Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2102 965355 888386 2026-10-09T18:19:53Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:General Hospital Daura.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar sarkin katsina]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Gobarau minaret katsina]] '''Katsina jiha''' ce a shiyyar [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Institute of International Studies|url=https://iis.berkeley.edu/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=iis.berkeley.edu}}</ref> An kuma ƙirkiri jihar Katsina ne a shekarar 1987, lokacin da aka samar da ita daga jihar [[Kaduna]]. A yau, Jihar Katsina ta yi iyaka da Jihohin [[Zamfara]] da [[Kaduna]] da [[Kano]] da [[Jigawa]], har ila yau Kuma Katsina tanada iyaka da Jamhuriyar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Ana yi mata laƙabi da "Ta Dikko Ɗakin Kara", kuma ana yi wa [[Katsinawa (kauje)|Katsinawa]] kirarin "katsinawa Kunya gareku ba dai tsoro ba". Babban birnin jihar da garin [[Daura]], an bayyana su daga cikin "tsofaffin mazaunun [[Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya|al'adu]] da [[Musulunci]] da kuma ilmantarwa" a [[Najeriya]]. Jihar Katsina, tana da mazauna har sama da 5,800,000 a ƙidayar shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2006). Jihar Katsina ce ta biyar (5) mafi girman gaske acikin Jerin yawan haɓakar jama'a a jihohi [[Najeriya|biyar mafi girma]] a cikin ƙasar ta [[Nijeriya]], cikin yawan jama'a, duk da kasancewarta ta bakwai daga cikin Jihohi 17 mafi faɗin ƙasa daga cikin jihohi 36 na tarayyar Najeriya. Ta kuma fuskar adadin ƙabilu kuwa, [[Fulani|jama'a, Fulani]] sun fi kowace ƙabila yawa a jihar, kuma mafi yawancin [[Mutanen Soninke|mutanen]] Jihar Katsina suna bin koyarwar [[Musulunci a Najeriya|addinin Musulunci]]. A shekarar 2005, <ref name="ahram" /> A shekarar 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN.com - Woman sentenced to stoning freed - Feb. 23, 2004|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/09/25/nigeria.stoning/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-08-01|title=Katsina adopts Sharia|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2000/08/01/katsina-adopts-sharia|access-date=2021-03-07|website=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref>Katsina ta zama jiha ta biyar a Najeriya da ta yi amfani da tsarin [[Shari'ar Musulunci]]. [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|Gwamnan jihar Katsina na yanzu]] shi ne Dr.[[Dikko umar radda]], dan jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|"All Progressives Congress"]]Ana ɗaukar Jihar a matsayin babbar cibiyar siyasar [[Muhammadu Buhari]], ɗan asalin garin Daura, wanda ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019 da kusan kashi 80% na ƙuri’un mutanen jihar. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-25|title=Buhari Wins Katsina with 1.2m Votes|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/26/buhari-wins-katsina-with-1-2m-votes/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> Jihar Katsina na ɗaya daga cikin Jihohin Najeriya da ke fama da [[Ta'addanci|matsalar ta'addanci]]. Wacce ta fara a shekarar 2020. Ƙungiyar yan ta'adda da yan fashi da garkuwa da mutane [[Boko Haram|sun]] [[Garkuwa da mutane a Kankara|yi garkuwa da yara sama da 300]] a ƙaramar hukumar [[Ƙanƙara (ƙaramar hukumar)|kankara]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-19|title=More than 300 schoolchildren are abducted in Nigeria|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/12/19/more-than-300-schoolchildren-are-abducted-in-nigeria|access-date=2021-03-07|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Gunmen kidnap 'hundreds' of schoolboys in central Nigeria|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210217-gunmen-kidnap-hundreds-of-schoolboys-in-central-nigeria|access-date=2021-03-07|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>Sani, Abubakar (2004). The Great Province. Lugga Press. pp. 174–176. <nowiki>ISBN 9782105481</nowiki>.</ref> {{Infobox Nigerian State | name = Katsina | official_name = Jihar Katsina | settlement_type = Jiha | image_skyline = Durbar_in_Katsina.jpg | image_caption = Bikin Durbar a Katsina | image_flag = Flag_of_Katsina_State.png | image_seal = Seal_of_Katsina_State.png | coordinates = 12°15′ N 7°52′ E | subdivision_type = Kasa | subdivision_name = Najeriya | established_title = An kafa | established_date = 23 ga Satumba, 1987 | capital = Katsina | governor = (Shigar da sunan gwamna) | area_total_km2 = 23938 | population_total = 5792578 | population_as_of = 2006 | timezone1 = WAT | utc_offset1 = +1 | website = [https://katsinastate.gov.ng/ Katsina State Government] | motto = "Ilmi da Ci gaba" | anthem = "Katsina, Garkuwar Arewacin Najeriya" | map = Nigeria Katsina State map.png | map_caption = Taswirar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya }} == Jihar Katsina == === Jiha da Wuri === Jihar Katsina tana a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, tana da fadin kusan 23,938 zuwa 24,192 km². Ta kasance tsakanin latitudodin 11°08′ N zuwa 13°22′ N, da longitudodin 6°52′ E zuwa 9°20′ E. Jihar na da iyaka da Jamhuriyar Nijar a arewa, Jigawa da Kano a gabas, Kaduna a kudu, da Zamfara a yamma. [[File:Katsina_State_Map.png|thumb|right|250px|Taswirar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya]] === Tarihi === An kafa Jihar Katsina a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1987, daga Jihar Kaduna da aka rushe. Katsina ta yi tarihi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin Hausa Bakwai (gari-gari na Hausa Bakwai), da Emirate na Katsina da Daura. Mutanen jihar sun fi yawa daga cikin Hausa da Fulani, kuma Musulunci shine addini mafi rinjaye. [[File:Emir_of_Katsina.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Emir na Katsina]] === Yawan Jama’a da Gudanarwa === A censa na 2006, yawan mutanen Jihar Katsina ya kai kusan 5,792,578. Duk da haka, gwamnatin jihar ta kiyasta yawan jama’a ya wuce 8 miliyan yanzu. Jihar na da Kananan Hukumomi 34 (LGAs). === Yanayi (Climate) === Jihar na da yanayin semi-arid zuwa na nahiyar ƙasa, wanda ke da kakar ruwan sama da kuma kakar bushewa. Ruwan sama a jihar na bambanta: a arewarta yana tsakanin 600–700 mm, yayin da a kudancin zai iya kai 1,000 mm. Matsakaicin zafin yawan shekara ya kasance tsakanin 21 °C zuwa 30 °C. === Tattalin Arziki === Noma shine ginshiƙi na tattalin arzikin jihar. Ana noma manyan amfanin gonar kamar dawa (millet), gero (sorghum), masara, gyada (groundnuts), da auduga (cotton). Kiwo (shanu, awaki, tumaki) na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun arziki. Akwai kuma ma’adanai a jihar kamar granite, basalt, ƙarfe, da lu’u‑lu’u. Masana’antu kanana kamar masana’antar ƙarfe (steel rolling), injinan fulawa (flour mills), da masana’antar dinki suna aiki a jihar. Amma duk da haka, jihar na fuskantar ƙalubale na talauci; bayanai daga Manufofin Tattalin Arziki na Jihar sun nuna cewa yawan mutane masu talauci multidimensional ya yi yawa. [[File:Katsina_Granite_Mines.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ma’adanan granite a Katsina]] === Al’adu da Jama’a === Katsina na da al’adu masu yawa, ciki har da ilimin Musulunci, sana’o’in gargajiya kamar aikin fata (leather), dinki, tukwane, da zane-zane. Bikin Durbar, musamman a lokacin bukukuwan Musulunci, na daga cikin manyan al’adun jihar. Tsofaffin shugabannin gargajiya na cikin tsarin sarauta na Emir a Emirate na Katsina da Daura. [[File:Katsina_Durbar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bikin Durbar na Katsina]] === Ilmi === Wasu daga cikin jami’o’i masu muhimmanci a Katsina sun haɗa da: * Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua * Federal University Dutsin‑Ma * Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic Hakanan akwai manyan makarantu na koyarwa (teacher‑training colleges) da makarantu na addinin Musulunci waɗanda ke da tarihi mai zurfi. === Ci Gaba da Ayyuka === Jihar na da yawancin ruwa (water bodies) da ke tallafawa aikin ban ruwa (irrigation) don noma. Sai dai ci gaban masana’antu da tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya yana fama da wasu ƙalubale na rashin manyan masana’antu da rashin wadatar jari sosai. === Majiyoyi === <references> * “About Katsina State”, Katsina State Government. * “Katsina State – Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission”, NIPC. * “Katsina | Nigeria, Map, & History”, Britannica. * “Brief History of Katsina State”, Katsina Investment Promotion Agency. * “Katsina State Socio‑Economic, Geographical and Political Highlight”, UNESCO / Katsina State. * “Land‑Use and Change Dynamics of Katsina State, Nigeria”, International Journal of Advanced Research & Publications. * “Katsina State Tourism Policy” (PDF), Katsina State Government. * “Katsina’s Search for Sustainable Development”, ThisDayLive. * “Katsina State Celebrates 30 Years of Statehood”, ThisDayLive. * “Katsina State Inclusive Economy Policy” (PDF), Katsina State Government. </references> {{Infobox Nigerian State | name = Katsina | official_name = Jihar Katsina | settlement_type = Jiha | image_skyline = Emir%27s_Palace%2C_Katsina.jpg | image_caption = Fadar Sarkin Katsina | image_flag = <!-- (no reliable free flag image found) --> | image_seal = <!-- leave blank if no good seal image) --> | coordinates = 12°15′ N 7°52′ E | subdivision_type = Kasa | subdivision_name = Najeriya | established_title = An kafa | established_date = 23 ga Satumba, 1987 | capital = Katsina | governor = (Shigar da sunan gwamna) | area_total_km2 = 23938 | population_total = 5792578 | population_as_of = 2006 | timezone1 = WAT | utc_offset1 = +1 | website = [https://katsinastate.gov.ng/ Katsina State Government] | map = Nigeria_-_Katsina.svg | map_caption = Taswirar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya }} [[File:Nigeria_-_Katsina.svg|thumb|right|250px|Taswirar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya (vector)]] [[File:Emir%27s_Palace%2C_Katsina.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] Akwai kuma hoton gado (heritage) na jihar: [[File:Heritage_of_nigeria_in_katsina_state.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gado na al’adu a Jihar Katsina]] == Demography == [[Fulani]] sun fi kowace kabila yawa.<ref name=ahram>{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/841/in4.htm |title=Nigeria fastened with nails |access-date=2007-04-24 |last=Nkromah |first=Gamal |work=Al-Ahram Weekly Online |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504070227/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/841/in4.htm |archive-date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> === Addini === Galibin mutanen Jihar Katsina musulmai ne,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sani|first=Abubakar|title=The Great Province|publisher=Lugga Press|year=2004|isbn=9782105481|pages=174–176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} Nigeria's Katsina state adopts Sharia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/860660.stm|access-date=2021-11-21|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>{{clarify|date=June 2021}} The [[Church of Nigeria]] has a Diocese of Katsina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglican-nig.org/KadunaP_katsina.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111120228/http://www.anglican-nig.org/KadunaP_katsina.htm |archive-date=January 11, 2011|title=Church of Nigeria: Diocese of Lagos}}</ref> kuma [[Tarihin Hasumiyar Gobarau|Gobarau Minaret]] muhimmin gini ne a birnin Katsina (kuma tarihi ya tabbbatar da cewa an ginata ne domin amfanin addinin musulunci). Jihar Katsina, har yanzu tana aiwatar da [[Shari'a]] a duk faɗin jihar. Akwai kuma Cocin na Najeriya yana da Diocese na Katsina. Cocin Redeemed Christian [[Church]] of [[God]] da Cocin Roman [[Katolika]] suna nan a cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7377&catid=19&Itemid=28 |title=RCCG Katsina/Jigawa province celebrates |access-date=2011-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008225348/http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7377&catid=19&Itemid=28 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/article.asp?t=news&id=809|title=Two churches destroyed in Bauchi State, Nigeria|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> {{Infobox Nigerian State | name = Katsina | official_name = Jihar Katsina | settlement_type = Jiha | image_skyline = Durbar_in_Katsina.jpg | image_caption = Bikin Durbar a Katsina | image_flag = Flag_of_Katsina_State.png | image_seal = Seal_of_Katsina_State.png | coordinates = 12°15′ N 7°52′ E | subdivision_type = Kasa | subdivision_name = Najeriya | established_title = An kafa | established_date = 23 ga Satumba, 1987 | capital = Katsina | governor = (Shigar da sunan gwamna) | area_total_km2 = 23938 | population_total = 5792578 | population_as_of = 2006 | timezone1 = WAT | utc_offset1 = +1 | website = [https://katsinastate.gov.ng/ Katsina State Government] | motto = "Ilmi da Ci gaba" | anthem = "Katsina, Garkuwar Arewacin Najeriya" | map = Nigeria Katsina State map.png | map_caption = Taswirar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya }} [[File:Katsina_State_Map.png|thumb|right|250px|Taswirar Jihar Katsina a Najeriya]] === Demographics === * **Kabilu:** Hausa (mafi yawa), Fulani, da ƙananan ƙabilu. * **Harsuna:** Hausa (major), Fulfulde (minor), English (official). * **Addini:** Musulunci (mafi rinjaye), da Ƙananan al’ummomi na Kiristanci. === Yanayi (Climate) === Jihar na da yanayin semi-arid zuwa na nahiyar ƙasa, wanda ke da kakar ruwan sama da kuma kakar bushewa. Ruwan sama a jihar na bambanta: a arewarta yana tsakanin 600–700 mm, yayin da a kudancin zai iya kai 1,000 mm. Matsakaicin zafin yawan shekara ya kasance tsakanin 21 °C zuwa 30 °C. {| class="wikitable" |+ Matsakaicin Yanayi a Katsina |- ! Watan !! Matsakaicin Zafi (°C) !! Ruwan Sama (mm) |- | Janairu || 21 || 5 |- | Fabrairu || 22 || 5 |- | Maris || 25 || 10 |- | Afrilu || 28 || 20 |- | Mayu || 30 || 60 |- | Yuni || 28 || 100 |- | Yuli || 27 || 150 |- | Agusta || 27 || 150 |- | Satumba || 27 || 100 |- | Oktoba || 28 || 50 |- | Nuwamba || 25 || 15 |- | Disamba || 22 || 5 |} === Tattalin Arziki === Noma shine ginshiƙi na tattalin arzikin jihar. Ana noma manyan amfanin gonar kamar dawa (millet), gero (sorghum), masara, gyada (groundnuts), da auduga (cotton). Kiwo (shanu, awaki, tumaki) na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun arziki. Akwai kuma ma’adanai a jihar kamar granite, basalt, ƙarfe, da lu’u‑lu’u. Masana’antu kanana kamar masana’antar ƙarfe (steel rolling), injinan fulawa (flour mills), da masana’antar dinki suna aiki a jihar. Amma duk da haka, jihar na fuskantar ƙalubale na talauci. [[File:Katsina_Granite_Mines.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ma’adanan granite a Katsina]] === Transport === Jihar tana da hanyoyin mota masu muhimmanci da ke haɗa ta da Kano, Abuja, da Niger. Railway: Layin dogo daga Kano zuwa Katsina (ana aiki). Filayen jirgin sama: Filin jirgin sama na Katsina yana aiki don jigilar cikin gida da kasuwanci. === Ilmi === Wasu daga cikin jami’o’i masu muhimmanci a Katsina sun haɗa da: * Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua * Federal University Dutsin‑Ma * Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic Hakanan akwai manyan makarantu na koyarwa da makarantu na addinin Musulunci waɗanda ke da tarihi mai zurfi. === Al’adu da Jama’a === Katsina na da al’adu masu yawa, ciki har da ilimin Musulunci, sana’o’in gargajiya kamar aikin fata (leather), dinki, tukwane, da zane-zane. Bikin Durbar, musamman a lokacin bukukuwan Musulunci, na daga cikin manyan al’adun jihar. Tsofaffin shugabannin gargajiya na cikin tsarin sarauta na Emir a Emirate na Katsina da Daura. [[File:Katsina_Durbar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bikin Durbar na Katsina]] === Tourism & Landmarks === * Gidan Korau (Emir’s Palace) * Masallacin Katsina (Friday Mosque) * Kurfi Market da sauran kasuwanni * Bukukuwan Durbar da sauransu === Healthcare === * Federal Medical Centre Katsina * General Hospital Katsina * Rukuni na cibiyoyin lafiya a ƙauyuka === Notable People === * Umaru Musa Yar’adua – tsohon shugaban Najeriya * Mahmud Tukur – Malami da dan siyasa * Wasu ‘yan kasuwa da masu sana’a masu tasiri a jihar === Ci Gaba da Ayyuka === Jihar na da yawancin ruwa (water bodies) da ke tallafawa aikin ban ruwa (irrigation) don noma. Sai dai ci gaban masana’antu da tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya yana fama da wasu ƙalubale na rashin manyan masana’antu da rashin wadatar jari sosai. === Majiyoyi === <references> * “About Katsina State”, Katsina State Government. * “Katsina State – Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission”, NIPC. * “Katsina | Nigeria, Map, & History”, Britannica. * “Brief History of Katsina State”, Katsina Investment Promotion Agency. * “Katsina State Socio‑Economic, Geographical and Political Highlight”, UNESCO / Katsina State. * “Land‑Use and Change Dynamics of Katsina State, Nigeria”, International Journal of Advanced Research & Publications. * “Katsina State Tourism Policy” (PDF), Katsina State Government. * “Katsina’s Search for Sustainable Development”, ThisDayLive. * “Katsina State Celebrates 30 Years of Statehood”, ThisDayLive. * “Katsina State Inclusive Economy Policy” (PDF), Katsina State Government. </references> == Kananan hukumomin == Jihar Katsina ta ƙunshi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] har talatin da huɗu (34) ga su nan kamar haka:Bakori, Batagarawa, Batsari, Baure, Bindawa, Charanchi, Dan Musa, Dandume, Danja, Daura, Dutsinma, Dutsi, Faskari, Funtua, Ingawa, Jibia, Kaita, Kankara, Kankia, Katsina, Kurfi, Kusada, Mai'adua, Maiyama, Malumfashi, Mani, Mashi, Matazu, Musawa, Rimawa, Safana, Sandamu, and Zango. Kuma Sannan kowa ce karamar hukuma ta na wakilin ta kamar yan majalissu da ciyamomi kansiloli da sauransu.