamare ta Hanby
* Makarantar Firamare ta Harlan
* Makarantar Firamare ta Lancashire
* Makarantar Firamare ta Lombardy
* Makarantar Firamare ta Maple Lane
* Makarantar Firamare ta Mount Pleasant

; Shirye-shiryen makarantar sakandare (PreK) 

* Cibiyar Ilimi ta Farko ta Charles W. Bush
* Shirin Taimako na Yara na Joseph Brumskill (ECAP) 

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==
A shekara ta 2006, an kama malamin makarantar firamare ta Claymont saboda fyade na farko, da kuma samar da barasa ga ƙarami, bayan an gano cewa ta yi jima'i da ɗalibin namiji mai shekaru 13 sau ashirin da takwas. Ta kuma ba da izinin abokiyar yaron mai shekaru 12 ya kalli su kuma ya ba su barasa. Ta yi ikirarin aikata laifuka guda daya na fyade na biyu kuma ta sami mafi ƙarancin shekaru 10 da aka yanke mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Teacher charged with raping student 28 times |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/04/04/teacher.sex/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406112706/http://edition.cnn.com:80/2006/LAW/04/04/teacher.sex/index.html |archive-date=2006-04-06 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Commutation denied in teacher sex case |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/02/28/commutation-denied-in-teacher-sex-case/5919637/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106195806/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/02/28/commutation-denied-in-teacher-sex-case/5919637/ |archive-date=2022-01-06 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shigar da karar tarayya a kan gundumar a cikin 2016, yayin da aka gano makamai da kuma binciken da ya biyo baya a cikin jakar dalibai, ya haifar da dakatar da makaranta na kwanaki 5. Bayan an gano kuskuren ganewa mahaifin ya ɗaga karar yiwuwar keta Kwaskwarima ta huɗu, lokacin da ya gano cewa dakatarwar za ta kasance a cikin rikodin 'ya'yansa maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hale Spencer |first=Saranac |date=April 6, 2016 |title=Brandywine School District faces civil rights suit |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/education/2016/04/06/brandywine-faces-civil-rights-suit/82697274/ |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=delawareonline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shari'ar ta haifar, ga dalibai da dukiyarsu ba za a iya bincika su ba tare da iyaye ko mai kula da su ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cherry |first=Amy |date=May 2017 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Brandywine School District changes policy after alleged unconstitutional search of student results in lawsuit |url=https://www.wdel.com/news/exclusive-brandywine-school-district-changes-policy-after-alleged-unconstitutional-search/article_99cbfc8c-2c51-11e7-99aa-1f8d805031e3.html |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=WDEL 101.7FM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, an ƙaddamar da wata motar bas ta makaranta mai launin shuɗi don taimakawa ciyar da ɗalibai a lokacin bazara lokacin da makaranta ba ta aiki, kuma an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar Shirin Sabis na Abinci na Lokacin bazara na USDA . Mai Kula da Gina Jiki na Makarantu, Pam Gouge, ya nuna buƙatar motar bas ɗin yayin da kusan rabin ɗaliban gundumomi suka cancanci cin abincin rana kyauta ko rage farashi, kuma Bankin Abinci ya janye daga yankunan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sophia |date=3 June 2018 |title=Brandywine School District to feed kids with food bus this summer |url=https://www.delawarepublic.org/post/brandywine-school-district-feed-kids-food-bus-summer |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=www.delawarepublic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar kuma gundumar ta shiga cikin gasar National School Walkout, wadda waɗanda suka tsira daga harbin makarantar sakandare ta Marjory Stoneman Douglas suka shirya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cherry |first=Amy |date=22 February 2018 |title=Brandywine will support National School Walkout, while Caesar Rodney declines |url=https://www.wdel.com/news/brandywine-will-support-national-school-walkout-while-caesar-rodney-declines/article_0608d830-1814-11e8-9706-338b30cf2e74.html |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=WDEL 101.7FM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019 an sanar da cewa an gayyaci wani ɗalibi daga gundumar ya zauna tare da [[Melania Trump]] don jawabin Jihar Tarayyar Amurka na 2019, bayan rahotanni sun ce an yi masa cin zarafi saboda yana da suna iri ɗaya da [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Donald Trump]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Boy bullied over Trump name to be president's guest at State of the Union |url=https://kdvr.com/2019/02/05/boy-bullied-over-trump-name-to-be-presidents-guest-at-state-of-the-union/ |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=FOX31 Denver |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an kai dalibai biyu na 8th zuwa asibiti bayan sun sha marijuana gummies a makarantar Springer Middle School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=on 6abc |first=Action News |date=2022-11-17 |title=Two 8th graders taken to hospital after ingesting marijuana gummies at school |url=https://headtopics.com/us/two-8th-graders-taken-to-hospital-after-ingesting-marijuana-gummies-at-school-31805618 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Head Topics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''gundumar makaranta Brandywine''' (abbreviated '''BSD''') gundumar makarantar jama'a ce a arewacin New Castle County, [[Delaware]] a Amurka .

Yana aiki da Arden, Ardencroft, Ardentown, Bellefonte, Claymont, Edgemoor, &lt;ref name=&quot;SDmap2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: New Castle County, DE |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st10_de/schooldistrict_maps/c10003_new_castle/DC20SD_C10003.pdf |access-date=2021-06-18 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Talleyville, &lt;ref name=&quot;TalleyvilleCDPmap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1990 COUNTY BLOCK MAP (RECREATED): NEW CASTLE County |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk1990/st10_Delaware/10003_NewCastle/90B10003_000.pdf |access-date=2021-07-04 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}} - Talleyville is on [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk1990/st10_Delaware/10003_NewCastle/90B10003_003.pdf page 3]. Compare to the school boundary maps.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma yankin arewa maso gabashin birnin Wilmington. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da Brandywine Hundred . Girman yankinta shine murabba'in mil 33 (85 ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Brandywine School District! |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/domain/32 |access-date=2021-07-04 |publisher=Brandywine School District}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ofisoshin gudanarwa suna cikin wani yanki da ba a kafa shi ba, kuma yana da adireshin gidan waya na Wilmington.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |publisher=Brandywine School District |quote=1311 Brandywine Boulevard Wilmington, DE 19809}} - The address does not match any municipalities, despite the Wilmington, DE address.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gundumar kuma tana ba da shirin da aka sani da shirin mai baiwa da baiwa. Shirin na yara ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta game da ayyukan matakin digiri. Akwai makarantu uku da ke shiga cikin wannan shirin: Mount Pleasant Elementary School, Claymont Elementary School. Mount Pleasant High School da Talley Middle School suna ba da Shirin Baccalaureate na Duniya ga ɗaliban da ke gwadawa cikin shirin.

== Tarihi ==
 
An kafa shi a cikin 1981, ya ɗauki wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Gundumar Makarantar New Castle County . &lt;ref name=&quot;Delgovhist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Castle County School District |url=https://archives.delaware.gov/delaware-agency-histories/new-castle-county-school-district/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |publisher=Government of Delaware}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000 hukumar makarantar ta sayi kwangilar mai kula da Joseph P. DeJohn don ya tafi, kuma hukumar tana da niyyar zabar sabon mai kula. A wannan shekarar Al Mascitti, wani marubuci na The News Journal, ya bayyana cewa hukumar makarantar &quot;ta fara bi da gundumar kamar firiji mai wari&quot;.

== Gudanarwa ==
mai kula da yanzu shine Dokta Lisa Lawson . Shugaban kwamitin ilimi na yanzu shine Ralph Ackerman, kuma mataimakin shugaban yanzu shine Dr. Shawn Jegede . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Meet the School Board |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/Page/2432 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828210828/https://www.brandywineschools.org/Page/2432 |archive-date=2020-08-28 |access-date=2020-08-28 |website= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yawan jama'a ==
A cikin shekarar makaranta ta 2019-2020, gundumar ta yi rajistar dalibai 10,500 kuma ta dauki malamai 919 don rabo daga dalibi zuwa malami na kusan 11.43:1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Welcome to the Brandywine School District! |url=https://www.brandywineschools.org/domain/32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903213737/https://www.brandywineschools.org/domain/32 |archive-date=2020-09-03 |access-date=2020-09-03 |website=Brandywine School District}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin 2012 da 2016 an rubuta cewa ɗalibai 66% Caucasian, 22% Afirka-Amurka, 5% Asiya, da 4% Hispanic ko Latino. A cikin gundumar a wannan lokacin 12.5% na iyalai suna da kudin shiga a ƙasa da Matsayin talauci, kuma 21.9% suna karɓar fa'idodin Food Stamp / SNAP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACS-ED: Brandywine School District Demographic Dashboard 2012-2016 |url=https://nces.ed.gov/Programs/Edge/ACSDashboard/1001240 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=EDGE: Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwa ==
Gundumar makarantar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da shirin Jami'ar Delaware TeenSHARP don taimakawa wajen shirya ɗaliban da aka zaɓa a cikin gundumar don manyan kwalejoji, inda ɗalibai ke shiga har zuwa karatun kwaleji biyu a kowace shekara ta makaranta, har zuwa shekaru 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Yvonne |date=November 3, 2017 |title=Our schools should challenge kids so they're ready for college: Delaware Voice |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/11/03/our-schools-should-challenge-kids-so-theyre-ready-college-delaware-voice/829402001/ |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=delawareonline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==

; Makarantu masu girma (ƙasa 9-12) 

* Makarantar Sakandare ta Brandywine
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Concord
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Mount Pleasant

; Makarantu na tsakiya (ƙasa 6-8) 

* Makarantar Tsakiya ta P.S. duPont
* Makarantar Tsakiya ta Springer
* [https://www.brandywineschools.org/talley Makarantar Tsakiya ta Talley]

; Makarantun firamare (digiri K-5) 

[[File:David_W._Harlan_Elementary_School_in_Wilmington,_Delaware.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Firamare ta David W. Harlan]]

* Makarantar Firamare ta Carrcroft
* Makarantar Firamare ta Claymont
* Makarantar Firamare ta Forwood
* Makarantar Firamare ta Hanby
* Makarantar Firamare ta Harlan
* Makarantar Firamare ta Lancashire
* Makarantar Firamare ta Lombardy
* Makarantar Firamare ta Maple Lane
* Makarantar Firamare ta Mount Pleasant

; Shirye-shiryen makarantar sakandare (PreK) 

* Cibiyar Ilimi ta Farko ta Charles W. Bush
* Shirin Taimako na Yara na Joseph Brumskill (ECAP) 

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==
A shekara ta 2006, an kama malamin makarantar firamare ta Claymont saboda fyade na farko, da kuma samar da barasa ga ƙarami, bayan an gano cewa ta yi jima'i da ɗalibin namiji mai shekaru 13 sau ashirin da takwas. Ta kuma ba da izinin abokiyar yaron mai shekaru 12 ya kalli su kuma ya ba su barasa. Ta yi ikirarin aikata laifuka guda daya na fyade na biyu kuma ta sami mafi ƙarancin shekaru 10 da aka yanke mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Teacher charged with raping student 28 times |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/04/04/teacher.sex/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406112706/http://edition.cnn.com:80/2006/LAW/04/04/teacher.sex/index.html |archive-date=2006-04-06 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 14, 2014 |title=Commutation denied in teacher sex case |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/02/28/commutation-denied-in-teacher-sex-case/5919637/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106195806/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/02/28/commutation-denied-in-teacher-sex-case/5919637/ |archive-date=2022-01-06 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shigar da karar tarayya a kan gundumar a cikin 2016, yayin da aka gano makamai da kuma binciken da ya biyo baya a cikin jakar dalibai, ya haifar da dakatar da makaranta na kwanaki 5. Bayan an gano kuskuren ganewa mahaifin ya ɗaga karar yiwuwar keta Kwaskwarima ta huɗu, lokacin da ya gano cewa dakatarwar za ta kasance a cikin rikodin 'ya'yansa maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hale Spencer |first=Saranac |date=April 6, 2016 |title=Brandywine School District faces civil rights suit |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/education/2016/04/06/brandywine-faces-civil-rights-suit/82697274/ |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=delawareonline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shari'ar ta haifar, ga dalibai da dukiyarsu ba za a iya bincika su ba tare da iyaye ko mai kula da su ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cherry |first=Amy |date=May 2017 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Brandywine School District changes policy after alleged unconstitutional search of student results in lawsuit |url=https://www.wdel.com/news/exclusive-brandywine-school-district-changes-policy-after-alleged-unconstitutional-search/article_99cbfc8c-2c51-11e7-99aa-1f8d805031e3.html |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=WDEL 101.7FM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, an ƙaddamar da wata motar bas ta makaranta mai launin shuɗi don taimakawa ciyar da ɗalibai a lokacin bazara lokacin da makaranta ba ta aiki, kuma an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar Shirin Sabis na Abinci na Lokacin bazara na USDA . Mai Kula da Gina Jiki na Makarantu, Pam Gouge, ya nuna buƙatar motar bas ɗin yayin da kusan rabin ɗaliban gundumomi suka cancanci cin abincin rana kyauta ko rage farashi, kuma Bankin Abinci ya janye daga yankunan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sophia |date=3 June 2018 |title=Brandywine School District to feed kids with food bus this summer |url=https://www.delawarepublic.org/post/brandywine-school-district-feed-kids-food-bus-summer |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=www.delawarepublic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar kuma gundumar ta shiga cikin gasar National School Walkout, wadda waɗanda suka tsira daga harbin makarantar sakandare ta Marjory Stoneman Douglas suka shirya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cherry |first=Amy |date=22 February 2018 |title=Brandywine will support National School Walkout, while Caesar Rodney declines |url=https://www.wdel.com/news/brandywine-will-support-national-school-walkout-while-caesar-rodney-declines/article_0608d830-1814-11e8-9706-338b30cf2e74.html |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=WDEL 101.7FM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019 an sanar da cewa an gayyaci wani ɗalibi daga gundumar ya zauna tare da [[Melania Trump]] don jawabin Jihar Tarayyar Amurka na 2019, bayan rahotanni sun ce an yi masa cin zarafi saboda yana da suna iri ɗaya da [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Donald Trump]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Boy bullied over Trump name to be president's guest at State of the Union |url=https://kdvr.com/2019/02/05/boy-bullied-over-trump-name-to-be-presidents-guest-at-state-of-the-union/ |access-date=2019-02-05 |website=FOX31 Denver |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an kai dalibai biyu na 8th zuwa asibiti bayan sun sha marijuana gummies a makarantar Springer Middle School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=on 6abc |first=Action News |date=2022-11-17 |title=Two 8th graders taken to hospital after ingesting marijuana gummies at school |url=https://headtopics.com/us/two-8th-graders-taken-to-hospital-after-ingesting-marijuana-gummies-at-school-31805618 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Head Topics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Fatima abuba</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964928</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fatima abuba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fatima abuba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964929</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Briotin416! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Briotin416|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Tamara Logisddha</title>
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        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964930</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tamara Logisddha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tamara Logisddha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Fishhead64</title>
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        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964931</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fishhead64! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fishhead64|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ThucManoWitz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ThucManoWitz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="dbmp6f7bn55l7cvaodm3mg80by2qvsq" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Asiya13! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Asiya13|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dbmp6f7bn55l7cvaodm3mg80by2qvsq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bookku</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964934</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="q4swxj26c5p81um49regslg187wh6xe" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bookku! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bookku|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q4swxj26c5p81um49regslg187wh6xe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mivoltz</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964935</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="jhvtwzubldw71xz01vv5jb88iil8mxb" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mivoltz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mivoltz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jhvtwzubldw71xz01vv5jb88iil8mxb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Usman Idris Bamai</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964936</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="lfgi7bjxxvgmav04h0sfoyfetg0dpew" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usman Idris Bamai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usman Idris Bamai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lfgi7bjxxvgmav04h0sfoyfetg0dpew</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Jackspro75</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964937</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="g97ce3rp0gr7c9ix6vn2xiq2nbe4xgr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jackspro75! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jackspro75|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g97ce3rp0gr7c9ix6vn2xiq2nbe4xgr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Fedebrun</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964938</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="j27g5gi2gr1cebnxkxuvemtxzrgck18" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fedebrun! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fedebrun|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j27g5gi2gr1cebnxkxuvemtxzrgck18</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:0308641u</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964939</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="j4asj7qne7q2y8wtd87dlfxmnfem7gy" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 0308641u! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/0308641u|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j4asj7qne7q2y8wtd87dlfxmnfem7gy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Musanura Musa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964940</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="qbuu7mxfog3lyicbea1k96h23kd1fag" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Musanura Musa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Musanura Musa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qbuu7mxfog3lyicbea1k96h23kd1fag</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mujahid isa bello</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964941</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="qn4feizrs2chxi38l1rxc32om8ml6rc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mujahid isa bello! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mujahid isa bello|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qn4feizrs2chxi38l1rxc32om8ml6rc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:PacmanD</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964942</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="ijsr802tvctad5s4zxn36wsfmeivi58" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PacmanD! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PacmanD|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ijsr802tvctad5s4zxn36wsfmeivi58</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:معتبر مورخ</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964943</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="6j0rgcvc2usy7yolsphcn0qubskp46x" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, معتبر مورخ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/معتبر مورخ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6j0rgcvc2usy7yolsphcn0qubskp46x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Patandor</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964944</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1188" sha1="juctalq3opllkn21mizlqflwofk0l2r" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Patandor! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Patandor|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>juctalq3opllkn21mizlqflwofk0l2r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mujahiddin30</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964945</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="o6xdpqxu60v5j7xhd1uymgg2yzmqwau" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mujahiddin30! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mujahiddin30|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>o6xdpqxu60v5j7xhd1uymgg2yzmqwau</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hippolyte Lebas</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964946</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:26:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="27kedbnibh5nwuctqe8w63r5hk4xh8n" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hippolyte Lebas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hippolyte Lebas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>27kedbnibh5nwuctqe8w63r5hk4xh8n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:AndreyKva</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964947</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="pb1qc2rktw29px1w1jmwucdlnuosho3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AndreyKva! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AndreyKva|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pb1qc2rktw29px1w1jmwucdlnuosho3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ishaku lawan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964948</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="gjx0k0gbzlr9s4hhz8dungnp9nwp557" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ishaku lawan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ishaku lawan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gjx0k0gbzlr9s4hhz8dungnp9nwp557</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Usamatu Abibakar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964949</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="g5x5npgjevicxyf108k2i37e9l0o7bv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usamatu Abibakar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usamatu Abibakar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g5x5npgjevicxyf108k2i37e9l0o7bv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sheikh Malam Muhammadu Khalifa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964950</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1232" sha1="caks15qmdje6dwk2hbaqrq9vcgn6zk2" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sheikh Malam Muhammadu Khalifa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sheikh Malam Muhammadu Khalifa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>caks15qmdje6dwk2hbaqrq9vcgn6zk2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Wikiritter</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964951</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:27:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="lbpj8gvqof494ugzk7h1onplk5ju8qd" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wikiritter! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wikiritter|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lbpj8gvqof494ugzk7h1onplk5ju8qd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Westosteel</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964952</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="t0dvibx0pidvf6gfjekm5vkdpd6r4qj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Westosteel! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Westosteel|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t0dvibx0pidvf6gfjekm5vkdpd6r4qj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Alexandraaaacs1989</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964953</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:27:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1208" sha1="efu5teqgnd10hjshmnm3fdvw41r2ybk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alexandraaaacs1989! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alexandraaaacs1989|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>efu5teqgnd10hjshmnm3fdvw41r2ybk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sakai Yayoi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964954</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:27:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964954</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sakai Yayoi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sakai Yayoi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kosher001</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:27:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="5sn8nga35x7u8nmwoxqo6foi2vzdrjz" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kosher001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kosher001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Limbaar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964956</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:27:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="jlz9hivjnrcps0epfudul1xuztyp8om" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Limbaar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Limbaar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jlz9hivjnrcps0epfudul1xuztyp8om</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MRN2electricboogaloo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964957</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1212" sha1="r46j7ioiso3qt6yl33wyxurkjrvu9km" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MRN2electricboogaloo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MRN2electricboogaloo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>r46j7ioiso3qt6yl33wyxurkjrvu9km</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mwidunn</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964958</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1186" sha1="kvu17kjmw03lab9bgbgy3rznh3vw89g" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mwidunn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mwidunn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kvu17kjmw03lab9bgbgy3rznh3vw89g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Nitrotree</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964959</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:28:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="go9w0qwmdrkcc74e8vgilw846tvqrd9" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nitrotree! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nitrotree|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>go9w0qwmdrkcc74e8vgilw846tvqrd9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aabdoul Kadre</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>178632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964960</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:28:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>964960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="fvxzsdq856kr2ynzkatl1m3yodom8ch" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aabdoul Kadre! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aabdoul Kadre|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 8 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ayyuka iri ɗaya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362108921|Homogeneous function]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>964963</origin>
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A cikin [[lissafi]], '''aikin daidaitawa''' aiki ne na masu canji da yawa kamar yadda mai zuwa ya ɗauka: Idan aka ninka kowace hujjar aikin da sikelin iri ɗaya, to ƙimar aikin za ta ninka ta wani ƙarfin wannan sikelin; ana kiran ikon '''matakin daidaituwa''', ko kuma kawai ''digiri'' . Wato, idan k lamba ce, aikin f na masu canji na n yayi kama da digiri k idan

: &lt;math&gt;f(sx_1,\ldots, sx_n)=s^k f(x_1,\ldots, x_n)&lt;/math&gt;

ga kowane &lt;math&gt;x_1, \ldots, x_n,&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;s\ne 0.&lt;/math&gt; Ana kuma kiran wannan aikin aiki mai kama ''da na k th'' ko ''k th order'' .

Misali, polynomial mai kama da juna na digiri k yana bayyana aikin kama da juna na digiri k .

Ma'anar da ke sama ta shafi ayyuka waɗanda yankinsu da yankin haɗin gwiwa sune sararin vector akan filin F : aiki &lt;math&gt;f : V \to W&lt;/math&gt; tsakanin sarari biyu F -vector ''iri ɗaya'' ne da digiri &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; idan

 
ga duk wanda ba sifili ba &lt;math&gt;s \in F&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;v \in V.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan ma'anar sau da yawa ana ƙara faɗaɗa ta zuwa ga ayyuka waɗanda yankinsu ba V ba ne, amma mazugi a cikin V, wato, ƙaramin rukuni C na V kamar haka &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{v}\in C&lt;/math&gt; yana nufin &lt;math&gt;s \mathbf{v}\in C&lt;/math&gt; ga kowane s da ba sifili ba.

A yanayin ayyukan masu canji na gaske da dama da kuma sararin vector na gaske, sau da yawa ana la'akari da wani nau'in haɗin kai na gaba ɗaya da ake kira '''homogeneity mai kyau''', ta hanyar buƙatar kawai asalin da ke sama su riƙe. &lt;math&gt;s &gt; 0,&lt;/math&gt; da kuma barin kowace lamba ta gaske k a matsayin wani mataki na daidaito. Kowane aiki na gaske mai kama da juna yana ''da kama da juna'' . Ba gaskiya ba ne, amma gaskiya ne a cikin gida ta hanyar ma'anar cewa (ga digiri na lamba) nau'ikan haɗin kai guda biyu ba za a iya bambanta su ba ta hanyar la'akari da halayen aiki kusa da wani wuri da aka bayar.

Daidaito akan sararin vector na gaske misali ne na aikin da ya yi kama da juna wanda ba shi da kama da juna. Wani lamari na musamman shine cikakken ƙimar lambobi na gaske. Adadin polynomials guda biyu masu kama da juna waɗanda suke da digiri ɗaya yana ba da misali na aikin sifili mai kama da juna. Wannan misali yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'anar tsare-tsaren hangen nesa .

== Ma'anoni ==
An fara gabatar da manufar aikin da ya yi kama da juna don ayyukan masu canji na gaske da dama . Tare da ma'anar sararin vector a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an faɗaɗa ra'ayin ta hanyar halitta zuwa ayyuka tsakanin sararin vector, tunda ana iya ɗaukar tarin ƙimar masu canzawa a matsayin vector mai daidaitawa . Wannan ra'ayi ne na gabaɗaya wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Akwai ma'anoni guda biyu da aka saba amfani da su. Na gaba ɗaya yana aiki don sararin vector akan filayen da ba a sabani ba, kuma an iyakance shi ga matakan daidaituwa waɗanda suke lambobi ne .

Na biyun yana tsammanin zai yi aiki a kan fagen lambobi na gaske, ko kuma, gabaɗaya, a kan filin da aka tsara . Wannan ma'anar tana takaita ga kyawawan dabi'u, wato scaling factor da ke faruwa a cikin ma'anar, saboda haka ana kiransa positive homogeneity, sau da yawa ana cire positive na cancanta idan babu haɗarin ruɗani. Daidaito mai kyau yana haifar da la'akari da ƙarin ayyuka a matsayin kama-da-wane. Misali, cikakkiyar ƙima da dukkan ƙa'idodi ayyuka ne masu kama da juna waɗanda ba su yi kama da juna ba.

Takaita ma'aunin sikelin zuwa ainihin ƙimomin tabbatacce yana ba da damar yin la'akari da ayyukan haɗin kai waɗanda matakin haɗin kai shine kowane lamba ta gaske.

=== Daidaito gabaɗaya ===
Bari V da W su zama sarari biyu na vector a kan filin F Mazugi mai layi a cikin V ƙaramin yanki ne na C na V kamar haka &lt;math&gt;sx\in C&lt;/math&gt; ga kowa &lt;math&gt;x\in C&lt;/math&gt; kuma duk babu sifili &lt;math&gt;s\in F.&lt;/math&gt;

''Aikin da ya yi kama da'' f daga V zuwa W aiki ne na ɗan lokaci daga V zuwa W wanda ke da mazugi mai layi C a matsayin yankinsa, kuma yana gamsarwa

: &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = s^kf(x)&lt;/math&gt;

ga wani adadi k, kowanne &lt;math&gt;x\in C,&lt;/math&gt; kuma duk wani abu da ba sifili ba &lt;math&gt;s\in F.&lt;/math&gt; Ana kiran lamba k ''matakin daidaito'', ko kuma kawai ''matakin'' f .

Misali na misali na aikin daidaito na digiri k shine aikin da aka ayyana ta hanyar polynomial mai kama da juna na digiri k . Aikin hankali wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar quotient na polynomials guda biyu masu kama da juna aiki ne mai kama da juna; digirinsa shine bambancin digiri na mai ƙidaya da mai ƙidaya; mazubin ma'anarsa shine mazubin layi na maki inda ƙimar ma'aunin ba sifili bane.

Ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin lissafi na projective tunda duk wani aiki mai kama da juna f daga V zuwa W yana bayyana aiki mai kyau tsakanin projectiveizations na V da W Ayyukan hankali masu kama da juna na digiri sifili (waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar adadin polynomial guda biyu masu kama da juna na digiri ɗaya) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gina Proj na tsare-tsaren projective .

=== Daidaito mai kyau ===
Lokacin aiki akan lambobi na gaske, ko kuma gabaɗaya akan filin da aka tsara, yana da sauƙin la'akari da ''daidaito mai kyau'', ma'anar tana daidai da wacce ke cikin sashin da ya gabata, tare da maye gurbin &quot;nonzero s &quot; da &quot; s &gt; 0 &quot; a cikin ma'anonin mazugi mai layi da aikin iri ɗaya.

Wannan canjin yana ba da damar yin la'akari da (tabbatacce) ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna tare da kowace lamba ta gaske a matsayin digirinsu, tunda an bayyana fifikon da ke da tushe mai kyau na gaske.

Ko da a yanayin digiri na lamba, akwai ayyuka masu amfani da yawa waɗanda suke da kamanceceniya ba tare da kasancewa iri ɗaya ba. Wannan, musamman, shine batun cikakken aikin ƙima da ƙa'idodi, waɗanda duk suna da kama da juna a mataki 1 . Ba su da kamanceceniya tun lokacin da &lt;math&gt;|-x|=|x|\neq -|x|&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;x\neq 0.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan ya kasance gaskiya a cikin yanayin rikitarwa, tunda fagen lambobi masu rikitarwa &lt;math&gt;\C&lt;/math&gt; kuma kowace sarkakiya ta vector za a iya ɗaukarta a matsayin ainihin sararin vector.

Ka'idar aiki iri ɗaya ta Euler siffa ce ta ayyuka masu kama da juna masu kama da juna, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin ''ka'idar asali akan ayyuka iri ɗaya'' .

== Misalai ==
[[File:HomogeneousDiscontinuousFunction.gif|thumb| Aikin da ya yi kama da juna ba lallai bane ya ci gaba, kamar yadda wannan misali ya nuna. Wannan shine aikin &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; an ayyana ta &lt;math&gt;f(x,y) = x&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;xy &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;f(x, y) = 0&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;xy \leq 0.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan aikin yayi kama da digiri na 1, wato, &lt;math&gt;f(s x, s y) = s f(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; ga kowace lamba ta gaske &lt;math&gt;s, x, y.&lt;/math&gt; Yana da ci gaba a &lt;math&gt;y = 0, x \neq 0.&lt;/math&gt;]]

=== Misali mai sauƙi ===
Aikin &lt;math&gt;f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2&lt;/math&gt; yayi kama da digiri na 2: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(tx, ty) = (tx)^2 + (ty)^2 = t^2 \left(x^2 + y^2\right) = t^2 f(x, y).&lt;/math&gt;

=== Cikakken ƙima da ƙa'idodi ===
Cikakken ƙimar lamba ta gaske aiki ne mai kama da juna na digiri 1, wanda ba iri ɗaya ba ne, tunda &lt;math&gt;|sx|=s|x|&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;s&gt;0,&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;|sx|=-s|x|&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;s&lt;0.&lt;/math&gt;

Cikakken ƙimar lamba mai rikitarwa aiki ne mai kama da juna na digiri &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; akan lambobin gaske (wato, idan aka yi la'akari da lambobi masu rikitarwa a matsayin sararin vector akan lambobin gaske). Ba iri ɗaya ba ne, a kan ainihin lambobi da kuma a kan lambobi masu rikitarwa.

Gabaɗaya, kowane tsari da rabin tsari aiki ne mai kama da juna na digiri 1 wanda ba aikin iri ɗaya ba ne. Dangane da cikakkiyar ƙima, idan an ayyana ƙa'ida ko rabin-tsari akan sararin vector akan lambobi masu rikitarwa, dole ne a ɗauki wannan sararin vector a matsayin sararin vector akan ainihin lambar don amfani da ma'anar aikin da ya yi kama da mai kyau.

=== Taswirorin layi ===
Kowace taswira mai layi &lt;math&gt;f : V \to W&lt;/math&gt; tsakanin sararin vector a kan filin F yayi kama da digiri na 1, ta hanyar ma'anar layi: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(\alpha \mathbf{v}) = \alpha f(\mathbf{v})&lt;/math&gt; ga kowa &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in {F}&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;v \in V.&lt;/math&gt;

Hakazalika, duk wani aiki mai layi-layi &lt;math&gt;f : V_1 \times V_2 \times \cdots V_n \to W&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;n,&lt;/math&gt; ta hanyar ma'anar multilinearity: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f\left(\alpha \mathbf{v}_1, \ldots, \alpha \mathbf{v}_n\right) = \alpha^n f(\mathbf{v}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{v}_n)&lt;/math&gt; ga kowa &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in {F}&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;v_1 \in V_1, v_2 \in V_2, \ldots, v_n \in V_n.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Haɗaɗɗen polynomials ===
Monomials a cikin &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; masu canji suna bayyana ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna &lt;math&gt;f : \mathbb{F}^n \to \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt; Misali, &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(x, y, z) = x^5 y^2 z^3 \,&lt;/math&gt; yayi kama da digiri na 10 tun daga lokacin &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(\alpha x, \alpha y, \alpha z) = (\alpha x)^5(\alpha y)^2(\alpha z)^3 = \alpha^{10} x^5 y^2 z^3 = \alpha^{10} f(x, y, z). \,&lt;/math&gt; Digiri shine jimlar ma'auni akan masu canji; a cikin wannan misalin, &lt;math&gt;10 = 5 + 2 + 3.&lt;/math&gt;

Polynomial mai kama da juna polynomial ne wanda aka yi shi da jimlar monomials iri ɗaya. Misali, &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x^5 + 2x^3 y^2 + 9xy^4&lt;/math&gt; polynomial ne mai kama da juna na digiri na 5. Haɗaɗɗen polynomials kuma suna bayyana ayyukan haɗin kai.

An ba da polynomial na digiri iri ɗaya &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; tare da ainihin ma'auni waɗanda ke ɗaukar ƙima mai kyau kawai, mutum yana samun aikin daidaito mai kyau na digiri &lt;math&gt;k/d&lt;/math&gt; ta hanyar ɗaukaka shi zuwa ga ƙarfi &lt;math&gt;1 / d.&lt;/math&gt; Misali, aikin da ke ƙasa yayi kama da na digiri na 1 amma ba iri ɗaya ba: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\left(x^2 + y^2 + z^2\right)^\frac{1}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Mafi ƙaranci/matsakaicin ===
Ga kowace saitin nauyi &lt;math&gt;w_1,\dots,w_n,&lt;/math&gt; Ayyukan da ke ƙasa suna da kamanceceniya da digiri na 1, amma ba iri ɗaya ba ne:

* &lt;math&gt;\min\left(\frac{x_1}{w_1}, \dots, \frac{x_n}{w_n}\right)&lt;/math&gt; ( Kamfanonin Leontief )
* &lt;math&gt;\max\left(\frac{x_1}{w_1}, \dots, \frac{x_n}{w_n}\right)&lt;/math&gt;

Ayyukan hankali da aka samar a matsayin rabon polynomials guda biyu homogeneous ayyuka ne masu kama da juna a yankinsu, wato, daga mazubin layi da sifili na ma'aunin ƙididdiga suka samar. Don haka, idan &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;n,&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;f / g&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;m - n&lt;/math&gt; nesa da sifili na &lt;math&gt;g.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Ba misalai ba ===
Ayyukan gaske masu kama da juna na ma'auni ɗaya suna da siffar &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto cx^k&lt;/math&gt; don wani lokaci c . Don haka, aikin affine &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto x+5,&lt;/math&gt; logarithm na halitta &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto \ln(x),&lt;/math&gt; da kuma aikin exponential &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto e^x&lt;/math&gt; ba iri ɗaya ba ne.

== Ka'idar Euler ==
A takaice dai, '''ka'idar aiki iri ɗaya ta Euler''' ta tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna masu kyau na wani mataki da aka bayar su ne ainihin mafita ga takamaiman lissafin bambanci na ɓangare . Daidaito:
  
Sakamakon haka, idan &lt;math&gt;f : \R^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; yana ci gaba da bambantawa kuma yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;k,&lt;/math&gt; abubuwan da aka samo daga ɓangaren farko &lt;math&gt;\partial f/\partial x_i&lt;/math&gt; suna kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;k - 1.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Euler ta hanyar bambance bambancin kashi dangane da ma'auni ɗaya.

Idan akwai aiki na ainihin ma'auni guda ɗaya ( &lt;math&gt;n = 1&lt;/math&gt; ), ka'idar tana nufin cewa aikin digiri k mai ci gaba da bambancewa da kuma kyakkyawan aiki yana da siffar &lt;math&gt;f(x)=c_+ x^k&lt;/math&gt; don &lt;math&gt;x&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;f(x)=c_- x^k&lt;/math&gt; don &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0.&lt;/math&gt; Madaidaitan abubuwa &lt;math&gt;c_+&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;c_-&lt;/math&gt; ba lallai ba ne su zama iri ɗaya, kamar yadda yake ga cikakkiyar ƙimar .

== Amfani da lissafi daban-daban ==
Sauyawar &lt;math&gt;v = y / x&lt;/math&gt; yana canza lissafin bambancin yau da kullun &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;I(x, y)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + J(x,y) = 0,&lt;/math&gt; ina &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; ayyuka ne masu kama da juna na mataki ɗaya, cikin lissafin bambancin da aka raba &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x} = - \frac{J(1,v)}{I(1,v)} - v.&lt;/math&gt;

== Generalizations ==

=== Daidaito a ƙarƙashin aikin monoid ===
Ma'anoni da aka bayar a sama duk misalai ne na musamman na waɗannan ra'ayoyi na gaba ɗaya na homogeneity wanda &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; zai iya zama kowace saiti (maimakon sararin vector) kuma ana iya maye gurbin ainihin lambobi da ra'ayin gabaɗaya na monoid .

Let &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; be a monoid with identity element &lt;math&gt;1 \in M,&lt;/math&gt; let &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; be sets, and suppose that on both &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there are defined monoid actions of &lt;math&gt;M.&lt;/math&gt; Let &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; be a non-negative integer and let &lt;math&gt;f : X \to Y&lt;/math&gt; be a map. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is said to be 

homogeneous of degree             

k          

{\displaystyle k}  

over             

M          

{\displaystyle M}  

if for every &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;m \in M,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(mx) = m^k f(x).&lt;/math&gt; 
If in addition there is a function &lt;math&gt;M \to M,&lt;/math&gt; denoted by &lt;math&gt;m \mapsto |m|,&lt;/math&gt; called an absolute value then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is said to be 

absolutely homogeneous of degree             

k          

{\displaystyle k}  

over             

M          

{\displaystyle M}  

if for every &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;m \in M,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(mx) = |m|^k f(x).&lt;/math&gt;

Aiki yana 

homogeneous over       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

(ambato: 

absolutely homogeneous over       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

) idan yana da kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; sama &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; (ambato. cikakken kamanceceniya da digiri &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; sama &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; ).

Gabaɗaya, yana yiwuwa ga alamomin &lt;math&gt;m^k&lt;/math&gt; za a ayyana shi don &lt;math&gt;m \in M&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; kasancewar wani abu banda lamba (misali, idan &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; shine ainihin lambobi kuma &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; lamba ce ta gaske wadda ba sifili ba to &lt;math&gt;m^k&lt;/math&gt; an ayyana shi duk da cewa &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; ba lamba ba ce). Idan haka ne to &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; za a kira shi da 

homogeneous of degree       

k     

{\displaystyle k} 

sama       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

idan daidaiton iri ɗaya ya kasance: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(mx) = m^k f(x) \quad \text{ for every } x \in X \text{ and } m \in M.&lt;/math&gt;

Manufar kasancewa 

absolutely homogeneous of degree       

k     

{\displaystyle k} 

sama       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

gabaɗaya kamar haka.

=== Rarrabawa (ayyukan gabaɗaya) ===
A continuous function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; is homogeneous of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; if and only if
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\int_{\R^n} f(tx) \varphi(x)\, dx = t^k \int_{\R^n} f(x)\varphi(x)\, dx&lt;/math&gt;
for all compactly supported test functions &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt;; and nonzero real &lt;math&gt;t.&lt;/math&gt; Equivalently, making a change of variable &lt;math&gt;y = tx,&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is homogeneous of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; if and only if
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;t^{-n}\int_{\R^n} f(y)\varphi\left(\frac{y}{t}\right)\, dy = t^k \int_{\R^n} f(y)\varphi(y)\, dy&lt;/math&gt;
for all &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; and all test functions &lt;math&gt;\varphi.&lt;/math&gt; The last display makes it possible to define homogeneity of distributions. A distribution &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; is homogeneous of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; if
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;t^{-n} \langle S, \varphi \circ \mu_t \rangle = t^k \langle S, \varphi \rangle&lt;/math&gt;
for all nonzero real &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; and all test functions &lt;math&gt;\varphi.&lt;/math&gt; Here the angle brackets denote the pairing between distributions and test functions, and &lt;math&gt;\mu_t : \R^n \to \R^n&lt;/math&gt; is the mapping of scalar division by the real number &lt;math&gt;t.&lt;/math&gt;

== Kamus na nau'ikan sunaye ==
Bari &lt;math&gt;f : X \to Y&lt;/math&gt; zama taswira tsakanin sarari biyu na vector a kan filin &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{F}&lt;/math&gt; (yawanci lambobi na gaske &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; ko lambobi masu rikitarwa &lt;math&gt;\Complex&lt;/math&gt; ). Idan &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; sigar scalar ce, kamar &lt;math&gt;\Z,&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;[0, \infty),&lt;/math&gt; ko &lt;math&gt;\Reals&lt;/math&gt; misali, sannan &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; ana cewa shi ne

Waɗannan misalai na musamman da aka fi sani da su da bambance-bambancen wannan ma'anar suna da nasu kalmomin:

#&lt;nowiki&gt; (positive homogeneity|Positive homogeneous|Positively homogeneous}}&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAZM&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor-text&quot;&gt;Positive homogeneity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|Strictly positive homogeneous|text=Strict}}&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAZI&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor-text&quot;&gt;Strict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) Halin da ya dace: {{Sfn|Schechter|1996}}    f (r x) = r f (x)      {\displaystyle f (rx) =rf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    kuma duk tabbatacce ne      r &gt; 0.     {\displaystyle r&gt;0.} 

&lt;math&gt;r &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;
#* Lokacin da aikin      f     {\displaystyle f}    yana da daraja a cikin sararin samaniya ko filin, to wannan dukiya daidai take da daidaituwa, wanda ta hanyar ma'anar ma'ana:{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}    f (r x) = r f (x)      {\displaystyle f (rx) =rf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    kuma duk abin da ba shi da kyau      r ≥ 0.     {\displaystyle r\geq 0.}    Saboda wannan dalili ne cewa ana kiran daidaito mai kyau sau da yawa da ba daidai ba. Koyaya, don ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a cikin lambobi na ainihi      [ − ∞ , ∞ ] =    R    An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna ±     {\displaystyle [-\infty ,\infty ]=\mathbb {R} \cup \{\pm \infty \},}    wanda ya bayyana a fannoni kamar bincike mai ma'ana, ninkawa      0 ⋅ f (x)      {\displaystyle 0\cdot f (x) }    ba za a bayyana shi ba a duk lokacin da      f (x) = ± ∞     {\displaystyle f (x) =\pm \infty }    don haka waɗannan maganganun ba koyaushe za a iya musayar su ba. [Littafi na 1]
#* Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar aikin sublinear.{{Sfn|Schechter|1996}}{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}
#* Ayyukan Minkowski daidai ne waɗanda ba marasa kyau ba ne masu ƙima da gaske tare da wannan dukiya.
# Gaskiya iri daya:      f (r x) = r f (x)      {\displaystyle f (rx) =rf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    kuma duk na ainihi      r .     {\displaystyle r.} 
#* Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar ainihin aikin layi.
# Daidaitawa: {{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}    f (s x) = s f (x)      {\displaystyle f (sx) =sf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    da kuma duk scalars      s ∈    F    .     {\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {F} . }     An jaddada cewa wannan ma'anar ta dogara da filin scalar       F      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }    tushen yankin      X .     {\displaystyle X.}     Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar ma'auni na layi da taswirar layi.[2]
#* An jaddada cewa wannan ma'anar ta dogara da filin scalar       F      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }    tushen yankin      X .     {\displaystyle X.} 

&lt;math&gt;X.&lt;/math&gt;
#* Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar ma'auni na layi da taswirar layi.{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}
# Haɗuwa da daidaituwa: {{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}    &lt;nowiki&gt;f (s x) =     s ̄     f (x)      {\displaystyle f (sx) ={\overline {s}}f (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    da kuma duk scalars      s ∈    F    .     {\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {F} . }     Idan       F    =    C      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} =\mathbb {C} }    sa'an nan        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    yawanci yana nuna hadaddun haɗuwa na      s     {\displaystyle s}    . Amma gabaɗaya, kamar yadda yake tare da taswirar semilinear misali,        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    zai iya zama hoton      s     {\displaystyle s}    a karkashin wasu shahararrun motoci na       F    .     {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} . }     Tare da additivity, ana ɗaukar wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar taswirar antilinear. Hakanan ana zaton cewa ɗayan ma'auni biyu na nau'in sesquilinear yana da wannan dukiya (kamar samfurin ciki na sararin Hilbert).&lt;/nowiki&gt;
#* &lt;nowiki&gt;Idan       F    =    C      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} =\mathbb {C} }    sa'an nan        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    yawanci yana nuna hadaddun haɗuwa na      s     {\displaystyle s}    . Amma gabaɗaya, kamar yadda yake tare da taswirar semilinear misali,        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    zai iya zama hoton      s     {\displaystyle s}    a karkashin wasu shahararrun motoci na       F    .     {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} . } &lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;
#* Tare da additivity, ana ɗaukar wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar taswirar antilinear. Hakanan ana zaton cewa ɗayan ma'auni biyu na nau'in sesquilinear yana da wannan dukiya (kamar samfurin ciki na sararin Hilbert).

Ana iya haɗa dukkan ma'anonin da ke sama ta hanyar maye gurbin yanayin &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r f(x)&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r| f(x),&lt;/math&gt; a wannan yanayin, an riga an yi amfani da kalmar {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|absolute}}&quot;}} ko {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|absolutely}}.&quot;}} Misali,

# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Absolute homogeneity:{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}} &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = |s| f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all scalars &lt;math&gt;s \in \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;
#* This property is used in the definition of a seminorm and a norm.

Idan &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; lamba ce ta gaske mai ƙayyadadden tsari sannan za a iya ƙara faɗaɗa ma'anonin da ke sama ta hanyar maye gurbin yanayin &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r f(x)&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; (kuma kamar haka, ta hanyar maye gurbin &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r| f(x)&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r|^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; don yanayi ta amfani da cikakkiyar ƙimar, da sauransu), wanda a cikin wannan yanayin ana cewa haɗin kai shine {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;}}&quot;}} (musamman ma'anoni da ke sama duk {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|of degree &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;}}&quot;}} ). Misali,

# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Real homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all real &lt;math&gt;r.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = s^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all scalars &lt;math&gt;s \in \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Absolute real homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r|^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all real &lt;math&gt;r.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Absolute homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = |s|^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all scalars &lt;math&gt;s \in \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;

Aiki mai ci gaba mara sifili wanda yayi kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; a kunne &lt;math&gt;\R^n \backslash \lbrace 0 \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; yana ci gaba da zuwa &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; idan kuma kawai idan &lt;math&gt;k &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsarin sarari iri ɗaya
* Triangle center function – Nuna a cikin alwatika wanda za a iya gani a matsayin tsakiya a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa 

== Manazarta ==

== Majiyoyi ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:44:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
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      <text bytes="23343" sha1="0dnzbq2t4cc4i7vvnlljxqjyxmprddn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A cikin [[lissafi]], '''aikin daidaitawa''' aiki ne na masu canji da yawa kamar yadda mai zuwa ya ɗauka: Idan aka ninka kowace hujjar aikin da sikelin iri ɗaya, to ƙimar aikin za ta ninka ta wani ƙarfin wannan sikelin; ana kiran ikon '''matakin daidaituwa''', ko kuma kawai ''digiri'' . Wato, idan k lamba ce, aikin f na masu canji na n yayi kama da digiri k idan

: &lt;math&gt;f(sx_1,\ldots, sx_n)=s^k f(x_1,\ldots, x_n)&lt;/math&gt;

ga kowane &lt;math&gt;x_1, \ldots, x_n,&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;s\ne 0.&lt;/math&gt; Ana kuma kiran wannan aikin aiki mai kama ''da na k th'' ko ''k th order'' .

Misali, polynomial mai kama da juna na digiri k yana bayyana aikin kama da juna na digiri k .

Ma'anar da ke sama ta shafi ayyuka waɗanda yankinsu da yankin haɗin gwiwa sune sararin vector akan filin F : aiki &lt;math&gt;f : V \to W&lt;/math&gt; tsakanin sarari biyu F -vector ''iri ɗaya'' ne da digiri &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; idan

 
ga duk wanda ba sifili ba &lt;math&gt;s \in F&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;v \in V.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan ma'anar sau da yawa ana ƙara faɗaɗa ta zuwa ga ayyuka waɗanda yankinsu ba V ba ne, amma mazugi a cikin V, wato, ƙaramin rukuni C na V kamar haka &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{v}\in C&lt;/math&gt; yana nufin &lt;math&gt;s \mathbf{v}\in C&lt;/math&gt; ga kowane s da ba sifili ba.

A yanayin ayyukan masu canji na gaske da dama da kuma sararin vector na gaske, sau da yawa ana la'akari da wani nau'in haɗin kai na gaba ɗaya da ake kira '''homogeneity mai kyau''', ta hanyar buƙatar kawai asalin da ke sama su riƙe. &lt;math&gt;s &gt; 0,&lt;/math&gt; da kuma barin kowace lamba ta gaske k a matsayin wani mataki na daidaito. Kowane aiki na gaske mai kama da juna yana ''da kama da juna'' . Ba gaskiya ba ne, amma gaskiya ne a cikin gida ta hanyar ma'anar cewa (ga digiri na lamba) nau'ikan haɗin kai guda biyu ba za a iya bambanta su ba ta hanyar la'akari da halayen aiki kusa da wani wuri da aka bayar.

Daidaito akan sararin vector na gaske misali ne na aikin da ya yi kama da juna wanda ba shi da kama da juna. Wani lamari na musamman shine cikakken ƙimar lambobi na gaske. Adadin polynomials guda biyu masu kama da juna waɗanda suke da digiri ɗaya yana ba da misali na aikin sifili mai kama da juna. Wannan misali yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'anar tsare-tsaren hangen nesa .

== Ma'anoni ==
An fara gabatar da manufar aikin da ya yi kama da juna don ayyukan masu canji na gaske da dama . Tare da ma'anar sararin vector a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an faɗaɗa ra'ayin ta hanyar halitta zuwa ayyuka tsakanin sararin vector, tunda ana iya ɗaukar tarin ƙimar masu canzawa a matsayin vector mai daidaitawa . Wannan ra'ayi ne na gabaɗaya wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Akwai ma'anoni guda biyu da aka saba amfani da su. Na gaba ɗaya yana aiki don sararin vector akan filayen da ba a sabani ba, kuma an iyakance shi ga matakan daidaituwa waɗanda suke lambobi ne .

Na biyun yana tsammanin zai yi aiki a kan fagen lambobi na gaske, ko kuma, gabaɗaya, a kan filin da aka tsara . Wannan ma'anar tana takaita ga kyawawan dabi'u, wato scaling factor da ke faruwa a cikin ma'anar, saboda haka ana kiransa positive homogeneity, sau da yawa ana cire positive na cancanta idan babu haɗarin ruɗani. Daidaito mai kyau yana haifar da la'akari da ƙarin ayyuka a matsayin kama-da-wane. Misali, cikakkiyar ƙima da dukkan ƙa'idodi ayyuka ne masu kama da juna waɗanda ba su yi kama da juna ba.

Takaita ma'aunin sikelin zuwa ainihin ƙimomin tabbatacce yana ba da damar yin la'akari da ayyukan haɗin kai waɗanda matakin haɗin kai shine kowane lamba ta gaske.

=== Daidaito gabaɗaya ===
Bari V da W su zama sarari biyu na vector a kan filin F Mazugi mai layi a cikin V ƙaramin yanki ne na C na V kamar haka &lt;math&gt;sx\in C&lt;/math&gt; ga kowa &lt;math&gt;x\in C&lt;/math&gt; kuma duk babu sifili &lt;math&gt;s\in F.&lt;/math&gt;

''Aikin da ya yi kama da'' f daga V zuwa W aiki ne na ɗan lokaci daga V zuwa W wanda ke da mazugi mai layi C a matsayin yankinsa, kuma yana gamsarwa

: &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = s^kf(x)&lt;/math&gt;

ga wani adadi k, kowanne &lt;math&gt;x\in C,&lt;/math&gt; kuma duk wani abu da ba sifili ba &lt;math&gt;s\in F.&lt;/math&gt; Ana kiran lamba k ''matakin daidaito'', ko kuma kawai ''matakin'' f .

Misali na misali na aikin daidaito na digiri k shine aikin da aka ayyana ta hanyar polynomial mai kama da juna na digiri k . Aikin hankali wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar quotient na polynomials guda biyu masu kama da juna aiki ne mai kama da juna; digirinsa shine bambancin digiri na mai ƙidaya da mai ƙidaya; mazubin ma'anarsa shine mazubin layi na maki inda ƙimar ma'aunin ba sifili bane.

Ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin lissafi na projective tunda duk wani aiki mai kama da juna f daga V zuwa W yana bayyana aiki mai kyau tsakanin projectiveizations na V da W Ayyukan hankali masu kama da juna na digiri sifili (waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar adadin polynomial guda biyu masu kama da juna na digiri ɗaya) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gina Proj na tsare-tsaren projective .

=== Daidaito mai kyau ===
Lokacin aiki akan lambobi na gaske, ko kuma gabaɗaya akan filin da aka tsara, yana da sauƙin la'akari da ''daidaito mai kyau'', ma'anar tana daidai da wacce ke cikin sashin da ya gabata, tare da maye gurbin &quot;nonzero s &quot; da &quot; s &gt; 0 &quot; a cikin ma'anonin mazugi mai layi da aikin iri ɗaya.

Wannan canjin yana ba da damar yin la'akari da (tabbatacce) ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna tare da kowace lamba ta gaske a matsayin digirinsu, tunda an bayyana fifikon da ke da tushe mai kyau na gaske.

Ko da a yanayin digiri na lamba, akwai ayyuka masu amfani da yawa waɗanda suke da kamanceceniya ba tare da kasancewa iri ɗaya ba. Wannan, musamman, shine batun cikakken aikin ƙima da ƙa'idodi, waɗanda duk suna da kama da juna a mataki 1 . Ba su da kamanceceniya tun lokacin da &lt;math&gt;|-x|=|x|\neq -|x|&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;x\neq 0.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan ya kasance gaskiya a cikin yanayin rikitarwa, tunda fagen lambobi masu rikitarwa &lt;math&gt;\C&lt;/math&gt; kuma kowace sarkakiya ta vector za a iya ɗaukarta a matsayin ainihin sararin vector.

Ka'idar aiki iri ɗaya ta Euler siffa ce ta ayyuka masu kama da juna masu kama da juna, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin ''ka'idar asali akan ayyuka iri ɗaya'' .

== Misalai ==
[[File:HomogeneousDiscontinuousFunction.gif|thumb| Aikin da ya yi kama da juna ba lallai bane ya ci gaba, kamar yadda wannan misali ya nuna. Wannan shine aikin &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; an ayyana ta &lt;math&gt;f(x,y) = x&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;xy &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;f(x, y) = 0&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;xy \leq 0.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan aikin yayi kama da digiri na 1, wato, &lt;math&gt;f(s x, s y) = s f(x,y)&lt;/math&gt; ga kowace lamba ta gaske &lt;math&gt;s, x, y.&lt;/math&gt; Yana da ci gaba a &lt;math&gt;y = 0, x \neq 0.&lt;/math&gt;]]

=== Misali mai sauƙi ===
Aikin &lt;math&gt;f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2&lt;/math&gt; yayi kama da digiri na 2: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(tx, ty) = (tx)^2 + (ty)^2 = t^2 \left(x^2 + y^2\right) = t^2 f(x, y).&lt;/math&gt;

=== Cikakken ƙima da ƙa'idodi ===
Cikakken ƙimar lamba ta gaske aiki ne mai kama da juna na digiri 1, wanda ba iri ɗaya ba ne, tunda &lt;math&gt;|sx|=s|x|&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;s&gt;0,&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;|sx|=-s|x|&lt;/math&gt; idan &lt;math&gt;s&lt;0.&lt;/math&gt;

Cikakken ƙimar lamba mai rikitarwa aiki ne mai kama da juna na digiri &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; akan lambobin gaske (wato, idan aka yi la'akari da lambobi masu rikitarwa a matsayin sararin vector akan lambobin gaske). Ba iri ɗaya ba ne, a kan ainihin lambobi da kuma a kan lambobi masu rikitarwa.

Gabaɗaya, kowane tsari da rabin tsari aiki ne mai kama da juna na digiri 1 wanda ba aikin iri ɗaya ba ne. Dangane da cikakkiyar ƙima, idan an ayyana ƙa'ida ko rabin-tsari akan sararin vector akan lambobi masu rikitarwa, dole ne a ɗauki wannan sararin vector a matsayin sararin vector akan ainihin lambar don amfani da ma'anar aikin da ya yi kama da mai kyau.

=== Taswirorin layi ===
Kowace taswira mai layi &lt;math&gt;f : V \to W&lt;/math&gt; tsakanin sararin vector a kan filin F yayi kama da digiri na 1, ta hanyar ma'anar layi: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(\alpha \mathbf{v}) = \alpha f(\mathbf{v})&lt;/math&gt; ga kowa &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in {F}&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;v \in V.&lt;/math&gt;

Hakazalika, duk wani aiki mai layi-layi &lt;math&gt;f : V_1 \times V_2 \times \cdots V_n \to W&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;n,&lt;/math&gt; ta hanyar ma'anar multilinearity: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f\left(\alpha \mathbf{v}_1, \ldots, \alpha \mathbf{v}_n\right) = \alpha^n f(\mathbf{v}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{v}_n)&lt;/math&gt; ga kowa &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in {F}&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;v_1 \in V_1, v_2 \in V_2, \ldots, v_n \in V_n.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Haɗaɗɗen polynomials ===
Monomials a cikin &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; masu canji suna bayyana ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna &lt;math&gt;f : \mathbb{F}^n \to \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt; Misali, &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(x, y, z) = x^5 y^2 z^3 \,&lt;/math&gt; yayi kama da digiri na 10 tun daga lokacin &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(\alpha x, \alpha y, \alpha z) = (\alpha x)^5(\alpha y)^2(\alpha z)^3 = \alpha^{10} x^5 y^2 z^3 = \alpha^{10} f(x, y, z). \,&lt;/math&gt; Digiri shine jimlar ma'auni akan masu canji; a cikin wannan misalin, &lt;math&gt;10 = 5 + 2 + 3.&lt;/math&gt;

Polynomial mai kama da juna polynomial ne wanda aka yi shi da jimlar monomials iri ɗaya. Misali, &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x^5 + 2x^3 y^2 + 9xy^4&lt;/math&gt; polynomial ne mai kama da juna na digiri na 5. Haɗaɗɗen polynomials kuma suna bayyana ayyukan haɗin kai.

An ba da polynomial na digiri iri ɗaya &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; tare da ainihin ma'auni waɗanda ke ɗaukar ƙima mai kyau kawai, mutum yana samun aikin daidaito mai kyau na digiri &lt;math&gt;k/d&lt;/math&gt; ta hanyar ɗaukaka shi zuwa ga ƙarfi &lt;math&gt;1 / d.&lt;/math&gt; Misali, aikin da ke ƙasa yayi kama da na digiri na 1 amma ba iri ɗaya ba: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\left(x^2 + y^2 + z^2\right)^\frac{1}{2}.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Mafi ƙaranci/matsakaicin ===
Ga kowace saitin nauyi &lt;math&gt;w_1,\dots,w_n,&lt;/math&gt; Ayyukan da ke ƙasa suna da kamanceceniya da digiri na 1, amma ba iri ɗaya ba ne:

* &lt;math&gt;\min\left(\frac{x_1}{w_1}, \dots, \frac{x_n}{w_n}\right)&lt;/math&gt; ( Kamfanonin Leontief )
* &lt;math&gt;\max\left(\frac{x_1}{w_1}, \dots, \frac{x_n}{w_n}\right)&lt;/math&gt;

Ayyukan hankali da aka samar a matsayin rabon polynomials guda biyu homogeneous ayyuka ne masu kama da juna a yankinsu, wato, daga mazubin layi da sifili na ma'aunin ƙididdiga suka samar. Don haka, idan &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;n,&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;f / g&lt;/math&gt; yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;m - n&lt;/math&gt; nesa da sifili na &lt;math&gt;g.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Ba misalai ba ===
Ayyukan gaske masu kama da juna na ma'auni ɗaya suna da siffar &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto cx^k&lt;/math&gt; don wani lokaci c . Don haka, aikin affine &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto x+5,&lt;/math&gt; logarithm na halitta &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto \ln(x),&lt;/math&gt; da kuma aikin exponential &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto e^x&lt;/math&gt; ba iri ɗaya ba ne.

== Ka'idar Euler ==
A takaice dai, '''ka'idar aiki iri ɗaya ta Euler''' ta tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da suka yi kama da juna masu kyau na wani mataki da aka bayar su ne ainihin mafita ga takamaiman lissafin bambanci na ɓangare . Daidaito:
  
Sakamakon haka, idan &lt;math&gt;f : \R^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; yana ci gaba da bambantawa kuma yana kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;k,&lt;/math&gt; abubuwan da aka samo daga ɓangaren farko &lt;math&gt;\partial f/\partial x_i&lt;/math&gt; suna kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;k - 1.&lt;/math&gt; Wannan ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Euler ta hanyar bambance bambancin kashi dangane da ma'auni ɗaya.

Idan akwai aiki na ainihin ma'auni guda ɗaya ( &lt;math&gt;n = 1&lt;/math&gt; ), ka'idar tana nufin cewa aikin digiri k mai ci gaba da bambancewa da kuma kyakkyawan aiki yana da siffar &lt;math&gt;f(x)=c_+ x^k&lt;/math&gt; don &lt;math&gt;x&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;f(x)=c_- x^k&lt;/math&gt; don &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0.&lt;/math&gt; Madaidaitan abubuwa &lt;math&gt;c_+&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;c_-&lt;/math&gt; ba lallai ba ne su zama iri ɗaya, kamar yadda yake ga cikakkiyar ƙimar .

== Amfani da lissafi daban-daban ==
Sauyawar &lt;math&gt;v = y / x&lt;/math&gt; yana canza lissafin bambancin yau da kullun &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;I(x, y)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + J(x,y) = 0,&lt;/math&gt; ina &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; kuma &lt;math&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; ayyuka ne masu kama da juna na mataki ɗaya, cikin lissafin bambancin da aka raba &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x} = - \frac{J(1,v)}{I(1,v)} - v.&lt;/math&gt;

== Generalizations ==

=== Daidaito a ƙarƙashin aikin monoid ===
Ma'anoni da aka bayar a sama duk misalai ne na musamman na waɗannan ra'ayoyi na gaba ɗaya na homogeneity wanda &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; zai iya zama kowace saiti (maimakon sararin vector) kuma ana iya maye gurbin ainihin lambobi da ra'ayin gabaɗaya na monoid .

Let &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; be a monoid with identity element &lt;math&gt;1 \in M,&lt;/math&gt; let &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; be sets, and suppose that on both &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there are defined monoid actions of &lt;math&gt;M.&lt;/math&gt; Let &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; be a non-negative integer and let &lt;math&gt;f : X \to Y&lt;/math&gt; be a map. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is said to be 

homogeneous of degree             

k          

{\displaystyle k}  

over             

M          

{\displaystyle M}  

if for every &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;m \in M,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(mx) = m^k f(x).&lt;/math&gt; 
If in addition there is a function &lt;math&gt;M \to M,&lt;/math&gt; denoted by &lt;math&gt;m \mapsto |m|,&lt;/math&gt; called an absolute value then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is said to be 

absolutely homogeneous of degree             

k          

{\displaystyle k}  

over             

M          

{\displaystyle M}  

if for every &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;m \in M,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(mx) = |m|^k f(x).&lt;/math&gt;

Aiki yana 

homogeneous over       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

(ambato: 

absolutely homogeneous over       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

) idan yana da kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; sama &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; (ambato. cikakken kamanceceniya da digiri &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; sama &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; ).

Gabaɗaya, yana yiwuwa ga alamomin &lt;math&gt;m^k&lt;/math&gt; za a ayyana shi don &lt;math&gt;m \in M&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; kasancewar wani abu banda lamba (misali, idan &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; shine ainihin lambobi kuma &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; lamba ce ta gaske wadda ba sifili ba to &lt;math&gt;m^k&lt;/math&gt; an ayyana shi duk da cewa &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; ba lamba ba ce). Idan haka ne to &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; za a kira shi da 

homogeneous of degree       

k     

{\displaystyle k} 

sama       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

idan daidaiton iri ɗaya ya kasance: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(mx) = m^k f(x) \quad \text{ for every } x \in X \text{ and } m \in M.&lt;/math&gt;

Manufar kasancewa 

absolutely homogeneous of degree       

k     

{\displaystyle k} 

sama       

M     

{\displaystyle M} 

gabaɗaya kamar haka.

=== Rarrabawa (ayyukan gabaɗaya) ===
A continuous function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; is homogeneous of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; if and only if
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\int_{\R^n} f(tx) \varphi(x)\, dx = t^k \int_{\R^n} f(x)\varphi(x)\, dx&lt;/math&gt;
for all compactly supported test functions &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt;; and nonzero real &lt;math&gt;t.&lt;/math&gt; Equivalently, making a change of variable &lt;math&gt;y = tx,&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is homogeneous of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; if and only if
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;t^{-n}\int_{\R^n} f(y)\varphi\left(\frac{y}{t}\right)\, dy = t^k \int_{\R^n} f(y)\varphi(y)\, dy&lt;/math&gt;
for all &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; and all test functions &lt;math&gt;\varphi.&lt;/math&gt; The last display makes it possible to define homogeneity of distributions. A distribution &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; is homogeneous of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; if
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;t^{-n} \langle S, \varphi \circ \mu_t \rangle = t^k \langle S, \varphi \rangle&lt;/math&gt;
for all nonzero real &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; and all test functions &lt;math&gt;\varphi.&lt;/math&gt; Here the angle brackets denote the pairing between distributions and test functions, and &lt;math&gt;\mu_t : \R^n \to \R^n&lt;/math&gt; is the mapping of scalar division by the real number &lt;math&gt;t.&lt;/math&gt;

== Kamus na nau'ikan sunaye ==
Bari &lt;math&gt;f : X \to Y&lt;/math&gt; zama taswira tsakanin sarari biyu na vector a kan filin &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{F}&lt;/math&gt; (yawanci lambobi na gaske &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; ko lambobi masu rikitarwa &lt;math&gt;\Complex&lt;/math&gt; ). Idan &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; sigar scalar ce, kamar &lt;math&gt;\Z,&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;[0, \infty),&lt;/math&gt; ko &lt;math&gt;\Reals&lt;/math&gt; misali, sannan &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; ana cewa shi ne

Waɗannan misalai na musamman da aka fi sani da su da bambance-bambancen wannan ma'anar suna da nasu kalmomin:

#&lt;nowiki&gt; (positive homogeneity|Positive homogeneous|Positively homogeneous}}&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAZM&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor-text&quot;&gt;Positive homogeneity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|Strictly positive homogeneous|text=Strict}}&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAZI&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vanchor-text&quot;&gt;Strict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) Halin da ya dace: {{Sfn|Schechter|1996}}    f (r x) = r f (x)      {\displaystyle f (rx) =rf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    kuma duk tabbatacce ne      r &gt; 0.     {\displaystyle r&gt;0.} 

&lt;math&gt;r &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;
#* Lokacin da aikin      f     {\displaystyle f}    yana da daraja a cikin sararin samaniya ko filin, to wannan dukiya daidai take da daidaituwa, wanda ta hanyar ma'anar ma'ana:{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}    f (r x) = r f (x)      {\displaystyle f (rx) =rf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    kuma duk abin da ba shi da kyau      r ≥ 0.     {\displaystyle r\geq 0.}    Saboda wannan dalili ne cewa ana kiran daidaito mai kyau sau da yawa da ba daidai ba. Koyaya, don ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a cikin lambobi na ainihi      [ − ∞ , ∞ ] =    R    An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna ±     {\displaystyle [-\infty ,\infty ]=\mathbb {R} \cup \{\pm \infty \},}    wanda ya bayyana a fannoni kamar bincike mai ma'ana, ninkawa      0 ⋅ f (x)      {\displaystyle 0\cdot f (x) }    ba za a bayyana shi ba a duk lokacin da      f (x) = ± ∞     {\displaystyle f (x) =\pm \infty }    don haka waɗannan maganganun ba koyaushe za a iya musayar su ba. [Littafi na 1]
#* Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar aikin sublinear.{{Sfn|Schechter|1996}}{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}
#* Ayyukan Minkowski daidai ne waɗanda ba marasa kyau ba ne masu ƙima da gaske tare da wannan dukiya.
# Gaskiya iri daya:      f (r x) = r f (x)      {\displaystyle f (rx) =rf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    kuma duk na ainihi      r .     {\displaystyle r.} 
#* Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar ainihin aikin layi.
# Daidaitawa: {{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}    f (s x) = s f (x)      {\displaystyle f (sx) =sf (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    da kuma duk scalars      s ∈    F    .     {\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {F} . }     An jaddada cewa wannan ma'anar ta dogara da filin scalar       F      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }    tushen yankin      X .     {\displaystyle X.}     Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar ma'auni na layi da taswirar layi.[2]
#* An jaddada cewa wannan ma'anar ta dogara da filin scalar       F      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }    tushen yankin      X .     {\displaystyle X.} 

&lt;math&gt;X.&lt;/math&gt;
#* Ana amfani da wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar ma'auni na layi da taswirar layi.{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}
# Haɗuwa da daidaituwa: {{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}}    &lt;nowiki&gt;f (s x) =     s ̄     f (x)      {\displaystyle f (sx) ={\overline {s}}f (x) }    ga kowa      x ∈ X     {\displaystyle x\in X}    da kuma duk scalars      s ∈    F    .     {\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {F} . }     Idan       F    =    C      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} =\mathbb {C} }    sa'an nan        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    yawanci yana nuna hadaddun haɗuwa na      s     {\displaystyle s}    . Amma gabaɗaya, kamar yadda yake tare da taswirar semilinear misali,        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    zai iya zama hoton      s     {\displaystyle s}    a karkashin wasu shahararrun motoci na       F    .     {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} . }     Tare da additivity, ana ɗaukar wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar taswirar antilinear. Hakanan ana zaton cewa ɗayan ma'auni biyu na nau'in sesquilinear yana da wannan dukiya (kamar samfurin ciki na sararin Hilbert).&lt;/nowiki&gt;
#* &lt;nowiki&gt;Idan       F    =    C      {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} =\mathbb {C} }    sa'an nan        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    yawanci yana nuna hadaddun haɗuwa na      s     {\displaystyle s}    . Amma gabaɗaya, kamar yadda yake tare da taswirar semilinear misali,        s ̄       {\displaystyle {\overline {s}}}    zai iya zama hoton      s     {\displaystyle s}    a karkashin wasu shahararrun motoci na       F    .     {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} . } &lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;
#* Tare da additivity, ana ɗaukar wannan dukiya a cikin ma'anar taswirar antilinear. Hakanan ana zaton cewa ɗayan ma'auni biyu na nau'in sesquilinear yana da wannan dukiya (kamar samfurin ciki na sararin Hilbert).