<ref>#wiki4agile</ref> {|---- | * [[Bakori]] * [[Batagarawa]] * [[Batsari]] * [[Baure]] * [[Bindawa]] * [[Charanchi]] * [[Ɗan Musa]] * [[Ɗandume]] * [[Ɗanja]] * [[Daura]] * [[Dutsin-ma]] * [[Faskari]] * [[Funtua]] * [[Ingawa]] * [[Jibia]] * [[Ƙafur]] * [[Kaita]] * [[Kanƙara]] * [[Kankia]] * [[Katsina]] * [[Kurfi]] * [[Kusada]] * [[Mai'Adua]] * [[Malumfashi]] * [[Mani]] * [[Mashi]] * [[Matazu]] * [[Musawa]] * [[Rimi]] * [[Sabuwa]] * [[Safana]] * [[Sandamu]] * [[Zango]] == Ilimi == Jihar Katsina cibiya ce ta [[ilimin]] [[Boko Haram|boko]] dana yau da kullum. A halin yanzu tana da kwalejin Ilimi ta tarayya ta Katsina,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=List Of UMYU Courses and Programmes Offered|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/umyu-courses/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> is a public university owned by the state government. [[Al-Qalam University]], the first [[Islamic Education Trust|Islamic]] university in Nigeria is privately owned. [[Federal University, Dutsin-Ma]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University, Dutsin-ma (FUDMA) - Myschool|url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/federal-university-dutsin-ma|access-date=2021-11-22|website=myschool.ng|language=en}}</ref> is owned by the federal government as well as [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=I. J. N.|date=2020-10-24|title=Full List of Courses Offered In Federal College Of Education Katsina (FCEKATSINA)|url=https://itsjambnews.com.ng/jamb/fcekatsina-courses/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=ITSJAMBNEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122171529/https://itsjambnews.com.ng/jamb/fcekatsina-courses/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (affiliated to [[Bayero University Kano]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=List of Courses Offered at Bayero University Kano (BUK)|url=https://nigerianscholars.com/school-news/list-of-courses-offered-at-bayero-university-kano-buk/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Nigerian Scholars|language=en-US}}</ref>). [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Hassan Usman Katsina]], da Kwalejin [[ilimi]] ta tarayyar [[Najeriya]] [[Federal Polytechnic Daura]]<ref><nowiki>https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin_Kimiyya_da_fasaha_ta_Daura</nowiki></ref> da Jami'ar myTarayya ta Dutsin-Ma, jami'ar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin]] tarayya ta jihar katsina, wadda aka sauya mata suna zuwa marigayi Shugaba ƙasa [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru]] Musa [[Yarradua|Yar' adua]], [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'yar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Jami'ar]] Alqalam ta Katsina Yusufu Bala Usman College of Legal, and General Studies, [[Daura]] da Makarantar Nazarin [[Karatu]] da Gyara, Funtua (SBRS / ABU [[Funtua]]) da Kwalejin [[Ilimi]] ta Isa Kaita Dutsin-Ma, da ke garin [[Dutsin-ma]]. A takaice dai akwai cibiyoyin bayar da digiri har guda bakwai a cikin jihar mallakar hukumomi daban daban-d.a. Cn cibiyoyin sune [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar' adua]]<ref><nowiki>https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar_Umaru_Musa_Yar%27adua</nowiki></ref>, mallakar gwamnatin jihar. Jami'ar Alqalam Katsina, jami'ar [[Musulunci]] ta farko a Najeriya kuma mallakar ta ce. [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'ar]] [[Tarayya]] ta Dutsinma, mallakar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin]] tarayya. Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Katsina (wacce ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano). National Open University of Nigeria, Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsinma (wacce ke da nasaba da Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, [[Zariya]]), kwalejin [[ilimi]] ce ta jihar. Cibiyar Cherish Batsari, wata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta ba da digiri a kwasa-kwasan kiwon lafiya. <ref>Malam Mustapha 7 institutions currently running degree programs in Katsina http://katsinapost.com.ng/2018/05/17/7-institutions-currently-running-degree-programs-in-katsina/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417155136/http://katsinapost.com.ng/2018/05/17/7-institutions-currently-running-degree-programs-in-katsina/ |date=2021-04-17 }}</ref> == Tasirin annobar COVID-19 a jihar Katsina == Duk da matakan da gwamnatin jihar ta ɗauka na hana yaɗuwar cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a cikin jihar, a ranar bakwai ga watan Afrilun shekerar dubu biyu da shirin (2020). Wani likita a [[karamar hukumar Daura]] ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar da ke da alaƙa da Corona virus kuma an yi wa danginsa gwaji mai kyau. Daga baya, daya daga cikin majiyyatan likitan shima ya mutu. Don dakile yaduwar cutar, gwamnatin jihar ta bada umarnin kulle a cikin jihar tare da tura 'yan sanda don tabbatar da bin doka. Ko yaya, akwai lokuta da suka saba wa wannan umarni kuma mutane na zargin gwamnati da kulle wuraren ibada kamar su coci-coci da masallatan Juma'a yayin da manyan kasuwanni irin su [['Yar Kutungu]], [[Himata]], [[Greenhouse]], Mudassir da sauransu ke aiki. An yi arangama tsakanin ‘yan sanda da matasa a [[Kusada|karamar hukumar Kusada wanda ya yi sanadiyyar]] mutuwa da kame fararen hula. == Fitattun mutane daga jihar Katsina == [[File:The_Emir_of_Katsena,_Magagin_on_his_right_and_district_headmen,_police_in_the_background.png|thumb| Sarkin Katsina, [[Muhammadu Dikko|Muhammad Dikko dan Gidado]], da sauran jami'ai, 1911]] * Abba Musa Rimi<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Musa_Rimi#:~:text=Abba%20Musa%20Rimi%20CON%20(born,October%201979%20to%20June%201981</nowiki>.</ref>, Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna shekarar alif 1980 zuwa shekarar alif 1983 * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman|Abdulmuminu Kabir Usman]], Sarkin Katsina * [[Aminu Bello Masari]] tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007 kuma [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|Gwamnan jihar na yanzu]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] CON, Na Yanzu kuma Sarkin Daura na 60 * Habu Daura, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda kuma shi ne mai rikon mukamin mai kula da [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Yuni 1997 * Hamza Rafindadi Zayyad, tsohon shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha kan Bayar da Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci * [[Hassan Usman Katsina|Hassan Katsina]], Gwamnan soja na yankin arewa daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1967. * Ibrahim Coomassie, Sufeto Janar na [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|‘yan sanda]] shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1999 * [[Ibrahim M. Ida]], Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Katsina ta Tsakiya ta jihar Katsina, Najeriya, yana kan mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2007 kuma dan jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress APC * [[Ibrahim Shema]], [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|Gwamnan jihar Katsina]] shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2015 * [[Isa Kaita]], ministan ilimi na arewacin Najeriya na farko kuma kakakin majalisar dokoki a Nijeriya ta arewa * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]], Malamin Addinin Islama mai Salafiyya yayi daidai da Kungiyar Izala * [[Lawal Kaita]], Gwamnan jihar Kaduna a shekara ta 1983 * Lawal Musa Daura, Darakta Janar na hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya ta Najeriya * [[Magaji Muhammed]], tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, tsohon Ministan masana'antu da tsohon Jakadan Najeriya a Masarautar Saudiyya. * Mahamud Kanti Bello, Tsohon Babban Bulala na [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa]] * [[Mahaman Shata|Mamman Shata]], mawakin hausa / mawaki. * Muhammed Bello, tsohon Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli * Muhammed Tukur Liman tsohon shugaban masu rinjaye na [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|majalisar dattijan Najeriya]] . * [[Muhammadu Buhari]], [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban mulkin]] soja na shekara ta 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1985, Shugaban PTF kuma Shugaban Najeriya tun daga 29 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2015 * Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu Sufeto Janar na [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|'yan sanda]] daga shekara ta1975 zuwa shekara ta1979 * [[Muhammadu Dikko]], Sarkin Katsina a shekara ta 1906 zuwa shekara ta 1944. * [[Saddik Abdullahi Mahuta]], tsohon Babban Alkalin Jihar Katsina daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 2013 da Galadiman Katsina na sha daya 11, Hakimin Malumfashi. * [[Sani Daura Ahmed|Sani Ahmed Daura]], kwamisshinan ‘yan sanda na Jihar Legas a shekara ta 1990, kuma shi ne Gwamnan [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] na farko daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1991 * [[Sani Daura|Sani Zangon Daura]], Ministan Noma na Tarayyar da Raya Karkara a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2000, Ministan Mahalli na Tarayya a shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2001 * [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]], dan siyasa, babban janar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Soja daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1979 * Sunusi Mamman, matai makin shugaban jami’ar Umaru Musa Yaradua, Katsina sau biyu. * Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem, Pan-Africanist, Oxford Rhodes Scholar da Tsohon Mataimakin Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Millennium Kamfen ga watan Afirka a shekara ta 1961 zuwa shekara ta 2009 * [[Umar Farouk Abdulmudallab|Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]], an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a Amurka saboda yunƙurin jefa bam ɗin jirgin sama na Arewa maso gabas a filin jirgi, 253 a ranar [[Kirsimeti]], a shekara ta 2009. * [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|Gwamnan Jiha]] a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2007, da kuma [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2010 * [[Umaru Mutallab]],tsohon ma'aikacin kasuwanci da harkar banki sannan kuma tsohon Ministan cigaban [[tattalin arziki]]. To * awa. * Yakubu Musa Katsina, malamin addinin Musulunci. * [[Dikko Umaru Radda|Dikko umar radda]]<ref>BBC Kastina state governor Dikko Umar Radda launch Community Watch to tackle bandits 11 Oct 2023</ref>, gwamnan Katsina mai ci. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} # '''^''' Malam Mustapha 7 institutions currently running degree programs in Katsina <nowiki>http://katsinapost.com.ng/2018/05/17/7-institutions-currently-running-degree-programs-in-katsina/</nowiki> {{Jihohin Najeriya}} [[Category:Katsina (jiha)| ]] [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 5qdh1c3lenoedl0kt185tc4a11mj3yo 0 3045 965331 899871 2026-10-09T18:02:15Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin [[carbohydrates]], abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosai''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika Doya ita ce inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan [[doya]] 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <nowiki><ref name="cabi"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores:|url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". [[Doya]] na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-science-of-food-and-agriculture_2001-08_81_10/page/1027 |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/outlook-on-agriculture_2000-06_29_2/page/137 |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7ldxbmmjta2y1erf5gkrndffmnfc6q 965332 965331 2026-10-09T18:02:48Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba [[amfani]] da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin [[carbohydrates]], abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosai''Dioscorea'' (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika Doya ita ce inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan [[doya]] 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <nowiki><ref name="cabi"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores:|url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". [[Doya]] na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-science-of-food-and-agriculture_2001-08_81_10/page/1027 |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/outlook-on-agriculture_2000-06_29_2/page/137 |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqmmk8ncfayiowixw8e5ysvunr8b3hh 965334 965332 2026-10-09T18:03:29Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], Najeriya]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba [[amfani]] da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin [[carbohydrates]], abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosai''Dioscorea'' (iyalin [[Dioscoreaceae]] ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika Doya ita ce inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "[[doya]]", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan [[doya]] 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <nowiki><ref name="cabi"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores:|url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". [[Doya]] na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-science-of-food-and-agriculture_2001-08_81_10/page/1027 |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/outlook-on-agriculture_2000-06_29_2/page/137 |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c2lla7i8s3ryjjk7hjz7d4vqtwibrae 965337 965334 2026-10-09T18:03:55Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba [[amfani]] da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin [[carbohydrates]], abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosai''Dioscorea'' (iyalin [[Dioscoreaceae]] ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika Doya ita ce inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "[[doya]]", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan [[doya]] 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <nowiki><ref name="cabi"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores:|url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". [[Doya]] na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-science-of-food-and-agriculture_2001-08_81_10/page/1027 |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/outlook-on-agriculture_2000-06_29_2/page/137 |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] shks6kwzop3um3kp90epsn7cbvifdhu 965339 965337 2026-10-09T18:04:49Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba [[amfani]] da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin [[carbohydrates]], abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosai''Dioscorea'' (iyalin [[Dioscoreaceae]] ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika Doya ita ce inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "[[doya]]", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan [[doya]] 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <nowiki><ref name="cabi"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores:|url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". [[Doya]] na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-science-of-food-and-agriculture_2001-08_81_10/page/1027 |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga [[Afirka]], Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/outlook-on-agriculture_2000-06_29_2/page/137 |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qkvm3ezwnf1lozncwfkpn1s7y48nylw 965342 965339 2026-10-09T18:05:33Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yam_at_monday_market_kaduna_state_01.jpg|thumb|Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]]] [[Fayil:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004]] '''Doya''' ita ce sunan da aka saba [[amfani]] da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin [[carbohydrates]], abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosai''Dioscorea'' (iyalin [[Dioscoreaceae]] ) waɗanda ke samar da [[tubers]] masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika Doya ita ce inabi ne [[Shuka mai Shekaru|masu]] daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]] . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "[[doya]]", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.<ref>Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. <nowiki>PMID 27247383</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.</ref><ref>Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.</ref><ref>Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.</ref><ref>Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia". == Bayani == [[Fayil:കാച്ചിൽ-കിഴങ്ങ്.JPG|thumb|Doya]] Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi [[Shuka mai Shekaru|na tsawon lokaci]] daga buro . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> An san wasu nau'ikan [[doya]] 870, <ref name="cabi" /> kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar ''D. communis'' ).<ref>Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.</ref><ref>Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).</ref><ref>"Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref><ref>Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants</ref><ref>Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} a tsayi da {{Convert|7|to|15|cm|in}} . <nowiki><ref name="cabi"></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} zurfi. <ref name="cabi" /> Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . <ref name="cabi" /><ref>Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.</ref><ref>Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal ''inhame'' ko [[Canarian Mutanen Espanya|Canarian Spanish]] ''ñame'', wanda ya samo asali ne daga [[Fillanci|harshen Fula]], ɗaya daga cikin [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|harsunan Yammacin Afirka]] a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) daga nau'in ''Colocasia'', sabanin ''Dioscorea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Inhame dos Açores |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/outros-produtos-vegetais/771-inhame-dos-acores |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Sabores dos Açores:|url=https://www.clubevinhosportugueses.pt/turismo/sabores-dos-acores-inhame/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=[[Clube Vinhos Portugueses]]}}</ref><ref>United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref><ref>TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1</nowiki>. <nowiki>PMID 30844154</nowiki>. NCBI NBK545428.</ref><ref>Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-131-111-6</nowiki>.</ref> Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". [[Doya]] na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A Amurka, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]] ( ''Ipomoea batatas'' ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |website=LOC.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Research Service |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002720/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/Nov2002/ao296e.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> * A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar ''Microseris walteri'', ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]] a wasu yankuna. * A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( ''Oxalis tuberosa'' ) da "yam". <ref name="jsfa">{{Cite journal |last=Albihn, P.B.E. |last2=Savage, G.P. |date=18 June 2001 |title=The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (''Oxalis tuberosa'' Mol) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-science-of-food-and-agriculture_2001-08_81_10/page/1027 |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1033 |bibcode=2001JSFA...81.1027A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.890}}</ref> * A [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Gwaza|taro]] ( ''Colocasia esculenta'' ) ana kiransa "yam". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lim Chin |title=I yam not taro |url=http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2010/7/16/lifefocus/6651716&sec=lifefocus |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> * A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma ''Amorphophallus paeonifolius'' kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santosa |first=Edi |last2=Lian |first2=Chun Lan |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Nobuo |last4=Misra |first4=Raj Shekhar |last5=Boonkorkaew |first5=Patchareeya |last6=Thanomchit |first6=Kanokwan |last7=Chiang |first7=Tzen-Yuh |display-authors=1 |date=28 June 2017 |title=Population structure of elephant foot yams (''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280000S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180000 |pmc=5489206 |pmid=28658282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Doya ta samo asali ne daga [[Afirka]], Asiya, da Amurka. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: ''D. rotundata'' (Afirka), ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' (Asiya), da kuma ''D.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>trifida'' (Kudancin Amurka). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nora Scarcelli |display-authors=etal |date=1 May 2019 |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |pmc=6527260 |pmid=31114806 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.</ref><ref>OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.</ref><ref>Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref><ref>Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0</nowiki>.</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. <ref>Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.</ref><ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</ref> == Noma == [[Fayil:Kaachil_cut.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( ''[[Sakata|D.&nbsp;alata]]'' ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe]] Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yanayi mai zafi]], musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], Asiya, da [[Osheniya|Oceania]] . <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Everyday Mysteries: Yam |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html |publisher=Library of Congress, United States of America}}</ref><ref>Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi [[wiktionary:intercrop|suna haɗa]] doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da {{Convert|1500|mm|in|0}} suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin {{Convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|0}} . <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. <ref name="Solomon" /> Akwai wani da ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. <ref name="Solomon" /> Winch ''et al.'', 1984 sun gano ''C.&nbsp;gloeosporioides'' yana shafar adadi mai yawa na ''Dioscorea'' spp.<ref>El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.</ref><ref>More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>Yam Root Dye</ref><ref>Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.</ref><ref>Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.</ref> Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PubMed Central (PMC) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</ref><ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.</ref> === Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma === Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a ''Dioscorea'' a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. <ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 |access-date=5 December 2017 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19293 "''Dioscorea alata'' (white yam)"]. [[CAB International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. <ref name="stofao1">{{Cite web |last=Calverly |date=1998 |title=Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCalverly1998">Calverly (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5415E/x5415e00.htm "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics"]. United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].</cite></ref> Tumatur waɗanda ba na ''Dioscorea'' ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da ''[[Tumuƙu|Plectranthus rotundifolius]]'' (dankalin Hausa) da ''[[Rizga|P. esculentus]]'' (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da [[rogo]].<ref>Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. <nowiki>PMID 1481227</nowiki>. S2CID 5933910.</ref><ref>Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. <nowiki>PMID 15372201</nowiki>. S2CID 11779821.</ref><ref>"Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.</ref> ==== ''D. cayensis'' ==== Doya mai launin rawaya, ''[[Doyar kudu|D. cayensis]]'', da kuma farin doya, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwARU">rotundata</i></nowiki>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, ''D. rotundata'', amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu. Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya. Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dumont |first=R. |last2=Vernier |first2=P. |date=2000 |title=Domestication of yams (''Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata'') within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin |url=https://archive.org/details/outlook-on-agriculture_2000-06_29_2/page/137 |journal=[[Outlook on Agriculture]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=137 |bibcode=2000OutAg..29..137D |doi=10.5367/000000000101293149 |s2cid=154609802}}</ref> Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon {{Convert|10|to|12|m|ft|0}} . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin {{Convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb|0}} kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|25|kg|lb|0}} . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da [[Iyan]] . ==== ''D. alata'' ==== [[Fayil:Yam_with_numerous_protruding_fibers.jpg|thumb|Doya mai launin shunayya ( ''D. alata'' )]] D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa. ''D. alata'' da ''D. esculenta'' (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Polynesia . <ref name="Crowther2016">{{Cite journal |last=Crowther |first=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |date=14 June 2016 |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6635C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113 |pmc=4914162 |pmid=27247383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Beaujard2011">{{Cite journal |last=Beaujard |first=Philippe |date=August 2011 |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |journal=[[Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |s2cid=55763047}}</ref> <ref name="Bevacqua1994">{{Cite journal |last=Bevacqua |first=Robert F. |date=1994 |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226–1229 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=L.D. |date=2003 |title=Uhi |url=http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html |series=Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ityhppub5vavzzoi1bsu760vbm5nkw9 0 4381 965390 553719 2026-10-09T19:13:50Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 965390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dennis James Allen,''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 22 ga watan Satumbar , 1972) ƙwararren mai horar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasa<ref>"Dennis Allen joins Saints' staff". ''NBC Sports''. January 20, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref>. A kwanan nan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin New Orleans Saints na National Football League (NFL) daga 2022 zuwa 2024. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin Oakland Raiders, kuma a matsayin koci na Denver Broncos, New Orleans Saints, Atlanta. Falcons, Jami'ar Tulsa da Jami'ar Texas A&M University. == Farkon rayuwar sa == An haife shi a Atlanta lokacin mahaifinsa, Grady Allen yana wasa a kungiyar Atlanta Falcons, Allen ya girma a Hurst, Texas kusa da Fort Worth kuma ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta LD Bell<ref>Tafur, Vic (March 27, 2012). "Dennis Allen Q and A". ''Silver and Black''. SFGate.com. Retrieved February 28, 2014</ref>. Allen ya halarci Jami'ar Texas A&M kuma ya taka leda a matsayin aminci kan kariyar "Wrecking Crew" na RC Slocum. Allen ya shiga tsakani a cikin kwata na huɗu wanda ya sami nasarar ci 18 – 9 ga Texas A&M akan abokin hamayyarsa Texas. A cikin yanayi na 1994 da 1995, Allen ya fara wasanni 21 na ƙarshe na aikinsa na kwalejin kuma yana cikin rukunin tsaro wanda ke matsayi na biyar a cikin al'umma<ref name=":0">Williams, Charean (November 27, 2013). "Growing up in Hurst, Oakland Raiders coach Dennis Allen knew his calling". ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram''. Retrieved February 28, 2014</ref>. Allen ya sami B.B.A. a cikin gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Mays ta Texas A&M a cikin 1995<ref>Dennis Allen". Tulsa Golden Hurricane. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015</ref>. A cikin 1996, Allen ya sanya hannu a kwantaragin Buffalo Bills a matsayin wakili na kyauta amma an dakatar da shi yayin sansanin horo<ref name=":0" />. == Aikin sa na bada Horo == Allen ya fara aikin horarwa ne a Texas A&M, a matsayin mataimakin koci na digiri a karkashin tsohon kocinsa R. C. Slocum. Da yake riƙe wannan matsayi daga 1996 zuwa 1999, Allen ya yi aiki galibi tare da takardar sakandare yayin da yake neman digiri na biyu a fannin kinesiology daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Texas A&M. Ya kammala digirinsa a shekarar 1998<ref name=":1">"Dennis Allen". Tulsa Golden Hurricane. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015</ref>. Daga 2000 zuwa 2001, Allen ya horar da sakandare a Tulsa<ref name=":1" />. Tare da Atlanta Falcons, Allen ya kasance kocin kula da ingancin tsaro daga 2002 zuwa 2003 sannan mataimakin mai tsaro daga 2004 zuwa 2005<ref>Dennis Allen". Atlanta Falcons. Archived from the original on December 26, 2005</ref>. Daga nan Allen ya koma New Orleans Saints, a matsayin mai horar da layin tsaro daga 2006 zuwa 2007 kafin ya zama kocin sakandare daga 2008 zuwa 2010. Waliyyai sun ci Super Bowl XLIV a cikin 2009, wanda Saints ke matsayi na 3rd a cikin tsaka-tsaki duk da barin yadi 321 a kowane wasa<ref>NFL Stats: by Team Category". ''NFL.com''.</ref>. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a sakandaren Saints, an dauke shi aiki don zama mai kula da tsaron Denver Broncos. Tsaron Broncos yana cikin rabin yadudduka da aka yarda, yana matsayi na 23rd, amma sun kasance na 5 a gasar 2011<ref>"Dennis Allen" (PDF). ''2014 Oakland Raiders Media Guide''. Oakland Raiders. 2014. pp. 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015</ref>. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2012, babban manajan Oakland Raiders Reggie McKenzie ya dauki Allen a matsayin babban kocin kungiyar na 18<ref>"Raiders confirm hiring Allen as new head coach". ''ESPN.com''. Associated Press. January 27, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref>. Shi ne babban koci na farko mai kula da tsaron Raiders tun lokacin da John Madden ya yi ritaya bayan wasan 1978, saboda tsohon mai kungiyar Al Davis (har zuwa mutuwarsa a lokacin kakar 2011) ya fi son manyan kociyoyin da ke da mugun nufi. A wasar sa ta farko a matsayin koci, Raiders sun yi kokawa yayin da suka kammala wasar 2012 tare da ci 4–12.<ref>"2012 Oakland Raiders Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref> A waccan lokacin, Raiders suna fuskantar matsalolin albashi kuma sun yi ciniki da mafi yawan daftarin da suka zaba kafin zuwan Allen, wanda bai ba shi damar kafa tsarinsa tare da 'yan wasan da suka dace ba. A tsakiyar wasar 2013, Allen ya yanke shawarar zama dan wasan kwata-kwata Terrelle Pryor (wanda ya ji rauni) don rookie Matt McGloin, da fatan ceto sauran wasa. Daga baya, Pryor ya ci gaba da zama a benci ko da yake yana da koshin lafiya ya dawo<ref>Smith, Michael David (December 14, 2013). "Despite benching, Terrelle Pryor doesn't feel like a failure". NBC Sports. Retrieved September 30, 2014.</ref>. Raiders sun gama da ci 4–12 a cikin wasar 2013<ref>"2013 Oakland Raiders Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref>. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2014, biyo bayan asarar 38–14 ga Miami Dolphins da fara wasar 2014 NFL tare da asarar ci har 4, an kori Allen<ref>Rosenthal, Gregg (September 30, 2014). "Raiders fire Dennis Allen after two-plus seasons". ''NFL.com''. Retrieved September 30, 2014</ref>. Saints sun sake hayar Allen a matsayin babban mataimaki na tsaro a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2015. Bayan da aka kori Rob Ryan daga baya a cikin wasar, a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an ƙara wa Allen mukami zuwa mai kula da tsaro<ref>"Saints part ways with Rob Ryan; Dennis Allen takes over struggling D". ESPN.com. November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015</ref>. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, wasan farko na Allen a matsayin mai gudanarwa na tsaro, Houston Texans sun sha kashi da ci 24–6. A cikin shekarar 2021, Allen ya shiga cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci don Sean Payton a matsayin babban kocin tsarkaka bayan Payton ya gwada ingancin COVID-19. Allen ya yi aiki a matsayin koci yayin wasan mako na 15 na Saints da Tampa Bay Buccaneers, inda Waliyai suka ci Buccaneers a ranar Lahadi da dare, 9–0<ref>DeShazier, John (December 17, 2021). "Defensive coordinator Dennis Allen steps into head coaching role for Sean Payton as New Orleans Saints face Tampa Bay". ''NewOrleansSaints.com''. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref>. Bayan ritayar Sean Payton a ranar 25 ga Janairu, Allen ya sami girma zuwa babban kocin New Orleans Saints a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2022<ref>"Dennis Allen named head coach of the New Orleans Saints". NewOrleansSaints.com. February 8, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2024 </ref>. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, NFL ta ci tarar Allen $100,000 don kare kare Cameron Jordan da ya yi rauni a wasan mako na 13 da Tampa Bay Buccaneers<ref>"Saints, HC Dennis Allen, DE Cameron Jordan fined for violating NFL rule on faking an injury". NFL.comdate=December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022</ref>. Daga baya an soke tarar bayan nasarar daukaka kara da Jordan ta yi<ref>"Saints, DE Cameron Jordan win appeal over fake injury fines". ESPN.com. January 19, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2024</ref> A cikin wasar 2022, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa ci 7–10.<ref>2022 New Orleans Saints Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref> Ƙungiyar ta inganta zuwa ci 9-8 a cikin wasar 2023 amma ta kasa yin post season<ref>2023 New Orleans Saints Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". ''Pro-Football-Reference.com''. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref>. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2024, biyo bayan asarar 23–22 biyo ga kungiyar Carolina Panthers a cikin Mako na 9 na wasar 2024 (rasa ta 7 madaidaiciya ga tsarkaka bayan farawa 2–0), an kori Allen<ref>"Saints relieve head coach Dennis Allen of his duties". ''neworleanssaints.com''. November 4, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2024</ref>. == Rayuwar shi == Mahaifinsa Grady Allen ya kasance babban mai ba da baya ga kungiyar Aggies kuma daga baya a cikin kungiyar NFL don Falcons<ref>Werder, Ed (December 4, 2012). "Father of Raiders coach Allen dies, team says". ''ESPN.com''. Retrieved October 11, 2024</ref>. Dennis da matarsa, Alisson, suna da ɗa, Garrison, da diya, Layla<ref>"Football Operations". ''denverbroncos.com''. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011</ref>. {{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1939]] [[category:Mutuwan 1995]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Dennis}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] 1q25jaz33ko1stmtp2bes4b9eosyfqv 0 6194 965728 863980 2026-10-10T09:47:39Z Maiakwai4u 37986 965728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jihar Sokoto''' jiha ce daga cikin jihohi talatin da shida (36) da ke a tarayyar [[Najeriya]], kuma ɗaya daga cikin Jihohi 7 na Arewa maso yammacin ƙasa ta Najeriya. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba’i 25,973 (25,973 km²). An kiyasta cewa yawan jama'ar da ke Jahar Sokoto ya haura kimanin mutane milliyan 6.3 zuwa milliyan 6.5 a shekarun (2025/2026). Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]]. jihar sokoto tana da kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da ukku 23, wadanda suka hada da na tsakiya da gabaccin sokoto da kuma yammaci ta. Sarkin Musulmi na Najeriya ya fito ne daga jihar Sultan [[Sa'adu Abubakar III]]. Jihar Sokoto tana da iyaka da jihohi biyu na [[Kebbi]] da [[Zamfara]] da kuma Kasar Nijar. == Tarihi == Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin jiha a shekarar 1976 (daga lokacin da aka raba Jihar Arewa maso Yamma (Taswira) zuwa Jihohin Sokoto da Nijar, gwamnonin jihar Sokoto, mafi yawan tsoffin jami'an soja, suka gaje juna a ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sokoto, a matsayin yanki, ta san tarihi mai tsawo. A lokacin mulkin Daular Fulani a ƙarni na 19, Sokoto muhimmiyar jiha ce ta Fula, ban da kasancewarta birni, na abin da a lokacin yake yammacin tsakiyar Najeriya.<ref>Sokoto State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 11 February 2022</ref> Daga kimanin 1900, tare da mamayar Birtaniya, Sokoto, wacce a lokacin ta mamaye dukkan kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, ta zama lardin da Birtaniya ke kula da Najeriya. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an ƙara Gando a matsayin ƙaramin lardi.<ref name=":0">Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Shaw, Flora (1911). "Sokoto". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–354.</ref> Wannan lardi mai ninki biyu ya mamaye yankin murabba'in kilomita 90,000 (murabba'in kilomita 35,000) tare da kimanin yawan jama'a sama da 500,000. Ya haɗa da masarautun Zamfara da Argungu na lokacin, ko Kebbi,. Wannan ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani daga Encyclopædia na 1911 Britannica ta bayar da wasu bayanai daga mahangar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya: An tsara lardin bisa ga ƙa'ida ɗaya da sauran lardunan Arewacin Najeriya. An sanya wani mazaunin Birtaniya mai aji ɗaya a Sokoto da mataimakan mazauna wasu cibiyoyi. An kafa kotunan shari'a na Burtaniya kuma an ware gwamnonin Burtaniya a lardin. An kuma sanya sassan 'yan sanda na farar hula a manyan ofisoshin. An tantance ƙasar a ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin haraji kuma ana buɗe ta cikin sauri don kasuwanci. Bayan kafa mulkin Birtaniya, manoma da makiyaya sun sake mamaye gundumomin kuma mazauna birane sun yi tururuwa zuwa ƙasar, suna sake gina ƙauyuka waɗanda suka yi kaura tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kiwo da dawaki da kiwon shanu sune babban tushen arziki a lardin. Akwai wasu noma na jimina. Banda a yankunan yashi akwai noma mai yawa, gami da shinkafa da auduga. Ana noma amfanin gona na musamman a kwaruruka ta hanyar ban ruwa. Saƙa, rini da tanning sune manyan masana'antun asali. Ana gudanar da gina hanyoyi masu kyau ta cikin lardin. Ciniki yana ƙaruwa kuma an gabatar da kuɗin kuɗi.<ref>Adebajo, Louis (12 May 2018). "HOW TO IMPROVE ETHNIC RELATIONSHIPS IN NIGERIA". Medium. Retrieved 18 March 2021</ref> [...] A cikin 1906 wani ƙaruwa da aka danganta da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini ya faru kusa da Sokoto inda abin takaici jami'ai uku fararen fata suka rasa rayukansu. Sarkin ya yi watsi da shugaban masu tasowa, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shi Mahadi ne wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga korar farar fata daga ƙasar. Rundunar sojojin Birtaniya ta yi tattaki zuwa kan 'yan tawayen, waɗanda aka hambarar da su da babban rashi a watan Maris na 1906. An yanke wa shugaban hukuncin kisa a kotun sarki kuma aka kashe shi a kasuwar Sokoto, kuma lamarin ya fi ban sha'awa saboda nuna biyayya ga gwamnatin Birtaniya wanda ta jawo daga dukkan bangarorin daga sarakunan asali.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1967, ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya, yankin ya zama sananne da Jihar Arewa maso Yamma. Wannan yanki, a shekarar 1976, an raba shi zuwa Jihar Sakkwato da Jihar Neja. Daga baya, Jihar Kebbi (1991) da Jihar Zamfara (1996) suka rabu da Jihar Sakkwato.[[File:Front of Sokoto Sultan Palce.jpg|thumb|[[masarautar sarkin musulmi sokoto]]]] [[File:HUBBAREN SHEHU MUJADDADI DAN FODIYO SOKOTO NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hubbaren shehu mujaddadi]] [[File:Secretary Meets With Religious Leaders in Sokoto, Nigeria (29176258455).jpg|thumb|Sultan Sa'ad Abubakar da gwamnan sokoto Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] [[File:Sokoto Ram market.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar raguna ta sokoto]] [[File:AFR V3 D367 Sokoto - View Taken in the Interior.jpg|thumb|Wani ƙauye a jihar Sakkwato ]] [[File:Sultan's palace (Sokoto).JPG|thumb|sultan place]] [[File:Sokoto Road UTC Kaduna State 11.jpg|thumb|Birnin Sakkwato]] == Ƙananan Hukumomi == [[Fayil:Flag of Sokoto State.png|thumb|Sokoto flag]] Jihar Sokoto na da adadin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Ƙananan Hukumomi]]<ref>jlukmon (5 May 2023). "List of 23 Local Governments in Sokoto State and their Headquarters". ABOUT NIGERIANS. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</ref> guda ashirin da uku (23). Sune: *[[Binji]] *[[Bodinga]] *[[Dange Shuni]] *[[Gada, Nijeriya|Gada]] *[[Goronyo]] *[[Gudu]] *[[Gwadabawa]] *[[Illela, Nijeriya|Illela]] *[[Isa, Nijeriya|Isa]] *[[Kebbe]] *[[Kware]] *[[Rabah]] *[[Sabon Birni]] *[[Shagari, Nijeriya|Shagari]] *[[Silame]] *[[Sokoto ta Arewa]] *[[Sokoto ta Kudu]] *[[Tambuwal]] *[[Tangaza]] *[[Tureta]] *[[Wamako]] *[[Wurno]] *[[Yabo, Nijeriya|Yabo]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sokoto, Jihar}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] m6vwqq3z49auazpyonbl5vhkhj4lae4 0 7011 965319 941055 2026-10-09T17:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Dr Adekunle Olayinka with President Bola Ahmed Tinubu GCFR as presidential-elect.jpg|thumb|Dr Adekunle olayinka with president bola Ahmed tinubu]] [[File:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975).jpg|thumb|Asiwaju bola Ahmed tinubu ]] [[Fayil:Foreign Secretary James Cleverly visits Nigeria - 53089034336.jpg|thumb|Bola Tinubu Da '''Foreign Secretary James Cleverly''']] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (Cropped).png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Bola Ahmed Tinubu HRM Oba Saheed Ademola Oba Elegushi.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu and Chi Onwurah MP (5981056622).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Bola Ahmed Tinubu HRM Oba Saheed Ademola Oba Elegushi.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Osinbajo-Tinubu.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Secretary Antony J. Blinken meets with Nigerian President Bola Tinubu in Abuja, Nigeria, January 23, 2024 - 1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:ECOWAS members.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Bola Ahmed Tinubu Science Complex, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University.jpg|thumb|''')Bversity.jpg''']] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975).jpg|thumb|shugaban kasa]] '''Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu:''' Shugaban Kasar Nijiria ne Mai dauke da sarautar Usuwaju Bola ananne yasamu chikakken sunan asuwaju bola Ahmad tinubu, ya kasance kwararren ɗan siyasa ne ana [[Najeriya]], kuma shugaban ƙasar Najeriya yakarbi shuga banchin Nigeria ne ah 29 ga watan mayun shekara ta 2023. An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da Ɗari Tara da hamsin da biyu (1952) Miladiyya. Ya yi Mulki ah kudanchin Nigeria ,yariqe muqamin Gwamnan [[jihar Legas]] daga shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da Ɗari Tara da chasa'in da Tara (1999) zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), haka yayi Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta yamma, na wani dan gajeren lokaci a jamhuriyya ta uku (''Third republic''). Bola Ahmed Tinubu shahararran ɗan siyasa ne a Najeriya wanda ke da sarautar Asiwaju a kasar Yarabawa, kuma Jagaban a Borgu ta [[Jihar Neja]], ya shahara a fagen siyasa da mulki a Najeriya baki daya. Ana kallon Asiwaju a matsayin wanda ya dade yana jan zarensa tun daga dawowar Najeriya kan mulkin demokuradiyya ta alif dubu daya da dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1999), Tinubu ya kasance a matsayin uba a fagen siyasa sakamakon karfin fada a ji da yake da shi a siyasar kasar ta Yarbawa da ma Najeriya baki daya. Haka kuma ya kafa mutane da dama a Najeriya inda ya yi musu hanya suka samu mukamai a tarayya da jihohi. [[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ( [[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 21:37, a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2023 (UTC)) <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ewepu |first1=Gabriel |title=CSOs calls on EFCC to investigate Tinubu over alleged money conveyed in bullion vans |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/csos-calls-on-efcc-to-investigate-tinubu-over-alleged-money-conveyed-in-bullion-vans/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=25 October 2019 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olu |first1=Tayo |title=Petition Details Alleged Corrupt Activities Of Tinubu Since 1999 |url=https://thewhistler.ng/petition-details-alleged-corrupt-activities-of-tinubu-since-1999/ |website=The Whistler |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kperogi |first1=Farooq |author-link=Farooq Kperogi |title=Clarity On Tinubu's Age And Post-Secondary Education |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/clarity-on-tinubus-age-and-post-secondary-education/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |date=29 January 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwar Tinubu== An haife shi a Jihar [[Legas]], cikin iyalin Tinubu da suka yi fice a jihar ta legas a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari Tara da hamsin da biyu(1952). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. John's da ke Aroloya da makarantar Children's Home a Ibadan, da ke kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Daga nan sai ya wuce Kwalejin Richard Daley a Birnin Chicago da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]], bayan samun gurbin yin karatu a Kwalejin. Daga baya ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar jihar [[Chicago]], a Illinois inda ya kammala ya kuma fito da Digiri a Harkokin [[Kasuwanci]]. Tinubu ya kuma samu kyautar dalibi da yafi kwazo a Jami'ar da kuma shaidar karramawa a ɓangaren Akanta da Hada-Hadar kudi. Da zuwansa [[Amurka]] a shekarar 1975, da taimakon mahaifiyarsa, matashin mai hazaka, da kuma ke da himmar ganin ya cimma burinsa. Ya shiga yin ayyuka da za su kawo masa kudi kamar wanke tukwane a gidajen sayar da abinci da aikin gadi da kuma tuka motar-haya domin taimaka masa a bangaren karatunsa. Baiwar da yake da ita ce ta sa ya shiga jerin dalibai masu hazaka na Kwalejin Richard Daley da kuma ta kai har ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar jihar [[Chicago]] a shekarar alif 1979, inda ya fito da digiri a bangaren Kasuwanci. A shekararsa ta farko a Jami'ar [[Chicago]], an karrama shi da mukamin malami mai taimakawa (tutor), domin taimakon wasu 'yan uwansa dalibai da ke wadannan ajuzuwa. Yan uwansa dalibai da dama sun yaba taimakonsa a bangaren karatunsu wanda har ta kai su ga samun sakamako mai kyau. A tsawon shekaru da ya yi a jami'a, Tinubu ya kasance dalibi mafi hazaka wanda ya yi ta samun kyautar dalibi mai gwazo da kuma shaidar karatu a bangaren Akanta da hada-hadar kuɗi, inda kuma ya kare digirinsa da sakamako mai daraja ta sama. A matsayinsa na mai hankoron abubuwa masu kyau da za su zo, Bola ya tsaya tare da yin nasara a takarar shugaban ɗaliban nazarin Akanta da Hada-hadar kuɗi na jami'ar jihar [[Chicago]] a shekarar sa ta karshe.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023: Controversy Trails Tinubu's INEC Filings |url=https://dailytrust.com/2023-controversy-trails-tinubus-inec-filings |website=[[Daily Trust]] |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626053445/https://dailytrust.com/2023-controversy-trails-tinubus-inec-filings |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Essien |first1=Hillary |title=I didn't attend primary, secondary schools; my university certificates stolen by unknown soldiers, Tinubu tells INEC |url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-i-didnt-attend-primary-secondary-schools-my-university-certificates-stolen-by-unknown-soldiers-tinubu-tells-inec/ |website=[[Peoples Gazette]] |date=24 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705084318/https://gazettengr.com/just-in-i-didnt-attend-primary-secondary-schools-my-university-certificates-stolen-by-unknown-soldiers-tinubu-tells-inec/ |archive-date=5 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Tinubu's "lost" certificates and Wike's message to Atiku |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/539248-pt-state-of-the-race-tinubus-lost-certificates-and-wikes-message-to-atiku.html |website=[[Premium Times]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> ==Iyali== Asiwaju Bola Tinubu yana da mata ɗaya mai suna Oluremi Tinubu, wadda sanata ce mai wakiltar [[Jihar Legas]] ta tsakiya. Ta kasance mai fafutikar kare Hakkin jama'a da kuma mai ilimi da ake mutuntawa. Tana kuma gudanar da ayyukan jinkai wanda aka karrama da lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON). Suna da 'ya'ya da kuma jikoki. [[File:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975).jpg|thumb|Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu.]] ==Aiki da kasuwanci== Kafin kammala karatunsa na digiri, Bola Tinubu ya samu aiki da kamfanin harkar akantanci na Arthur Anderson. Daga bisani kamfanin Deloitte Haskins (wanda ake kira da deloitte Haskins and Touche a yanzu) suka ɗauki hayarsa, bayan nan kuma sai ya yi aiki da GTE Service Corporation, wani babban kamfanin sadarwa a ƙasar [[Amurka]]. A kamfanin ''Deloitte Haskins and sells'', matashi kuma kwararre Bola ya fadada kwarewarsa ta hanyar shiga ayyukan dubawa da gudanarwa na ''General Motors'' da yin aiki a Babban Bankin Kasa na ''[[Chicago]]'' da kamfanin ''Procter and Gamble'' da ''International Harvester'' da ''General Electric'' da sauran kamfanoni. Bayan ganin kwarewarsa, kamfanin ''Deloitte sal'' ya dauki hayar Bola a matsayin jagoran mambobi da ke sa ido a kamfanin.<ref name="Bloomberg News Graft">{{cite news |last1=Clowes |first1=William |title=Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=22 June 2022 |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hundeyin |first1=David |title=Bola Ahmed Tinubu: From Drug Lord To Presidential Candidate |url=https://westafricaweekly.substack.com/p/bola-ahmed-tinubu-from-drug-lord |website=West Africa Weekly |date=13 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weiss |first1=Michael |title=Nigerian Pres' Svengali Tied to Heroin |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/nigerian-pres-svengali-tied-to-heroin |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> ===Dawowarsa Najeriya=== Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya da kuma samun gogewa a ɓangaren hada-hadar kuɗi, Tinubu ya fara aiki da Kamfanin Mai na Mobil a matsayin babban mai bincike wanda ta kai har ya zama ma'ajin kamfanin. A matsayinsa na mutumin da ba ya manta mafararsa da kuma alakarsa da al'umma, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya kasance mutumin da ya dauki hidimtiwa al'umma da muhimmanci. Ko da a Mobil, ya jagoranci hada-hada daban-daban na tara-kudi domin tallafa wa shirye-shiryen ci-gaban al'umma a [[Jihar Legas]]. Ya kuma jagoranci kungiyar Primrose, wata kungiyar siyasa da ke hankoron kawo canji a siyasar Jihar [[Lagos]]. Haka nan, Bola Tinubu ya yanke shawarar shiga aikin hidimar al'umma gadan-gadan ta hanyar ajiye babban matsayi da yake da shi a kamfanin Mobil. ==Fara Harkokin Siyasa== [[File:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu and Chi Onwurah MP (5981056622).jpg|right|thumb|Tinubu a shekarar 2011]] Shigarsa ta farko fagen siyasa, ya fara ne da shiga sahu wajen kafa jam'iyyar SDP da shi. A shekarar 1992, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata da ke wakiltar Yammacin [[Jihar Legas]]. A [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattijai]], ya samu nasarar zama shugaban kwamitin da ke kula da bankuna, kuɗi da kasafi na Majalisar Dattawa wanda babban kwamiti ne na Majalisar Dattawan [[Najeriya]]. Bayan soke zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ran 12 ga watan Yunin, 1993 da Gwamnatin Mulkin Soja Ta [[Ibrahim Babangida|IBB]] tayi da kuma kara wa'adin mulkin soja, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya Shiga sahun gaba cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar masu rajin kare dimokradiyya da aka fi sani da NADECO. [[File:Bola Ahmed Tinubu HRM Oba Saheed Ademola Oba Elegushi.jpg |right| thumb| Tinubu tare da Sarki Oba Saheed Ademola da Sarki Elegushi a Shekarar 2017.]] Sun tunkari gwamnatin mulkin soji na wancan lokaci wajen ganin an dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya a [[Najeriya]]. Bola Tinubu ya sha barazana ga rayuwarsa da musgunawa wanda har ta kai ga kamawa tare da tsare shi wanda hakan ya sa ya gudu ya bar kasar. Duk da haka bai karaya ba a gwagwarmayarsu ta neman tsarin dimokradiyya inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar ta NADECO da ke gudun hijira, inda ya ci gaba da hankoron ganin mulkin dimokradiyya da tsarin shugabanci a [[Najeriya]]. Neman da kungiyar NADECO ke yi daga baya ta sami yin nasara. Yayin da mulkin soja yazo karshe, Bola Tinubu ya dawo [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 1998, domin shiga sahun gaba na kawo cigaba da fahimtar juna. Tinubu ya shiga sahun mutane da suka kafa jam'iyar siyasa mai son ci gaba ta ''Alliance for Democracy'' ('''AD'''), inda ya samu nasarar zamantowa mai yi wa jam'iyyar takarar kujerar gwamna a [[jihar Legas]]. ==Zama Gwamnan Legas== Bayan samun nasarar zama gwamnan [[Jihar Legas]] a zabukan 1999, Tinubu ya jagoranci jihar har na tsawon shekara 8. Bayan shigar sa ofis a watan Mayun 1999, Bola Tinubu ya jawo hazikan mutane a cikin gwamnatinsa, wanda tare suka tsara kyakkyawan shiri na shugabancin [[Jihar Lagos|Jihar lagos.]] Ajanda 10 da gwamnatinsa ta mayar da hankali a kai sun kunshi ɓangaren ilimi da lafiya da samar da ayyukan yi da rage talauci, da samar da wutar lantarki da ruwan sha da tsarin zirga-zirga mai kyau da kula da muhalli da doka-da-oda da samar da abinci da kuma farfado da ɓangaren aikin gwamnati. [[File:One-Day Governor of Lagos State, 2007.jpg|thumb|Bola Ahmed Tinubu a matsayin Gwamnan Lagos a shekarar 2007]] Gwamnatin Tinubu, ta inganta tare da gyara tsarin mulki ta hanyar kirkiro da sabbin ma'aikatu irinsu ma'aikatar gidaje da ma'aikatar wasanni da ci gaban matasa da kuma ta harkokin mata da rage talauci. A tsawon mulkinsa, Asiwaju Tinubu ya kawo hazikai da kuma kwararru a cikin gwamnatinsa a matsayin kwamishinoni da kuma masu ba shi shawara a bangarori da suka kware. Ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa, gwamnatin Asiwaju Tinubu ta kara kasafin kudin [[Jihar Legas]] daga naira biliyan 14.200 a shekarar 1999 zuwa Naira biliyan 240.866 a shekarar 2007 domin Jihar ta samar da karin ababen more rayuwa ga al'ummarta. Gwamnatin Tinubu ta ci gaba da kiyaye rabon kasafin kudi na shekara da akalla kashi 60-40 bisa dari a kan kudin da ake kashewa na manyan ayyuka don tabbatar da an samar da ababen more rayuwa ga al'umma. Asiwaju Tinubu, ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire da sabbin tsare-tsare ya cire Jihar Lagos daga samun kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na Naira biliyan 14.64 a shekarar 1999 zuwa Naira biliyan 60.31 a shekarar 2006. Ya zuwa watan Maris din 2007, jihar ta samu kudin haraji a wata da ya kai naira biliyan 8.2. Wannan gagarumin kokari da gwamnatinsa ta samu a jihar [[Lagos]] ya biyo bayan bijiro da tsare-tsare da kuma aiwatar wa kamar kirkiro da tsarin bankin laturoni da tsarin sa ido a kudaden da ake tarawa da kaddamar da tsarin a na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Sannan akwai tsarin biyan haraji na laturoni da sake tsara gudanar da ma'aikatar kula da kudaden haraji na jihar da sake fasalta tsarin karbar kuɗin haraji da samar da bayanan masu biyan haraji. [[Jihar Legas]] karkashin jagorancin Bola Ahmed Tinubu ta zama abin koyi a bangaren tafiyar da aikin gwamnati da kirkire-kirkire da harkokin kudi. A watan Satumban, 2002, [[Legas]] ta kasance jiha ta farko a [[Najeriya]] da ta tara kudaden shiga masu yawa don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa. Jihar ta samu kudade ta hanyar karbo takardun lamuni domin aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba kamar gyara hanyoyi da gina rukunin gidajen milenia da gina harkokin samar da ruwa da gyara kotuna da samar da wuraren zubar da shara da gina azuzuwa da sauran su. Jajircewar Tinubu da taimakon baiwar sa ta siyasa, Bola Tinubu ya hangi barazanar magudin zabe a 2003 daga Jam'iyyar PDP mai Mulki, inda abokansa a yankin kudu-maso-yamma suka saduda da kin yin kamfe na sake zabarsu, amma Tinubu ya bijiro da wani yakin neman zabe mai ma'ana kan irin nasarori da ya samu. Sauran gwamnonin Jam'iyar AD a jihohin [[Ondo]] da [[Osun]] da [[Ekiti]] da [[Ogun]] da kuma [[Oyo]] dukkansu sun gamu da cikas wajen sake zabarsu a shekarar 2003, a inda jam'iyyar PDP ta samu nasara. Bola Tinubu ya kasance mutum daya tilo da ya samu nasara a karkashin jam'iyar AD. Da irin nasarorin da ya samu a shugabancin [[Jihar Lagos]], ya samu nasarar kalubalantar gwamnatin tarayya ta fuskar siyasa da kuma shari'a. Saboda jajircewarsa a wannan lokaci, Bola Tinubu ya kasance mutum daya tilo da ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen hana [[Najeriya]] zama kasa mai tsarin jam'iyya daya.Ya kasance gwamnan jam'iyyar AD daya tilo a cikin jihohi 36 na [[Najeriya]]. Duk da haka, bai karaya ba, inda ya shiga sahun gaba wajen karfafa 'yan siyasa da ke son ci gaba. A 2007, 'yan siyasar da ke son ci gaba a kudu-maso-yammacin [[Najeriya]] suka dawo da martabarsu. Don sake zama babban dan siyasa na bangaren adawa, Bola Tinubu ya taka rawa wajen kirkiro da sabuwar jam'iyar ci gaba mai suna Action Congress (AC), wadda daga baya ta koma Action Congress of Najeriya (ACN). Jajircewar Tinubu ce ta kare [[Jihar Legas]] daga mamayar Jam'iyyar PDP, sai dai tsarin da ya bullo da shi ya taimaka masa wajen sake farfado da akidar siyasa wanda daga baya ya dawo da ci gaban shugabanci a fadin kudu maso yamma da kuma [[Jihar Edo]]. Idan za a rubuta tarihin wannan lokaci, Tinubu zai kasance a matsayin mutumin da ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen kawo tsarin siyasar ci gaba a yankin kudu-maso-yamma da kuma [[Najeriya]]. Za a san shi a matsayin mutumin da ya jajirce wajen hana jam'iyar PDP cimma burinta na gudanar da tsarin jam'iyya daya a kusa. Wadanda suke da ra'ayin mulkin dimokuradiyya a [[Najeriya]], tilas ne su jinjina gudummawar da Asiwaju Tinubu ya bayar. == Kafa jam'iyyar APC== A zaɓen 2015, Asiwaju ya zama babban mai goyon bayan hadewar jam'iyyarsa da wasu jam'iyyun adawa biyu Jam'iyyar (CPC ) da kuma Jam'iyar (ANPP) domin kawo ƙarshen mulkin [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyar (PDP)]]. Jam'iyyun guda uku sun haɗe daga baya inda suka samar da jam'iyar All Progressive Congress (APC). shugaban kasa na shekarar 2015, wanda karon farko da jam'iyyar adawa ta kada shugaba mai mulki a [[Najeriya]]. Tinubu ya taimaka wa Jam'iyyar ta APC wajen samun nasara. ==Takarar shugabancin Najeriya a jam'iyyar APC== A Ranar 22 Ga Watan Yuni Na Shekarar 2022, Bola Tinubu Yayi Sa'ar samun Tikitin takarar a Jam’iyyarsa Ta APC Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya samu nasarar ce da kuri'u dubu 1271 da masu zaɓe sama da dubu 2300 suka kwashe dare suna kadawa. Tsohon gwamnan Rivers [[Rotimi Amaechi]] ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 316, sai Mataimakin shugaban [[Najeriya]] [[Yemi Osinbajo]] a matsayi na uku da kuri'u 235 sai kuma shugaban Majalisar Dattawan [[Najeriya]] Ahmed Lawan da ya samu kuri'u 152. 'Yan takara 14 da suka fafata a zaɓen sun haɗa da Mista Chukwuemeka Nwajuba, Fasto Tunde Bakare, Mista Ahmed Rufa’i, Sanata Rochas Okorocha, Mista Jack Rich, Gwamna Ben Ayade, Gwamna David Umuahi, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, Sen. Ahmed Yarima, Dr Ahmed Lawal, mataimakinsa. -Shugaban kasa Yemi Osinbajo, Mista Rotimi Amaechi, Gwamna Yahaya Bello da Mista Ogbonnaya Onu. ==Lashe Zaben Shekarar 2023== A ranar 1 ga Watan Maris 2023, Shugaban hukumar INEC, Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu ya sanar da tsohon gwamnan [[jihar Legas]], Bola Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023, da kuri'a miliyan 8,794,726. [[File:Dr. Adekunle Olayinka with President Bola Ahmed Tinubu GCFR as presidential-elect.jpg|thumb|Shugaba Tinubu Tare da Dr. Adekunle Olayinka bayan cin Nasarar Zaben Shugaban Kasa na 2023.]] Tsohon matainmakin shugaban [[Najeriya]], [[Atiku Abubakar]] ne ke biye masa da kuri'u miliyan 6,984,520. Sai kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour, Peter Obi wanda ya samu kuri'a miliyan 6,101,533. Tsohon gwamnan [[jihar Kano]], Sanata [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] ne ya zo na huɗu da kuri'u miliyan 1,496,687. Amma Sai Dai Jam'iyyun adawa na PDP da LP sun ce ba za su karbi sakamakon ba bisa zargin tafka magudi a mazabu da dama, inda kuma suka ce za su garzaya kotu. An Rantsar da Ahmed Bola Tinubu a Ranar Litinin Ashirin da tare ga watan Mayu a Shekara ta Dubu biyu da a Shirin da Ukku. Bola Ahmed Tinubu ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ‘yan siyasar Najeriya. Ga takaitaccen tarihinsa: Haihuwa da Asali An haife shi ranar ta 29 ga Maris, 1952 a jihar Lagos. Ya fito daga jihar Lagos State. Karatu Ya yi karatu a Amurka, inda ya halarci Chicago State University. Ya kammala karatun Accounting (lissafi). Farkon Aiki Ya yi aiki a manyan kamfanoni kamar Mobil (ExxonMobil), inda ya samu kwarewa a fannin kuɗi. Shiga Siyasa Ya fara siyasa a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Lagos West a shekarar 1992. Bayan juyin mulki na soja, ya shiga fafutukar dawo da dimokuraɗiyya a ƙungiyar NADECO. Gwamnan jahar Lagos Ya zama Gwamnan Lagos State daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya kawo sauye-sauye a: Haraji da kudaden shiga Harkar sufuri Tsarin mulkin birni Shugaban Ƙasa A zaɓen 2023, ya tsaya takara a jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress. Ya lashe zaɓe, kuma aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Shugaban Ƙasa na Najeriya ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2023. Abubuwan Da Aka San Shi Da Su Ana kallonsa a matsayin jagora mai tasiri a siyasar Najeriya. Yana da tasiri sosai musamman a yankin kudu maso yamma ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[category:Gwamnonin Jihar Legas]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Mutanan Nigeria]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] 4d2tuqyh3da3g657m0rz54oflfgxsqt 0 8737 965271 965113 2026-10-09T14:56:40Z Usmanmaifada 20279 965271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Masjid_Abu_Bakir_Asadeek_in_Turmus_Ayya,_Palestine_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg |thumb|Masallacin Abu Bakr Assadeek dake Turmus Ayya na kasar Falasdinu ]] [[File:Abu_Bakar_ash-Shiddiq_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG |thumb|Abu Bakar ash-Shiddiq Imam Khairul Annas ]] [[Fayil:Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|thumb|Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.]] '''Abū Bakr aṣ-Ṣiddīq''' ‘Abdallāh bin Abī Quḥāfah (Larabci: أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن أبي قحافة‎; Ya rayu daga shekara ta dari biyar da saba'in da uku 573 CE zuwa ashirin da uku 23 Agustan shekarar dari shida da talatin da uku 634 CE), An haife shine a 27 ga watan Octoban shekara ta 573 a garin [[Makkah]] Kasar [[Saudiya]].Ya rasu a 23 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 634, a garin [[Madina]] an fi sanin sa da sunan Abu Bakar, Ya kasance Babban [[Sahabi]] kuma Sirikin Manzon Allah ne, Annabi [[Muhammad (SAW)|Muhammad]] tsira da aminci Allah su tabbata a gare shi. Abu Bakar shi ne mutum na farko daya musulunta wanda badaga cikin dangin manzon Allah yake ba, Abu Bakar ya kasance mai biyayya ga Manzon Allah yayin rayuwarsa.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d#Kit%C4%81b_al-%E1%B9%ACabaq%C4%81t_al-Kab%C4%ABr</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PP1</ref> Abu Bakar أبو بكر Al-Siddiq Amir al-Mu'mineenn Lokacin Khalifancinsa 8 Yuni 632 zuwa 23 Agusta 634 Shi ne Kalifa na farko da aka Samar akan wanda zai jagoranci musulmai bayan rasuwar Manzon Allah. An binne shi a masallacin Manzon Allah, a garin Madinah.<ref>https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yar-i-gar</ref> An haifi Abu Bakr a shekara ta 573 CE ga Abu Quhafa da Umm Khayr. Shi dan kabilar Banu Taim ne. A zamanin jahiliyya, ya kasance mai tauhidi kuma yayi Allah wadai da bautar gumaka. A matsayinsa na hamshakin dan kasuwa, Abubakar ya kasance yana ‘yanta bayi. Bayan musulunta a shekara ta 610, Abu Bakr ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga Muhammadu, wanda ya ba shi lakabin "al-Siddiq" ('Mai Gaskiya/Mai adalci'). Na farko dai ya halarci kusan dukkan yakokin da aka yi a karkashin manzon Allah. Ya ba da gudummawar dukiyarsa da yawa don tallafawa aikin Muhammadu da kuma cikin makusantan Muhammad. Ya kuma raka Muhammad akan hijirarsa zuwa Madina. Ta hanyar gayyatar Abubakar, manyan Sahabiyawa da yawa sun zama Musulmai, ya kasance babban mashawarci na kusa ga Muhammadu, kasancewar kusan duk rikice-rikicen sojansa. Babu Muhammadu Abubakar ya jagoranci sallah da balaguro. Bayan mutuwar Muhammad a shekara ta dari shida da talatin da biyu 632, Abu Bakr ya ci nasarar jagorancin al'ummar musulmi a matsayin Halifa Rashidun na farko. Zaben nasa dai ya samu adawa da dimbin jagororin kabilu masu tawaye, wadanda suka yi ridda daga Musulunci. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da dama, wadanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ridda, wanda a sakamakon haka ya sami damar hada kai tare da fadada mulkin daular Musulmi a kan daukacin yankin Larabawa. Ya kuma ba da umarnin fara kutsawa cikin daulolin Sassaniya da Byzantine makwabta, wanda a cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan mutuwarsa, za su haifar da mamayar musulmi na Farisa da Levant. Baya ga siyasa, Abu Bakr kuma ana yaba masa don harhada Alqur'ani, wanda ya kasance yana da kundin rubutun halifa na kansa. Abubakar ya nada babban mashawarcinsa Umar (r. 634–644) a matsayin magajinsa kafin ya rasu a watan Agustan 634. Tare da Muhammad, an binne Abu Bakr a cikin 'Green Dome' a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi a Madina, wuri na biyu mafi tsarki. a Musulunci. Ya rasu ne sakamakon rashin lafiya bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu 2 da watanni 2 da kwana 14, Halifan Rashidun daya tilo da ya rasu a dalilin halitta. <ref>http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0221.xml</ref> Duk da cewa lokacin khalifancinsa bai yi kankanta ba, amma ya hada da mamaye dauloli biyu mafiya karfi na lokacin, nasara mai ban mamaki a cikinta. Ya kafa wani yanayi na tarihi wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata zai kai ga daya daga cikin manyan dauloli a tarihi. Nasarar da ya yi a kan sojojin Larabawa 'yan tawaye na cikin gida wani muhimmin bangare ne na tarihin Musulunci. Abu Bakr yana da girma a tsakanin [[musulmai]].<ref>http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0221.xml</ref> == Nasaba da Lakabi == Cikakken sunan Abubakar shine Abdullahi bn Abi Quhafa bn Amir bn Amr bn Ka'b bn Sa'd bn Taym bn Murrah bn Ka'b bn Lu'ayy bn Ghalib bn Fihr. Zuriyarsa ta hadu da zuriyar Muhammad a ƙarni na shida tare da Murrah ibn Ka'b. An ambace shi a cikin Alkur'ani sau biyu. === Abdullahi === A Larabci, sunan Abd Allah yana nufin “bawan Allah”. Wannan shine sunan haihuwarsa. === Abubakar === Wannan laƙabin (kunya) an yi masa suna tun yana ƙarami lokacin da ya girma a cikin ƙabilar ƙauye kuma ya kasance mai son raƙuma. Ya yi wasa da ’yan maruƙa da awaki, yana samun wannan laƙabin “Abubakar,” ma’ana “uban raƙumi”. "bakir" a cikin Larabci matashi ne amma ya riga ya girma raƙumi.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings</ref> === Ateeq === Ɗaya daga cikin sunayensa na farko, kafin musuluntarsa, shine Ateeq, ma'ana "mai ceto". A wata ruwaya mai rauni a cikin Tirmizi, Annabi Muhammad daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan suna inda ya ce Abubakar shi ne “Ateeq Allah daga wuta” ma’ana “amince” ko “amince” da tarayya da Allah yana nuna kusanci da kariyarsa. wallahi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=3xJjNG5CNdwC&pg=PA119</ref> === Al-Siddiq === Muhammad ne ya kira shi Al-Siddiq (Mai gaskiya) bayan ya gaskata shi a waki’ar Isra’ila da Mi’iraji lokacin da wasu mutane ba su yi ba, kuma Ali ya tabbatar da wannan lakabi sau da yawa. An kuma ruwaito shi a cikin Alkur’ani mai girma a matsayin “na biyu na biyun da ke cikin kogo” dangane da waki’ar Hijira, inda tare da Muhammad ya boye a cikin kogon Jabal Thawr daga jam’iyyar Makka da aka aiko bayansu.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat</ref> === Al-Sahib === An kira shi da daraja da sunan “al-sahib” (sahabi) a cikin Alkur’ani yana mai bayyana matsayinsa na sahabi Annabi Muhammad a lokacin da ya buya daga kuraishawa a kogon Jabal Thawr a lokacin Hijira zuwa Madina: "Ba kome idan kun ki ku taimake shi, kuma lalle ne Allah Yã taimake shi a lõkacin da kãfirai suka fitar da shi daga Makka, kuma bai kasance ba fãce dayan biyu. Yayin da su biyun ke cikin kogon, sai ya tabbatar wa abokin nasa, “Kada ka damu; Lalle Allah yana tare da mu." Sai Allah Ya saukar da natsuwarSa a kan Annabi( SAW), kuma Ya taimake shi da rundunonin da ba ku gani ba, kuma Ya sanya kalmar kãfirai mafi ƙasƙanta, kuma kalmar Allah ita ce maɗaukakiya. Kuma Allah Mabuwayi ne, Mai hikima.[9:40 -Alqur'ani bayyananne]."<ref>https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg</ref> === Al-Atqa === A cikin wani hadith da ibn Abbas ya ruwaito tafsirin sura ta 92 na Alqur’ani daga bakin imam Suyuti zamu sami kalmar “al-atqā” (Larabci: الأتقى), ma’ana “mafi tsoron Allah,” “mafi adalci”. “ko kuma “mafi tsoron Allah” ana nufin Abubakar a matsayin misali ga muminai. Sabõda haka, Nã yi muku gargaɗi da wata wutã mai hushi, bãbu mai ƙõnuwa a cikinta fãce mafi shaƙãwa, kuma ya kãfirta, kuma ya bijire. Amma salihai za a tsira daga gare ta—waɗanda suke ba da ˹wasu daga cikin dũkiyõyinsu kawai don tsarkake kansu, ba wai don neman yardar wani ba, amma suna neman yardar Ubangijinsu, Maɗaukaki. [92:14-21] Lalle ne za su yarda. === Al-Awāh === “Al-Awāh” (Larabci: الأواه) yana nufin wanda ya yawaita roƙon Allah, mai jin ƙai, kuma mai tausasawa. Ibrahim al-Nakha'i ya ce Abubakar kuma ana kiransa al-awāh saboda halinsa na jinƙai. == Farkon Rayuwa == An haifi Abu Bakr a Makka a wani lokaci a shekara ta 573 AZ, ga wani gida mai arziki a kabilar Banu Taym na kawancen kabilar Kuraishawa. Sunan mahaifinsa Uthman kuma an ba shi kunya Abu Quhafa, mahaifiyarsa kuwa ita ce Salma bint Sakhar wacce aka yiwa laqabin Ummul-Khair. Ya yi ƙuruciyarsa kamar sauran yaran Larabawa na lokacin, daga cikin Badawiyyawa waɗanda suke kiran kansu Ahl-i-Ba'eer- mutanen raƙumi, kuma suka sami sha'awar raƙuma. A shekarunsa na farko ya yi wasa da ’ya’yan rakumi da akuya, kuma son rakumi ya sa ake masa lakabi da (kunya) “Abubakar”, mahaifin marakin rakumi. Kamar sauran ƴaƴan dangin ƴan kasuwa na Makka, Abu Bakr ya kasance mai ilimi kuma ya sami sha'awar waƙa. Ya kasance yana halartar bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara a Ukaz, kuma yana shiga cikin baje kolin wakoki. Yana da kyakkyawan tunani kuma yana da kyakkyawar masaniya game da asalin ƙabilun Larabawa, labaransu da siyasarsu.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/usurping-land-fadak</ref> An adana labari cewa, lokacin yana ƙarami, mahaifinsa ya kai shi ɗakin [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]], ya roƙe shi ya yi addu'a a gaban gumaka. Mahaifinsa ya tafi don halartar wani kasuwanci, kuma Abubakar ya kasance shi kaɗai. Da yake yiwa wani gunki magana, Abubakar ya ce: "Ya Ubangijina, ina bukatan tufafi masu kyau, ka bani su". Tsafi ya kasance ba ruwansa. Sai ya yi wa wani gunki magana, ya ce, “Ya Allah ka ba ni abinci mai dadi, ka ga ina jin yunwa”. Tsafi ya yi sanyi. Hakan ya gagara haqurin saurayi Abubakar. Ya ɗaga dutse, ya yi magana ga gunki, ya ce, "Ga shi, ina nufin dutse, idan kai ne Allah ka tsare kanka." Abubakar ya jefi gunkin ya bar Ka'aba. Ko ta yaya, ya rubuta cewa kafin ya musulunta, Abubakar ya kasance dan hanif ne kuma bai taba bautar gumaka ba.