Ana iya haɗa dukkan ma'anonin da ke sama ta hanyar maye gurbin yanayin &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r f(x)&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r| f(x),&lt;/math&gt; a wannan yanayin, an riga an yi amfani da kalmar {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|absolute}}&quot;}} ko {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|absolutely}}.&quot;}} Misali,

# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Absolute homogeneity:{{Sfn|Kubrusly|2011}} &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = |s| f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all scalars &lt;math&gt;s \in \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;
#* This property is used in the definition of a seminorm and a norm.

Idan &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; lamba ce ta gaske mai ƙayyadadden tsari sannan za a iya ƙara faɗaɗa ma'anonin da ke sama ta hanyar maye gurbin yanayin &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r f(x)&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; (kuma kamar haka, ta hanyar maye gurbin &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r| f(x)&lt;/math&gt; tare da &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r|^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; don yanayi ta amfani da cikakkiyar ƙimar, da sauransu), wanda a cikin wannan yanayin ana cewa haɗin kai shine {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|of degree &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;}}&quot;}} (musamman ma'anoni da ke sama duk {{Nowrap|&quot;{{em|of degree &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;}}&quot;}} ). Misali,

# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Real homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = r^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all real &lt;math&gt;r.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = s^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all scalars &lt;math&gt;s \in \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Absolute real homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(rx) = |r|^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all real &lt;math&gt;r.&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Visible anchor/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Absolute homogeneity of degree   &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;k  &lt;br /&gt;  {\displaystyle k}  &lt;br /&gt;: &lt;math&gt;f(sx) = |s|^k f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and all scalars &lt;math&gt;s \in \mathbb{F}.&lt;/math&gt;

Aiki mai ci gaba mara sifili wanda yayi kama da digiri &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; a kunne &lt;math&gt;\R^n \backslash \lbrace 0 \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; yana ci gaba da zuwa &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; idan kuma kawai idan &lt;math&gt;k &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsarin sarari iri ɗaya
* Triangle center function – Nuna a cikin alwatika wanda za a iya gani a matsayin tsakiya a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa 

== Manazarta ==

== Majiyoyi ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>0dnzbq2t4cc4i7vvnlljxqjyxmprddn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pennsboro, West Virginia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964967</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374788150|Pennsboro, West Virginia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>964967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7626" sha1="rmoul79h3ie8vmbojrcbwvepcxjon7b" xml:space="preserve">
'''Pennsboro''' birni ne  a gundumar Ritchie, [[West Virginia]], Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 1,050 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020.  Birnin yana mahadar hanyar US Route 50 da West Virginia Route 74 ; hanyar North Bend Railway ita ma tana ratsa birnin. 

Charles Penn ne ya kewaye garin ''a kusan'' shekarar 1820, kuma ya sanya masa suna. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Pennsboro yana nan a

A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, birnin yana da jimillar fadin {{Convert|2.73|sqmi|sqkm|2}}  , wanda {{Convert|2.70|sqmi|sqkm|2}}  ƙasa ce kuma {{Convert|0.03|sqmi|sqkm|2}}    ruwa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer files&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=2012-01-25 |access-date=2013-01-24 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alƙaluma ==
{{US Census population|1880=330|1890=570|1900=738|1910=930|1920=1654|1930=1616|1940=1738|1950=1753|1960=1660|1970=1614|1980=1652|1990=1282|2000=1199|2010=1171|2020=1054}}

=== Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2020 ===
Ya zuwa shekarar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, Pennsboro tana da yawan jama'a 1,054. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 43.1. Kashi 22.4% na mazauna suna ƙasa da shekaru 18 kuma kashi 19.4% na mazauna suna da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Ga kowace mace 100, akwai maza 97.0, kuma ga kowace mace 100 da ke da shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 95.7 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1) |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dp?get=NAME%2CDP1_0021P%2CDP1_0024P%2CDP1_0025C%2CDP1_0049C%2CDP1_0045C%2CDP1_0069C%2CDP1_0073C%2CDP1_0125P%2CDP1_0126P%2CDP1_0129P%2CDP1_0133P%2CDP1_0137P%2CDP1_0138P%2CDP1_0139P%2CDP1_0141P%2CDP1_0142P%2CDP1_0143P%2CDP1_0145P%2CDP1_0146P%2CDP1_0147C%2CDP1_0148C%2CDP1_0149C%2CDP1_0156C%2CDP1_0157C%2CDP1_0158C%2CDP1_0159P%2CDP1_0160P&amp;for=place%3A62764&amp;in=state%3A54 |access-date=February 27, 2026 |website=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=NAME%2CP1_001N%2CP1_003N%2CP1_004N%2CP1_005N%2CP1_006N%2CP1_007N%2CP1_008N%2CP1_009N%2CP2_001N%2CP2_002N%2CH1_001N%2CH1_002N&amp;for=place%3A62764&amp;in=state%3A54 |access-date=February 27, 2026 |website=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 0.0% na mazauna suna zaune ne a birane, yayin da kashi 100.0% ke zaune a yankunan karkara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DHC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC) |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dhc?get=NAME%2CP2_002N%2CP2_003N&amp;for=place%3A62764&amp;in=state%3A54 |access-date=February 27, 2026 |website=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai gidaje 450 a Pennsboro, wanda kashi 30.0% na cikinsu suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune a cikinsu. Daga cikin dukkan gidaje, kashi 44.0% gidaje ne na ma'aurata, kashi 20.0% gidaje ne da maza ke zaune a ciki kuma babu mata ko abokin tarayya a ciki, sannan kashi 28.9% gidaje ne da mata ke zaune a ciki kuma babu mata ko abokin tarayya a ciki. Kimanin kashi 31.4% na dukkan gidaje sun ƙunshi mutane daban-daban, kuma kashi 16.4% suna da wani da ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda yake da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot; /&gt;

Akwai gidaje 523, wanda kashi 14.0% ba su da komai. Adadin guraben zama na masu gida ya kai kashi 1.5%, kuma adadin guraben zama na haya ya kai kashi 13.2%. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kabilanci ya samo asali ne daga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot; /&gt;
! Tseren
! Lamba
! Kashi
|-
| Fari
| 1,019
| Kashi 96.7%
|-
| [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka]]
| 1
| 0.1%
|-
| Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Amurka da kuma ɗan asalin Alaska
| 0
| 0.0%
|-
| 'Yan Asiya
| 3
| 0.3%
|-
| Ɗan Asalin Hawaii da Wani Ɗan Tsibirin Pacific
| 2
| 0.2%
|-
| Wasu nau'ikan kabila
| 2
| 0.2%
|-
| Tsere biyu ko fiye
| 27
| 2.6%
|-
| ''Hispanic ko Latino (na kowace kabila)''
| 7
| 0.7%
|}

=== Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2010 ===
A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2010, mutane 1,171, gidaje 522, da iyalai 312 ne ke zaune a birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kai {{Convert|433.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}   Akwai gidaje 590 a matsakaicin yawansu ya kai {{Convert|218.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}   Kashi 97.9% na mutanen birnin fararen fata ne, kashi 0.3% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, kashi 0.5% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, kashi 0.1% na 'yan Asiya, kashi 0.4% na sauran kabilu, da kuma kashi 0.9% na kabilu biyu ko fiye. Mutanen Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.0%. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwwcensusgov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=2013-01-24 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin gidaje 522, kashi 27.0% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 41.6% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 14.0% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kashi 4.2% suna da namiji mai gida ba tare da mata ba, kuma kashi 40.2% ba 'yan uwa ba ne. Kashi 34.5% na gidaje mutum ɗaya ne, yayin da kashi 14.1% kuma mutum ɗaya ne mai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.24 kuma matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.85.

Matsakaicin shekarun mutum shine shekaru 41.7. Kashi 21.7% na mazauna suna ƙasa da shekaru 18; kashi 8% suna tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 24; kashi 24.8% suna tsakanin shekaru 25 zuwa 44; kashi 28.5% suna tsakanin shekaru 45 zuwa 64; kuma kashi 16.9% suna da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Maza kashi 46.9% ne suka fito daga cikin jinsin birnin, yayin da mata kashi 53.1% suka fito daga ciki.

=== Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2000 ===
A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2000, mutane 1,199, gidaje 515, da iyalai 340 ne ke zaune a birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kai {{Convert|550.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2}}   Akwai gidaje 604 a matsakaicin yawansu ya kai {{Convert|277.5|/sqmi|/km2}}   Kashi 98.67% na mutanen birnin fararen fata ne, kashi 0.25% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, kashi 0.42% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, da kuma kashi 0.67% daga kabilu biyu ko fiye. Mutanen Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance kashi 0.75%. 

Daga cikin gidaje 515, kashi 28.5% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 51.5% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.9% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma kashi 33.8% ba 'yan uwa ba ne. Kashi 30.3% na gidaje mutum ɗaya ne, yayin da kashi 16.3% kuma mutum ɗaya ne mai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.33 kuma matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.89.

Rarraba shekarun ya kasance kashi 22.9% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, kashi 7.8% daga 18 zuwa 24, kashi 26.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, kashi 25.9% daga 45 zuwa 64, da kuma kashi 16.9% daga 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin shekarun shine shekaru 40. Ga kowace mace 100, akwai maza 92.1. Ga kowace mace 100 da ke da shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 88.8.

Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $24,120 kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $30,313. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $26,964 idan aka kwatanta da $20,714 ga mata. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum na birnin ya kai dala $14,325. Kimanin kashi 16.5% na iyalai da kashi 21.4% na al'ummar ƙasar suna ƙasa da layin talauci, ciki har da kashi 33.1% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba da kuma kashi 10.2% na waɗanda suka kai shekara 65 ko sama da haka.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>964968</id>
      <parentid>964967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T21:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>964968</origin>
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      <text bytes="7637" sha1="260lszg6hb7dyzsuwtitqobajeh9aqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Pennsboro''' birni ne  a gundumar Ritchie, [[West Virginia]], Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 1,050 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020.  Birnin yana mahadar hanyar US Route 50 da West Virginia Route 74 ; hanyar North Bend Railway ita ma tana ratsa birnin. 

Charles Penn ne ya kewaye garin ''a kusan'' shekarar 1820, kuma ya sanya masa suna. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Pennsboro yana nan a

A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, birnin yana da jimillar fadin {{Convert|2.73|sqmi|sqkm|2}}  , wanda {{Convert|2.70|sqmi|sqkm|2}}  ƙasa ce kuma {{Convert|0.03|sqmi|sqkm|2}}    ruwa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer files&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=2012-01-25 |access-date=2013-01-24 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alƙaluma ==
{{US Census population|1880=330|1890=570|1900=738|1910=930|1920=1654|1930=1616|1940=1738|1950=1753|1960=1660|1970=1614|1980=1652|1990=1282|2000=1199|2010=1171|2020=1054}}

=== Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2020 ===
Ya zuwa shekarar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, Pennsboro tana da yawan jama'a 1,054. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 43.1. Kashi 22.4% na mazauna suna ƙasa da shekaru 18 kuma kashi 19.4% na mazauna suna da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Ga kowace mace 100, akwai maza 97.0, kuma ga kowace mace 100 da ke da shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 95.7 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1) |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dp?get=NAME%2CDP1_0021P%2CDP1_0024P%2CDP1_0025C%2CDP1_0049C%2CDP1_0045C%2CDP1_0069C%2CDP1_0073C%2CDP1_0125P%2CDP1_0126P%2CDP1_0129P%2CDP1_0133P%2CDP1_0137P%2CDP1_0138P%2CDP1_0139P%2CDP1_0141P%2CDP1_0142P%2CDP1_0143P%2CDP1_0145P%2CDP1_0146P%2CDP1_0147C%2CDP1_0148C%2CDP1_0149C%2CDP1_0156C%2CDP1_0157C%2CDP1_0158C%2CDP1_0159P%2CDP1_0160P&amp;for=place%3A62764&amp;in=state%3A54 |access-date=February 27, 2026 |website=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=NAME%2CP1_001N%2CP1_003N%2CP1_004N%2CP1_005N%2CP1_006N%2CP1_007N%2CP1_008N%2CP1_009N%2CP2_001N%2CP2_002N%2CH1_001N%2CH1_002N&amp;for=place%3A62764&amp;in=state%3A54 |access-date=February 27, 2026 |website=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 0.0% na mazauna suna zaune ne a birane, yayin da kashi 100.0% ke zaune a yankunan karkara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DHC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC) |url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dhc?get=NAME%2CP2_002N%2CP2_003N&amp;for=place%3A62764&amp;in=state%3A54 |access-date=February 27, 2026 |website=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai gidaje 450 a Pennsboro, wanda kashi 30.0% na cikinsu suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune a cikinsu. Daga cikin dukkan gidaje, kashi 44.0% gidaje ne na ma'aurata, kashi 20.0% gidaje ne da maza ke zaune a ciki kuma babu mata ko abokin tarayya a ciki, sannan kashi 28.9% gidaje ne da mata ke zaune a ciki kuma babu mata ko abokin tarayya a ciki. Kimanin kashi 31.4% na dukkan gidaje sun ƙunshi mutane daban-daban, kuma kashi 16.4% suna da wani da ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda yake da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot; /&gt;

Akwai gidaje 523, wanda kashi 14.0% ba su da komai. Adadin guraben zama na masu gida ya kai kashi 1.5%, kuma adadin guraben zama na haya ya kai kashi 13.2%. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kabilanci ya samo asali ne daga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot; /&gt;
! Tseren
! Lamba
! Kashi
|-
| Fari
| 1,019
| Kashi 96.7%
|-
| [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka]]
| 1
| 0.1%
|-
| Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Amurka da kuma ɗan asalin Alaska
| 0
| 0.0%
|-
| 'Yan Asiya
| 3
| 0.3%
|-
| Ɗan Asalin Hawaii da Wani Ɗan Tsibirin Pacific
| 2
| 0.2%
|-
| Wasu nau'ikan kabila
| 2
| 0.2%
|-
| Tsere biyu ko fiye
| 27
| 2.6%
|-
| ''Hispanic ko Latino (na kowace kabila)''
| 7
| 0.7%
|}

=== Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2010 ===
A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2010, mutane 1,171, gidaje 522, da iyalai 312 ne ke zaune a birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kai {{Convert|433.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}   Akwai gidaje 590 a matsakaicin yawansu ya kai {{Convert|218.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}   Kashi 97.9% na mutanen birnin fararen fata ne, kashi 0.3% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, kashi 0.5% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, kashi 0.1% na 'yan Asiya, kashi 0.4% na sauran kabilu, da kuma kashi 0.9% na kabilu biyu ko fiye. Mutanen Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.0%. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwwcensusgov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=2013-01-24 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin gidaje 522, kashi 27.0% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 41.6% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 14.0% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kashi 4.2% suna da namiji mai gida ba tare da mata ba, kuma kashi 40.2% ba 'yan uwa ba ne. Kashi 34.5% na gidaje mutum ɗaya ne, yayin da kashi 14.1% kuma mutum ɗaya ne mai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.24 kuma matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.85.

Matsakaicin shekarun mutum shine shekaru 41.7. Kashi 21.7% na mazauna suna ƙasa da shekaru 18; kashi 8% suna tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 24; kashi 24.8% suna tsakanin shekaru 25 zuwa 44; kashi 28.5% suna tsakanin shekaru 45 zuwa 64; kuma kashi 16.9% suna da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Maza kashi 46.9% ne suka fito daga cikin jinsin birnin, yayin da mata kashi 53.1% suka fito daga ciki.

=== Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2000 ===
A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2000, mutane 1,199, gidaje 515, da iyalai 340 ne ke zaune a birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kai {{Convert|550.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2}}   Akwai gidaje 604 a matsakaicin yawansu ya kai {{Convert|277.5|/sqmi|/km2}}   Kashi 98.67% na mutanen birnin fararen fata ne, kashi 0.25% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, kashi 0.42% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, da kuma kashi 0.67% daga kabilu biyu ko fiye. Mutanen Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance kashi 0.75%. 

Daga cikin gidaje 515, kashi 28.5% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 51.5% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.9% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma kashi 33.8% ba 'yan uwa ba ne. Kashi 30.3% na gidaje mutum ɗaya ne, yayin da kashi 16.3% kuma mutum ɗaya ne mai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.33 kuma matsakaicin girman iyali shine 2.89.

Rarraba shekarun ya kasance kashi 22.9% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, kashi 7.8% daga 18 zuwa 24, kashi 26.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, kashi 25.9% daga 45 zuwa 64, da kuma kashi 16.9% daga 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin shekarun shine shekaru 40. Ga kowace mace 100, akwai maza 92.1. Ga kowace mace 100 da ke da shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 88.8.

Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $24,120 kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $30,313. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $26,964 idan aka kwatanta da $20,714 ga mata. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum na birnin ya kai dala $14,325. Kimanin kashi 16.5% na iyalai da kashi 21.4% na al'ummar ƙasar suna ƙasa da layin talauci, ciki har da kashi 33.1% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba da kuma kashi 10.2% na waɗanda suka kai shekara 65 ko sama da haka.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>260lszg6hb7dyzsuwtitqobajeh9aqm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Div da span</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>964969</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T22:09:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369633528|Div and span]]&quot;</comment>
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A cikin HTML, yaren daidaita rubutu don takardu da aka tsara don nunawa a cikin burauzar yanar gizo, alamun &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; ne da ake amfani da su don ayyana sassan takarda, don haka ana iya gane su lokacin da ake buƙatar rarrabuwa ta musamman. Inda sauran abubuwan HTML kamar &lt; p &gt; sakin layi), &lt; em &gt; girmamawa), da sauransu, suka wakilci ma'anar abubuwan da ke ciki daidai, ƙarin amfani da alamun &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; haifar da samun damar masu karatu da sauƙin kiyayewa ga marubuta. Idan babu wani abu na HTML da ke akwai &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; na iya wakiltar sassan takarda mai mahimmanci ta yadda za a iya amfani da halayen HTML kamar &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;lang&lt;/code&gt;, ko &lt;code&gt;dir&lt;/code&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-div&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/grouping-content.html#the-div-element |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=W3C |at=4.4 Grouping content}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-span&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-span-element |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133040/http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-span-element |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=W3C |at=4.5 Text-level semantics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt; span &gt; yana wakiltar ɓangaren [[HTML element#Inline elements|layi]] na takarda, misali kalmomi a cikin jimla. &lt; div &gt; yana wakiltar ɓangaren [[HTML element#Block elements|matakin toshe]] na takarda kamar sakin layi kaɗan, ko hoto mai taken sa. &lt; div &gt; yana nufin rabawa. Abubuwan suna ba da damar amfani da halayen ma'ana (misali &lt;code&gt;lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&lt;/code&gt; ), salon [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] (misali, launi da rubutu), ko [[Client-side scripting|rubutun gefen abokin ciniki]] (misali, zane-zane, ɓoyewa, da haɓakawa). &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-div&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-span&quot; /&gt;

&lt; div &gt; yana bayyana &quot;raba&quot; takardar, wani abu mai matakin toshe wanda ya fi bambanta da abubuwan da ke sama da ƙasa fiye da tsawon kayan da ke cikin layi. 

== Misalai ==
Misali, don yin wani ɓangare na rubutu a cikin sakin layi ja, ana iya amfani da &lt; span &gt; kamar haka [ i ] :
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot; |Tsarin HTML&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-size: 98%&quot;&gt;(lambar yanar gizo da ake amfani da ita don ƙara tsari zuwa rubutu)&lt;/span&gt;
! style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot; | Fitowar da aka nuna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-size: 98%&quot;&gt;(kamar yadda masu ziyartar shafin yanar gizon suka gani)&lt;/span&gt; 
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
|&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;I am &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt; and I am &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt;!&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ni &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;ja ne&lt;/span&gt; kuma ni &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;shuɗi ne&lt;/span&gt; !
|}
An gabatar da &lt; span &gt; ga HTML a cikin daftarin [http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-html-i18n-01 html-i18n] na ƙungiyar masu aiki ta duniya a shekarar 1995. Duk da haka, sai HTML 4.01 ya zama wani ɓangare na harshen HTML, wanda ya bayyana a cikin HTML 4 W3C Working Draft a 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-06-13 |title=HTML/Elements/span - Web Education Community Group |url=http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements/span |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180117/http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements/span |archive-date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2013-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar &lt; span &gt; don yin alama ga kowane layin rubutu, saboda &quot;ana buƙatar akwati na gama gari don ɗaukar halayen LANG da BIDI a lokuta inda babu wani abu da ya dace.&quot; Har yanzu yana amfani da wannan manufar gabaɗaya, kodayake an ayyana nau'ikan abubuwan ma'ana masu yawa tun daga lokacin, kuma akwai ƙarin halaye da yawa waɗanda ƙila za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su.

== Bambance-bambance da ɗabi'un da aka saba da su ==
Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; Bambancin da ya fi shahara shine yadda ake nuna abubuwan. A cikin HTML na yau da kullun &lt; div &gt; abu ne mai matakin toshe yayin &lt; span &gt; shine abu mai layi . Toshe &lt; div &gt; ware wani ɓangare na takarda a shafin a zahiri, kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin matakin toshe. Sinadarin &lt; span &gt; ƙunshi wani bayani da ya yi daidai da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin layi kawai. A aikace, ana iya canza yanayin bayyanar abubuwan ta hanyar amfani da Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), kodayake abubuwan da aka yarda da su na kowane abu ba za a iya canza su ba. Misali, ba tare da la'akari da CSS ba, wani abu &lt; span &gt; bazai ƙunshi yara masu matakin toshe ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HTML 5.1: 4. The elements of HTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html51/semantics.html#semantics |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=W3C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani mai amfani ==
Ana amfani da abubuwan &lt; span &gt; da &lt; div &gt; kawai don nuna haɗakar abubuwan da aka rufe da ma'ana.

Akwai manyan dalilai guda uku da ya sa ake amfani da alamun &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; da halayen &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; ko &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; :

=== Salo tare da CSS ===
Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga abubuwan &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; ɗauki halayen &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; ko &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; tare da CSS don amfani da tsari, rubutu, launi, da sauran halayen gabatarwa ga sassan abubuwan. CSS ba wai kawai ya shafi salon gani ba ne: idan aka yi magana da babbar murya ta hanyar mai binciken murya, salon CSS na iya shafar saurin magana, damuwa, wadata har ma da matsayi a cikin hoton sitiriyo .

Saboda waɗannan dalilai, kuma don tallafawa yanar gizo mai ma'ana, halayen da aka haɗa da abubuwan da ke cikin HTML ya kamata su bayyana manufar ma'anarsu, maimakon kawai halayen nunin da aka yi niyya a cikin wani takamaiman hanya. Misali, HTML a cikin &lt; span class = &quot;red-bold&quot; &gt; password too short &lt;/ span &gt; yana da rauni a ma'anarsa, yayin da &lt; em class = &quot;warning&quot; &gt; password too short &lt;/ em &gt; yana amfani da wani abu na &lt; em &gt; don nuna girmamawa (yana bayyana a matsayin rubutu a cikin rubutun da aka yi da ita), kuma yana gabatar da sunan aji mafi dacewa. Ta hanyar amfani da CSS yadda ya kamata, irin waɗannan &quot;gargaɗin&quot; za a iya yin su da launin ja mai kauri a kan allo, amma idan aka buga su za a iya cire su, domin a lokacin ya yi latti a yi wani abu game da su. Wataƙila idan ana magana da su ya kamata a ƙara musu damuwa, sannan a rage musu yawan magana. Misali na biyu shine alamar ma'ana mai wadata, maimakon kawai gabatarwa.

=== Hasken ma'ana ===
Za a iya gabatar da wannan haɗakarwa da lakabin sassan abubuwan da ke cikin shafin don sanya shafin ya zama mai ma'ana a cikin ma'ana gabaɗaya.

Tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyar World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) tana gudanar da wani babban aikin Yanar Gizo na Ma'ana wanda aka tsara don sa yanar gizo gaba ɗaya ta zama mai amfani da ma'ana ga tsarin bayanai na yau da kullun.

Motsin ƙananan siffofi wani yunƙuri ne na gina ra'ayin &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; ma'ana. Misali, manhajar da ke da masaniyar microformats na iya samun wani abu kamar &lt; span class = &quot;tel&quot; &gt; 123-456-7890 &lt;/ span &gt; ta atomatik kuma ta ba da damar buga lambar wayar ta atomatik.

=== Samun dama daga lambar ===
Da zarar an aika da alamar HTML ko XHTML zuwa burauzar abokin ciniki na shafi, akwai yiwuwar lambar gefen abokin ciniki za ta buƙaci ta kewaya tsarin ciki (ko Tsarin Abubuwan Takardu ) na shafin yanar gizo. Dalilin da ya fi yawa shine ana isar da shafin tare da [[JavaScript|JavaScript na gefen abokin ciniki]] wanda zai samar da ɗabi'ar ci gaba da canzawa bayan an nuna shafin. Misali, idan ana nufin mirgina linzamin kwamfuta a kan hanyar haɗin &quot;Saya yanzu&quot; don a ƙara jaddada farashin, a wani wuri a shafin, lambar JavaScript za ta iya yin hakan, amma JavaScript yana buƙatar gano ɓangaren farashin, duk inda yake a cikin alamar. Alamar da ke ƙasa za ta isa: &lt; div class = &quot;price&quot; &gt; $45.99 &lt;/ div &gt; . Wani misali kuma shine dabarar shirye-shiryen Ajax, inda, misali, danna hanyar haɗin hypertext zai iya sa lambar JavaScript ta dawo da rubutun don sabon ƙimar farashi ya bayyana a maimakon wanda yake a cikin shafin, ba tare da sake loda shafin gaba ɗaya ba. Idan sabon rubutun ya dawo daga sabar, dole ne JavaScript ya gano ainihin yankin da ke shafin da za a maye gurbinsa da sabon bayanin.

Kayan aikin gwaji ta atomatik suma suna iya buƙatar kewaya alamar shafin yanar gizo ta amfani da &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; abubuwan &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; halayen &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; . A cikin HTML da aka samar da shi ta hanyar amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa, wannan na iya haɗawa da amfani da kayan aikin gwajin shafi kamar HttpUnit, memba na dangin xUnit, da kayan aikin gwajin kaya ko damuwa kamar Apache JMeter lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a shafukan yanar gizo masu tsari .

== Yawan Amfani ==
Amfani &lt; div &gt; da &lt; span &gt; kyau muhimmin ɓangare ne na alamar HTML da XHTML. Duk da haka, wani lokacin ana amfani da su fiye da kima.

Tsarin jerin abubuwa daban-daban da ake da su a cikin HTML na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da cakuda &lt; div &gt; da &lt; span &gt; aka yi a gida. 

Misali, wannan:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;menu&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Main page&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Contents&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Help&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;wanda ke samar da

* Babban shafi
* Abubuwan da ke ciki
* Taimako

... yawanci ya fi kyau maimakon haka:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;menu&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Main page&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Contents&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Help&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;wanda ke samar da&lt;div class=&quot;menu&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Babban shafi&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span&gt;Abubuwan da ke ciki&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span&gt;Taimako&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;Wasu misalan amfani da HTML maimakon abubuwan &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; haɗa da amfani da &lt; fieldset &gt; don raba fom ɗin yanar gizo, amfani da &lt; legend &gt; don gano irin waɗannan rabe-raben da kuma amfani da &lt; label &gt; gano abubuwan &lt; input &gt; maimakon abubuwan &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; &lt; table &gt; ake amfani da su don irin waɗannan dalilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raggett |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Raggett |last2=Arnaud Le Hors |last3=Ian Jacobs |year=1999 |title=Adding structure to forms: the FIELDSET and LEGEND elements |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/interact/forms.html#h-17.10 |access-date=12 July 2010 |website=HTML 4.01 Specification |publisher=[[W3C]] |quote=The &lt;code&gt;FIELDSET&lt;/code&gt; element allows authors to group thematically related controls and labels. Grouping controls makes it easier for users to understand their purpose while simultaneously facilitating tabbing navigation for visual user agents and speech navigation for speech-oriented user agents. The proper use of this element makes documents more accessible.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HTML5 ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da dama; wasu misalai sun haɗa da abubuwan &lt; header &gt;, &lt; footer &gt;, &lt; nav &gt; da &lt; figure &gt; . Amfani da abubuwan da suka dace da ma'anar yana samar da tsari mafi kyau ga takardun HTML fiye da &lt; span &gt; ko &lt; div &gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van Kesteren |first=Anne |year=2010 |title=HTML5 differences from HTML4 |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5-diff/#language |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=W3C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* HTML da HTML5
* Abubuwan HTML
* Siffar HTML
* Takardun Salon Cascading da Taimako: Takardun Salon Cascading
* CDATA
* Abubuwan da ke cikin Yanayi (COinS)
* [[JavaScript]]
* Yanar Gizo Mai Ma'ana
 

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/global.html#h-7.5.4 Abubuwan da ke haɗa abubuwa: abubuwan DIV da SPAN]
* [https://quicklightweb.com/how-to-create-a-diagonal-or-slanted-div-using-css.php Ƙirƙiri Diagonal ko Slanted Div ta amfani da CSS]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11707" sha1="724kg3glaxjbm0s83rxqu441w2w5p7g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A cikin HTML, yaren daidaita rubutu don takardu da aka tsara don nunawa a cikin burauzar yanar gizo, alamun &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; ne da ake amfani da su don ayyana sassan takarda, don haka ana iya gane su lokacin da ake buƙatar rarrabuwa ta musamman. Inda sauran abubuwan HTML kamar &lt; p &gt; sakin layi), &lt; em &gt; girmamawa), da sauransu, suka wakilci ma'anar abubuwan da ke ciki daidai, ƙarin amfani da alamun &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; haifar da samun damar masu karatu da sauƙin kiyayewa ga marubuta. Idan babu wani abu na HTML da ke akwai &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; na iya wakiltar sassan takarda mai mahimmanci ta yadda za a iya amfani da halayen HTML kamar &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;lang&lt;/code&gt;, ko &lt;code&gt;dir&lt;/code&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-div&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/grouping-content.html#the-div-element |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=W3C |at=4.4 Grouping content}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-span&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-span-element |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133040/http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-span-element |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=W3C |at=4.5 Text-level semantics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt; span &gt; yana wakiltar ɓangaren [[HTML element#Inline elements|layi]] na takarda, misali kalmomi a cikin jimla. &lt; div &gt; yana wakiltar ɓangaren [[HTML element#Block elements|matakin toshe]] na takarda kamar sakin layi kaɗan, ko hoto mai taken sa. &lt; div &gt; yana nufin rabawa. Abubuwan suna ba da damar amfani da halayen ma'ana (misali &lt;code&gt;lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&lt;/code&gt; ), salon [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] (misali, launi da rubutu), ko [[Client-side scripting|rubutun gefen abokin ciniki]] (misali, zane-zane, ɓoyewa, da haɓakawa). &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-div&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;HTML5-span&quot; /&gt;

&lt; div &gt; yana bayyana &quot;raba&quot; takardar, wani abu mai matakin toshe wanda ya fi bambanta da abubuwan da ke sama da ƙasa fiye da tsawon kayan da ke cikin layi. 

== Misalai ==
Misali, don yin wani ɓangare na rubutu a cikin sakin layi ja, ana iya amfani da &lt; span &gt; kamar haka [ i ] :
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot; |Tsarin HTML&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-size: 98%&quot;&gt;(lambar yanar gizo da ake amfani da ita don ƙara tsari zuwa rubutu)&lt;/span&gt;
! style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot; | Fitowar da aka nuna&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; font-size: 98%&quot;&gt;(kamar yadda masu ziyartar shafin yanar gizon suka gani)&lt;/span&gt; 
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
|&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;I am &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt; and I am &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt;!&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ni &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;ja ne&lt;/span&gt; kuma ni &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;shuɗi ne&lt;/span&gt; !
|}
An gabatar da &lt; span &gt; ga HTML a cikin daftarin [http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-html-i18n-01 html-i18n] na ƙungiyar masu aiki ta duniya a shekarar 1995. Duk da haka, sai HTML 4.01 ya zama wani ɓangare na harshen HTML, wanda ya bayyana a cikin HTML 4 W3C Working Draft a 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-06-13 |title=HTML/Elements/span - Web Education Community Group |url=http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements/span |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180117/http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements/span |archive-date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2013-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar &lt; span &gt; don yin alama ga kowane layin rubutu, saboda &quot;ana buƙatar akwati na gama gari don ɗaukar halayen LANG da BIDI a lokuta inda babu wani abu da ya dace.&quot; Har yanzu yana amfani da wannan manufar gabaɗaya, kodayake an ayyana nau'ikan abubuwan ma'ana masu yawa tun daga lokacin, kuma akwai ƙarin halaye da yawa waɗanda ƙila za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su.

== Bambance-bambance da ɗabi'un da aka saba da su ==
Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; Bambancin da ya fi shahara shine yadda ake nuna abubuwan. A cikin HTML na yau da kullun &lt; div &gt; abu ne mai matakin toshe yayin &lt; span &gt; shine abu mai layi . Toshe &lt; div &gt; ware wani ɓangare na takarda a shafin a zahiri, kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin matakin toshe. Sinadarin &lt; span &gt; ƙunshi wani bayani da ya yi daidai da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin layi kawai. A aikace, ana iya canza yanayin bayyanar abubuwan ta hanyar amfani da Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), kodayake abubuwan da aka yarda da su na kowane abu ba za a iya canza su ba. Misali, ba tare da la'akari da CSS ba, wani abu &lt; span &gt; bazai ƙunshi yara masu matakin toshe ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HTML 5.1: 4. The elements of HTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html51/semantics.html#semantics |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=W3C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani mai amfani ==
Ana amfani da abubuwan &lt; span &gt; da &lt; div &gt; kawai don nuna haɗakar abubuwan da aka rufe da ma'ana.

Akwai manyan dalilai guda uku da ya sa ake amfani da alamun &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; da halayen &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; ko &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; :

=== Salo tare da CSS ===
Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga abubuwan &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; ɗauki halayen &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; ko &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; tare da CSS don amfani da tsari, rubutu, launi, da sauran halayen gabatarwa ga sassan abubuwan. CSS ba wai kawai ya shafi salon gani ba ne: idan aka yi magana da babbar murya ta hanyar mai binciken murya, salon CSS na iya shafar saurin magana, damuwa, wadata har ma da matsayi a cikin hoton sitiriyo .

Saboda waɗannan dalilai, kuma don tallafawa yanar gizo mai ma'ana, halayen da aka haɗa da abubuwan da ke cikin HTML ya kamata su bayyana manufar ma'anarsu, maimakon kawai halayen nunin da aka yi niyya a cikin wani takamaiman hanya. Misali, HTML a cikin &lt; span class = &quot;red-bold&quot; &gt; password too short &lt;/ span &gt; yana da rauni a ma'anarsa, yayin da &lt; em class = &quot;warning&quot; &gt; password too short &lt;/ em &gt; yana amfani da wani abu na &lt; em &gt; don nuna girmamawa (yana bayyana a matsayin rubutu a cikin rubutun da aka yi da ita), kuma yana gabatar da sunan aji mafi dacewa. Ta hanyar amfani da CSS yadda ya kamata, irin waɗannan &quot;gargaɗin&quot; za a iya yin su da launin ja mai kauri a kan allo, amma idan aka buga su za a iya cire su, domin a lokacin ya yi latti a yi wani abu game da su. Wataƙila idan ana magana da su ya kamata a ƙara musu damuwa, sannan a rage musu yawan magana. Misali na biyu shine alamar ma'ana mai wadata, maimakon kawai gabatarwa.

=== Hasken ma'ana ===
Za a iya gabatar da wannan haɗakarwa da lakabin sassan abubuwan da ke cikin shafin don sanya shafin ya zama mai ma'ana a cikin ma'ana gabaɗaya.

Tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyar World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) tana gudanar da wani babban aikin Yanar Gizo na Ma'ana wanda aka tsara don sa yanar gizo gaba ɗaya ta zama mai amfani da ma'ana ga tsarin bayanai na yau da kullun.

Motsin ƙananan siffofi wani yunƙuri ne na gina ra'ayin &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; ma'ana. Misali, manhajar da ke da masaniyar microformats na iya samun wani abu kamar &lt; span class = &quot;tel&quot; &gt; 123-456-7890 &lt;/ span &gt; ta atomatik kuma ta ba da damar buga lambar wayar ta atomatik.

=== Samun dama daga lambar ===
Da zarar an aika da alamar HTML ko XHTML zuwa burauzar abokin ciniki na shafi, akwai yiwuwar lambar gefen abokin ciniki za ta buƙaci ta kewaya tsarin ciki (ko Tsarin Abubuwan Takardu ) na shafin yanar gizo. Dalilin da ya fi yawa shine ana isar da shafin tare da [[JavaScript|JavaScript na gefen abokin ciniki]] wanda zai samar da ɗabi'ar ci gaba da canzawa bayan an nuna shafin. Misali, idan ana nufin mirgina linzamin kwamfuta a kan hanyar haɗin &quot;Saya yanzu&quot; don a ƙara jaddada farashin, a wani wuri a shafin, lambar JavaScript za ta iya yin hakan, amma JavaScript yana buƙatar gano ɓangaren farashin, duk inda yake a cikin alamar. Alamar da ke ƙasa za ta isa: &lt; div class = &quot;price&quot; &gt; $45.99 &lt;/ div &gt; . Wani misali kuma shine dabarar shirye-shiryen Ajax, inda, misali, danna hanyar haɗin hypertext zai iya sa lambar JavaScript ta dawo da rubutun don sabon ƙimar farashi ya bayyana a maimakon wanda yake a cikin shafin, ba tare da sake loda shafin gaba ɗaya ba. Idan sabon rubutun ya dawo daga sabar, dole ne JavaScript ya gano ainihin yankin da ke shafin da za a maye gurbinsa da sabon bayanin.

Kayan aikin gwaji ta atomatik suma suna iya buƙatar kewaya alamar shafin yanar gizo ta amfani da &lt;code&gt;class&lt;/code&gt; abubuwan &lt; span &gt; &lt; div &gt; halayen &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; . A cikin HTML da aka samar da shi ta hanyar amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa, wannan na iya haɗawa da amfani da kayan aikin gwajin shafi kamar HttpUnit, memba na dangin xUnit, da kayan aikin gwajin kaya ko damuwa kamar Apache JMeter lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a shafukan yanar gizo masu tsari .

== Yawan Amfani ==
Amfani &lt; div &gt; da &lt; span &gt; kyau muhimmin ɓangare ne na alamar HTML da XHTML. Duk da haka, wani lokacin ana amfani da su fiye da kima.

Tsarin jerin abubuwa daban-daban da ake da su a cikin HTML na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da cakuda &lt; div &gt; da &lt; span &gt; aka yi a gida. 

Misali, wannan:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;menu&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Main page&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Contents&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Help&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;wanda ke samar da

* Babban shafi
* Abubuwan da ke ciki
* Taimako

... yawanci ya fi kyau maimakon haka:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;menu&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Main page&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Contents&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Help&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;wanda ke samar da&lt;div class=&quot;menu&quot;&gt;
 &lt;span&gt;Babban shafi&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span&gt;Abubuwan da ke ciki&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span&gt;Taimako&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;Wasu misalan amfani da HTML maimakon abubuwan &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; haɗa da amfani da &lt; fieldset &gt; don raba fom ɗin yanar gizo, amfani da &lt; legend &gt; don gano irin waɗannan rabe-raben da kuma amfani da &lt; label &gt; gano abubuwan &lt; input &gt; maimakon abubuwan &lt; div &gt; &lt; span &gt; &lt; table &gt; ake amfani da su don irin waɗannan dalilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raggett |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Raggett |last2=Arnaud Le Hors |last3=Ian Jacobs |year=1999 |title=Adding structure to forms: the FIELDSET and LEGEND elements |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/interact/forms.html#h-17.10 |access-date=12 July 2010 |website=HTML 4.01 Specification |publisher=[[W3C]] |quote=The &lt;code&gt;FIELDSET&lt;/code&gt; element allows authors to group thematically related controls and labels. Grouping controls makes it easier for users to understand their purpose while simultaneously facilitating tabbing navigation for visual user agents and speech navigation for speech-oriented user agents. The proper use of this element makes documents more accessible.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HTML5 ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da dama; wasu misalai sun haɗa da abubuwan &lt; header &gt;, &lt; footer &gt;, &lt; nav &gt; da &lt; figure &gt; . Amfani da abubuwan da suka dace da ma'anar yana samar da tsari mafi kyau ga takardun HTML fiye da &lt; span &gt; ko &lt; div &gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=van Kesteren |first=Anne |year=2010 |title=HTML5 differences from HTML4 |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5-diff/#language |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=W3C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* HTML da HTML5
* Abubuwan HTML
* Siffar HTML
* Takardun Salon Cascading da Taimako: Takardun Salon Cascading
* CDATA
* Abubuwan da ke cikin Yanayi (COinS)
* [[JavaScript]]
* Yanar Gizo Mai Ma'ana
 

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/global.html#h-7.5.4 Abubuwan da ke haɗa abubuwa: abubuwan DIV da SPAN]
* [https://quicklightweb.com/how-to-create-a-diagonal-or-slanted-div-using-css.php Ƙirƙiri Diagonal ko Slanted Div ta amfani da CSS]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372553816|Juan Manuel]]&quot;</comment>
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Don '''Juan Manuel''' (5 ga Mayu 1282){{Spaced en dash}}13 ga Yuni 1348) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya na zamanin da, ɗan'uwan [[Alfonso X na Castile]], ɗan Manuel na Castile da Beatrice na Savoy . Ya gaji babban matsayin Ubangijin Villena daga mahaifinsa, inda ya karɓi laƙabi na Ubangiji, Duke da kuma Yariman Villena.  Ya yi aure sau uku, ya zaɓi matansa don samun sauƙi a siyasa da tattalin arziki, kuma ya yi aiki don daidaita 'ya'yansa da abokan hulɗa da ke da alaƙa da sarauta. Juan Manuel ya zama ɗaya daga cikin attajirai da kuma mafi ƙarfi a zamaninsa, yana ƙirƙirar kuɗinsa kamar yadda sarakuna suka yi. A lokacin rayuwarsa, an soki shi saboda ya zaɓi adabi a matsayin aikinsa, wani aiki da ake ganin bai kai matsayin wani babban mutum mai irin wannan daraja ba.

Akwai wasu ruɗani game da sunayensa da laƙabinsa. Juan Manuel sau da yawa yana kiran kansa a cikin littattafansa &quot;Don Juan, ɗan infante don Manuel&quot;. Amma wasu masana na ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 sun fara kiransa infante, wani lakabi da bai mallaka ba, kamar yadda a zamanin Castile na zamanin da, 'ya'yan sarakuna ne kawai ake kira infantes (kuma shi jikan Fernando III ne). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diez de Revenga |first=Francisco Javier |last2=Ruiz Abellán |first2=María Concepción |date=2003-12-01 |title=Denominación y Títulos de Don Juan Manuel |url=http://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/view/5571 |url-status=dead |journal=Miscelánea Medieval Murciana |issue=8 |pages=16 &amp; 27 |doi=10.6018/j5571 |issn=1989-4597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602101732/http://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/view/5571 |archive-date=2018-06-02 |access-date=2019-06-27 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ya shafi muƙamin Duke da Yariman Villena, wanda ya karɓa daga Alfonso na IV da Pedro na IV na Aragón. Ganin cewa waɗannan lakabin suna bin al'adun gargajiya na Aragonese, ba su da wani amfani ga marubucin Castilian, har ya kai ga bai taɓa amfani da su a rubuce-rubucensa ko wasiƙunsa ba, kuma wasu ƴan malamai ne kawai suka danganta su da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
[[File:Señorío_de_Villena_en_1340.png|left|thumb|255x255px| Tsawaita mulkin Seigneury na Villena a lokacin Juan Manuel, kusan shekara ta 1340.]]
An haifi Juan Manuel a cikin Castle of Escalona, a cikin lardin Toledo na yanzu. Shi ɗa ne ga Manuel na Castile (ɗan Ferdinand na Uku na Castile ) da matarsa ta biyu Beatrice na Savoy . Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1283,  kuma Juan ya sami ilimi a fadar ɗan uwansa, Sancho na Huɗu, wanda ƙwarewarsa ta sa ya zama wanda aka fi so.  Da rasuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekara ta 1292, Juan Manuel ya zama duke na Peñafiel . Juan Manuel ya sami horo a fannin fasaha kamar su dawaki, farauta, da shinge, sannan ya koyi [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], tarihi, shari'a, da tauhidi. Yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, ya yi yaƙi don hana harin da [[Moors]] suka kai daga [[Granada]] zuwa Murcia .

A shekara ta 1304, uwar sarauniya, Doña María de Molina, ta ba shi amanar gudanar da tattaunawar siyasa da James II na Aragon a madadin ɗanta, Ferdinand na Huɗu, wanda bai kai shekarunsa ba a lokacin. An yi nasarar diflomasiyya kuma auren Juan Manuel da 'yar James II, Constance, ya ƙara masa daraja. 

Juan Manuel ya auri 'yarsa Constanza ga Alfonso XI, wanda yake yawan samun sabani da shi. Duk da haka, sarkin ya ajiye Constanza a matsayin fursuna a Fadar Toro saboda dalilai marasa tabbas. Wannan lamari ya fusata Juan Manuel, wanda ya yanke shawarar juya wa Alfonso baya. Ya ayyana yaƙi a kan sarkin, inda ya fara wani dogon rikici.

Bayan rasuwar matarsa Constance a shekara ta 1327, Don Juan Manuel ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa ta hanyar auri Doña Blanca de La Cerda y Lara ; ya sami goyon bayan Juan Núñez, ''alférez'' na Castile, kuma ya shiga kawance da Muhammed IV, Sultan na Granada .  Wannan gagarumin kawancen ya tilasta wa Alfonso XI ya kai ƙara don neman sharuɗɗa, wanda ya amince da shi a shekarar 1328 ba tare da wata niyya ta cika su ba. Yaƙi ya sake ɓarkewa cikin sauri, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1331 lokacin da Alfonso ya gayyaci Juan Manuel da Juan Nuñez zuwa wani liyafa a Villahumbrales da nufin, kamar yadda aka yi imani, na kashe su; makircin ya gaza, kuma Don Juan Manuel ya haɗu da Alfonso na IV na Aragon . Alfonso ya kewaye shi a Garci-Nuñez, daga nan ya tsere a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1336, ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira, ya kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar tawayen har zuwa 1338. 

A ƙarshe, Paparoma ya kawo sulhu tsakanin Juan Manuel da Alfonso XI. Wannan sulhu bai kammala ba sai a shekara ta 1340, lokacin da Juan Manuel da Alfonso suka yi kawance da Musulmai a yakin Río Salado, inda suka kwace birnin Algeciras . Bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, Juan Manuel ya bar rayuwar siyasa ya yi ritaya zuwa Castillo de Garcimuñoz, inda ya shafe shekarunsa na ƙarshe yana mai da hankali kan adabi. Saboda alfahari da ayyukansa, ya yanke shawarar tattara su duka a cikin littafi ɗaya. An lalata wannan tarin a cikin wuta, ba tare da an adana wani kwafin da aka sani ba.

Juan Manuel ya mutu a Córdoba a shekara ta 1348, yana da shekaru sittin da shida.

== Ayyuka ==
[[File:Arms_of_Infante_Juan_Manuel_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Villena.svg|thumb|180x180px| Gidan Manuel.]]
A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya rubuta littattafai kimanin goma sha uku, waɗanda takwas ne kawai aka adana a yau. Waɗannan ayyukan galibi koyarwa ne. Juan Manuel ya bi tafarkin kawunsa, [[Alfonso X na Castile]], ya rubuta da harshen Castilian, wani abu na musamman a lokacin da Latin shine harshen da aka fi amfani da shi wajen rubutu. Ya yi rubutu a cikin harshen da aka saba amfani da shi don sauƙaƙa samun damar samun littattafai ga yawancin masu karatu na Castilian.

Duk da cewa rubuce-rubucensa galibi an yi su ne ga ajin masu ilimi, amma duk da haka yana tsammanin za a karanta su da babbar murya, kamar yadda aka [[Karatu|saba yi a zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani]] . Yana sane da kyawawan halaye, kuma yana magana da kyau, saboda girman matsayinsa, kuma idan mata ko yara suka ji abin da ya rubuta. Ayyukansa suna nuna halinsa, burinsa, da imaninsa, ta yadda ta hanyoyi da yawa suna nuna lokacinsa da yanayinsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}

Aikin Juan Manuel yana da matuƙar sha'awar rayuwa ta zahiri da ta ruhaniya, kuma ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da manyan mutane ba, har ma da ƙananan gidaje, domin yawancin aikinsa ba wai kawai yana magana ne game da ayyukan sarakuna ba, har ma da na bayinsu. Duk da cewa ayyukansa galibi ana rarraba su a ƙarƙashin babban rukunin zamanin da na &quot; ilimin sarakuna &quot;, amma kuma ya fara kusantar da tsarin Machiavellian wanda ya fi dacewa da Renaissance, saboda sadaukarwarsa ga fasahar mulki mai kyau.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}

=== Takaitaccen bayani game da lokaci ===
Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Juan Manuel da suka rage:

* Crónica abreviada     an tattara shi tsakanin 1319 da 1325.
* The Libro de la caza     an rubuta shi tsakanin 1320 da 1329; kuma a cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru tara na Crónica de España    , da Crónica complida    , da Tratado sobre las armas     an samar da su.
* Littafin The Libro del cavallero et del escudero     an gama kafin ƙarshen shekarar 1326. Abin mamaki ne saboda iliminsa daban-daban na yarima mai cike da rudani wanda ke haɗa abubuwan da ya faru na kansa da abubuwan tarihi ko na almara, tare da tunawa da Aesop da Phaedrus, tare da {{Lang|la|Disciplina clericalis}}, tare da ''Kalilah da Dimnah'', tare da al'adun Gabas daban-daban, da kuma kayan adabin tarihi waɗanda ya rubuta a cikin {{Lang|osp|Libro de Patronio}}, wanda aka fi sani da suna {{Lang|es|El Conde Lucanor}} .
* Littafin farko na Libro de los estados     an kammala shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1330, yayin da aka fara na biyu bayan kwana biyar. Marubucin ya haɗa tarihi da almara da gangan, wanda ke aiki a matsayin kariya ga kansa da dukiyarsa daga masarautar, Alfonso XI, da ke cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi da gata na manyan mutane. 
* Littafin farko na {{Lang|es|El Conde Lucanor}} an rubuta shi a shekara ta 1328, na biyu kuma a shekara ta 1330, na huɗu kuma an rubuta shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1335.
* ''Littafin addini mai tsarki game da Budurwa'', wanda aka keɓe wa tsohon gidan sufi na Peñafiel, wanda Don Juan Manuel ya ba da gadon littattafansa, ba a san lokacin da aka rubuta shi ba, amma da alama akwai yiwuwar Libro de los frailes predicadores     ya ɗan jima baya fiye da {{Lang|osp|Libro de los estados}} cewa Littafin Libro de los castigos     (an bar shi ba tare da an gama ba, don haka aka san shi da madadin laƙabin Libro infinido     ) an rubuta shi ba bayan shekara ta 1333 ba, kuma cewa rubutun De las maneras de amor     an rubuta shi tsakanin 1334 da 1337. 

Daga cikin ayyukansa da suka ɓace, Libro de los sabios    , wani bita mai suna ' Engaños de guerra     da kuma Libro de cantares    , tarin ayoyi, an rubuta su tsakanin 1320 da 1327; amma sun ɓace tare da Libro de la caballería     (an rubuta a lokacin hunturu na 1326), da kuma Reglas cómo se debe trovar    , wani tsari na ma'auni da aka sanya wa 1328–1334. 

=== El Conde Lucanor ===
{{Lang|osp|El Conde Lucanor}}, ko [[Tales of Count Lucanor]] (sunan Lucanor da aka ɗauko daga rubutun [[Tristan]] ), wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da Libro de enxemplos    , [[Gonzalo Argote de Molina]] ne ya fara buga shi a [[Sevilla|Seville]] a shekarar 1575, kuma ya bayyana Don Juan Manuel a matsayin ƙwararre a fannin rubuta wakoki, kuma a matsayin magabacin [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]] a lardin labarin soyayya. Tsarin labarai yana nuna ƙa'idodi da tsarin matsayi na duniyar zamanin da. A cikin sassan farko, wani matashi mai suna Lucanor, ya gabatar da wata matsala ta zahiri ga Patronio; daga baya, ya ba da [[Apologue|uzuri]] wanda ya fitar da mafita daga labarin Patronio, yana amfani da shi ga kansa. Juan Manuel ya kammala labarin da ɗan gajeren baiti, yana haɗa ɗabi'ar labarin zuwa gajerun maganganu masu ma'ana. 

Ainihin aikin wani mai fasaha ne mai hankali, mai tunani da kuma zaɓe a cikin hanyoyinsa. Don Juan Manuel ya yi amfani da wannan damar wajen neman afuwa daga Gabas a Spain, kuma ta hanyar kyawun furucinsa, yana shigo da wani sabon salo a cikin rubutun Sifaniyanci wanda ya kai ga ci gabansa gaba ɗaya a hannun Juan de Valdés da Cervantes . An yi amfani da wasu daga cikin jigoginsa don dalilai masu ban mamaki ta Lope de Vega a cikin La Pobreza estimada , by Juan Ruiz de Alarcón in La Prueba de las promesas de las promesas , by Calderón in Life is a Dream, kuma ta José de Cañizares in Don Juan de Espina en Milán ; akwai wata alaƙa a bayyane, kodayake tana da nisa, tsakanin labarin mancebo que casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava da kuma Taming of the Shrew ; kuma akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin wasu daga cikin enxemplos Don Juan Manuel da kuma wasu daga cikin tatsuniyoyi na Hans Christian Andersen .

== Yara ==
[[File:Castillo_villena.JPG|thumb| Gidan sarauta na Villena, babban birnin Seigneury na Villena .]]
[[File:Retratos_de_D._João_Manuel,_Príncipe_de_Vilhena,_e_D._Branca_de_Lacerda_(séc._XVII)_-_Palácio_Ficalho,_Serpa.png|thumb| Blanca de La Cerda da Don Juan Manuel, a cikin jerin zanen Portuguese na ƙarni na 17 da ke nuna kakannin dangin Manuel (Ficalho Palace, Serpa, [[Portugal]] )]]
Matarsa ta farko ita ce [[Elizabeth of Majorca|Elizabeth ta Majorca]], 'yar James II na Majorca . Ta mutu a kusa da shekara ta 1301 kuma ba su da 'ya'ya.

Tare da Constance na Aragon, 'yar James na II na Aragon :

* Constanza Manuel na Villena ( {{Circa|1318}}{{Spaced en dash}}1349), wanda ya fara auren Alfonso XI na Castile a shekara ta 1325 kafin a soke auren a shekara ta 1327. Ta auri mijinta na biyu Infante Peter na Portugal a shekara ta 1340.
* Beatrice Manuel na Villena, ta mutu tana ƙarama.
* Manuel na Villena, ya mutu yana ƙarami.

Tare da Blanca de la Cerda y Lara, 'yar Fernando de la Cerda :

* Fernando Manuel na Villena (ya mutu {{Circa|1350}} ), Ubangijin Escalona, Peñafiel da Villena, waɗanda suka yi aure a shekara ta 1346 Joan, 'yar [[Ramón Berenguer, Count of Ampurias|Ramón Berenguer, Count of Ampuria]], shi kansa ƙaramin ɗa ne ga James II na Aragon . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya mace, Blanca Manuel ( {{Circa|1348}}{{Spaced en dash}}1361), magajin Villena, Escalona da Peñafiel.
* Juana Manuel na Villena (1339–1381), wacce ta yi aure a shekara ta 1350 Henry na II na Castile kuma ta zama Sarauniyar Castile.

Ba bisa doka ba tare da Inés de Castañeda:

* Sancho Manuel na Villena (1320-1347),
* Enrique Manuel na Villena (1340-1390), ƙidaya na Seia da ubangijin Sintra.

== Kakanni ==
 

== Duba kuma ==

* Adabin Sipaniya

== Manazarta ==

== Majiyoyi ==

* Ayerbe-Chaux, Reinaldo. ''Count Lucanor: Al'adar gargajiya da asali creadorá'' . Madrid: J. Porrúa Turanzas, 1975.
* Biglieri, Aníbal A. ''Zuwa ga wani labari mai ban dariya daga cikin labarin koyarwa: Nazari takwas akan Count Lucanor'' . Chapel Hill: Sashen Harsunan Soyayya na UNC, 1989.
* Flory, Dauda. ''Count Lucanor: Don Juan Manuel a cikin mahallin tarihinsa'' . Madrid: Pliegos, 1995.
* Giménez Soler, Andrés. ''Don Juan Manuel.'' ''Tarihin Rayuwa da Nazarin Mahimmanci'' . Zaragoza: F. Martinez, 1932.
* Hammer, Michael Floyd. &quot;Tsarin Mai Karatu: Misali da Ɗabi'a a cikin Rubuce-rubucen 'Count Lucanor'.&quot; Digirin Digiri na uku a Jami'ar California da ke Los Angeles, 2004.
* Lida de Malkiel, Maria Rosa . &quot;Bayanan rubutu uku akan Don Juan Manuel.&quot; ''Falsafar Soyayya'' 4,2-3 (1950): 155-94.
* [http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8226 Wacks, David A. &quot;Don Yllán da Mai Sihiri na Masar: Daidaito tsakanin harsunan Larabci da bambancin adabi a zamanin da Castile.&quot;''Sefarad'' 65,2 (2005): 413-33.]
* MacPherson, Ian. ed. ''Juan Manuel: Zaɓaɓɓen Zaɓe'' . Landan: Tamesis Texts Limited, 1980.
* Peters, Michael F., Jr. &quot;Juan Manuel's Libro de los estados: tarihin almara, ka'idar ƙasa, da jayayya da Alfonso XI.&quot; Mujallar Nazarin Iberian na Tsakiyar Zamani 18.1 (2025): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2025.2589278
* Wacks, David A. &quot;Sake Kwato Mulkin Mallaka da Aikin Bayar da Labarai na Andalusī a cikin ''Conde Lucanor'' .&quot; ''diacritics'' 36, lamba 3-4 (2006): 87-103.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

*  Works by or about Juan Manuel at Wikisource
* Infante Don Juan Manuel (Biografía)[link removed]
* [http://www.polyglotproject.com/books/Spanish/de_lo_acontecio Text of De lo que aconteció in Spanish]
* Works by Juan Manuel at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
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Don '''Juan Manuel''' (5 ga Mayu 1282){{Spaced en dash}}13 ga Yuni 1348) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya na zamanin da, ɗan'uwan [[Alfonso X na Castile]], ɗan Manuel na Castile da Beatrice na Savoy . Ya gaji babban matsayin Ubangijin Villena daga mahaifinsa, inda ya karɓi laƙabi na Ubangiji, Duke da kuma Yariman Villena.  Ya yi aure sau uku, ya zaɓi matansa don samun sauƙi a siyasa da tattalin arziki, kuma ya yi aiki don daidaita 'ya'yansa da abokan hulɗa da ke da alaƙa da sarauta. Juan Manuel ya zama ɗaya daga cikin attajirai da kuma mafi ƙarfi a zamaninsa, yana ƙirƙirar kuɗinsa kamar yadda sarakuna suka yi. A lokacin rayuwarsa, an soki shi saboda ya zaɓi adabi a matsayin aikinsa, wani aiki da ake ganin bai kai matsayin wani babban mutum mai irin wannan daraja ba.

Akwai wasu ruɗani game da sunayensa da laƙabinsa. Juan Manuel sau da yawa yana kiran kansa a cikin littattafansa &quot;Don Juan, ɗan infante don Manuel&quot;. Amma wasu masana na ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 sun fara kiransa infante, wani lakabi da bai mallaka ba, kamar yadda a zamanin Castile na zamanin da, 'ya'yan sarakuna ne kawai ake kira infantes (kuma shi jikan Fernando III ne). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diez de Revenga |first=Francisco Javier |last2=Ruiz Abellán |first2=María Concepción |date=2003-12-01 |title=Denominación y Títulos de Don Juan Manuel |url=http://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/view/5571 |url-status=dead |journal=Miscelánea Medieval Murciana |issue=8 |pages=16 &amp; 27 |doi=10.6018/j5571 |issn=1989-4597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602101732/http://revistas.um.es/mimemur/article/view/5571 |archive-date=2018-06-02 |access-date=2019-06-27 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ya shafi muƙamin Duke da Yariman Villena, wanda ya karɓa daga Alfonso na IV da Pedro na IV na Aragón. Ganin cewa waɗannan lakabin suna bin al'adun gargajiya na Aragonese, ba su da wani amfani ga marubucin Castilian, har ya kai ga bai taɓa amfani da su a rubuce-rubucensa ko wasiƙunsa ba, kuma wasu ƴan malamai ne kawai suka danganta su da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
[[File:Señorío_de_Villena_en_1340.png|left|thumb|255x255px| Tsawaita mulkin Seigneury na Villena a lokacin Juan Manuel, kusan shekara ta 1340.]]
An haifi Juan Manuel a cikin Castle of Escalona, a cikin lardin Toledo na yanzu. Shi ɗa ne ga Manuel na Castile (ɗan Ferdinand na Uku na Castile ) da matarsa ta biyu Beatrice na Savoy . Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1283,  kuma Juan ya sami ilimi a fadar ɗan uwansa, Sancho na Huɗu, wanda ƙwarewarsa ta sa ya zama wanda aka fi so.  Da rasuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekara ta 1292, Juan Manuel ya zama duke na Peñafiel . Juan Manuel ya sami horo a fannin fasaha kamar su dawaki, farauta, da shinge, sannan ya koyi [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], tarihi, shari'a, da tauhidi. Yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, ya yi yaƙi don hana harin da [[Moors]] suka kai daga [[Granada]] zuwa Murcia .

A shekara ta 1304, uwar sarauniya, Doña María de Molina, ta ba shi amanar gudanar da tattaunawar siyasa da James II na Aragon a madadin ɗanta, Ferdinand na Huɗu, wanda bai kai shekarunsa ba a lokacin. An yi nasarar diflomasiyya kuma auren Juan Manuel da 'yar James II, Constance, ya ƙara masa daraja. 

Juan Manuel ya auri 'yarsa Constanza ga Alfonso XI, wanda yake yawan samun sabani da shi. Duk da haka, sarkin ya ajiye Constanza a matsayin fursuna a Fadar Toro saboda dalilai marasa tabbas. Wannan lamari ya fusata Juan Manuel, wanda ya yanke shawarar juya wa Alfonso baya. Ya ayyana yaƙi a kan sarkin, inda ya fara wani dogon rikici.

Bayan rasuwar matarsa Constance a shekara ta 1327, Don Juan Manuel ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa ta hanyar auri Doña Blanca de La Cerda y Lara ; ya sami goyon bayan Juan Núñez, ''alférez'' na Castile, kuma ya shiga kawance da Muhammed IV, Sultan na Granada .  Wannan gagarumin kawancen ya tilasta wa Alfonso XI ya kai ƙara don neman sharuɗɗa, wanda ya amince da shi a shekarar 1328 ba tare da wata niyya ta cika su ba. Yaƙi ya sake ɓarkewa cikin sauri, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1331 lokacin da Alfonso ya gayyaci Juan Manuel da Juan Nuñez zuwa wani liyafa a Villahumbrales da nufin, kamar yadda aka yi imani, na kashe su; makircin ya gaza, kuma Don Juan Manuel ya haɗu da Alfonso na IV na Aragon . Alfonso ya kewaye shi a Garci-Nuñez, daga nan ya tsere a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1336, ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira, ya kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar tawayen har zuwa 1338. 

A ƙarshe, Paparoma ya kawo sulhu tsakanin Juan Manuel da Alfonso XI. Wannan sulhu bai kammala ba sai a shekara ta 1340, lokacin da Juan Manuel da Alfonso suka yi kawance da Musulmai a yakin Río Salado, inda suka kwace birnin Algeciras . Bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, Juan Manuel ya bar rayuwar siyasa ya yi ritaya zuwa Castillo de Garcimuñoz, inda ya shafe shekarunsa na ƙarshe yana mai da hankali kan adabi. Saboda alfahari da ayyukansa, ya yanke shawarar tattara su duka a cikin littafi ɗaya. An lalata wannan tarin a cikin wuta, ba tare da an adana wani kwafin da aka sani ba.

Juan Manuel ya mutu a Córdoba a shekara ta 1348, yana da shekaru sittin da shida.

== Ayyuka ==
[[File:Arms_of_Infante_Juan_Manuel_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Villena.svg|thumb|180x180px| Gidan Manuel.]]
A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya rubuta littattafai kimanin goma sha uku, waɗanda takwas ne kawai aka adana a yau. Waɗannan ayyukan galibi koyarwa ne. Juan Manuel ya bi tafarkin kawunsa, [[Alfonso X na Castile]], ya rubuta da harshen Castilian, wani abu na musamman a lokacin da Latin shine harshen da aka fi amfani da shi wajen rubutu. Ya yi rubutu a cikin harshen da aka saba amfani da shi don sauƙaƙa samun damar samun littattafai ga yawancin masu karatu na Castilian.