<ref>https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/138</ref> == Karbar Addinin Musulinci == Lokacin da ya dawo daga balaguron kasuwanci a Yemen, abokai sun sanar da shi cewa a cikin rashi, Muhammadu ya ayyana kansa a matsayin manzon Allah. Masanin tarihi Al-Tabari, a cikin littafinsa Tarikh al-Tabari, ya kawo daga Muhammad bn Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas, wanda ya ce: "Na tambayi mahaifina ko Abubakar shine farkon musulmi? Ya ce: A’a, fiye da mutane hamsin ne suka musulunta kafin Abubakar; amma ya fi mu a matsayinmu na musulmi. Kuma Umar bn al-Khattab ya musulunta bayan maza arba'in da biyar mata ashirin da ɗaya. Amma wanda ya fi kowa a fagen Musulunci da imani, shi ne Ali bn Abi Talib." Wasu Sunni da dukkan [[Shi'a]] sun yarda cewa mutum na biyu da ya karɓi Muhammad a matsayin manzon Allah a bainar jama'a shine Ali ibn Abi Talib, farkon matar Muhammad Khadija. Ibn Kathir, a cikin Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, yayi watsi da wannan. Ya bayyana cewa mace ta farko da ta musulunta ita ce Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah shine bawa na farko da ya 'yanta ya musulunta. Ali bn Abi Talib shi ne yaro na farko da ya musulunta, domin bai kai ma balaga ba a lokacin, yayin da Abubakar shi ne mutum na farko da ya musulunta.<ref>http://www.twelvershia.net/2014/05/08/fadak-prophetic-inheritance-qa/</ref> === Rayuwa ta gaba a Makka === Matarsa Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza ba ta karɓi Musulunci ba sai ya sake ta. Wata matarsa, Um Ruman, ta musulunta. Duk 'ya'yansa sun yarda da Musulunci in ban da Abd al-Rahman, wanda Abubakar ya barranta daga gare shi. Musuluntarsa kuma ya jawo mutane da yawa zuwa Musulunci. Ya ja hankalin abokansa na kut-da-kut da su musulunta, ya kuma gabatar da Musulunci ga sauran abokansa ta yadda da yawa daga cikinsu ma suka yarda da imani. Wadanda suka musulunta bisa nacewar Abubakar su ne: *Uthman Ibn Affan (wanda zai zama halifa na uku) *Al-Zubayr (wanda ya taka rawa a yakin Masar na musulmi) *Talha bn Ubayd-Allah, baffansa kuma babban sahabin annabi. *'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf (wanda zai kasance wani muhimmin bangare na Halifancin Rashidun) *Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas (wanda ya taka rawa a fafatawar musulunci na Farisa) *Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah (wanda ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar Rashidun a Levant) *Abu Salama, dan uwa ne ga Annabi Muhammadu. *Khalid bn Sa’id (wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar a karkashin rundunar Rashidun a Sham). Karɓar Abubakar ta zama wani ci gaba a cikin aikin Muhammadu. Bauta ta zama ruwan dare a Makka, kuma bayi da yawa sun karɓi Musulunci. A lokacin da dan ’yanci na gari ya karbi Musulunci, duk da adawar da ake yi masa, zai samu kariya daga kabilarsa. Ga bayi, duk da haka, babu irin wannan kariyar kuma yawanci suna fuskantar tsanantawa. Abubakar ya ji tausayin bayi, sai ya sayi takwas (maza hudu da mata hudu) sannan ya ‘yanta su, ya biya dinari 40,000 don ‘yancinsu. Mazajen sune: #Bilal bin Rabah #Abu Fukah #Ammar bin Yasir #Abu Fuhayra Matan sun kasance: #Lubaynah #Al-Nahdiah #Ummu Ubay #Harithah bint al-Muammil Mafi yawan bayin da Abubakar ya 'yanta, ko dai mata ne ko kuma tsoffi kuma maza ne masu rauni. Da baban Abubakar ya tambaye shi me ya sa bai ‘yanta bayi masu karfi da matasa ba, wadanda za su iya zama madogara a gare shi, sai Abubakar ya amsa masa da cewa yana ‘yanta bayi ne saboda Allah, ba don kansa ba. === Zaluncin Kuraishawa, 613 === BABBAN LANARIN: Zaluntar Musulmai daga Makka Shekaru uku bayan haifuwar Musulunci, Musulmai sun asirta imaninsu. A cikin 613, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, Allah ya umurce Muhammadu ya kira mutane zuwa Musulunci a fili. Abu Bakr ya gabatar da jawabin farko ga jama'a don yin mubaya'a ga Muhammad. A fusace samarin kabilar kuraishawa suka garzaya wurin Abubakar suka yi masa duka har sai da ya suma. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari sai mahaifiyar Abubakar ta musulunta. Kuraishawa sun tsananta wa Abubakar sau da yawa. Ko da yake da akidar Abubakar da danginsa sun kare, amma ba haka ba ne ga daukacin kabilar Kuraishawa. ==== Shekarar karshe a Makka ==== A shekara ta 617, Kuraishawa sun tilasta wa [[Banu Hashim]] kauracewa. Muhammad tare da magoya bayansa daga Banu Hashim, an yanke su ne a hanyar wucewa daga Makka. An yanke duk wata alaka ta zamantakewa da Banu Hashim kuma jiharsu ta kasance a gidan yari.[Bayyanawa] Kafin a yi hijira da yawa daga Musulmai zuwa Abyssinia (yanzu Habasha). Abu Bakr yana cikin bacin rai ya tashi ya nufi kasar Yemen daga nan ya nufi Abisiniya. Ya gamu da wani abokinsa mai suna Ad-Dughna (shugaban kabilar Qarah) a wajen Makka, wanda ya gayyaci Abubakar don neman kariyarsa daga kuraishawa. Abu Bakr ya koma Makka, hakan ya masa sauki, amma jim kadan saboda matsin Kuraishawa, sai Ad-Dughna ya yi watsi da kariyarsa. Kuraishawa sun sake samun 'yanci don tsananta wa Abubakar. A shekara ta 620, kawun Muhammad kuma mai kare shi, Abu Talib bn Abd al-Muttalib, da matar Muhammad Khadija ya rasu. 'Yar Abubakar Aisha ta kasance ango da Muhammad; duk da haka, an yanke shawarar cewa za a gudanar da ainihin daurin auren daga baya. A cikin 620 Abu Bakr shine mutum na farko da ya fara ba da shaida ga Muhammad Isra'i da Mi'raj (Tafiyar Dare). == Matansa == * Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza (sun rabu) * Umm Rumān Asma bint Umais * Habibah bint Kharijah ==Yaransa Maza== #Abdullah ibn Abi Bakar #Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakar #Muhammad ibn Abi Bakar == Yaransa Mata == #Asma bint Abi Bakar #Aisha Ummu Khultum bint Abi Bakar == Cikakken suna == (Abū Bakar) Abdullāh bin Abī Quḥāfa (عبد الله بن أبي قحافة (أبو بكر == Mahaifinsa == Uthman Abu Quhafa == Mahaifiyarsa == Salma Umm-ul-Khair == Yan'uwansa maza == * Mu'taq * Utaiq * Quhafah ibn Uthman == Yan'uwansa mata == * * ta: Fadra Qareeba Umme-e-Aamer Kabila: Quraysh (Banu Taym) Zuri'arsu: Siddiqui Addini: Islamah Sana'arsa: Kasuwanci, yayi Khalifanci na tsawon shekara. == Hijira zuwa madina == A shekara ta 622, bisa gayyatar musulmin Madina, Muhammad ya umurci musulmi da su yi hijira zuwa Madina. An fara hijira a cikin batches. Ali shi ne na karshe da ya ci gaba da zama a Makka, wanda aka ba shi alhakin daidaita duk wani lamuni da musulmi suka karba, kuma ya shahara a kwance a gadon Muhammad lokacin da Kuraishawa karkashin jagorancin Ikrima suka yi yunkurin kashe Muhammad a lokacin da yake barci. Ana cikin haka sai [[Abubakar]] ya raka [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) zuwa Madina. Saboda hatsarin da Kuraishawa ke da shi, ba su bi hanyar ba, sai dai sun bi ta wata hanya, inda suka fake a wani kogo na Jabal Thawr, mai nisan mil biyar kudu da Makka. Abd Allah bn Abi Bakr ya kasance yana sauraren tsare-tsare da tattaunawa na kuraishawa, kuma da dare ya kan kai labari zuwa ga wadanda suka gudu a cikin kogon. Asma bint Abi Bakr ‘yar Abubakar ta rika kawo musu abinci kullum. Aamir, bawan Abubakar, yakan kawo garken awaki a bakin kogon kowane dare, inda ake shayar da su. Kuraishawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin bincike ta kowace hanya. Wata ƙungiya ta zo kusa da ƙofar kogon, amma ta kasa ganinsu. Saboda haka, aya Qur'ani 9:40 ta sauka. A’isha da Abu Sa’id al-Khudri da Abd Allah bn Abbas suna tafsirin wannan ayar sun ce Abubakar shi ne sahabin da ya zauna tare da Muhammad (S.A.W) a cikin kogon. Bayan sun zauna a cikin kogon na tsawon kwana uku da darare uku, [[Abubakar]] da Muhammad (S.A.W) suka wuce Madina, suka zauna na wani lokaci a Quba, wata unguwar bayan [[Madina]]. == Rayuwar sa a Madinah == A Madina, Muhammad(S.A.W) ya yanke shawarar gina masallaci. Sai aka zabi wani fili, sannan Abubakar ya biya kudin kasar. Musulmai, gami da Abubakar, sun gina masallaci mai suna Al-Masjid al-Nabawi a wurin. Abubakar ya kasance tare da Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (wanda ya kasance daga Madina) a matsayin ɗan'uwa a cikin imani. Dangantakar Abubakar da Khaarijah ta kasance mafi kyawu, wanda hakan ya kara karfi lokacin da Abubakar ya auri Habiba ‘yar Khaarijah. Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari ya zauna a garin Sunh, wata unguwar Madina, shi ma Abubakar ya zauna. Bayan iyalan Abubakar sun isa Madina, sai ya sayi wani gida kusa da na Muhammad. Yayin da yanayin Makka ya bushe, yanayin Madina ya yi dauri kuma saboda haka ne akasarin bakin haure suka yi rashin lafiya a lokacin da suka isa. Abu Bakr ya kamu da zazzabi na tsawon kwanaki, inda Khaarijah da iyalansa suka halarta. A Makka, Abubakar ya kasance mai sana’ar sayar da kaya, kuma ya fara sana’ar a Madina. Ya bude sabon kantinsa a Sunh, daga nan kuma aka kawo kayan sawa zuwa kasuwa a Madina. Ba da daɗewa ba kasuwancinsa ya bunƙasa. A farkon shekara ta 623, 'yar Abu Bakr, Aisha, wadda ta riga ta auri Muhammadu(S.A.W), an aika zuwa gidan Muhammad(S.A.W) bayan bikin aure mai sauki, wanda ya kara karfafa dangantaka tsakanin Abubakar da Muhammad.(S.A.W). == Wafatin Shugaba Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) == Akwai hadisai da dama dangane da kwanaki na karshe na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen karfafa ra'ayin babban abota da amana da aka ce sun kasance tsakaninsa da Abubakar. A cikin irin wannan al'amari, yayin da Muhammadu(S.A.W) ke gab da rasuwa, ya sami kansa ya kasa gudanar da sallah kamar yadda ya saba. Ya umurci Abubakar da ya maye gurbinsa, ya yi biris da damuwar A’isha cewa mahaifinta yana da taurin kai ga wannan matsayi. Daga baya Abubakar ya hau matsayin, kuma a lokacin da Muhammad(S.A.W) ya shiga dakin sallah wata rana da safe a lokacin sallar asuba, Abubakar ya yi yunkurin komawa baya don ya bar shi ya dauki inda ya saba ya jagoranci. Muhammad(S.A.W) kuwa ya kyale shi ya cigaba. A wani lamari makamancin haka, a daidai wannan lokaci ne Muhammad(S.A.W) ya hau kan mimbari ya yi jawabi ga jama'a yana mai cewa: "Allah ya bai wa bawansa zabi tsakanin duniya da abin da ke wurin Allah kuma shi ne ya zabi na karshen." Abu Bakr, yana fahimtar haka da cewa Muhammadu(S.A.W) bai daɗe da rayuwa ba, sai ya ce, “A’a, mu da ’ya’yanmu za su zama fansarka. Muhammad(S.A.W) ya yi ta’aziyya ga abokin nasa kuma ya ba da umarnin a rufe dukkan kofofin da suke shiga masallacin ban da abin da ke fitowa daga gidan Abubakar, “domin ban san wanda ya fi shi abokina ba.” Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu(S.A.W), al'ummar musulmi ba su shirya don rasa shugabansu ba kuma mutane da yawa sun fuskanci kaduwa sosai. Umar ya shafi musamman, a maimakon haka ya bayyana cewa Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya je neman shawara da Allah kuma nan ba da jimawa ba zai dawo, yana tsoratar da duk wanda zai ce Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya rasu. Abubakar bayan ya koma Madina ya kwantar da hankalin Umar ta hanyar nuna masa gawar Muhammadu(S.A.W), yana mai gamsar da shi game da mutuwarsa[61]. Daga nan sai ya yi jawabi ga wadanda suka taru a masallacin, inda ya ce, “Duk wanda ya bauta wa Muhammadu(S.A.W), Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya rasu, duk wanda ya bauta wa Allah, to, Allah rayayye ne, ba mai mutuwa ba”, don haka ya kawo karshen duk wani shakulatin bangaranci a cikin al’umma. Daga nan sai ya karkare da ayoyin Alqur’ani cewa: “(Ya Muhammad)(S.A.W) Lallai kai mai mutuwa ne, kuma su ma za su mutu”. [39:30] "Muhammad bai zama ba face manzo, kuma lalle ne manzanni da yawa sun shude a gabaninsa, idan ya mutu ko aka kashe shi, to, za ku juya a dugaduganku? Kuma wanda ya juya a kan dugadugansa , ba zai cutar da Allah ko kadan ba, kuma Allah zai saka wa masu godiya." == Saqifa == Bayan wafatin Muhammad, an gudanar da taron Ansar' ('yan asalin Madina) a unguwar Saqifah na kabilar Banu Sa'ida, abin da aka sani a lokacin shi ne manufar taron ita ce. don Ansar su yanke shawara a kan sabon shugaban al'ummar musulmi a tsakanin su, tare da keɓe Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka), ko da yake daga baya wannan ya zama batun muhawara. Amma duk da haka Abubakar da Umar da suka sami labarin taron sai suka damu da yiwuwar juyin mulki, suka gaggauta zuwa wurin taron. Da isarsu, Abubakar ya yi wa mutanen da suka taru jawabi tare da gargadin cewa yunƙurin zaɓen shugaba ba na ƙabilar Muhammad ba, Quraishawa, zai iya haifar da sabani, domin su kaɗai ne za su iya ba da umarnin girmama da ya dace a tsakanin al'umma. Sannan ya kama hannun Umar da Abu Ubaidah ya mika su ga Ansaru a matsayin zabin da zai dace. Habab ibn Mundhir wani jigo a yakin Badar ya mayar da martani da nasa shawarar cewa Kuraishawa da Ansar su zabi shugaba kowanne daga cikinsu, wanda zai yi mulki tare. Kungiyar ta yi zafi da jin wannan shawara kuma ta fara jayayya a tsakaninsu. Masani na Orientalist William Muir ya ba da lura da yanayin: Lokacin yana da mahimmanci. Haɗin kai na Imani ya kasance cikin haɗari. Ƙarfin da aka raba zai faɗi guntu, kuma duk yana iya ɓacewa. Tufafin Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama dole ne ya hau kan Magaji xaya, kuma a kan xaya. Mulkin Musulunci ya bukaci a yi halifanci da ba a raba; kuma Larabawa ba za ta amince da wani shugaba ba sai daga cikin Kuraishawa. Umar ya yi gaggawar riko hannun Abubakar ya rantse wa na baya, misali da mutanen da suka taru. Taron dai ya watse ne a lokacin da wata hatsaniya ta barke tsakanin Umar da Sarkin Banu Sa’ida, Sa’ad bn Ubadah. Wannan yana iya nuni da cewa ba za a yi ijma'i akan zabin Abubakar ba, tare da tada jijiyoyin wuya a sakamakon sabanin. Abu Bakr ya kasance kusa da duniya an yarda da shi a matsayin shugaban al'ummar musulmi (karkashin lakabin Khalifa) sakamakon Saqifah, ko da yake ya fuskanci sabani saboda gaugawar taron. Sahabbai da dama, wadanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu su ne Ali ibn Abi Talib, da farko sun ki amincewa da ikonsa. A cikin ’yan Shi’a, an kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a baya an naɗa Ali a matsayin magajin Muhammadu, tare da kallon zaben a matsayin wanda ya saba wa burin na biyu. Daga baya Abubakar ya aika Umar ya fuskanci Ali, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici wanda watakila ya hada da tashin hankali. Sai dai bayan wata shida kungiyar ta yi sulhu da Abubakar kuma Ali ya yi masa mubaya'a. == Jihadi tare da Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) == === Yakin Badar === A shekara ta 624, Abubakar ya shiga yakin farko tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishawa na Makka, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Badar, amma bai yi yaki ba, a maimakon haka ya zama daya daga cikin masu gadin tantin Muhammad. Dangane da haka, daga baya Ali ya tambayi abokansa a kan wanene suke ganin ya fi kowa jarumta a cikin mutane? Kowa ya ce Ali ya fi kowa jarumtaka. Sai Ali ya amsa da cewa: A'a Abubakar shine mafi jarumtar mazaje. A yakin Badar mun yi tanadin wani rumfa ga Annabi, amma da aka ce mu ba da kanmu aikin gadinsa babu wanda ya fito sai Abubakar. Da takobi a zare ya dauki matsayinsa a gefen Manzon Allah yana tsare shi daga kafirai ta hanyar kai hari ga wadanda suka kuskura su ci gaba da wannan hanya. Don haka ya kasance jarumin mazaje. A cikin lissafin Ahlus-Sunnah, a lokacin irin wannan harin, fayafai guda biyu daga garkuwar [[Abubakar]] sun shiga cikin kuncin Muhammad. Abubakar ya ci gaba da niyyar ciro wadannan fayafai amma Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah ya bukaci ya bar masa al'amarin, ya rasa allurarsa guda biyu a yayin aikin. A cikin wa] annan labarun daga baya Abubakar, tare da wasu sahabbai, suka jagoranci Muhammadu(S.A.W)zuwa wurin tsira. === Yakin Uhudu === A shekara ta 625, ya halarci yakin Uhudu, inda aka fatattaki mafi yawan musulmi, kuma shi da kansa ya samu rauni. Kafin a fara yakin, dansa Abd al-Rahman, wanda a lokacin har yanzu ba musulmi ba ne, kuma yana yaki a bangaren Kuraishawa, ya fito ya jefar da kalubalen fada. Abubakar ya yarda da kalubalen amma Muhammad ya hana shi. Daga baya Abdurrahman ya matso kusa da mahaifinsa ya ce masa "Kai an tona mini asiri ne, amma na kau da kai ban kashe ka ba." Don haka sai Abubakar ya amsa da cewa "Duk da haka, da a ce an bijire mini a matsayin abin hari da ban kau da kai daga gare ku ba." A kashi na biyu na yakin, sojojin dawakan Khalid bn al-Walid sun far wa musulmi daga baya, inda suka canza nasarar musulmi zuwa ga ci. Da yawa sun gudu daga fagen fama har da Abubakar. Duk da haka, bisa ga nasa lissafin, shi ne "wanda ya fara dawowa". === Yakin Khandaki === A shekara ta 627 ya halarci Yakin Rarara da ma Banu Qurayza. A yakin Rarara, Muhammadu ya raba ramin zuwa sassa da dama kuma an sanya wata tawaga da za ta gadin kowane sashe. Daya daga cikin wadannan runduna ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Abubakar. Makiya sun yi ta kai hare-hare akai-akai a kokarinsu na ketare ramin, inda aka fatattake su. Domin tunawa da wannan taron an gina wani masallaci, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', a wurin da Abubakar ya kori tuhumar da makiya ke yi. === Yakin Khaibar === Abubakar ya halarci yakin Khaibar. Khaybar yana da kagara guda takwas, mafi karfi da tsaro a cikinsu ana kiransa Al-Qamus. Muhammad ya aiki Abubakar tare da gungun mayaka domin su yi yunkurin dauka, amma ba su samu ba. Haka kuma Muhammadu ya aika Umar tare da gungun mayaka, amma shi ma Umar bai iya cin galaba a kan Al-Qamus ba. Wasu musulmi ma sun yi yunƙurin kame katangar, amma ba su yi nasara ba. A ƙarshe, Muhammadu ya aika Ali, wanda ya ci nasara da shugaban abokan gaba, Marhab. == Yaƙin shekarun ƙarshe na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) == A shekara ta 629 Muhammad ya aika Amr bn al-'As zuwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal, sannan Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah ya biyo baya don amsa kiran karfafawa. Abubakar da Umar sun jagoranci wata runduna a qarqashin al-Jarrah, sai suka kai farmaki suka fatattaki maqiya. A cikin 630, lokacin da Musulmai suka ci [[Makka]], Abu Bakr yana cikin sojoji. Kafin a ci Makka babansa Abu Quhafa ya musulunta. == Yakin Hunayni da Ta'if == A shekara ta 630, maharba daga kabilun yankin sun yi wa sojojin musulmi kwanton bauna a lokacin da suke wucewa ta kwarin Hunain, mai nisan mil goma sha daya daga arewa maso gabashin Makka. Ba tare da an sansu ba, sai jami'an gaba na sojojin musulmi suka gudu a firgice. An sami rudani sosai, rakuma, dawakai da mutane sun yi karo da juna a ƙoƙarin neman mafaka. Muhammad kuwa ya tsaya kyam. Sahabbai tara ne suka rage a wajensa, ciki har da Abubakar. Karkashin umarnin Muhammadu, kawun nasa Abbas ya yi kira da babbar murya, "Ya ku Musulmai, ku zo wurin Annabin Allah". Sojojin musulmi ne suka ji kiran suka taru a gefen Muhammad. Lokacin da Musulmai suka taru a adadi mai yawa, Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a gurfanar da abokan gaba. A fadan hannu da hannu da ya biyo bayan kabilun an fatattaki su suka gudu zuwa Autas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAB/18/2 |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131259/http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAB/18/2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muhammad ya aika da tawagar da za su gadin wucewar Hunain kuma ya jagoranci babbar runduna zuwa Autas. A arangama da aka yi a Autas kabilun sun kasa daurewa musulmi hari. Gaskanta ci gaba da tsayin daka ba shi da amfani, kabilun sun balle kuma suka koma Ta'if. Muhammad ne ya nada Abubakar ya jagoranci harin da aka kai wa Ta'if. Kabilan sun kulle kansu a cikin kagara kuma suka ki fitowa fili. Musulmai sun yi amfani da katafalu, amma ba tare da wani sakamako na gaske ba. Musulman sun yi yunkurin yin amfani da wata hanyar gwaji, inda wasu gungun sojoji da ke da garkuwa da rigar saniya suka yi gaba suka kona kofar. Duk da haka, abokan gaba sun jefa jajayen tarkacen ƙarfe a kan gwajin, wanda ya sa ya zama mara amfani. An kwashe makonni biyu ana kewaye, kuma har yanzu babu alamar rauni a cikin kagara. Muhammad ya gudanar da majalisar yaki. Abubakar ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya tayar da wannan kawanya, kuma Allah ya yi tanadin faduwar kagara. An yarda da shawarar, kuma a cikin Fabrairu 630, an tayar da kewayen Ta'if kuma sojojin musulmi suka koma Makka. Bayan ‘yan kwanaki sai Malik bin Auf kwamanda ya zo Makka ya musulunta.