Duk da cewa rubuce-rubucensa galibi an yi su ne ga ajin masu ilimi, amma duk da haka yana tsammanin za a karanta su da babbar murya, kamar yadda aka [[Karatu|saba yi a zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani]] . Yana sane da kyawawan halaye, kuma yana magana da kyau, saboda girman matsayinsa, kuma idan mata ko yara suka ji abin da ya rubuta. Ayyukansa suna nuna halinsa, burinsa, da imaninsa, ta yadda ta hanyoyi da yawa suna nuna lokacinsa da yanayinsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}

Aikin Juan Manuel yana da matuƙar sha'awar rayuwa ta zahiri da ta ruhaniya, kuma ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da manyan mutane ba, har ma da ƙananan gidaje, domin yawancin aikinsa ba wai kawai yana magana ne game da ayyukan sarakuna ba, har ma da na bayinsu. Duk da cewa ayyukansa galibi ana rarraba su a ƙarƙashin babban rukunin zamanin da na &quot; ilimin sarakuna &quot;, amma kuma ya fara kusantar da tsarin Machiavellian wanda ya fi dacewa da Renaissance, saboda sadaukarwarsa ga fasahar mulki mai kyau.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2025}}

=== Takaitaccen bayani game da lokaci ===
Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Juan Manuel da suka rage:

* Crónica abreviada     an tattara shi tsakanin 1319 da 1325.
* The Libro de la caza     an rubuta shi tsakanin 1320 da 1329; kuma a cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru tara na Crónica de España    , da Crónica complida    , da Tratado sobre las armas     an samar da su.
* Littafin The Libro del cavallero et del escudero     an gama kafin ƙarshen shekarar 1326. Abin mamaki ne saboda iliminsa daban-daban na yarima mai cike da rudani wanda ke haɗa abubuwan da ya faru na kansa da abubuwan tarihi ko na almara, tare da tunawa da Aesop da Phaedrus, tare da {{Lang|la|Disciplina clericalis}}, tare da ''Kalilah da Dimnah'', tare da al'adun Gabas daban-daban, da kuma kayan adabin tarihi waɗanda ya rubuta a cikin {{Lang|osp|Libro de Patronio}}, wanda aka fi sani da suna {{Lang|es|El Conde Lucanor}} .
* Littafin farko na Libro de los estados     an kammala shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1330, yayin da aka fara na biyu bayan kwana biyar. Marubucin ya haɗa tarihi da almara da gangan, wanda ke aiki a matsayin kariya ga kansa da dukiyarsa daga masarautar, Alfonso XI, da ke cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi da gata na manyan mutane. 
* Littafin farko na {{Lang|es|El Conde Lucanor}} an rubuta shi a shekara ta 1328, na biyu kuma a shekara ta 1330, na huɗu kuma an rubuta shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1335.
* ''Littafin addini mai tsarki game da Budurwa'', wanda aka keɓe wa tsohon gidan sufi na Peñafiel, wanda Don Juan Manuel ya ba da gadon littattafansa, ba a san lokacin da aka rubuta shi ba, amma da alama akwai yiwuwar Libro de los frailes predicadores     ya ɗan jima baya fiye da {{Lang|osp|Libro de los estados}} cewa Littafin Libro de los castigos     (an bar shi ba tare da an gama ba, don haka aka san shi da madadin laƙabin Libro infinido     ) an rubuta shi ba bayan shekara ta 1333 ba, kuma cewa rubutun De las maneras de amor     an rubuta shi tsakanin 1334 da 1337. 

Daga cikin ayyukansa da suka ɓace, Libro de los sabios    , wani bita mai suna ' Engaños de guerra     da kuma Libro de cantares    , tarin ayoyi, an rubuta su tsakanin 1320 da 1327; amma sun ɓace tare da Libro de la caballería     (an rubuta a lokacin hunturu na 1326), da kuma Reglas cómo se debe trovar    , wani tsari na ma'auni da aka sanya wa 1328–1334. 

=== El Conde Lucanor ===
{{Lang|osp|El Conde Lucanor}}, ko [[Tales of Count Lucanor]] (sunan Lucanor da aka ɗauko daga rubutun [[Tristan]] ), wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da Libro de enxemplos    , [[Gonzalo Argote de Molina]] ne ya fara buga shi a [[Sevilla|Seville]] a shekarar 1575, kuma ya bayyana Don Juan Manuel a matsayin ƙwararre a fannin rubuta wakoki, kuma a matsayin magabacin [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]] a lardin labarin soyayya. Tsarin labarai yana nuna ƙa'idodi da tsarin matsayi na duniyar zamanin da. A cikin sassan farko, wani matashi mai suna Lucanor, ya gabatar da wata matsala ta zahiri ga Patronio; daga baya, ya ba da [[Apologue|uzuri]] wanda ya fitar da mafita daga labarin Patronio, yana amfani da shi ga kansa. Juan Manuel ya kammala labarin da ɗan gajeren baiti, yana haɗa ɗabi'ar labarin zuwa gajerun maganganu masu ma'ana. 

Ainihin aikin wani mai fasaha ne mai hankali, mai tunani da kuma zaɓe a cikin hanyoyinsa. Don Juan Manuel ya yi amfani da wannan damar wajen neman afuwa daga Gabas a Spain, kuma ta hanyar kyawun furucinsa, yana shigo da wani sabon salo a cikin rubutun Sifaniyanci wanda ya kai ga ci gabansa gaba ɗaya a hannun Juan de Valdés da Cervantes . An yi amfani da wasu daga cikin jigoginsa don dalilai masu ban mamaki ta Lope de Vega a cikin La Pobreza estimada , by Juan Ruiz de Alarcón in La Prueba de las promesas de las promesas , by Calderón in Life is a Dream, kuma ta José de Cañizares in Don Juan de Espina en Milán ; akwai wata alaƙa a bayyane, kodayake tana da nisa, tsakanin labarin mancebo que casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava da kuma Taming of the Shrew ; kuma akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin wasu daga cikin enxemplos Don Juan Manuel da kuma wasu daga cikin tatsuniyoyi na Hans Christian Andersen .

== Yara ==
[[File:Castillo_villena.JPG|thumb| Gidan sarauta na Villena, babban birnin Seigneury na Villena .]]
[[File:Retratos_de_D._João_Manuel,_Príncipe_de_Vilhena,_e_D._Branca_de_Lacerda_(séc._XVII)_-_Palácio_Ficalho,_Serpa.png|thumb| Blanca de La Cerda da Don Juan Manuel, a cikin jerin zanen Portuguese na ƙarni na 17 da ke nuna kakannin dangin Manuel (Ficalho Palace, Serpa, [[Portugal]] )]]
Matarsa ta farko ita ce [[Elizabeth of Majorca|Elizabeth ta Majorca]], 'yar James II na Majorca . Ta mutu a kusa da shekara ta 1301 kuma ba su da 'ya'ya.

Tare da Constance na Aragon, 'yar James na II na Aragon :

* Constanza Manuel na Villena ( {{Circa|1318}}{{Spaced en dash}}1349), wanda ya fara auren Alfonso XI na Castile a shekara ta 1325 kafin a soke auren a shekara ta 1327. Ta auri mijinta na biyu Infante Peter na Portugal a shekara ta 1340.
* Beatrice Manuel na Villena, ta mutu tana ƙarama.
* Manuel na Villena, ya mutu yana ƙarami.

Tare da Blanca de la Cerda y Lara, 'yar Fernando de la Cerda :

* Fernando Manuel na Villena (ya mutu {{Circa|1350}} ), Ubangijin Escalona, Peñafiel da Villena, waɗanda suka yi aure a shekara ta 1346 Joan, 'yar [[Ramón Berenguer, Count of Ampurias|Ramón Berenguer, Count of Ampuria]], shi kansa ƙaramin ɗa ne ga James II na Aragon . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya mace, Blanca Manuel ( {{Circa|1348}}{{Spaced en dash}}1361), magajin Villena, Escalona da Peñafiel.
* Juana Manuel na Villena (1339–1381), wacce ta yi aure a shekara ta 1350 Henry na II na Castile kuma ta zama Sarauniyar Castile.

Ba bisa doka ba tare da Inés de Castañeda:

* Sancho Manuel na Villena (1320-1347),
* Enrique Manuel na Villena (1340-1390), ƙidaya na Seia da ubangijin Sintra.

== Kakanni ==
 

== Duba kuma ==

* Adabin Sipaniya

== Manazarta ==

== Majiyoyi ==

* Ayerbe-Chaux, Reinaldo. ''Count Lucanor: Al'adar gargajiya da asali creadorá'' . Madrid: J. Porrúa Turanzas, 1975.
* Biglieri, Aníbal A. ''Zuwa ga wani labari mai ban dariya daga cikin labarin koyarwa: Nazari takwas akan Count Lucanor'' . Chapel Hill: Sashen Harsunan Soyayya na UNC, 1989.
* Flory, Dauda. ''Count Lucanor: Don Juan Manuel a cikin mahallin tarihinsa'' . Madrid: Pliegos, 1995.
* Giménez Soler, Andrés. ''Don Juan Manuel.'' ''Tarihin Rayuwa da Nazarin Mahimmanci'' . Zaragoza: F. Martinez, 1932.
* Hammer, Michael Floyd. &quot;Tsarin Mai Karatu: Misali da Ɗabi'a a cikin Rubuce-rubucen 'Count Lucanor'.&quot; Digirin Digiri na uku a Jami'ar California da ke Los Angeles, 2004.
* Lida de Malkiel, Maria Rosa . &quot;Bayanan rubutu uku akan Don Juan Manuel.&quot; ''Falsafar Soyayya'' 4,2-3 (1950): 155-94.
* [http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8226 Wacks, David A. &quot;Don Yllán da Mai Sihiri na Masar: Daidaito tsakanin harsunan Larabci da bambancin adabi a zamanin da Castile.&quot;''Sefarad'' 65,2 (2005): 413-33.]
* MacPherson, Ian. ed. ''Juan Manuel: Zaɓaɓɓen Zaɓe'' . Landan: Tamesis Texts Limited, 1980.
* Peters, Michael F., Jr. &quot;Juan Manuel's Libro de los estados: tarihin almara, ka'idar ƙasa, da jayayya da Alfonso XI.&quot; Mujallar Nazarin Iberian na Tsakiyar Zamani 18.1 (2025): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2025.2589278
* Wacks, David A. &quot;Sake Kwato Mulkin Mallaka da Aikin Bayar da Labarai na Andalusī a cikin ''Conde Lucanor'' .&quot; ''diacritics'' 36, lamba 3-4 (2006): 87-103.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

*  Works by or about Juan Manuel at Wikisource
* Infante Don Juan Manuel (Biografía)[link removed]
* [http://www.polyglotproject.com/books/Spanish/de_lo_acontecio Text of De lo que aconteció in Spanish]
* Works by Juan Manuel at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359514971|Elfego Baca]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Elfego Baca''' (10 ga Fabrairu, 1865 - 27 ga Agusta, 1945) ɗan bindiga ne, jami'in tsaro, [[lauya]], kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] a [[New Mexico]], wanda ya zama gwarzon al'ummar Amurka a shekarun baya na kan iyakar New Mexico .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Shimabukuro 2016 pp. 77–106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shimabukuro |first=Karra |year=2016 |title=Don't Just Print the Legend, Write It |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44790901 |journal=Western Folklore |publisher=Western States Folklore Society |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=77–106 |issn=0043-373X |jstor=44790901 |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;La Prensa Texas 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Elfego Baca |url=https://laprensatexas.com/elfego-baca/ |access-date=August 13, 2021 |website=La Prensa Texas}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Manufarsa a rayuwa ita ce ya zama jami'in zaman lafiya, kuma &quot;masu laifi su ji takunsa na ɗan lokaci&quot;. An san shi da hannu a harbin bindiga a Frisco (wanda yanzu ake kira Reserve ), [[New Mexico]] a shekarar 1884, da kuma wasu hotuna na rayuwarsa da aka wallafa a cikin fina-finan Yammacin Turai da aka fitar a tsakiyar karni na 20.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Baca a shekara ta 1865 a Socorro, New Mexico, ga Francisco da Juana Maria Baca. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Topeka, Kansas, lokacin da yake ƙarami. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 1880, Baca ya koma tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Belen, New Mexico, inda mahaifinsa ya zama jami'in soja . A shekara ta 1884, yana da shekaru 19, Baca ya sami wasu bindigogi kuma ya zama mataimakin sheriff (ko ta hanyar siyan lamba ko kuma ta hanyar naɗi ba a fayyace ba) a Gundumar Socorro, New Mexico .

== bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na Frisco ==
[[File:Reserve_NM_-_3.jpg|thumb| Mutum-mutumin Elfego Baca a Yankin Reserve, New Mexico]]
A watan Oktoban 1884, a garin Middle San Francisco Plaza (wanda yanzu ake kira Reserve, New Mexico), Baca ya kama wani mayen kaboyi mai suna Charlie McCarty, yana nuna masa tambarinsa sannan ya ɗauki bindigarsa. Abokan kaboyi na McCarty sun yi ƙoƙarin hana Baca, amma ya yi faɗa, inda ya kashe dokin shugaban John Slaughter, wanda ya faɗo masa ya kashe shi, sannan ya harbi wani kaboyi a gwiwa. Daga baya, Alkalin Zaman Lafiya Ted White ya ba McCarty 'yancinsa kuma ya kira Bert Hearne, wani makiyayi daga Spur Lake Ranch, don ya dawo da Baca ga shari'a don yi masa tambayoyi game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin kisan kai. Bayan Baca ya ƙi fitowa daga gidan yarin adobe, Hearne ya karya ƙofar ya kuma umarci Baca ya fito da hannunsa sama. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, harbin bindiga ya fito daga gidan yarin ya kuma bugi Hearne a cikinsa, wanda ya raunata shi har lahira.

An yi arangama da 'yan kaboyi. An yi ta cece-kuce kan adadin 'yan kaboyi da suka taru, inda mazauna kauyen da ke wurin suka bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mutum 40 a wurin, yayin da Baca da kansa daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa akwai akalla mutum 80. An ce 'yan kaboyi sun harba harsasai sama da 4,000 cikin gidan, har sai da ginin adobe ya cika da ramuka. Duk da haka, babu wani harsashi da ya same Baca; an ce benen gidan ya ɗan yi ƙasa da matakin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar tsira daga rauni.
[[File:Frisco_store.jpg|left|thumb| Shagon Frisco a tsakiyar Frisco Plaza, kimanin 1993]]
Bayan kimanin sa'o'i 33 da harba harsasai kusan 4,000, yaƙin ya ƙare lokacin da Francisquito Naranjo ya shawo kan Baca ya miƙa wuya. A watan Mayun 1885, an tuhumi Baca da laifin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban 'yan sanda na John Slaughter da kuma Bert Hearne, kuma an daure shi yana jiran shari'a. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1885, an wanke Baca daga laifin bayan an shigar da ƙofar gidan Armijo a matsayin shaida. Tana da ramukan harsashi sama da 400 a cikinta. A cewarsa, lauyan da ke kare Baca yana da takardun karya don tabbatar da matsayinsa na lauya a shari'a, kamar yadda tarihin rayuwar Baca ya nuna ya nada kansa a matsayin mataimakinsa jim kaɗan kafin a kama Charlie McCarty. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1, 1884 |title=Elfego Baca battles Anglo cowboys |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/elfego-baca-battles-anglo-cowboys |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607012922/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/elfego-baca-battles-anglo-cowboys |archive-date=June 7, 2015 |access-date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=www.history.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tilasta bin doka ==
Baca ya zama sheriff na gundumar Socorro a hukumance kuma an tuhume shi da laifin kama masu karya doka a yankin. Maimakon ya umarci mataimakansa su bi sahun mutanen da ake nema, sai ya aika wa kowanne daga cikin wadanda ake zargi wasiƙa. An ce, &quot;Ina da sammacin kama ka. Don Allah ka zo kafin Maris.&quot;&amp;nbsp;15 kuma ka miƙa kanka. Idan ba ka yi ba, zan san kana da niyyar ƙin kamawa, kuma zan ji cewa ka cancanci a harbe ka idan na gan ka idan na zo bin ka.&quot; Yawancin masu laifin sun mika kansu da son rai.

A shekara ta 1888, Baca ya zama shugaban rundunar sojojin Amurka . Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan ya fara karatun lauya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1894, Alkali AA Freeman ya shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a kamfanin lauyoyi na Freeman's Socorro a watan Fabrairun 1895.   Ya yi aikin lauya a titin San Antonio da ke [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] tsakanin 1902 da 1904.

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Baca ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban na gwamnati, waɗanda suka haɗa da magatakardar gundumar, magajin gari, da kuma shugaban makaranta na Gundumar Socorro da kuma lauyan gundumar Socorro da Sierra. A cikin littafinsa The Shooters, masanin tarihi Leon Metz ya rubuta, &quot;yawancin rahotanni sun ce shi ne mafi kyawun jami'in zaman lafiya Socorro da ya taɓa samu.&quot;

Daga 1913 zuwa 1916, Baca ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka na gwamnatin Victoriano Huerta a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico . A watan Afrilun 1915, an tuhumi Baca da laifin shirya makircin aikata laifuka saboda zargin shirya tserewar Janar José Inés Salazar na Mexico daga gidan yarin Albuquerque a watan Nuwamban 1914. [1] An kare shi da nasara daga lauya kuma ɗan siyasa na New Mexico Octaviano Larrazolo, kuma sunansa ya ƙaru a tsakanin mazauna Kudu maso Yamma.

Lokacin da New Mexico ta zama jiha a shekarar 1912, Baca ta tsaya takarar Majalisa a matsayin 'yar Republican. Duk da cewa bai yi nasara ba, ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai daraja a siyasa saboda iyawarsa ta fitar da ƙuri'u a tsakanin al'ummar Hispanic . A wani lokacin yana aiki a matsayin jami'in bincike na sirri, Baca ya kuma ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai satar bayanai a wani gidan caca a kan iyaka a Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.

Baca ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Sanata Bronson Cutting na New Mexico na dogon lokaci a matsayin mai binciken siyasa kuma ya rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako a cikin harshen Sifaniyanci yana yabon ayyukan Cutting a madadin 'yan asalin Hispanics na gida. Baca ya yi la'akari da tsayawa takarar gwamna duk da raguwar lafiyarsa, amma ya kasa samun takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin lauyan gundumar a shekarar 1944.

Metz, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya rubuta: &quot;Elfego yana da, kuma yana da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ya sha giya da yawa; ya yi magana da yawa ... yana da rauni ga mata na daji. Sau da yawa yana da girman kai, kuma, ba shakka, bai nuna damuwa game da kashe mutane ba.&quot; A ranar haihuwarsa ta cika shekaru 75, Baca ya shaida wa ''Albuquerque Tribune'' cewa a matsayinsa na lauya ya kare mutane 30 da ake tuhuma da laifin kisan kai kuma daya ne kawai aka kai gidan yari.

A watan Yulin 1936, shekaru da dama kafin mutuwarsa, Janet Smith ta yi hira da Baca. Ana iya samun bayananta a cikin [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]], Sashen Rubutun Manuscript, Tarin Ayyukan Marubuta na Tarayya na WPA. Baca ya gaya wa Smith, &quot;Ban taɓa son kashe kowa ba, amma idan mutum yana da niyyar kashe ni, ni ne na fara kama shi.&quot;

== Tatsuniyoyi ==
Wani labari ya ce Baca ya sace bindiga daga Pancho Villa kuma Villa mai fushi ya sanya farashin $ 30,000 a kan Baca. Wani labari da ake yawan fada ya ce sau ɗaya lokacin da yake aiki a Albuquerque, Baca ya karɓi saƙo daga abokin ciniki a El Paso, Texas. &quot;Ina bukatar ku nan take&quot;, in ji shi. &quot;An tuhume shi da kisan kai,&quot; wanda Baca ya kamata ya amsa da sakon telegram yana cewa, &quot;Sauwa nan da nan tare da shaidu uku&quot;.

== Zane a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu farin jini ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, [[Walt Disney]] ya mayar da Baca a matsayin gwarzon al'adun Hispanic na farko a Amurka, yana wakiltarsa a cikin littattafan barkwanci guda shida, wani fim mai ban sha'awa, da kuma tallace-tallace masu alaƙa. Disney ya guji tashin hankalin ƙabilanci da gangan ta hanyar gabatar da Baca a matsayin gwarzon Yamma na gama gari, yana nuna &quot;sabon Davy Crockett ɗan ƙasar Mexico&quot;.  Sun ɗauki mafi yawan shirye-shiryen a New Mexico, musamman Cerrillos, Gundumar Socorro, da kuma yankin ƙididdiga na Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Do You Remember... &quot;The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca&quot; |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/remember/elfegobaca_doyouremember.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Szasz 2006 pp. 261–274&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Szasz |first=Ferenc Morton |year=2006 |title=A New Mexican |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40170324 |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=261–274 |issn=0894-8410 |jstor=40170324 |access-date=July 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;B 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2012 |title=LibGuides: ABQPedia: B |url=https://abqlibrary.org/abqpedia/b |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=B}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;New Mexico True 1970&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1970 |title=Cerrillos New Mexico Ghost Town - Haunted Places: Old Abandoned Mining Towns |url=https://www.newmexico.org/places-to-visit/ghost-towns/cerrillos/ |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=New Mexico True}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Oktoban 1958, [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Studios]] ta fitar da wani shirin talabijin mai sassa 10 mai taken ''The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca'', wanda Robert Loggia ya fito a matsayin jarumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magers |first=Boyd |title=The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/remember/elfegobaca_doyouremember.shtml |access-date=May 9, 2018 |website=Western Clippings}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal |date=June 2013 |title=Elfago Baca |journal=Legends: Outlaws &amp; Lawmen |location=Boulder, Colorado USA |publisher=Active Interest Medua, Inc.}} Special edition of ''American Cowboy'' magazine, p. 28: &quot;Walt Disney, the only producer of 1950s TV Westerns to focus on minority issues, powerfully told the full story of Baca's career in a ten-episode mini-series for ABC between 1958 and 1960, starring Robert Loggia. The title ''The Nine Lives of Elfago Baca'', played off the hero's nickname ''El Gato,'' the cat.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shirin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙin ''Walt Disney Presents'' a takaitattun lokaci daga 3 ga Oktoba, 1958, zuwa 25 ga Maris, 1960. 

Disney ta yi taka tsantsan wajen nuna wannan katangar da aka yi a matsayin gaskiya kamar yadda zai yiwu, idan aka yi la'akari da cikakkun bayanai da aka sani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin waɗanda suka fito a cikin shirin akwai Skip Homeier, Raymond Bailey, da kuma I. Stanford Jolley . Daga baya an gyara shirye-shiryen shirin zuwa wani fim na shekarar 1962 mai suna ''Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law'' . Lakabin waƙar shine, &quot;Kuma tatsuniya ita ce / Kamar ''el gato'', &quot;macen&quot; / Rayuwa tara ta sami Elfego Baca.&quot;

A shekarar 1966, an fitar da tarin shirye-shiryen a matsayin fim, ''Elfego Baca: Dokar Gun Six'' . Christian Nyby ne ya ba da umarni kuma fim ɗin Robert Loggia Elfego Baca ya fito a ciki. An fara nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima a [[Yammacin Jamus]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1966, kuma daga baya aka watsa shi a talabijin na Amurka da taken ''Elfego Baca: Lauya a Lauya'' .

Sauran shahararrun zane-zanen al'adu sun haɗa da fim ɗin Lone Ranger na Dynamite Entertainment da kuma littafin barkwanci na Green Hornet, inda ya fito tare da wasu jaruman ƙasashen yamma ciki har da Lone Ranger, Bat Masterson, Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Annie Oakley, Texas John Slaughter, da [[Black Bart (mai laifi)|Black Bart]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dynamite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dynamite® The Lone Ranger / Green Hornet #1 (Of 6) |url=https://www.dynamite.com/htmlfiles/viewProduct.html?PRO=C72513024917301011 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |website=Dynamite}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon marubucin ɗan ƙasar Mexico Rudolfo Anaya (1937-2020) ya rubuta littattafai guda huɗu masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka nuna jikan Elfego [[Sonny Baca]] na Albuquerque, New Mexico, wanda ke ɗauke da bindigar Elfego da ake zaton tana da ƙarfi; labaran zamani sun haɗa da sihiri da sihiri.

== Duba kuma ==

* Iyalan Baca na New Mexico

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Elfego Baca at Find a Grave
* {{IMDb title|id=0561046|title=The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca}}
* [http://www.ultimatedisney.com/legendaryheroes-elfego.html UltimateDisney.com's Show/DVD Review of ''Elfego Baca'']
* [https://www.congress.gov/crec/1995/05/10/CREC-1995-05-10-pt1-PgE987-4.pdf Tribute to Elfego Baca in the U.S. House of Representatives, May 10, 1995]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090608174309/http://williamkeleher.com/elfego-baca/ Elfego Baca]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065127/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpa/20040209.html Interview with Elfego (Library of Congress)]
* [http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=309255&amp;sid=2604128 Borderlands]
* [http://www.genordell.com/stores/western/ElfegoBaca.htm Elfego Baca at 'Readers of The Purple Sage']
* [http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nm/frisco.html Frisco, New Mexico], GhostTowns.com entry by Samuel W. McWhorter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160807083855/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-elfegobaca.html Elfego Baca &amp; The &quot;Frisco War&quot;]
* [http://www.rjalvaradobooks.com/ Elfego Baca Destined to Survive]
* [http://www.elfegobacaproject.com/ Elfego Baca Project] Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
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'''Elfego Baca''' (10 ga Fabrairu, 1865 - 27 ga Agusta, 1945) ɗan bindiga ne, jami'in tsaro, [[lauya]], kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] a [[New Mexico]], wanda ya zama gwarzon al'ummar Amurka a shekarun baya na kan iyakar New Mexico .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Shimabukuro 2016 pp. 77–106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shimabukuro |first=Karra |year=2016 |title=Don't Just Print the Legend, Write It |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44790901 |journal=Western Folklore |publisher=Western States Folklore Society |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=77–106 |issn=0043-373X |jstor=44790901 |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;La Prensa Texas 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Elfego Baca |url=https://laprensatexas.com/elfego-baca/ |access-date=August 13, 2021 |website=La Prensa Texas}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Manufarsa a rayuwa ita ce ya zama jami'in zaman lafiya, kuma &quot;masu laifi su ji takunsa na ɗan lokaci&quot;. An san shi da hannu a harbin bindiga a Frisco (wanda yanzu ake kira Reserve ), [[New Mexico]] a shekarar 1884, da kuma wasu hotuna na rayuwarsa da aka wallafa a cikin fina-finan Yammacin Turai da aka fitar a tsakiyar karni na 20.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Baca a shekara ta 1865 a Socorro, New Mexico, ga Francisco da Juana Maria Baca. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Topeka, Kansas, lokacin da yake ƙarami. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 1880, Baca ya koma tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Belen, New Mexico, inda mahaifinsa ya zama jami'in soja . A shekara ta 1884, yana da shekaru 19, Baca ya sami wasu bindigogi kuma ya zama mataimakin sheriff (ko ta hanyar siyan lamba ko kuma ta hanyar naɗi ba a fayyace ba) a Gundumar Socorro, New Mexico .

== bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na Frisco ==
[[File:Reserve_NM_-_3.jpg|thumb| Mutum-mutumin Elfego Baca a Yankin Reserve, New Mexico]]
A watan Oktoban 1884, a garin Middle San Francisco Plaza (wanda yanzu ake kira Reserve, New Mexico), Baca ya kama wani mayen kaboyi mai suna Charlie McCarty, yana nuna masa tambarinsa sannan ya ɗauki bindigarsa. Abokan kaboyi na McCarty sun yi ƙoƙarin hana Baca, amma ya yi faɗa, inda ya kashe dokin shugaban John Slaughter, wanda ya faɗo masa ya kashe shi, sannan ya harbi wani kaboyi a gwiwa. Daga baya, Alkalin Zaman Lafiya Ted White ya ba McCarty 'yancinsa kuma ya kira Bert Hearne, wani makiyayi daga Spur Lake Ranch, don ya dawo da Baca ga shari'a don yi masa tambayoyi game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin kisan kai. Bayan Baca ya ƙi fitowa daga gidan yarin adobe, Hearne ya karya ƙofar ya kuma umarci Baca ya fito da hannunsa sama. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, harbin bindiga ya fito daga gidan yarin ya kuma bugi Hearne a cikinsa, wanda ya raunata shi har lahira.

An yi arangama da 'yan kaboyi. An yi ta cece-kuce kan adadin 'yan kaboyi da suka taru, inda mazauna kauyen da ke wurin suka bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mutum 40 a wurin, yayin da Baca da kansa daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa akwai akalla mutum 80. An ce 'yan kaboyi sun harba harsasai sama da 4,000 cikin gidan, har sai da ginin adobe ya cika da ramuka. Duk da haka, babu wani harsashi da ya same Baca; an ce benen gidan ya ɗan yi ƙasa da matakin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar tsira daga rauni.
[[File:Frisco_store.jpg|left|thumb| Shagon Frisco a tsakiyar Frisco Plaza, kimanin 1993]]
Bayan kimanin sa'o'i 33 da harba harsasai kusan 4,000, yaƙin ya ƙare lokacin da Francisquito Naranjo ya shawo kan Baca ya miƙa wuya. A watan Mayun 1885, an tuhumi Baca da laifin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban 'yan sanda na John Slaughter da kuma Bert Hearne, kuma an daure shi yana jiran shari'a. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1885, an wanke Baca daga laifin bayan an shigar da ƙofar gidan Armijo a matsayin shaida. Tana da ramukan harsashi sama da 400 a cikinta. A cewarsa, lauyan da ke kare Baca yana da takardun karya don tabbatar da matsayinsa na lauya a shari'a, kamar yadda tarihin rayuwar Baca ya nuna ya nada kansa a matsayin mataimakinsa jim kaɗan kafin a kama Charlie McCarty. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1, 1884 |title=Elfego Baca battles Anglo cowboys |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/elfego-baca-battles-anglo-cowboys |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607012922/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/elfego-baca-battles-anglo-cowboys |archive-date=June 7, 2015 |access-date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=www.history.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tilasta bin doka ==
Baca ya zama sheriff na gundumar Socorro a hukumance kuma an tuhume shi da laifin kama masu karya doka a yankin. Maimakon ya umarci mataimakansa su bi sahun mutanen da ake nema, sai ya aika wa kowanne daga cikin wadanda ake zargi wasiƙa. An ce, &quot;Ina da sammacin kama ka. Don Allah ka zo kafin Maris.&quot;&amp;nbsp;15 kuma ka miƙa kanka. Idan ba ka yi ba, zan san kana da niyyar ƙin kamawa, kuma zan ji cewa ka cancanci a harbe ka idan na gan ka idan na zo bin ka.&quot; Yawancin masu laifin sun mika kansu da son rai.

A shekara ta 1888, Baca ya zama shugaban rundunar sojojin Amurka . Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan ya fara karatun lauya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1894, Alkali AA Freeman ya shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a kamfanin lauyoyi na Freeman's Socorro a watan Fabrairun 1895.   Ya yi aikin lauya a titin San Antonio da ke [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] tsakanin 1902 da 1904.

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Baca ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban na gwamnati, waɗanda suka haɗa da magatakardar gundumar, magajin gari, da kuma shugaban makaranta na Gundumar Socorro da kuma lauyan gundumar Socorro da Sierra. A cikin littafinsa The Shooters, masanin tarihi Leon Metz ya rubuta, &quot;yawancin rahotanni sun ce shi ne mafi kyawun jami'in zaman lafiya Socorro da ya taɓa samu.&quot;

Daga 1913 zuwa 1916, Baca ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka na gwamnatin Victoriano Huerta a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico . A watan Afrilun 1915, an tuhumi Baca da laifin shirya makircin aikata laifuka saboda zargin shirya tserewar Janar José Inés Salazar na Mexico daga gidan yarin Albuquerque a watan Nuwamban 1914. [1] An kare shi da nasara daga lauya kuma ɗan siyasa na New Mexico Octaviano Larrazolo, kuma sunansa ya ƙaru a tsakanin mazauna Kudu maso Yamma.

Lokacin da New Mexico ta zama jiha a shekarar 1912, Baca ta tsaya takarar Majalisa a matsayin 'yar Republican. Duk da cewa bai yi nasara ba, ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai daraja a siyasa saboda iyawarsa ta fitar da ƙuri'u a tsakanin al'ummar Hispanic . A wani lokacin yana aiki a matsayin jami'in bincike na sirri, Baca ya kuma ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai satar bayanai a wani gidan caca a kan iyaka a Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.

Baca ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Sanata Bronson Cutting na New Mexico na dogon lokaci a matsayin mai binciken siyasa kuma ya rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako a cikin harshen Sifaniyanci yana yabon ayyukan Cutting a madadin 'yan asalin Hispanics na gida. Baca ya yi la'akari da tsayawa takarar gwamna duk da raguwar lafiyarsa, amma ya kasa samun takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin lauyan gundumar a shekarar 1944.

Metz, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya rubuta: &quot;Elfego yana da, kuma yana da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ya sha giya da yawa; ya yi magana da yawa ... yana da rauni ga mata na daji. Sau da yawa yana da girman kai, kuma, ba shakka, bai nuna damuwa game da kashe mutane ba.&quot; A ranar haihuwarsa ta cika shekaru 75, Baca ya shaida wa ''Albuquerque Tribune'' cewa a matsayinsa na lauya ya kare mutane 30 da ake tuhuma da laifin kisan kai kuma daya ne kawai aka kai gidan yari.

A watan Yulin 1936, shekaru da dama kafin mutuwarsa, Janet Smith ta yi hira da Baca. Ana iya samun bayananta a cikin [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]], Sashen Rubutun Manuscript, Tarin Ayyukan Marubuta na Tarayya na WPA. Baca ya gaya wa Smith, &quot;Ban taɓa son kashe kowa ba, amma idan mutum yana da niyyar kashe ni, ni ne na fara kama shi.&quot;

== Tatsuniyoyi ==
Wani labari ya ce Baca ya sace bindiga daga Pancho Villa kuma Villa mai fushi ya sanya farashin $ 30,000 a kan Baca. Wani labari da ake yawan fada ya ce sau ɗaya lokacin da yake aiki a Albuquerque, Baca ya karɓi saƙo daga abokin ciniki a El Paso, Texas. &quot;Ina bukatar ku nan take&quot;, in ji shi. &quot;An tuhume shi da kisan kai,&quot; wanda Baca ya kamata ya amsa da sakon telegram yana cewa, &quot;Sauwa nan da nan tare da shaidu uku&quot;.

== Zane a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu farin jini ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, [[Walt Disney]] ya mayar da Baca a matsayin gwarzon al'adun Hispanic na farko a Amurka, yana wakiltarsa a cikin littattafan barkwanci guda shida, wani fim mai ban sha'awa, da kuma tallace-tallace masu alaƙa. Disney ya guji tashin hankalin ƙabilanci da gangan ta hanyar gabatar da Baca a matsayin gwarzon Yamma na gama gari, yana nuna &quot;sabon Davy Crockett ɗan ƙasar Mexico&quot;.  Sun ɗauki mafi yawan shirye-shiryen a New Mexico, musamman Cerrillos, Gundumar Socorro, da kuma yankin ƙididdiga na Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Do You Remember... &quot;The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca&quot; |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/remember/elfegobaca_doyouremember.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Szasz 2006 pp. 261–274&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Szasz |first=Ferenc Morton |year=2006 |title=A New Mexican |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40170324 |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=261–274 |issn=0894-8410 |jstor=40170324 |access-date=July 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;B 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2012 |title=LibGuides: ABQPedia: B |url=https://abqlibrary.org/abqpedia/b |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=B}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;New Mexico True 1970&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1970 |title=Cerrillos New Mexico Ghost Town - Haunted Places: Old Abandoned Mining Towns |url=https://www.newmexico.org/places-to-visit/ghost-towns/cerrillos/ |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=New Mexico True}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Oktoban 1958, [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Studios]] ta fitar da wani shirin talabijin mai sassa 10 mai taken ''The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca'', wanda Robert Loggia ya fito a matsayin jarumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magers |first=Boyd |title=The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/remember/elfegobaca_doyouremember.shtml |access-date=May 9, 2018 |website=Western Clippings}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal |date=June 2013 |title=Elfago Baca |journal=Legends: Outlaws &amp; Lawmen |location=Boulder, Colorado USA |publisher=Active Interest Medua, Inc.}} Special edition of ''American Cowboy'' magazine, p. 28: &quot;Walt Disney, the only producer of 1950s TV Westerns to focus on minority issues, powerfully told the full story of Baca's career in a ten-episode mini-series for ABC between 1958 and 1960, starring Robert Loggia. The title ''The Nine Lives of Elfago Baca'', played off the hero's nickname ''El Gato,'' the cat.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shirin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙin ''Walt Disney Presents'' a takaitattun lokaci daga 3 ga Oktoba, 1958, zuwa 25 ga Maris, 1960. 

Disney ta yi taka tsantsan wajen nuna wannan katangar da aka yi a matsayin gaskiya kamar yadda zai yiwu, idan aka yi la'akari da cikakkun bayanai da aka sani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin waɗanda suka fito a cikin shirin akwai Skip Homeier, Raymond Bailey, da kuma I. Stanford Jolley . Daga baya an gyara shirye-shiryen shirin zuwa wani fim na shekarar 1962 mai suna ''Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law'' . Lakabin waƙar shine, &quot;Kuma tatsuniya ita ce / Kamar ''el gato'', &quot;macen&quot; / Rayuwa tara ta sami Elfego Baca.&quot;

A shekarar 1966, an fitar da tarin shirye-shiryen a matsayin fim, ''Elfego Baca: Dokar Gun Six'' . Christian Nyby ne ya ba da umarni kuma fim ɗin Robert Loggia Elfego Baca ya fito a ciki. An fara nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima a [[Yammacin Jamus]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1966, kuma daga baya aka watsa shi a talabijin na Amurka da taken ''Elfego Baca: Lauya a Lauya'' .

Sauran shahararrun zane-zanen al'adu sun haɗa da fim ɗin Lone Ranger na Dynamite Entertainment da kuma littafin barkwanci na Green Hornet, inda ya fito tare da wasu jaruman ƙasashen yamma ciki har da Lone Ranger, Bat Masterson, Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Annie Oakley, Texas John Slaughter, da [[Black Bart (mai laifi)|Black Bart]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dynamite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dynamite® The Lone Ranger / Green Hornet #1 (Of 6) |url=https://www.dynamite.com/htmlfiles/viewProduct.html?PRO=C72513024917301011 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |website=Dynamite}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon marubucin ɗan ƙasar Mexico Rudolfo Anaya (1937-2020) ya rubuta littattafai guda huɗu masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka nuna jikan Elfego [[Sonny Baca]] na Albuquerque, New Mexico, wanda ke ɗauke da bindigar Elfego da ake zaton tana da ƙarfi; labaran zamani sun haɗa da sihiri da sihiri.

== Duba kuma ==

* Iyalan Baca na New Mexico

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Elfego Baca at Find a Grave
* {{IMDb title|id=0561046|title=The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca}}
* [http://www.ultimatedisney.com/legendaryheroes-elfego.html UltimateDisney.com's Show/DVD Review of ''Elfego Baca'']
* [https://www.congress.gov/crec/1995/05/10/CREC-1995-05-10-pt1-PgE987-4.pdf Tribute to Elfego Baca in the U.S. House of Representatives, May 10, 1995]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090608174309/http://williamkeleher.com/elfego-baca/ Elfego Baca]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065127/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpa/20040209.html Interview with Elfego (Library of Congress)]
* [http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=309255&amp;sid=2604128 Borderlands]
* [http://www.genordell.com/stores/western/ElfegoBaca.htm Elfego Baca at 'Readers of The Purple Sage']
* [http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nm/frisco.html Frisco, New Mexico], GhostTowns.com entry by Samuel W. McWhorter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160807083855/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-elfegobaca.html Elfego Baca &amp; The &quot;Frisco War&quot;]
* [http://www.rjalvaradobooks.com/ Elfego Baca Destined to Survive]
* [http://www.elfegobacaproject.com/ Elfego Baca Project] Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
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'''Elfego Baca''' (10 ga Fabrairu, 1865 - 27 ga Agusta, 1945) ɗan bindiga ne, jami'in tsaro, [[lauya]], kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] a [[New Mexico]], wanda ya zama gwarzon al'ummar Amurka a shekarun baya na kan iyakar New Mexico .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Shimabukuro 2016 pp. 77–106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shimabukuro |first=Karra |year=2016 |title=Don't Just Print the Legend, Write It |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44790901 |journal=Western Folklore |publisher=Western States Folklore Society |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=77–106 |issn=0043-373X |jstor=44790901 |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;La Prensa Texas 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Elfego Baca |url=https://laprensatexas.com/elfego-baca/ |access-date=August 13, 2021 |website=La Prensa Texas}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Manufarsa a rayuwa ita ce ya zama jami'in zaman lafiya, kuma &quot;masu laifi su ji takunsa na ɗan lokaci&quot;. An san shi da hannu a harbin bindiga a Frisco (wanda yanzu ake kira Reserve ), [[New Mexico]] a shekarar 1884, da kuma wasu hotuna na rayuwarsa da aka wallafa a cikin fina-finan Yammacin Turai da aka fitar a tsakiyar karni na 20.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Baca a shekara ta 1865 a Socorro, New Mexico, ga Francisco da Juana Maria Baca. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Topeka, Kansas, lokacin da yake ƙarami. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 1880, Baca ya koma tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Belen, New Mexico, inda mahaifinsa ya zama jami'in soja . A shekara ta 1884, yana da shekaru 19, Baca ya sami wasu bindigogi kuma ya zama mataimakin sheriff (ko ta hanyar siyan lamba ko kuma ta hanyar naɗi ba a fayyace ba) a Gundumar Socorro, New Mexico .

== bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na Frisco ==
[[File:Reserve_NM_-_3.jpg|thumb| Mutum-mutumin Elfego Baca a Yankin Reserve, New Mexico]]
A watan Oktoban 1884, a garin Middle San Francisco Plaza (wanda yanzu ake kira Reserve, New Mexico), Baca ya kama wani mayen kaboyi mai suna Charlie McCarty, yana nuna masa tambarinsa sannan ya ɗauki bindigarsa. Abokan kaboyi na McCarty sun yi ƙoƙarin hana Baca, amma ya yi faɗa, inda ya kashe dokin shugaban John Slaughter, wanda ya faɗo masa ya kashe shi, sannan ya harbi wani kaboyi a gwiwa. Daga baya, Alkalin Zaman Lafiya Ted White ya ba McCarty 'yancinsa kuma ya kira Bert Hearne, wani makiyayi daga Spur Lake Ranch, don ya dawo da Baca ga shari'a don yi masa tambayoyi game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin kisan kai. Bayan Baca ya ƙi fitowa daga gidan yarin adobe, Hearne ya karya ƙofar ya kuma umarci Baca ya fito da hannunsa sama. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, harbin bindiga ya fito daga gidan yarin ya kuma bugi Hearne a cikinsa, wanda ya raunata shi har lahira.

An yi arangama da 'yan kaboyi. An yi ta cece-kuce kan adadin 'yan kaboyi da suka taru, inda mazauna kauyen da ke wurin suka bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mutum 40 a wurin, yayin da Baca da kansa daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa akwai akalla mutum 80. An ce 'yan kaboyi sun harba harsasai sama da 4,000 cikin gidan, har sai da ginin adobe ya cika da ramuka. Duk da haka, babu wani harsashi da ya same Baca; an ce benen gidan ya ɗan yi ƙasa da matakin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar tsira daga rauni.
[[File:Frisco_store.jpg|left|thumb| Shagon Frisco a tsakiyar Frisco Plaza, kimanin 1993]]
Bayan kimanin sa'o'i 33 da harba harsasai kusan 4,000, yaƙin ya ƙare lokacin da Francisquito Naranjo ya shawo kan Baca ya miƙa wuya. A watan Mayun 1885, an tuhumi Baca da laifin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban 'yan sanda na John Slaughter da kuma Bert Hearne, kuma an daure shi yana jiran shari'a. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1885, an wanke Baca daga laifin bayan an shigar da ƙofar gidan Armijo a matsayin shaida. Tana da ramukan harsashi sama da 400 a cikinta. A cewarsa, lauyan da ke kare Baca yana da takardun karya don tabbatar da matsayinsa na lauya a shari'a, kamar yadda tarihin rayuwar Baca ya nuna ya nada kansa a matsayin mataimakinsa jim kaɗan kafin a kama Charlie McCarty. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 1, 1884 |title=Elfego Baca battles Anglo cowboys |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/elfego-baca-battles-anglo-cowboys |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607012922/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/elfego-baca-battles-anglo-cowboys |archive-date=June 7, 2015 |access-date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=www.history.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tilasta bin doka ==
Baca ya zama sheriff na gundumar Socorro a hukumance kuma an tuhume shi da laifin kama masu karya doka a yankin. Maimakon ya umarci mataimakansa su bi sahun mutanen da ake nema, sai ya aika wa kowanne daga cikin wadanda ake zargi wasiƙa. An ce, &quot;Ina da sammacin kama ka. Don Allah ka zo kafin Maris.&quot;&amp;nbsp;15 kuma ka miƙa kanka. Idan ba ka yi ba, zan san kana da niyyar ƙin kamawa, kuma zan ji cewa ka cancanci a harbe ka idan na gan ka idan na zo bin ka.&quot; Yawancin masu laifin sun mika kansu da son rai.

A shekara ta 1888, Baca ya zama shugaban rundunar sojojin Amurka . Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan ya fara karatun lauya. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1894, Alkali AA Freeman ya shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a kamfanin lauyoyi na Freeman's Socorro a watan Fabrairun 1895.   Ya yi aikin lauya a titin San Antonio da ke [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] tsakanin 1902 da 1904.

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Baca ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban na gwamnati, waɗanda suka haɗa da magatakardar gundumar, magajin gari, da kuma shugaban makaranta na Gundumar Socorro da kuma lauyan gundumar Socorro da Sierra. A cikin littafinsa The Shooters, masanin tarihi Leon Metz ya rubuta, &quot;yawancin rahotanni sun ce shi ne mafi kyawun jami'in zaman lafiya Socorro da ya taɓa samu.&quot;

Daga 1913 zuwa 1916, Baca ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka na gwamnatin Victoriano Huerta a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico . A watan Afrilun 1915, an tuhumi Baca da laifin shirya makircin aikata laifuka saboda zargin shirya tserewar Janar José Inés Salazar na Mexico daga gidan yarin Albuquerque a watan Nuwamban 1914. [1] An kare shi da nasara daga lauya kuma ɗan siyasa na New Mexico Octaviano Larrazolo, kuma sunansa ya ƙaru a tsakanin mazauna Kudu maso Yamma.

Lokacin da New Mexico ta zama jiha a shekarar 1912, Baca ta tsaya takarar Majalisa a matsayin 'yar Republican. Duk da cewa bai yi nasara ba, ya ci gaba da zama mutum mai daraja a siyasa saboda iyawarsa ta fitar da ƙuri'u a tsakanin al'ummar Hispanic . A wani lokacin yana aiki a matsayin jami'in bincike na sirri, Baca ya kuma ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai satar bayanai a wani gidan caca a kan iyaka a Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.

Baca ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Sanata Bronson Cutting na New Mexico na dogon lokaci a matsayin mai binciken siyasa kuma ya rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako a cikin harshen Sifaniyanci yana yabon ayyukan Cutting a madadin 'yan asalin Hispanics na gida. Baca ya yi la'akari da tsayawa takarar gwamna duk da raguwar lafiyarsa, amma ya kasa samun takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin lauyan gundumar a shekarar 1944.

Metz, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya rubuta: &quot;Elfego yana da, kuma yana da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ya sha giya da yawa; ya yi magana da yawa ... yana da rauni ga mata na daji. Sau da yawa yana da girman kai, kuma, ba shakka, bai nuna damuwa game da kashe mutane ba.&quot; A ranar haihuwarsa ta cika shekaru 75, Baca ya shaida wa ''Albuquerque Tribune'' cewa a matsayinsa na lauya ya kare mutane 30 da ake tuhuma da laifin kisan kai kuma daya ne kawai aka kai gidan yari.

A watan Yulin 1936, shekaru da dama kafin mutuwarsa, Janet Smith ta yi hira da Baca. Ana iya samun bayananta a cikin [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburare na Majalisa]], Sashen Rubutun Manuscript, Tarin Ayyukan Marubuta na Tarayya na WPA. Baca ya gaya wa Smith, &quot;Ban taɓa son kashe kowa ba, amma idan mutum yana da niyyar kashe ni, ni ne na fara kama shi.&quot;

== Tatsuniyoyi ==
Wani labari ya ce Baca ya sace bindiga daga Pancho Villa kuma Villa mai fushi ya sanya farashin $ 30,000 a kan Baca. Wani labari da ake yawan fada ya ce sau ɗaya lokacin da yake aiki a Albuquerque, Baca ya karɓi saƙo daga abokin ciniki a El Paso, Texas. &quot;Ina bukatar ku nan take&quot;, in ji shi. &quot;An tuhume shi da kisan kai,&quot; wanda Baca ya kamata ya amsa da sakon telegram yana cewa, &quot;Sauwa nan da nan tare da shaidu uku&quot;.

== Zane a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu farin jini ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, [[Walt Disney]] ya mayar da Baca a matsayin gwarzon al'adun Hispanic na farko a Amurka, yana wakiltarsa a cikin littattafan barkwanci guda shida, wani fim mai ban sha'awa, da kuma tallace-tallace masu alaƙa. Disney ya guji tashin hankalin ƙabilanci da gangan ta hanyar gabatar da Baca a matsayin gwarzon Yamma na gama gari, yana nuna &quot;sabon Davy Crockett ɗan ƙasar Mexico&quot;.  Sun ɗauki mafi yawan shirye-shiryen a New Mexico, musamman Cerrillos, Gundumar Socorro, da kuma yankin ƙididdiga na Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Do You Remember... &quot;The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca&quot; |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/remember/elfegobaca_doyouremember.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Szasz 2006 pp. 261–274&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Szasz |first=Ferenc Morton |year=2006 |title=A New Mexican |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40170324 |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=261–274 |issn=0894-8410 |jstor=40170324 |access-date=July 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;B 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2012 |title=LibGuides: ABQPedia: B |url=https://abqlibrary.org/abqpedia/b |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=B}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;New Mexico True 1970&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1970 |title=Cerrillos New Mexico Ghost Town - Haunted Places: Old Abandoned Mining Towns |url=https://www.newmexico.org/places-to-visit/ghost-towns/cerrillos/ |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=New Mexico True}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Oktoban 1958, [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Studios]] ta fitar da wani shirin talabijin mai sassa 10 mai taken ''The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca'', wanda Robert Loggia ya fito a matsayin jarumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magers |first=Boyd |title=The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca |url=http://www.westernclippings.com/remember/elfegobaca_doyouremember.shtml |access-date=May 9, 2018 |website=Western Clippings}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal |date=June 2013 |title=Elfago Baca |journal=Legends: Outlaws &amp; Lawmen |location=Boulder, Colorado USA |publisher=Active Interest Medua, Inc.}} Special edition of ''American Cowboy'' magazine, p. 28: &quot;Walt Disney, the only producer of 1950s TV Westerns to focus on minority issues, powerfully told the full story of Baca's career in a ten-episode mini-series for ABC between 1958 and 1960, starring Robert Loggia. The title ''The Nine Lives of Elfago Baca'', played off the hero's nickname ''El Gato,'' the cat.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna shirin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙin ''Walt Disney Presents'' a takaitattun lokaci daga 3 ga Oktoba, 1958, zuwa 25 ga Maris, 1960. 

Disney ta yi taka tsantsan wajen nuna wannan katangar da aka yi a matsayin gaskiya kamar yadda zai yiwu, idan aka yi la'akari da cikakkun bayanai da aka sani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin waɗanda suka fito a cikin shirin akwai Skip Homeier, Raymond Bailey, da kuma I. Stanford Jolley . Daga baya an gyara shirye-shiryen shirin zuwa wani fim na shekarar 1962 mai suna ''Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law'' . Lakabin waƙar shine, &quot;Kuma tatsuniya ita ce / Kamar ''el gato'', &quot;macen&quot; / Rayuwa tara ta sami Elfego Baca.&quot;

A shekarar 1966, an fitar da tarin shirye-shiryen a matsayin fim, ''Elfego Baca: Dokar Gun Six'' . Christian Nyby ne ya ba da umarni kuma fim ɗin Robert Loggia Elfego Baca ya fito a ciki. An fara nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima a [[Yammacin Jamus]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1966, kuma daga baya aka watsa shi a talabijin na Amurka da taken ''Elfego Baca: Lauya a Lauya'' .

Sauran shahararrun zane-zanen al'adu sun haɗa da fim ɗin Lone Ranger na Dynamite Entertainment da kuma littafin barkwanci na Green Hornet, inda ya fito tare da wasu jaruman ƙasashen yamma ciki har da Lone Ranger, Bat Masterson, Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Annie Oakley, Texas John Slaughter, da [[Black Bart (mai laifi)|Black Bart]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dynamite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dynamite® The Lone Ranger / Green Hornet #1 (Of 6) |url=https://www.dynamite.com/htmlfiles/viewProduct.html?PRO=C72513024917301011 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |website=Dynamite}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabon marubucin ɗan ƙasar Mexico Rudolfo Anaya (1937-2020) ya rubuta littattafai guda huɗu masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka nuna jikan Elfego [[Sonny Baca]] na Albuquerque, New Mexico, wanda ke ɗauke da bindigar Elfego da ake zaton tana da ƙarfi; labaran zamani sun haɗa da sihiri da sihiri.

== Duba kuma ==

* Iyalan Baca na New Mexico


== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Elfego Baca at Find a Grave
* {{IMDb title|id=0561046|title=The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca}}
* [http://www.ultimatedisney.com/legendaryheroes-elfego.html UltimateDisney.com's Show/DVD Review of ''Elfego Baca'']
* [https://www.congress.gov/crec/1995/05/10/CREC-1995-05-10-pt1-PgE987-4.pdf Tribute to Elfego Baca in the U.S. House of Representatives, May 10, 1995]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090608174309/http://williamkeleher.com/elfego-baca/ Elfego Baca]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065127/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpa/20040209.html Interview with Elfego (Library of Congress)]
* [http://epcc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=309255&amp;sid=2604128 Borderlands]
* [http://www.genordell.com/stores/western/ElfegoBaca.htm Elfego Baca at 'Readers of The Purple Sage']
* [http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nm/frisco.html Frisco, New Mexico], GhostTowns.com entry by Samuel W. McWhorter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160807083855/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-elfegobaca.html Elfego Baca &amp; The &quot;Frisco War&quot;]
* [http://www.rjalvaradobooks.com/ Elfego Baca Destined to Survive]
* [http://www.elfegobacaproject.com/ Elfego Baca Project] Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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Jerin '''Rahotanni na Archaeological na Burtaniya''' ya ƙunshi littattafai sama da 3,500 na binciken binciken archaeological na ilimi, gami da litattafai, rahotanni na tonowa, sake fasalin rubutun da kuma ayyukan taron. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1974, BAR Publishing yana daya daga cikin manyan masu wallafawa a duniya na binciken binciken ilimin kimiyyar archaeological, wanda ke rufe dukkan manyan fannoni na ilimin kimiyyyar archéology a duniya. Jerin BAR ya ƙunshi jerin ƙasashen duniya da jerin Burtaniya.

== Tarihi ==
Wadanda suka kafa, Anthony Hands (1934-2013) da David Walker, sun fara kasuwancin bugawa lokacin da, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ba su iya buga rahotanni na shafin game da binciken archaeological nasu ba, Shakenoak Roman Villa a Oxfordshire, duka saboda girman fitarwa amma kuma saboda rashin kudade da tallafin ma'aikata. Kudin hana bugawa a Burtaniya a wannan lokacin, da kuma rashin ƙwararrun masu bugawa da ke son buga rahotanni na shafin binciken archaeological, yana nufin cewa Hands, Walker, da abokin aikinsu Conant Brodribb sun ƙare da bugawa. Wannan ya haɗa da sayen na'urar bugawa da kuma aiwatar da cikakken samar da littattafansu, kafin sayar wa masu karatu ta hanyar wasika. Abin mamaki, sun sami damar samun riba, don haka sun shirya aiki a matsayin mai bugawa ga wasu rahotanni na tonowa, kodayake yawancin abubuwan da suka fitar sun zama mafi girma fiye da rahotanni masu binciken archaeological da ake tsammani: a shekara ta 1994, kashi 8% ne kawai na jerin Burtaniya da kashi 2% na jerin su na kasa da kasa rahotanni ne na tonowa.

Hannun da Walker sun so su hada da jerin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na BAR daga yankuna na duniya wanda a baya bai iya fitar da binciken su ga masu sauraro na duniya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About BAR Publishing |url=https://www.barpublishing.com/about-bar-publishing.html |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=barpublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani bangare, wannan shine don ci gaba da kamfanin a kasuwanci, hana shi zama mara riba saboda karancin bukatar ayyukan ilimin kimiyyar kimiyya a Burtaniya, ta hanyar samarwa sabili da haka siyarwa ga kasuwa mai yawa. Ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba don isa ga manyan masu binciken tarihi a ƙasashe kamar Rasha, gabashin gabashin USSR, ƙasashen kwaminisanci na gabashin Turai, da Spain a ƙarƙashin Franco, kuma sun haɗa da dogon jinkirin sadarwa a cikin harsuna iri-iri. Koyaya, sakamakon ya kasance mai tasiri kuma a karo na farko ilimin kimiyyar waɗannan ƙasashe ya zama mai sauƙi a yamma. Har ila yau, an haɗa ilimin kimiyyar archaeology na sauran Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Asiya, da sauransu.

An buga jerin BAR a Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci da Mutanen Espanya, manyan harsuna biyar na ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. Ana kuma buga littattafan a wasu lokuta a wasu harsuna, tare da cikakken fassarar Turanci. BAR tana buga littattafai kusan saba'in da aka sake dubawa a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bugawa ==
Kamfanin da ke buga jerin, BAR Publishing (sunan kasuwanci na British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd), mai bugawa ne mai zaman kansa wanda, tun daga farko, an sadaukar da shi ga ilimin kimiyyar ilimi da kuma buga aikin asali. Har zuwa shekara ta 1989, Hands da Walker sun buga dukkan BARs a kan na'urar bugawa, kuma an haɗa su, an ɗora su, kuma an guillotined a cikin gida. A cikin 1991, Tempvs Reparatvm ya fara buga jerin kafin Archaeopress da [[John and Erica Hedges|John da Erica Hedges]] su maye gurbin su. A shekara ta 2015, Hedges sun yi ritaya kuma Archaeopress ta fara mai da hankali kan nasu kewayon alamomi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/defaultAll.asp?displayPage=About+Us |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Archaeopress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa 2020, BAR Publishing ya fara gwada damar dijital na kundin su zuwa ɗakunan karatu na hukuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital |url=https://www.barpublishing.com/digital.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=barpublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BAR yanzu tana buga littattafan da ke buɗewa sosai kuma suna samuwa a kan lasisi mai buɗewa, kamar su Domestic Multicrafting for Exchange a Prehistoric Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico, na Gary M. Feinman da Linda M. Nicholas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Series :: Domestic Multicrafting for Exchange at Prehispanic Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico |url=https://www.barpublishing.com/domestic-multicrafting-for-exchange-at-prehispanic-ejutla-oaxaca-mexico.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.barpublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==
A cikin littafin cika shekaru ashirin, [1] an lura cewa jerin BAR sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin kimiyyar archaeology ta hanyar buga shirye-shiryen taron cikin sauri a farashi mai rahusa, da kuma yin rubutun digiri ga masu sauraro da yawa. [2][3] Sebastian Rahtz ya kuma yi jayayya cewa, ta hanyar buga aikace-aikacen kwamfuta a taron Archaeology, BAR ya sanya aikin su ya zama sananne, kamar yadda aka buga kadan kafin wannan.[4]

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{{Databox}}

Jerin '''Rahotanni na Archaeological na Burtaniya''' ya ƙunshi littattafai sama da 3,500 na binciken binciken archaeological na ilimi, gami da litattafai, rahotanni na tonowa, sake fasalin rubutun da kuma ayyukan taron. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1974, BAR Publishing yana daya daga cikin manyan masu wallafawa a duniya na binciken binciken ilimin kimiyyar archaeological, wanda ke rufe dukkan manyan fannoni na ilimin kimiyyyar archéology a duniya. Jerin BAR ya ƙunshi jerin ƙasashen duniya da jerin Burtaniya.

== Tarihi ==
Wadanda suka kafa, Anthony Hands (1934-2013) da David Walker, sun fara kasuwancin bugawa lokacin da, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ba su iya buga rahotanni na shafin game da binciken archaeological nasu ba, Shakenoak Roman Villa a Oxfordshire, duka saboda girman fitarwa amma kuma saboda rashin kudade da tallafin ma'aikata. Kudin hana bugawa a Burtaniya a wannan lokacin, da kuma rashin ƙwararrun masu bugawa da ke son buga rahotanni na shafin binciken archaeological, yana nufin cewa Hands, Walker, da abokin aikinsu Conant Brodribb sun ƙare da bugawa. Wannan ya haɗa da sayen na'urar bugawa da kuma aiwatar da cikakken samar da littattafansu, kafin sayar wa masu karatu ta hanyar wasika. Abin mamaki, sun sami damar samun riba, don haka sun shirya aiki a matsayin mai bugawa ga wasu rahotanni na tonowa, kodayake yawancin abubuwan da suka fitar sun zama mafi girma fiye da rahotanni masu binciken archaeological da ake tsammani: a shekara ta 1994, kashi 8% ne kawai na jerin Burtaniya da kashi 2% na jerin su na kasa da kasa rahotanni ne na tonowa.

Hannun da Walker sun so su hada da jerin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na BAR daga yankuna na duniya wanda a baya bai iya fitar da binciken su ga masu sauraro na duniya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About BAR Publishing |url=https://www.barpublishing.com/about-bar-publishing.html |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=barpublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani bangare, wannan shine don ci gaba da kamfanin a kasuwanci, hana shi zama mara riba saboda karancin bukatar ayyukan ilimin kimiyyar kimiyya a Burtaniya, ta hanyar samarwa sabili da haka siyarwa ga kasuwa mai yawa. Ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba don isa ga manyan masu binciken tarihi a ƙasashe kamar Rasha, gabashin gabashin USSR, ƙasashen kwaminisanci na gabashin Turai, da Spain a ƙarƙashin Franco, kuma sun haɗa da dogon jinkirin sadarwa a cikin harsuna iri-iri. Koyaya, sakamakon ya kasance mai tasiri kuma a karo na farko ilimin kimiyyar waɗannan ƙasashe ya zama mai sauƙi a yamma. Har ila yau, an haɗa ilimin kimiyyar archaeology na sauran Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Asiya, da sauransu.

An buga jerin BAR a Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci da Mutanen Espanya, manyan harsuna biyar na ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. Ana kuma buga littattafan a wasu lokuta a wasu harsuna, tare da cikakken fassarar Turanci. BAR tana buga littattafai kusan saba'in da aka sake dubawa a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bugawa ==
Kamfanin da ke buga jerin, BAR Publishing (sunan kasuwanci na British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd), mai bugawa ne mai zaman kansa wanda, tun daga farko, an sadaukar da shi ga ilimin kimiyyar ilimi da kuma buga aikin asali. Har zuwa shekara ta 1989, Hands da Walker sun buga dukkan BARs a kan na'urar bugawa, kuma an haɗa su, an ɗora su, kuma an guillotined a cikin gida. A cikin 1991, Tempvs Reparatvm ya fara buga jerin kafin Archaeopress da [[John and Erica Hedges|John da Erica Hedges]] su maye gurbin su. A shekara ta 2015, Hedges sun yi ritaya kuma Archaeopress ta fara mai da hankali kan nasu kewayon alamomi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/defaultAll.asp?displayPage=About+Us |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Archaeopress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa 2020, BAR Publishing ya fara gwada damar dijital na kundin su zuwa ɗakunan karatu na hukuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital |url=https://www.barpublishing.com/digital.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=barpublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BAR yanzu tana buga littattafan da ke buɗewa sosai kuma suna samuwa a kan lasisi mai buɗewa, kamar su Domestic Multicrafting for Exchange a Prehistoric Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico, na Gary M. Feinman da Linda M. Nicholas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Series :: Domestic Multicrafting for Exchange at Prehispanic Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico |url=https://www.barpublishing.com/domestic-multicrafting-for-exchange-at-prehispanic-ejutla-oaxaca-mexico.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.barpublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==
A cikin littafin cika shekaru ashirin, [1] an lura cewa jerin BAR sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin kimiyyar archaeology ta hanyar buga shirye-shiryen taron cikin sauri a farashi mai rahusa, da kuma yin rubutun digiri ga masu sauraro da yawa. [2][3] Sebastian Rahtz ya kuma yi jayayya cewa, ta hanyar buga aikace-aikacen kwamfuta a taron Archaeology, BAR ya sanya aikin su ya zama sananne, kamar yadda aka buga kadan kafin wannan.[4]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dutsen Brandenburg</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329945129|Brandenburg stone]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dutsen [[Kentucky]]&quot; id=&quot;mwBQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Brandenburg, Kentucky&quot;&gt;Brandenburg''' dutse ne da aka rubuta a Brandenburg, Kentucky, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a 1912, a gonar Craig Crecelius . Dutse yana dauke da layi na alamomi masu kama da haruffa na rubutun. Crecelius ya nuna dutsen sau da yawa, amma bai iya samun wanda zai iya gano alamun ba.

Jon Whitfield, wanda ya sami dutsen a shekarar 1965, ya yi iƙirarin cewa su [[Coelbren da Beirdd|Coelbren]] ne, haruffa na Welsh na tsohuwar yaren Welsh wanda Iolo Morganwg ya kirkira a shekara ta 1791 don amfani a cikin bukukuwan da ya kirkira ga Gorsedd da Eisteddfod. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Archived copy of &quot;Coelbren y Beirdd – The Bardic Alphabet&quot; |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117215438/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |archive-date=17 November 2010 |access-date=2011-02-26 |website=National Museum Wales}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran marubuta sun yi zargin cewa dutsen shaida ce ta hulɗa ta pre-Columbian tsakanin mashahurin yarima Welsh Madoc da 'yan asalin Amurka. Yarjejeniyar malaman Welsh ita ce &quot;Coelbren&quot; rubutun karya ne wanda wani marubuci mai suna Iolo Morganwg ya kirkira a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas, a cikin littafinsa ''Barddas'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin 1912, manomi Craig Crecelius ya sami kayan tarihi na dutse a wani fili kusa da Kogin Ohio a Brandenburg, Kentucky . Dutsen oolite yana da tsawon inci 29 (74  da inci 15.5 (39  kuma ya bambanta da kauri daga 1 zuwa 3 inci (2.5 zuwa 7.6 . &lt;ref name=&quot;See&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=See, Larry Jr. |date=March 19, 2008 |title=Archaeologists gather to hear story of Brandenburg Stone |url=http://www.meadecountymessenger.com/contentitem/215582/2035/archaeologists-gather-to-hear-story-of-brandenburg-stone |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222240/http://www.meadecountymessenger.com/contentitem/215582/2035/archaeologists-gather-to-hear-story-of-brandenburg-stone |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=March 24, 2013 |publisher=Meade County Messenger}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiye da shekaru 50, Crecelius ya nuna dutsen a baje kolin yankin. A wani lokaci, dutsen ya fashe zuwa kashi uku.

A shekara ta 1965, Crecelius ya watsar da neman asalin kayan tarihi kuma ya ba da mallakar ga Jon Whitfield. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, masu binciken tarihi sun bincika dutsen kuma sun kammala cewa alamun sa a zahiri ƙuƙwalwa ne sakamakon tsari na halitta. An adana dutsen a ɗakin karatu na Brandenburg har zuwa 1995 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Falls of the Ohio Interpretive Center a Clarksville, Indiana . [1]

A cikin 1999, an tura kayan tarihi zuwa Falls na Cibiyar Bayyanawa ta Jihar Ohio na shekara guda, sannan zuwa ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Charlestown, Indiana. A watan Janairun 2012 an mayar da kayan tarihi zuwa ɗakin karatu na gundumar Meade.

== Da'awar asalin Welsh ==
[[File:Peithynen_-_displaying_Bardic_Alphabet_(coelbren_y_beirdd).jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin firam ɗin &quot;peithynen&quot; na Morganwg wanda ke dauke da haruffa &quot;bardic&quot;]]
Whitfield ya nemi shaidar cewa alamun sun kasance Welsh ne a asali. A shekara ta 1998, marubuta Baram Blackett da Alan Wilson ne suka bincika dutsen, wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa rubutun yana cikin Welsh na Tsakiya. Blackett da Wilson sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami kabarin Sarki Arthur da Akwatin Alkawari da ya ɓace. Sun fassara rubutun zuwa Turanci daga Welsh da rubutun [[Coelbren da Beirdd|Coelbren]] wanda Iolo Morganwg ya kirkira.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCPL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandenburg Stone |url=http://www.clarkco.lib.in.us/history/brandenburgstone.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430102435/http://www.clarkco.lib.in.us/history/brandenburgstone.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2013 |publisher=Clark County (Indiana) Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coelbren y Beirdd - The Bardic Alphabet |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117215438/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |archive-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=National Museum of Wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An rarraba da'awar a ko'ina kuma an fallasa ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;See&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCPL&quot; /&gt;

== Gaskiya ==
Kwanan nan, kayan tarihi sun kasance batun littattafai da yawa da kuma wani labari na shirin H2 na America Unearthed . Marubucin Jason Colavito ya yi jayayya da sahihancin dutsen, yana mai tabbatar da cewa an sassaƙa shi a cikin karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20 lokacin da amfani da &quot;Coelbren&quot; a cikin bukukuwan Gorsedd da Eisteddfodau sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manyan al'ummar Welsh-Amurka a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Colavito&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Colavito, Jason |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Following Up on the Brandenburg Stone |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/1/post/2013/02/following-up-on-the-brandenburg-stone.html |access-date=March 25, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Dutsen [[Kentucky]]&quot; id=&quot;mwBQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Brandenburg, Kentucky&quot;&gt;Brandenburg''' dutse ne da aka rubuta a Brandenburg, Kentucky, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a 1912, a gonar Craig Crecelius . Dutse yana dauke da layi na alamomi masu kama da haruffa na rubutun. Crecelius ya nuna dutsen sau da yawa, amma bai iya samun wanda zai iya gano alamun ba.

Jon Whitfield, wanda ya sami dutsen a shekarar 1965, ya yi iƙirarin cewa su [[Coelbren da Beirdd|Coelbren]] ne, haruffa na Welsh na tsohuwar yaren Welsh wanda Iolo Morganwg ya kirkira a shekara ta 1791 don amfani a cikin bukukuwan da ya kirkira ga Gorsedd da Eisteddfod. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Archived copy of &quot;Coelbren y Beirdd – The Bardic Alphabet&quot; |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117215438/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |archive-date=17 November 2010 |access-date=2011-02-26 |website=National Museum Wales}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran marubuta sun yi zargin cewa dutsen shaida ce ta hulɗa ta pre-Columbian tsakanin mashahurin yarima Welsh Madoc da 'yan asalin Amurka. Yarjejeniyar malaman Welsh ita ce &quot;Coelbren&quot; rubutun karya ne wanda wani marubuci mai suna Iolo Morganwg ya kirkira a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas, a cikin littafinsa ''Barddas'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin 1912, manomi Craig Crecelius ya sami kayan tarihi na dutse a wani fili kusa da Kogin Ohio a Brandenburg, Kentucky . Dutsen oolite yana da tsawon inci 29 (74  da inci 15.5 (39  kuma ya bambanta da kauri daga 1 zuwa 3 inci (2.5 zuwa 7.6 . &lt;ref name=&quot;See&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=See, Larry Jr. |date=March 19, 2008 |title=Archaeologists gather to hear story of Brandenburg Stone |url=http://www.meadecountymessenger.com/contentitem/215582/2035/archaeologists-gather-to-hear-story-of-brandenburg-stone |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222240/http://www.meadecountymessenger.com/contentitem/215582/2035/archaeologists-gather-to-hear-story-of-brandenburg-stone |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=March 24, 2013 |publisher=Meade County Messenger}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiye da shekaru 50, Crecelius ya nuna dutsen a baje kolin yankin. A wani lokaci, dutsen ya fashe zuwa kashi uku.

A shekara ta 1965, Crecelius ya watsar da neman asalin kayan tarihi kuma ya ba da mallakar ga Jon Whitfield. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, masu binciken tarihi sun bincika dutsen kuma sun kammala cewa alamun sa a zahiri ƙuƙwalwa ne sakamakon tsari na halitta. An adana dutsen a ɗakin karatu na Brandenburg har zuwa 1995 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Falls of the Ohio Interpretive Center a Clarksville, Indiana . [1]

A cikin 1999, an tura kayan tarihi zuwa Falls na Cibiyar Bayyanawa ta Jihar Ohio na shekara guda, sannan zuwa ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Charlestown, Indiana. A watan Janairun 2012 an mayar da kayan tarihi zuwa ɗakin karatu na gundumar Meade.

== Da'awar asalin Welsh ==
[[File:Peithynen_-_displaying_Bardic_Alphabet_(coelbren_y_beirdd).jpg|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin firam ɗin &quot;peithynen&quot; na Morganwg wanda ke dauke da haruffa &quot;bardic&quot;]]
Whitfield ya nemi shaidar cewa alamun sun kasance Welsh ne a asali. A shekara ta 1998, marubuta Baram Blackett da Alan Wilson ne suka bincika dutsen, wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa rubutun yana cikin Welsh na Tsakiya. Blackett da Wilson sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami kabarin Sarki Arthur da Akwatin Alkawari da ya ɓace. Sun fassara rubutun zuwa Turanci daga Welsh da rubutun [[Coelbren da Beirdd|Coelbren]] wanda Iolo Morganwg ya kirkira.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCPL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandenburg Stone |url=http://www.clarkco.lib.in.us/history/brandenburgstone.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430102435/http://www.clarkco.lib.in.us/history/brandenburgstone.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2013 |publisher=Clark County (Indiana) Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coelbren y Beirdd - The Bardic Alphabet |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117215438/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/888/ |archive-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=National Museum of Wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An rarraba da'awar a ko'ina kuma an fallasa ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;See&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCPL&quot; /&gt;

== Gaskiya ==
Kwanan nan, kayan tarihi sun kasance batun littattafai da yawa da kuma wani labari na shirin H2 na America Unearthed . Marubucin Jason Colavito ya yi jayayya da sahihancin dutsen, yana mai tabbatar da cewa an sassaƙa shi a cikin karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20 lokacin da amfani da &quot;Coelbren&quot; a cikin bukukuwan Gorsedd da Eisteddfodau sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manyan al'ummar Welsh-Amurka a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Colavito&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Colavito, Jason |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Following Up on the Brandenburg Stone |url=http://www.jasoncolavito.com/1/post/2013/02/following-up-on-the-brandenburg-stone.html |access-date=March 25, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rubuce-rubucen ƙauyuka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369994076|Bourgade inscriptions]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Lidzbarski's_Handbuch_der_Nordsemitischen_Epigraphik_Table_XX_number_3_(cropped).jpg|thumb|KAI 134]]
[[File:Lidzbarski's_Handbuch_der_Nordsemitischen_Epigraphik_Table_XX_number_7_(cropped).jpg|thumb|KAI 135]]
Rubutun Bourgade kusan rubuce-rubucen [[Harshen Punic|Neo-Punic]] ne 40, waɗanda aka samo a cikin shekarun 1840 da farkon shekarun 1850 a cikin Husainid Tunisia, wanda aka buɗe zuwa tasirin Faransanci bayan taron 1846 tsakanin Ahmad I ibn Mustafa da Antoine, Duke na Montpensier . 

* 17 tsoffin hadayu na addini: matani 13 da 4 bas-reliefs; 
* 34 epitaphs na jana'izar: matani 28 da 6 bas-reliefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bourgade1852&quot; /&gt;

Bourgade kuma ya sake buga sanannun dutse guda biyu da ake kira &quot;Carthaginian A&quot; da &quot;Carttaginian B&quot;, waɗanda aka gano a cikin 1845 a tsibirin tashar jiragen ruwa na Carthage . 

An sami wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen kusa da rushewar Carthage ko kewayen yankin, sauran kuma a wurare daban-daban na Regency na Tunis. Wani masanin binciken kayan tarihi mai suna Filippo Basiola Honegger ne ya gano da yawa; binciken da ya biyo baya ya tabbatar da cewa wurin da aka gano da yawa shine Maghrāwa, a arewacin Maktar.[1][2]

Yawancin duwatsun mallakar jama'ar Tunisia ne, a cikin ƙauyuka da birane.

An tattara wasu sanannun rubuce-rubuce a cikin Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, kuma an san su da KAI 133-135.

François Bourgade ne ya buga su a shekara ta 1852 a cikin littafinsa Toison d'Or de la Langue Phénicienne .

== Rubuce-rubucen ==
KAI 133 = NE 436,3:

{{Lang|xpu-Latn|(1) '''ṭʻnʼ ʼbn z lbʻlš'''(2)'''mʻ bn mʻsqlʼ-'''(3)'''ʼ bn šʻnt šbʻm'''}}

:: ''An gina wannan dutse don Ba'alsamo' ɗan M'SQL' , &quot;ɗan&quot; shekaru saba'in.''

KAI 134 = NE 436,4:

{{Lang|xpu-Latn|(1) '''ṭnʼ ʻbn z lplks bn''' (2) '''pʻwstʼ wkn šnt šlš'''(3)'''tm bʻym'''}}

:: ''An gina wannan dutse ga Felix ɗan P'WST'. Kuma yana da shekara uku. Ya kasance mai kyau a (a lokacin rayuwarsa).''

KAI 135 = NE 436,7:

{{Lang|xpu-Latn|(1) '''ṭʻ'''(nʼ) '''ʼ'''(b)'''n z lbrk'''(b)'''ʻl''' (2) '''bt yʻšdby''' (3) '''wʻwʻ šʻnt''' (4) '''ʼsrm wʻmš'''}}

:: ''An gina wannan dutse don Biricbal 'yar Y'ŠDBY. Kuma ta rayu shekaru ashirin da biyar.''

[[iarchive:atextbooknorths00cookgoog/page/n172/mode/1up|NSI 54]] = NE 436,8

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Chabot Jean-Baptiste [https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1916_num_60_1_73653 Rubutun Punic na tarin Marchant]. In: Bayanan da aka bayar na zaman Kwal&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Rubuce-rubuce da Littattafai, shekara ta 60, N. 1, 1916. shafi na 17-34. &amp;nbsp;DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1916.73653 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[File:Lidzbarski's_Handbuch_der_Nordsemitischen_Epigraphik_Table_XX_number_3_(cropped).jpg|thumb|KAI 134]]
[[File:Lidzbarski's_Handbuch_der_Nordsemitischen_Epigraphik_Table_XX_number_7_(cropped).jpg|thumb|KAI 135]]{{Databox}}
Rubutun Bourgade kusan rubuce-rubucen [[Harshen Punic|Neo-Punic]] ne 40, waɗanda aka samo a cikin shekarun 1840 da farkon shekarun 1850 a cikin Husainid Tunisia, wanda aka buɗe zuwa tasirin Faransanci bayan taron 1846 tsakanin Ahmad I ibn Mustafa da Antoine, Duke na Montpensier . 

* 17 tsoffin hadayu na addini: matani 13 da 4 bas-reliefs; 
* 34 epitaphs na jana'izar: matani 28 da 6 bas-reliefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bourgade1852&quot; /&gt;

Bourgade kuma ya sake buga sanannun dutse guda biyu da ake kira &quot;Carthaginian A&quot; da &quot;Carttaginian B&quot;, waɗanda aka gano a cikin 1845 a tsibirin tashar jiragen ruwa na Carthage . 

An sami wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen kusa da rushewar Carthage ko kewayen yankin, sauran kuma a wurare daban-daban na Regency na Tunis. Wani masanin binciken kayan tarihi mai suna Filippo Basiola Honegger ne ya gano da yawa; binciken da ya biyo baya ya tabbatar da cewa wurin da aka gano da yawa shine Maghrāwa, a arewacin Maktar.[1][2]

Yawancin duwatsun mallakar jama'ar Tunisia ne, a cikin ƙauyuka da birane.

An tattara wasu sanannun rubuce-rubuce a cikin Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, kuma an san su da KAI 133-135.

François Bourgade ne ya buga su a shekara ta 1852 a cikin littafinsa Toison d'Or de la Langue Phénicienne .

== Rubuce-rubucen ==
KAI 133 = NE 436,3:

{{Lang|xpu-Latn|(1) '''ṭʻnʼ ʼbn z lbʻlš'''(2)'''mʻ bn mʻsqlʼ-'''(3)'''ʼ bn šʻnt šbʻm'''}}

:: ''An gina wannan dutse don Ba'alsamo' ɗan M'SQL' , &quot;ɗan&quot; shekaru saba'in.''

KAI 134 = NE 436,4:

{{Lang|xpu-Latn|(1) '''ṭnʼ ʻbn z lplks bn''' (2) '''pʻwstʼ wkn šnt šlš'''(3)'''tm bʻym'''}}

:: ''An gina wannan dutse ga Felix ɗan P'WST'. Kuma yana da shekara uku. Ya kasance mai kyau a (a lokacin rayuwarsa).''

KAI 135 = NE 436,7:

{{Lang|xpu-Latn|(1) '''ṭʻ'''(nʼ) '''ʼ'''(b)'''n z lbrk'''(b)'''ʻl''' (2) '''bt yʻšdby''' (3) '''wʻwʻ šʻnt''' (4) '''ʼsrm wʻmš'''}}

:: ''An gina wannan dutse don Biricbal 'yar Y'ŠDBY. Kuma ta rayu shekaru ashirin da biyar.''

[[iarchive:atextbooknorths00cookgoog/page/n172/mode/1up|NSI 54]] = NE 436,8

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* Chabot Jean-Baptiste [https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1916_num_60_1_73653 Rubutun Punic na tarin Marchant]. In: Bayanan da aka bayar na zaman Kwal&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Rubuce-rubuce da Littattafai, shekara ta 60, N. 1, 1916. shafi na 17-34. &amp;nbsp;DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1916.73653 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Abubuwan da suka gabata na jini</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373249341|Blood antiquities]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Palmyra_-_Monumental_Arch.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hoton (ya riga ya hallaka) Monumental Arch na Palmyra, [[Siriya]]. Daular Islama ta ba da kuɗin kanta ta hanyar satar wannan da sauran wuraren binciken archaeological kamar Mosul, Nineveh ko Apamea, da kuma sayar da ɓangarorin da aka sace a kan kasuwannin baƙar fata a kan layi.]]
Abubuwan tarihi na jini kayan tarihi ne na archaeological waɗanda aka sace daga yankunan rikici, wuraren archaeological ko gidajen tarihi kuma ana sayar da su a kasuwannin baƙar fata ta hanyar hanyoyin aikata laifuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goodyear |first=Michael |date=2020-08-01 |title=Keeping the Barbarians at the Gates: The Promise of the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions for Developing Countries |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol41/iss3/5 |journal=Michigan Journal of International Law |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=581–614 |doi=10.36642/mjil.41.3.keeping |issn=1052-2867}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Paul |last2=Coster |first2=Christin |date=2017-01-01 |title=Blood Antiquities: Addressing a Culture of Impunity in the Antiquities Market |url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_lawrev/1274 |journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law |volume=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fashi da wuraren tarihi da kuma fataucin dukiyar al'adu ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma ya kasance, al'ada ce ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci a yankunan yaki. Abubuwan sun ƙare a kasuwannin baƙar fata, wuraren zane-zane, shagunan tsohuwar da tarin masu zaman kansu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=Les antiquités du sang : quels acteurs pour le trafic des œuvres d'art ? |url=https://www.imarabe.org/fr/rencontres-debats/les-antiquites-du-sang-quels-acteurs-pour-le-trafic-des-oeuvres-d-art |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=Institut du monde arabe |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fashi da kayan tarihi na jini lamari ne na duniya tare da kasashe masu tasowa da yankunan yaƙi suna cikin haɗarin satar kayan al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ta hanyar ƙasa ==

=== Iraki ===
A lokacin mamayewar Iraki na 2003, manyan fashi sun faru a Gidan Tarihi na Iraki. Kimanin abubuwa 50,000 an ƙididdige su daidai da kashi 25% na duk al'adun gidan kayan gargajiya.

Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Amurka ta kiyasta cewa kudaden shiga daga kayan tarihi da aka sace yana tsakanin dala miliyan 10 da 20 a kowace shekara. Kungiyoyin ta'addanci da 'yan tawaye kamar su Daular Islama (ISIS) suna da dogon tarihi na amfani da kayan tarihi da aka sace don tallafawa ayyukansu. Shugabannin Daular Islama sun tabbatar da fashi da lalata kayan tarihi na pre-Islama ta hanyar bayyana cewa suna bauta wa gumaka, amma an zarge su da yin hakan don riba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Siriya ===
A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Siriya, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] (ISIS) ta gudanar da satar wuraren tarihi a matsayin babbar hanyar riba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Le trafic des antiquités du sang ou le pillage par Daech du 15 avril 2016 - France Inter |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/le-zoom-de-la-redaction/le-zoom-de-la-redaction-15-avril-2016 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta cewa ISIS ta mamaye kusan shafuka 4,500 kuma cewa kudin shiga da aka samu daga cinikin kayan tarihi ya kai 100,000,000 USD a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=La lutte infinie contre les antiquités du sang |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-billet-economique/la-lutte-infinie-contre-les-antiquites-du-sang |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=France Culture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta'addanci tana da wata hukuma ta ciki da aka sadaukar da ita ga wannan cinikin ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mariupol_Bull_Figurine.jpg|thumb|205x205px|Mariupol Bull Figurine, siffar ƙashi mai ƙwanƙwasawa na bijimi ca. 6000 KZ, an ajiye shi a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Mariupol a Mariupol, Ukraine. Ba a san inda yake ba tun lokacin da [[Sojojin Rasha]] suka kewaye Mariupol a shekarar 2022.]]

=== Ukraine ===
Tun farkon Yakin Russo-Ukrainian a cikin 2014 da kuma mamayar Rasha ta Crimea a cikin 2022, kimantawar hukuma na kayan tarihi miliyan 1.7 na Ukraine, kamar Mariupol Bull Figurine, an ɗauke su daga gidajen tarihi na Ukraine da wuraren tarihi, al'adu, da al'adun gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arose |first=Helena |date=2025-08-05 |title=Antiquities Coalition Enlists the Public to Help Ukraine Recover Missing Cultural Treasure |url=https://theantiquitiescoalition.org/antiquities-coalition-enlists-the-public-to-help-ukraine-recover-missing-cultural-treasure/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Antiquities Coalition |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyi irin su Antiquities Coalition sun nuna cire waɗannan kayan tarihi a matsayin hanyar samun riba ba bisa ka'ida ba daga asarar al'adun Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Yemen ===
A Yemen, an yi amfani da kayan tarihi na jini don tallafawa Yaƙin basasar Yemen, wanda kasar ke fada tun 2014. Antiquities Coalition (AC) ta buga wani rahoto a cikin 2019 wanda aka kiyasta cewa, a cikin gidajen tarihi na kasar kadai, abubuwa 1,631 na tarihi sun ɓace. Gidajen tarihi da abin ya shafa sune Gidan Tarihi na Aden, Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Taiz da Gidan Tarihi na Zinjibar; wannan lambar ba ta haɗa da wuraren binciken archaeological kamar Shabwa ba.[1] Cinikin haramtacciyar fataucin waɗannan ɓangarorin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar Al-Qaeda a yankin Larabawa (AQAP) da ƙungiyar Houthi.[2]

== Tasirin ==

=== Labarin Labarin Labarai ===
Hobby Lobby ya fara tattara kayan tarihi a cikin shekara ta 2009, sayen kayan tarihi sama da 5,500 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 don dala miliyan 1.6 duk da cewa masanin al'adu ya gargadi cewa ana iya sace kayan tarihi na Iraqi kuma bayyanar da ba daidai ba na shigo da kayayyaki na iya haifar da kwacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Duk da gargadi, Hobby Lobby ya ci gaba da shigo da kayan tarihi zuwa Amurka ta hanyar [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila]], ya yi kuskuren lakabin kunshin a matsayin &quot;samfurori&quot; a kan takardun jigilar kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-05 |title= United States Files Civil Action To Forfeit Thousands Of Ancient Iraqi Artifacts Imported By Hobby Lobby |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/united-states-files-civil-action-forfeit-thousands-ancient-iraqi-artifacts-imported |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.justice.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Amurka ta shigar da karar shari'a a kan Hobby Lobby bayan ta tantance cewa an kawo kayan tarihi a Amurka ta hanyar keta dokokin kwastomomi da dukiya kuma a cikin 2017, Hobby Lobry ya amince da rasa kayan tarihi kuma ya biya dala miliyan 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an mayar da kayan tarihi 3,800 zuwa Iraki ta hanyar Shige da Fice da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-02 |title=Archived: ICE returns thousands of ancient artifacts seized from Hobby Lobby to Iraq {{!}} ICE |url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ice-returns-thousands-ancient-artifacts-seized-hobby-lobby-iraq |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ice.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwatin Nedjemankh ===
[[File:Lid_of_the_coffin_of_the_priest_of_Heryshef,_Nedjemankh_MET_DP-14049-01.jpg|thumb|347x347px|Rufin akwatin gawa na Nedjemankh.]]
A cikin 2019, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan ya dawo da Akwatin Nedjemankh zuwa Masar bayan ya gano cewa an sace akwatin a cikin 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Returns Coffin to Egypt - The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/press-releases/metropolitan-museum-of-art-returns-coffin-to-egypt-2019-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217123806/https://www.metmuseum.org/press-releases/metropolitan-museum-of-art-returns-coffin-to-egypt-2019-news |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.metmuseum.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon wannan lamarin, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan ya himmatu ga sake dubawa da inganta hanyoyin saye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[File:Palmyra_-_Monumental_Arch.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hoton (ya riga ya hallaka) Monumental Arch na Palmyra, [[Siriya]]. Daular Islama ta ba da kuɗin kanta ta hanyar satar wannan da sauran wuraren binciken archaeological kamar Mosul, Nineveh ko Apamea, da kuma sayar da ɓangarorin da aka sace a kan kasuwannin baƙar fata a kan layi.]]
Abubuwan tarihi na jini kayan tarihi ne na archaeological waɗanda aka sace daga yankunan rikici, wuraren archaeological ko gidajen tarihi kuma ana sayar da su a kasuwannin baƙar fata ta hanyar hanyoyin aikata laifuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goodyear |first=Michael |date=2020-08-01 |title=Keeping the Barbarians at the Gates: The Promise of the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions for Developing Countries |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol41/iss3/5 |journal=Michigan Journal of International Law |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=581–614 |doi=10.36642/mjil.41.3.keeping |issn=1052-2867}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Paul |last2=Coster |first2=Christin |date=2017-01-01 |title=Blood Antiquities: Addressing a Culture of Impunity in the Antiquities Market |url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_lawrev/1274 |journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law |volume=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fashi da wuraren tarihi da kuma fataucin dukiyar al'adu ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma ya kasance, al'ada ce ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci a yankunan yaki. Abubuwan sun ƙare a kasuwannin baƙar fata, wuraren zane-zane, shagunan tsohuwar da tarin masu zaman kansu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-15 |title=Les antiquités du sang : quels acteurs pour le trafic des œuvres d'art ? |url=https://www.imarabe.org/fr/rencontres-debats/les-antiquites-du-sang-quels-acteurs-pour-le-trafic-des-oeuvres-d-art |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=Institut du monde arabe |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fashi da kayan tarihi na jini lamari ne na duniya tare da kasashe masu tasowa da yankunan yaƙi suna cikin haɗarin satar kayan al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ta hanyar ƙasa ==

=== Iraki ===
A lokacin mamayewar Iraki na 2003, manyan fashi sun faru a Gidan Tarihi na Iraki. Kimanin abubuwa 50,000 an ƙididdige su daidai da kashi 25% na duk al'adun gidan kayan gargajiya.

Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Amurka ta kiyasta cewa kudaden shiga daga kayan tarihi da aka sace yana tsakanin dala miliyan 10 da 20 a kowace shekara. Kungiyoyin ta'addanci da 'yan tawaye kamar su Daular Islama (ISIS) suna da dogon tarihi na amfani da kayan tarihi da aka sace don tallafawa ayyukansu. Shugabannin Daular Islama sun tabbatar da fashi da lalata kayan tarihi na pre-Islama ta hanyar bayyana cewa suna bauta wa gumaka, amma an zarge su da yin hakan don riba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Siriya ===
A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Siriya, [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] (ISIS) ta gudanar da satar wuraren tarihi a matsayin babbar hanyar riba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Le trafic des antiquités du sang ou le pillage par Daech du 15 avril 2016 - France Inter |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/le-zoom-de-la-redaction/le-zoom-de-la-redaction-15-avril-2016 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta cewa ISIS ta mamaye kusan shafuka 4,500 kuma cewa kudin shiga da aka samu daga cinikin kayan tarihi ya kai 100,000,000 USD a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=La lutte infinie contre les antiquités du sang |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-billet-economique/la-lutte-infinie-contre-les-antiquites-du-sang |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=France Culture |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta'addanci tana da wata hukuma ta ciki da aka sadaukar da ita ga wannan cinikin ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mariupol_Bull_Figurine.jpg|thumb|205x205px|Mariupol Bull Figurine, siffar ƙashi mai ƙwanƙwasawa na bijimi ca. 6000 KZ, an ajiye shi a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Mariupol a Mariupol, Ukraine. Ba a san inda yake ba tun lokacin da [[Sojojin Rasha]] suka kewaye Mariupol a shekarar 2022.]]

=== Ukraine ===
Tun farkon Yakin Russo-Ukrainian a cikin 2014 da kuma mamayar Rasha ta Crimea a cikin 2022, kimantawar hukuma na kayan tarihi miliyan 1.7 na Ukraine, kamar Mariupol Bull Figurine, an ɗauke su daga gidajen tarihi na Ukraine da wuraren tarihi, al'adu, da al'adun gargajiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arose |first=Helena |date=2025-08-05 |title=Antiquities Coalition Enlists the Public to Help Ukraine Recover Missing Cultural Treasure |url=https://theantiquitiescoalition.org/antiquities-coalition-enlists-the-public-to-help-ukraine-recover-missing-cultural-treasure/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Antiquities Coalition |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyi irin su Antiquities Coalition sun nuna cire waɗannan kayan tarihi a matsayin hanyar samun riba ba bisa ka'ida ba daga asarar al'adun Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Yemen ===
A Yemen, an yi amfani da kayan tarihi na jini don tallafawa Yaƙin basasar Yemen, wanda kasar ke fada tun 2014. Antiquities Coalition (AC) ta buga wani rahoto a cikin 2019 wanda aka kiyasta cewa, a cikin gidajen tarihi na kasar kadai, abubuwa 1,631 na tarihi sun ɓace. Gidajen tarihi da abin ya shafa sune Gidan Tarihi na Aden, Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Taiz da Gidan Tarihi na Zinjibar; wannan lambar ba ta haɗa da wuraren binciken archaeological kamar Shabwa ba.[1] Cinikin haramtacciyar fataucin waɗannan ɓangarorin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar Al-Qaeda a yankin Larabawa (AQAP) da ƙungiyar Houthi.[2]

== Tasirin ==

=== Labarin Labarin Labarai ===
Hobby Lobby ya fara tattara kayan tarihi a cikin shekara ta 2009, sayen kayan tarihi sama da 5,500 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 don dala miliyan 1.6 duk da cewa masanin al'adu ya gargadi cewa ana iya sace kayan tarihi na Iraqi kuma bayyanar da ba daidai ba na shigo da kayayyaki na iya haifar da kwacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Duk da gargadi, Hobby Lobby ya ci gaba da shigo da kayan tarihi zuwa Amurka ta hanyar [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila]], ya yi kuskuren lakabin kunshin a matsayin &quot;samfurori&quot; a kan takardun jigilar kaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-05 |title= United States Files Civil Action To Forfeit Thousands Of Ancient Iraqi Artifacts Imported By Hobby Lobby |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/united-states-files-civil-action-forfeit-thousands-ancient-iraqi-artifacts-imported |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.justice.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Amurka ta shigar da karar shari'a a kan Hobby Lobby bayan ta tantance cewa an kawo kayan tarihi a Amurka ta hanyar keta dokokin kwastomomi da dukiya kuma a cikin 2017, Hobby Lobry ya amince da rasa kayan tarihi kuma ya biya dala miliyan 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an mayar da kayan tarihi 3,800 zuwa Iraki ta hanyar Shige da Fice da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-02 |title=Archived: ICE returns thousands of ancient artifacts seized from Hobby Lobby to Iraq {{!}} ICE |url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ice-returns-thousands-ancient-artifacts-seized-hobby-lobby-iraq |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.ice.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwatin Nedjemankh ===
[[File:Lid_of_the_coffin_of_the_priest_of_Heryshef,_Nedjemankh_MET_DP-14049-01.jpg|thumb|347x347px|Rufin akwatin gawa na Nedjemankh.]]
A cikin 2019, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan ya dawo da Akwatin Nedjemankh zuwa Masar bayan ya gano cewa an sace akwatin a cikin 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Returns Coffin to Egypt - The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/press-releases/metropolitan-museum-of-art-returns-coffin-to-egypt-2019-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217123806/https://www.metmuseum.org/press-releases/metropolitan-museum-of-art-returns-coffin-to-egypt-2019-news |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.metmuseum.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon wannan lamarin, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan ya himmatu ga sake dubawa da inganta hanyoyin saye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kwano mai laushi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365977919|Beveled rim bowl]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Glockentopf.jpg|thumb|Uruk-lokacin beveled rim bowl, c. 3400-3200 KZ, daga Habuba Kabira Kudu a Siriya]]
Gilashin da aka yi wa lakabi (wanda ake kira Glockentöpfe) ƙananan ne, waɗanda ba a yi musu ado ba, kwalabe na yumbu da aka samar da yawa waɗanda aka fi sani a cikin karni na 4 BC a lokacin Late Chalcolithic. Sun kasance kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na dukkan yumbu da aka samu a wuraren Al'adun Uruk, saboda haka alama ce ta musamman da abin dogaro game da kasancewar al'adun Uruc a tsohuwar [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]].

Kwando na Beveled rim sun fara bayyana a farkon zamanin Uruk (c. 3900-3600 BC) a Kudancin Mesopotamiya tare da wasu misalai da aka samu a shafukan Arewacin Mesopotamiya kamar Tell Brak . Sun maye gurbin &quot;bishiyoyi masu faɗi&quot; (tsarin farashi, mai zurfi, kwano masu buɗewa tare da fasalin flared ko conical) sannan ya zama ruwan dare. Sun kasance sananne a zamanin Uruk na Tsakiya (c. 3600-3400 BC) a duk faɗin Mesopotamiya da kuma wasu shafuka a Iran. A ƙarshen zamanin Uruk (c. 3400-3200 BC). A cikin lokutan Late Uruk da Jemdat Nasr (c. 3400-3100 BC) amfani da su ya ragu a Kudancin Mesopotamiya da Iran tare da hauhawar yawan yumbu da ake kira &quot;tall flowerpots&quot; (Grosse Blumentopfe), waɗanda suke da irin wannan masana'anta kamar Beveled Rim Bowls amma an yi su, wanda amfani da shi har yanzu ba a bayyane yake ba. BRBs sun ci gaba da amfani a Arewacin Mesopotamiya a wannan lokacin. An ci gaba da amfani da kwano na rim a wasu shafuka a Syro-Anatolia a lokacin Daular I ta Farko (c. 3100-2900 BC).   Da farko an ba da shawarar cewa ɗaya daga cikin alamun Proto-Cuneiform, kuma watakila alamar da ta dace a cikin Cuneiform (GAR / NINDA / AKALU), an samo shi ne daga kwano mai laushi.

== Halayen jiki ==
[[File:Beveled_rim_bowl_from_Logardan,_near_Chamchamal,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_northern_Iraq._Uruk_period,_4000-3100_BCE._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraq.jpg|thumb|Kwallon kwalliya daga Logardan, arewacin Iraki. Lokacin Uruk, 4000-3100 BC. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sulaymaniyah, Iraki]]
Ana ɗaukar kwano na rim da aka yi amfani da su daidai a girman da ke tsaye kusan {{Convert|10|cm}}  in) tsayi tare da bakin kwano kusan {{Convert|18|cm}}  in) a diamita. A zahiri akwai wasu bambance-bambance a girman. Misali a shafin Chogha Mish an samo kwano na rim tare da kundin daga 385 zuwa 2,580 milliliters, suna taruwa a 700+ /-200 milliliters. A Tepe Farukhabad BRB diamita ya kasance daga 15 zuwa 31 centimeters. Yawancin BRBs suna riƙe da lita 0.78-1.21 .  Yankunan kwano suna da kusurwa madaidaiciya mai tsayi har zuwa tushe mai mahimmanci yawanci {{Convert|9|cm}}  in) a diamita. Ana yin kwano na kayan lambu da aka yi da yumɓu mai ƙarancin wuta kuma suna da ganuwar da ta fi kauri idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan tukwane na lokacin, yana mai da su da ban mamaki. Wani lokaci ana kiransu da Chaff-Faced Ware . 

Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na kwano na rim sune cewa ba a yi musu ado ba kuma an same su da yawa. Ganuwar waje na kwano tana da tsayi yayin da aka kwantar da bango na ciki kuma ya kasance gefen waje. Sau da yawa ana samun alamar yatsa a kasa.

== Fitarwa ==
[[File:British_Museum_Middle_east_14022019_Beveled_rim_bowl_Nineveh_Late_Uruk_Period_3672.jpg|thumb|Kwanon rim mai laushi. Daga Nineveh, Late Uruk Period, 3300-3100 BC. Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]
Duk da yake ba a san ainihin hanyar samar da kwano na beveled ba, ka'idar da aka fi yarda da ita ita ce amfani da ƙira. Ƙananan ka'idar da aka yarda da ita ita ce an yi kofuna da hannu. Masana binciken tarihi da ke kwaikwayon kwano na rim sun sami wahalar cimma bangarorin madaidaiciya da tushe mai kyau yayin amfani da hannayensu kawai. Amfani da ƙirar an gano yana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci yayin kwaikwayon kwanon rufi. Yawancin kwano da aka samo (sau da yawa a cikin shafin guda) suna da alama suna tallafawa ka'idar ƙira saboda samar da taro tare da ƙira ya fi yiwuwa fiye da yin su da hannu. Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu ba da shawara game da ka'idar ƙira. Yawancin suna tilasta amfani da ƙirar hannu wanda za'a iya yin shi da kayan aiki iri-iri ciki har da itace, ƙarfe, dutse ko ma wani kwano mai laushi. Sauran sun ba da shawarar cewa masu sana'a za su yi amfani da ƙirar ƙasa inda aka kafa kwano a cikin rami mai zurfi da aka kirkira a ƙasa.[1]

== Amfani da shi ==
[[File:Beveled_rim_bowl_Kish_AN1981.986.jpg|thumb|Kwanon da akayi shi daga Kish.]]
Da farko, galibi bisa ga abubuwan da aka gano a Uruk, ana tunanin ana amfani da kwano na rim don auna yawan abincin hatsi ([[sha'ir]], spelt, ko alkama). Za a ba da rabon a matsayin biyan kuɗi ga ma'aikata don ayyukan da aka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin Aiki na Corvée.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson, G. A., &quot;Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran&quot;, Volume 51 of Anthropological Papers Series, University of Michigan Press, 1973 {{ISBN|9781949098075}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Hans J., &quot;The early history of the ancient Near East, 9000-2000 BC&quot;, University of Chicago Press, 1988 {{ISBN|9780226586588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana tallafawa da gaskiyar cewa ana samun kwano gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin manyan tarin kamar ana iya zubar da su. Za a yi amfani da kwano don rarraba sau ɗaya ko sau biyu sannan a watsar da su a wani wuri na tsakiya.Amfani da BRBs a matsayin kwanon abinci an kalubalanci shi. Wata ka'ida ta daban ita ce an yi amfani da kwanon don yin burodi, wanda kuma ana iya rarraba shi a cikin akwati. Da farko, bayan da aka sami BRBs da yawa a tsaye, a cikin hanyar Aramaic charts bowls, an ba da shawarar cewa suna aiki a matsayin hadayu. Duk da yake amfani da farko na BRBs bai riga ya cika ba, nazarin raguwa ya nuna cewa wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a wasu hanyoyi, mai yiwuwa a cikin ayyukan sakandare (sake amfani). BRBs da aka samo a Shakhi Kora an nuna cewa an yi amfani da su don riƙe nama, da farko daga ruminants, da kayan madara a cikin abin da masu bincike suka kira &quot;souffle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perruchini |first=Elsa |last2=Glatz |first2=Claudia |last3=Heimvik |first3=Synnøve Gravdal |last4=Bendrey |first4=Robin |last5=Hald |first5=Mette Marie |last6=Del Bravo |first6=Francesco |last7=Mohammed Sameen |first7=Salh |last8=Toney |first8=Jaime |date=2023 |title=Revealing invisible stews: New results of organic residue analyses of Beveled Rim Bowls from the Late Chalcolithic site of Shakhi Kora, Kurdistan Region of Iraq |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X22003935 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=48 |bibcode=2023JArSR..48j3730P |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103730 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
[[File:Uruk_expansion.svg|thumb|Yaduwar Uruk da wuraren mulkin mallaka, c. 3600-3100 BC]]


A cikin Anatolia an sami kofuna a Arslantepe, Başur Höyük, Tilbeş Höyük, Hassek Höyük, Kurban Höyük, Samsat, da Tepecik.

A Siriya ta zamani an samo su a Tell Humeida, Tell Sheikh Hassan, Hacınebi Tepe, Jebel Aruda, Habuba Kabira, Hamoukar, Jerablus Tahtani, Tell Brak, Tell er-Ramadi,  da Tell Qraya kusa da [[Terqa]].  

A cikin Iraki na zamani an sami BRBs a Uruk, Girsu, Jemdet Nasr,  Eridu,  Gasur, Tell Mohammed 'Arab, Abu Salabikh, Jemdet Zabi , Telul eth-Thalathat, Shakhi Kora,  Tell al-Hawa, Tulul al-Baqarat, Tell Rubeidheh, Tell Uqair, Grai Resh, Kani Shaie, Girdi Qala da Logardan, Tell Begum, da Nineveh   An kuma sami adadi a Kish da Khafajah.&lt;ref&gt;[https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip63.pdf] Pinhas Delougaz, &quot;Pottery from the Diyala Region&quot;, Oriental Institute Publications 63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, {{ISBN|0-226-14233-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A bakin tekun [[Pakistan]] na zamani kusa da Tekun Oman (Miri Qalat) wanda ke cikin al'adun Kechi-Makran.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kwanon Coba

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{{Databox}}
[[File:Glockentopf.jpg|thumb|Uruk-lokacin beveled rim bowl, c. 3400-3200 KZ, daga Habuba Kabira Kudu a Siriya]]
Gilashin da aka yi wa lakabi (wanda ake kira Glockentöpfe) ƙananan ne, waɗanda ba a yi musu ado ba, kwalabe na yumbu da aka samar da yawa waɗanda aka fi sani a cikin karni na 4 BC a lokacin Late Chalcolithic. Sun kasance kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na dukkan yumbu da aka samu a wuraren Al'adun Uruk, saboda haka alama ce ta musamman da abin dogaro game da kasancewar al'adun Uruc a tsohuwar [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]].

Kwando na Beveled rim sun fara bayyana a farkon zamanin Uruk (c. 3900-3600 BC) a Kudancin Mesopotamiya tare da wasu misalai da aka samu a shafukan Arewacin Mesopotamiya kamar Tell Brak . Sun maye gurbin &quot;bishiyoyi masu faɗi&quot; (tsarin farashi, mai zurfi, kwano masu buɗewa tare da fasalin flared ko conical) sannan ya zama ruwan dare. Sun kasance sananne a zamanin Uruk na Tsakiya (c. 3600-3400 BC) a duk faɗin Mesopotamiya da kuma wasu shafuka a Iran. A ƙarshen zamanin Uruk (c. 3400-3200 BC). A cikin lokutan Late Uruk da Jemdat Nasr (c. 3400-3100 BC) amfani da su ya ragu a Kudancin Mesopotamiya da Iran tare da hauhawar yawan yumbu da ake kira &quot;tall flowerpots&quot; (Grosse Blumentopfe), waɗanda suke da irin wannan masana'anta kamar Beveled Rim Bowls amma an yi su, wanda amfani da shi har yanzu ba a bayyane yake ba. BRBs sun ci gaba da amfani a Arewacin Mesopotamiya a wannan lokacin. An ci gaba da amfani da kwano na rim a wasu shafuka a Syro-Anatolia a lokacin Daular I ta Farko (c. 3100-2900 BC).   Da farko an ba da shawarar cewa ɗaya daga cikin alamun Proto-Cuneiform, kuma watakila alamar da ta dace a cikin Cuneiform (GAR / NINDA / AKALU), an samo shi ne daga kwano mai laushi.

== Halayen jiki ==
[[File:Beveled_rim_bowl_from_Logardan,_near_Chamchamal,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_northern_Iraq._Uruk_period,_4000-3100_BCE._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraq.jpg|thumb|Kwallon kwalliya daga Logardan, arewacin Iraki. Lokacin Uruk, 4000-3100 BC. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sulaymaniyah, Iraki]]
Ana ɗaukar kwano na rim da aka yi amfani da su daidai a girman da ke tsaye kusan {{Convert|10|cm}}  in) tsayi tare da bakin kwano kusan {{Convert|18|cm}}  in) a diamita. A zahiri akwai wasu bambance-bambance a girman. Misali a shafin Chogha Mish an samo kwano na rim tare da kundin daga 385 zuwa 2,580 milliliters, suna taruwa a 700+ /-200 milliliters. A Tepe Farukhabad BRB diamita ya kasance daga 15 zuwa 31 centimeters. Yawancin BRBs suna riƙe da lita 0.78-1.21 .  Yankunan kwano suna da kusurwa madaidaiciya mai tsayi har zuwa tushe mai mahimmanci yawanci {{Convert|9|cm}}  in) a diamita. Ana yin kwano na kayan lambu da aka yi da yumɓu mai ƙarancin wuta kuma suna da ganuwar da ta fi kauri idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan tukwane na lokacin, yana mai da su da ban mamaki. Wani lokaci ana kiransu da Chaff-Faced Ware . 

Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na kwano na rim sune cewa ba a yi musu ado ba kuma an same su da yawa. Ganuwar waje na kwano tana da tsayi yayin da aka kwantar da bango na ciki kuma ya kasance gefen waje. Sau da yawa ana samun alamar yatsa a kasa.

== Fitarwa ==
[[File:British_Museum_Middle_east_14022019_Beveled_rim_bowl_Nineveh_Late_Uruk_Period_3672.jpg|thumb|Kwanon rim mai laushi. Daga Nineveh, Late Uruk Period, 3300-3100 BC. Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]
Duk da yake ba a san ainihin hanyar samar da kwano na beveled ba, ka'idar da aka fi yarda da ita ita ce amfani da ƙira. Ƙananan ka'idar da aka yarda da ita ita ce an yi kofuna da hannu. Masana binciken tarihi da ke kwaikwayon kwano na rim sun sami wahalar cimma bangarorin madaidaiciya da tushe mai kyau yayin amfani da hannayensu kawai. Amfani da ƙirar an gano yana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci yayin kwaikwayon kwanon rufi. Yawancin kwano da aka samo (sau da yawa a cikin shafin guda) suna da alama suna tallafawa ka'idar ƙira saboda samar da taro tare da ƙira ya fi yiwuwa fiye da yin su da hannu. Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu ba da shawara game da ka'idar ƙira. Yawancin suna tilasta amfani da ƙirar hannu wanda za'a iya yin shi da kayan aiki iri-iri ciki har da itace, ƙarfe, dutse ko ma wani kwano mai laushi. Sauran sun ba da shawarar cewa masu sana'a za su yi amfani da ƙirar ƙasa inda aka kafa kwano a cikin rami mai zurfi da aka kirkira a ƙasa.[1]

== Amfani da shi ==
[[File:Beveled_rim_bowl_Kish_AN1981.986.jpg|thumb|Kwanon da akayi shi daga Kish.]]
Da farko, galibi bisa ga abubuwan da aka gano a Uruk, ana tunanin ana amfani da kwano na rim don auna yawan abincin hatsi ([[sha'ir]], spelt, ko alkama). Za a ba da rabon a matsayin biyan kuɗi ga ma'aikata don ayyukan da aka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin Aiki na Corvée.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson, G. A., &quot;Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran&quot;, Volume 51 of Anthropological Papers Series, University of Michigan Press, 1973 {{ISBN|9781949098075}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nissen, Hans J., &quot;The early history of the ancient Near East, 9000-2000 BC&quot;, University of Chicago Press, 1988 {{ISBN|9780226586588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana tallafawa da gaskiyar cewa ana samun kwano gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin manyan tarin kamar ana iya zubar da su. Za a yi amfani da kwano don rarraba sau ɗaya ko sau biyu sannan a watsar da su a wani wuri na tsakiya.Amfani da BRBs a matsayin kwanon abinci an kalubalanci shi. Wata ka'ida ta daban ita ce an yi amfani da kwanon don yin burodi, wanda kuma ana iya rarraba shi a cikin akwati. Da farko, bayan da aka sami BRBs da yawa a tsaye, a cikin hanyar Aramaic charts bowls, an ba da shawarar cewa suna aiki a matsayin hadayu. Duk da yake amfani da farko na BRBs bai riga ya cika ba, nazarin raguwa ya nuna cewa wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a wasu hanyoyi, mai yiwuwa a cikin ayyukan sakandare (sake amfani). BRBs da aka samo a Shakhi Kora an nuna cewa an yi amfani da su don riƙe nama, da farko daga ruminants, da kayan madara a cikin abin da masu bincike suka kira &quot;souffle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perruchini |first=Elsa |last2=Glatz |first2=Claudia |last3=Heimvik |first3=Synnøve Gravdal |last4=Bendrey |first4=Robin |last5=Hald |first5=Mette Marie |last6=Del Bravo |first6=Francesco |last7=Mohammed Sameen |first7=Salh |last8=Toney |first8=Jaime |date=2023 |title=Revealing invisible stews: New results of organic residue analyses of Beveled Rim Bowls from the Late Chalcolithic site of Shakhi Kora, Kurdistan Region of Iraq |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X22003935 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=48 |bibcode=2023JArSR..48j3730P |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103730 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
[[File:Uruk_expansion.svg|thumb|Yaduwar Uruk da wuraren mulkin mallaka, c. 3600-3100 BC]]


A cikin Anatolia an sami kofuna a Arslantepe, Başur Höyük, Tilbeş Höyük, Hassek Höyük, Kurban Höyük, Samsat, da Tepecik.

A Siriya ta zamani an samo su a Tell Humeida, Tell Sheikh Hassan, Hacınebi Tepe, Jebel Aruda, Habuba Kabira, Hamoukar, Jerablus Tahtani, Tell Brak, Tell er-Ramadi,  da Tell Qraya kusa da [[Terqa]].  

A cikin Iraki na zamani an sami BRBs a Uruk, Girsu, Jemdet Nasr,  Eridu,  Gasur, Tell Mohammed 'Arab, Abu Salabikh, Jemdet Zabi , Telul eth-Thalathat, Shakhi Kora,  Tell al-Hawa, Tulul al-Baqarat, Tell Rubeidheh, Tell Uqair, Grai Resh, Kani Shaie, Girdi Qala da Logardan, Tell Begum, da Nineveh   An kuma sami adadi a Kish da Khafajah.&lt;ref&gt;[https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip63.pdf] Pinhas Delougaz, &quot;Pottery from the Diyala Region&quot;, Oriental Institute Publications 63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, {{ISBN|0-226-14233-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A bakin tekun [[Pakistan]] na zamani kusa da Tekun Oman (Miri Qalat) wanda ke cikin al'adun Kechi-Makran.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kwanon Coba

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Benin Altar Tusk</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364581002|Benin Altar Tusk]]&quot;</comment>
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Benin Altar Tusks (: Aken'ni Elao) kayan tarihi ne na hauren giwa daga [[Masarautar Benin]] a cikin Benin City na yanzu, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]] . Wadannan ƙuƙwalwar sun samo asali ne daga karni na 16 kuma suna auna kusan inci 61 (1,500  a tsawo, inci 5.2 (130  a faɗin, inci 4.7 (120  a zurfin, kuma suna aurin kilo 25 (55  bisa ga samfurin a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]. Hanyoyin suna nuna siffofin sarauta da aka sassaƙa a cikin kayan gargajiya na gargajiya, suna nuna al'amuran iko, al'ada, kuma a wasu lokuta, rikici.

A cikin karni na 16, Masarautar Benin ta shiga kasuwanci, gami da Jamhuriyar Dutch. Ƙananan ɓangaren ƙashin yana nuna hotuna masu zane-zane na mutanen Portugal daga wannan zamanin, daga baya suna wakiltar 'yan kasuwa na Turai. An kiyaye ƙashin a cikin ƙarni, gami da wankewa, bleaching, da kuma aikace-aikacen &quot;orhue&quot;, wani farin yumɓu. A ƙarshen karni na 19, balaguron azabtarwa na Burtaniya ya haifar da satar kayan tarihi, gami da wasu Benin Altar Tusks. Wadannan abubuwa an kai su Burtaniya kuma yanzu suna cikin gidajen tarihi daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu a Turai. Igbesanmwan ne ya kirkiro ƙashin, ƙungiyar zane-zane ta hauren giwa a Birnin Benin. A yau, Benin Altar Tusks suna cikin gidajen tarihi a duniya. Kasancewarsu ta haifar da muhawara da kira ga dawowa da hukumomin Najeriya da kungiyoyin al'adu.

== Tarihi ==
Ba a san ainihin ranar kirkirar Altar Tusks na Benin ba. Suna da alaƙa da mulkin Benin na ƙarni na 16.[1][1]Hanyoyin suna da siffofi na sarauta da wuraren da ke nuna iko, al'ada, da rikici.[1]Ƙananan ɓangaren ƙashin yana nuna hotuna masu zane-zane na fuskokin damisa na sarauta, siffofin Portuguese na ƙarni na 16, da sauran abubuwan da suka dace. [1][1]Masarautar Benin ta shiga kasuwanci tare da al'ummomin Turai, musamman Daular Portugal, wacce ta kafa hulɗa da yankin a cikin 1485. Wannan hulɗar ta sauƙaƙa musayar kayayyaki iri-iri, gami da hauren giwa.[1] Oba ta mallaki wadata da rarraba hauren giwa, kuma ta ba da izini ga Igbesanmwan, ƙungiyar zane-zane na hauren gifa, don ƙirƙirar ƙashin.[2] An sanya ƙuƙwalwar a kan bagadan kakannin oba.[3]

An kula da ƙashin da gyare-gyare a cikin ƙarni. An wanke su, an yi musu sutura, kuma an rufe su da &quot;orhue&quot;, wani farin yumɓu.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Wani lokaci ana sake su ko gyara su, ƙarawa ko cire adadi da dalilai bisa ga yanayin tarihi da siyasa.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

A shekara ta 1897, balaguron azabtarwa na Burtaniya ya shiga Benin City, yana ɗaukar kayan tarihi da yawa, gami da wasu Benin Altar Tusks.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times 2020 f849&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917093317/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=The [[New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|College Art Association of America|1988}}Sojojin Burtaniya da jami'an da ke cikin balaguron sun sayar da abubuwa ga gidajen tarihi da masu tarawa a Turai.{{Sfn|Ezra|1992}}{{Sfn|Nevadomsky|Půtová|Soukup|2014}}Abubuwan tarihi da yawa na Benin, gami da bagade, sun lalace a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a Turai.{{Sfn|Nevadomsky|Půtová|Soukup|2014}}

Benenin Altar Tusks yanzu suna cikin gidajen tarihi da tarin masu zaman kansu a duniya, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a London, Gidan Tarihin Cleveland a Cleveland, Ohio, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago a Chicago, Amurka, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fowler a UCLA a California, Gidan Gidan Tarih na Metropolitan a Birnin New York, Gidan tarihin Afirka a Washington, DC, da Gidan kayan tarihi na Liverpool a Liverpool, Ingila.{{Sfn|Lundén|2016}}Kasancewarsu ta haifar da muhawara da kira ga dawo da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Hukumomin Najeriya]] da kungiyoyin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gbadamosi 2021 a505&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=12 October 2021 |title=Stealing Africa: How Britain looted the continent's art — History |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/12/stealing-africa-how-britain-looted-the-continents-art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921003949/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/12/stealing-africa-how-britain-looted-the-continents-art |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
[[File:Benin_Stosszahn_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_607_img02.jpg|thumb|Wani zane-zane na sanannen gidan sarauta, mai yiwuwa jarumi ne na gidan sarauta.]]
Ƙarƙashin su ne siffofin hauren giwa waɗanda aka ƙawata da zane-zane masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke nuna fannoni na tarihin Masarautar Benin, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adu.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Auna kimanin inci 61 (1,500  a tsawo, inci 5.2 (130  a faɗin, inci 4.7 (120  a zurfi kuma auna kilo 25 (55  bisa ga samfurin daga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]], yana da kyan gani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=altar tusk {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1897-1224-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629004853/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1897-1224-3 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|College Art Association of America|1988}}

Hotunan da ke kan ƙashin suna ba da labarin tarihin Masarautar Benin, wanda ke nuna hotunan [[Oba of Benin|sarakuna]], mayaƙa, bukukuwan al'adu, da rayuwar yau da kullun.{{Sfn|Bankes|1978}}{{Sfn|Ben-Amos|Rubin|1983}}A cikin ainihin hoton hoton ƙashin shine hoton [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] (sarki) da mabiyansa, wanda ke Ruwa alamar ikon masarautar da alaƙar ta da duniyar ruhaniya.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Sau da yawa ana nuna oba tare da halaye na musamman, kamar kafafu masu kama da kifi, suna isar da ma'anoni na alama.  {{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}{{Sfn|Kaplan|Shea|Grey Art Gallery &amp; Study Center|1981}}

== Alamar ==
Altar Tusk na Benin, tare da sauran ƙwanƙolin giwa, suna da muhimmancin al'adu da addini a Masarautar Benin, suna shiga cikin bukukuwan da bukukuwan daban-daban da aka keɓe ga alloli da ruhohin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Bankes|1978}}{{Sfn|College Art Association of America|1988}}

Sun nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mai mulki da mulkin ruhaniya.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Kowane tushe yana goyan bayan wani tushe da aka yi da tagulla wanda yayi kama da kai mai kambi, yana aiki a matsayin babban bangare na wuraren ibada, wanda ke nuna abubuwa na al'ada kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bukukuwan da suka haɗa yankin kayan aiki tare da mulkin ruhohi da kakanninmu a cikin ayyukan addini da al'ada na Benin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

=== Amfani da bagadan kakanninmu ===
Kamar sauran ƙuƙwalwar bagade daga Masarautar Benin, wannan ƙuƙwalwa an ƙawata shi da siffofi masu ban sha'awa, dabbobi, da zane-zane, sau da yawa suna nuna hotunan [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] da masu kula da shi. Wadannan abubuwa suna isar da saƙonnin alama, da farko an yi niyya ne ga ruhohin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Art Institute of Chicago|1997}}{{Sfn|Maurer|1977}}Dangane da bincike na asali, wannan ƙashin an ƙaddara shi ne a lokacin mulkin [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] Adolo, kusan 1850, yana ba da shawarar amfani da shi a kan bagade da aka keɓe ga tsohon oba.{{Sfn|Petridis|2020}}{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

=== Karatu da fassara Tusk ===
[[File:Nigeria,_regno_del_benin,_edo,_zanna_per_altare_reale,_1810_ca._01.jpg|thumb|500x500px|View of a damaged (burnt) Benin Altar Tusk in Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
Ana girmama bagaden da abubuwan da ke ciki sosai, wanda ke haifar da iyakantaccen damar ga yawancin baƙi na fadar. Baya ga masu zane-zane da masu kula da Igbesanmwan da aka ba su kula da dukiyar Oba, firistocin Ihogbe, waɗanda ke kula da Kakannin sarauta, suna da ilimin musamman da ake buƙata don fassara wasu hotuna da aka sassaƙa a kan ƙuƙwalwa.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Takamaiman bayanai game da hoton sun kasance sirri, amma labaran da aka isar ta hanyar waɗannan hotuna an san su sosai.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}{{Sfn|Phillips|2021}}

Abubuwan da aka sassaƙa a cikin ƙuƙwalwar bagaden suna aiki ne a matsayin na'urorin mnemonic, suna ɗauke da muhimmancin da za a iya bayyanawa zuwa zurfi daban-daban, dangane da fahimtar mai kallo.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Wadannan zane-zane sun wuce hauren giwa kuma suna bayyana a wasu sana'o'i daban-daban, kamar su tagulla, ƙarfe, zane-zane, applique, da fata.{{Sfn|Kaplan|Shea|Grey Art Gallery &amp; Study Center|1981}}{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}{{Sfn|African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles|2003}}

Abubuwan da ke kan bagaden bagaden sun samo asali ne daga tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da kuma imani na addini na Masarautar Benin. A al'ada, kowane ƙarni na masu zane-zane na Igbesanmwan sun gaji takamaiman abubuwan da suka riga su, waɗanda suka kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyar IgbesanMwan.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Masu zane-zane kuma suna da damar kirkirar sabbin adadi da alamomi don girmama [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] mai mulki na yanzu, wanda ya ba da aikin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Tun da yake kowane mai mulki yana da alaƙa da wani magajin da aka yi wa allahntaka, al'ada ce a haɗa hotuna da suka shafi wannan tsohon sarki. Bugu da ƙari, [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] da kansa na iya buƙatar takamaiman dalilai don a haɗa su a kan ƙashin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

Fassara bagaden bagade na Benin al'ada ce mai dorewa a Masarautar Benin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Sabanin tarurrukan karatu na Yamma, inda mutum ya fara daga saman kuma ya ci gaba zuwa ƙasa kuma daga hagu zuwa dama, a cikin al'adar Benin, hanyar al'ada ta &quot;karanta&quot; bagaden bagaden Benin ya haɗa da farawa a tushe kuma yana motsawa sama don fahimtar muhimmancin da aka nufa.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

== Tushen ==
Altar Tusk na Benin ya ba da izini ne daga [[Oba of Benin|Ọba]] Osemwende, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1816 zuwa 1848, kuma Igbesanmwan, ƙungiyar zane-zane na hauren giwa ta sarauta ce ta sassaƙa shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=X65.9129 Altar tusk |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/product/x65-9129-altar-tusk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608004912/https://fowler.ucla.edu/product/x65-9129-altar-tusk/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Fowler Museum at UCLA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda al'adar Edo ta nuna, wajibi ne ga kowane sabon Oba da ya hau gadon sarauta ya gina bagade a cikin shekaru uku na farko na mulkin su. Wannan bagaden an sadaukar da shi ga wanda ya riga Oba.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

A shekara ta 1897, [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta sace ƙashin a lokacin [[Ziyarar Benin na 1897|Siege na Benin]], tare da wasu ƙashin Benin da kayan tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot; /&gt; An sayar da shi a Mess. Foster's Auction a watan Yulin 1931, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin da wani memba na balaguron Benin ya mallaka, kuma Sir Henry Wellcome ya samu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1965, Wellcome Trust ta ba da kyautar ga Gidan Tarihi na Fowler (wanda aka sani da Gidan Tariha da Laboratories na Ethnic Arts da Fasaha). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot; /&gt;

Wani Benin Altar Tusk, wanda kuma aka sace a 1897, mallakar Katherine White Reswick ne (1929-1980), wanda ke zaune a Gates Mills, Ohio, Amurka, daga akalla 1961 zuwa 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cleveland Museum of Art 2023 c133&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Ancestral Altar Tusk |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1968.284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815073501/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1968.284 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Cleveland Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Cleveland Museum of Art|1994}}Ta ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Cleveland a 1968, inda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cleveland Museum of Art 2023 c133&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Abin rufe fuska na hauren giwa na Benin
* Gidan bagadan kakannin Benin
* [[Tagullun Benin|Ginin tagulla na Benin]]
* [[Ganuwar Benin|Benin Moat]]

== Manazarta ==

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Benin Altar Tusks (: Aken'ni Elao) kayan tarihi ne na hauren giwa daga [[Masarautar Benin]] a cikin Benin City na yanzu, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]] . Wadannan ƙuƙwalwar sun samo asali ne daga karni na 16 kuma suna auna kusan inci 61 (1,500  a tsawo, inci 5.2 (130  a faɗin, inci 4.7 (120  a zurfin, kuma suna aurin kilo 25 (55  bisa ga samfurin a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]. Hanyoyin suna nuna siffofin sarauta da aka sassaƙa a cikin kayan gargajiya na gargajiya, suna nuna al'amuran iko, al'ada, kuma a wasu lokuta, rikici.

A cikin karni na 16, Masarautar Benin ta shiga kasuwanci, gami da Jamhuriyar Dutch. Ƙananan ɓangaren ƙashin yana nuna hotuna masu zane-zane na mutanen Portugal daga wannan zamanin, daga baya suna wakiltar 'yan kasuwa na Turai. An kiyaye ƙashin a cikin ƙarni, gami da wankewa, bleaching, da kuma aikace-aikacen &quot;orhue&quot;, wani farin yumɓu. A ƙarshen karni na 19, balaguron azabtarwa na Burtaniya ya haifar da satar kayan tarihi, gami da wasu Benin Altar Tusks. Wadannan abubuwa an kai su Burtaniya kuma yanzu suna cikin gidajen tarihi daban-daban da tarin masu zaman kansu a Turai. Igbesanmwan ne ya kirkiro ƙashin, ƙungiyar zane-zane ta hauren giwa a Birnin Benin. A yau, Benin Altar Tusks suna cikin gidajen tarihi a duniya. Kasancewarsu ta haifar da muhawara da kira ga dawowa da hukumomin Najeriya da kungiyoyin al'adu.