<ref>https://archive.org/details/islamicempire0000nard</ref> == Abubakar a matsayin Amirul Hajji == A shekara ta 631 miladiyya, Muhammad ya aika da tawaga musulmi dari uku daga Madina domin gudanar da aikin Hajji bisa ga sabuwar hanyar Musulunci, ya nada Abubakar a matsayin shugaban tawagar. Washegari bayan Abubakar da tawagarsa sun tafi aikin Hajji, Muhammadu ya sami sabon wahayi: Suratu Tawbah, sura ta tara na Alqur'ani. An ruwaito cewa lokacin da wannan wahayi ya zo, wani ya ba wa Muhammad shawarar ya aika da labarinsa ga Abubakar. Muhammad yace mutumin gidansa ne kadai zai iya shelanta wahayi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya kira Ali, ya tambaye shi ya shelanta wani yanki na Suratu Tawbah ga mutane a ranar layya lokacin da suka taru a Mina. Ali ya fita bisa rakumin Muhammadu mai tsinke kunne, ya riski Abubakar. Lokacin da Ali ya shiga jam’iyyar, Abubakar ya so sanin ko ya zo ne domin ya ba da umurni ko ya isar da su. Ali ya ce bai zo ne ya maye gurbin Abubakar a matsayin Amirul Hajji ba, kuma aikin sa kawai shi ne isar da sako na musamman ga mutane a madadin Muhammad(S.A.W). A Makka, Abu Bakr ya jagoranci bikin Hajji, kuma Ali ya karanta sanarwar a madadin Muhammad. Manyan batutuwan sanarwar sun hada da: #Don haka ba a ba wa waɗanda ba musulmi damar ziyartar Ka'aba' ko yin aikin hajji ba. #Kada wani ya yi dawafin Ka'aba tsirara. #Ba a yarda da shirka ba. Inda musulmi suka yi wata yarjejeniya da mushrikai irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin za a girmama su na tsawon lokacin da aka kayyade. Inda babu yarjejeniyoyin sai aka bayar da wata huxu (hudu) sannan kuma ba za a baiwa mushrikai kwata kwata ba. Tun daga ranar da aka yi shelar sabon zamani ya waye, kuma Musulunci ne kawai ya zama koli a Larabawa. == Fitar Abubakar(R.A) yaki == Abu Bakr ya jagoranci balaguron soji guda daya, watau Bakin Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,[51] wanda ya gudana a Najd, a watan Yuli 628 (wata na uku 7AH a kalandar Musulunci). Abu Bakr ya jagoranci wani babban kamfani a Nejd bisa umarnin Muhammad. An kashe da yawa an kuma kai su fursuna. Littafin Hadisin Sunna Sunan Abu Dawud ya ambaci taron. == Fitar Usama bin Zayd yaki == A cikin 632, a cikin makonni na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a kai hari zuwa Siriya don ɗaukar fansa kan cin nasarar da aka yi wa Musulmai a Yaƙin Mu'tah wasu shekaru baya. Wanda ya jagoranci kamfen shine Usama bn Zayd, wanda aka kashe mahaifinsa, ɗan riƙon Muhammad Zayd ibn Harithah, a rikicin baya. Bai fi shekara ashirin ba, ba a gogewa ba kuma ba a gwada shi ba, nadin Usama ya yi ta cece-kuce, inda ya zama matsala musamman a lokacin da aka sanya tsofaffin sojoji kamar su Abubakar, da Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah da Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas karkashin jagorancinsa. Duk da haka, an aika da balaguro, ko da yake ba da daɗewa ba bayan an tashi, an sami labarin mutuwar Muhammadu, wanda ya tilasta sojojin su koma Madina. Ba a sake shiga yakin ba sai bayan hawan Abubakar zuwa halifanci, inda a nan ne ya zabi ya kara tabbatar da umarnin Usama, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasara.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/usurping-land-fadak</ref> == Rasuwar(Wafatin) sa == A ranar 23 ga Agusta 634, Abubakar ya yi rashin lafiya kuma bai warke ba. Zazzabi mai zafi ya kamashi ya kwanta. Ciwonsa ya daɗe, kuma da yanayinsa ya tsananta, sai ya ji kamar ƙarshensa ya kusa. Da ya gane haka sai ya aika aka kirawo Ali ya bukace shi da ya yi tafsirinsa tunda Ali ma ya yi wa Muhammad. Abubakar ya ga ya kamata ya nada magajinsa don kada lamarin ya zama sanadin sabani a tsakanin musulmi bayan rasuwarsa, duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan rashin nada Ali. Ya nada Umar a kan wannan aiki bayan ya tattauna da wasu Sahabbai. Wasu daga cikinsu sun fifita nadin, wasu kuma ba sa son ta, saboda taurin hali na Umar. Don haka Abubakar ya yi wasiyyarsa ta karshe ga Usman bn Affan kamar haka: "Da sunan Allah Mai rahama. Wannan ita ce wasiyyar Abubakar xan Abu Quhafa, a lokacin da yake cikin sa’a ta qarshen duniya, kuma ta farkon lahira; Sa'ar da kafiri ya yi imani a cikinta, azzalumai ya gamsu da munanan ayyukansu, na zabi Umar dan Khaddab a matsayin magajina. Saboda haka, ku ji shi, ku yi masa biyayya. Idan ya yi daidai, tabbatar da ayyukansa. Niyyata tana da kyau, amma ba zan iya ganin sakamakon nan gaba ba. Kuma waɗanda suka yi zãlunci, to, zã su yi wa kansu hisãbi mai tsanani a bãyan haka. Lafiya lau. Da fatan za a kasance tare da yardar Ubangiji ta albarka". Umar ya jagoranci sallar jana'izarsa kuma an binne shi a gefen kabarin Muhammad (S.A.W). Allah shi dada haske a kabarin sa. <ref>https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Feo9AAAAYAAJ/page/n102</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 92slds5r03beasx7v832flrv8u0efhw 965272 965271 2026-10-09T14:58:00Z Usmanmaifada 20279 965272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Masjid_Abu_Bakir_Asadeek_in_Turmus_Ayya,_Palestine_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg |thumb|Masallacin Abu Bakr Assadeek dake Turmus Ayya na kasar Falasdinu ]] [[File:Abu_Bakar_ash-Shiddiq_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG |thumb|Abu Bakar ash-Shiddiq Imam Khairul Annas ]] [[Fayil:Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.svg|thumb|Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr as-Șiddīq (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) - أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن عثمان التيمي القرشي أول الخلفاء الراشدين.]] '''Abū Bakr aṣ-Ṣiddīq''' ‘Abdallāh bin Abī Quḥāfah (Larabci: أبو بكر الصديق عبد الله بن أبي قحافة‎; Ya rayu daga shekara ta dari biyar da saba'in da uku 573 CE zuwa ashirin da uku 23 Agustan shekarar dari shida da talatin da uku 634 CE), An haife shine a 27 ga watan Octoban shekara ta 573 a garin [[Makkah]] Kasar [[Saudiya]].Ya rasu a 23 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 634, a garin [[Madina]] an fi sanin sa da sunan Abu Bakar, Ya kasance Babban [[Sahabi]] kuma Sirikin Manzon Allah ne, Annabi [[Muhammad (SAW)|Muhammad]] tsira da aminci Allah su tabbata a gare shi. Abu Bakar shi ne mutum na farko daya musulunta wanda badaga cikin dangin manzon Allah yake ba, Abu Bakar ya kasance mai biyayya ga Manzon Allah yayin rayuwarsa.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d#Kit%C4%81b_al-%E1%B9%ACabaq%C4%81t_al-Kab%C4%ABr</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PP1</ref> Abu Bakar أبو بكر Al-Siddiq Amir al-Mu'mineenn Lokacin Khalifancinsa 8 Yuni 632 zuwa 23 Agusta 634 Shi ne Kalifa na farko da aka Samar akan wanda zai jagoranci musulmai bayan rasuwar Manzon Allah. An binne shi a masallacin Manzon Allah, a garin Madinah.<ref>https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yar-i-gar</ref> An haifi Abu Bakr a shekara ta 573 CE ga Abu Quhafa da Umm Khayr. Shi dan kabilar Banu Taim ne. A zamanin jahiliyya, ya kasance mai tauhidi kuma yayi Allah wadai da bautar gumaka. A matsayinsa na hamshakin dan kasuwa, Abubakar ya kasance yana ‘yanta bayi. Bayan musulunta a shekara ta 610, Abu Bakr ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga Muhammadu, wanda ya ba shi lakabin "al-Siddiq" ('Mai Gaskiya/Mai adalci'). Na farko dai ya halarci kusan dukkan yakokin da aka yi a karkashin manzon Allah. Ya ba da gudummawar dukiyarsa da yawa don tallafawa aikin Muhammadu da kuma cikin makusantan Muhammad. Ya kuma raka Muhammad akan hijirarsa zuwa Madina. Ta hanyar gayyatar Abubakar, manyan Sahabiyawa da yawa sun zama Musulmai, ya kasance babban mashawarci na kusa ga Muhammadu, kasancewar kusan duk rikice-rikicen sojansa. Babu Muhammadu Abubakar ya jagoranci sallah da balaguro. Bayan mutuwar Muhammad a shekara ta dari shida da talatin da biyu 632, Abu Bakr ya ci nasarar jagorancin al'ummar musulmi a matsayin Halifa Rashidun na farko. Zaben nasa dai ya samu adawa da dimbin jagororin kabilu masu tawaye, wadanda suka yi ridda daga Musulunci. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da dama, wadanda aka fi sani da Yakin Ridda, wanda a sakamakon haka ya sami damar hada kai tare da fadada mulkin daular Musulmi a kan daukacin yankin Larabawa. Ya kuma ba da umarnin fara kutsawa cikin daulolin Sassaniya da Byzantine makwabta, wanda a cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan mutuwarsa, za su haifar da mamayar musulmi na Farisa da Levant. Baya ga siyasa, Abu Bakr kuma ana yaba masa don harhada Alqur'ani, wanda ya kasance yana da kundin rubutun halifa na kansa. Abubakar ya nada babban mashawarcinsa Umar (r. 634–644) a matsayin magajinsa kafin ya rasu a watan Agustan 634. Tare da Muhammad, an binne Abu Bakr a cikin 'Green Dome' a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi a Madina, wuri na biyu mafi tsarki. a Musulunci. Ya rasu ne sakamakon rashin lafiya bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu 2 da watanni 2 da kwana 14, Halifan Rashidun daya tilo da ya rasu a dalilin halitta. <ref>http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0221.xml</ref> Duk da cewa lokacin khalifancinsa bai yi kankanta ba, amma ya hada da mamaye dauloli biyu mafiya karfi na lokacin, nasara mai ban mamaki a cikinta. Ya kafa wani yanayi na tarihi wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata zai kai ga daya daga cikin manyan dauloli a tarihi. Nasarar da ya yi a kan sojojin Larabawa 'yan tawaye na cikin gida wani muhimmin bangare ne na tarihin Musulunci. Abu Bakr yana da girma a tsakanin [[musulmai]].<ref>http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0221.xml</ref> == Nasaba da Lakabi == Cikakken sunan Abubakar shine Abdullahi bn Abi Quhafa bn Amir bn Amr bn Ka'b bn Sa'd bn Taym bn Murrah bn Ka'b bn Lu'ayy bn Ghalib bn Fihr. Zuriyarsa ta hadu da zuriyar Muhammad a ƙarni na shida tare da Murrah ibn Ka'b. An ambace shi a cikin Alkur'ani sau biyu. === Abdullahi === A Larabci, sunan Abd Allah yana nufin “bawan Allah”. Wannan shine sunan haihuwarsa. === Abubakar === Wannan laƙabin (kunya) an yi masa suna tun yana ƙarami lokacin da ya girma a cikin ƙabilar ƙauye kuma ya kasance mai son raƙuma. Ya yi wasa da ’yan maruƙa da awaki, yana samun wannan laƙabin “Abubakar,” ma’ana “uban raƙumi”. "bakir" a cikin Larabci matashi ne amma ya riga ya girma raƙumi.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings</ref> === Ateeq === Ɗaya daga cikin sunayensa na farko, kafin musuluntarsa, shine Ateeq, ma'ana "mai ceto". A wata ruwaya mai rauni a cikin Tirmizi, Annabi Muhammad daga baya ya sake maimaita wannan suna inda ya ce Abubakar shi ne “Ateeq Allah daga wuta” ma’ana “amince” ko “amince” da tarayya da Allah yana nuna kusanci da kariyarsa. wallahi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=3xJjNG5CNdwC&pg=PA119</ref> === Al-Siddiq === Muhammad ne ya kira shi Al-Siddiq (Mai gaskiya) bayan ya gaskata shi a waki’ar Isra’ila da Mi’iraji lokacin da wasu mutane ba su yi ba, kuma Ali ya tabbatar da wannan lakabi sau da yawa. An kuma ruwaito shi a cikin Alkur’ani mai girma a matsayin “na biyu na biyun da ke cikin kogo” dangane da waki’ar Hijira, inda tare da Muhammad ya boye a cikin kogon Jabal Thawr daga jam’iyyar Makka da aka aiko bayansu.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat</ref> === Al-Sahib === An kira shi da daraja da sunan “al-sahib” (sahabi) a cikin Alkur’ani yana mai bayyana matsayinsa na sahabi Annabi Muhammad a lokacin da ya buya daga kuraishawa a kogon Jabal Thawr a lokacin Hijira zuwa Madina: "Ba kome idan kun ki ku taimake shi, kuma lalle ne Allah Yã taimake shi a lõkacin da kãfirai suka fitar da shi daga Makka, kuma bai kasance ba fãce dayan biyu. Yayin da su biyun ke cikin kogon, sai ya tabbatar wa abokin nasa, “Kada ka damu; Lalle Allah yana tare da mu." Sai Allah Ya saukar da natsuwarSa a kan Annabi( SAW), kuma Ya taimake shi da rundunonin da ba ku gani ba, kuma Ya sanya kalmar kãfirai mafi ƙasƙanta, kuma kalmar Allah ita ce maɗaukakiya. Kuma Allah Mabuwayi ne, Mai hikima.[9:40 -Alqur'ani bayyananne]."<ref>https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg</ref> === Al-Atqa === A cikin wani hadith da ibn Abbas ya ruwaito tafsirin sura ta 92 na Alqur’ani daga bakin imam Suyuti zamu sami kalmar “al-atqā” (Larabci: الأتقى), ma’ana “mafi tsoron Allah,” “mafi adalci”. “ko kuma “mafi tsoron Allah” ana nufin Abubakar a matsayin misali ga muminai. Sabõda haka, Nã yi muku gargaɗi da wata wutã mai hushi, bãbu mai ƙõnuwa a cikinta fãce mafi shaƙãwa, kuma ya kãfirta, kuma ya bijire. Amma salihai za a tsira daga gare ta—waɗanda suke ba da ˹wasu daga cikin dũkiyõyinsu kawai don tsarkake kansu, ba wai don neman yardar wani ba, amma suna neman yardar Ubangijinsu, Maɗaukaki. [92:14-21] Lalle ne za su yarda. === Al-Awāh === “Al-Awāh” (Larabci: الأواه) yana nufin wanda ya yawaita roƙon Allah, mai jin ƙai, kuma mai tausasawa. Ibrahim al-Nakha'i ya ce Abubakar kuma ana kiransa al-awāh saboda halinsa na jinƙai. == Farkon Rayuwa == An haifi Abu Bakr a Makka a wani lokaci a shekara ta 573 AZ, ga wani gida mai arziki a kabilar Banu Taym na kawancen kabilar Kuraishawa. Sunan mahaifinsa Uthman kuma an ba shi kunya Abu Quhafa, mahaifiyarsa kuwa ita ce Salma bint Sakhar wacce aka yiwa laqabin Ummul-Khair. Ya yi ƙuruciyarsa kamar sauran yaran Larabawa na lokacin, daga cikin Badawiyyawa waɗanda suke kiran kansu Ahl-i-Ba'eer- mutanen raƙumi, kuma suka sami sha'awar raƙuma. A shekarunsa na farko ya yi wasa da ’ya’yan rakumi da akuya, kuma son rakumi ya sa ake masa lakabi da (kunya) “Abubakar”, mahaifin marakin rakumi. Kamar sauran ƴaƴan dangin ƴan kasuwa na Makka, Abu Bakr ya kasance mai ilimi kuma ya sami sha'awar waƙa. Ya kasance yana halartar bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara a Ukaz, kuma yana shiga cikin baje kolin wakoki. Yana da kyakkyawan tunani kuma yana da kyakkyawar masaniya game da asalin ƙabilun Larabawa, labaransu da siyasarsu.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/usurping-land-fadak</ref> An adana labari cewa, lokacin yana ƙarami, mahaifinsa ya kai shi ɗakin [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]], ya roƙe shi ya yi addu'a a gaban gumaka. Mahaifinsa ya tafi don halartar wani kasuwanci, kuma Abubakar ya kasance shi kaɗai. Da yake yiwa wani gunki magana, Abubakar ya ce: "Ya Ubangijina, ina bukatan tufafi masu kyau, ka bani su". Tsafi ya kasance ba ruwansa. Sai ya yi wa wani gunki magana, ya ce, “Ya Allah ka ba ni abinci mai dadi, ka ga ina jin yunwa”. Tsafi ya yi sanyi. Hakan ya gagara haqurin saurayi Abubakar. Ya ɗaga dutse, ya yi magana ga gunki, ya ce, "Ga shi, ina nufin dutse, idan kai ne Allah ka tsare kanka." Abubakar ya jefi gunkin ya bar Ka'aba. Ko ta yaya, ya rubuta cewa kafin ya musulunta, Abubakar ya kasance dan hanif ne kuma bai taba bautar gumaka ba.<ref>https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/138</ref> == Karbar Addinin Musulinci == Lokacin da ya dawo daga balaguron kasuwanci a Yemen, abokai sun sanar da shi cewa a cikin rashi, Muhammadu ya ayyana kansa a matsayin manzon Allah. Masanin tarihi Al-Tabari, a cikin littafinsa Tarikh al-Tabari, ya kawo daga Muhammad bn Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas, wanda ya ce: "Na tambayi mahaifina ko Abubakar shine farkon musulmi? Ya ce: A’a, fiye da mutane hamsin ne suka musulunta kafin Abubakar; amma ya fi mu a matsayinmu na musulmi. Kuma Umar bn al-Khattab ya musulunta bayan maza arba'in da biyar mata ashirin da ɗaya. Amma wanda ya fi kowa a fagen Musulunci da imani, shi ne Ali bn Abi Talib." Wasu Sunni da dukkan [[Shi'a]] sun yarda cewa mutum na biyu da ya karɓi Muhammad a matsayin manzon Allah a bainar jama'a shine Ali ibn Abi Talib, farkon matar Muhammad Khadija. Ibn Kathir, a cikin Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, yayi watsi da wannan. Ya bayyana cewa mace ta farko da ta musulunta ita ce Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah shine bawa na farko da ya 'yanta ya musulunta. Ali bn Abi Talib shi ne yaro na farko da ya musulunta, domin bai kai ma balaga ba a lokacin, yayin da Abubakar shi ne mutum na farko da ya musulunta.