== Tarihi ==
Ba a san ainihin ranar kirkirar Altar Tusks na Benin ba. Suna da alaƙa da mulkin Benin na ƙarni na 16.[1][1]Hanyoyin suna da siffofi na sarauta da wuraren da ke nuna iko, al'ada, da rikici.[1]Ƙananan ɓangaren ƙashin yana nuna hotuna masu zane-zane na fuskokin damisa na sarauta, siffofin Portuguese na ƙarni na 16, da sauran abubuwan da suka dace. [1][1]Masarautar Benin ta shiga kasuwanci tare da al'ummomin Turai, musamman Daular Portugal, wacce ta kafa hulɗa da yankin a cikin 1485. Wannan hulɗar ta sauƙaƙa musayar kayayyaki iri-iri, gami da hauren giwa.[1] Oba ta mallaki wadata da rarraba hauren giwa, kuma ta ba da izini ga Igbesanmwan, ƙungiyar zane-zane na hauren gifa, don ƙirƙirar ƙashin.[2] An sanya ƙuƙwalwar a kan bagadan kakannin oba.[3]

An kula da ƙashin da gyare-gyare a cikin ƙarni. An wanke su, an yi musu sutura, kuma an rufe su da &quot;orhue&quot;, wani farin yumɓu.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Wani lokaci ana sake su ko gyara su, ƙarawa ko cire adadi da dalilai bisa ga yanayin tarihi da siyasa.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

A shekara ta 1897, balaguron azabtarwa na Burtaniya ya shiga Benin City, yana ɗaukar kayan tarihi da yawa, gami da wasu Benin Altar Tusks.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times 2020 f849&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917093317/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=The [[New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|College Art Association of America|1988}}Sojojin Burtaniya da jami'an da ke cikin balaguron sun sayar da abubuwa ga gidajen tarihi da masu tarawa a Turai.{{Sfn|Ezra|1992}}{{Sfn|Nevadomsky|Půtová|Soukup|2014}}Abubuwan tarihi da yawa na Benin, gami da bagade, sun lalace a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a Turai.{{Sfn|Nevadomsky|Půtová|Soukup|2014}}

Benenin Altar Tusks yanzu suna cikin gidajen tarihi da tarin masu zaman kansu a duniya, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a London, Gidan Tarihin Cleveland a Cleveland, Ohio, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago a Chicago, Amurka, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fowler a UCLA a California, Gidan Gidan Tarih na Metropolitan a Birnin New York, Gidan tarihin Afirka a Washington, DC, da Gidan kayan tarihi na Liverpool a Liverpool, Ingila.{{Sfn|Lundén|2016}}Kasancewarsu ta haifar da muhawara da kira ga dawo da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Hukumomin Najeriya]] da kungiyoyin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gbadamosi 2021 a505&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=12 October 2021 |title=Stealing Africa: How Britain looted the continent's art — History |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/12/stealing-africa-how-britain-looted-the-continents-art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921003949/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/12/stealing-africa-how-britain-looted-the-continents-art |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
[[File:Benin_Stosszahn_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_607_img02.jpg|thumb|Wani zane-zane na sanannen gidan sarauta, mai yiwuwa jarumi ne na gidan sarauta.]]
Ƙarƙashin su ne siffofin hauren giwa waɗanda aka ƙawata da zane-zane masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke nuna fannoni na tarihin Masarautar Benin, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adu.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Auna kimanin inci 61 (1,500  a tsawo, inci 5.2 (130  a faɗin, inci 4.7 (120  a zurfi kuma auna kilo 25 (55  bisa ga samfurin daga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]], yana da kyan gani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=altar tusk {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1897-1224-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629004853/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1897-1224-3 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Sfn|College Art Association of America|1988}}

Hotunan da ke kan ƙashin suna ba da labarin tarihin Masarautar Benin, wanda ke nuna hotunan [[Oba of Benin|sarakuna]], mayaƙa, bukukuwan al'adu, da rayuwar yau da kullun.{{Sfn|Bankes|1978}}{{Sfn|Ben-Amos|Rubin|1983}}A cikin ainihin hoton hoton ƙashin shine hoton [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] (sarki) da mabiyansa, wanda ke Ruwa alamar ikon masarautar da alaƙar ta da duniyar ruhaniya.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Sau da yawa ana nuna oba tare da halaye na musamman, kamar kafafu masu kama da kifi, suna isar da ma'anoni na alama.  {{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}{{Sfn|Kaplan|Shea|Grey Art Gallery &amp; Study Center|1981}}

== Alamar ==
Altar Tusk na Benin, tare da sauran ƙwanƙolin giwa, suna da muhimmancin al'adu da addini a Masarautar Benin, suna shiga cikin bukukuwan da bukukuwan daban-daban da aka keɓe ga alloli da ruhohin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Bankes|1978}}{{Sfn|College Art Association of America|1988}}

Sun nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mai mulki da mulkin ruhaniya.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Kowane tushe yana goyan bayan wani tushe da aka yi da tagulla wanda yayi kama da kai mai kambi, yana aiki a matsayin babban bangare na wuraren ibada, wanda ke nuna abubuwa na al'ada kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bukukuwan da suka haɗa yankin kayan aiki tare da mulkin ruhohi da kakanninmu a cikin ayyukan addini da al'ada na Benin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

=== Amfani da bagadan kakanninmu ===
Kamar sauran ƙuƙwalwar bagade daga Masarautar Benin, wannan ƙuƙwalwa an ƙawata shi da siffofi masu ban sha'awa, dabbobi, da zane-zane, sau da yawa suna nuna hotunan [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] da masu kula da shi. Wadannan abubuwa suna isar da saƙonnin alama, da farko an yi niyya ne ga ruhohin kakanninmu.{{Sfn|Art Institute of Chicago|1997}}{{Sfn|Maurer|1977}}Dangane da bincike na asali, wannan ƙashin an ƙaddara shi ne a lokacin mulkin [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] Adolo, kusan 1850, yana ba da shawarar amfani da shi a kan bagade da aka keɓe ga tsohon oba.{{Sfn|Petridis|2020}}{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

=== Karatu da fassara Tusk ===
[[File:Nigeria,_regno_del_benin,_edo,_zanna_per_altare_reale,_1810_ca._01.jpg|thumb|500x500px|View of a damaged (burnt) Benin Altar Tusk in Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
Ana girmama bagaden da abubuwan da ke ciki sosai, wanda ke haifar da iyakantaccen damar ga yawancin baƙi na fadar. Baya ga masu zane-zane da masu kula da Igbesanmwan da aka ba su kula da dukiyar Oba, firistocin Ihogbe, waɗanda ke kula da Kakannin sarauta, suna da ilimin musamman da ake buƙata don fassara wasu hotuna da aka sassaƙa a kan ƙuƙwalwa.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Takamaiman bayanai game da hoton sun kasance sirri, amma labaran da aka isar ta hanyar waɗannan hotuna an san su sosai.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}{{Sfn|Phillips|2021}}

Abubuwan da aka sassaƙa a cikin ƙuƙwalwar bagaden suna aiki ne a matsayin na'urorin mnemonic, suna ɗauke da muhimmancin da za a iya bayyanawa zuwa zurfi daban-daban, dangane da fahimtar mai kallo.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Wadannan zane-zane sun wuce hauren giwa kuma suna bayyana a wasu sana'o'i daban-daban, kamar su tagulla, ƙarfe, zane-zane, applique, da fata.{{Sfn|Kaplan|Shea|Grey Art Gallery &amp; Study Center|1981}}{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}{{Sfn|African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles|2003}}

Abubuwan da ke kan bagaden bagaden sun samo asali ne daga tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, da kuma imani na addini na Masarautar Benin. A al'ada, kowane ƙarni na masu zane-zane na Igbesanmwan sun gaji takamaiman abubuwan da suka riga su, waɗanda suka kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyar IgbesanMwan.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Masu zane-zane kuma suna da damar kirkirar sabbin adadi da alamomi don girmama [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] mai mulki na yanzu, wanda ya ba da aikin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Tun da yake kowane mai mulki yana da alaƙa da wani magajin da aka yi wa allahntaka, al'ada ce a haɗa hotuna da suka shafi wannan tsohon sarki. Bugu da ƙari, [[Oba of Benin|Oba]] da kansa na iya buƙatar takamaiman dalilai don a haɗa su a kan ƙashin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

Fassara bagaden bagade na Benin al'ada ce mai dorewa a Masarautar Benin.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}Sabanin tarurrukan karatu na Yamma, inda mutum ya fara daga saman kuma ya ci gaba zuwa ƙasa kuma daga hagu zuwa dama, a cikin al'adar Benin, hanyar al'ada ta &quot;karanta&quot; bagaden bagaden Benin ya haɗa da farawa a tushe kuma yana motsawa sama don fahimtar muhimmancin da aka nufa.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

== Tushen ==
Altar Tusk na Benin ya ba da izini ne daga [[Oba of Benin|Ọba]] Osemwende, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1816 zuwa 1848, kuma Igbesanmwan, ƙungiyar zane-zane na hauren giwa ta sarauta ce ta sassaƙa shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=X65.9129 Altar tusk |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/product/x65-9129-altar-tusk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608004912/https://fowler.ucla.edu/product/x65-9129-altar-tusk/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Fowler Museum at UCLA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda al'adar Edo ta nuna, wajibi ne ga kowane sabon Oba da ya hau gadon sarauta ya gina bagade a cikin shekaru uku na farko na mulkin su. Wannan bagaden an sadaukar da shi ga wanda ya riga Oba.{{Sfn|Blackmun|1997}}

A shekara ta 1897, [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta sace ƙashin a lokacin [[Ziyarar Benin na 1897|Siege na Benin]], tare da wasu ƙashin Benin da kayan tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot; /&gt; An sayar da shi a Mess. Foster's Auction a watan Yulin 1931, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin da wani memba na balaguron Benin ya mallaka, kuma Sir Henry Wellcome ya samu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1965, Wellcome Trust ta ba da kyautar ga Gidan Tarihi na Fowler (wanda aka sani da Gidan Tariha da Laboratories na Ethnic Arts da Fasaha). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fowler Museum at UCLA 2021 j634&quot; /&gt;

Wani Benin Altar Tusk, wanda kuma aka sace a 1897, mallakar Katherine White Reswick ne (1929-1980), wanda ke zaune a Gates Mills, Ohio, Amurka, daga akalla 1961 zuwa 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cleveland Museum of Art 2023 c133&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Ancestral Altar Tusk |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1968.284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815073501/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1968.284 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Cleveland Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Cleveland Museum of Art|1994}}Ta ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Cleveland a 1968, inda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cleveland Museum of Art 2023 c133&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Abin rufe fuska na hauren giwa na Benin
* Gidan bagadan kakannin Benin
* [[Tagullun Benin|Ginin tagulla na Benin]]
* [[Ganuwar Benin|Benin Moat]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Dutsen Bat Creek</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365625442|Bat Creek Stone]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dutsen Bat Creek''' allon dutse ne da aka rubuta, wanda aka fi la'akari da shi yaudara, wanda John W. Emmert ya samo a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1889. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Emmert ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami allon a Tipton Mound 3 yayin tonowar kaburbura na Hopewell a Loudon County, Tennessee. Wannan tono ya kasance wani ɓangare na jerin manyan tonowa waɗanda ke da niyyar bayyana gardama game da wanda ke da alhakin gina tuddai daban-daban da aka samu a Gabashin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mainfort |first=Robert C. |last2=Kwas |first2=Mary L. |date=October 2004 |title=The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed |url=https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/archaeology/documents/staffpubs/arch_Mainfort%20and%20Kwas%202004.pdf |journal=American Antiquity |language=en |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=761–769 |doi=10.2307/4128448 |issn=0002-7316 |jstor=4128448 |s2cid=161826727}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, lokacin da aka sami allon, Cyrus Thomas, darektan binciken dutsen, ya kammala rubutun da ya gabatar da haruffa daga haruffa na Cherokee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An yarda da wannan fassarar a lokacin amma Cyrus H. Gordon, masanin al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya da harsuna na dā, wanda ya sake nazarin allon a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa rubutun yana wakiltar Paleo-Ibraniyawa na ƙarni na 1 ko 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Yarjejeniya tsakanin masu binciken tarihi ita ce allon yaudara ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Da yake tallafawa sahihancinta, masanin tattalin arziki J. Huston McCulloch ya yi jayayya cewa rubutun Ibrananci na dā a kan dutse yana goyan bayan ka'idodin hulɗa na pre-Columbian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2015 |title=The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/19/4/9 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=The BAS Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake tsayayya da ra'ayin ra'ayoyin hulɗa na pre-Columbian, masu binciken tarihi Robert Mainfort da Mary Kwas sun yi imanin cewa rubutun ba ainihin kayan tarihi ne na Ibrananci ba amma yaudara ce ta ƙarni na 19. Sun nuna kamanceceniya tsakanin rubutun da kuma kwatancin rubuce-rubucen Paleo-Ibraniyawa da aka buga kafin gano dutsen, kuma suna tambaya game da amincin abin da dutsen ya ruwaito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, wasu masu binciken tarihi da membobin al'ummomin ilimi sun yarda da ƙaddamarwar da Mainfort da Kwas suka kawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2015 |title=Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/19/4/10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=The BAS Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau, tambayar wanda ya yi allon da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba a amsa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani na jiki na allon ==
[[File:Bat_Creek_Inscription_1890_Lithograph_Figure_7_Inverted.jpg|thumb|Wani lithograph na 1890 na allon ba tare da alamun layi daya na yanzu ba]]
[[File:Bat_Creek_Exam_5-28-10.JPG|thumb|219x219px|Hoton kwanan nan na allon inda alamun layi daya suke a saman kusurwar hagu]]

== Yanayin tonowa ==
Arewacin Amurka tana da tarihin shekaru daban-daban. Al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka sun riga sun riga sun gabatar da Mulkin mallaka na Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baires |first=Sarah E. |date=February 23, 2018 |title=White Settlers Buried the Truth About the Midwest's Mysterious Mound Cities |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/white-settlers-buried-truth-about-midwests-mysterious-mound-cities-180968246/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani ɓangare na wannan tarihin ya kasance a cikin gine-ginen ci gaba na mutanen Adena da Hopewell. Mutanen Adena da Hopewell, da sauransu a gabashin da tsakiyar yammacin Arewacin Amurka, sun gina manyan ayyukan ƙasa da tuddai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Shaidar archaeological ta bayyana cewa waɗannan wayewar, ba waɗanda aka tsara ba, Masu Gina Dutsen, sun halicci tsarin da aka yadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Masana kimiyya da yawa suna kallon tatsuniyoyin masu ginin dutse, ciki har da Kenneth Feder da Sarah E. Baires, a matsayin mummunar imani da ke lalata 'yan asalin Amurka ta hanyar da'awar cewa ba su ne masu kirkirar dutsen masu ban mamaki ba, kuma wani rukuni na mutane, wanda ake kira &quot;Vanished Race&quot;, suna da alhakin halittar su da ci gaba da ɗaukaka su. Wannan imani ya kasance a ko'ina kuma yana da tasiri a tsakanin Amurkawa kafin karni na ashirin,  yana nuna ra'ayoyin mulkin mallaka na [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Turai]].  Baires ya rubuta cewa danganta masu ginin ga &quot;kowane rukuni - ban da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka&quot; yana nuna halin da malaman Turai ke yi na share &quot;haɗin' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ga al'adunsu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Halakar tuddai ta faru ne tare da tilasta cire 'yan asalin ƙasarsu kuma ka'idar Masu Gina tuddai ta nisanta su daga al'adunsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wadannan ayyukan sun zama wani nau'i na [[Kisan Al'adu|Kisan kare dangi na al'adu]] da masu mulkin mallaka na Turai suka yi tare da motsi na jiki na mazauna zuwa ƙasashen asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da aka sami rubutun Bat Creek, ya shiga cikin wannan muhimmiyar muhawara game da ko wanene masu ginin. Kodayake a cikin karni na ashirin da daya a bayyane yake cewa 'yan asalin Amurka daban-daban ne suka gina tuddai kuma sun yi aiki daban-daban, a farkon karni na sha tara, akwai rikice-rikice game da wanda ya gina tuddai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Don bayyana muhawara, Ofishin Tarayya don nazarin kabilanci ya nada masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Cyrus Thomas a matsayin Darakta na sabon Sashen Binciken Tattalin Arziki. Tare da kasafin kuɗi na $ 60,000 da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar da kuma keɓewar shekaru goma sha biyu na binciken dutse, Thomas ya yi aiki don ba da haske game da ko wane ne masu ginin dutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Fiye da haka, Thomas ya mayar da hankali kan kimanta haɗin tsakanin masu ginin dutse da al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankin a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Kenneth Feder ya yaba da kokarin Thomas, wanda &quot;ya fara binciken da ya fi zurfi&quot; na tuddai, masu ginin su, da ka'idar Mound Builder.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Kokarin Thomas ya kasance mai mahimmanci saboda ikon da suke da shi na lalata tatsuniyar masu ginin dutse ta hanyar samar da shaidar da ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa 'yan asalin Amurka sun gina tuddai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Saboda kokarin Thomas da tawagarsa, kuma tare da taimakon aikin da ya buga wanda ya gabatar da abubuwan da ya gano, &quot;an yi mummunan rauni game da tseren da ya ɓace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[File:Bat-creek-tennessee1.jpg|thumb|Bat Creek, yanzu ƙofar Tafkin Tellico]]
[[Tennessee]]_River&quot; id=&quot;mwtw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Little Tennessee River&quot;&gt;Little Tennessee River ya shiga Tennessee daga Dutsen Appalachian zuwa kudu  yana gudana zuwa arewa sama da kilomita 50 (kilomita 80) kafin ya zubo cikin Kogin Tennessee kusa da Lenoir City. Kammalawa na madatsar ruwan Tellico a bakin Little Tennessee a 1979 ya haifar da tafkin da ya mamaye ƙananan mil 33 (kilomita 53) na kogin. Bat Creek ya zubo cikin kudu maso yammacin bakin Little Tennessee {{Convert|12|mi|km}}  daga bakin kogin. Duk da yake yawancin asalin haɗuwa na Bat Creek da Little Tennessee sun nutse a tafkin, tudun da aka samo Bat Creek Stone ya kasance sama da matakan aiki na tafkin.

== Binciken archaeological ==

=== Binciken farko ===
A cikin Mound 3 Emmert ya ba da rahoton gano &quot;ƙuƙwalwar tagulla guda biyu, dutse mai zane, ƙaramin burbushin da aka hako, [[Kwallaye na ado|bead]] na jan ƙarfe, kayan aiki na ƙashi, da wasu ƙananan katako masu laushi da launin kore ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙuƙwalyar tagulla&quot;. Binciken da ya yi ya kuma bayyana kwarangwal tara, bakwai daga cikinsu an shimfiɗa su a jere tare da kawunansu suna fuskantar arewa, kuma wasu biyu an shimfiɗar su kusa, ɗaya tare da kansa yana fuskantar arewa ɗayan kuma yana fuskantar kudu. Ya ba da rahoton cewa an gano Bat Creek Stone a ƙarƙashin kwanyar kwarangwal da ke fuskantar kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Emmert da Thomas ne suka fara gano mundaye guda biyu da aka samu a cikin Dutsen a matsayin &quot;kofi&quot;, amma binciken Smithsonian na 1970 ya kammala cewa mundaye sun kasance a zahiri suna da jan tagulla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1967 Hukumar Tennessee Valley ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen gina madatsar ruwan Tellico a bakin Little Tennessee River kuma ta nemi Jami'ar Tennessee Department of Anthropology da ta gudanar da binciken ceto a cikin Little Tennessee Valley. Shari'a da damuwa game da muhalli sun dakatar da kammala madatsar ruwan har zuwa 1979, suna ba da damar yin bincike mai yawa a wurare da yawa a ko'ina cikin kwarin. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970, aikin Archaeological na Tellico, wanda Ma'aikatar Anthropology ta Jami'ar Tennessee ta gudanar ya bincika shafuka sama da goma sha biyu kuma ya gano shaidar zama mai yawa a cikin kwarin a lokacin Archaic (8000-1000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC - 1000 AD), Mississippi (900-1600 AD), da Cherokee (c. 1600-1838) lokaci.[1] Dutsen 1 na Bat Creek Site an tono shi a cikin 1975. Masu bincike sun kammala cewa tudun &quot;dandalin&quot; ne na zamanin Mississippian. An kuma sami kayan tarihi na Pre-Mississippian wanda ya kasance a zamanin Archaic da Woodland. Masu tono Jami'ar Tennessee ba su bincika Dutsen 2 ko Dutsen 3, dukansu biyu ba su wanzu ba.[2] Ba a gano wani binciken da Jami'ar Tennessee ta yi a Bat Creek Site ko kuma wani binciken da aka yi a cikin Little Tennessee Valley ya gano wani shaidar da za ta nuna hulɗar Pre-Columbian da wayewar Tsohon Duniya ba.[3]
 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Dutsen Bat Creek''' allon dutse ne da aka rubuta, wanda aka fi la'akari da shi yaudara, wanda John W. Emmert ya samo a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1889. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Emmert ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami allon a Tipton Mound 3 yayin tonowar kaburbura na Hopewell a Loudon County, Tennessee. Wannan tono ya kasance wani ɓangare na jerin manyan tonowa waɗanda ke da niyyar bayyana gardama game da wanda ke da alhakin gina tuddai daban-daban da aka samu a Gabashin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mainfort |first=Robert C. |last2=Kwas |first2=Mary L. |date=October 2004 |title=The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed |url=https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/archaeology/documents/staffpubs/arch_Mainfort%20and%20Kwas%202004.pdf |journal=American Antiquity |language=en |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=761–769 |doi=10.2307/4128448 |issn=0002-7316 |jstor=4128448 |s2cid=161826727}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, lokacin da aka sami allon, Cyrus Thomas, darektan binciken dutsen, ya kammala rubutun da ya gabatar da haruffa daga haruffa na Cherokee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An yarda da wannan fassarar a lokacin amma Cyrus H. Gordon, masanin al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya da harsuna na dā, wanda ya sake nazarin allon a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa rubutun yana wakiltar Paleo-Ibraniyawa na ƙarni na 1 ko 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Yarjejeniya tsakanin masu binciken tarihi ita ce allon yaudara ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Da yake tallafawa sahihancinta, masanin tattalin arziki J. Huston McCulloch ya yi jayayya cewa rubutun Ibrananci na dā a kan dutse yana goyan bayan ka'idodin hulɗa na pre-Columbian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2015 |title=The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/19/4/9 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=The BAS Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake tsayayya da ra'ayin ra'ayoyin hulɗa na pre-Columbian, masu binciken tarihi Robert Mainfort da Mary Kwas sun yi imanin cewa rubutun ba ainihin kayan tarihi ne na Ibrananci ba amma yaudara ce ta ƙarni na 19. Sun nuna kamanceceniya tsakanin rubutun da kuma kwatancin rubuce-rubucen Paleo-Ibraniyawa da aka buga kafin gano dutsen, kuma suna tambaya game da amincin abin da dutsen ya ruwaito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, wasu masu binciken tarihi da membobin al'ummomin ilimi sun yarda da ƙaddamarwar da Mainfort da Kwas suka kawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2015 |title=Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/19/4/10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=The BAS Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau, tambayar wanda ya yi allon da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba a amsa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani na jiki na allon ==
[[File:Bat_Creek_Inscription_1890_Lithograph_Figure_7_Inverted.jpg|thumb|Wani lithograph na 1890 na allon ba tare da alamun layi daya na yanzu ba]]
[[File:Bat_Creek_Exam_5-28-10.JPG|thumb|219x219px|Hoton kwanan nan na allon inda alamun layi daya suke a saman kusurwar hagu]]

== Yanayin tonowa ==
Arewacin Amurka tana da tarihin shekaru daban-daban. Al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka sun riga sun riga sun gabatar da Mulkin mallaka na Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baires |first=Sarah E. |date=February 23, 2018 |title=White Settlers Buried the Truth About the Midwest's Mysterious Mound Cities |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/white-settlers-buried-truth-about-midwests-mysterious-mound-cities-180968246/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani ɓangare na wannan tarihin ya kasance a cikin gine-ginen ci gaba na mutanen Adena da Hopewell. Mutanen Adena da Hopewell, da sauransu a gabashin da tsakiyar yammacin Arewacin Amurka, sun gina manyan ayyukan ƙasa da tuddai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Shaidar archaeological ta bayyana cewa waɗannan wayewar, ba waɗanda aka tsara ba, Masu Gina Dutsen, sun halicci tsarin da aka yadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Masana kimiyya da yawa suna kallon tatsuniyoyin masu ginin dutse, ciki har da Kenneth Feder da Sarah E. Baires, a matsayin mummunar imani da ke lalata 'yan asalin Amurka ta hanyar da'awar cewa ba su ne masu kirkirar dutsen masu ban mamaki ba, kuma wani rukuni na mutane, wanda ake kira &quot;Vanished Race&quot;, suna da alhakin halittar su da ci gaba da ɗaukaka su. Wannan imani ya kasance a ko'ina kuma yana da tasiri a tsakanin Amurkawa kafin karni na ashirin,  yana nuna ra'ayoyin mulkin mallaka na [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Turai]].  Baires ya rubuta cewa danganta masu ginin ga &quot;kowane rukuni - ban da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka&quot; yana nuna halin da malaman Turai ke yi na share &quot;haɗin' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ga al'adunsu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Halakar tuddai ta faru ne tare da tilasta cire 'yan asalin ƙasarsu kuma ka'idar Masu Gina tuddai ta nisanta su daga al'adunsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wadannan ayyukan sun zama wani nau'i na [[Kisan Al'adu|Kisan kare dangi na al'adu]] da masu mulkin mallaka na Turai suka yi tare da motsi na jiki na mazauna zuwa ƙasashen asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da aka sami rubutun Bat Creek, ya shiga cikin wannan muhimmiyar muhawara game da ko wanene masu ginin. Kodayake a cikin karni na ashirin da daya a bayyane yake cewa 'yan asalin Amurka daban-daban ne suka gina tuddai kuma sun yi aiki daban-daban, a farkon karni na sha tara, akwai rikice-rikice game da wanda ya gina tuddai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Don bayyana muhawara, Ofishin Tarayya don nazarin kabilanci ya nada masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Cyrus Thomas a matsayin Darakta na sabon Sashen Binciken Tattalin Arziki. Tare da kasafin kuɗi na $ 60,000 da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar da kuma keɓewar shekaru goma sha biyu na binciken dutse, Thomas ya yi aiki don ba da haske game da ko wane ne masu ginin dutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Fiye da haka, Thomas ya mayar da hankali kan kimanta haɗin tsakanin masu ginin dutse da al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankin a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Kenneth Feder ya yaba da kokarin Thomas, wanda &quot;ya fara binciken da ya fi zurfi&quot; na tuddai, masu ginin su, da ka'idar Mound Builder.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Kokarin Thomas ya kasance mai mahimmanci saboda ikon da suke da shi na lalata tatsuniyar masu ginin dutse ta hanyar samar da shaidar da ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa 'yan asalin Amurka sun gina tuddai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Saboda kokarin Thomas da tawagarsa, kuma tare da taimakon aikin da ya buga wanda ya gabatar da abubuwan da ya gano, &quot;an yi mummunan rauni game da tseren da ya ɓace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[File:Bat-creek-tennessee1.jpg|thumb|Bat Creek, yanzu ƙofar Tafkin Tellico]]
[[Tennessee]]_River&quot; id=&quot;mwtw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Little Tennessee River&quot;&gt;Little Tennessee River ya shiga Tennessee daga Dutsen Appalachian zuwa kudu  yana gudana zuwa arewa sama da kilomita 50 (kilomita 80) kafin ya zubo cikin Kogin Tennessee kusa da Lenoir City. Kammalawa na madatsar ruwan Tellico a bakin Little Tennessee a 1979 ya haifar da tafkin da ya mamaye ƙananan mil 33 (kilomita 53) na kogin. Bat Creek ya zubo cikin kudu maso yammacin bakin Little Tennessee {{Convert|12|mi|km}}  daga bakin kogin. Duk da yake yawancin asalin haɗuwa na Bat Creek da Little Tennessee sun nutse a tafkin, tudun da aka samo Bat Creek Stone ya kasance sama da matakan aiki na tafkin.

== Binciken archaeological ==

=== Binciken farko ===
A cikin Mound 3 Emmert ya ba da rahoton gano &quot;ƙuƙwalwar tagulla guda biyu, dutse mai zane, ƙaramin burbushin da aka hako, [[Kwallaye na ado|bead]] na jan ƙarfe, kayan aiki na ƙashi, da wasu ƙananan katako masu laushi da launin kore ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙuƙwalyar tagulla&quot;. Binciken da ya yi ya kuma bayyana kwarangwal tara, bakwai daga cikinsu an shimfiɗa su a jere tare da kawunansu suna fuskantar arewa, kuma wasu biyu an shimfiɗar su kusa, ɗaya tare da kansa yana fuskantar arewa ɗayan kuma yana fuskantar kudu. Ya ba da rahoton cewa an gano Bat Creek Stone a ƙarƙashin kwanyar kwarangwal da ke fuskantar kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Emmert da Thomas ne suka fara gano mundaye guda biyu da aka samu a cikin Dutsen a matsayin &quot;kofi&quot;, amma binciken Smithsonian na 1970 ya kammala cewa mundaye sun kasance a zahiri suna da jan tagulla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 1967 Hukumar Tennessee Valley ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen gina madatsar ruwan Tellico a bakin Little Tennessee River kuma ta nemi Jami'ar Tennessee Department of Anthropology da ta gudanar da binciken ceto a cikin Little Tennessee Valley. Shari'a da damuwa game da muhalli sun dakatar da kammala madatsar ruwan har zuwa 1979, suna ba da damar yin bincike mai yawa a wurare da yawa a ko'ina cikin kwarin. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970, aikin Archaeological na Tellico, wanda Ma'aikatar Anthropology ta Jami'ar Tennessee ta gudanar ya bincika shafuka sama da goma sha biyu kuma ya gano shaidar zama mai yawa a cikin kwarin a lokacin Archaic (8000-1000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC - 1000 AD), Mississippi (900-1600 AD), da Cherokee (c. 1600-1838) lokaci.[1] Dutsen 1 na Bat Creek Site an tono shi a cikin 1975. Masu bincike sun kammala cewa tudun &quot;dandalin&quot; ne na zamanin Mississippian. An kuma sami kayan tarihi na Pre-Mississippian wanda ya kasance a zamanin Archaic da Woodland. Masu tono Jami'ar Tennessee ba su bincika Dutsen 2 ko Dutsen 3, dukansu biyu ba su wanzu ba.[2] Ba a gano wani binciken da Jami'ar Tennessee ta yi a Bat Creek Site ko kuma wani binciken da aka yi a cikin Little Tennessee Valley ya gano wani shaidar da za ta nuna hulɗar Pre-Columbian da wayewar Tsohon Duniya ba.[3]
 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tabla na tafkin Bashplemi</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333915073|Bashplemi lake tablet]]&quot;</comment>
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An samo allon tafkin Bashplemi (Georgian) a kusa da Tafkin Bashpleomi a yankin Dmanisi na Georgia. An yi shi da basalt kuma an yi tunanin zuwa kusan karni na farko KZ, an rubuta shi da tsarin rubuce-rubuce da ba a sani ba a baya, akalla haruffa 60 a tsawon.&lt;ref name=&quot;shengelia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shegelia |first=Ramaz |last2=Gordeziani |first2=Levan |last3=Tushabramishvili |first3=Nikoloz |last4=Poporadze |first4=Nodar |last5=Zourabichvili |first5=Othar |display-authors=2 |date=2024 |title=Discovery Of Unknown Script Characters In Georgia: The Bashplemi Lake Tablet |journal=Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=96–113 |doi=10.14795/j.v11i3.1035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radley |first=Dario |date=2024-12-04 |title=Mysterious tablet with unknown language unearthed in Georgia |url=https://archaeologymag.com/2024/12/tablet-with-unknown-language-unearthed-in-georgia/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=Archaeology News Online Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
An samo allon ne a cikin 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carvajal |first=Guillermo |date=2024-11-26 |title=An ancient inscription from the Late Bronze Age in an unknown language found in Georgia in the Caucasus |url=https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/11/an-ancient-inscription-from-the-late-bronze-age-in-an-unknown-language-found-in-georgia-in-the-caucasus/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=LBV Magazine English Edition |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta ƙungiyar masunta na gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archaeologists Uncover 14,000-Year-Old Tablet With Unknown Language |url=https://evrimagaci.org/tpg/archaeologists-uncover-14000yearold-tablet-with-unknown-language-76923 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=The Pinnacle Gazette |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halin archaeological na allon ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne daga Late Bronze Age ko Early Iron Age . &lt;ref name=&quot;shengelia&quot; /&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Allon yana da ma'auni 24.1 da 20.1 cm kuma da alama an yi shi ne daga basalt na vesicular da aka samo a cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;shengelia&quot; /&gt;

An yi zane-zane tare da bututun conical sannan a kwantar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet&quot; /&gt;

== Alamomi ==
Akwai haruffa 39 na musamman a cikin layi bakwai na kwance. Sun nuna wasu kamanceceniya da wasu rubutun farko, musamman rubutun proto-Kartvelian, amma kuma Colchian runes, Rubutun Grakliani Hill da Asomtavruli.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>965037</id>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <origin>965037</origin>
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      <text bytes="2421" sha1="rvuymf0f68hsq8y2irxyau84pvv5k8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

An samo allon tafkin Bashplemi (Georgian) a kusa da Tafkin Bashpleomi a yankin Dmanisi na Georgia. An yi shi da basalt kuma an yi tunanin zuwa kusan karni na farko KZ, an rubuta shi da tsarin rubuce-rubuce da ba a sani ba a baya, akalla haruffa 60 a tsawon.&lt;ref name=&quot;shengelia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shegelia |first=Ramaz |last2=Gordeziani |first2=Levan |last3=Tushabramishvili |first3=Nikoloz |last4=Poporadze |first4=Nodar |last5=Zourabichvili |first5=Othar |display-authors=2 |date=2024 |title=Discovery Of Unknown Script Characters In Georgia: The Bashplemi Lake Tablet |journal=Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=96–113 |doi=10.14795/j.v11i3.1035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radley |first=Dario |date=2024-12-04 |title=Mysterious tablet with unknown language unearthed in Georgia |url=https://archaeologymag.com/2024/12/tablet-with-unknown-language-unearthed-in-georgia/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=Archaeology News Online Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
An samo allon ne a cikin 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carvajal |first=Guillermo |date=2024-11-26 |title=An ancient inscription from the Late Bronze Age in an unknown language found in Georgia in the Caucasus |url=https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/11/an-ancient-inscription-from-the-late-bronze-age-in-an-unknown-language-found-in-georgia-in-the-caucasus/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=LBV Magazine English Edition |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta ƙungiyar masunta na gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archaeologists Uncover 14,000-Year-Old Tablet With Unknown Language |url=https://evrimagaci.org/tpg/archaeologists-uncover-14000yearold-tablet-with-unknown-language-76923 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=The Pinnacle Gazette |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halin archaeological na allon ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne daga Late Bronze Age ko Early Iron Age . &lt;ref name=&quot;shengelia&quot; /&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Allon yana da ma'auni 24.1 da 20.1 cm kuma da alama an yi shi ne daga basalt na vesicular da aka samo a cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;shengelia&quot; /&gt;

An yi zane-zane tare da bututun conical sannan a kwantar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;tablet&quot; /&gt;

== Alamomi ==
Akwai haruffa 39 na musamman a cikin layi bakwai na kwance. Sun nuna wasu kamanceceniya da wasu rubutun farko, musamman rubutun proto-Kartvelian, amma kuma Colchian runes, Rubutun Grakliani Hill da Asomtavruli.[1][2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rubuce-rubucen Ba'al Lebanon</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340402715|Baal Lebanon inscription]]&quot;</comment>
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Rubutun Ba'al Lebanon, wanda aka fi sani da KAI 31, rubutun Phoenician ne da aka samo a Limassol, [[Cyprus]] a cikin raguwa takwas na tagulla a cikin shekarun 1870. A lokacin da aka gano su, an dauke su a matsayin na biyu mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da aka gano a cikin tarihin Semitic bayan dutsen Mesha. 

Wani dan kasuwa na Limassol mai suna Laniti ne ya sayi shi a cikin 1874-75 daga dillalin ƙarfe, wanda bai san inda suka fito ba. An ba da kwafin ga Julius Euting, kuma bayan Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau ya sami nasarar mallakarsa ta Cabinet des Médailles, [1] Ernest Renan ne ya buga rubutun a cikin 1877. [2]

Ya fi shahara saboda ya ambaci Hiram II. Ita ce kawai rubutun Phoenician don ba da shawarar tsarin &quot;mallaka&quot; tsakanin yankunan Phoenician.

== Rarraba ==
Ernest Renan ya sanya kowanne daga cikin gutsuttsura takwas na wasika don taimaka masa wajen sake gina dukan rubutun: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. A ra'ayinsa, an sake gina rubutun E, F. A, B. C, D - bai iya samun wuri don gutsuttsuran G da H ba. An rubuta gutsuttukan kamar haka:

* A: [...]''M MLK ṢDNM ʾZ YT''[...] - &quot;-am, sarkin Sidonians, yana da sadaukarwa-&quot;
* B: [...]''N LBʿL LBNN'' - &quot;-ed to Ba'al-Lebanon&quot;
* C: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'DNY'' - &quot;Ubangijinsa&quot;
* D: ''BRʾŠT NḤŠT Ḥ''[...] - &quot;mai kyau tagulla [...]&quot;
* E: ''WSKN QRTḤ''[...] - &quot;Kuma gwamnan Carth-&quot;
* F: [...]''DŠT ʿBD ḤR''[...] - &quot;-shekaru, bawan Hir-&quot;
* G: [...]''ṬB SKN QRTḤDŠT ʾ (Z) '' - &quot;[...]-tob, gwamnan Carthage, yana da [...]&quot;
* H: '' (B) ʿL LBNN ʾDNY'' - &quot; (Ba) 'al-Lebanon, Ubangijinsa&quot;

Saboda haka, bisa ga lissafin Renan (E + F + A + B + C + D), rubutun ya karanta, &quot;...kuma gwamnan Carthage, bawan Hiram, sarkin Sidonians, ya sadaukar da kansa ga Ba'al-Lebanon, Ubangijinsa, tagulla mai kyau...&quot;, tare da raguwa G da H ba su da wani wuri a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2268" sha1="41kh3g8skssb0rq6amstmu017tu9yy6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Rubutun Ba'al Lebanon, wanda aka fi sani da KAI 31, rubutun Phoenician ne da aka samo a Limassol, [[Cyprus]] a cikin raguwa takwas na tagulla a cikin shekarun 1870. A lokacin da aka gano su, an dauke su a matsayin na biyu mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da aka gano a cikin tarihin Semitic bayan dutsen Mesha.&lt;ref&gt;Clermont Ganneau, 1880, p.181, &quot;My own observations may, perhaps, serve to confirm the truth of the remark of M. Renan about the palaeographical rank of these fragments, &quot;which may claim the second place, immediately after the Moabite Stone,&quot; and to show that their historical is not under their palaeographical value.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wani dan kasuwa na Limassol mai suna Laniti ne ya sayi shi a cikin 1874-75 daga dillalin ƙarfe, wanda bai san inda suka fito ba. An ba da kwafin ga Julius Euting, kuma bayan Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau ya sami nasarar mallakarsa ta Cabinet des Médailles, [1] Ernest Renan ne ya buga rubutun a cikin 1877. &lt;ref&gt;Clermont-Ganneau, HIRAM, KING OF TYRE, the Atheneum, April 17, 1880&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fi shahara saboda ya ambaci Hiram II. Ita ce kawai rubutun Phoenician don ba da shawarar tsarin &quot;mallaka&quot; tsakanin yankunan Phoenician.

== Rarraba ==
Ernest Renan ya sanya kowanne daga cikin gutsuttsura takwas na wasika don taimaka masa wajen sake gina dukan rubutun: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. A ra'ayinsa, an sake gina rubutun E, F. A, B. C, D - bai iya samun wuri don gutsuttsuran G da H ba. An rubuta gutsuttukan kamar haka:

* A: [...]''M MLK ṢDNM ʾZ YT''[...] - &quot;-am, sarkin Sidonians, yana da sadaukarwa-&quot;
* B: [...]''N LBʿL LBNN'' - &quot;-ed to Ba'al-Lebanon&quot;
* C: ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'DNY'' - &quot;Ubangijinsa&quot;
* D: ''BRʾŠT NḤŠT Ḥ''[...] - &quot;mai kyau tagulla [...]&quot;
* E: ''WSKN QRTḤ''[...] - &quot;Kuma gwamnan Carth-&quot;
* F: [...]''DŠT ʿBD ḤR''[...] - &quot;-shekaru, bawan Hir-&quot;
* G: [...]''ṬB SKN QRTḤDŠT ʾ (Z) '' - &quot;[...]-tob, gwamnan Carthage, yana da [...]&quot;
* H: '' (B) ʿL LBNN ʾDNY'' - &quot; (Ba) 'al-Lebanon, Ubangijinsa&quot;

Saboda haka, bisa ga lissafin Renan (E + F + A + B + C + D), rubutun ya karanta, &quot;...kuma gwamnan Carthage, bawan Hiram, sarkin Sidonians, ya sadaukar da kansa ga Ba'al-Lebanon, Ubangijinsa, tagulla mai kyau...&quot;, tare da raguwa G da H ba su da wani wuri a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nauyin zaki na Assuriya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341400490|Assyrian lion weights]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Assyrian_Lion_weight.png|1864 sketch of a Lion weight
File:British_Museum_-_Room_55_(21196668931).jpg|Close up
File:Assyrian_Lion_and_Duck_weight_inscriptions,_Lions_1-8.jpg|1856 sketch of the inscriptions from Lions 1-8
File:Assyrian_Lion_and_Duck_weight_inscriptions,_Lions_9-15_and_Ducks_1-5.jpg|1856 sketch of the inscriptions from Lions 9-15 and Ducks 1-5
File:Assyrian_lion_weights_in_the_Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum.jpg|The Lion weights in the CIS
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_II_108_(from_Abydos,_Turkey)_(cropped).jpg|Another large Assyrian lion weight with Aramaic inscription in the British Museum's collection, from Abydos, Turkey, 5th century BC
File:Lion_weight.jpg|Contemporary picture of BM lion weight from Abydos
File:British_Museum_-_Room_51_(21079197871).jpg|Close up
File:Abydos_lion_weight.png|Calvert 1860 sketch
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Lion-shaped_weight-Sb_2718-P5280901-gradient.jpg|Bronze lion weight from the Palace of Darius in Susa, Louvre, 5th century BC
File:Susa_lion_weight.jpg|1905 photographs
&lt;/gallery&gt;'''Nauyin zaki na [[Assuriya]]''' rukuni ne na siffofin tagulla na [[Zaki|zakuna]], waɗanda aka gano a cikin binciken archaeological a ko kusa da Assuriya ta dā.

Na farko da aka buga, kuma mafi shahara, rukuni ne na goma sha shida na tagulla na Mesopotamiya da aka samu a Nimrud a ƙarshen 1840s kuma yanzu a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]. An dauke su tun daga karni na 8 KZ, tare da rubutun harsuna biyu a cikin haruffa na cuneiform da na Phoenician; an san rubutun na ƙarshe da CIS II 1-14.

== Nauyin Nimrud ==
Nauyin Nimrud ya kasance daga karni na 8 KZ kuma yana da rubutun harsuna biyu a cikin haruffa na cuneiform da na Phoenician. Rubutun Phoenician suna da rubutun asali daga wannan lokacin kamar Mesha Stele .  Suna daya daga cikin mahimman kungiyoyin kayan tarihi da ke tabbatar da nau'in &quot;Aramaic&quot; na rubutun Phoenician. A lokacin da aka gano su, su ne mafi tsufa a cikin rubutun Phoenician da aka gano.

Austen Henry Layard ne ya gano nauyin a cikin binciken farko da ya yi a Nimrud (1845-51). An sami lamassu biyu a ƙofar, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya faɗi a kan ɗayan kuma ya fashe cikin ɓangarori da yawa. Bayan ɗaga mutum-mutumi, ƙungiyar Layard ta gano nauyin zaki goma sha shida a ƙarƙashinsa. Edwin Norris ne ya fara fassara kayan tarihi, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da su ne a matsayin ma'auni.

Saitin ya samar da jerin na yau da kullun wanda ke raguwa daga 30 cm zuwa 2 cm a tsawon. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mafi girman nauyi suna da hannayen da aka jefa a jikin, kuma ƙarami suna da zobba da aka haɗe da su. Ƙungiyar ma'auni sun haɗa da ma'aunin dutse a cikin siffar ducks. Nauyin suna wakiltar farkon sanannun misali na tsarin lambobi na Aramaic.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71 Numerical Notation: A Comparative History], CUP, 2010, Stephen Chrisomalis, page 71, {{ISBN|9781139485333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takwas daga cikin zakuna suna wakiltar su tare da rubutun da aka sani kawai daga gajeren mulkin Shalmaneser V.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC&amp;pg=PA285 The Oxford Guide to People &amp; Places of the Bible], p.285, Bruce Manning Metzger, Michael D. Coogan, Oxford University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780195176100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran irin wannan nauyin zaki na tagulla an tono su a Abydos a yammacin Turkiyya (kuma a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ) da kuma shafin Iran na Susa ta masanin binciken Faransa Jacques de Morgan (yanzu a cikin Louvre a Paris). 

Akwai sanannun tsarin ma'auni da ma'aunin daga Gabas ta Tsakiya ta dā. nawa daga cikin tsarin ya dogara ne akan nauyin da ake kira mina wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan nauyi sittin da ake kira shekel. Wadannan nauyin zaki, duk da haka, sun fito ne daga tsarin daban wanda ya dogara da ma'adinai mai nauyi wanda ya auna kimanin kilogram. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan tsarin a zamanin Farisa kuma ana zaton an yi amfani da shi don auna karafa.

An tsara nauyin zaki a matsayin [[Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum]]&quot;&gt;CIS II 1-14, yana mai da su rubutun Aramaic na farko a cikin Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum 

=== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ===

== Nauyin Abydos ==
Binciken na biyu na nauyin zaki (yana auna 35.5cm tsawo) ya kasance a Abydos (Turkiya ta zamani), wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 KZ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Calvert |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Calvert |year=1860 |title=On a Bronze Weight Found on the Site of the Hellespontic Abydos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoFLNk7SGuMC&amp;pg=PA199 |journal=The Archaeological Journal |publisher=Longman |pages=199–200}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, tare da lambar ID E32625.

Ya ƙunshi rubutun Aramaic da aka sani da KAI 263 ko CIS II 108.

== Nauyin Susa ==
Wani nauyin zaki na tagulla da aka gano a 1901 a Fadar Darius a Susa, wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 KZ, yanzu yana cikin Louvre tare da lambar ID Sb 2718 .  Ba a rubuta shi ba.

== Nauyin Khorsabad ==
Paul-Émile Botta ya yi irin wannan binciken a cikin shekarun 1840 a Khorsabad. A halin yanzu yana cikin Louvre, a ƙarƙashin lambar ID AO 20116.  Ya auna 29 cm tsawo da 41 cm tsawo, kuma ba a rubuta shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pottier&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Duk da mahimman kamanceceniya da sauran zakuna, Botta ya yi la'akari da shi wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙofa, ba nauyi ba. Botta ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Monument De Ninive: &lt;blockquote&gt;An gano ƙaramin mutum-mutumi na Celtic, kamar yadda na riga na fada, an rufe shi a kan dutse wanda ya rufe zurfin da aka samu ta hanyar fitowar bijimin da tsaunuka a gefen dama na ƙofar F. Akwai irin wannan ba kawai a wancan gefen wannan ƙofar ba, amma har yanzu a kan manyan ƙofofin abin tunawa, saboda ana samun ɗakunan da aka ɗora su; amma wannan ita ce kawai ba ta ɓace ba, kuma babu wani abu da ya fi kyau da aka gina da shi. An nuna wannan zaki yana kwance, ƙafafun gaba a gaba, a kan tushe mai murabba'i wanda ke da tsayi mai ƙarfi wanda ke shiga cikin rami na dutse. Hoton yana da girma, kuma an narkar da shi daga ɗaki ɗaya tare da maɓallin da zoben da ke tashi a tsakiyar baya. Tana da tsawon inci arba'in da biyu.

 (Wannan ƙaramin mutum-mutumi, kamar yadda na riga na fada, an same shi a rufe a kan wani slab wanda ya shimfiɗa ramin da aka kafa ta hanyar tsinkaye na bijimi da massif a gefen dama na ƙofar F. Akwai irin waɗannan ba kawai a wancan gefen wannan ƙofar ba, har ma a duk manyan ƙofofin abin da aka gyara su; amma wannan shine kawai wanda ba shi da ya fi dacewa da ƙwarewa, yayin lalacewar gine- An cire duk wani tsakiya mai tsakiya wanda aka ɗora a ƙasa da tsakiya.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6782" sha1="k6j3m65t9o3u0klju5swel4ptvblorx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Assyrian_Lion_weight.png|1864 sketch of a Lion weight
File:British_Museum_-_Room_55_(21196668931).jpg|Close up
File:Assyrian_Lion_and_Duck_weight_inscriptions,_Lions_1-8.jpg|1856 sketch of the inscriptions from Lions 1-8
File:Assyrian_Lion_and_Duck_weight_inscriptions,_Lions_9-15_and_Ducks_1-5.jpg|1856 sketch of the inscriptions from Lions 9-15 and Ducks 1-5
File:Assyrian_lion_weights_in_the_Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum.jpg|The Lion weights in the CIS
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_II_108_(from_Abydos,_Turkey)_(cropped).jpg|Another large Assyrian lion weight with Aramaic inscription in the British Museum's collection, from Abydos, Turkey, 5th century BC
File:Lion_weight.jpg|Contemporary picture of BM lion weight from Abydos
File:British_Museum_-_Room_51_(21079197871).jpg|Close up
File:Abydos_lion_weight.png|Calvert 1860 sketch
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Lion-shaped_weight-Sb_2718-P5280901-gradient.jpg|Bronze lion weight from the Palace of Darius in Susa, Louvre, 5th century BC
File:Susa_lion_weight.jpg|1905 photographs
&lt;/gallery&gt;'''Nauyin zaki na [[Assuriya]]''' rukuni ne na siffofin tagulla na [[Zaki|zakuna]], waɗanda aka gano a cikin binciken archaeological a ko kusa da Assuriya ta dā.

Na farko da aka buga, kuma mafi shahara, rukuni ne na goma sha shida na tagulla na Mesopotamiya da aka samu a Nimrud a ƙarshen 1840s kuma yanzu a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]. An dauke su tun daga karni na 8 KZ, tare da rubutun harsuna biyu a cikin haruffa na cuneiform da na Phoenician; an san rubutun na ƙarshe da CIS II 1-14.

== Nauyin Nimrud ==
Nauyin Nimrud ya kasance daga karni na 8 KZ kuma yana da rubutun harsuna biyu a cikin haruffa na cuneiform da na Phoenician. Rubutun Phoenician suna da rubutun asali daga wannan lokacin kamar Mesha Stele .  Suna daya daga cikin mahimman kungiyoyin kayan tarihi da ke tabbatar da nau'in &quot;Aramaic&quot; na rubutun Phoenician. A lokacin da aka gano su, su ne mafi tsufa a cikin rubutun Phoenician da aka gano.

Austen Henry Layard ne ya gano nauyin a cikin binciken farko da ya yi a Nimrud (1845-51). An sami lamassu biyu a ƙofar, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya faɗi a kan ɗayan kuma ya fashe cikin ɓangarori da yawa. Bayan ɗaga mutum-mutumi, ƙungiyar Layard ta gano nauyin zaki goma sha shida a ƙarƙashinsa. Edwin Norris ne ya fara fassara kayan tarihi, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da su ne a matsayin ma'auni.

Saitin ya samar da jerin na yau da kullun wanda ke raguwa daga 30 cm zuwa 2 cm a tsawon. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mafi girman nauyi suna da hannayen da aka jefa a jikin, kuma ƙarami suna da zobba da aka haɗe da su. Ƙungiyar ma'auni sun haɗa da ma'aunin dutse a cikin siffar ducks. Nauyin suna wakiltar farkon sanannun misali na tsarin lambobi na Aramaic.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71 Numerical Notation: A Comparative History], CUP, 2010, Stephen Chrisomalis, page 71, {{ISBN|9781139485333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takwas daga cikin zakuna suna wakiltar su tare da rubutun da aka sani kawai daga gajeren mulkin Shalmaneser V.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC&amp;pg=PA285 The Oxford Guide to People &amp; Places of the Bible], p.285, Bruce Manning Metzger, Michael D. Coogan, Oxford University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780195176100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran irin wannan nauyin zaki na tagulla an tono su a Abydos a yammacin Turkiyya (kuma a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ) da kuma shafin Iran na Susa ta masanin binciken Faransa Jacques de Morgan (yanzu a cikin Louvre a Paris). 

Akwai sanannun tsarin ma'auni da ma'aunin daga Gabas ta Tsakiya ta dā. nawa daga cikin tsarin ya dogara ne akan nauyin da ake kira mina wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan nauyi sittin da ake kira shekel. Wadannan nauyin zaki, duk da haka, sun fito ne daga tsarin daban wanda ya dogara da ma'adinai mai nauyi wanda ya auna kimanin kilogram. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan tsarin a zamanin Farisa kuma ana zaton an yi amfani da shi don auna karafa.

An tsara nauyin zaki a matsayin [[Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum]]&quot;&gt;CIS II 1-14, yana mai da su rubutun Aramaic na farko a cikin Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum 

=== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ===

== Nauyin Abydos ==
Binciken na biyu na nauyin zaki (yana auna 35.5cm tsawo) ya kasance a Abydos (Turkiya ta zamani), wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 KZ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Calvert |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Calvert |year=1860 |title=On a Bronze Weight Found on the Site of the Hellespontic Abydos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoFLNk7SGuMC&amp;pg=PA199 |journal=The Archaeological Journal |publisher=Longman |pages=199–200}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, tare da lambar ID E32625.

Ya ƙunshi rubutun Aramaic da aka sani da KAI 263 ko CIS II 108.

== Nauyin Susa ==
Wani nauyin zaki na tagulla da aka gano a 1901 a Fadar Darius a Susa, wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 KZ, yanzu yana cikin Louvre tare da lambar ID Sb 2718 .  Ba a rubuta shi ba.

== Nauyin Khorsabad ==
Paul-Émile Botta ya yi irin wannan binciken a cikin shekarun 1840 a Khorsabad. A halin yanzu yana cikin Louvre, a ƙarƙashin lambar ID AO 20116.  Ya auna 29 cm tsawo da 41 cm tsawo, kuma ba a rubuta shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pottier&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Duk da mahimman kamanceceniya da sauran zakuna, Botta ya yi la'akari da shi wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙofa, ba nauyi ba. Botta ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Monument De Ninive: &lt;blockquote&gt;An gano ƙaramin mutum-mutumi na Celtic, kamar yadda na riga na fada, an rufe shi a kan dutse wanda ya rufe zurfin da aka samu ta hanyar fitowar bijimin da tsaunuka a gefen dama na ƙofar F. Akwai irin wannan ba kawai a wancan gefen wannan ƙofar ba, amma har yanzu a kan manyan ƙofofin abin tunawa, saboda ana samun ɗakunan da aka ɗora su; amma wannan ita ce kawai ba ta ɓace ba, kuma babu wani abu da ya fi kyau da aka gina da shi. An nuna wannan zaki yana kwance, ƙafafun gaba a gaba, a kan tushe mai murabba'i wanda ke da tsayi mai ƙarfi wanda ke shiga cikin rami na dutse. Hoton yana da girma, kuma an narkar da shi daga ɗaki ɗaya tare da maɓallin da zoben da ke tashi a tsakiyar baya. Tana da tsawon inci arba'in da biyu.

 (Wannan ƙaramin mutum-mutumi, kamar yadda na riga na fada, an same shi a rufe a kan wani slab wanda ya shimfiɗa ramin da aka kafa ta hanyar tsinkaye na bijimi da massif a gefen dama na ƙofar F. Akwai irin waɗannan ba kawai a wancan gefen wannan ƙofar ba, har ma a duk manyan ƙofofin abin da aka gyara su; amma wannan shine kawai wanda ba shi da ya fi dacewa da ƙwarewa, yayin lalacewar gine- An cire duk wani tsakiya mai tsakiya wanda aka ɗora a ƙasa da tsakiya.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>k6j3m65t9o3u0klju5swel4ptvblorx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albarkatun Ƙasa da ke Jihar Gombe.</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>965040</id>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Albarkatun Ƙasa da ke Jihar Gombe''' sun haɗa da ma'adanai, ƙasa mai amfani ga noma, albarkatun ruwa, dazuzzuka da sauran albarkatun muhalli. Jihar Gombe tana yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, kuma tana da damar bunƙasa tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan albarkatu wajen noma, masana'antu, samar da ayyukan yi da bunƙasa kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commiss...</comment>
      <origin>965040</origin>
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      <text bytes="9773" sha1="7wtffixqa1u698ve8h08d9sx4rx2nah" xml:space="preserve">'''Albarkatun Ƙasa da ke Jihar Gombe''' sun haɗa da ma'adanai, ƙasa mai amfani ga noma, albarkatun ruwa, dazuzzuka da sauran albarkatun muhalli. Jihar Gombe tana yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, kuma tana da damar bunƙasa tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan albarkatu wajen noma, masana'antu, samar da ayyukan yi da bunƙasa kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=9 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani a taƙaice ==

{{Infobox
| title = Natural Resources in Gombe State
| label1 = Country
| data1 = [[Najeriya]]
| label2 = State
| data2 = [[Jihar Gombe]]
| label3 = Geopolitical zone
| data3 = Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya
| label4 = Major mineral resources
| data4 = Limestone, gypsum, coal, kaolin, iron ore da clay
| label5 = Water resources
| data5 = Dadin Kowa Dam, Balanga Dam da Cham Dam
| label6 = Agricultural resources
| data6 = Hatsi, kayan lambu, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gona
| label7 = Main economic activities
| data7 = Noma, kiwo, kamun kifi, hakar ma'adanai da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa
}}

== Ma'adanai ==

Jihar Gombe tana da ma'adanai iri-iri waɗanda za su iya taimakawa wajen bunƙasa masana'antu da tattalin arzikin jihar. Rahotannin hukumomin zuba jari da na gwamnatin jihar sun ambaci limestone, gypsum, coal, kaolin, iron ore, clay da sauran ma'adanai a matsayin albarkatun da ake iya samu a jihar. Sai dai kasancewar ma'adani a wani yanki ba lallai ba ne ya nuna cewa ana hako shi a kasuwanci ko kuma an tabbatar da yawan ajiyarsa ta hanyar cikakken binciken ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=Gombe State Medium Term Expenditure Framework 2023–2025 |url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GOMBE-STATE-MTEF-2023-2025-DOCUMENT.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=9 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Limestone ===

Limestone, wanda ake kira farar dutsen siminti, yana daga cikin ma'adanai masu muhimmanci a Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da siminti da wasu kayayyakin gine-gine. Samuwar wannan ma'adani na iya taimakawa wajen bunƙasa masana'antun gine-gine da samar da ayyukan yi idan aka gudanar da bincike, hakowa da sarrafa shi yadda ya dace. Hukumar Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission ta ambaci damar da ke tattare da ma'adinin limestone a jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;

=== Gypsum ===

Gypsum wani ma'adani ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da siminti da wasu kayayyakin gini. Rahotannin hukumomin jihar da na Raw Materials Research and Development Council sun nuna cewa akwai albarkatun gypsum a Gombe, ciki har da yankunan da ke Funakaye. Bincike da sarrafa wannan ma'adani na iya ƙara darajar albarkatun ƙasar tare da samar da guraben ayyukan yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;RMRDC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RMRDC Katsina Explores Industrial Mineral Opportunities in Gombe State |url=https://360.rmrdc.gov.ng/rmrdc-katsina-explores-industrial-mineral-opportunities-in-gombe-state/ |website=Raw Materials 360 |date=15 July 2026 |access-date=9 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Coal ===

Coal, wato kwal, yana cikin ma'adanai da aka lissafa a matsayin albarkatun Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da kwal wajen samar da makamashi da wasu ayyukan masana'antu. Duk da haka, akwai bukatar samun cikakkun bayanan binciken ƙasa domin tantance yawan ajiyarsa, ingancinsa da yiwuwar amfani da shi ta hanyar da ba za ta cutar da muhalli ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;

=== Kaolin da clay ===

Kaolin da clay nau'ikan ƙasa ne da ake amfani da su wajen samar da kayayyaki kamar tukwane, yumbu, kayan gini da wasu kayayyakin masana'antu. Gwamnatin jihar ta lissafa waɗannan albarkatu a cikin ma'adanai da ake iya samu a Gombe. Bunƙasa masana'antun sarrafa su a cikin jihar zai iya taimakawa wajen rage dogaro da kayayyakin da ake kawowa daga wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;

=== Iron ore da sauran ma'adanai ===

Iron ore, wato dutsen da ake iya sarrafa shi domin samun ƙarfe, yana cikin ma'adanai da aka bayyana a matsayin albarkatun jihar. Haka kuma, rahotannin gwamnati sun ambaci wasu ma'adanai kamar silica sand, dolomite, granite, quartz, mica, bentonite da gemstones. Sai dai ba duk waɗannan ma'adanai ne aka tabbatar da adadinsu ko kuma ake haƙo su a kasuwanci ba; ana buƙatar binciken ƙasa da na tattalin arziki domin tabbatar da damar amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;

== Albarkatun ruwa ==

Jihar Gombe tana da albarkatun ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da koguna, madatsun ruwa da tafkuna. Takardar kasafin kuɗi da tsarin tattalin arzikin jihar ta ambaci madatsun Dadin Kowa, Balanga da Cham a matsayin manyan albarkatun ruwa da ke da damar taimakawa wajen noma, kamun kifi da yawon buɗe ido. Waɗannan albarkatu suna da muhimmanci ga al'ummomin da suka dogara da ruwa domin amfanin gida da ayyukan tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;

=== Madatsar ruwan Dadin Kowa ===

Madatsar ruwan Dadin Kowa tana daga cikin muhimman albarkatun ruwa na jihar. Ana iya amfani da ruwanta wajen ayyukan noma, kamun kifi da sauran bukatun da suka dace da tsarin sarrafa madatsar. Tana kuma da damar taimakawa wajen samar da makamashi da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yankin, gwargwadon kayayyakin more rayuwa da tsarin gudanarwarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;

=== Madatsar ruwan Balanga ===

Madatsar ruwan Balanga wani muhimmin albarkatun ruwa ne da ke jihar. Tana da damar tallafa wa noma, kamun kifi da ayyukan yawon buɗe ido. Inganta kula da madatsar da yankunan da ke kewaye da ita na iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da tallafa wa rayuwar al'ummomin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;

=== Madatsar ruwan Cham ===

Madatsar ruwan Cham tana cikin madatsun ruwa da gwamnatin jihar ta ambata a matsayin muhimman albarkatun ruwa. Tana da amfani ga ayyukan da suka danganci ruwa da noma, amma ya kamata a gudanar da amfani da ita bisa tsarin kula da muhalli da kare ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;

== Albarkatun noma ==

Noma yana daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin samun abinci da kuɗin shiga a Jihar Gombe. Yanayin ƙasar da gonakin jihar suna ba da damar noman hatsi da sauran amfanin gona, ciki har da masara, gero, dawa, shinkafa da gyada, tare da kayan lambu a yankunan da suka dace. Noma yana samar da albarkatun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da jama'a, kasuwanci da samar da kayan sarrafawa ga masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Agri&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=9 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun kiwo ==

Filayen kiwo da albarkatun ciyawa suna tallafa wa kiwon shanu, tumaki, awaki da kaji a jihar. Kiwo yana samar da nama, madara, ƙwai da sauran kayayyaki masu muhimmanci ga rayuwar jama'a. Haɗa kiwo da masana'antun sarrafa nama, madara da abincin dabbobi na iya ƙara darajar albarkatun da ake samarwa a jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Agri&quot; /&gt;

== Dazuzzuka da albarkatun tsirrai ==

Dazuzzuka da tsirran da ke jihar suna samar da itatuwa, inuwa, wuraren zama ga namun daji da wasu kayayyakin da al'umma ke amfani da su. Itatuwan ƙirya da ake samu a jihar suna da alaƙa da samar da gum arabic, wani abu da ake amfani da shi a masana'antun abinci da sauran kayayyaki. Hukumar Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission ta nuna cewa gum arabic na daga cikin kayayyakin da ke da damar kasuwanci a Gombe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;

Kiyaye dazuzzuka da dasa sabbin itatuwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage zaizayar ƙasa, kiyaye halittu da taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin muhalli. Yawan sare itatuwa ba tare da sake dasawa ba na iya rage waɗannan fa'idodi da kuma lalata albarkatun da al'ummomi ke dogaro da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTEF&quot; /&gt;

== Muhimmancin albarkatun ƙasa ga tattalin arziki ==

Albarkatun ƙasa na iya taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi, ƙara kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati, bunƙasa kasuwanci da samar da kayayyakin da masana'antu ke buƙata. Musamman ma'adanan limestone, gypsum da clay suna da damar tallafa wa masana'antun gine-gine, yayin da albarkatun ruwa da noma ke taimakawa wajen samar da abinci, kamun kifi da ayyukan kasuwanci. Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana bunƙasa ma'adanai da masana'antun da ke sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa a matsayin hanyoyin haɓaka tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Agri&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIPC&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙalubalen amfani da albarkatun ƙasa ==

Duk da yalwar albarkatun ƙasa, akwai bukatar inganta binciken ma'adanai, samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa, jawo masu zuba jari da bunƙasa masana'antun sarrafa albarkatu. Rahoton jaridar The Sun na Janairu 2026 ya bayyana sabanin da ke tsakanin yawan albarkatun ma'adanan Gombe da ƙarancin amfani da su wajen samar da masana'antu. Wannan yana nuna cewa samuwar ma'adani kaɗai ba ta wadatar; ana buƙatar tsare-tsare, kuɗaɗen jari da ingantaccen tsarin gudanarwa domin amfana da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sun&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=9 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma, hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, zaizayar ƙasa, sare itatuwa da gurɓata ruwa na iya jawo matsalolin muhalli. Saboda haka, ya kamata a gudanar da bincike da hakar ma'adanai bisa dokokin Najeriya, tare da kula da lafiyar ma'aikata, kare ruwa da ƙasa, da kuma gyara wuraren da aka yi wa illa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mining&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About the Ministry |url=https://www.msmd.gov.ng/about/ |website=Ministry of Solid Minerals Development, Nigeria |access-date=9 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Noma a Najeriya]]
* [[Albarkatun ƙasa na Najeriya]]
* [[Madatsar ruwan Dadin Kowa]]
* [[Madatsar ruwan Balanga]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yana, Najeriya</title>
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    <id>178649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>965041</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T06:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378291236|Yana, Nigeria]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965041</origin>
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      <text bytes="2450" sha1="cxv0rnlk7806leliqvm10wl3rkrofnf" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Yana''' gari ne kuma hedikwatar karamar hukumar Shira a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], [[Najeriya]] . Jaka, Bela, Jalingo, da Gabali suna cikin garuruwa, birane, da wuraren da ke kusa da Yana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Where is Yana in Bauchi, Nigeria located? |url=https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/yana-bauchi-located.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825000933/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/yana-bauchi-located.html |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.gomapper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Yanayi ===
A Yana, lokacin fari yana da zafi sosai kuma yana da ɗan hazo, yayin da lokacin rigar yana da zafi mai zafi sosai kuma yafi hazo. Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 56 zuwa 103 digiri Fahrenheit, da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 50 ko ya tashi sama da 107.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yana Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65599/Average-Weather-in-Yana-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=Over%20the%20course%20of%20the,or%20above%20107%C2%B0F. |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin Maris 15 da Mayu 21, wanda shine tsawon lokacin zafi, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana sama da 100 ° F. A Yana, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 103 ° F da ƙasa da 75 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morel |first=Emilien |title=Yana Bauchi Nigeria 15 Day Weather Forecast |url=https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/bauchi/yana-weather-15-days.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Weather Avenue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga Yuli 17 zuwa Satumba 26, lokacin sanyi, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a ƙasa da 90 ° F, yana da tsawon watanni 2.3. Tare da matsakaicin ƙasa na 57 ° F da sama na 90 ° F, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Yana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather in Yana for tomorrow |url=https://www.gismeteo.com/weather-yana-300152/tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=GISMETEO.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monthly climate in Yana, Bauchi, Nigeria |url=https://nomadseason.com/climate/nigeria/bauchi/yana.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=nomadseason.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>965042</id>
      <parentid>965041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T06:19:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>965042</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2333" sha1="evrwu5x4gm3j9xztl8agv26l0i7yxto" xml:space="preserve">'''Yana''' gari ne kuma hedikwatar karamar hukumar Shira a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], [[Najeriya]] . Jaka, Bela, Jalingo, da Gabali suna cikin garuruwa, birane, da wuraren da ke kusa da Yana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Where is Yana in Bauchi, Nigeria located? |url=https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/yana-bauchi-located.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825000933/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/yana-bauchi-located.html |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.gomapper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Yanayi ===
A Yana, lokacin fari yana da zafi sosai kuma yana da ɗan hazo, yayin da lokacin rigar yana da zafi mai zafi sosai kuma yafi hazo. Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 56 zuwa 103 digiri Fahrenheit, da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 50 ko ya tashi sama da 107.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yana Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65599/Average-Weather-in-Yana-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=Over%20the%20course%20of%20the,or%20above%20107%C2%B0F. |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin Maris 15 da Mayu 21, wanda shine tsawon lokacin zafi, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana sama da 100 ° F. A Yana, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 103 ° F da ƙasa da 75 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morel |first=Emilien |title=Yana Bauchi Nigeria 15 Day Weather Forecast |url=https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/bauchi/yana-weather-15-days.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Weather Avenue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga Yuli 17 zuwa Satumba 26, lokacin sanyi, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a ƙasa da 90 ° F, yana da tsawon watanni 2.3. Tare da matsakaicin ƙasa na 57 ° F da sama na 90 ° F, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Yana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather in Yana for tomorrow |url=https://www.gismeteo.com/weather-yana-300152/tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=GISMETEO.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monthly climate in Yana, Bauchi, Nigeria |url=https://nomadseason.com/climate/nigeria/bauchi/yana.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=nomadseason.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>evrwu5x4gm3j9xztl8agv26l0i7yxto</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>965044</id>
      <parentid>965042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T06:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>965044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2350" sha1="nkqrif1q74enopa8byh76aruvn0esi6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yana''' wani gari ne kuma hedikwatar karamar hukumar Shira a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], [[Najeriya]] . Jaka, Bela, Jalingo, da Gabali suna cikin garuruwa, birane, da wuraren da ke kusa da Yana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Where is Yana in Bauchi, Nigeria located? |url=https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/yana-bauchi-located.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825000933/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/yana-bauchi-located.html |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.gomapper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Yanayi ===
A Yana, lokacin fari yana da zafi sosai kuma yana da ɗan hazo, yayin da lokacin rigar yana da zafi mai zafi sosai kuma yafi hazo. Matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 56 zuwa 103 digiri Fahrenheit, da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 50 ko ya tashi sama da 107.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yana Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65599/Average-Weather-in-Yana-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=Over%20the%20course%20of%20the,or%20above%20107%C2%B0F. |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin Maris 15 da Mayu 21, wanda shine tsawon lokacin zafi, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana sama da 100 ° F. A Yana, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 103 ° F da ƙasa da 75 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morel |first=Emilien |title=Yana Bauchi Nigeria 15 Day Weather Forecast |url=https://www.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/bauchi/yana-weather-15-days.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Weather Avenue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga Yuli 17 zuwa Satumba 26, lokacin sanyi, wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a ƙasa da 90 ° F, yana da tsawon watanni 2.3. Tare da matsakaicin ƙasa na 57 ° F da sama na 90 ° F, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Yana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather in Yana for tomorrow |url=https://www.gismeteo.com/weather-yana-300152/tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=GISMETEO.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Monthly climate in Yana, Bauchi, Nigeria |url=https://nomadseason.com/climate/nigeria/bauchi/yana.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=nomadseason.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ginin Bronocice</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>965048</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T06:29:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341423985|Bronocice pot]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ginin Bronocice''' (Polish) tukunya ce ta [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] da aka yanka tare da ɗayan sanannun hotuna na farko na abin hawa mai ƙafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attema&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Attema |first=P. A. J. |last2=Los-Weijns |first2=Ma |last3=Pers |first3=N. D. Maring-Van der |date=December 2006 |title=Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East |journal=Palaeohistoria |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |volume=47/48 |pages=10–28 (11)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Tom Standage}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano shi a ƙauyen Bronocice kusa da Kogin Nidzica a Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, a kudu maso tsakiyar [[Poland]]. An danganta shi ga al'adun archaeological na Funnelbeaker, gwaje-gwajin radiocarbon sun nuna cewa tukunyar ta kasance a tsakiyar karni na huɗu KZ. A yau an ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kraków a kudancin Poland.

== Bincike ==
[[File:Bronocice_postion.png|thumb|Matsayin Bronocice]]
An gano tukunyar tsakanin 1974 da 1976 yayin binciken archaeological na babban mazaunin Neolithic a Bronocice, ca. 50 km zuwa arewa maso gabashin Kraków. &amp;nbsp;An gudanar da binciken ne tsakanin 1974 da 1980 ta Cibiyar Archaeology da Ethnology, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland da [[Jami'ar Jihar New York]] a Amurka.

Sarunas Milisauskas, daya daga cikin masu binciken tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan aikin tonowa na Bronocice ya rubuta: &quot;Lokacin filin 1974 ya samar da bayanai fiye da yadda muke tsammani. An sami wani zane-zane a kan jirgin Funnelbeaker a cikin rami. Wani kasusuwar dabba da ke da alaƙa da tukunya a cikin rami an tsara shi ta Hanyar radiocarbon, a kusa da 3400 KZ (Bakker et al. 1999). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milisauskas |first=Sarunas |date=2015 |title=Myth Making by Jan Machnik: The American and Polish Cooperative Archaeological Project 1966–1978 |url=https://rcin.org.pl/Content/57813/WA308_78196_PIII368_Myth-Making-by-Jan-M_I.pdf |journal=Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 67 |access-date=1 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin yana wakiltar ɗayan farkon shaidar ga kasancewar motoci a Turai.Milisauskas, tare da Janusz Kruk, sun danganta binciken Neolithic Bronocice ga al'adun Lublin-Volhynian (tsakanin 3100 da 2200 KZ), &quot;na zamani zuwa ƙaramin mataki na ci gaban sake zagayowar Tiszapolgar a cikin Kogin Cisa... al'adun tabbas sun tsufa fiye da lokacin lalacewar al'adun Funnelbeaker a Małopol&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Piotrowska |first=Danuta |date=1990 |title=Comptes - Rendus Notes Critiques |journal=Archeologia Polana XXVIII |publisher=Ossolineum - Wydawnictwo Wroclaw |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
[[File:Bronocice_drawn.png|thumb|Hoton tukunyar Bronocice]]
[[File:Wazazbronocic.svg|thumb|Wakilin maɓallin a kan tukunya]]
Hoton da ke kan tukunya a alamance yana nuna mahimman abubuwa na yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] na farko. Mafi mahimmancin kayan ado sune wakilci guda biyar na abin da ya zama kamar karusa. Suna wakiltar abin hawa tare da shaft don dabba mai ɗaukar kaya, da ƙafafu huɗu. Lines da ke haɗa su tabbas suna wakiltar axles. Da'irar da ke tsakiya mai yiwuwa alama ce ta akwati don girbi. Sauran hotuna a kan tukunya sun haɗa da itace, kogi da abin da zai iya zama filayen da hanyoyi / ramuka suka haɗu ko kuma shimfidar [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]].

Alamun rubutun tukunya na Bronocice na iya wakiltar wani nau'in tsarin alama na &quot;kafin rubuce-rubuce&quot; wanda Marija Gimbutas ta ba da shawarar a cikin samfurin tsohuwar yaren Turai, mai kama da tarihin Al'adun Vinča (5700-4500 KZ).

== Tasirin tarihi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Hoton da ke kan tukunya yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wakilci na abin hawa mai ƙafa huɗu a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attema&quot; /&gt; Yana nuna kasancewar wagons a Tsakiyar Turai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 4 KZ. Wataƙila aurochs ne suka zana su waɗanda aka gano gawarsu tare da tukunya. An tsufa ƙahonin su kamar an ɗaure su da igiya, mai yiwuwa sakamakon amfani da wani nau'in karkiya.

Dangane da binciken Bronocice, masu bincike da yawa (Asko Parpola da Christian Carpelan), [1] sun nuna cewa &quot;harsunan Indo-Turai suna da ƙamus na gado da ke da alaƙa da jigilar ƙafa&quot;, don haka suna ba da sabon bayani game da asalin dangin harshen Indo-Turopa. Sun yi jayayya cewa &quot;an fara kirkirar motocin da ke da ƙafa a tsakiyar karni na huɗu KZ&quot;. A cikin bita na Theoretical Structural Archeology, Geoff Carter ya rubuta: &quot;An shagaltar da shafin a lokacin Funnelbeaker ko TRB al'adun al'adu, ɗaya daga cikin al'adun da suka gaji LBK a arewacin Turai, a cikin Miliyan Miliyan Biyar da na huɗu KZ. ƙasusuwa daga ramin da aka samo tukunyar sun ba da kwanakin radiocarbon na kusan 3635-3370 KZ&quot;.[2] Wannan ya sa ya kasance daidai da farkon zane-zane na kekunan ƙafa da aka samo a kan allon allon yumɓu a Gundumar Eanna ta Uruk, a cikin wayewar Sumerian na Mesopotamiya (Irak ta zamani), wanda aka rubuta a c. 3500-3350 KZ.[3] Masana tarihi da yawa suna jayayya cewa akwai yaduwar motar ƙafa daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Turai a tsakiyar karni na 4 KZ.[4]  Koyaya, duk shaidu na farko don motocin ƙafa, gami da samfuran, wakilcin hoto, ƙafafun da abin hawa sun kasance, a Turai ne, maimakon a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[5] A cewar Schier (2015), &quot;Shaidar da ke yanzu don jigilar ƙafafun farko ba ta goyi bayan imani na gargajiya a cikin kirkirar ƙafafun gabas da wagon&quot;, kuma ko dai an ƙirƙiri motocin ƙafafun da kansu a Turai da Mesopotamiya, ko kuma an canja fasahar daga Turai zuwa Mesopotamiya.[6]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ginin Bronocice''' (Polish) tukunya ce ta [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] da aka yanka tare da ɗayan sanannun hotuna na farko na abin hawa mai ƙafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attema&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Attema |first=P. A. J. |last2=Los-Weijns |first2=Ma |last3=Pers |first3=N. D. Maring-Van der |date=December 2006 |title=Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East |journal=Palaeohistoria |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |volume=47/48 |pages=10–28 (11)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Tom Standage}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano shi a ƙauyen Bronocice kusa da Kogin Nidzica a Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, a kudu maso tsakiyar [[Poland]]. An danganta shi ga al'adun archaeological na Funnelbeaker, gwaje-gwajin radiocarbon sun nuna cewa tukunyar ta kasance a tsakiyar karni na huɗu KZ. A yau an ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kraków a kudancin Poland.

== Bincike ==
[[File:Bronocice_postion.png|thumb|Matsayin Bronocice]]
An gano tukunyar tsakanin 1974 da 1976 yayin binciken archaeological na babban mazaunin Neolithic a Bronocice, ca. 50 km zuwa arewa maso gabashin Kraków. &amp;nbsp;An gudanar da binciken ne tsakanin 1974 da 1980 ta Cibiyar Archaeology da Ethnology, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland da [[Jami'ar Jihar New York]] a Amurka.

Sarunas Milisauskas, daya daga cikin masu binciken tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan aikin tonowa na Bronocice ya rubuta: &quot;Lokacin filin 1974 ya samar da bayanai fiye da yadda muke tsammani. An sami wani zane-zane a kan jirgin Funnelbeaker a cikin rami. Wani kasusuwar dabba da ke da alaƙa da tukunya a cikin rami an tsara shi ta Hanyar radiocarbon, a kusa da 3400 KZ (Bakker et al. 1999). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Milisauskas |first=Sarunas |date=2015 |title=Myth Making by Jan Machnik: The American and Polish Cooperative Archaeological Project 1966–1978 |url=https://rcin.org.pl/Content/57813/WA308_78196_PIII368_Myth-Making-by-Jan-M_I.pdf |journal=Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 67 |access-date=1 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin yana wakiltar ɗayan farkon shaidar ga kasancewar motoci a Turai.Milisauskas, tare da Janusz Kruk, sun danganta binciken Neolithic Bronocice ga al'adun Lublin-Volhynian (tsakanin 3100 da 2200 KZ), &quot;na zamani zuwa ƙaramin mataki na ci gaban sake zagayowar Tiszapolgar a cikin Kogin Cisa... al'adun tabbas sun tsufa fiye da lokacin lalacewar al'adun Funnelbeaker a Małopol&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Piotrowska |first=Danuta |date=1990 |title=Comptes - Rendus Notes Critiques |journal=Archeologia Polana XXVIII |publisher=Ossolineum - Wydawnictwo Wroclaw |page=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
[[File:Bronocice_drawn.png|thumb|Hoton tukunyar Bronocice]]
[[File:Wazazbronocic.svg|thumb|Wakilin maɓallin a kan tukunya]]
Hoton da ke kan tukunya a alamance yana nuna mahimman abubuwa na yanayin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] na farko. Mafi mahimmancin kayan ado sune wakilci guda biyar na abin da ya zama kamar karusa. Suna wakiltar abin hawa tare da shaft don dabba mai ɗaukar kaya, da ƙafafu huɗu. Lines da ke haɗa su tabbas suna wakiltar axles. Da'irar da ke tsakiya mai yiwuwa alama ce ta akwati don girbi. Sauran hotuna a kan tukunya sun haɗa da itace, kogi da abin da zai iya zama filayen da hanyoyi / ramuka suka haɗu ko kuma shimfidar [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]].

Alamun rubutun tukunya na Bronocice na iya wakiltar wani nau'in tsarin alama na &quot;kafin rubuce-rubuce&quot; wanda Marija Gimbutas ta ba da shawarar a cikin samfurin tsohuwar yaren Turai, mai kama da tarihin Al'adun Vinča (5700-4500 KZ).

== Tasirin tarihi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Hoton da ke kan tukunya yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wakilci na abin hawa mai ƙafa huɗu a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attema&quot; /&gt; Yana nuna kasancewar wagons a Tsakiyar Turai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 4 KZ. Wataƙila aurochs ne suka zana su waɗanda aka gano gawarsu tare da tukunya. An tsufa ƙahonin su kamar an ɗaure su da igiya, mai yiwuwa sakamakon amfani da wani nau'in karkiya.

Dangane da binciken Bronocice, masu bincike da yawa (Asko Parpola da Christian Carpelan), [1] sun nuna cewa &quot;harsunan Indo-Turai suna da ƙamus na gado da ke da alaƙa da jigilar ƙafa&quot;, don haka suna ba da sabon bayani game da asalin dangin harshen Indo-Turopa. Sun yi jayayya cewa &quot;an fara kirkirar motocin da ke da ƙafa a tsakiyar karni na huɗu KZ&quot;. A cikin bita na Theoretical Structural Archeology, Geoff Carter ya rubuta: &quot;An shagaltar da shafin a lokacin Funnelbeaker ko TRB al'adun al'adu, ɗaya daga cikin al'adun da suka gaji LBK a arewacin Turai, a cikin Miliyan Miliyan Biyar da na huɗu KZ. ƙasusuwa daga ramin da aka samo tukunyar sun ba da kwanakin radiocarbon na kusan 3635-3370 KZ&quot;.[2] Wannan ya sa ya kasance daidai da farkon zane-zane na kekunan ƙafa da aka samo a kan allon allon yumɓu a Gundumar Eanna ta Uruk, a cikin wayewar Sumerian na Mesopotamiya (Irak ta zamani), wanda aka rubuta a c. 3500-3350 KZ.[3] Masana tarihi da yawa suna jayayya cewa akwai yaduwar motar ƙafa daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Turai a tsakiyar karni na 4 KZ.[4]  Koyaya, duk shaidu na farko don motocin ƙafa, gami da samfuran, wakilcin hoto, ƙafafun da abin hawa sun kasance, a Turai ne, maimakon a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[5] A cewar Schier (2015), &quot;Shaidar da ke yanzu don jigilar ƙafafun farko ba ta goyi bayan imani na gargajiya a cikin kirkirar ƙafafun gabas da wagon&quot;, kuma ko dai an ƙirƙiri motocin ƙafafun da kansu a Turai da Mesopotamiya, ko kuma an canja fasahar daga Turai zuwa Mesopotamiya.[6]

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367846537|Bronze drum]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Ngoc_Lu_bronze_drum_surface.gif|thumb|Yankin tagulla na Ngọc Lũ, ƙarni na 2-3 BC, [[Vietnam]]]]
Drums na tagulla kayan tarihi ne na dā da aka samo a al'adu daban-daban a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kudancin China. An jefa drums a cikin tagulla ta amfani da hanyar da aka rasa. Drums ɗin duka kayan kida ne da abubuwa na addini. An yi musu ado da alamu na lissafi, al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun da yaƙi, dabbobi da tsuntsaye, da jiragen ruwa. Ana ɗaukar drum din tagulla ɗaya daga cikin alamomin ƙasa na [[Vietnam]].

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Trong_dong_Dong_Son.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Đông Sơn a Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris]]
Rubutun rubuce-rubuce na farko da ke kwatanta drum ɗin sun bayyana a cikin ''Shi Ben'', littafin Sinanci wanda aka rubuta daga ƙarni na 3 BC. Hou Hanshu, wani littafi na daular Han wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 AD, ya bayyana yadda Janar na daularHan Ma Yuan na tattara drum din tagulla daga arewacin Vietnam don narkewa da sakewa cikin dawakai na tagulla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dong Son Drums - Symbols of a Maritime Bronze Age Society in Asia |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/dong-son-drums-bronze-age-169896}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana girmama drum din tagulla a cikin Addinin gargajiya na Vietnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Results of survey and excavations undertaken at Dong Co temple relic, Tu Liem district, Hanoi |url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3186/17430/results-of-survey-and-excavations-undertaken-at-dong-co-temple-relic-tu-liem-district-hanoi.html |website=Vietnam Museum of History}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laos Đồng Cổ (allahn drum na tagulla) tare da drum din tagulla da aka tono an bauta musu a cikin temples da yawa kamar su Đồng Cổ Temple a Thanh Hóa da kuma Cao Sơn Temple a Hanoi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tạ Đức, Cao Sơn, Bronze Drums, Nationalism and History – le Minh Khai's SEAsian History Blog (And More!) |url=https://leminhkhai.blog/ta-duc-cao-son-bronze-drums-nationalism-and-history/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ƙarni na 14 Việt Dien U Linh ya ambaci addinin Bronze drum tun daga farkon 1020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Đền Đồng Cổ |url=https://sodulich.hanoi.gov.vn/diem-den/diem-den-du-lich-di-san-di-tich/den-dong-co.html |website=Hanoi Tourism Department}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1902, masanin binciken Austrian Franz Heger ya buga tarin manyan tagulla 165, wanda ya raba su cikin rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan hudu. Masana binciken kayan tarihi na kasar Sin sun rarraba su cikin drum din Yue mai nauyi, gami da drum din Đông Sơn, da drum din Dian, wanda ke da nau'o'i takwas: Wanjiaba, Shizhaishan, Lengshuichong, Zunyi, Majiang, Beiliu, Lingshan da Ximeng.

A kasar Sin, a lokacin yakin neman zabe mai girma daga shekara ta 1958 zuwa shekara ta 1960, an tattara mutane don tattara dukkan kayan ƙarfe, gami da kayan tagulla na dā, an narke su don samar da ƙarfe a cikin murhun bayan gida. Yawancin tsoffin tagulla sun lalace a sakamakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2012 |title=Vanishing bronze drums raise concern |url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2012-11/01/content_7349074.htm |website=Shenzhen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in ==

=== Wanjiaba drum (kafin Heger I) ===
A shekara ta 1976, masu binciken tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano wani nau'in nau'in I a Wanjiaba, Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan . Yawanci suna da kayan ado masu sauƙi ko babu. A shekara ta 1990, masu binciken tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano nau'ikan tagulla 29 na Wanjiaba, daga cikinsu an sami 26 a Yunnan, daya a Vietnam, da biyu a Thailand. A sakamakon haka, malaman kasar Sin sun fara watsar da rarrabawar Heger don tallafawa ra'ayin cewa Yunnan, ba Vietnam ba ta samar da drum din tagulla na farko ba, kuma Wanjiaba ita ce wurin haihuwar drum din tagusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Xiaorong |date=2004 |title=Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=7–33 |doi=10.1353/asi.2004.0004 |s2cid=55076970 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan da'awar ta haifar da ƙin yarda daga masu binciken tarihi na Vietnam waɗanda suka rarraba drum din Wanjiaba, wanda aka samo a Vietnam, don kasancewa a ƙarshen zamanin Heger I.

=== Drum din Đông Sơn (Heger I) ===
[[File:Dong_Son_drums.jpg|thumb|Sanyawa a saman Drum din Ngọc Lũ]]
An samar da drum din Đông Sơn daga kimanin 600 BC har zuwa karni na uku AZ ta hanyar Al'adun Đông Sơn da ke tsakiyar Red River Delta. Masanin Vietnamese Pham Huy Thong ya rarraba su cikin rukuni biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin alamomi da aka samo a saman dukkan drum din Đông Sơn shine hoton &quot;taurari&quot;, tare da adadi daban-daban na spikes da ke fitowa daga cibiyar, ba a san ma'anarsa a halin yanzu ba. Yawancin drum din da aka samu suna da hoton tauraron mai ma'ana 12, yayin da Cổ Loa, Ngọc Lũ, Sông Đà, Lâm suna da tauraron kusurwa 14. Drum din Hoàng Hạ yana da tauraron maki 16 kuma drum din Bình Đà yana da tauraro mai maki 6. Ana kuma samun drum din Đông Sơn a tsibirin Indonesia kuma an gano su har zuwa Java da New Guinea kuma ana ganin su a matsayin tabbacin haɗin kasuwanci tsakanin waɗannan yankuna.[1] A cewar masu bincike, drum din tagulla ya samo asali ne daga al'adun Dong Son, wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin da Sarakunan Hung suka kafa mulkin Van Lang.[2][3] Drums na tagulla sun zama alama mai tsarki ta al'adun ƙasar Vietnamese.[4]

=== Gangar na Dian ===
[[File:Western_Han_Bronze_Cowrie_Container_1.jpg|right|thumb|Drum din tagulla na Dian]]
Dian masarauta ce ta ƙarni na 3 zuwa 2 BC da ke Yunnan, kudu maso yammacin China . Mutanen Dian sun kasance ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ƙarfe, sun yi amfani da hanyar ƙirar ƙira da hanyar cirewa da ta ɓace don jefa manyan abubuwa na tagulla. Kabarin al'ada na manyan mutanen Dian ya kasance tare da manyan drum din tagulla cike da harsashi. An cire saman drum din kuma an maye gurbin su da murfin tagulla kuma drum din tagulla wani lokacin yakan zama nau'in kayan al'ada, wanda ke dauke da abubuwa masu rantsuwa. 

=== Drum na Shizaishan ===
An tono adadi mai yawa na Heger I drums a Yunnan da Guangxi kamar ''Shizhaishan'' (1975) da ''Shaguo'' (1983) ana kiransu da nau'in drums na Shizhaisham. Hadisin Shizaishan na nau'in Heger I ya samo asali ne daga nau'in pre-Heger I, yana da yankunan rarraba iri ɗaya na kudancin China da arewacin Vietnam. Ba kamar Đông Sơn ba, wannan al'adar ta ɓace tun farkon karni na 1 BC. Bayan wannan, kudancin kasar Sin ya sami lokaci tare da ƙananan tagulla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imamura |first=Keiji |year=2010 |title=The Distribution of Bronze Drums of the Heger I and Pre-I Types: Temporal Changes and Historical Background |url=https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/records/27618 |journal=Tokyo University Archaeology Research Institute Bulletin |volume=24 |page=30 |doi=10.15083/00027609}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da amfani ==
A cikin Al'adun Vietnamese, drum din tagulla (Vietnamese) muhimmiyar alama ce ta kasa ta tarihin kafa Sarakunan Hùng. Ana iya samun drum da hotuna na kayan ado, kamar tsuntsu na Lạc, a cikin saitunan zamani daban-daban kamar alamomi, alamu na ado da kayayyaki. Ana amfani da shi azaman abu na al'ada a cikin bukukuwan girmamawa na sarakunan Hùng.

''Drum din Hy Cuong'', wanda aka samo a cikin 1990 a ƙauyen Co Tich, kusa da Haikali na Hùng a Lardin Phu Tho shine mafi girman drum din tagulla da aka taɓa samu a Vietnam tare da 93 centimeters a diamita. An ce drum din ya samo asali ne daga tsakanin 3 BC da 1 AD, ana kallon shi azaman dukiyar ƙasa kuma ana nuna shi a Haikali na Hùng, wanda aka keɓe ga Sarakunan Hùng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=Hung Temple's Bronze Drum and Dong Son Bronze Drums – a sacred symbol of the Vietnamese people |url=https://vovworld.vn/en-US/sunday-show/hung-temples-bronze-drum-and-dong-son-bronze-drums-a-sacred-symbol-of-the-vietnamese-people-746456.vov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tambarin tagulla (Harshen Zhuang) alama ce ta al'adun Zhuang a kudancin kasar Sin . Labarin mutanen Zhuang, ''Asalin drum din tagulla'' yana gaya wa drum din tagusawa waɗanda suke kamar &quot;taurari&quot; don fitar da mugayen ruhohi. Wani babban drum na tagulla, mita shida a diamita alama ce a garin Huanjiang, Guangxi. An gane shi a matsayin mafi girman tagulla ta Guinness World Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinese bronze drum sets new Guinness World Record - Xinhua &amp;#124; English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290618.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629171154/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290618.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'adar rawa ta tagulla tana kiyayewa ta kabilun Yi da Zhuang a wasu ƙauyuka a Wenshan  da Hechi. A lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], an dauki drum din tagulla a matsayin ragowar al'umma mai koma baya kuma ana kwace su don a hallaka su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Li Yang |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bronze drums and the man |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202210/04/WS633b8edaa310fd2b29e7af32_1.html |website=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, drum din tagulla muhimmiyar al'adun al'adun mutanen Karenni ne, a gare su an san drums din da drum din ruwan sama ko frog drums (''Hpà-si'' ko ''Pam klo''), bayan hotunan frogs da suka bayyana a kusa da tympanum. Akwai nau'ikan drum guda biyu wadanda su ne drum na namiji da drum na mace. Karenni suna buga drum din frog don kawo ruwan sama da sauran bukukuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karen Drum 2 K |url=https://www.drumpublications.org/karendrum2_k.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har yanzu ana amfani da drum din tagulla a bikin a Kudancin China da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta kabilun daban-daban, kamar Mutanen Lolo, Mutanen Zhuang, Mutanen Karenni, Mutanen Khmu, Mutanen Miao da Mutanen Muong. Gabaɗaya ana buga su a tsakiya tare da ma'auni mai laushi, kuma a gefe tare da katako ko sandar bamboo. A [[Tailan|Thailand]], ana amfani da drum din tagulla a wasu bukukuwan a cikin temples, inda ake kira ''Mahorathuek'' (มโห жи).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[File:Ngoc_Lu_bronze_drum_surface.gif|thumb|Yankin tagulla na Ngọc Lũ, ƙarni na 2-3 BC, [[Vietnam]]]]
Drums na tagulla kayan tarihi ne na dā da aka samo a al'adu daban-daban a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kudancin China. An jefa drums a cikin tagulla ta amfani da hanyar da aka rasa. Drums ɗin duka kayan kida ne da abubuwa na addini. An yi musu ado da alamu na lissafi, al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun da yaƙi, dabbobi da tsuntsaye, da jiragen ruwa. Ana ɗaukar drum din tagulla ɗaya daga cikin alamomin ƙasa na [[Vietnam]].

== Tarihi ==
[[File:Trong_dong_Dong_Son.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Đông Sơn a Gidan Tarihi na Guimet, Paris]]
Rubutun rubuce-rubuce na farko da ke kwatanta drum ɗin sun bayyana a cikin ''Shi Ben'', littafin Sinanci wanda aka rubuta daga ƙarni na 3 BC. Hou Hanshu, wani littafi na daular Han wanda aka rubuta a karni na 5 AD, ya bayyana yadda Janar na daularHan Ma Yuan na tattara drum din tagulla daga arewacin Vietnam don narkewa da sakewa cikin dawakai na tagulla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dong Son Drums - Symbols of a Maritime Bronze Age Society in Asia |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/dong-son-drums-bronze-age-169896}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana girmama drum din tagulla a cikin Addinin gargajiya na Vietnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Results of survey and excavations undertaken at Dong Co temple relic, Tu Liem district, Hanoi |url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3186/17430/results-of-survey-and-excavations-undertaken-at-dong-co-temple-relic-tu-liem-district-hanoi.html |website=Vietnam Museum of History}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laos Đồng Cổ (allahn drum na tagulla) tare da drum din tagulla da aka tono an bauta musu a cikin temples da yawa kamar su Đồng Cổ Temple a Thanh Hóa da kuma Cao Sơn Temple a Hanoi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tạ Đức, Cao Sơn, Bronze Drums, Nationalism and History – le Minh Khai's SEAsian History Blog (And More!) |url=https://leminhkhai.blog/ta-duc-cao-son-bronze-drums-nationalism-and-history/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin ƙarni na 14 Việt Dien U Linh ya ambaci addinin Bronze drum tun daga farkon 1020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Đền Đồng Cổ |url=https://sodulich.hanoi.gov.vn/diem-den/diem-den-du-lich-di-san-di-tich/den-dong-co.html |website=Hanoi Tourism Department}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1902, masanin binciken Austrian Franz Heger ya buga tarin manyan tagulla 165, wanda ya raba su cikin rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan hudu. Masana binciken kayan tarihi na kasar Sin sun rarraba su cikin drum din Yue mai nauyi, gami da drum din Đông Sơn, da drum din Dian, wanda ke da nau'o'i takwas: Wanjiaba, Shizhaishan, Lengshuichong, Zunyi, Majiang, Beiliu, Lingshan da Ximeng.

A kasar Sin, a lokacin yakin neman zabe mai girma daga shekara ta 1958 zuwa shekara ta 1960, an tattara mutane don tattara dukkan kayan ƙarfe, gami da kayan tagulla na dā, an narke su don samar da ƙarfe a cikin murhun bayan gida. Yawancin tsoffin tagulla sun lalace a sakamakon haka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2012 |title=Vanishing bronze drums raise concern |url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2012-11/01/content_7349074.htm |website=Shenzhen Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in ==

=== Wanjiaba drum (kafin Heger I) ===
A shekara ta 1976, masu binciken tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano wani nau'in nau'in I a Wanjiaba, Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan . Yawanci suna da kayan ado masu sauƙi ko babu. A shekara ta 1990, masu binciken tarihi na kasar Sin sun gano nau'ikan tagulla 29 na Wanjiaba, daga cikinsu an sami 26 a Yunnan, daya a Vietnam, da biyu a Thailand. A sakamakon haka, malaman kasar Sin sun fara watsar da rarrabawar Heger don tallafawa ra'ayin cewa Yunnan, ba Vietnam ba ta samar da drum din tagulla na farko ba, kuma Wanjiaba ita ce wurin haihuwar drum din tagusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Xiaorong |date=2004 |title=Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=7–33 |doi=10.1353/asi.2004.0004 |s2cid=55076970 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan da'awar ta haifar da ƙin yarda daga masu binciken tarihi na Vietnam waɗanda suka rarraba drum din Wanjiaba, wanda aka samo a Vietnam, don kasancewa a ƙarshen zamanin Heger I.

=== Drum din Đông Sơn (Heger I) ===
[[File:Dong_Son_drums.jpg|thumb|Sanyawa a saman Drum din Ngọc Lũ]]
An samar da drum din Đông Sơn daga kimanin 600 BC har zuwa karni na uku AZ ta hanyar Al'adun Đông Sơn da ke tsakiyar Red River Delta. Masanin Vietnamese Pham Huy Thong ya rarraba su cikin rukuni biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin alamomi da aka samo a saman dukkan drum din Đông Sơn shine hoton &quot;taurari&quot;, tare da adadi daban-daban na spikes da ke fitowa daga cibiyar, ba a san ma'anarsa a halin yanzu ba. Yawancin drum din da aka samu suna da hoton tauraron mai ma'ana 12, yayin da Cổ Loa, Ngọc Lũ, Sông Đà, Lâm suna da tauraron kusurwa 14. Drum din Hoàng Hạ yana da tauraron maki 16 kuma drum din Bình Đà yana da tauraro mai maki 6. Ana kuma samun drum din Đông Sơn a tsibirin Indonesia kuma an gano su har zuwa Java da New Guinea kuma ana ganin su a matsayin tabbacin haɗin kasuwanci tsakanin waɗannan yankuna.[1] A cewar masu bincike, drum din tagulla ya samo asali ne daga al'adun Dong Son, wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin da Sarakunan Hung suka kafa mulkin Van Lang.[2][3] Drums na tagulla sun zama alama mai tsarki ta al'adun ƙasar Vietnamese.[4]

=== Gangar na Dian ===
[[File:Western_Han_Bronze_Cowrie_Container_1.jpg|right|thumb|Drum din tagulla na Dian]]
Dian masarauta ce ta ƙarni na 3 zuwa 2 BC da ke Yunnan, kudu maso yammacin China . Mutanen Dian sun kasance ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ƙarfe, sun yi amfani da hanyar ƙirar ƙira da hanyar cirewa da ta ɓace don jefa manyan abubuwa na tagulla. Kabarin al'ada na manyan mutanen Dian ya kasance tare da manyan drum din tagulla cike da harsashi. An cire saman drum din kuma an maye gurbin su da murfin tagulla kuma drum din tagulla wani lokacin yakan zama nau'in kayan al'ada, wanda ke dauke da abubuwa masu rantsuwa. 

=== Drum na Shizaishan ===
An tono adadi mai yawa na Heger I drums a Yunnan da Guangxi kamar ''Shizhaishan'' (1975) da ''Shaguo'' (1983) ana kiransu da nau'in drums na Shizhaisham. Hadisin Shizaishan na nau'in Heger I ya samo asali ne daga nau'in pre-Heger I, yana da yankunan rarraba iri ɗaya na kudancin China da arewacin Vietnam. Ba kamar Đông Sơn ba, wannan al'adar ta ɓace tun farkon karni na 1 BC. Bayan wannan, kudancin kasar Sin ya sami lokaci tare da ƙananan tagulla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imamura |first=Keiji |year=2010 |title=The Distribution of Bronze Drums of the Heger I and Pre-I Types: Temporal Changes and Historical Background |url=https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/records/27618 |journal=Tokyo University Archaeology Research Institute Bulletin |volume=24 |page=30 |doi=10.15083/00027609}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da amfani ==
A cikin Al'adun Vietnamese, drum din tagulla (Vietnamese) muhimmiyar alama ce ta kasa ta tarihin kafa Sarakunan Hùng. Ana iya samun drum da hotuna na kayan ado, kamar tsuntsu na Lạc, a cikin saitunan zamani daban-daban kamar alamomi, alamu na ado da kayayyaki. Ana amfani da shi azaman abu na al'ada a cikin bukukuwan girmamawa na sarakunan Hùng.

''Drum din Hy Cuong'', wanda aka samo a cikin 1990 a ƙauyen Co Tich, kusa da Haikali na Hùng a Lardin Phu Tho shine mafi girman drum din tagulla da aka taɓa samu a Vietnam tare da 93 centimeters a diamita. An ce drum din ya samo asali ne daga tsakanin 3 BC da 1 AD, ana kallon shi azaman dukiyar ƙasa kuma ana nuna shi a Haikali na Hùng, wanda aka keɓe ga Sarakunan Hùng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=Hung Temple's Bronze Drum and Dong Son Bronze Drums – a sacred symbol of the Vietnamese people |url=https://vovworld.vn/en-US/sunday-show/hung-temples-bronze-drum-and-dong-son-bronze-drums-a-sacred-symbol-of-the-vietnamese-people-746456.vov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tambarin tagulla (Harshen Zhuang) alama ce ta al'adun Zhuang a kudancin kasar Sin . Labarin mutanen Zhuang, ''Asalin drum din tagulla'' yana gaya wa drum din tagusawa waɗanda suke kamar &quot;taurari&quot; don fitar da mugayen ruhohi. Wani babban drum na tagulla, mita shida a diamita alama ce a garin Huanjiang, Guangxi. An gane shi a matsayin mafi girman tagulla ta Guinness World Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinese bronze drum sets new Guinness World Record - Xinhua &amp;#124; English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290618.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629171154/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/29/c_137290618.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'adar rawa ta tagulla tana kiyayewa ta kabilun Yi da Zhuang a wasu ƙauyuka a Wenshan  da Hechi. A lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], an dauki drum din tagulla a matsayin ragowar al'umma mai koma baya kuma ana kwace su don a hallaka su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Li Yang |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bronze drums and the man |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202210/04/WS633b8edaa310fd2b29e7af32_1.html |website=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, drum din tagulla muhimmiyar al'adun al'adun mutanen Karenni ne, a gare su an san drums din da drum din ruwan sama ko frog drums (''Hpà-si'' ko ''Pam klo''), bayan hotunan frogs da suka bayyana a kusa da tympanum. Akwai nau'ikan drum guda biyu wadanda su ne drum na namiji da drum na mace. Karenni suna buga drum din frog don kawo ruwan sama da sauran bukukuwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karen Drum 2 K |url=https://www.drumpublications.org/karendrum2_k.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har yanzu ana amfani da drum din tagulla a bikin a Kudancin China da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta kabilun daban-daban, kamar Mutanen Lolo, Mutanen Zhuang, Mutanen Karenni, Mutanen Khmu, Mutanen Miao da Mutanen Muong. Gabaɗaya ana buga su a tsakiya tare da ma'auni mai laushi, kuma a gefe tare da katako ko sandar bamboo. A [[Tailan|Thailand]], ana amfani da drum din tagulla a wasu bukukuwan a cikin temples, inda ake kira ''Mahorathuek'' (มโห жи).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Angela Palmer</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376110544|Angela Palmer]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Angela Palmer''' (née Gordon) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Scotland kuma tsohuwar 'yar jarida. Kafin ta zama mai zane, Palmer ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida: ta kasance marubuciya a ''jaridar The Daily Telegraph'', Editan Jaridar ''The Times'', Editan Labarai na ''The Observer'', Editan Mujallar ''The Observer'' da kuma Babban Editan ''Mujallar ELLE'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's Who |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U29941/PALMER_Angela_Silver_Mrs_J._D._F._Palmer?index=1&amp;results=QuicksearchResults&amp;query=0 |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=ukwhoswho.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta lambar yabo ta ''matashiyar 'yar jarida ta shekara a Scotland'' kuma ta zo ta biyu a ''kyautar Catherine Pakenham ga 'yan jarida mata'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Daga baya Palmer ya bi sahun aiki a matsayin mai zane kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Ruskin a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan.

Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai sassaka tare da ayyuka a cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Scottish National Portrait Gallery da ke Edinburgh, Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean da ke Oxford, Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian Air and Space Museum da ke Washington, The Wellcome Trust da ke London, Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke Landan, da Tarin Fasaha na Renault da ke Paris. An nuna ayyukan Palmer a bikin baje kolin bazara a Royal Academy of Arts da ke Landan. An nuna wasu daga cikin ayyukan Palmer a baje kolin Guggenheim mai suna Motion, Autos, Art and Architecture (wanda Norman Foster ya tsara). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Artdaily |title=Pangolin London now representing Angela Palmer |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/144578/Pangolin-London-now-representing-Angela-Palmer |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=artdaily.cc |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoton Palmer, [[Susie Wolff]] '': Hoton Direban Tseren Mota'', shine aikinta na biyu a cikin tarin hotunan The Scottish National Portrait Gallery na dindindin. Babban ginin da ta gina shi ne ''The Ghost Forest'', wanda aka nuna a Trafalgar Square a shekarar 2009. Sir John Leighton, Darakta Janar na National Galleries of Scotland, ya zaɓi Palmer's ''Brain of the Artist'' don ya fito a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''100 Masterpieces daga National Galleries of Scotland .'' An yi rangadin sassaken a wani baje kolin ƙasa uku mai taken ''From Rembrandt to the Selfie'' a Kunsthalle da ke Karlsruhe; Museum des Beaux-Arts da ke Lyon ; da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Scotland .

== Ilimi ==
Palmer ya yi karatu a Kwalejin George Watson da ke Edinburgh. Ta kasance mai koyon aikin Thomson a Edinburgh Evening News. A Makarantar Ruskin ta Zane da Zane Mai Kyau, [[Jami'ar Oxford]], an ba ta tallafin karatu na Waugh kuma ta lashe kyautar Fitzgerald. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An kuma ba ta kyautar Thames da Hudson a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Palmer kuma surukar Manjo Janar Sir Joseph Michael Palmer ce, tsohon Sakataren Tsaro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Zane-zane ==
Palmer ta ƙirƙiro wata dabara da take amfani da na'urar duba hotuna ta MRI da CT don 'taswira' abubuwa ta hanyar zana ko zana cikakkun bayanai a kan takardu da yawa na gilashi don ƙirƙirar hoto mai layi uku wanda ya yi kama da yana iyo a cikin gilashin cube. Don ''Brain of the Artist,'' 2012, (tarin Scottish National Portrait Gallery), Palmer ta ƙirƙiri hoton kanta ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton MRI na kwakwalwarta, wanda aka yi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brain of the Artist (2012) |url=https://art.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/129231/brain-artist-edition-two-series-five-2012 |access-date=8 February 2017 |website=art.nationalgalleries.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Sakamakon shine wani nau'in hoto mai ban mamaki kuma mai ma'ana tare da kyakkyawan kyau mai ƙarfi da ban tausayi ... wanda ke haɓaka ta hanyar ƙalubalen ra'ayin wakilcin kai.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton CT, Palmer ya sake ƙirƙirar wata gawar jaririya 'yar Masar a cikin gilashi, wadda take nan a ajiye a gidan tarihi na Ashmolean . An nuna sassaken kusa da ainihin uwar mama, wanda hakan ya bai wa masu kallo damar ganin cikakkun bayanai game da yarinyar a matsayin zane mai girma uku ba tare da dagula bandeji ba. Ta amfani da wannan hanyar, Palmer ya kuma ƙirƙiri hotunan Carol Vorderman, marubuci Robert Harris (wanda ya dogara da aikin wani hali akan fasahar Palmer a cikin littafinsa ''The Fear Index);'' shugaban Eclipse, sanannen doki mai tsere a duniya, da kuma kunkuru mai kore daga Bermuda da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anatomical sea turtle artwork helps to raise awareness of conservation - Bermuda Sun |url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/Content/LIFESTYLE/Lifestyle/Article/Anotomical-sea-turtle--artwork-helps-to-raise-awareness-of-conservation/9/230/70501 |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=bermudasun.bm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palmer ya ƙara haɓaka wannan dabarar ta hanyar amfani da bayanan NASA daga Kepler Telescope don nuna gano taurarin da za su iya zama a cikinsu.  Sassakanta, ''Searching for Goldilocks,'' tana cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Smithsonian Air and Space Museum da ke Washington.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar Renault Formula 1, Palmer ya sake gina injin da ya fi samun nasara a duniya wanda Sebastian Vettel ya yi amfani da shi a gasar cin kofin duniya sau huɗu a jere, don ƙirƙirar sassaka ta hanyar ƙara girman sassansa sosai. Palmer ya yi aiki tare da Nick Mason na ''Pink Floyd ,'' don yin shigarwar sauti da haske, inda ya gano ƙarni na juyin halittar injin mai silinda takwas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Luxury Channel – Angela Palmer's Adrenalin: By The Luxury Channel |url=https://theluxurychannel.com/magazine/angela-palmers-adrenalin/ |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=theluxurychannel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta amfani da sassaka-sassa, ta kuma ƙirƙiri Rolls-Royce ''{{'}} Ghost {{'}}'' a cikin gilashi don tara kuɗi don Kula da Ciwon Nono; a halin yanzu yana cikin hedikwatar Rolls-Royce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ANGELA PALMER FOR BREAST CANCER CARE |url=https://www.press.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/rolls-royce-motor-cars-pressclub/photo/detail/P90184709/angela-palmer-for-breast-cancer-care |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=press.rolls-roycemotorcars.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin aikinta na baya-bayan nan, ''The Geological Spine of Great Britain'', ta samo duwatsu daga kowane lokaci na ilimin ƙasa don gabatar da tafiya ta shekaru biliyan uku a cikin tarihin ƙasar. Domin kwatanta zamanin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan, ''[[Anthropocene]]'', wanda ke nuna tasirin ɗan adam, Palmer ya ƙirƙiri wani tsari mai kama da dutse mai kama da dutse a cikin ƙarfe mai kyau, wanda ya ba mai kallo damar ganin nasa tunani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Villarreal |first=Ignacio |title=The Fine Art Society presents Anthropocene, an exhibition of works by Angela Palmer and Janet Laurence |url=https://artdaily.com/news/82998/The-Fine-Art-Society-presents-Anthropocene--an-exhibition-of-works-by-Angela-Palmer-and-Janet-Laurence |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=artdaily.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi hotunan Palmer da kansa don baje kolin kyautar Ruth Borchard Self Portrait Award na 2019 da 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angela Palmer – Ruth Borchard Collection |url=https://ruthborchard.org.uk/angela-palmer/ |access-date=2019-05-31 |website=ruthborchard.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi wani hoton Palmer da kansa don baje kolin yawon shakatawa na 2019 na Scottish Portrait Awards. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scottish Portrait Awards |url=https://www.scottishportraitawards.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185707/https://www.scottishportraitawards.com/ |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=Scottish Portrait Awards |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dajin Fatalwa ==
''Dajin Ghost Forest'' wani babban gini ne da Palmer ta gina, inda ta kawo manyan kututturen bishiyoyi guda goma na dazuzzukan dazuzzuka daga wani daji da aka yi wa ado da kayan kasuwanci a Ghana zuwa Trafalgar Square a watan Nuwamba na 2009. Palmer yana son ya nuna yadda ake tafka asarar dazuzzuka. Ta ce &quot;A yau, dajin da ke da zafi kamar filin ƙwallon ƙafa yana lalacewa duk bayan daƙiƙa huɗu, wanda ke shafar yanayi, bambancin halittu da kuma rayuwar mutanen asali. Bishiyoyin da ke cikin ''Dajin Fatalwa'' - waɗanda galibinsu ke faɗuwa ta halitta a cikin guguwa - an yi su ne don wakiltar bishiyoyin dajin da ke kewaye da su a duk duniya; rashin gangar jikinsu an gabatar da shi a matsayin misali na cire huhun duniya da ya faru sakamakon asarar dazuzzukanmu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2011 |title=Ghost Forest Documentary {{!}} Angela Palmer |url=https://vimeo.com/23579040 |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nuna wurin da aka gina a wajen ginin Majalisar Dokokin Denmark da ke Copenhagen a lokacin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi; Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Jami'ar Oxford; kuma yanzu haka yana wurinsa na dindindin a Lambun Tsirrai na Ƙasa na Wales. Kofi Annan, tsohon Darakta Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gana da mai zane a wurin da aka gina makarantar a Oxford kuma tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, Michelle Obama, ta shirya wa ɗaliban makarantar da aka 'ɗoranta', Makarantar Elizabeth Garrett Anderson ta Arewacin London, su ziyarci Palmer da The Ghost Forest a lokacin ziyarar aiki ta jami'ar Oxford .

== Manazarta ==

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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Angela Palmer''' (née Gordon) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Scotland kuma tsohuwar 'yar jarida. Kafin ta zama mai zane, Palmer ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida: ta kasance marubuciya a ''jaridar The Daily Telegraph'', Editan Jaridar ''The Times'', Editan Labarai na ''The Observer'', Editan Mujallar ''The Observer'' da kuma Babban Editan ''Mujallar ELLE'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's Who |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U29941/PALMER_Angela_Silver_Mrs_J._D._F._Palmer?index=1&amp;results=QuicksearchResults&amp;query=0 |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=ukwhoswho.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta lambar yabo ta ''matashiyar 'yar jarida ta shekara a Scotland'' kuma ta zo ta biyu a ''kyautar Catherine Pakenham ga 'yan jarida mata'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Daga baya Palmer ya bi sahun aiki a matsayin mai zane kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Ruskin a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan.

Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai sassaka tare da ayyuka a cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Scottish National Portrait Gallery da ke Edinburgh, Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean da ke Oxford, Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian Air and Space Museum da ke Washington, The Wellcome Trust da ke London, Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke Landan, da Tarin Fasaha na Renault da ke Paris. An nuna ayyukan Palmer a bikin baje kolin bazara a Royal Academy of Arts da ke Landan. An nuna wasu daga cikin ayyukan Palmer a baje kolin Guggenheim mai suna Motion, Autos, Art and Architecture (wanda Norman Foster ya tsara). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Artdaily |title=Pangolin London now representing Angela Palmer |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/144578/Pangolin-London-now-representing-Angela-Palmer |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=artdaily.cc |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoton Palmer, [[Susie Wolff]] '': Hoton Direban Tseren Mota'', shine aikinta na biyu a cikin tarin hotunan The Scottish National Portrait Gallery na dindindin. Babban ginin da ta gina shi ne ''The Ghost Forest'', wanda aka nuna a Trafalgar Square a shekarar 2009. Sir John Leighton, Darakta Janar na National Galleries of Scotland, ya zaɓi Palmer's ''Brain of the Artist'' don ya fito a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''100 Masterpieces daga National Galleries of Scotland .'' An yi rangadin sassaken a wani baje kolin ƙasa uku mai taken ''From Rembrandt to the Selfie'' a Kunsthalle da ke Karlsruhe; Museum des Beaux-Arts da ke Lyon ; da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Scotland .

== Ilimi ==
Palmer ya yi karatu a Kwalejin George Watson da ke Edinburgh. Ta kasance mai koyon aikin Thomson a Edinburgh Evening News. A Makarantar Ruskin ta Zane da Zane Mai Kyau, [[Jami'ar Oxford]], an ba ta tallafin karatu na Waugh kuma ta lashe kyautar Fitzgerald. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An kuma ba ta kyautar Thames da Hudson a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Palmer kuma surukar Manjo Janar Sir Joseph Michael Palmer ce, tsohon Sakataren Tsaro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Zane-zane ==
Palmer ta ƙirƙiro wata dabara da take amfani da na'urar duba hotuna ta MRI da CT don 'taswira' abubuwa ta hanyar zana ko zana cikakkun bayanai a kan takardu da yawa na gilashi don ƙirƙirar hoto mai layi uku wanda ya yi kama da yana iyo a cikin gilashin cube. Don ''Brain of the Artist,'' 2012, (tarin Scottish National Portrait Gallery), Palmer ta ƙirƙiri hoton kanta ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton MRI na kwakwalwarta, wanda aka yi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brain of the Artist (2012) |url=https://art.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/129231/brain-artist-edition-two-series-five-2012 |access-date=8 February 2017 |website=art.nationalgalleries.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Sakamakon shine wani nau'in hoto mai ban mamaki kuma mai ma'ana tare da kyakkyawan kyau mai ƙarfi da ban tausayi ... wanda ke haɓaka ta hanyar ƙalubalen ra'ayin wakilcin kai.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton CT, Palmer ya sake ƙirƙirar wata gawar jaririya 'yar Masar a cikin gilashi, wadda take nan a ajiye a gidan tarihi na Ashmolean . An nuna sassaken kusa da ainihin uwar mama, wanda hakan ya bai wa masu kallo damar ganin cikakkun bayanai game da yarinyar a matsayin zane mai girma uku ba tare da dagula bandeji ba. Ta amfani da wannan hanyar, Palmer ya kuma ƙirƙiri hotunan Carol Vorderman, marubuci Robert Harris (wanda ya dogara da aikin wani hali akan fasahar Palmer a cikin littafinsa ''The Fear Index);'' shugaban Eclipse, sanannen doki mai tsere a duniya, da kuma kunkuru mai kore daga Bermuda da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anatomical sea turtle artwork helps to raise awareness of conservation - Bermuda Sun |url=http://www.bermudasun.bm/Content/LIFESTYLE/Lifestyle/Article/Anotomical-sea-turtle--artwork-helps-to-raise-awareness-of-conservation/9/230/70501 |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=bermudasun.bm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palmer ya ƙara haɓaka wannan dabarar ta hanyar amfani da bayanan NASA daga Kepler Telescope don nuna gano taurarin da za su iya zama a cikinsu.  Sassakanta, ''Searching for Goldilocks,'' tana cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Smithsonian Air and Space Museum da ke Washington.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar Renault Formula 1, Palmer ya sake gina injin da ya fi samun nasara a duniya wanda Sebastian Vettel ya yi amfani da shi a gasar cin kofin duniya sau huɗu a jere, don ƙirƙirar sassaka ta hanyar ƙara girman sassansa sosai. Palmer ya yi aiki tare da Nick Mason na ''Pink Floyd ,'' don yin shigarwar sauti da haske, inda ya gano ƙarni na juyin halittar injin mai silinda takwas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Luxury Channel – Angela Palmer's Adrenalin: By The Luxury Channel |url=https://theluxurychannel.com/magazine/angela-palmers-adrenalin/ |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=theluxurychannel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta amfani da sassaka-sassa, ta kuma ƙirƙiri Rolls-Royce ''{{'}} Ghost {{'}}'' a cikin gilashi don tara kuɗi don Kula da Ciwon Nono; a halin yanzu yana cikin hedikwatar Rolls-Royce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ANGELA PALMER FOR BREAST CANCER CARE |url=https://www.press.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/rolls-royce-motor-cars-pressclub/photo/detail/P90184709/angela-palmer-for-breast-cancer-care |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=press.rolls-roycemotorcars.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin aikinta na baya-bayan nan, ''The Geological Spine of Great Britain'', ta samo duwatsu daga kowane lokaci na ilimin ƙasa don gabatar da tafiya ta shekaru biliyan uku a cikin tarihin ƙasar. Domin kwatanta zamanin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan, ''[[Anthropocene]]'', wanda ke nuna tasirin ɗan adam, Palmer ya ƙirƙiri wani tsari mai kama da dutse mai kama da dutse a cikin ƙarfe mai kyau, wanda ya ba mai kallo damar ganin nasa tunani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Villarreal |first=Ignacio |title=The Fine Art Society presents Anthropocene, an exhibition of works by Angela Palmer and Janet Laurence |url=https://artdaily.com/news/82998/The-Fine-Art-Society-presents-Anthropocene--an-exhibition-of-works-by-Angela-Palmer-and-Janet-Laurence |access-date=9 February 2017 |publisher=artdaily.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi hotunan Palmer da kansa don baje kolin kyautar Ruth Borchard Self Portrait Award na 2019 da 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angela Palmer – Ruth Borchard Collection |url=https://ruthborchard.org.uk/angela-palmer/ |access-date=2019-05-31 |website=ruthborchard.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi wani hoton Palmer da kansa don baje kolin yawon shakatawa na 2019 na Scottish Portrait Awards. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scottish Portrait Awards |url=https://www.scottishportraitawards.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185707/https://www.scottishportraitawards.com/ |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=Scottish Portrait Awards |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dajin Fatalwa ==
''Dajin Ghost Forest'' wani babban gini ne da Palmer ta gina, inda ta kawo manyan kututturen bishiyoyi guda goma na dazuzzukan dazuzzuka daga wani daji da aka yi wa ado da kayan kasuwanci a Ghana zuwa Trafalgar Square a watan Nuwamba na 2009. Palmer yana son ya nuna yadda ake tafka asarar dazuzzuka. Ta ce &quot;A yau, dajin da ke da zafi kamar filin ƙwallon ƙafa yana lalacewa duk bayan daƙiƙa huɗu, wanda ke shafar yanayi, bambancin halittu da kuma rayuwar mutanen asali. Bishiyoyin da ke cikin ''Dajin Fatalwa'' - waɗanda galibinsu ke faɗuwa ta halitta a cikin guguwa - an yi su ne don wakiltar bishiyoyin dajin da ke kewaye da su a duk duniya; rashin gangar jikinsu an gabatar da shi a matsayin misali na cire huhun duniya da ya faru sakamakon asarar dazuzzukanmu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2011 |title=Ghost Forest Documentary {{!}} Angela Palmer |url=https://vimeo.com/23579040 |access-date=9 February 2017 |website=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nuna wurin da aka gina a wajen ginin Majalisar Dokokin Denmark da ke Copenhagen a lokacin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi; Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Jami'ar Oxford; kuma yanzu haka yana wurinsa na dindindin a Lambun Tsirrai na Ƙasa na Wales. Kofi Annan, tsohon Darakta Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gana da mai zane a wurin da aka gina makarantar a Oxford kuma tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, Michelle Obama, ta shirya wa ɗaliban makarantar da aka 'ɗoranta', Makarantar Elizabeth Garrett Anderson ta Arewacin London, su ziyarci Palmer da The Ghost Forest a lokacin ziyarar aiki ta jami'ar Oxford .

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers</title>
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'''Maria Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1965) lauya ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin babbar alkaliyar gundumar Amurka a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin California . Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya naɗa ta a shekarar 2011, a da ta kasance alkaliyar jihar California a Kotun Koli ta Alameda County daga 2008 zuwa 2011.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Rogers Maria Yvonne Gonzalez a shekarar 1965 a [[Houston]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;senate_questionnaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/YvonneGonzalezRogers-PublicQuestionnaire.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109113347/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/nominations/112thCongressJudicialNominations/upload/YvonneGonzalezRogers-PublicQuestionnaire.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1987 da digirin farko a fannin fasaha, ''tare da yabo'' . Daga 1987 zuwa 1988, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike kan harkokin shari'a a wani kamfanin lauyoyi da ke New Haven, Connecticut . Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Texas, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1991 tare da Likitan Shari'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary |date=May 4, 2011 |title=President Obama Nominates Six Judges to United States District Courts |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/04/president-obama-nominates-six-judges-united-states-district-courts |access-date=July 9, 2011 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1991 zuwa 2003, Rogers ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a fannin shari'a a [[San Francisco]] a kamfanin lauyoyi na Cooley Godward LLP (wanda yanzu ake kira Cooley LLP ). &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanin daga 1999 zuwa 2001. Rogers memba ne na babban kotun farar hula a gundumar Alameda, California daga 2005 zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban alkalai daga 2006 zuwa 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; 

== Aikin shari'a ==

=== Ayyukan shari'a na kotunan jiha ===
Rogers ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali mai kare hakkin jama'a a Gundumar Alameda, California daga 2007 zuwa 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2008, Gwamnan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] ya naɗa Rogers, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Alameda .  Ta maye gurbin Alkali Carlos G. Ynostroza a benci. &lt;ref name=&quot;imperial_valley_news_20080721&quot; /&gt; 

=== Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya ===
[[Fayil:Yvonne_Gonzalez_Rogers_District_Judge.jpg|thumb| Hoton Alkali Rogers na farko]]
A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2011, Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Rogers a matsayin kujera a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin California wadda Alkali Vaughn Walker ya sallama daga aiki, wanda ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary |date=May 4, 2011 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/04/nomination-s-sent-senate |access-date=July 9, 2011 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2011, da kuri'u 89-6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, of California, to be U.S. District Judge) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00207 |website=www.senate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta karɓi aikinta a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2011.  Ita ce Latina ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali a majalisar tarayya a gundumar Arewacin California.  Ta zama babban alkali a kotun a shekarar 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;fjc.gov&quot; /&gt; 

=== Manyan shari'o'i ===
Rogers ya yanke hukunci a kan shari'o'i daban-daban da aka yi wa Apple . A shekarar 2012, Rogers ya yi watsi da karar da aka shigar a gaban kotu da nuna wariya, yana mai goyon bayan karewar Apple cewa &quot;koyarwar ''Illinois Brick'' &quot; daga shari'ar Kotun Koli Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois   sun yi amfani da shi, domin masu haɓaka manhajoji ne kawai za su iya lalacewa ta hanyar manufofin Apple, kuma masu amfani ba su da ikon da doka ta tanada don gabatar da ƙara a madadin masu haɓaka manhajoji. Kotun ta lura musamman cewa kashi 30% na kuɗin da Apple ke karɓa &quot;kuɗi ne da masu haɓaka software masu zaman kansu suka biya wa masu amfani&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.249697.124.0.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Da'ira ta Tara ta soke hukuncin da ta yanke, kuma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta samu goyon bayan Kotun Daukaka Kara a shari'ar da aka yi tsakanin ''Apple Inc. da Pepper'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-204_bq7d.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2014, Rogers ya jagoranci zaman shari'ar alkalai kan Apple, inda masu shigar da kara suka yi ikirarin cewa hukumar kula da haƙƙoƙin dijital (DRM) ta Apple iTunes ta karya dokokin hana aminci. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2014, alkalan kotun suka yanke hukunci kan goyon bayan Apple.

Rogers ya jagoranci shari'ar ''Epic Games da Apple'' .  A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2020, Rogers ya bayar da umarnin dakatar da Epic's Unreal Engine na ɗan lokaci, inda ya gano cewa dakatar da asusun masu haɓaka Epic na iya haifar da rashin iya &quot;ceton duk ayyukan da masu haɓaka ɓangare na uku suka yi waɗanda suka dogara da injin ɗin da aka ajiye yayin da tallafi ba ya samuwa.&quot; Duk da haka, Rogers ya ƙi bayar da umarnin dakatarwa na ɗan lokaci dangane da manhajojin Epic, ciki har da Fortnite, yana mai ambaton cewa yanayin da Epic ke ciki a yanzu &quot;ya bayyana ne kawai bisa ga tsarinsa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.364265/gov.uscourts.cand.364265.48.0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ya jagoranci fafatawar ''Musk da Altman'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2026-05-13 |title=Altman forced to confront claims at OpenAI trial that he's a prolific liar |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/05/altman-forced-to-confront-claims-at-openai-trial-that-hes-a-prolific-liar/ |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu haka tana jagorantar shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa tsohon magajin garin Oakland Sheng Thao . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-15 |title=Federal judge limits prosecution exhibits against former Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao |url=https://abc7news.com/post/federal-judge-limits-prosecution-exhibits-former-oakland-mayor-sheng-thao/19680240/ |access-date=2026-08-16 |website=ABC7 San Francisco |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ne ke jagorantar shari'ar Meta inda ake zargin Meta da cutar da yara ta hanyar amfani da fasahar jaraba da kuma karya dokokin tarayya kan sirrin yara da kariyar masu amfani da algorithms da tattara bayanai. An kuma kafa mata doka kan shari'ar tare da taimakon alkalan shari'a masu ba da shawara guda takwas.  

== Manyan ayyuka ==
An zaɓe Rogers a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka a shekarar 1990 kuma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar ALI a shekarar 2009.  A halin yanzu tana shugabantar Kwamitin Membobin ALI kuma tana aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan aikin Ka'idojin Dokar Zaɓe: Solution of Election Crimes na ALI. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mijin Rogers, Matthew C. Rogers, ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Obama .   Ma'auratan suna zaune a Piedmont, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;mercury_news_20110505&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California
* Jerin lauyoyin Hispanic da Latino American

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
* Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers at Ballotpedia
{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Vaughn Walker]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]|years=2011–present}}
{{S-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Seeborg]]}}
{{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|Chief Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]}}|years=2026–present}}
{{S-end}}
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'''Maria Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1965) lauya ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin babbar alkaliyar gundumar Amurka a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin California . Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya naɗa ta a shekarar 2011, a da ta kasance alkaliyar jihar California a Kotun Koli ta Alameda County daga 2008 zuwa 2011.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Rogers Maria Yvonne Gonzalez a shekarar 1965 a [[Houston]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;senate_questionnaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/YvonneGonzalezRogers-PublicQuestionnaire.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109113347/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/nominations/112thCongressJudicialNominations/upload/YvonneGonzalezRogers-PublicQuestionnaire.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1987 da digirin farko a fannin fasaha, ''tare da yabo'' . Daga 1987 zuwa 1988, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike kan harkokin shari'a a wani kamfanin lauyoyi da ke New Haven, Connecticut . Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Texas, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1991 tare da Likitan Shari'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary |date=May 4, 2011 |title=President Obama Nominates Six Judges to United States District Courts |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/04/president-obama-nominates-six-judges-united-states-district-courts |access-date=July 9, 2011 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1991 zuwa 2003, Rogers ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a fannin shari'a a [[San Francisco]] a kamfanin lauyoyi na Cooley Godward LLP (wanda yanzu ake kira Cooley LLP ). &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanin daga 1999 zuwa 2001. Rogers memba ne na babban kotun farar hula a gundumar Alameda, California daga 2005 zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban alkalai daga 2006 zuwa 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; 

== Aikin shari'a ==

=== Ayyukan shari'a na kotunan jiha ===
Rogers ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali mai kare hakkin jama'a a Gundumar Alameda, California daga 2007 zuwa 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2008, Gwamnan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] ya naɗa Rogers, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Alameda .  Ta maye gurbin Alkali Carlos G. Ynostroza a benci. &lt;ref name=&quot;imperial_valley_news_20080721&quot; /&gt; 

=== Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya ===
[[Fayil:Yvonne_Gonzalez_Rogers_District_Judge.jpg|thumb| Hoton Alkali Rogers na farko]]
A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2011, Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Rogers a matsayin kujera a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin California wadda Alkali Vaughn Walker ya sallama daga aiki, wanda ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary |date=May 4, 2011 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/04/nomination-s-sent-senate |access-date=July 9, 2011 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2011, da kuri'u 89-6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, of California, to be U.S. District Judge) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00207 |website=www.senate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta karɓi aikinta a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2011.  Ita ce Latina ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali a majalisar tarayya a gundumar Arewacin California.  Ta zama babban alkali a kotun a shekarar 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;fjc.gov&quot; /&gt; 

=== Manyan shari'o'i ===
Rogers ya yanke hukunci a kan shari'o'i daban-daban da aka yi wa Apple . A shekarar 2012, Rogers ya yi watsi da karar da aka shigar a gaban kotu da nuna wariya, yana mai goyon bayan karewar Apple cewa &quot;koyarwar ''Illinois Brick'' &quot; daga shari'ar Kotun Koli Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois   sun yi amfani da shi, domin masu haɓaka manhajoji ne kawai za su iya lalacewa ta hanyar manufofin Apple, kuma masu amfani ba su da ikon da doka ta tanada don gabatar da ƙara a madadin masu haɓaka manhajoji. Kotun ta lura musamman cewa kashi 30% na kuɗin da Apple ke karɓa &quot;kuɗi ne da masu haɓaka software masu zaman kansu suka biya wa masu amfani&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.249697.124.0.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Da'ira ta Tara ta soke hukuncin da ta yanke, kuma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta samu goyon bayan Kotun Daukaka Kara a shari'ar da aka yi tsakanin ''Apple Inc. da Pepper'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-204_bq7d.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2014, Rogers ya jagoranci zaman shari'ar alkalai kan Apple, inda masu shigar da kara suka yi ikirarin cewa hukumar kula da haƙƙoƙin dijital (DRM) ta Apple iTunes ta karya dokokin hana aminci. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2014, alkalan kotun suka yanke hukunci kan goyon bayan Apple.

Rogers ya jagoranci shari'ar ''Epic Games da Apple'' .  A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2020, Rogers ya bayar da umarnin dakatar da Epic's Unreal Engine na ɗan lokaci, inda ya gano cewa dakatar da asusun masu haɓaka Epic na iya haifar da rashin iya &quot;ceton duk ayyukan da masu haɓaka ɓangare na uku suka yi waɗanda suka dogara da injin ɗin da aka ajiye yayin da tallafi ba ya samuwa.&quot; Duk da haka, Rogers ya ƙi bayar da umarnin dakatarwa na ɗan lokaci dangane da manhajojin Epic, ciki har da Fortnite, yana mai ambaton cewa yanayin da Epic ke ciki a yanzu &quot;ya bayyana ne kawai bisa ga tsarinsa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.364265/gov.uscourts.cand.364265.48.0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ya jagoranci fafatawar ''Musk da Altman'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2026-05-13 |title=Altman forced to confront claims at OpenAI trial that he's a prolific liar |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/05/altman-forced-to-confront-claims-at-openai-trial-that-hes-a-prolific-liar/ |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu haka tana jagorantar shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa tsohon magajin garin Oakland Sheng Thao . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-15 |title=Federal judge limits prosecution exhibits against former Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao |url=https://abc7news.com/post/federal-judge-limits-prosecution-exhibits-former-oakland-mayor-sheng-thao/19680240/ |access-date=2026-08-16 |website=ABC7 San Francisco |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ne ke jagorantar shari'ar Meta inda ake zargin Meta da cutar da yara ta hanyar amfani da fasahar jaraba da kuma karya dokokin tarayya kan sirrin yara da kariyar masu amfani da algorithms da tattara bayanai. An kuma kafa mata doka kan shari'ar tare da taimakon alkalan shari'a masu ba da shawara guda takwas.  

== Manyan ayyuka ==
An zaɓe Rogers a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka a shekarar 1990 kuma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar ALI a shekarar 2009.  A halin yanzu tana shugabantar Kwamitin Membobin ALI kuma tana aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan aikin Ka'idojin Dokar Zaɓe: Solution of Election Crimes na ALI. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mijin Rogers, Matthew C. Rogers, ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Obama .   Ma'auratan suna zaune a Piedmont, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;mercury_news_20110505&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California
* Jerin lauyoyin Hispanic da Latino American

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
* Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers at Ballotpedia
{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Vaughn Walker]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]|years=2011–present}}
{{S-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Seeborg]]}}
{{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|Chief Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]}}|years=2026–present}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>965061</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baffa ali</username>
        <id>47435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manyan shari'o'i */</comment>
      <origin>965061</origin>
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      <text bytes="8815" sha1="4a8mlkb6be2ecrbt6tf6vthw04czv1y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Maria Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1965) lauya ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin babbar alkaliyar gundumar Amurka a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin California . Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya naɗa ta a shekarar 2011, a da ta kasance alkaliyar jihar California a Kotun Koli ta Alameda County daga 2008 zuwa 2011.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Rogers Maria Yvonne Gonzalez a shekarar 1965 a [[Houston]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;senate_questionnaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/YvonneGonzalezRogers-PublicQuestionnaire.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109113347/http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/nominations/112thCongressJudicialNominations/upload/YvonneGonzalezRogers-PublicQuestionnaire.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |access-date=July 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1987 da digirin farko a fannin fasaha, ''tare da yabo'' . Daga 1987 zuwa 1988, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike kan harkokin shari'a a wani kamfanin lauyoyi da ke New Haven, Connecticut . Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Texas, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1991 tare da Likitan Shari'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary |date=May 4, 2011 |title=President Obama Nominates Six Judges to United States District Courts |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/04/president-obama-nominates-six-judges-united-states-district-courts |access-date=July 9, 2011 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1991 zuwa 2003, Rogers ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a fannin shari'a a [[San Francisco]] a kamfanin lauyoyi na Cooley Godward LLP (wanda yanzu ake kira Cooley LLP ). &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanin daga 1999 zuwa 2001. Rogers memba ne na babban kotun farar hula a gundumar Alameda, California daga 2005 zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban alkalai daga 2006 zuwa 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; 

== Aikin shari'a ==

=== Ayyukan shari'a na kotunan jiha ===
Rogers ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali mai kare hakkin jama'a a Gundumar Alameda, California daga 2007 zuwa 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;whgov_20110504&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2008, Gwamnan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] ya naɗa Rogers, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Alameda .  Ta maye gurbin Alkali Carlos G. Ynostroza a benci. &lt;ref name=&quot;imperial_valley_news_20080721&quot; /&gt; 

=== Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya ===
[[Fayil:Yvonne_Gonzalez_Rogers_District_Judge.jpg|thumb| Hoton Alkali Rogers na farko]]
A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2011, Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya naɗa Rogers a matsayin kujera a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin California wadda Alkali Vaughn Walker ya sallama daga aiki, wanda ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The White House: Office of the Press Secretary |date=May 4, 2011 |title=Nominations Sent to the Senate |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/04/nomination-s-sent-senate |access-date=July 9, 2011 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2011, da kuri'u 89-6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, of California, to be U.S. District Judge) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&amp;session=1&amp;vote=00207 |website=www.senate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta karɓi aikinta a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2011.  Ita ce Latina ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali a majalisar tarayya a gundumar Arewacin California.  Ta zama babban alkali a kotun a shekarar 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;fjc.gov&quot; /&gt; 

=== Manyan shari'o'i ===
Rogers ya yanke hukunci a kan shari'o'i daban-daban da aka yi wa Apple . A shekarar 2012, Rogers ya yi watsi da karar da aka shigar a gaban kotu da nuna wariya, yana mai goyon bayan karewar Apple cewa &quot;koyarwar ''Illinois Brick'' &quot; daga shari'ar Kotun Koli Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois   sun yi amfani da shi, domin masu haɓaka manhajoji ne kawai za su iya lalacewa ta hanyar manufofin Apple, kuma masu amfani ba su da ikon da doka ta tanada don gabatar da ƙara a madadin masu haɓaka manhajoji. Kotun ta lura musamman cewa kashi 30% na kuɗin da Apple ke karɓa &quot;kuɗi ne da masu haɓaka software masu zaman kansu suka biya wa masu amfani&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.249697.124.0.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Da'ira ta Tara ta soke hukuncin da ta yanke, kuma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta samu goyon bayan Kotun Daukaka Kara a shari'ar da aka yi tsakanin ''Apple Inc. da Pepper'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-204_bq7d.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2014, Rogers ya jagoranci zaman shari'ar alkalai kan Apple, inda masu shigar da kara suka yi ikirarin cewa hukumar kula da haƙƙoƙin dijital (DRM) ta Apple iTunes ta karya dokokin hana aminci. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2014, alkalan kotun suka yanke hukunci kan goyon bayan Apple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2014/12/16/apple-wins-a-unanimous-victory-in-the-itunes-antitrust-case/ | title=Apple wins a unanimous victory in the iTunes antitrust case | work=Fortune | date=Dec 16, 2014 | access-date=January 18, 2015 | author=Elmer DeWitt, Philip}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ya jagoranci shari'ar ''Epic Games da Apple'' .  A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2020, Rogers ya bayar da umarnin dakatar da Epic's Unreal Engine na ɗan lokaci, inda ya gano cewa dakatar da asusun masu haɓaka Epic na iya haifar da rashin iya &quot;ceton duk ayyukan da masu haɓaka ɓangare na uku suka yi waɗanda suka dogara da injin ɗin da aka ajiye yayin da tallafi ba ya samuwa.&quot; Duk da haka, Rogers ya ƙi bayar da umarnin dakatarwa na ɗan lokaci dangane da manhajojin Epic, ciki har da Fortnite, yana mai ambaton cewa yanayin da Epic ke ciki a yanzu &quot;ya bayyana ne kawai bisa ga tsarinsa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.364265/gov.uscourts.cand.364265.48.0_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ya jagoranci fafatawar ''Musk da Altman'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Belanger |first=Ashley |date=2026-05-13 |title=Altman forced to confront claims at OpenAI trial that he's a prolific liar |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/05/altman-forced-to-confront-claims-at-openai-trial-that-hes-a-prolific-liar/ |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu haka tana jagorantar shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa tsohon magajin garin Oakland Sheng Thao . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-15 |title=Federal judge limits prosecution exhibits against former Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao |url=https://abc7news.com/post/federal-judge-limits-prosecution-exhibits-former-oakland-mayor-sheng-thao/19680240/ |access-date=2026-08-16 |website=ABC7 San Francisco |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers ne ke jagorantar shari'ar Meta inda ake zargin Meta da cutar da yara ta hanyar amfani da fasahar jaraba da kuma karya dokokin tarayya kan sirrin yara da kariyar masu amfani da algorithms da tattara bayanai. An kuma kafa mata doka kan shari'ar tare da taimakon alkalan shari'a masu ba da shawara guda takwas.

== Manyan ayyuka ==
An zaɓe Rogers a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka a shekarar 1990 kuma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar ALI a shekarar 2009.  A halin yanzu tana shugabantar Kwamitin Membobin ALI kuma tana aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan aikin Ka'idojin Dokar Zaɓe: Solution of Election Crimes na ALI. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mijin Rogers, Matthew C. Rogers, ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Obama .   Ma'auratan suna zaune a Piedmont, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;mercury_news_20110505&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a California
* Jerin lauyoyin Hispanic da Latino American

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
* Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers at Ballotpedia
{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Vaughn Walker]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]|years=2011–present}}
{{S-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Seeborg]]}}
{{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|Chief Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]}}|years=2026–present}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>965062</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378157292|People's Redemption Party]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a''' jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] da dimokuradiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;Africa Elects&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=africaelects.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Kind Of A Political Party Is The PRP? |url=https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |publisher=Peoples Redemption Party |quote=The PRP shall be a radical transformative people-oriented social democratic party.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Na Biyu]] ta Kungiyar Progressive Union ta Arewa da kuma Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta irin wannan sunan, magoya bayan Mallam [[Aminu Kano]] ne suka kirkiro jam'iyyar bayan ya janye daga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi tsawo a tarihin Najeriya.

An dakatar da jam'iyyar ta asali bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . A cikin Jamhuriyar Hudu, jam'iyyar da ke da wannan sunan ta sake fitowa a karkashin jagorancin [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa]] amma ba ta iya samun irin wannan matakin tallafi kamar yadda Jamhuriyarsa ta Biyu take ba.

== Tarihi ==
Bayan da aka tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dawowa ga mulkin farar hula, manyan 'yan siyasa na Najeriya sun shirya jerin tarurruka na siyasa da nufin kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta iya wuce iyakokin kabilanci, wannan ya ƙare a cikin kafa National Movement .  A watan Satumbar 1978, duk da haka, rikici a daya daga cikin tarurruka na ƙarshe na motsi tsakanin Malam [[Aminu Kano]] (wanda ya kasance babban zakara na hagu) da wasu tsoffin mambobin [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa]] ya haifar da wani bangare na yawancin masu ilimi na Marxist da suka rabu, suna zargin ɓoyewar masu hagu a Najeriya. Wadannan 'yan hagu sun bayyana kafa PRP a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peoples Redemption Party |year=1982 |title=Myth and Relities of our Struggle |journal=Myth and Realities of Our Struggle |series=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarun 1980 ===
A cikin shekarun 1980s, hadin gwiwar 'yan siyasa da ke kiran kansu &quot;Progressives&quot; sun yi kira ga wani bangare na kasa da ke adawa da NPN mai mulki kuma a shekarar 1981 wani taron gwamnonin adawa a Najeriya ya shirya a cikin 'Progressive Governors Forum'.  Kasancewar gwamnonin PRP da 'yan majalisa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance a 1982 suna kira ga babbar jam'iyya mai ci gaba  nan da nan ya haifar da rikici a cikin jam'iyyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot; /&gt; A tsakiyar shekara ta 1982, dakatarwar Gwamnonin PRP ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Kano da kuma kin amincewa da dakatarwar da [[Michael Imoudu]] (Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar a lokacin) ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta hukuma.

=== Shugaban kasa ===
Bayan kafa PRP, an gayyaci [[Aminu Kano]] da sauran fitattun 'yan hagu,  kuma nan da nan aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1979, jam'iyyar ta sami damar kama jihohi biyu daga cikin 19 kuma ta zo ta huɗu a zaben kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot; /&gt; Aminu Kano ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. Khalifa Hassan Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa.

== Jamhuriyar ta huɗu ==
Tare da dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a cikin 1999, wasu tsoffin mambobin PRP da suka mutu yanzu sun yi ƙoƙari su sake dawo da shi ba tare da samun nasara ba. Kodayake yawancin tsoffin mambobinta har yanzu suna da'awar wasu irin aminci ga ƙungiyar Sawabist, galibi sun kasance cikin wasu jam'iyyun siyasa.

Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Balarabe Musa]] shine shugabanta tun lokacin da aka sake haife ta a lokacin Jamhuriyar 4. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, Balarabe Musa ya bar siyasa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya,  kuma ya sauka daga mukamin shugabancin jam'iyyar don ba da damar matasa 'yan siyasa su karbe mulki.  An sanar da Falalu Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar.

== Duba kuma ==
 

* [[Aminu Kano]]
* [[Dandalin Gwamnonin Cigaba|Cibiyar Gwamnoni masu ci gaba (PGF)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://prpnigeria.ng/}}</text>
      <sha1>rudxpu4fd9qcv5w9qcx4cpxgbbielso</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>965063</id>
      <parentid>965062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T06:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>965063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4558" sha1="5esgf85q5q1sthswcosb3eeo3i6kpkt" xml:space="preserve">
 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Muhammad Al Fatih Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a''' jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] da dimokuradiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;Africa Elects&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=africaelects.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Kind Of A Political Party Is The PRP? |url=https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |publisher=Peoples Redemption Party |quote=The PRP shall be a radical transformative people-oriented social democratic party.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Na Biyu]] ta Kungiyar Progressive Union ta Arewa da kuma Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta irin wannan sunan, magoya bayan Mallam [[Aminu Kano]] ne suka kirkiro jam'iyyar bayan ya janye daga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi tsawo a tarihin Najeriya.

An dakatar da jam'iyyar ta asali bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . A cikin Jamhuriyar Hudu, jam'iyyar da ke da wannan sunan ta sake fitowa a karkashin jagorancin [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa]] amma ba ta iya samun irin wannan matakin tallafi kamar yadda Jamhuriyarsa ta Biyu take ba.

== Tarihi ==
Bayan da aka tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dawowa ga mulkin farar hula, manyan 'yan siyasa na Najeriya sun shirya jerin tarurruka na siyasa da nufin kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta iya wuce iyakokin kabilanci, wannan ya ƙare a cikin kafa National Movement .  A watan Satumbar 1978, duk da haka, rikici a daya daga cikin tarurruka na ƙarshe na motsi tsakanin Malam [[Aminu Kano]] (wanda ya kasance babban zakara na hagu) da wasu tsoffin mambobin [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa]] ya haifar da wani bangare na yawancin masu ilimi na Marxist da suka rabu, suna zargin ɓoyewar masu hagu a Najeriya. Wadannan 'yan hagu sun bayyana kafa PRP a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peoples Redemption Party |year=1982 |title=Myth and Relities of our Struggle |journal=Myth and Realities of Our Struggle |series=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarun 1980 ===
A cikin shekarun 1980s, hadin gwiwar 'yan siyasa da ke kiran kansu &quot;Progressives&quot; sun yi kira ga wani bangare na kasa da ke adawa da NPN mai mulki kuma a shekarar 1981 wani taron gwamnonin adawa a Najeriya ya shirya a cikin 'Progressive Governors Forum'.  Kasancewar gwamnonin PRP da 'yan majalisa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance a 1982 suna kira ga babbar jam'iyya mai ci gaba  nan da nan ya haifar da rikici a cikin jam'iyyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot; /&gt; A tsakiyar shekara ta 1982, dakatarwar Gwamnonin PRP ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Kano da kuma kin amincewa da dakatarwar da [[Michael Imoudu]] (Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar a lokacin) ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta hukuma.

=== Shugaban kasa ===
Bayan kafa PRP, an gayyaci [[Aminu Kano]] da sauran fitattun 'yan hagu,  kuma nan da nan aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1979, jam'iyyar ta sami damar kama jihohi biyu daga cikin 19 kuma ta zo ta huɗu a zaben kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot; /&gt; Aminu Kano ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. Khalifa Hassan Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa.

== Jamhuriyar ta huɗu ==
Tare da dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a cikin 1999, wasu tsoffin mambobin PRP da suka mutu yanzu sun yi ƙoƙari su sake dawo da shi ba tare da samun nasara ba. Kodayake yawancin tsoffin mambobinta har yanzu suna da'awar wasu irin aminci ga ƙungiyar Sawabist, galibi sun kasance cikin wasu jam'iyyun siyasa.

Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Balarabe Musa]] shine shugabanta tun lokacin da aka sake haife ta a lokacin Jamhuriyar 4. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, Balarabe Musa ya bar siyasa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya,  kuma ya sauka daga mukamin shugabancin jam'iyyar don ba da damar matasa 'yan siyasa su karbe mulki.  An sanar da Falalu Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar.

== Duba kuma ==
 

* [[Aminu Kano]]
* [[Dandalin Gwamnonin Cigaba|Cibiyar Gwamnoni masu ci gaba (PGF)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://prpnigeria.ng/}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>965065</id>
      <parentid>965063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T06:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>965065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4540" sha1="b7yqphbqzy1bdh18i3a89y8vtvhm4h2" xml:space="preserve">
 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a''' jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] da dimokuradiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;Africa Elects&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=africaelects.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Kind Of A Political Party Is The PRP? |url=https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |publisher=Peoples Redemption Party |quote=The PRP shall be a radical transformative people-oriented social democratic party.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Na Biyu]] ta Kungiyar Progressive Union ta Arewa da kuma Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta irin wannan sunan, magoya bayan Mallam [[Aminu Kano]] ne suka kirkiro jam'iyyar bayan ya janye daga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi tsawo a tarihin Najeriya.

An dakatar da jam'iyyar ta asali bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . A cikin Jamhuriyar Hudu, jam'iyyar da ke da wannan sunan ta sake fitowa a karkashin jagorancin [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa]] amma ba ta iya samun irin wannan matakin tallafi kamar yadda Jamhuriyarsa ta Biyu take ba.

== Tarihi ==
Bayan da aka tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dawowa ga mulkin farar hula, manyan 'yan siyasa na Najeriya sun shirya jerin tarurruka na siyasa da nufin kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta iya wuce iyakokin kabilanci, wannan ya ƙare a cikin kafa National Movement .  A watan Satumbar 1978, duk da haka, rikici a daya daga cikin tarurruka na ƙarshe na motsi tsakanin Malam [[Aminu Kano]] (wanda ya kasance babban zakara na hagu) da wasu tsoffin mambobin [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa]] ya haifar da wani bangare na yawancin masu ilimi na Marxist da suka rabu, suna zargin ɓoyewar masu hagu a Najeriya. Wadannan 'yan hagu sun bayyana kafa PRP a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peoples Redemption Party |year=1982 |title=Myth and Relities of our Struggle |journal=Myth and Realities of Our Struggle |series=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarun 1980 ===
A cikin shekarun 1980s, hadin gwiwar 'yan siyasa da ke kiran kansu &quot;Progressives&quot; sun yi kira ga wani bangare na kasa da ke adawa da NPN mai mulki kuma a shekarar 1981 wani taron gwamnonin adawa a Najeriya ya shirya a cikin 'Progressive Governors Forum'.  Kasancewar gwamnonin PRP da 'yan majalisa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance a 1982 suna kira ga babbar jam'iyya mai ci gaba  nan da nan ya haifar da rikici a cikin jam'iyyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot; /&gt; A tsakiyar shekara ta 1982, dakatarwar Gwamnonin PRP ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Kano da kuma kin amincewa da dakatarwar da [[Michael Imoudu]] (Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar a lokacin) ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta hukuma.

=== Shugaban kasa ===
Bayan kafa PRP, an gayyaci [[Aminu Kano]] da sauran fitattun 'yan hagu,  kuma nan da nan aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1979, jam'iyyar ta sami damar kama jihohi biyu daga cikin 19 kuma ta zo ta huɗu a zaben kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot; /&gt; Aminu Kano ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. Khalifa Hassan Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa.

== Jamhuriyar ta huɗu ==
Tare da dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a cikin 1999, wasu tsoffin mambobin PRP da suka mutu yanzu sun yi ƙoƙari su sake dawo da shi ba tare da samun nasara ba. Kodayake yawancin tsoffin mambobinta har yanzu suna da'awar wasu irin aminci ga ƙungiyar Sawabist, galibi sun kasance cikin wasu jam'iyyun siyasa.

Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Balarabe Musa]] shine shugabanta tun lokacin da aka sake haife ta a lokacin Jamhuriyar 4. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, Balarabe Musa ya bar siyasa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya,  kuma ya sauka daga mukamin shugabancin jam'iyyar don ba da damar matasa 'yan siyasa su karbe mulki.  An sanar da Falalu Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar.

== Duba kuma ==
 

* [[Aminu Kano]]
* [[Dandalin Gwamnonin Cigaba|Cibiyar Gwamnoni masu ci gaba (PGF)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://prpnigeria.ng/}}</text>
      <sha1>b7yqphbqzy1bdh18i3a89y8vtvhm4h2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>965068</id>
      <parentid>965065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T07:04:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a''' jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] da dimokuradiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;Africa Elects&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=africaelects.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Kind Of A Political Party Is The PRP? |url=https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |publisher=Peoples Redemption Party |quote=The PRP shall be a radical transformative people-oriented social democratic party.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Na Biyu]] ta Kungiyar Progressive Union ta Arewa da kuma Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta irin wannan sunan, magoya bayan Mallam [[Aminu Kano]] ne suka kirkiro jam'iyyar bayan ya janye daga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi tsawo a tarihin Najeriya.

An dakatar da jam'iyyar ta asali bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . A cikin Jamhuriyar Hudu, jam'iyyar da ke da wannan sunan ta sake fitowa a karkashin jagorancin [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa]] amma ba ta iya samun irin wannan matakin tallafi kamar yadda Jamhuriyarsa ta Biyu take ba.

== Tarihi ==
Bayan da aka tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dawowa ga mulkin farar hula, manyan 'yan siyasa na Najeriya sun shirya jerin tarurruka na siyasa da nufin kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta iya wuce iyakokin kabilanci, wannan ya ƙare a cikin kafa National Movement .&lt;ref name=Feinstein&gt;{{cite book|last=Feinstein|first=Alan|title=African Revolutionary, the life and times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Satumbar 1978, duk da haka, rikici a daya daga cikin tarurruka na ƙarshe na motsi tsakanin Malam [[Aminu Kano]] (wanda ya kasance babban zakara na hagu) da wasu tsoffin mambobin [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa]] ya haifar da wani bangare na yawancin masu ilimi na Marxist da suka rabu, suna zargin ɓoyewar masu hagu a Najeriya. Wadannan 'yan hagu sun bayyana kafa PRP a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peoples Redemption Party |year=1982 |title=Myth and Relities of our Struggle |journal=Myth and Realities of Our Struggle |series=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarun 1980 ===
A cikin shekarun 1980s, hadin gwiwar 'yan siyasa da ke kiran kansu &quot;Progressives&quot; sun yi kira ga wani bangare na kasa da ke adawa da NPN mai mulki kuma a shekarar 1981 wani taron gwamnonin adawa a Najeriya ya shirya a cikin 'Progressive Governors Forum'.  Kasancewar gwamnonin PRP da 'yan majalisa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance a 1982 suna kira ga babbar jam'iyya mai ci gaba  nan da nan ya haifar da rikici a cikin jam'iyyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot; /&gt; A tsakiyar shekara ta 1982, dakatarwar Gwamnonin PRP ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Kano da kuma kin amincewa da dakatarwar da [[Michael Imoudu]] (Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar a lokacin) ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta hukuma.

=== Shugaban kasa ===
Bayan kafa PRP, an gayyaci [[Aminu Kano]] da sauran fitattun 'yan hagu,  kuma nan da nan aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1979, jam'iyyar ta sami damar kama jihohi biyu daga cikin 19 kuma ta zo ta huɗu a zaben kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot; /&gt; Aminu Kano ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. Khalifa Hassan Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa.

== Jamhuriyar ta huɗu ==
Tare da dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a cikin 1999, wasu tsoffin mambobin PRP da suka mutu yanzu sun yi ƙoƙari su sake dawo da shi ba tare da samun nasara ba. Kodayake yawancin tsoffin mambobinta har yanzu suna da'awar wasu irin aminci ga ƙungiyar Sawabist, galibi sun kasance cikin wasu jam'iyyun siyasa.

Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Balarabe Musa]] shine shugabanta tun lokacin da aka sake haife ta a lokacin Jamhuriyar 4. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, Balarabe Musa ya bar siyasa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya,  kuma ya sauka daga mukamin shugabancin jam'iyyar don ba da damar matasa 'yan siyasa su karbe mulki.  An sanar da Falalu Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar.

== Duba kuma ==
 

* [[Aminu Kano]]
* [[Dandalin Gwamnonin Cigaba|Cibiyar Gwamnoni masu ci gaba (PGF)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://prpnigeria.ng/}}</text>
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        <username>A Sulaiman Z</username>
        <id>13085</id>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a''' jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|zamantakewar dimokuradiyya]] da dimokuradiyar &lt;ref name=&quot;Africa Elects&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=africaelects.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Kind Of A Political Party Is The PRP? |url=https://prpnigeria.ng/?page_id=1193 |publisher=Peoples Redemption Party |quote=The PRP shall be a radical transformative people-oriented social democratic party.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyar Na Biyu]] ta Kungiyar Progressive Union ta Arewa da kuma Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta irin wannan sunan, magoya bayan Mallam [[Aminu Kano]] ne suka kirkiro jam'iyyar bayan ya janye daga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi tsawo a tarihin Najeriya.

An dakatar da jam'iyyar ta asali bayan [[Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1983|Juyin mulkin soja na 1983]] karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] . A cikin Jamhuriyar Hudu, jam'iyyar da ke da wannan sunan ta sake fitowa a karkashin jagorancin [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa]] amma ba ta iya samun irin wannan matakin tallafi kamar yadda Jamhuriyarsa ta Biyu take ba.

== Tarihi ==
Bayan da aka tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dawowa ga mulkin farar hula, manyan 'yan siyasa na Najeriya sun shirya jerin tarurruka na siyasa da nufin kirkirar jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta iya wuce iyakokin kabilanci, wannan ya ƙare a cikin kafa National Movement .&lt;ref name=Feinstein&gt;{{cite book|last=Feinstein|first=Alan|title=African Revolutionary, the life and times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Satumbar 1978, duk da haka, rikici a daya daga cikin tarurruka na ƙarshe na motsi tsakanin Malam [[Aminu Kano]] (wanda ya kasance babban zakara na hagu) da wasu tsoffin mambobin [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa]] ya haifar da wani bangare na yawancin masu ilimi na Marxist da suka rabu, suna zargin ɓoyewar masu hagu a Najeriya. Wadannan 'yan hagu sun bayyana kafa PRP a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peoples Redemption Party |year=1982 |title=Myth and Relities of our Struggle |journal=Myth and Realities of Our Struggle |series=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekarun 1980 ===
A cikin shekarun 1980s, hadin gwiwar 'yan siyasa da ke kiran kansu &quot;Progressives&quot; sun yi kira ga wani bangare na kasa da ke adawa da NPN mai mulki kuma a shekarar 1981 wani taron gwamnonin adawa a Najeriya ya shirya a cikin 'Progressive Governors Forum'.  Kasancewar gwamnonin PRP da 'yan majalisa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance a 1982 suna kira ga babbar jam'iyya mai ci gaba  nan da nan ya haifar da rikici a cikin jam'iyyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;prp1&quot; /&gt; A tsakiyar shekara ta 1982, dakatarwar Gwamnonin PRP ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Kano da kuma kin amincewa da dakatarwar da [[Michael Imoudu]] (Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar a lokacin) ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta hukuma.

=== Shugaban kasa ===
Bayan kafa PRP, an gayyaci [[Aminu Kano]] da sauran fitattun 'yan hagu,  kuma nan da nan aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1979, jam'iyyar ta sami damar kama jihohi biyu daga cikin 19 kuma ta zo ta huɗu a zaben kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinstein&quot; /&gt; Aminu Kano ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983, kafin zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar. Khalifa Hassan Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa.

== Jamhuriyar ta huɗu ==
Tare da dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a cikin 1999, wasu tsoffin mambobin PRP da suka mutu yanzu sun yi ƙoƙari su sake dawo da shi ba tare da samun nasara ba. Kodayake yawancin tsoffin mambobinta har yanzu suna da'awar wasu irin aminci ga ƙungiyar Sawabist, galibi sun kasance cikin wasu jam'iyyun siyasa.

Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Balarabe Musa]] shine shugabanta tun lokacin da aka sake haife ta a lokacin Jamhuriyar 4. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, Balarabe Musa ya bar siyasa saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya,  kuma ya sauka daga mukamin shugabancin jam'iyyar don ba da damar matasa 'yan siyasa su karbe mulki.  An sanar da Falalu Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban jam'iyyar.

== Duba kuma ==
 

* [[Aminu Kano]]
* [[Dandalin Gwamnonin Cigaba|Cibiyar Gwamnoni masu ci gaba (PGF)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://prpnigeria.ng/}}</text>
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[[File:Walton_J._Wood,_1930.jpg|thumb|Walton J. Wood]]
Walton Jones Wood (August 5, 1878 – September 2, 1945) was an American attorney and jurist who served as the first public defender in United States history from 1914 to 1921 and as an associate justice of the California Second District Court of Appeal, Division Two from 1935 to 1945, having been appointed to the latter post by Republican Governor Frank Merriam.

Born in Oroville, California, Wood earned his A.B. from [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]] in 1901, and did graduate work at Vanderbilt University and the UC Berkeley School of Law.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Walton J. Wood |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf |publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He served as an attorney in private practice in the [[Filipin|Philippines]] from 1902 to 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;  Earning admission to the California State Bar in January 1907, Wood served as an attorney in private practice in Los Angeles, [[California]] from 1907 to 1913.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;  From 1913 to 1914, he was a Deputy City Attorney for Los Angeles.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

On January 6, 1914, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors appointed Wood the first public defender in U.S. history.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://pd.co.la.ca.us/History.html |publisher=Office of the [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] [[Public Defender]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Under Wood's leadership, the new Public Defender's Office handled over one hundred cases per week, including an average of forty-five felony cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Criminal Justice Wall of Fame |url=http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211921/http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-10 |access-date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Los Angeles Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wood left the public defender's post on January 2, 1921, when Republican Governor William Stephens appointed him a judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot; /&gt;  Wood left the Superior Court on September 5, 1935, upon his appointment to the appeals bench.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot; /&gt;

Wood died in office in Pasadena, California on September 2, 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

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[[File:Walton_J._Wood,_1930.jpg|thumb|Walton J. Wood]]
Walton Jones Wood (August 5, 1878 – September 2, 1945) was an American attorney and jurist who served as the first public defender in United States history from 1914 to 1921 and as an associate justice of the California Second District Court of Appeal, Division Two from 1935 to 1945, having been appointed to the latter post by Republican Governor Frank Merriam.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf|title=Walton J. Wood|publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Born in Oroville, California, Wood earned his A.B. from [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]] in 1901, and did graduate work at Vanderbilt University and the UC Berkeley School of Law.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Walton J. Wood |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf |publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He served as an attorney in private practice in the [[Filipin|Philippines]] from 1902 to 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;  Earning admission to the California State Bar in January 1907, Wood served as an attorney in private practice in Los Angeles, [[California]] from 1907 to 1913.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;  From 1913 to 1914, he was a Deputy City Attorney for Los Angeles.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

On January 6, 1914, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors appointed Wood the first public defender in U.S. history.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://pd.co.la.ca.us/History.html |publisher=Office of the [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] [[Public Defender]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Under Wood's leadership, the new Public Defender's Office handled over one hundred cases per week, including an average of forty-five felony cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Criminal Justice Wall of Fame |url=http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211921/http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-10 |access-date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Los Angeles Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wood left the public defender's post on January 2, 1921, when Republican Governor William Stephens appointed him a judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot; /&gt;  Wood left the Superior Court on September 5, 1935, upon his appointment to the appeals bench.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot; /&gt;

Wood died in office in Pasadena, California on September 2, 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

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[[File:Walton_J._Wood,_1930.jpg|thumb|Walton J. Wood]]
Walton Jones Wood (5 ga Agusta, 1878 - 2 ga Satumba, 1945) lauya ne kuma lauya ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kare jama'a na farko a tarihin Amurka daga 1914 zuwa 1921 kuma a matsayin alkalin kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta gundumar California ta biyu, Sashe na Biyu daga 1935 zuwa 1945, bayan da gwamnan Republican Frank Merriam ya naɗa shi a matsayin na ƙarshe.

An haife shi a Oroville, California, Wood ya sami digirin BA daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1901, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Vanderbilt da kuma Makarantar Shari'a ta UC Berkeley . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Walton J. Wood |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf |publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a fannin shari'a a [[Filipin|Philippines]] daga 1902 zuwa 1906. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; Da ya sami shiga Lauyan Jihar California a watan Janairun 1907, Wood ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a fannin shari'a a Los Angeles, [[California]] daga 1907 zuwa 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; Daga 1913 zuwa 1914, ya kasance Mataimakin Lauyan Birni na Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1914, Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles ta naɗa Wood a matsayin mai kare jama'a na farko a tarihin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://pd.co.la.ca.us/History.html |publisher=Office of the [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] [[Public Defender]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Wood, sabon Ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a ya kula da shari'o'i sama da ɗari a kowane mako, ciki har da matsakaicin shari'o'in manyan laifuka arba'in da biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Criminal Justice Wall of Fame |url=http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211921/http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-10 |access-date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Los Angeles Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wood ya bar mukamin mai kare jama'a a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1921, lokacin da Gwamnan Republican William Stephens ya naɗa shi alkali a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot; /&gt; Wood ya bar Kotun Koli a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1935, bayan naɗinsa a matsayin alkalin alkalai. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot; /&gt;

Wood ya mutu a kan mulki a Pasadena, California a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

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[[File:Walton_J._Wood,_1930.jpg|thumb|Walton J. Wood]]
Walton Jones Wood (5 ga Agusta, 1878 - 2 ga Satumba, 1945) lauya ne kuma lauya ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kare jama'a na farko a tarihin Amurka daga 1914 zuwa 1921 kuma a matsayin alkalin kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta gundumar California ta biyu, Sashe na Biyu daga 1935 zuwa 1945, bayan da gwamnan Republican Frank Merriam ya naɗa shi a matsayin na ƙarshe.ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf|title=Walton J. Wood|publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


An haife shi a Oroville, California, Wood ya sami digirin BA daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1901, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Vanderbilt da kuma Makarantar Shari'a ta UC Berkeley . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Walton J. Wood |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf |publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a fannin shari'a a [[Filipin|Philippines]] daga 1902 zuwa 1906. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; Da ya sami shiga Lauyan Jihar California a watan Janairun 1907, Wood ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a fannin shari'a a Los Angeles, [[California]] daga 1907 zuwa 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; Daga 1913 zuwa 1914, ya kasance Mataimakin Lauyan Birni na Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1914, Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles ta naɗa Wood a matsayin mai kare jama'a na farko a tarihin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://pd.co.la.ca.us/History.html |publisher=Office of the [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] [[Public Defender]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Wood, sabon Ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a ya kula da shari'o'i sama da ɗari a kowane mako, ciki har da matsakaicin shari'o'in manyan laifuka arba'in da biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Criminal Justice Wall of Fame |url=http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211921/http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-10 |access-date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Los Angeles Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wood ya bar mukamin mai kare jama'a a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1921, lokacin da Gwamnan Republican William Stephens ya naɗa shi alkali a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot; /&gt; Wood ya bar Kotun Koli a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1935, bayan naɗinsa a matsayin alkalin alkalai. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot; /&gt;

Wood ya mutu a kan mulki a Pasadena, California a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

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[[File:Walton_J._Wood,_1930.jpg|thumb|Walton J. Wood]]
Walton Jones Wood (5 ga Agusta, 1878 - 2 ga Satumba, 1945) lauya ne kuma lauya ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kare jama'a na farko a tarihin Amurka daga 1914 zuwa 1921 kuma a matsayin alkalin kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta gundumar California ta biyu, Sashe na Biyu daga 1935 zuwa 1945, bayan da gwamnan Republican Frank Merriam ya naɗa shi a matsayin na ƙarshe.&lt;ref &gt;name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf|title=Walton J. Wood|publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


An haife shi a Oroville, California, Wood ya sami digirin BA daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1901, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Vanderbilt da kuma Makarantar Shari'a ta UC Berkeley . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Walton J. Wood |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/WoodW.pdf |publisher=[[Judicial Council of California]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a fannin shari'a a [[Filipin|Philippines]] daga 1902 zuwa 1906. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; Da ya sami shiga Lauyan Jihar California a watan Janairun 1907, Wood ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a fannin shari'a a Los Angeles, [[California]] daga 1907 zuwa 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; Daga 1913 zuwa 1914, ya kasance Mataimakin Lauyan Birni na Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1914, Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Los Angeles ta naɗa Wood a matsayin mai kare jama'a na farko a tarihin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://pd.co.la.ca.us/History.html |publisher=Office of the [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] [[Public Defender]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Wood, sabon Ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a ya kula da shari'o'i sama da ɗari a kowane mako, ciki har da matsakaicin shari'o'in manyan laifuka arba'in da biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Criminal Justice Wall of Fame |url=http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211921/http://www.lacba.org/Files/Main%20Folder/News/HomepageArticles/Files/CrimWallOfFameNames3.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-10 |access-date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Los Angeles Bar Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wood ya bar mukamin mai kare jama'a a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1921, lokacin da Gwamnan Republican William Stephens ya naɗa shi alkali a Kotun Koli ta Gundumar Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LACounty&quot; /&gt; Wood ya bar Kotun Koli a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1935, bayan naɗinsa a matsayin alkalin alkalai. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LABar&quot; /&gt;

Wood ya mutu a kan mulki a Pasadena, California a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;officialbio&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aron Modig</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378211207|Aron Modig]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Aron Modig''' (born 13 June 1985) is a Swedish politician who was chairman of the Young Christian Democrats, the youth wing of the Christian Democrats from 2011 to 2013.

== 2012 car crash ==
In July 2012, he visited Cuba to show support for the nation's pro-democracy activists. On July 22, he was injured in a car crash while traveling with dissident and Sakharov Prize-winner Oswaldo Payá. Payá was killed at the scene.

Details of the crash are disputed. Payá's daughter Rosa María stated that her father died after the rental car in which he was traveling was rammed several times by another car.&lt;ref name=&quot;G237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Watts |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuban dissident Oswaldo Payá's death 'no accident', claims daughter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/23/oswaldo-paya-death-no-accident |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Payá's son Oswaldo added that his father had received numerous death threats and agreed that his car had been deliberately driven off the road.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuba dissident 'driven off road' to death, says family |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18963608 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official statement by the Cuban government said that the driver lost control of the vehicle and collided with a tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;TL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Swedish youth politician injured in Cuba car crash |url=http://www.thelocal.se/42174/20120723/ |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=[[The Local]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot; /&gt; Modig tells that he subsequently was taken away to an unknown place and held captive for eight days by government officials. There he was being interrogated and scolded by terms: &quot;You shouldn't come to our country to meddle in our affairs!&quot;. He was queried about the political purposes with his stay in Cuba, but no questions were asked about the crash. At a press conference arranged by Cuban authorities on 30 July, Modig and the driver and second survivor, Ángel Carromero, stated that the crash was an accident and no other car was involved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Bilkrasch i Kuba 'en olyckshändelse' |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/utrikes/bilkrasch-i-kuba-en-olyckshandelse_7384262.svd |access-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=SVD |language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2023 ruling by the [[Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka|Inter-American Commission of Human Rights]] (IACHR) held the Cuban state responsible for the murder of Oswaldo Payá.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378211207|Aron Modig]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Aron Modig''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1985)  ɗan siyasan Sweden ne wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Young Christian Democrats, ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Christian Democrats daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2013.

== Hadarin mota na 2012 ==
A watan Yulin 2012, ya ziyarci Cuba don nuna goyon baya ga masu gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya na kasar. A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin, ya ji rauni a hadarin mota yayin da yake tafiya tare da mai adawa da Sakharov Prize Oswaldo Payá . An kashe Payá a wurin.

Bayanan hadarin suna jayayya. 'Yar Payá Rosa María ta bayyana cewa mahaifinta ya mutu bayan motar haya da yake tafiya a ciki ta buge ta sau da yawa ta wata mota.&lt;ref name=&quot;G237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Watts |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuban dissident Oswaldo Payá's death 'no accident', claims daughter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/23/oswaldo-paya-death-no-accident |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dan Payá Oswaldo ya kara da cewa mahaifinsa ya sami barazanar mutuwa da yawa kuma ya yarda cewa an kori motarsa da gangan daga hanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuba dissident 'driven off road' to death, says family |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18963608 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanarwar hukuma ta gwamnatin Cuba ta ce direban ya rasa iko da abin hawa kuma ya yi karo da itace.&lt;ref name=&quot;TL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Swedish youth politician injured in Cuba car crash |url=http://www.thelocal.se/42174/20120723/ |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=[[The Local]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot; /&gt; Modig ya ce daga baya jami'an gwamnati suka kai shi wani wuri da ba a sani ba kuma suka tsare shi har kwana takwas. A can ana tambayarsa kuma ana tsawata masa da sharuddan: &quot;Bai kamata ku zo kasarmu don shiga cikin al'amuranmu ba!&quot;. An tambaye shi game da dalilan siyasa tare da zamansa a Cuba, amma ba a tambayi wani tambayoyi game da hadarin ba. A wani taron manema labarai da hukumomin Cuba suka shirya a ranar 30 ga Yuli, Modig da direban kuma wanda ya tsira na biyu, Angel Carromero, sun bayyana cewa hadarin hatsari ne kuma babu wata mota da ta shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Bilkrasch i Kuba 'en olyckshändelse' |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/utrikes/bilkrasch-i-kuba-en-olyckshandelse_7384262.svd |access-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=SVD |language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani hukunci na 2023 da [[Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka]] (IACHR) ta yanke wa jihar Cuban alhakin kisan Oswaldo Payá. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <id>47435</id>
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      <comment>/* Hadarin mota na 2012 */</comment>
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'''Aron Modig''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1985)  ɗan siyasan Sweden ne wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Young Christian Democrats, ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Christian Democrats daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2013.

== Hadarin mota na 2012 ==
A watan Yulin 2012, ya ziyarci Cuba don nuna goyon baya ga masu gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya na kasar. A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin, ya ji rauni a hadarin mota yayin da yake tafiya tare da mai adawa da Sakharov Prize Oswaldo Payá . An kashe Payá a wurin.&lt;ref name=TL&gt;{{cite web|title=Swedish youth politician injured in Cuba car crash|url=http://www.thelocal.se/42174/20120723/|date=23 July 2012 |work=[[The Local]]|accessdate=23 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Bayanan hadarin suna jayayya. 'Yar Payá Rosa María ta bayyana cewa mahaifinta ya mutu bayan motar haya da yake tafiya a ciki ta buge ta sau da yawa ta wata mota.&lt;ref name=&quot;G237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Watts |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuban dissident Oswaldo Payá's death 'no accident', claims daughter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/23/oswaldo-paya-death-no-accident |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dan Payá Oswaldo ya kara da cewa mahaifinsa ya sami barazanar mutuwa da yawa kuma ya yarda cewa an kori motarsa da gangan daga hanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuba dissident 'driven off road' to death, says family |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18963608 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanarwar hukuma ta gwamnatin Cuba ta ce direban ya rasa iko da abin hawa kuma ya yi karo da itace.&lt;ref name=&quot;TL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Swedish youth politician injured in Cuba car crash |url=http://www.thelocal.se/42174/20120723/ |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=[[The Local]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot; /&gt; Modig ya ce daga baya jami'an gwamnati suka kai shi wani wuri da ba a sani ba kuma suka tsare shi har kwana takwas. A can ana tambayarsa kuma ana tsawata masa da sharuddan: &quot;Bai kamata ku zo kasarmu don shiga cikin al'amuranmu ba!&quot;. An tambaye shi game da dalilan siyasa tare da zamansa a Cuba, amma ba a tambayi wani tambayoyi game da hadarin ba. A wani taron manema labarai da hukumomin Cuba suka shirya a ranar 30 ga Yuli, Modig da direban kuma wanda ya tsira na biyu, Angel Carromero, sun bayyana cewa hadarin hatsari ne kuma babu wata mota da ta shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Bilkrasch i Kuba 'en olyckshändelse' |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/utrikes/bilkrasch-i-kuba-en-olyckshandelse_7384262.svd |access-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=SVD |language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani hukunci na 2023 da [[Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka]] (IACHR) ta yanke wa jihar Cuban alhakin kisan Oswaldo Payá.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Aron Modig''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1985)  ɗan siyasan Sweden ne wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Young Christian Democrats, ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Christian Democrats daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2013.

== Hadarin mota na 2012 ==
A watan Yulin 2012, ya ziyarci Cuba don nuna goyon baya ga masu gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya na kasar. A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin, ya ji rauni a hadarin mota yayin da yake tafiya tare da mai adawa da Sakharov Prize Oswaldo Payá . An kashe Payá a wurin.&lt;ref name=TL&gt;{{cite web|title=Swedish youth politician injured in Cuba car crash|url=http://www.thelocal.se/42174/20120723/|date=23 July 2012 |work=[[The Local]]|accessdate=23 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Bayanan hadarin suna jayayya. 'Yar Payá Rosa María ta bayyana cewa mahaifinta ya mutu bayan motar haya da yake tafiya a ciki ta buge ta sau da yawa ta wata mota.&lt;ref name=&quot;G237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Watts |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuban dissident Oswaldo Payá's death 'no accident', claims daughter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/23/oswaldo-paya-death-no-accident |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dan Payá Oswaldo ya kara da cewa mahaifinsa ya sami barazanar mutuwa da yawa kuma ya yarda cewa an kori motarsa da gangan daga hanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Cuba dissident 'driven off road' to death, says family |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18963608 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanarwar hukuma ta gwamnatin Cuba ta ce direban ya rasa iko da abin hawa kuma ya yi karo da itace.&lt;ref name=&quot;TL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Swedish youth politician injured in Cuba car crash |url=http://www.thelocal.se/42174/20120723/ |access-date=23 July 2012 |website=[[The Local]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC237&quot; /&gt; Modig ya ce daga baya jami'an gwamnati suka kai shi wani wuri da ba a sani ba kuma suka tsare shi har kwana takwas. A can ana tambayarsa kuma ana tsawata masa da sharuddan: &quot;Bai kamata ku zo kasarmu don shiga cikin al'amuranmu ba!&quot;. An tambaye shi game da dalilan siyasa tare da zamansa a Cuba, amma ba a tambayi wani tambayoyi game da hadarin ba. A wani taron manema labarai da hukumomin Cuba suka shirya a ranar 30 ga Yuli, Modig da direban kuma wanda ya tsira na biyu, Angel Carromero, sun bayyana cewa hadarin hatsari ne kuma babu wata mota da ta shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Bilkrasch i Kuba 'en olyckshändelse' |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/utrikes/bilkrasch-i-kuba-en-olyckshandelse_7384262.svd |access-date=30 July 2012 |publisher=SVD |language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani hukunci na 2023 da [[Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka]] (IACHR) ta yanke wa jihar Cuban alhakin kisan Oswaldo Payá.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Waja</title>
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        <id>48956</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1148796864|Waja]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Waja''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Waja Temuga''') wani gari ne a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] .  Da yake a cikin Yankin Debubawi na Yankin Tigray, kudu da birnin Alamata, Waja yana da latitude da longitude na 12°17′N 39°36′E / 12.283°N 39.600°E / 12.253; 39.600 tare da tsawo na mita 1471 sama da matakin teku. Yana daya daga cikin garuruwa biyu a [[woreda]])&quot; id=&quot;mwDw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Alamata (woreda)&quot;&gt;Alamata woreda .

Rubuce-rubuce a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Afirka ta Arewa suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game(((()Records at the Nordic Africa Institute website provide details of the primary school in 1968.)))) da makarantar firamare a shekarar 1968. 

Dangane da adadi daga Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya a cikin 2005, Waja tana da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a 11,020, daga cikinsu maza 5,373 ne kuma mata 5,647. Ƙididdigar 1994 ta ba da rahoton cewa tana da yawan jama'a 6,050, daga cikinsu 2,732 maza ne kuma 3,318 mata ne. 

== Bayani ==
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        <id>48956</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi</comment>
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'''Waja''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Waja Temuga''') wani gari ne a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] .  Da yake a cikin Yankin Debubawi na Yankin Tigray, kudu da birnin Alamata, Waja yana da latitude da longitude na 12°17′N 39°36′E / 12.283°N 39.600°E / 12.253; 39.600 tare da tsawo na mita 1471 sama da matakin teku. Yana daya daga cikin garuruwa biyu a [[woreda]])&quot; id=&quot;mwDw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Alamata (woreda)&quot;&gt;Alamata woreda .

Rubuce-rubuce a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Afirka ta Arewa suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da makarantar firamare a shekarar 1968. 

Dangane da adadi daga Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya a cikin 2005, Waja tana da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a 11,020, daga cikinsu maza 5,373 ne kuma mata 5,647. Ƙididdigar 1994 ta ba da rahoton cewa tana da yawan jama'a 6,050, daga cikinsu 2,732 maza ne kuma 3,318 mata ne. 

== Bayani ==
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    <title>Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein a shekarar 1996</title>
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        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="4241" sha1="hh4pept0zktyvzls9bcu8wuxo3wdp1f" xml:space="preserve">Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein a shekarar 1996

Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein wani hari ne da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai wa Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Iraqi, Saddam Hussein, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke birnin Bagadaza. Harin ya jikkata Uday sosai, inda ya samu raunuka da suka shafi tafiyarsa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan faruwar lamarin, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun muhimmanci a tsarin tsaron gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Tarihin harin==

A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, Uday Hussein yana tuƙa motarsa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke yammacin Bagadaza lokacin da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai masa hari. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa maharan sun yi amfani da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu wajen buɗe wuta kan motarsa.

Rahoton jaridar The Independent na ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1997, ya bayyana cewa maharan sun shirya kwanton ɓauna ne a wani wuri da suke tsammanin Uday zai bi. A cewar rahoton, an yi amfani da gurneti da bindigogi wajen kai harin. Sai dai rahotannin farko da aka fitar sun bambanta game da irin motar da yake ciki da kuma cikakken yadda harin ya gudana.

Bayan harin, an garzaya da Uday zuwa Asibitin Ibn Sina da ke Bagadaza domin samun kulawar likitoci. Da farko, kafofin watsa labaran gwamnatin Iraqi sun bayyana cewa raunukansa ba su da tsanani, amma wasu rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun nuna cewa halin da yake ciki ya fi yadda aka bayyana a hukumance muni.

==Raunukan da ya samu==

Harin ya jikkata Uday a sassa daban-daban na jikinsa, ciki har da ƙafarsa da sauran sassan jikinsa. Rahoton United Press International (UPI) na ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1997, ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu a ƙafarsa ta hagu ya kasance mai tsanani, kuma likitoci ba su da tabbacin ko zai sake samun cikakkiyar damar amfani da ita.

Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa wasu harsasai sun ci gaba da kasancewa a jikinsa bayan an yi masa tiyata. Uday ya tsira daga harin, amma ya ci gaba da fama da nakasar tafiya.

==Matsayinsa a gwamnatin Saddam Hussein==

Kafin harin, Uday Hussein ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan Saddam Hussein da ake ganin za su iya gādar mulkin mahaifinsu. Ya shugabanci kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Iraqi, sannan ya mallaki kafafen yaɗa labarai, ciki har da jaridar Babil da gidan talabijin na Youth TV.

An kuma danganta shi da rundunar Fedayeen Saddam, wadda ta kasance rundunar sa-kai mai biyayya ga gwamnatin mahaifinsa. Rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun danganta Uday da cin zarafi da kuma tsoratar da mutane a lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein.

==Tasirin harin ga gadon mulkin Saddam Hussein==

Bayan harin da raunukan da Uday ya samu, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam Hussein, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun manyan mukamai a hukumomin tsaro da rundunonin sojin Iraqi.

A wani rahoton kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters da aka wallafa a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001, an bayyana cewa Qusay ya samu manyan muƙamai a tsarin mulkin Ba'ath, ciki har da shugabancin wasu muhimman rundunonin tsaro. Rahoton ya nuna cewa waɗannan naɗe-naɗe sun ƙara jawo ra'ayin cewa Saddam yana shirin mayar da Qusay magajinsa.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da aka tabbatar da kuma fassarar masana da manazarta. Harin ya raunana lafiyar Uday kuma ya shafi matsayinsa, amma ba za a iya cewa shi kaɗai ne ya tabbatar da wanda zai gaji Saddam ba.

==Mutuwar Uday da Qusay Hussein==

Bayan mamayar Iraqi da ƙawancen sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2003, Uday da Qusay sun ɓuya daga hukumomin mamaya.

A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2003, sojojin Amurka sun kai farmaki kan gidan da suke ciki a birnin Mosul. Bayan musayar wuta mai tsanani, Uday da Qusay sun mutu tare da wasu mutanen da suke gidan. Mutuwarsu ta kawo ƙarshen yiwuwar kasancewarsu manyan 'yan wasa a siyasar Iraqi bayan faduwar gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Manazarta==

1. The Washington Post. “Saddam's Son Wounded in Ambush.” 13 Disamba 1996.
2. The Independent. “Revealed: How Iraqi Rebels Tried to Kill Saddam's Son.” 7 Yuli 1997.
3. United Press International (UPI). “Uday Hussein's Injuries Outlined.” 2 Janairu 1997.
4. Reuters. “Analysis – Saddam's Son Qusay Emerges as Possible Heir.” Mayu 2001.
5. The Washington Post. “Saddam's Son Says Bullets Remain.” 3 Janairu 1997.</text>
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      <text bytes="4547" sha1="dbj5yh9bsc97syr52ipstrikjj5y0th" xml:space="preserve">Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein a shekarar 1996[[File:Yunkurin Kashe Uday Hussein a Bagadaza a 1996.jpg|thumb|Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein, ya samu munanan raunuka a wani harin kwanton ɓauna da aka kai masa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke Bagadaza a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996. Harin ya shafi lafiyarsa da kuma matsayinsa.]]

Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein wani hari ne da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai wa Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Iraqi, Saddam Hussein, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke birnin Bagadaza. Harin ya jikkata Uday sosai, inda ya samu raunuka da suka shafi tafiyarsa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan faruwar lamarin, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun muhimmanci a tsarin tsaron gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Tarihin harin==

A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, Uday Hussein yana tuƙa motarsa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke yammacin Bagadaza lokacin da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai masa hari. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa maharan sun yi amfani da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu wajen buɗe wuta kan motarsa.

Rahoton jaridar The Independent na ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1997, ya bayyana cewa maharan sun shirya kwanton ɓauna ne a wani wuri da suke tsammanin Uday zai bi. A cewar rahoton, an yi amfani da gurneti da bindigogi wajen kai harin. Sai dai rahotannin farko da aka fitar sun bambanta game da irin motar da yake ciki da kuma cikakken yadda harin ya gudana.

Bayan harin, an garzaya da Uday zuwa Asibitin Ibn Sina da ke Bagadaza domin samun kulawar likitoci. Da farko, kafofin watsa labaran gwamnatin Iraqi sun bayyana cewa raunukansa ba su da tsanani, amma wasu rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun nuna cewa halin da yake ciki ya fi yadda aka bayyana a hukumance muni.

==Raunukan da ya samu==

Harin ya jikkata Uday a sassa daban-daban na jikinsa, ciki har da ƙafarsa da sauran sassan jikinsa. Rahoton United Press International (UPI) na ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1997, ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu a ƙafarsa ta hagu ya kasance mai tsanani, kuma likitoci ba su da tabbacin ko zai sake samun cikakkiyar damar amfani da ita.

Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa wasu harsasai sun ci gaba da kasancewa a jikinsa bayan an yi masa tiyata. Uday ya tsira daga harin, amma ya ci gaba da fama da nakasar tafiya.

==Matsayinsa a gwamnatin Saddam Hussein==

Kafin harin, Uday Hussein ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan Saddam Hussein da ake ganin za su iya gādar mulkin mahaifinsu. Ya shugabanci kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Iraqi, sannan ya mallaki kafafen yaɗa labarai, ciki har da jaridar Babil da gidan talabijin na Youth TV.

An kuma danganta shi da rundunar Fedayeen Saddam, wadda ta kasance rundunar sa-kai mai biyayya ga gwamnatin mahaifinsa. Rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun danganta Uday da cin zarafi da kuma tsoratar da mutane a lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein.

==Tasirin harin ga gadon mulkin Saddam Hussein==

Bayan harin da raunukan da Uday ya samu, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam Hussein, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun manyan mukamai a hukumomin tsaro da rundunonin sojin Iraqi.

A wani rahoton kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters da aka wallafa a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001, an bayyana cewa Qusay ya samu manyan muƙamai a tsarin mulkin Ba'ath, ciki har da shugabancin wasu muhimman rundunonin tsaro. Rahoton ya nuna cewa waɗannan naɗe-naɗe sun ƙara jawo ra'ayin cewa Saddam yana shirin mayar da Qusay magajinsa.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da aka tabbatar da kuma fassarar masana da manazarta. Harin ya raunana lafiyar Uday kuma ya shafi matsayinsa, amma ba za a iya cewa shi kaɗai ne ya tabbatar da wanda zai gaji Saddam ba.

==Mutuwar Uday da Qusay Hussein==

Bayan mamayar Iraqi da ƙawancen sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2003, Uday da Qusay sun ɓuya daga hukumomin mamaya.

A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2003, sojojin Amurka sun kai farmaki kan gidan da suke ciki a birnin Mosul. Bayan musayar wuta mai tsanani, Uday da Qusay sun mutu tare da wasu mutanen da suke gidan. Mutuwarsu ta kawo ƙarshen yiwuwar kasancewarsu manyan 'yan wasa a siyasar Iraqi bayan faduwar gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Manazarta==

1. The Washington Post. “Saddam's Son Wounded in Ambush.” 13 Disamba 1996.
2. The Independent. “Revealed: How Iraqi Rebels Tried to Kill Saddam's Son.” 7 Yuli 1997.
3. United Press International (UPI). “Uday Hussein's Injuries Outlined.” 2 Janairu 1997.
4. Reuters. “Analysis – Saddam's Son Qusay Emerges as Possible Heir.” Mayu 2001.
5. The Washington Post. “Saddam's Son Says Bullets Remain.” 3 Janairu 1997.</text>
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      <text bytes="4113" sha1="9l7y82ukjz3yoxeybmtur1vtp56aqck" xml:space="preserve">Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein a shekarar 1996[[File:Yunkurin Kashe Uday Hussein a Bagadaza a 1996.jpg|thumb|Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein, ya samu munanan raunuka a wani harin kwanton ɓauna da aka kai masa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke Bagadaza a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996. Harin ya shafi lafiyarsa da kuma matsayinsa.]]

Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein wani hari ne da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai wa Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Iraqi, Saddam Hussein, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke birnin Bagadaza. Harin ya jikkata Uday sosai, inda ya samu raunuka da suka shafi tafiyarsa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan faruwar lamarin, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun muhimmanci a tsarin tsaron gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Tarihin harin==

A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, Uday Hussein yana tuƙa motarsa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke yammacin Bagadaza lokacin da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai masa hari. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa maharan sun yi amfani da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu wajen buɗe wuta kan motarsa.

Rahoton jaridar The Independent na ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1997, ya bayyana cewa maharan sun shirya kwanton ɓauna ne a wani wuri da suke tsammanin Uday zai bi. A cewar rahoton, an yi amfani da gurneti da bindigogi wajen kai harin. Sai dai rahotannin farko da aka fitar sun bambanta game da irin motar da yake ciki da kuma cikakken yadda harin ya gudana.

Bayan harin, an garzaya da Uday zuwa Asibitin Ibn Sina da ke Bagadaza domin samun kulawar likitoci. Da farko, kafofin watsa labaran gwamnatin Iraqi sun bayyana cewa raunukansa ba su da tsanani, amma wasu rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun nuna cewa halin da yake ciki ya fi yadda aka bayyana a hukumance muni.

==Raunukan da ya samu==

Harin ya jikkata Uday a sassa daban-daban na jikinsa, ciki har da ƙafarsa da sauran sassan jikinsa. Rahoton United Press International (UPI) na ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1997, ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu a ƙafarsa ta hagu ya kasance mai tsanani, kuma likitoci ba su da tabbacin ko zai sake samun cikakkiyar damar amfani da ita.

Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa wasu harsasai sun ci gaba da kasancewa a jikinsa bayan an yi masa tiyata. Uday ya tsira daga harin, amma ya ci gaba da fama da nakasar tafiya.

==Matsayinsa a gwamnatin Saddam Hussein==

Kafin harin, Uday Hussein ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan Saddam Hussein da ake ganin za su iya gādar mulkin mahaifinsu. Ya shugabanci kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Iraqi, sannan ya mallaki kafafen yaɗa labarai, ciki har da jaridar Babil da gidan talabijin na Youth TV.

An kuma danganta shi da rundunar Fedayeen Saddam, wadda ta kasance rundunar sa-kai mai biyayya ga gwamnatin mahaifinsa. Rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun danganta Uday da cin zarafi da kuma tsoratar da mutane a lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein.

==Tasirin harin ga gadon mulkin Saddam Hussein==

Bayan harin da raunukan da Uday ya samu, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam Hussein, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun manyan mukamai a hukumomin tsaro da rundunonin sojin Iraqi.

A wani rahoton kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters da aka wallafa a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001, an bayyana cewa Qusay ya samu manyan muƙamai a tsarin mulkin Ba'ath, ciki har da shugabancin wasu muhimman rundunonin tsaro. Rahoton ya nuna cewa waɗannan naɗe-naɗe sun ƙara jawo ra'ayin cewa Saddam yana shirin mayar da Qusay magajinsa.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da aka tabbatar da kuma fassarar masana da manazarta. Harin ya raunana lafiyar Uday kuma ya shafi matsayinsa, amma ba za a iya cewa shi kaɗai ne ya tabbatar da wanda zai gaji Saddam ba.

==Mutuwar Uday da Qusay Hussein==

Bayan mamayar Iraqi da ƙawancen sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2003, Uday da Qusay sun ɓuya daga hukumomin mamaya.

A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2003, sojojin Amurka sun kai farmaki kan gidan da suke ciki a birnin Mosul. Bayan musayar wuta mai tsanani, Uday da Qusay sun mutu tare da wasu mutanen da suke gidan. Mutuwarsu ta kawo ƙarshen yiwuwar kasancewarsu manyan 'yan wasa a siyasar Iraqi bayan faduwar gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="4070" sha1="f7tdgtyqi1levpchj7sdrv3fwmg9974" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Yunkurin Kashe Uday Hussein a Bagadaza a 1996.jpg|thumb|Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein, ya samu munanan raunuka a wani harin kwanton ɓauna da aka kai masa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke Bagadaza a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996. Harin ya shafi lafiyarsa da kuma matsayinsa.]]

Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein wani hari ne da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai wa Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Iraqi, Saddam Hussein, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke birnin Bagadaza. Harin ya jikkata Uday sosai, inda ya samu raunuka da suka shafi tafiyarsa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan faruwar lamarin, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun muhimmanci a tsarin tsaron gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Tarihin harin==

A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, Uday Hussein yana tuƙa motarsa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke yammacin Bagadaza lokacin da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai masa hari. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa maharan sun yi amfani da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu wajen buɗe wuta kan motarsa.

Rahoton jaridar The Independent na ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1997, ya bayyana cewa maharan sun shirya kwanton ɓauna ne a wani wuri da suke tsammanin Uday zai bi. A cewar rahoton, an yi amfani da gurneti da bindigogi wajen kai harin. Sai dai rahotannin farko da aka fitar sun bambanta game da irin motar da yake ciki da kuma cikakken yadda harin ya gudana.

Bayan harin, an garzaya da Uday zuwa Asibitin Ibn Sina da ke Bagadaza domin samun kulawar likitoci. Da farko, kafofin watsa labaran gwamnatin Iraqi sun bayyana cewa raunukansa ba su da tsanani, amma wasu rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun nuna cewa halin da yake ciki ya fi yadda aka bayyana a hukumance muni.

==Raunukan da ya samu==

Harin ya jikkata Uday a sassa daban-daban na jikinsa, ciki har da ƙafarsa da sauran sassan jikinsa. Rahoton United Press International (UPI) na ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1997, ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu a ƙafarsa ta hagu ya kasance mai tsanani, kuma likitoci ba su da tabbacin ko zai sake samun cikakkiyar damar amfani da ita.

Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa wasu harsasai sun ci gaba da kasancewa a jikinsa bayan an yi masa tiyata. Uday ya tsira daga harin, amma ya ci gaba da fama da nakasar tafiya.

==Matsayinsa a gwamnatin Saddam Hussein==

Kafin harin, Uday Hussein ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan Saddam Hussein da ake ganin za su iya gādar mulkin mahaifinsu. Ya shugabanci kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Iraqi, sannan ya mallaki kafafen yaɗa labarai, ciki har da jaridar Babil da gidan talabijin na Youth TV.

An kuma danganta shi da rundunar Fedayeen Saddam, wadda ta kasance rundunar sa-kai mai biyayya ga gwamnatin mahaifinsa. Rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun danganta Uday da cin zarafi da kuma tsoratar da mutane a lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein.

==Tasirin harin ga gadon mulkin Saddam Hussein==

Bayan harin da raunukan da Uday ya samu, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam Hussein, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun manyan mukamai a hukumomin tsaro da rundunonin sojin Iraqi.

A wani rahoton kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters da aka wallafa a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001, an bayyana cewa Qusay ya samu manyan muƙamai a tsarin mulkin Ba'ath, ciki har da shugabancin wasu muhimman rundunonin tsaro. Rahoton ya nuna cewa waɗannan naɗe-naɗe sun ƙara jawo ra'ayin cewa Saddam yana shirin mayar da Qusay magajinsa.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da aka tabbatar da kuma fassarar masana da manazarta. Harin ya raunana lafiyar Uday kuma ya shafi matsayinsa, amma ba za a iya cewa shi kaɗai ne ya tabbatar da wanda zai gaji Saddam ba.

==Mutuwar Uday da Qusay Hussein==

Bayan mamayar Iraqi da ƙawancen sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2003, Uday da Qusay sun ɓuya daga hukumomin mamaya.

A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2003, sojojin Amurka sun kai farmaki kan gidan da suke ciki a birnin Mosul. Bayan musayar wuta mai tsanani, Uday da Qusay sun mutu tare da wasu mutanen da suke gidan. Mutuwarsu ta kawo ƙarshen yiwuwar kasancewarsu manyan 'yan wasa a siyasar Iraqi bayan faduwar gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="4080" sha1="ojueq8bllkka66xla6hbied1khw3zcz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Yunkurin Kashe Uday Hussein a Bagadaza a 1996.jpg|thumb|Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein, ya samu munanan raunuka a wani harin kwanton ɓauna da aka kai masa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke Bagadaza a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996. Harin ya shafi lafiyarsa da kuma matsayinsa.]]

Yunkurin kashe Uday Hussein wani hari ne da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai wa Uday Hussein, babban ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Iraqi, Saddam Hussein, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke birnin Bagadaza. Harin ya jikkata Uday sosai, inda ya samu raunuka da suka shafi tafiyarsa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan faruwar lamarin, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun muhimmanci a tsarin tsaron gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Tarihin harin==

A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1996, Uday Hussein yana tuƙa motarsa a unguwar Al-Mansour da ke yammacin Bagadaza lokacin da wasu 'yan bindiga suka kai masa hari. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa maharan sun yi amfani da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu wajen buɗe wuta kan motarsa.

Rahoton jaridar The Independent na ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1997, ya bayyana cewa maharan sun shirya kwanton ɓauna ne a wani wuri da suke tsammanin Uday zai bi. A cewar rahoton, an yi amfani da gurneti da bindigogi wajen kai harin. Sai dai rahotannin farko da aka fitar sun bambanta game da irin motar da yake ciki da kuma cikakken yadda harin ya gudana.

Bayan harin, an garzaya da Uday zuwa Asibitin Ibn Sina da ke Bagadaza domin samun kulawar likitoci. Da farko, kafofin watsa labaran gwamnatin Iraqi sun bayyana cewa raunukansa ba su da tsanani, amma wasu rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun nuna cewa halin da yake ciki ya fi yadda aka bayyana a hukumance muni.

==Raunukan da ya samu==

Harin ya jikkata Uday a sassa daban-daban na jikinsa, ciki har da ƙafarsa da sauran sassan jikinsa. Rahoton United Press International (UPI) na ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1997, ya bayyana cewa raunin da ya samu a ƙafarsa ta hagu ya kasance mai tsanani, kuma likitoci ba su da tabbacin ko zai sake samun cikakkiyar damar amfani da ita.

Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana cewa wasu harsasai sun ci gaba da kasancewa a jikinsa bayan an yi masa tiyata. Uday ya tsira daga harin, amma ya ci gaba da fama da nakasar tafiya.

==Matsayinsa a gwamnatin Saddam Hussein==

Kafin harin, Uday Hussein ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan Saddam Hussein da ake ganin za su iya gādar mulkin mahaifinsu. Ya shugabanci kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Iraqi, sannan ya mallaki kafafen yaɗa labarai, ciki har da jaridar Babil da gidan talabijin na Youth TV.

An kuma danganta shi da rundunar Fedayeen Saddam, wadda ta kasance rundunar sa-kai mai biyayya ga gwamnatin mahaifinsa. Rahotannin ƙasashen waje sun danganta Uday da cin zarafi da kuma tsoratar da mutane a lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein.

==Tasirin harin ga gadon mulkin Saddam Hussein==

Bayan harin da raunukan da Uday ya samu, ƙaramin ɗan Saddam Hussein, Qusay Hussein, ya ƙara samun manyan mukamai a hukumomin tsaro da rundunonin sojin Iraqi.

A wani rahoton kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters da aka wallafa a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001, an bayyana cewa Qusay ya samu manyan muƙamai a tsarin mulkin Ba'ath, ciki har da shugabancin wasu muhimman rundunonin tsaro. Rahoton ya nuna cewa waɗannan naɗe-naɗe sun ƙara jawo ra'ayin cewa Saddam yana shirin mayar da Qusay magajinsa.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da aka tabbatar da kuma fassarar masana da manazarta. Harin ya raunana lafiyar Uday kuma ya shafi matsayinsa, amma ba za a iya cewa shi kaɗai ne ya tabbatar da wanda zai gaji Saddam ba.

==Mutuwar Uday da Qusay Hussein==

Bayan mamayar Iraqi da ƙawancen sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2003, Uday da Qusay sun ɓuya daga hukumomin mamaya.

A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2003, sojojin Amurka sun kai farmaki kan gidan da suke ciki a birnin Mosul. Bayan musayar wuta mai tsanani, Uday da Qusay sun mutu tare da wasu mutanen da suke gidan. Mutuwarsu ta kawo ƙarshen yiwuwar kasancewarsu manyan 'yan wasa a siyasar Iraqi bayan faduwar gwamnatin mahaifinsu.

==Manazarta==
{{Hujja}}</text>
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    <title>Liu Shaoqi</title>
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      <text bytes="4801" sha1="ml7wsqntifblw3oi9sdlroaf6xhmzy0" xml:space="preserve">Liu Shaoqi

Liu Shaoqi (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Liu Shaoqi. Tarihin rayuwarsa da shugabancinsa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cultural Revolution. Bayani kan Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu da tasirinsa a Sin.
3. MacFarquhar, Roderick, da Michael Schoenhals. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006.
4. Teiwes, Frederick C., da Warren Sun. The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger During the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1971. University of Hawaii Press, 1996.</text>
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      <text bytes="5113" sha1="1gripj2xjiuzonevs8rbmksh92ry0lf" xml:space="preserve">Liu Shaoqi[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

Liu Shaoqi (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Liu Shaoqi. Tarihin rayuwarsa da shugabancinsa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cultural Revolution. Bayani kan Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu da tasirinsa a Sin.
3. MacFarquhar, Roderick, da Michael Schoenhals. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006.
4. Teiwes, Frederick C., da Warren Sun. The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger During the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1971. University of Hawaii Press, 1996.</text>
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      <text bytes="5114" sha1="4mr9b4gbrtvzecn8agtdsqnf0a8poo2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

Liu Shaoqi (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Liu Shaoqi. Tarihin rayuwarsa da shugabancinsa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cultural Revolution. Bayani kan Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu da tasirinsa a Sin.
3. MacFarquhar, Roderick, da Michael Schoenhals. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006.
4. Teiwes, Frederick C., da Warren Sun. The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger During the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1971. University of Hawaii Press, 1996.</text>
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      <text bytes="4641" sha1="t4idnvr87qm1q4xys32ek9d6ane7ys8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

Liu Shaoqi (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="5243" sha1="lsqkwi7cpqg1pf3o7vo80xidv97e5ly" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

Liu Shaoqi (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.&lt;ref&gt;Yan, Jiaqi (1996). 《文化大革命十年史》上冊 [Volume 1 of &quot;A Ten-Year History of the Cultural Revolution&quot;]. Hong Kong: Trend Publishing House. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-962-239-025-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （劉少奇）拿著《憲法》抗議道：「我是中華人民共和國的主席，你們怎麼樣對待我個人，這無關緊要，但我要捍衛國家主席的尊嚴。你們這樣做，是在侮辱我們的國家。我個人也是一個公民，為什麼不讓我講話？憲法保障每一個公民的人身權利不受侵犯，破壞憲法的人要受到法律的嚴厲制裁的。」&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <id>965140</id>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5421" sha1="gz48axeo1iy02oy0yl2dtf5q43ukm4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

Liu Shaoqi (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.&lt;ref&gt;《劉少奇年譜 一八九八——一九六九》上卷 [&quot;Chronology of Liu Shaoqi, 1898-1969&quot; Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.&lt;ref&gt;Yan, Jiaqi (1996). 《文化大革命十年史》上冊 [Volume 1 of &quot;A Ten-Year History of the Cultural Revolution&quot;]. Hong Kong: Trend Publishing House. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-962-239-025-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （劉少奇）拿著《憲法》抗議道：「我是中華人民共和國的主席，你們怎麼樣對待我個人，這無關緊要，但我要捍衛國家主席的尊嚴。你們這樣做，是在侮辱我們的國家。我個人也是一個公民，為什麼不讓我講話？憲法保障每一個公民的人身權利不受侵犯，破壞憲法的人要受到法律的嚴厲制裁的。」&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5427" sha1="jnd3xixavi5pe5si5tnkvoj4avv177i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

'''Liu Shaoqi''' (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.&lt;ref&gt;《劉少奇年譜 一八九八——一九六九》上卷 [&quot;Chronology of Liu Shaoqi, 1898-1969&quot; Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.&lt;ref&gt;Yan, Jiaqi (1996). 《文化大革命十年史》上冊 [Volume 1 of &quot;A Ten-Year History of the Cultural Revolution&quot;]. Hong Kong: Trend Publishing House. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-962-239-025-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （劉少奇）拿著《憲法》抗議道：「我是中華人民共和國的主席，你們怎麼樣對待我個人，這無關緊要，但我要捍衛國家主席的尊嚴。你們這樣做，是在侮辱我們的國家。我個人也是一個公民，為什麼不讓我講話？憲法保障每一個公民的人身權利不受侵犯，破壞憲法的人要受到法律的嚴厲制裁的。」&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <id>965142</id>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5438" sha1="fop3rvnbm45llbhfd87aafuvu34kw87" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

'''Liu Shaoqi''' (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ya kasance ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar Sin. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.&lt;ref&gt;《劉少奇年譜 一八九八——一九六九》上卷 [&quot;Chronology of Liu Shaoqi, 1898-1969&quot; Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.&lt;ref&gt;Yan, Jiaqi (1996). 《文化大革命十年史》上冊 [Volume 1 of &quot;A Ten-Year History of the Cultural Revolution&quot;]. Hong Kong: Trend Publishing House. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-962-239-025-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （劉少奇）拿著《憲法》抗議道：「我是中華人民共和國的主席，你們怎麼樣對待我個人，這無關緊要，但我要捍衛國家主席的尊嚴。你們這樣做，是在侮辱我們的國家。我個人也是一個公民，為什麼不讓我講話？憲法保障每一個公民的人身權利不受侵犯，破壞憲法的人要受到法律的嚴厲制裁的。」&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <id>965143</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5442" sha1="et9y3k8ms52tjqovyspyml906r3kkdf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

'''Liu Shaoqi''' (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ya kasance ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar [[Sin]]. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.&lt;ref&gt;《劉少奇年譜 一八九八——一九六九》上卷 [&quot;Chronology of Liu Shaoqi, 1898-1969&quot; Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.&lt;ref&gt;Yan, Jiaqi (1996). 《文化大革命十年史》上冊 [Volume 1 of &quot;A Ten-Year History of the Cultural Revolution&quot;]. Hong Kong: Trend Publishing House. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-962-239-025-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （劉少奇）拿著《憲法》抗議道：「我是中華人民共和國的主席，你們怎麼樣對待我個人，這無關緊要，但我要捍衛國家主席的尊嚴。你們這樣做，是在侮辱我們的國家。我個人也是一個公民，為什麼不讓我講話？憲法保障每一個公民的人身權利不受侵犯，破壞憲法的人要受到法律的嚴厲制裁的。」&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Sin.

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <id>965144</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5446" sha1="llp6laxhkenz84amlzumdy5gbncei2x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Shugaban china wadda daya mutu a tsare.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama’ar Sin daga 1959 zuwa 1968, ya fuskanci tsanantawa da tsarewa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al’adu da Mao Zedong ya jagoranta. Ya rasu a tsare a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kuma a shekarar 1980 aka maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance]]

'''Liu Shaoqi''' (24 Nuwamba 1898 – 12 Nuwamba 1969) ya kasance ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga shekarar 1959 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin, tare da Mao Zedong. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja, aka cire shi daga mukamansa, aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar, sannan ya mutu a tsare a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1980, gwamnatin Sin ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma maido da mutuncinsa a hukumance.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da shiga siyasa==

An haifi Liu Shaoqi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1898, a ƙauyen Huaminglou da ke lardin Hunan na ƙasar [[Sin]]. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin.&lt;ref&gt;《劉少奇年譜 一八九八——一九六九》上卷 [&quot;Chronology of Liu Shaoqi, 1898-1969&quot; Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Liu ya yi fice wajen shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta littafin How to Be a Good Communist, wanda ya yi bayani game da ɗabi'a, horo da biyayya ga akidar Kwaminisanci.&lt;ref&gt;Yan, Jiaqi (1996). 《文化大革命十年史》上冊 [Volume 1 of &quot;A Ten-Year History of the Cultural Revolution&quot;]. Hong Kong: Trend Publishing House. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-962-239-025-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （劉少奇）拿著《憲法》抗議道：「我是中華人民共和國的主席，你們怎麼樣對待我個人，這無關緊要，但我要捍衛國家主席的尊嚴。你們這樣做，是在侮辱我們的國家。我個人也是一個公民，為什麼不讓我講話？憲法保障每一個公民的人身權利不受侵犯，破壞憲法的人要受到法律的嚴厲制裁的。」&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zama shugaban ƙasar Sin==

A shekarar 1959, Liu Shaoqi ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin Mao Zedong a wannan muƙami. Duk da cewa Mao ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasar a hukumance, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutum mai matuƙar tasiri a jam'iyyar da gwamnati.

Bayan matsalolin tattalin arziki da yunwar da suka biyo bayan shirin Great Leap Forward, Liu da wasu shugabanni, ciki har da Deng Xiaoping, suka goyi bayan matakan gyara tattalin arziki domin farfaɗo da samar da abinci da ayyukan noma.

A taron shugabannin jam'iyyar na shekarar 1962, wanda aka fi sani da Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, Liu ya yi magana kan rawar da kurakuran manufofin gwamnati suka taka wajen haddasa bala'in yunwa. Wannan matsaya ta ƙara nuna bambancin ra'ayinsa da na Mao game da tafiyar da ƙasar.

==Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu==

A shekarar 1966, Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar da Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu (Cultural Revolution), wani gagarumin kamfen na siyasa da ya shafi jam'iyya, gwamnati, makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin al'umma.

A yayin wannan kamfen, an fara kai hare-haren siyasa kan Liu Shaoqi, inda aka zarge shi da bin hanyar jari-hujja da kuma ƙalubalantar akidar Mao. Masu goyon bayan juyin juya halin sun kira shi da lakabin China's Khrushchev, wato mutumin da ake kwatantawa da Nikita Khrushchev, tsohon shugaban Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1967, Liu da matarsa, Wang Guangmei, sun fuskanci zarge-zarge da wulakanci a bainar jama'a. Daga baya aka tsare shi, aka hana shi gudanar da ayyukansa na shugabanci, sannan aka ware shi daga harkokin siyasa.

A watan Oktoban 1968, zaman majalisar tsakiyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya yanke shawarar korar Liu daga jam'iyyar da kuma cire shi daga muƙamansa. Wannan mataki ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa a hukumance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙasar.

==Rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa==

Bayan an tsare shi, lafiyar Liu Shaoqi ta tabarbare sosai. Ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya a lokacin da yake tsare, kuma bai sake komawa harkokin siyasa ba.

A shekarar 1969, an mayar da shi birnin Kaifeng da ke lardin Henan. A can ne ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1969, yana da shekaru 70.

Rahotannin tarihi sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin lokacin ta ɓoye bayanan mutuwarsa, kuma ba a sanar da jama'a cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru da shi ba. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalan yadda rikicin siyasa na Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin [[Sin]].

==Maido da mutuncinsa==

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a shekarar 1976 da sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo baya, gwamnatin Sin ta sake duba shari'ar Liu Shaoqi.

A shekarar 1980, jam'iyyar ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ta kuma bayyana cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi masa ba su da inganci. An gudanar da bikin tunawa da shi a hukumance, wanda ya zama wata muhimmiyar alama ta sauyin matsayin Liu a tarihin siyasar Sin.

==Gadonsa a tarihi==

Liu Shaoqi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka taka rawa wajen gina Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Duk da haka, rikicinsa da Mao Zedong a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu ya jawo masa rasa muƙamansa, tsarewa da mutuwa.

Tarihinsa ya zama wani muhimmin misali na tasirin fafutukar siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a cikin gwamnatin Sin a ƙarni na 20.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adams Oshiomhole da fafutukar ƙwadago a Najeriya a shekarar 2004</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>965133</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:09:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="4001" sha1="dhqun0llakpmr113p4jwe9jg5khq9yv" xml:space="preserve">Adams Oshiomhole da yajin aikin ƙwadago a Najeriya a shekarar 2004

A shekarar 2004, Adams Oshiomhole, shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwadago ta Najeriya (NLC) a lokacin, ya jagoranci fafutukar ƙalubalantar ƙarin farashin man fetur da gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta yi. Rikicin ya haifar da jerin yajin ayyukan gama-gari da zanga-zangar ƙwadago a faɗin ƙasar.

==Ƙalubalantar ƙarin farashin man fetur==

A watan Janairun 2004, NLC ta yi barazanar gudanar da sabon yajin aikin gama-gari domin nuna adawa da sabon harajin naira 1.50 kan kowace litar man fetur da gwamnatin tarayya ta fara karɓa a ranar 1 ga Janairu. Oshiomhole ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ba za ta ci gaba da jure matsin tattalin arzikin da ke addabar ma'aikata da sauran 'yan Najeriya ba.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2004, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun dakatar da yajin aikin da suka shirya bayan wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta ba da umarnin dakatar da karɓar harajin, tare da umartar ƙungiyoyin da su dakatar da yajin aikin har sai an saurari ƙarar. Gwamnati ma ta sanar da dakatar da harajin.

==Yajin aikin watan Yuni==

A watan Yunin 2004, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun sake gudanar da yajin aikin gama-gari domin nuna adawa da ƙarin farashin man fetur, dizal da kananzir. Yajin aikin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Yuni, bayan ƙarin farashin da ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Mayu.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, Oshiomhole ya sanar da dakatar da yajin aikin bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun ce sun ga alamun bin umarnin kotu na mayar da farashin man fetur zuwa tsohon mataki. Sai dai ya gargaɗi gwamnati cewa ƙungiyar za ta iya sake komawa yajin aiki idan ba a tabbatar da bin yarjejeniyar ba.

==Yajin aikin watan Oktoba==

A watan Oktoban 2004, NLC ta sake kiran yajin aikin gama-gari na kwanaki huɗu domin nuna adawa da ƙarin farashin man fetur. Yajin aikin ya fara a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, bayan farashin man fetur ya ƙaru zuwa kusan naira 55 kan kowace lita.

Oshiomhole ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ba za ta dakatar da yajin aikin ba sai an samu ci gaba mai ɗorewa a tattaunawar da ake yi da gwamnati. An ruwaito cewa yajin aikin ya kawo tsaiko ga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan gwamnati a manyan biranen Najeriya.

A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2004, Oshiomhole da ƙungiyoyin da ke tare da shi sun sake bai wa gwamnatin Obasanjo wa'adin rage farashin man fetur, tare da gargaɗin cewa za a iya sake gudanar da wani yajin aiki idan ba a cimma matsaya ba.

==Rikici kan kotuna da 'yancin gudanar da yajin aiki==

A yayin rikicin, gwamnati da ƙungiyar ƙwadago sun yi ta samun saɓani kan halaccin gudanar da yajin aikin saboda batun farashin man fetur. Gwamnati ta nemi kotuna su hana yajin aikin, yayin da NLC ta ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an janye ƙarin farashin da take adawa da shi. Takardun shari'a sun nuna cewa rikicin ya kai har Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, inda aka saurari ƙarar da ta shafi gwamnatin tarayya da Oshiomhole da NLC.

==Manazarta==

1. The New Humanitarian. “Labour unions give Obasanjo ultimatum on fuel tax.” 8 Janairu 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/9)
2. The New Humanitarian. “Labour unions suspend general strike.” 21 Janairu 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/10)
3. The New Humanitarian. “Unions call off strike as fuel prices drop.” 11 Yuni 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/11)
4. Business Recorder. “Nigerian unions to go ahead with oil strike today.” 11 Oktoba 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/12)
5. The New Humanitarian. “New fuel strike shuts down key cities.” 11 Oktoba 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/13)
6. Mail &amp; Guardian. “Nigerian unions issue ultimatum over fuel price.” 27 Oktoba 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/14)
7. Weekly Reports of Nigeria. “Federal Government of Nigeria vs Adams Oshiomhole.” Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, 5 Fabrairu 2004. &quot;Karanta hukuncin kotu&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/15)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>965135</id>
      <parentid>965133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:14:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
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      <text bytes="4302" sha1="g8yg3levd98094go89amjavwgp525f3" xml:space="preserve">Adams Oshiomhole da yajin aikin ƙwadago a Najeriya a shekarar 2004[[File:Adams Oshiomhole ya ƙalubalanci gwamnatin Obasanjo kan ƙarin farashin man fetur a 2004.jpg|thumb|Adams Oshiomhole, tsohon shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwadago ta Najeriya (NLC), a lokacin fafutukar ƙalubalantar ƙarin farashin man fetur da gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta yi a shekarar 2004.]]

A shekarar 2004, Adams Oshiomhole, shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwadago ta Najeriya (NLC) a lokacin, ya jagoranci fafutukar ƙalubalantar ƙarin farashin man fetur da gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta yi. Rikicin ya haifar da jerin yajin ayyukan gama-gari da zanga-zangar ƙwadago a faɗin ƙasar.

==Ƙalubalantar ƙarin farashin man fetur==

A watan Janairun 2004, NLC ta yi barazanar gudanar da sabon yajin aikin gama-gari domin nuna adawa da sabon harajin naira 1.50 kan kowace litar man fetur da gwamnatin tarayya ta fara karɓa a ranar 1 ga Janairu. Oshiomhole ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ba za ta ci gaba da jure matsin tattalin arzikin da ke addabar ma'aikata da sauran 'yan Najeriya ba.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2004, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun dakatar da yajin aikin da suka shirya bayan wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta ba da umarnin dakatar da karɓar harajin, tare da umartar ƙungiyoyin da su dakatar da yajin aikin har sai an saurari ƙarar. Gwamnati ma ta sanar da dakatar da harajin.

==Yajin aikin watan Yuni==

A watan Yunin 2004, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun sake gudanar da yajin aikin gama-gari domin nuna adawa da ƙarin farashin man fetur, dizal da kananzir. Yajin aikin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Yuni, bayan ƙarin farashin da ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Mayu.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, Oshiomhole ya sanar da dakatar da yajin aikin bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun ce sun ga alamun bin umarnin kotu na mayar da farashin man fetur zuwa tsohon mataki. Sai dai ya gargaɗi gwamnati cewa ƙungiyar za ta iya sake komawa yajin aiki idan ba a tabbatar da bin yarjejeniyar ba.

==Yajin aikin watan Oktoba==

A watan Oktoban 2004, NLC ta sake kiran yajin aikin gama-gari na kwanaki huɗu domin nuna adawa da ƙarin farashin man fetur. Yajin aikin ya fara a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, bayan farashin man fetur ya ƙaru zuwa kusan naira 55 kan kowace lita.

Oshiomhole ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ba za ta dakatar da yajin aikin ba sai an samu ci gaba mai ɗorewa a tattaunawar da ake yi da gwamnati. An ruwaito cewa yajin aikin ya kawo tsaiko ga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan gwamnati a manyan biranen Najeriya.

A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2004, Oshiomhole da ƙungiyoyin da ke tare da shi sun sake bai wa gwamnatin Obasanjo wa'adin rage farashin man fetur, tare da gargaɗin cewa za a iya sake gudanar da wani yajin aiki idan ba a cimma matsaya ba.

==Rikici kan kotuna da 'yancin gudanar da yajin aiki==

A yayin rikicin, gwamnati da ƙungiyar ƙwadago sun yi ta samun saɓani kan halaccin gudanar da yajin aikin saboda batun farashin man fetur. Gwamnati ta nemi kotuna su hana yajin aikin, yayin da NLC ta ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an janye ƙarin farashin da take adawa da shi. Takardun shari'a sun nuna cewa rikicin ya kai har Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, inda aka saurari ƙarar da ta shafi gwamnatin tarayya da Oshiomhole da NLC.

==Manazarta==

1. The New Humanitarian. “Labour unions give Obasanjo ultimatum on fuel tax.” 8 Janairu 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/9)
2. The New Humanitarian. “Labour unions suspend general strike.” 21 Janairu 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/10)
3. The New Humanitarian. “Unions call off strike as fuel prices drop.” 11 Yuni 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/11)
4. Business Recorder. “Nigerian unions to go ahead with oil strike today.” 11 Oktoba 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/12)
5. The New Humanitarian. “New fuel strike shuts down key cities.” 11 Oktoba 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/13)
6. Mail &amp; Guardian. “Nigerian unions issue ultimatum over fuel price.” 27 Oktoba 2004. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/14)
7. Weekly Reports of Nigeria. “Federal Government of Nigeria vs Adams Oshiomhole.” Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, 5 Fabrairu 2004. &quot;Karanta hukuncin kotu&quot; (https://reference-url-citation.invalid/15)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Al-Amoudi da zargin tallafa wa Osama bin Laden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>965145</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>965145</origin>
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      <text bytes="5278" sha1="cz4k6kzm15siezxdo1jucbhotcgtlea" xml:space="preserve">Mohammed Al-Amoudi da zargin tallafa wa Osama bin Laden

Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne wanda aka haifa a Habasha, kuma ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya, wanda ya zuba jari a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da masana'antar mai a Sweden. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2026, wani bincike da gidan talabijin na Sweden, SVT, ya gudanar ya bayyana wani rahoton sirrin leken asirin Amurka na shekarar 2002 wanda ya danganta Al-Amoudi da zargin samar da kuɗaɗen da aka tura wa Osama bin Laden, jagoran ƙungiyar al-Qaeda. Al-Amoudi ya musanta zarge-zargen da aka gabatar a rahoton.

==Rahoton leken asirin Amurka==

A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2026, shirin binciken jaridu na SVT mai suna Uppdrag granskning ya wallafa wani bincike mai taken Svart guld (wanda ke nufin “Baƙin Zinariya”). Binciken ya bayyana cewa masu shirya shirin sun samu damar duba wani rahoton sirrin leken asirin Amurka na shekarar 2002 wanda bai taɓa fitowa fili ba a baya. Rahoton ya ƙunshi bayanai game da zargin hanyoyin da aka bi wajen tura kuɗi zuwa ga bin Laden da al-Qaeda.

A cewar rahoton SVT, takardar ta ambaci wasu lambobin asusun banki, kamfanoni da mutane da ake zargin an yi amfani da su wajen tura kuɗi daga wasu kamfanonin Al-Amoudi da ke Saudiyya zuwa ga bin Laden da ƙungiyar al-Qaeda. Waɗannan bayanai sun fito ne daga rahoton leken asiri da aka samu, ba daga hukuncin kotu da ya tabbatar da aikata laifi ba.

==Zargin karkatar da kuɗaɗen aikin asibiti==

Ɗaya daga cikin zarge-zargen da rahoton ya ƙunsa ya shafi wani aikin gina asibiti a Saudiyya da aka sani da Al-Salamah project. A cewar bayanan da SVT ta wallafa, ana zargin cewa an ƙara farashin aikin fiye da ainihin kuɗin da ake buƙata, sannan aka karkatar da bambancin kuɗin zuwa ga bin Laden.

Rahoton ya ambaci kuɗaɗen da suka kai kusan krona miliyan 360 na Sweden. Sai dai wannan adadi da bayanin yadda aka yi amfani da kuɗin suna cikin zarge-zargen da rahoton leken asirin ya gabatar, kuma bai kamata a ɗauke su a matsayin tabbataccen hukuncin shari'a ba.

==Martanin Al-Amoudi==

Al-Amoudi ya musanta zarge-zargen da aka danganta da shi. A cewar rahotannin da suka kawo martaninsa, ya bayyana cewa bai san da wani shiri na ƙara farashin aikin asibiti ta hanyar zamba ba, kuma bai amince da karkatar da kuɗi zuwa ga bin Laden ko al-Qaeda ba.

Ya kuma ƙalubalanci yadda aka gabatar da bayanan leken asirin, yana mai cewa zarge-zargen ba su zama tabbatacciyar hujja ta aikata laifi ba. Rahotannin da aka samu ba su tabbatar da cewa kotu ta same shi da laifin tallafa wa ta'addanci bisa waɗannan zarge-zargen ba.

==Zuba jarinsa a Sweden da kamfanin Preem==

Al-Amoudi ya fara zuba jari a Sweden a shekarar 1994, lokacin da ya sayi kamfanin OK Petroleum ta hannun kamfanin Corral Petroleum AB. Daga baya, kamfanin ya zama wani ɓangare na kasuwancin da aka sani da Preem, wanda ke harkar tacewa da samar da makamashi.

A tsawon shekaru, Al-Amoudi ya kasance babban mai zuba jari a Sweden. A shekarar 2026, an kammala sayar da Preem ga kamfanin Varo Energy, lamarin da ya kawo ƙarshen mallakar Al-Amoudi a kamfanin.

==Gargadin hukumomin tsaron Sweden==

Binciken SVT ya kuma bayyana cewa hukumomin tsaron Sweden, waɗanda aka sani da Säpo, sun samu gargadi game da zarge-zargen da suka shafi yiwuwar alakar Al-Amoudi da ayyukan ta'addanci tun shekarun 1990. A cewar shirin, masu binciken sun tattauna da jami'an gwamnati da dama domin gano yadda hukumomin suka bi diddigin bayanan.

Rahoton SVT ya nuna cewa masu binciken ba su gano alamun da ke tabbatar da cewa Säpo ta gudanar da cikakken bincike a kansa ba. Wannan bayani ya shafi sakamakon binciken aikin jarida, ba hukuncin kotu ba.

==Muhimmancin rahoton==

Binciken ya sake jawo muhawara kan rawar da hukumomin leken asiri ke takawa wajen gano hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci da kuma yadda hukumomin tsaro ke gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen da suka shafi manyan masu zuba jari.

Duk da haka, yana da muhimmanci a bambanta tsakanin bayanan sirrin leken asiri, zarge-zargen da 'yan jarida suka bincika, da hujjojin da kotu ta tantance. Al-Amoudi ya musanta zarge-zargen, kuma rahotannin da aka ambata a nan ba su nuna cewa an same shi da laifin tallafa wa bin Laden ko al-Qaeda ta hanyar hukuncin kotu ba.

==Manazarta==

1. Sveriges Television (SVT). Uppdrag granskning: Svart guld – Genombrottet. 7 Oktoba 2026. &quot;Duba shirin binciken&quot; (https://www.svtplay.se/video/KAMa2Xo/uppdrag-granskning-svart-guld/6-genombrottet).

2. Sveriges Radio. “Tidigare Preem-ägaren ska ha finansierat Usama bin Laden.” Oktoba 2026. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/tidigare-preem-agaren-mohammed-al-amoudi-ska-ha-finansierat-al-qaida).

3. Billionaires Africa. “Billionaire Mohammed Al-Amoudi accused of funding al-Qaeda in secret Pentagon report.” 8 Oktoba 2026. &quot;Karanta rahoton&quot; (https://www.billionaires.africa/2026/10/08/billionaire-mohammed-al-amoudi-accused-of-funding-al-qaeda-in-secret-pentagon-report/).

4. Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi — shafin bayanan harkokin kasuwancinsa. “Preem/Varo Energy Deal – Major Step In Strategic Re-orientation of Mohammed Al Amoudi Business Interests.” 16 Janairu 2026. &quot;Karanta bayanin&quot; (https://sheikhmohammedalamoudi.info/news/20-litigation-public-affiars).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hadarin Jirgin Leken Asirin NAF a Ondo</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>965171</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T10:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>965171</origin>
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      <text bytes="3103" sha1="t6izqmi5uzondyp0vjpt4p5up8eoou9" xml:space="preserve">Hadarin Jirgin Leken Asirin NAF a Ondo

Hadarin jirgin Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya a Ondo ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2026, a yankin Igbokoda, ƙaramar hukumar Ilaje, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Jirgin, samfurin ATR-42 mai lambar rajista NAF 931, yana kan hanyarsa daga birnin Benin zuwa Legas a lokacin da ya yi hatsari a wani yanki mai fadama kusa da sansanin sojojin ruwa. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa babu wanda ya tsira daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin.

==Hadarin jirgin==

A cewar Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya, jirgin yana gudanar da aikin yau da kullum daga Benin zuwa Legas lokacin da hadarin ya faru. Rundunar ta sanar da fara aikin bincike da ceto tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa. Daga baya, rundunar ta tabbatar da cewa mutane 25 ne ke cikin jirgin, ciki har da ma'aikatan jirgi biyar da fasinjoji 20.

Da farko, wasu jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana cewa mutane 32 ne ke cikin jirgin. Sai dai, a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2026, rundunar ta fayyace cewa kuskuren fahimtar yadda ake ƙirga mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ne ya haifar da bambancin alkaluman.

==Nau'in jirgin da aikinsa==

Jirgin ATR-42 na daga cikin jiragen da Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Najeriya ke amfani da su wajen sintiri a teku, tattara bayanan sirri da sa ido daga sama. Ana kuma iya amfani da irin wannan jirgi wajen ayyukan bincike da ceto da kuma jigilar mutane.

Asarar irin wannan jirgi na iya shafar yawan kayan aikin da rundunar ke da su wajen tattara bayanan sirri da sa ido, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da cewa rahotannin Premium Times sun nuna cewa Najeriya tana da jiragen ATR-42-500MP guda biyu kafin wannan hadari.

==Martanin gwamnati==

Bayan hadarin, Shugaban Najeriya, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, ya bayar da umarnin gudanar da cikakken bincike domin gano musabbabin hadarin da kuma daukar matakan hana sake faruwar irin wannan lamari. Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki a ƙasar domin girmama jami'an sojin sama da suka mutu.

Har zuwa lokacin da aka wallafa rahotannin da aka yi amfani da su a wannan mukala, ba a tabbatar da ainihin musabbabin hadarin ta hanyar sakamakon binciken hukuma ba.

==Manazarta==

1. Premium Times. &quot;Updated: No survivors as Nigeria releases names of crew members, passengers killed in crashed aircraft&quot; (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/914791-updated-no-survivors-as-nigeria-releases-names-of-crew-members-passengers-killed-in-crashed-aircraft.html), 6 Oktoba 2026.
2. Premium Times. &quot;What we know about Nigerian military aircraft that fatally crashed Monday&quot; (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/914659-what-we-know-about-nigerian-military-aircraft-that-fatally-crashed-monday.html), 5 Oktoba 2026.
3. The State House, Abuja. &quot;President Tinubu declares three-day mourning for Air Force personnel who died in aircraft crash&quot; (https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-declares-three-day-mourning-for-air-force-personnel-who-died-in-aircraft-crash/), 5 Oktoba 2026.
4. Vanguard. &quot;NAF explains confusion over 25, 32 crash victims&quot; (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/10/naf-explains-confusion-over-25-32-crash-victims/), 8 Oktoba 2026.</text>
      <sha1>t6izqmi5uzondyp0vjpt4p5up8eoou9</sha1>
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    <title>Ismaïl Omar Guelleh: Shugaban Djibouti da ya shafe sama da shekaru 27 a mulki</title>
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      <text bytes="4702" sha1="apzy0xlhpsuxpvoax74u3utpb9mndoc" xml:space="preserve">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh: Shugaban Djibouti da ya shafe sama da shekaru 27 a mulki

Ismaïl Omar Guelleh ɗan siyasar Djibouti ne wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar a shekarar 1999, bayan ya gaji kawunsa, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, shugaban ƙasar na farko bayan samun ’yancin kai daga Faransa. A watan Afrilun 2026, Guelleh ya sake lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa, inda ya samu wa’adi na shida a jere. A cewar Reuters, ya samu kashi 97.8 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka ƙirga a hukumance.[1][2]

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da fara harkokin gwamnati==

An haifi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1947, a Dire Dawa, ƙasar Habasha. Ya fara aiki a rundunar ’yan sanda a shekarar 1964, kafin daga baya ya koma gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati a Djibouti.[3]

Guelleh ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin kawunsa, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, ciki har da muƙaman da suka shafi harkokin tsaro. Waɗannan ayyuka sun ba shi damar shiga cikin harkokin siyasa da gudanar da gwamnati kafin ya zama shugaban ƙasa.[2][3]

==Zama shugaban ƙasa==

Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya jagoranci Djibouti bayan samun ’yancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1999, ya goyi bayan Guelleh a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a shugabancin ƙasar.

Guelleh ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen Afrilun 1999, inda ya yi nasara. Ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin ƙasar a ranar 8 ga Mayun wannan shekarar.[2]

Tun daga lokacin, Guelleh ya ci gaba da jagorantar Djibouti ta hanyar lashe zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa da suka biyo baya. Ya lashe zaɓukan shekarun 2005, 2011, 2016 da 2021 kafin ya sake lashe zaɓen 2026.[2][4]

==Sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki==

A shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Djibouti kwaskwarima, inda aka cire iyakar yawan wa'adin da shugaban ƙasa zai iya yi. Sai dai an ci gaba da tanadin iyakar shekaru 75 ga masu neman takarar shugaban ƙasa.[4][5]

A ranar 26 ga Oktoban 2025, Majalisar Dokokin Djibouti ta amince da kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin da ta cire iyakar shekarun 75 ga masu neman takarar shugaban ƙasa. An sake amincewa da kwaskwarimar a ranar 2 ga Nuwamban 2025, lamarin da ya ba Guelleh damar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen 2026, duk da cewa ya haura wannan shekarun.[5][6]

==Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2026==

A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 2026, Djibouti ta gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Guelleh ya fafata da Mohamed Farah Samatar, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Unified Democratic Centre (CDU).

A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, kafar watsa labaran gwamnati ta sanar da cewa Guelleh ya lashe zaɓen da kashi 97.8 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka ƙirga, inda ya samu wa'adi na shida a jere.[1][2]

Sai dai manyan jam'iyyun adawa biyu sun kaurace wa zaɓukan tun shekarar 2016, suna zargin hukumomin zaɓe da rashin nuna adalci. Haka kuma, masu sa ido kan harkokin dimokuraɗiyya sun nuna damuwa game da ƙarancin gasa tsakanin 'yan takara. Gwamnatin Djibouti ta fuskanci suka kan yadda ake gudanar da harkokin siyasa, duk da cewa hukumomin ƙasar sun ƙi amincewa da zarge-zargen tauye 'yancin siyasa.[1][2][7]

==Tsawon lokacin mulkinsa==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, Guelleh ya shafe sama da shekaru 27 a matsayin shugaban Djibouti. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin shugabannin Afirka da suka daɗe suna kan karagar mulki.

Tsawon mulkinsa ya jawo tattaunawa kan sauyin shugabanci, gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, iyakar wa'adin shugaban ƙasa da rawar da jam'iyyun adawa ke takawa wajen tabbatar da gasa a zaɓe.[1][5][7]

==Manazarta==

1. Reuters. &quot;Djibouti president wins election with 97.8% of vote, state media says&quot; (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/djibouti-president-wins-election-with-978-vote-state-media-says-2026-04-11/), 11 Afrilu 2026.
2. Associated Press. &quot;Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is reelected for a sixth term&quot; (https://apnews.com/article/56800757f1108c104adb4bdc5ae880fa), Afrilu 2026.
3. Fadar Shugaban Ƙasar Djibouti. &quot;Biographie du Président&quot; (https://www.presidence.dj/index.php/page/biographie-du-president).
4. Al Jazeera. &quot;Djibouti votes as long-time leader seeks sixth presidential term&quot; (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/10/djibouti-votes-as-long-time-leader-seeks-sixth-presidential-term), 10 Afrilu 2026.
5. International IDEA. &quot;The Global State of Democracy: Djibouti&quot; (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/djibouti).
6. Al Jazeera. &quot;Djibouti lifts presidential age limit, paving way for sixth Guelleh term&quot; (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/26/djibouti-lifts-presidential-age-limit-paving-way-for-sixth-guelleh-term), 26 Oktoba 2025.
7. Africa Center for Strategic Studies. &quot;Djibouti: An Uncontested Election Masks a Sea of Instability&quot; (https://africacenter.org/spotlight/en-elections-2026/djibouti/), 13 Janairu 2026; an sabunta rahoton a Afrilu 2026.</text>
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      <text bytes="4929" sha1="isjrc67yd2bw5gtfg7eoy0efw9x20yb" xml:space="preserve">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh: Shugaban Djibouti da ya shafe sama da shekaru 27 a mulki[[File:Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, Shugaban Ƙasar Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, shugaban ƙasar Djibouti tun shekarar 1999, wanda ya sake lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2026, inda ya samu wa'adi na shida a jere.]]

Ismaïl Omar Guelleh ɗan siyasar Djibouti ne wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar a shekarar 1999, bayan ya gaji kawunsa, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, shugaban ƙasar na farko bayan samun ’yancin kai daga Faransa. A watan Afrilun 2026, Guelleh ya sake lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa, inda ya samu wa’adi na shida a jere. A cewar Reuters, ya samu kashi 97.8 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka ƙirga a hukumance.[1][2]

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da fara harkokin gwamnati==

An haifi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1947, a Dire Dawa, ƙasar Habasha. Ya fara aiki a rundunar ’yan sanda a shekarar 1964, kafin daga baya ya koma gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati a Djibouti.[3]

Guelleh ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin kawunsa, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, ciki har da muƙaman da suka shafi harkokin tsaro. Waɗannan ayyuka sun ba shi damar shiga cikin harkokin siyasa da gudanar da gwamnati kafin ya zama shugaban ƙasa.[2][3]

==Zama shugaban ƙasa==

Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya jagoranci Djibouti bayan samun ’yancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1999, ya goyi bayan Guelleh a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a shugabancin ƙasar.

Guelleh ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen Afrilun 1999, inda ya yi nasara. Ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin ƙasar a ranar 8 ga Mayun wannan shekarar.[2]

Tun daga lokacin, Guelleh ya ci gaba da jagorantar Djibouti ta hanyar lashe zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa da suka biyo baya. Ya lashe zaɓukan shekarun 2005, 2011, 2016 da 2021 kafin ya sake lashe zaɓen 2026.[2][4]

==Sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki==

A shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Djibouti kwaskwarima, inda aka cire iyakar yawan wa'adin da shugaban ƙasa zai iya yi. Sai dai an ci gaba da tanadin iyakar shekaru 75 ga masu neman takarar shugaban ƙasa.[4][5]

A ranar 26 ga Oktoban 2025, Majalisar Dokokin Djibouti ta amince da kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin da ta cire iyakar shekarun 75 ga masu neman takarar shugaban ƙasa. An sake amincewa da kwaskwarimar a ranar 2 ga Nuwamban 2025, lamarin da ya ba Guelleh damar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen 2026, duk da cewa ya haura wannan shekarun.[5][6]

==Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2026==

A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 2026, Djibouti ta gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Guelleh ya fafata da Mohamed Farah Samatar, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Unified Democratic Centre (CDU).

A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, kafar watsa labaran gwamnati ta sanar da cewa Guelleh ya lashe zaɓen da kashi 97.8 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka ƙirga, inda ya samu wa'adi na shida a jere.[1][2]

Sai dai manyan jam'iyyun adawa biyu sun kaurace wa zaɓukan tun shekarar 2016, suna zargin hukumomin zaɓe da rashin nuna adalci. Haka kuma, masu sa ido kan harkokin dimokuraɗiyya sun nuna damuwa game da ƙarancin gasa tsakanin 'yan takara. Gwamnatin Djibouti ta fuskanci suka kan yadda ake gudanar da harkokin siyasa, duk da cewa hukumomin ƙasar sun ƙi amincewa da zarge-zargen tauye 'yancin siyasa.[1][2][7]

==Tsawon lokacin mulkinsa==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, Guelleh ya shafe sama da shekaru 27 a matsayin shugaban Djibouti. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin shugabannin Afirka da suka daɗe suna kan karagar mulki.

Tsawon mulkinsa ya jawo tattaunawa kan sauyin shugabanci, gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, iyakar wa'adin shugaban ƙasa da rawar da jam'iyyun adawa ke takawa wajen tabbatar da gasa a zaɓe.[1][5][7]

==Manazarta==

1. Reuters. &quot;Djibouti president wins election with 97.8% of vote, state media says&quot; (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/djibouti-president-wins-election-with-978-vote-state-media-says-2026-04-11/), 11 Afrilu 2026.
2. Associated Press. &quot;Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is reelected for a sixth term&quot; (https://apnews.com/article/56800757f1108c104adb4bdc5ae880fa), Afrilu 2026.
3. Fadar Shugaban Ƙasar Djibouti. &quot;Biographie du Président&quot; (https://www.presidence.dj/index.php/page/biographie-du-president).
4. Al Jazeera. &quot;Djibouti votes as long-time leader seeks sixth presidential term&quot; (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/10/djibouti-votes-as-long-time-leader-seeks-sixth-presidential-term), 10 Afrilu 2026.
5. International IDEA. &quot;The Global State of Democracy: Djibouti&quot; (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/djibouti).
6. Al Jazeera. &quot;Djibouti lifts presidential age limit, paving way for sixth Guelleh term&quot; (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/26/djibouti-lifts-presidential-age-limit-paving-way-for-sixth-guelleh-term), 26 Oktoba 2025.
7. Africa Center for Strategic Studies. &quot;Djibouti: An Uncontested Election Masks a Sea of Instability&quot; (https://africacenter.org/spotlight/en-elections-2026/djibouti/), 13 Janairu 2026; an sabunta rahoton a Afrilu 2026.</text>
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      <comment>sabon taro</comment>
      <origin>965180</origin>
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== Manufar Wannan Taron ==
[[File:Hausa Wikimedians User Group AI workshop flyer.png|280px|right|link=]]
A halin yanzu, fasahar AI ta zuma ruwan dare kuma tana iya taimakawa wajen bincike, fassara da tsara rubutu na yau da kullum. Amma duk da haka, fasahar AI ba ta maye gurbin cikakken bincike da iya tsara rubutu na ɗan Adam ba, musamman ta hanyar tantance sahihan bayanai na gaskiya, ko wajen tabbatar da ingancin bayanan da nauyin mabambantan ra'ayoyi a rubutun zube.

Wannan taro zai mayar da hankali ne wajen ƙara fahimtar da masu bada gudummuwa a Wikipedia yadda za a yin amfani da AI ta hanyar da ta dace wajen fassara, gina rubutu, da kuma nemo manazarta ko reference domin ingnta, lo kuma gina muƙaloli a Wikipedia ta harshen Hausa. Hakazalika taron zai nusar da mahalarta hanyoyin amfani da fasahar da basu dace ba, musamman ƙirƙirar bayanai da basu da asali ko kuma juya zance ta wata fuskar da kuma gazawar fasahar a wasu Harsuna musamman masu ƙaranci adabi a yanar gizo kamar Hausa.

== Yadda Za a yi Rajista ==
Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa).
# Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [[Special:RegisterForEvent/|Bada Gudummuwa a Wikipedia a Zamanin Fasahar AI]]
# Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi.
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        <id>13974</id>
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      <comment>shiri na 4928</comment>
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== Manufar Wannan Taron ==
[[File:Hausa Wikimedians User Group AI workshop flyer.png|280px|right|link=]]
A halin yanzu, fasahar AI ta zuma ruwan dare kuma tana iya taimakawa wajen bincike, fassara da tsara rubutu na yau da kullum. Amma duk da haka, fasahar AI ba ta maye gurbin cikakken bincike da iya tsara rubutu na ɗan Adam ba, musamman ta hanyar tantance sahihan bayanai na gaskiya, ko wajen tabbatar da ingancin bayanan da nauyin mabambantan ra'ayoyi a rubutun zube.

Wannan taro zai mayar da hankali ne wajen ƙara fahimtar da masu bada gudummuwa a Wikipedia yadda za a yin amfani da AI ta hanyar da ta dace wajen fassara, gina rubutu, da kuma nemo manazarta ko reference domin ingnta, lo kuma gina muƙaloli a Wikipedia ta harshen Hausa. Hakazalika taron zai nusar da mahalarta hanyoyin amfani da fasahar da basu dace ba, musamman ƙirƙirar bayanai da basu da asali ko kuma juya zance ta wata fuskar da kuma gazawar fasahar a wasu Harsuna musamman masu ƙaranci adabi a yanar gizo kamar Hausa.

* Ranar gudanarwa: 11 ga Oktoba 2026
* Lokacin farawa: 2:00 Na rana (WAT)
* Wuri: Ɗakin taro na Lumilab Hub

== Abubuwan Mayar da Hankali/Tattaunawa ==
[[File:Dall-e 3 (jan '24) artificial intelligence icon.png|280px|right|link=]]
A yayin wannan taron, za mu mayar da hankali ne akan tattaunawar yadde rubutun AI yake da kuma amfani da fasahar AI ita kanta wajen samar da sabbin muƙalolin Wikipedia masu inganci ko kuma inganta wanda ke buƙatar inganta.

Sabbin masu bada gudummuwa zasu samu horo na musamman domin koyon bada gudummuwa daga matakin farko tare kuma da neman ƙwarewa. 

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    <title>Che Guevara: Alamar Gwagwarmaya a Ƙarni na 20</title>
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      <text bytes="6609" sha1="k170w7sgb7ljpzfcfos57pr7uhq8w82" xml:space="preserve">Che Guevara: Alamar Gwagwarmaya a Ƙarni na 20

Ernesto Che Guevara (14 ga Yuni, 1928 – 9 ga Oktoba, 1967) likitan Argentina ne, mai ra'ayin gurguzu, marubuci kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Juyin Juya Halin Cuba tare da Fidel Castro da sauran mayakan da suka yi yaƙi da gwamnatin Fulgencio Batista. Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin a shekarar 1959, ya riƙe muƙaman gwamnati a Cuba, kafin daga bisani ya koma ƙasashen Afirka da Kudancin Amurka domin ci gaba da yaɗa ra'ayinsa na juyin juya hali. Sojojin Bolivia sun kama shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1967, sannan suka kashe shi washegari a La Higuera, Bolivia.[1][2]

An san Guevara a sassa daban-daban na duniya a matsayin alamar gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali da adawa da jari-hujja. Hotonsa da Alberto Korda ya ɗauka a shekarar 1960 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hotunan siyasa a duniya.[1]

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da karatunsa==

An haifi Ernesto Guevara a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1928, a birnin Rosario, lardin Santa Fe, Argentina. Shi ne ɗan fari a cikin 'ya'ya biyar na Ernesto Guevara Lynch da Celia de la Serna. Ya taso ne a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin hali ta fuskar tattalin arziki.[1][3]

Tun yana ƙarami, Guevara yana fama da cutar asma, amma hakan bai hana shi yin wasanni da sauran ayyukan da samari ke yi ba. Ya nuna sha'awar karatu tun yana yaro, musamman littattafan falsafa, adabi da siyasa.

Ya shiga Jami'ar Buenos Aires domin karatun likitanci. A lokacin karatunsa, ya yi tafiye-tafiye a wasu ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka, ciki har da tafiyar babur da ya yi tare da abokinsa Alberto Granado a shekarar 1952. A wannan tafiya, ya ga irin talauci, rashin daidaito da matsalolin zamantakewa da jama'a ke fuskanta. Waɗannan abubuwa sun yi tasiri ga ra'ayinsa na siyasa da fahimtarsa game da al'umma.[1][3]

Ya kammala karatun likitanci a shekarar 1953, amma daga baya ya mayar da hankali kan harkokin siyasa da gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali.

==Shiga gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali==

A shekarar 1954, Guevara ya isa Guatemala, inda ya lura da rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan kifar da gwamnatin shugaban ƙasar Jacobo Árbenz. Abubuwan da suka faru a Guatemala sun ƙara ƙarfafa ra'ayinsa na adawa da tasirin Amurka a siyasar ƙasashen Latin Amurka.[1][3]

A shekarar 1955, ya haɗu da Fidel Castro a Mexico. Castro da abokansa suna shirin kifar da gwamnatin Fulgencio Batista ta Cuba. Guevara ya shiga ƙungiyar mayakan juyin juya hali, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin likitan yaƙi, kafin daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamandojinta.[1][2]

A shekarar 1956, Guevara da sauran mayakan sun shiga Cuba domin fara gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin Batista. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, sojojin juyin juya halin sun yi nasarar kifar da gwamnatin Batista a watan Janairun 1959.

==Muƙamansa a gwamnatin Cuba==

Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin, Guevara ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Cuba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Bankin Ƙasa na Cuba, sannan ya zama ministan masana'antu. Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manufofin tattalin arziki da bunƙasa alaƙar Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet.[1][2]

Guevara ya kasance mai goyon bayan gurguzu da sauya tsarin tattalin arziki domin rage tasirin jari-hujja. Duk da haka, manufofinsa da rawar da ya taka a gwamnatinsa sun kasance abin muhawara, musamman dangane da hukuncin kisa da aka yanke wa wasu mutane bayan nasarar juyin juya halin Cuba.[1][3]

==Gwagwarmaya a Afirka da Bolivia==

A shekarar 1965, Guevara ya bar manyan muƙamansa a Cuba domin ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yaɗa juyin juya hali a wasu ƙasashe. Ya tafi Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, inda ya shiga wani yunƙurin tallafa wa mayakan da ke adawa da gwamnatin ƙasar. Sai dai wannan yunƙuri bai cimma nasarar da yake fata ba.[1][3]

Daga baya, ya tafi Bolivia a shekarar 1966 domin jagorantar wata ƙungiyar mayaƙan gurguzu da ke son kifar da gwamnatin ƙasar. Duk da ƙoƙarinsa na kafa ƙungiyar juyin juya hali, bai samu isasshen goyon bayan al'ummar yankin ba. Haka kuma, jami'an tsaron Bolivia sun yi amfani da bayanan sirri da taimakon Amurka wajen bin diddiginsa da sauran mayakan.[2][4]

==Kama shi da kisa==

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1967, sojojin Bolivia sun kama Guevara a kusa da ƙauyen La Higuera. An kai shi wani ƙaramin ginin makaranta, inda aka tsare shi bayan kama shi.

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1967, hedikwatar sojojin Bolivia ta ba da umarnin kashe shi. An aiwatar da umarnin da misalin ƙarfe 1:15 na rana. Wani takardar sirri da daraktan Hukumar Leken Asirin Amurka (CIA), Richard Helms, ya aika wa jami'an gwamnatin Amurka a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1967, ya tabbatar da cewa an kama Guevara da rauni, amma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau kafin a kashe shi.[4][5]

Bayan mutuwarsa, hukumomin Bolivia sun nuna gawarsa ga manema labarai domin tabbatar da cewa an kashe shi. A shekarar 1997, an gano gawarsa tare da sauran gawarwakin wasu mayakan da aka binne a Bolivia, sannan aka mayar da su Cuba domin binne su.[1][3]

==Tasirinsa da gadonsa na tarihi==

Mutuwar Guevara ba ta kawo ƙarshen tasirin ra'ayoyinsa ba. Bayan rasuwarsa, hotonsa da ra'ayinsa sun bazu a duniya, musamman tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai, masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu fafutukar sauya tsarin siyasa.

Hoton Guevara da Alberto Korda ya ɗauka a shekarar 1960 ya zama alama da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna gwagwarmaya, adawa da jari-hujja da neman sauyin zamantakewa. Sai dai ana kuma muhawara kan bambancin yadda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin alamar gwagwarmaya da kuma rawar da ya taka a tsarin siyasar Cuba.[1][3]

A yau, ana kallon Guevara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a tarihin juyin juya halin ƙarni na 20. Tasirinsa ya zarce iyakokin Cuba da Argentina, inda sunansa ya ci gaba da bayyana a tattaunawa kan juyin juya hali, gurguzu da gwagwarmayar siyasa.

==Manazarta==

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Che Guevara: Argentine revolutionary&quot; (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Che-Guevara).
2. HISTORY. &quot;Che Guevara: Facts, Death &amp; Biography&quot; (https://www.history.com/articles/che-guevara).
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Che Guevara: Life and revolutionary activities&quot; (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Che-Guevara).
4. National Security Archive, George Washington University. &quot;Che Guevara and the CIA in the Mountains of Bolivia&quot; (https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba-intelligence/2020-10-09/che-guevara-cia-mountains-bolivia).
5. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. &quot;Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms on the capture and execution of Ernesto “Che” Guevara, 11 October 1967&quot; (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31/d171).</text>
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      <text bytes="6941" sha1="d0am8bncbv6i89h37ywycxuxuzffgkd" xml:space="preserve">Che Guevara: Alamar Gwagwarmaya a Ƙarni na 20[[File:Che Guevara – Alamar Gwagwarmayar Juyin Juya Hali a Ƙarni na 20.jpg|thumb|Ernesto Che Guevara (1928–1967), ɗan gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali daga Argentina, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Juyin Juya Halin Cuba tare da Fidel Castro. Ya zama sanannen alama ta gwagwarmayar siyasa da adawa da tsarin jari-hujja a duniya.]]

Ernesto Che Guevara (14 ga Yuni, 1928 – 9 ga Oktoba, 1967) likitan Argentina ne, mai ra'ayin gurguzu, marubuci kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Juyin Juya Halin Cuba tare da Fidel Castro da sauran mayakan da suka yi yaƙi da gwamnatin Fulgencio Batista. Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin a shekarar 1959, ya riƙe muƙaman gwamnati a Cuba, kafin daga bisani ya koma ƙasashen Afirka da Kudancin Amurka domin ci gaba da yaɗa ra'ayinsa na juyin juya hali. Sojojin Bolivia sun kama shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1967, sannan suka kashe shi washegari a La Higuera, Bolivia.[1][2]

An san Guevara a sassa daban-daban na duniya a matsayin alamar gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali da adawa da jari-hujja. Hotonsa da Alberto Korda ya ɗauka a shekarar 1960 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hotunan siyasa a duniya.[1]

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da karatunsa==

An haifi Ernesto Guevara a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1928, a birnin Rosario, lardin Santa Fe, Argentina. Shi ne ɗan fari a cikin 'ya'ya biyar na Ernesto Guevara Lynch da Celia de la Serna. Ya taso ne a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin hali ta fuskar tattalin arziki.[1][3]

Tun yana ƙarami, Guevara yana fama da cutar asma, amma hakan bai hana shi yin wasanni da sauran ayyukan da samari ke yi ba. Ya nuna sha'awar karatu tun yana yaro, musamman littattafan falsafa, adabi da siyasa.

Ya shiga Jami'ar Buenos Aires domin karatun likitanci. A lokacin karatunsa, ya yi tafiye-tafiye a wasu ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka, ciki har da tafiyar babur da ya yi tare da abokinsa Alberto Granado a shekarar 1952. A wannan tafiya, ya ga irin talauci, rashin daidaito da matsalolin zamantakewa da jama'a ke fuskanta. Waɗannan abubuwa sun yi tasiri ga ra'ayinsa na siyasa da fahimtarsa game da al'umma.[1][3]

Ya kammala karatun likitanci a shekarar 1953, amma daga baya ya mayar da hankali kan harkokin siyasa da gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali.

==Shiga gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali==

A shekarar 1954, Guevara ya isa Guatemala, inda ya lura da rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan kifar da gwamnatin shugaban ƙasar Jacobo Árbenz. Abubuwan da suka faru a Guatemala sun ƙara ƙarfafa ra'ayinsa na adawa da tasirin Amurka a siyasar ƙasashen Latin Amurka.[1][3]

A shekarar 1955, ya haɗu da Fidel Castro a Mexico. Castro da abokansa suna shirin kifar da gwamnatin Fulgencio Batista ta Cuba. Guevara ya shiga ƙungiyar mayakan juyin juya hali, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin likitan yaƙi, kafin daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamandojinta.[1][2]

A shekarar 1956, Guevara da sauran mayakan sun shiga Cuba domin fara gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin Batista. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, sojojin juyin juya halin sun yi nasarar kifar da gwamnatin Batista a watan Janairun 1959.

==Muƙamansa a gwamnatin Cuba==

Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin, Guevara ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Cuba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Bankin Ƙasa na Cuba, sannan ya zama ministan masana'antu. Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manufofin tattalin arziki da bunƙasa alaƙar Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet.[1][2]

Guevara ya kasance mai goyon bayan gurguzu da sauya tsarin tattalin arziki domin rage tasirin jari-hujja. Duk da haka, manufofinsa da rawar da ya taka a gwamnatinsa sun kasance abin muhawara, musamman dangane da hukuncin kisa da aka yanke wa wasu mutane bayan nasarar juyin juya halin Cuba.[1][3]

==Gwagwarmaya a Afirka da Bolivia==

A shekarar 1965, Guevara ya bar manyan muƙamansa a Cuba domin ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yaɗa juyin juya hali a wasu ƙasashe. Ya tafi Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, inda ya shiga wani yunƙurin tallafa wa mayakan da ke adawa da gwamnatin ƙasar. Sai dai wannan yunƙuri bai cimma nasarar da yake fata ba.[1][3]

Daga baya, ya tafi Bolivia a shekarar 1966 domin jagorantar wata ƙungiyar mayaƙan gurguzu da ke son kifar da gwamnatin ƙasar. Duk da ƙoƙarinsa na kafa ƙungiyar juyin juya hali, bai samu isasshen goyon bayan al'ummar yankin ba. Haka kuma, jami'an tsaron Bolivia sun yi amfani da bayanan sirri da taimakon Amurka wajen bin diddiginsa da sauran mayakan.[2][4]

==Kama shi da kisa==

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1967, sojojin Bolivia sun kama Guevara a kusa da ƙauyen La Higuera. An kai shi wani ƙaramin ginin makaranta, inda aka tsare shi bayan kama shi.

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1967, hedikwatar sojojin Bolivia ta ba da umarnin kashe shi. An aiwatar da umarnin da misalin ƙarfe 1:15 na rana. Wani takardar sirri da daraktan Hukumar Leken Asirin Amurka (CIA), Richard Helms, ya aika wa jami'an gwamnatin Amurka a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1967, ya tabbatar da cewa an kama Guevara da rauni, amma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau kafin a kashe shi.[4][5]

Bayan mutuwarsa, hukumomin Bolivia sun nuna gawarsa ga manema labarai domin tabbatar da cewa an kashe shi. A shekarar 1997, an gano gawarsa tare da sauran gawarwakin wasu mayakan da aka binne a Bolivia, sannan aka mayar da su Cuba domin binne su.[1][3]

==Tasirinsa da gadonsa na tarihi==

Mutuwar Guevara ba ta kawo ƙarshen tasirin ra'ayoyinsa ba. Bayan rasuwarsa, hotonsa da ra'ayinsa sun bazu a duniya, musamman tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai, masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu fafutukar sauya tsarin siyasa.

Hoton Guevara da Alberto Korda ya ɗauka a shekarar 1960 ya zama alama da ake amfani da ita wajen nuna gwagwarmaya, adawa da jari-hujja da neman sauyin zamantakewa. Sai dai ana kuma muhawara kan bambancin yadda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin alamar gwagwarmaya da kuma rawar da ya taka a tsarin siyasar Cuba.[1][3]

A yau, ana kallon Guevara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a tarihin juyin juya halin ƙarni na 20. Tasirinsa ya zarce iyakokin Cuba da Argentina, inda sunansa ya ci gaba da bayyana a tattaunawa kan juyin juya hali, gurguzu da gwagwarmayar siyasa.

==Manazarta==

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Che Guevara: Argentine revolutionary&quot; (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Che-Guevara).
2. HISTORY. &quot;Che Guevara: Facts, Death &amp; Biography&quot; (https://www.history.com/articles/che-guevara).
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica. &quot;Che Guevara: Life and revolutionary activities&quot; (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Che-Guevara).
4. National Security Archive, George Washington University. &quot;Che Guevara and the CIA in the Mountains of Bolivia&quot; (https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba-intelligence/2020-10-09/che-guevara-cia-mountains-bolivia).
5. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. &quot;Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms on the capture and execution of Ernesto “Che” Guevara, 11 October 1967&quot; (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31/d171).</text>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375248687|Ella Bard]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==

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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. YAR KWALLO n kafa ce na turai wato waje kenan kasar Amur Ka 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>5ripslrmsutlmq16hf3j2vz6mezxmw2</sha1>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ya girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>o4pmpnjweivlr5xdvuklz6urneskrr3</sha1>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ta girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ya fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>s77o42z3zceieo1jj2n8qswp4a4272y</sha1>
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        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko */</comment>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ta girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ya buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:13:17Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan kwaleji */</comment>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ta girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ta buga wasanni 16, ya fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>965197</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:13:55Z</timestamp>
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        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan kwaleji */</comment>
      <origin>965197</origin>
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'''Ella Jett Bard''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2007) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwalejin Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Louisville Cardinals. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Bard ta girma ne a Wadsworth, Ohio . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ella Bard |url=https://gocards.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/ella-bard/18051 |access-date=2026-09-14 |publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Debbie, ta taimaka wa Wadsworth High School lashe lambar yabo ta kwando ta makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1997.  Bard ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Wadsworth Amateur Soccer Association kafin ya koma Internationals SC.&lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL da yawa tare da ƙarshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An yi karatun gida kuma ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Louisville Cardinals . &lt;ref name=&quot;MG26&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan kwaleji ==
Bard ta buga wasanni 16, ta fara 7, ga Louisville Cardinals a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2025.  Ta taimaka wa Cardinals samun matsayi na farko na Gasar NCAA tun 2019, inda ta kai zagaye na uku.

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bard ta fara bugawa tawagar Amurka 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lou&quot; /&gt; An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen 'Yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 ta 2026.  Ta taka leda a kowane minti a gasar tare da mai tsaron gida [[Lizzie Boamah]] da mai tseren gida [[Caroline Birkel]], inda ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil a zagaye na 16.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>p3j0roip1im3drqtssk12jbb5rvyzb5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jazmyne Kafin</title>
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    <id>178668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>965199</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965199</origin>
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>gn9jbdv07cijg7ld3sahy13e4s8uubd</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>965200</id>
      <parentid>965199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965200</origin>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>tm2v9qsx9gzx7reirhsvpxi03ytdz1h</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>965201</id>
      <parentid>965200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:19:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1283" sha1="p1510tj77e0eax98q2e7lncef5i7rcr" xml:space="preserve">
 

Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>p1510tj77e0eax98q2e7lncef5i7rcr</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>drixrbp1ye9tj71s0hjpdng8t4pn9ie</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>965204</id>
      <parentid>965203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965204</origin>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>fhdfnncemzjn2muo4oupj55kramualw</sha1>
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      <parentid>965204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:20:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>965206</id>
      <parentid>965205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:20:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:20:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372730011|Jazmyne Avant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>965209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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    <revision>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; YAR WASAN KWALLO CE. Shahararriya Wanda tayi suna sosai a duk sansan inda take taka leda an santa da shaharar ta

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>j168y1msppsli4inqu26jpaioydcrt1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>965211</id>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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        <id>29711</id>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ya shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>bara42xgevf7w3c1zb02nmlqrpt362c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>965213</id>
      <parentid>965212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:23:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ta shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ya sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>r9bf48ggoht9m1h5fc6vxqra1240c6e</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>/* Ayyukan wasa */</comment>
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Jazmyne Rey Avant (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ta buga wa Houston Dash na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). &lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2014 |title=BOSTON BREAKERS WAIVE JAZMYNE AVANT |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817071848/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/News/825432.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==

=== Jami'ar Florida ===
Avant ta karɓi tallafin karatu na wasanni don halartar Jami'ar Florida, inda ta buga wa kocin Becky Burleigh ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida Gators daga 2008 zuwa 2011. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga Gators, ta buga wasanni 97 kuma ta kara da taimakon 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Florida Gators bio |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/soccer/bios.php?year=2011&amp;player_id=37 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan U20 na Amurka a 2009 da kuma U16 a 2006.

== Ayyukan wasa ==

=== Kungiyar ===
Avant ta shafe lokaci tare da Sky Blue FC a kan yawon shakatawa na Japan a farkon 2012 kafin ta sanya hannu tare da New York Fury a cikin WPSL Elite don kakar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New York Fury Signs Leigh Ann Robinson and Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804115445/http://www.soccernation.com/new-york-fury-signs-leigh-ann-robinson-and-jazmyne-avant-cms-2719 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2013, an sanya hannu kan Avant a matsayin mai ganowa ga Portland Thorns a cikin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa|NWSL]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC sign defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da ita a watan Yunin 2013 kuma Boston Breakers ta karbe ta daga baya a wannan watan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Thorns FC Waive Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074256/http://www.portlandtimbers.com/news/2013/02/thorns-fc-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Breakers Sign Defender Jazmyne Avant |url=http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728185215/http://www.thebentmusket.com/2013/6/29/4477548/boston-breakers-sign-defender-jazmyne-avant-2013-nwsl-portland-thorns-defender |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=SB Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2014, Boston Breakers ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da Avant.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb_waived14&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373291809|Jazmyne Denhollander]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omoty77</username>
        <id>29711</id>
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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        <id>29711</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373291809|Jazmyne Denhollander]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Jazmyne DenhollanderaPaddle a Duniya
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaKungiyar Kanada
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaOlympedia 
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikin InterSportStats
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikinToronto 2015 Wasannin Pan American (an adana shi) 
* Official websitea cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2015) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada. YAR WASAN JIRGIN ruwace data shahara cikin mutanen ta dama dunia baki daya

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Jazmyne DenhollanderaPaddle a Duniya
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaKungiyar Kanada
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaOlympedia 
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikin InterSportStats
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikinToronto 2015 Wasannin Pan American (an adana shi) 
* Official websitea cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2015) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada.

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Jazmyne DenhollanderaPaddle a Duniya
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaKungiyar Kanada
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaOlympedia 
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikin InterSportStats
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikinToronto 2015 Wasannin Pan American (an adana shi) 
* Official websitea cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2015) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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'''Jazmyne Denhollander''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, a [[Chilliwack]], [[British Columbia]]) 'yar wasan jirgin ruwa ce ta Kanada.

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF a shekarar 2011, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofen duniya da kuma matakin kasa da kasa. Ta kammala ta 5 a taron K1 a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2010. Daga nan ta kasance ta 8 a gasar zakarun duniya ta ICF ta 2012 a K1.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Jazmyne DenhollanderaPaddle a Duniya
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaKungiyar Kanada
* Jazmyne DenhollanderaOlympedia 
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikin InterSportStats
* Jazmyne Denhollandera cikinToronto 2015 Wasannin Pan American (an adana shi) 
* Official websitea cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2015) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>178670</id>
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      <id>965230</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
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      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="4063" sha1="hgfepr9rjn6m71trdnmvxuo8pw2tt8b" xml:space="preserve">Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure

Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure (26 ga Fabrairu, 1956 – 8 ga Janairu, 2017) injiniya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya yi gwamnan Jihar Neja daga ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1999 zuwa ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007. Ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP), kuma ya yi wa'adin mulki biyu a matsayin gwamna. An haife shi a garin Lapai da ke Jihar Neja, sannan ya rasu a ƙasar Jamus yayin da yake karɓar magani.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da ilimi==

An haifi Kure a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1956, a Lapai, Jihar Neja, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun injiniyan gine-gine da hanyoyi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1976. Daga baya ya zarce karatu a Jami'ar Newcastle da ke Birtaniya, inda ya samu ƙarin ilimi a fannin injiniya a shekarar 1981.

==Aikin gwamnati==

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Kure ya fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jihar Neja a matsayin matashin injiniya. Daga baya ya shiga Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCDA), inda ya yi aiki a fannin injiniya. Kafin shiga siyasa, ya kai matsayin Daraktan Ayyukan Injiniya a babban birnin tarayya.

==Gwamnan Jihar Neja==

A shekarar 1999, Kure ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Neja a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP, inda ya yi nasara. Ya fara mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1999. A shekarar 2003, an sake zaɓensa domin wa'adi na biyu, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007. Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu ne ya gaje shi a matsayin gwamna.

A lokacin mulkinsa, gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban na raya jihar, ciki har da ayyukan hanyoyi da sauran ababen more rayuwa. An kuma rubuta tarihin ayyukan hanyoyin da aka yi a zamaninsa a cikin littafin Road Networks Under Gov. Kure, wanda DHAF Publishers suka wallafa a shekarar 2004.

==Aiwatar da dokokin Shari'a==

A watan Janairu na shekarar 2000, Kure ya sanar da aiwatar da dokokin Shari'a a Jihar Neja. Wannan mataki ya kasance wani ɓangare na yunkurin da wasu jihohin arewacin Najeriya suka yi a farkon Jamhuriya ta Hudu na faɗaɗa amfani da dokokin Musulunci.

Matakin ya jawo muhawara a tsakanin al'ummomin addinai daban-daban. Wasu sun goyi bayan aiwatar da Shari'a, yayin da wasu suka nuna damuwa game da tasirinta ga waɗanda ba Musulmi ba da kuma yadda za a tafiyar da tsarin a cikin ƙasa mai addinai da dama.

==Rayuwa bayan gwamna==

Bayan barin kujerar gwamna a shekarar 2007, Kure ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan PDP, kuma ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam'iyyar.

Iyali

Kure ya auri Zainab Abdulkadir Kure, wadda daga baya ta zama sanata mai wakiltar gundumar sanatan Neja ta Kudu. Ma'auratan sun haifi yara shida, maza huɗu da mata biyu.

==Mutuwarsa==

Abdulkadir Kure ya rasu a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2017, a ƙasar Jamus, inda aka kai shi domin neman magani. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa yana fama da rashin lafiya da ta shafi ƙodarsa. Yana da shekaru 60 a lokacin mutuwarsa.

Rasuwarsa ta jawo jimami daga wajen shugabannin siyasa da jama'ar Jihar Neja. Shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a lokacin, Muhammadu Buhari, ya miƙa ta'aziyyarsa ga iyalansa da al'ummar jihar.

==Manazarta==

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ex-Niger governor, Kure, dies at 60 |url=https://punchng.com/ex-niger-governor-kure-dies-60/ |website=The Punch |date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Late Abdulkadir Kure's profile |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/abdulkadir-kures-profile/ |website=Vanguard |date=8 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Countless footprints of late Kure |url=https://blueprint.ng/countless-footprints-of-late-kure/ |website=Blueprint |date=12 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Second northern state imposes Islamic law |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/11744/nigeria-second-northern-state-imposes-islamic-law |website=The New Humanitarian |date=15 January 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Buhari condoles Niger on Kure's death |url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-condoles-niger-on-kures-death/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hgfepr9rjn6m71trdnmvxuo8pw2tt8b</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>965231</id>
      <parentid>965230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HK RIGASA2</username>
        <id>28228</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Daura hoto</comment>
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      <text bytes="4225" sha1="i3c0kvpbfup1r0w63bsk2iabq2nz0b5" xml:space="preserve">Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure[[File:Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure.jpg|thumb|Injiniya Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure (1956–2017), tsohon gwamnan Jihar Neja wanda ya mulki jihar daga 1999 zuwa 2007.]]

Abdulkadir Abdullahi Kure (26 ga Fabrairu, 1956 – 8 ga Janairu, 2017) injiniya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya yi gwamnan Jihar Neja daga ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1999 zuwa ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007. Ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP), kuma ya yi wa'adin mulki biyu a matsayin gwamna. An haife shi a garin Lapai da ke Jihar Neja, sannan ya rasu a ƙasar Jamus yayin da yake karɓar magani.

==Rayuwarsa ta farko da ilimi==

An haifi Kure a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1956, a Lapai, Jihar Neja, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun injiniyan gine-gine da hanyoyi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1976. Daga baya ya zarce karatu a Jami'ar Newcastle da ke Birtaniya, inda ya samu ƙarin ilimi a fannin injiniya a shekarar 1981.

==Aikin gwamnati==

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Kure ya fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jihar Neja a matsayin matashin injiniya. Daga baya ya shiga Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCDA), inda ya yi aiki a fannin injiniya. Kafin shiga siyasa, ya kai matsayin Daraktan Ayyukan Injiniya a babban birnin tarayya.

==Gwamnan Jihar Neja==

A shekarar 1999, Kure ya tsaya takarar gwamnan Jihar Neja a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP, inda ya yi nasara. Ya fara mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1999. A shekarar 2003, an sake zaɓensa domin wa'adi na biyu, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007. Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu ne ya gaje shi a matsayin gwamna.

A lokacin mulkinsa, gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban na raya jihar, ciki har da ayyukan hanyoyi da sauran ababen more rayuwa. An kuma rubuta tarihin ayyukan hanyoyin da aka yi a zamaninsa a cikin littafin Road Networks Under Gov. Kure, wanda DHAF Publishers suka wallafa a shekarar 2004.

==Aiwatar da dokokin Shari'a==

A watan Janairu na shekarar 2000, Kure ya sanar da aiwatar da dokokin Shari'a a Jihar Neja. Wannan mataki ya kasance wani ɓangare na yunkurin da wasu jihohin arewacin Najeriya suka yi a farkon Jamhuriya ta Hudu na faɗaɗa amfani da dokokin Musulunci.

Matakin ya jawo muhawara a tsakanin al'ummomin addinai daban-daban. Wasu sun goyi bayan aiwatar da Shari'a, yayin da wasu suka nuna damuwa game da tasirinta ga waɗanda ba Musulmi ba da kuma yadda za a tafiyar da tsarin a cikin ƙasa mai addinai da dama.

==Rayuwa bayan gwamna==

Bayan barin kujerar gwamna a shekarar 2007, Kure ya ci gaba da shiga harkokin siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan PDP, kuma ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam'iyyar.

Iyali

Kure ya auri Zainab Abdulkadir Kure, wadda daga baya ta zama sanata mai wakiltar gundumar sanatan Neja ta Kudu. Ma'auratan sun haifi yara shida, maza huɗu da mata biyu.

==Mutuwarsa==

Abdulkadir Kure ya rasu a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2017, a ƙasar Jamus, inda aka kai shi domin neman magani. Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa yana fama da rashin lafiya da ta shafi ƙodarsa. Yana da shekaru 60 a lokacin mutuwarsa.

Rasuwarsa ta jawo jimami daga wajen shugabannin siyasa da jama'ar Jihar Neja. Shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a lokacin, Muhammadu Buhari, ya miƙa ta'aziyyarsa ga iyalansa da al'ummar jihar.

==Manazarta==

&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ex-Niger governor, Kure, dies at 60 |url=https://punchng.com/ex-niger-governor-kure-dies-60/ |website=The Punch |date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Late Abdulkadir Kure's profile |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/abdulkadir-kures-profile/ |website=Vanguard |date=8 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Countless footprints of late Kure |url=https://blueprint.ng/countless-footprints-of-late-kure/ |website=Blueprint |date=12 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Second northern state imposes Islamic law |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/11744/nigeria-second-northern-state-imposes-islamic-law |website=The New Humanitarian |date=15 January 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Buhari condoles Niger on Kure's death |url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-condoles-niger-on-kures-death/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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