<ref>http://www.twelvershia.net/2014/05/08/fadak-prophetic-inheritance-qa/</ref> === Rayuwa ta gaba a Makka === Matarsa Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza ba ta karɓi Musulunci ba sai ya sake ta. Wata matarsa, Um Ruman, ta musulunta. Duk 'ya'yansa sun yarda da Musulunci in ban da Abd al-Rahman, wanda Abubakar ya barranta daga gare shi. Musuluntarsa kuma ya jawo mutane da yawa zuwa Musulunci. Ya ja hankalin abokansa na kut-da-kut da su musulunta, ya kuma gabatar da Musulunci ga sauran abokansa ta yadda da yawa daga cikinsu ma suka yarda da imani. Wadanda suka musulunta bisa nacewar Abubakar su ne: *Uthman Ibn Affan (wanda zai zama halifa na uku) *Al-Zubayr (wanda ya taka rawa a yakin Masar na musulmi) *Talha bn Ubayd-Allah, baffansa kuma babban sahabin annabi. *'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf (wanda zai kasance wani muhimmin bangare na Halifancin Rashidun) *Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas (wanda ya taka rawa a fafatawar musulunci na Farisa) *Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah (wanda ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar Rashidun a Levant) *Abu Salama, dan uwa ne ga Annabi Muhammadu. *Khalid bn Sa’id (wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar a karkashin rundunar Rashidun a Sham). Karɓar Abubakar ta zama wani ci gaba a cikin aikin Muhammadu. Bauta ta zama ruwan dare a Makka, kuma bayi da yawa sun karɓi Musulunci. A lokacin da dan ’yanci na gari ya karbi Musulunci, duk da adawar da ake yi masa, zai samu kariya daga kabilarsa. Ga bayi, duk da haka, babu irin wannan kariyar kuma yawanci suna fuskantar tsanantawa. Abubakar ya ji tausayin bayi, sai ya sayi takwas (maza hudu da mata hudu) sannan ya ‘yanta su, ya biya dinari 40,000 don ‘yancinsu. Mazajen sune: #Bilal bin Rabah #Abu Fukah #Ammar bin Yasir #Abu Fuhayra Matan sun kasance: #Lubaynah #Al-Nahdiah #Ummu Ubay #Harithah bint al-Muammil Mafi yawan bayin da Abubakar ya 'yanta, ko dai mata ne ko kuma tsoffi kuma maza ne masu rauni. Da baban Abubakar ya tambaye shi me ya sa bai ‘yanta bayi masu karfi da matasa ba, wadanda za su iya zama madogara a gare shi, sai Abubakar ya amsa masa da cewa yana ‘yanta bayi ne saboda Allah, ba don kansa ba. === Zaluncin Kuraishawa, 613 === BABBAN LANARIN: Zaluntar Musulmai daga Makka Shekaru uku bayan haifuwar Musulunci, Musulmai sun asirta imaninsu. A cikin 613, bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, Allah ya umurce Muhammadu ya kira mutane zuwa Musulunci a fili. Abu Bakr ya gabatar da jawabin farko ga jama'a don yin mubaya'a ga Muhammad. A fusace samarin kabilar kuraishawa suka garzaya wurin Abubakar suka yi masa duka har sai da ya suma. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari sai mahaifiyar Abubakar ta musulunta. Kuraishawa sun tsananta wa Abubakar sau da yawa. Ko da yake da akidar Abubakar da danginsa sun kare, amma ba haka ba ne ga daukacin kabilar Kuraishawa. ==== Shekarar karshe a Makka ==== A shekara ta 617, Kuraishawa sun tilasta wa [[Banu Hashim]] kauracewa. Muhammad tare da magoya bayansa daga Banu Hashim, an yanke su ne a hanyar wucewa daga Makka. An yanke duk wata alaka ta zamantakewa da Banu Hashim kuma jiharsu ta kasance a gidan yari.[Bayyanawa] Kafin a yi hijira da yawa daga Musulmai zuwa Abyssinia (yanzu Habasha). Abu Bakr yana cikin bacin rai ya tashi ya nufi kasar Yemen daga nan ya nufi Abisiniya. Ya gamu da wani abokinsa mai suna Ad-Dughna (shugaban kabilar Qarah) a wajen Makka, wanda ya gayyaci Abubakar don neman kariyarsa daga kuraishawa. Abu Bakr ya koma Makka, hakan ya masa sauki, amma jim kadan saboda matsin Kuraishawa, sai Ad-Dughna ya yi watsi da kariyarsa. Kuraishawa sun sake samun 'yanci don tsananta wa Abubakar. A shekara ta 620, kawun Muhammad kuma mai kare shi, Abu Talib bn Abd al-Muttalib, da matar Muhammad Khadija ya rasu. 'Yar Abubakar Aisha ta kasance ango da Muhammad; duk da haka, an yanke shawarar cewa za a gudanar da ainihin daurin auren daga baya. A cikin 620 Abu Bakr shine mutum na farko da ya fara ba da shaida ga Muhammad Isra'i da Mi'raj (Tafiyar Dare). == Matansa == * Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza (sun rabu) * Umm Rumān Asma bint Umais * Habibah bint Kharijah ==Yaransa Maza== #Abdullah ibn Abi Bakar #Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakar #Muhammad ibn Abi Bakar == Yaransa Mata == #Asma bint Abi Bakar #Aisha Ummu Khultum bint Abi Bakar == Cikakken suna == (Abū Bakar) Abdullāh bin Abī Quḥāfa (عبد الله بن أبي قحافة (أبو بكر == Mahaifinsa == Uthman Abu Quhafa == Mahaifiyarsa == Salma Umm-ul-Khair == Yan'uwansa maza == * Mu'taq * Utaiq * Quhafah ibn Uthman == Yan'uwansa mata == * * ta: Fadra Qareeba Umme-e-Aamer Kabila: Quraysh (Banu Taym) Zuri'arsu: Siddiqui Addini: Islamah Sana'arsa: Kasuwanci, yayi Khalifanci na tsawon shekara. == Hijira zuwa madina == A shekara ta 622, bisa gayyatar musulmin Madina, Muhammad ya umurci musulmi da su yi hijira zuwa Madina. An fara hijira a cikin batches. Ali shi ne na karshe da ya ci gaba da zama a Makka, wanda aka ba shi alhakin daidaita duk wani lamuni da musulmi suka karba, kuma ya shahara a kwance a gadon Muhammad lokacin da Kuraishawa karkashin jagorancin Ikrima suka yi yunkurin kashe Muhammad a lokacin da yake barci. Ana cikin haka sai [[Abubakar]] ya raka [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) zuwa Madina. Saboda hatsarin da Kuraishawa ke da shi, ba su bi hanyar ba, sai dai sun bi ta wata hanya, inda suka fake a wani kogo na Jabal Thawr, mai nisan mil biyar kudu da Makka. Abd Allah bn Abi Bakr ya kasance yana sauraren tsare-tsare da tattaunawa na kuraishawa, kuma da dare ya kan kai labari zuwa ga wadanda suka gudu a cikin kogon. Asma bint Abi Bakr ‘yar Abubakar ta rika kawo musu abinci kullum. Aamir, bawan Abubakar, yakan kawo garken awaki a bakin kogon kowane dare, inda ake shayar da su. Kuraishawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin bincike ta kowace hanya. Wata ƙungiya ta zo kusa da ƙofar kogon, amma ta kasa ganinsu. Saboda haka, aya Qur'ani 9:40 ta sauka. A’isha da Abu Sa’id al-Khudri da Abd Allah bn Abbas suna tafsirin wannan ayar sun ce Abubakar shi ne sahabin da ya zauna tare da Muhammad (S.A.W) a cikin kogon. Bayan sun zauna a cikin kogon na tsawon kwana uku da darare uku, [[Abubakar]] da Muhammad (S.A.W) suka wuce Madina, suka zauna na wani lokaci a Quba, wata unguwar bayan [[Madina]]. == Rayuwar sa a Madinah == A Madina, Muhammad(S.A.W) ya yanke shawarar gina masallaci. Sai aka zabi wani fili, sannan Abubakar ya biya kudin kasar. Musulmai, gami da Abubakar, sun gina masallaci mai suna Al-Masjid al-Nabawi a wurin. Abubakar ya kasance tare da Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (wanda ya kasance daga Madina) a matsayin ɗan'uwa a cikin imani. Dangantakar Abubakar da Khaarijah ta kasance mafi kyawu, wanda hakan ya kara karfi lokacin da Abubakar ya auri Habiba ‘yar Khaarijah. Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari ya zauna a garin Sunh, wata unguwar Madina, shi ma Abubakar ya zauna. Bayan iyalan Abubakar sun isa Madina, sai ya sayi wani gida kusa da na Muhammad. Yayin da yanayin Makka ya bushe, yanayin Madina ya yi dauri kuma saboda haka ne akasarin bakin haure suka yi rashin lafiya a lokacin da suka isa. Abu Bakr ya kamu da zazzabi na tsawon kwanaki, inda Khaarijah da iyalansa suka halarta. A Makka, Abubakar ya kasance mai sana’ar sayar da kaya, kuma ya fara sana’ar a Madina. Ya bude sabon kantinsa a Sunh, daga nan kuma aka kawo kayan sawa zuwa kasuwa a Madina. Ba da daɗewa ba kasuwancinsa ya bunƙasa. A farkon shekara ta 623, 'yar Abu Bakr, Aisha, wadda ta riga ta auri Muhammadu(S.A.W), an aika zuwa gidan Muhammad(S.A.W) bayan bikin aure mai sauki, wanda ya kara karfafa dangantaka tsakanin Abubakar da Muhammad.(S.A.W). == Wafatin Shugaba Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) == Akwai hadisai da dama dangane da kwanaki na karshe na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen karfafa ra'ayin babban abota da amana da aka ce sun kasance tsakaninsa da Abubakar. A cikin irin wannan al'amari, yayin da Muhammadu(S.A.W) ke gab da rasuwa, ya sami kansa ya kasa gudanar da sallah kamar yadda ya saba. Ya umurci Abubakar da ya maye gurbinsa, ya yi biris da damuwar A’isha cewa mahaifinta yana da taurin kai ga wannan matsayi. Daga baya Abubakar ya hau matsayin, kuma a lokacin da Muhammad(S.A.W) ya shiga dakin sallah wata rana da safe a lokacin sallar asuba, Abubakar ya yi yunkurin komawa baya don ya bar shi ya dauki inda ya saba ya jagoranci. Muhammad(S.A.W) kuwa ya kyale shi ya cigaba. A wani lamari makamancin haka, a daidai wannan lokaci ne Muhammad(S.A.W) ya hau kan mimbari ya yi jawabi ga jama'a yana mai cewa: "Allah ya bai wa bawansa zabi tsakanin duniya da abin da ke wurin Allah kuma shi ne ya zabi na karshen." Abu Bakr, yana fahimtar haka da cewa Muhammadu(S.A.W) bai daɗe da rayuwa ba, sai ya ce, “A’a, mu da ’ya’yanmu za su zama fansarka. Muhammad(S.A.W) ya yi ta’aziyya ga abokin nasa kuma ya ba da umarnin a rufe dukkan kofofin da suke shiga masallacin ban da abin da ke fitowa daga gidan Abubakar, “domin ban san wanda ya fi shi abokina ba.” Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu(S.A.W), al'ummar musulmi ba su shirya don rasa shugabansu ba kuma mutane da yawa sun fuskanci kaduwa sosai. Umar ya shafi musamman, a maimakon haka ya bayyana cewa Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya je neman shawara da Allah kuma nan ba da jimawa ba zai dawo, yana tsoratar da duk wanda zai ce Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya rasu. Abubakar bayan ya koma Madina ya kwantar da hankalin Umar ta hanyar nuna masa gawar Muhammadu(S.A.W), yana mai gamsar da shi game da mutuwarsa[61]. Daga nan sai ya yi jawabi ga wadanda suka taru a masallacin, inda ya ce, “Duk wanda ya bauta wa Muhammadu(S.A.W), Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya rasu, duk wanda ya bauta wa Allah, to, Allah rayayye ne, ba mai mutuwa ba”, don haka ya kawo karshen duk wani shakulatin bangaranci a cikin al’umma. Daga nan sai ya karkare da ayoyin Alqur’ani cewa: “(Ya Muhammad)(S.A.W) Lallai kai mai mutuwa ne, kuma su ma za su mutu”. [39:30] "Muhammad bai zama ba face manzo, kuma lalle ne manzanni da yawa sun shude a gabaninsa, idan ya mutu ko aka kashe shi, to, za ku juya a dugaduganku? Kuma wanda ya juya a kan dugadugansa , ba zai cutar da Allah ko kadan ba, kuma Allah zai saka wa masu godiya." == Saqifa == Bayan wafatin Muhammad, an gudanar da taron Ansar' ('yan asalin Madina) a unguwar Saqifah na kabilar Banu Sa'ida, abin da aka sani a lokacin shi ne manufar taron ita ce. don Ansar su yanke shawara a kan sabon shugaban al'ummar musulmi a tsakanin su, tare da keɓe Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka), ko da yake daga baya wannan ya zama batun muhawara. Amma duk da haka Abubakar da Umar da suka sami labarin taron sai suka damu da yiwuwar juyin mulki, suka gaggauta zuwa wurin taron. Da isarsu, Abubakar ya yi wa mutanen da suka taru jawabi tare da gargadin cewa yunƙurin zaɓen shugaba ba na ƙabilar Muhammad ba, Quraishawa, zai iya haifar da sabani, domin su kaɗai ne za su iya ba da umarnin girmama da ya dace a tsakanin al'umma. Sannan ya kama hannun Umar da Abu Ubaidah ya mika su ga Ansaru a matsayin zabin da zai dace. Habab ibn Mundhir wani jigo a yakin Badar ya mayar da martani da nasa shawarar cewa Kuraishawa da Ansar su zabi shugaba kowanne daga cikinsu, wanda zai yi mulki tare. Kungiyar ta yi zafi da jin wannan shawara kuma ta fara jayayya a tsakaninsu. Masani na Orientalist William Muir ya ba da lura da yanayin: Lokacin yana da mahimmanci. Haɗin kai na Imani ya kasance cikin haɗari. Ƙarfin da aka raba zai faɗi guntu, kuma duk yana iya ɓacewa. Tufafin Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama dole ne ya hau kan Magaji xaya, kuma a kan xaya. Mulkin Musulunci ya bukaci a yi halifanci da ba a raba; kuma Larabawa ba za ta amince da wani shugaba ba sai daga cikin Kuraishawa. Umar ya yi gaggawar riko hannun Abubakar ya rantse wa na baya, misali da mutanen da suka taru. Taron dai ya watse ne a lokacin da wata hatsaniya ta barke tsakanin Umar da Sarkin Banu Sa’ida, Sa’ad bn Ubadah. Wannan yana iya nuni da cewa ba za a yi ijma'i akan zabin Abubakar ba, tare da tada jijiyoyin wuya a sakamakon sabanin. Abu Bakr ya kasance kusa da duniya an yarda da shi a matsayin shugaban al'ummar musulmi (karkashin lakabin Khalifa) sakamakon Saqifah, ko da yake ya fuskanci sabani saboda gaugawar taron. Sahabbai da dama, wadanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu su ne Ali ibn Abi Talib, da farko sun ki amincewa da ikonsa. A cikin ’yan Shi’a, an kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a baya an naɗa Ali a matsayin magajin Muhammadu, tare da kallon zaben a matsayin wanda ya saba wa burin na biyu. Daga baya Abubakar ya aika Umar ya fuskanci Ali, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici wanda watakila ya hada da tashin hankali. Sai dai bayan wata shida kungiyar ta yi sulhu da Abubakar kuma Ali ya yi masa mubaya'a. == Jihadi tare da Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) == === Yakin Badar === A shekara ta 624, Abubakar ya shiga yakin farko tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishawa na Makka, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Badar, amma bai yi yaki ba, a maimakon haka ya zama daya daga cikin masu gadin tantin Muhammad. Dangane da haka, daga baya Ali ya tambayi abokansa a kan wanene suke ganin ya fi kowa jarumta a cikin mutane? Kowa ya ce Ali ya fi kowa jarumtaka. Sai Ali ya amsa da cewa: A'a Abubakar shine mafi jarumtar mazaje. A yakin Badar mun yi tanadin wani rumfa ga Annabi, amma da aka ce mu ba da kanmu aikin gadinsa babu wanda ya fito sai Abubakar. Da takobi a zare ya dauki matsayinsa a gefen Manzon Allah yana tsare shi daga kafirai ta hanyar kai hari ga wadanda suka kuskura su ci gaba da wannan hanya. Don haka ya kasance jarumin mazaje. A cikin lissafin Ahlus-Sunnah, a lokacin irin wannan harin, fayafai guda biyu daga garkuwar [[Abubakar]] sun shiga cikin kuncin Muhammad. Abubakar ya ci gaba da niyyar ciro wadannan fayafai amma Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah ya bukaci ya bar masa al'amarin, ya rasa allurarsa guda biyu a yayin aikin. A cikin wa] annan labarun daga baya Abubakar, tare da wasu sahabbai, suka jagoranci Muhammadu(S.A.W)zuwa wurin tsira. === Yakin Uhudu === A shekara ta 625, ya halarci yakin Uhudu, inda aka fatattaki mafi yawan musulmi, kuma shi da kansa ya samu rauni. Kafin a fara yakin, dansa Abd al-Rahman, wanda a lokacin har yanzu ba musulmi ba ne, kuma yana yaki a bangaren Kuraishawa, ya fito ya jefar da kalubalen fada. Abubakar ya yarda da kalubalen amma Muhammad ya hana shi. Daga baya Abdurrahman ya matso kusa da mahaifinsa ya ce masa "Kai an tona mini asiri ne, amma na kau da kai ban kashe ka ba." Don haka sai Abubakar ya amsa da cewa "Duk da haka, da a ce an bijire mini a matsayin abin hari da ban kau da kai daga gare ku ba." A kashi na biyu na yakin, sojojin dawakan Khalid bn al-Walid sun far wa musulmi daga baya, inda suka canza nasarar musulmi zuwa ga ci. Da yawa sun gudu daga fagen fama har da Abubakar. Duk da haka, bisa ga nasa lissafin, shi ne "wanda ya fara dawowa". === Yakin Khandaki === A shekara ta 627 ya halarci Yakin Rarara da ma Banu Qurayza. A yakin Rarara, Muhammadu ya raba ramin zuwa sassa da dama kuma an sanya wata tawaga da za ta gadin kowane sashe. Daya daga cikin wadannan runduna ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Abubakar. Makiya sun yi ta kai hare-hare akai-akai a kokarinsu na ketare ramin, inda aka fatattake su. Domin tunawa da wannan taron an gina wani masallaci, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', a wurin da Abubakar ya kori tuhumar da makiya ke yi. === Yakin Khaibar === Abubakar ya halarci yakin Khaibar. Khaybar yana da kagara guda takwas, mafi karfi da tsaro a cikinsu ana kiransa Al-Qamus. Muhammad ya aiki Abubakar tare da gungun mayaka domin su yi yunkurin dauka, amma ba su samu ba. Haka kuma Muhammadu ya aika Umar tare da gungun mayaka, amma shi ma Umar bai iya cin galaba a kan Al-Qamus ba. Wasu musulmi ma sun yi yunƙurin kame katangar, amma ba su yi nasara ba. A ƙarshe, Muhammadu ya aika Ali, wanda ya ci nasara da shugaban abokan gaba, Marhab. == Yaƙin shekarun ƙarshe na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) == A shekara ta 629 Muhammad ya aika Amr bn al-'As zuwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal, sannan Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah ya biyo baya don amsa kiran karfafawa. Abubakar da Umar sun jagoranci wata runduna a qarqashin al-Jarrah, sai suka kai farmaki suka fatattaki maqiya. A cikin 630, lokacin da Musulmai suka ci [[Makka]], Abu Bakr yana cikin sojoji. Kafin a ci Makka babansa Abu Quhafa ya musulunta. == Yakin Hunayni da Ta'if == A shekara ta 630, maharba daga kabilun yankin sun yi wa sojojin musulmi kwanton bauna a lokacin da suke wucewa ta kwarin Hunain, mai nisan mil goma sha daya daga arewa maso gabashin Makka. Ba tare da an sansu ba, sai jami'an gaba na sojojin musulmi suka gudu a firgice. An sami rudani sosai, rakuma, dawakai da mutane sun yi karo da juna a ƙoƙarin neman mafaka. Muhammad kuwa ya tsaya kyam. Sahabbai tara ne suka rage a wajensa, ciki har da Abubakar. Karkashin umarnin Muhammadu, kawun nasa Abbas ya yi kira da babbar murya, "Ya ku Musulmai, ku zo wurin Annabin Allah". Sojojin musulmi ne suka ji kiran suka taru a gefen Muhammad. Lokacin da Musulmai suka taru a adadi mai yawa, Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a gurfanar da abokan gaba. A fadan hannu da hannu da ya biyo bayan kabilun an fatattaki su suka gudu zuwa Autas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAB/18/2 |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131259/http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAB/18/2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muhammad ya aika da tawagar da za su gadin wucewar Hunain kuma ya jagoranci babbar runduna zuwa Autas. A arangama da aka yi a Autas kabilun sun kasa daurewa musulmi hari. Gaskanta ci gaba da tsayin daka ba shi da amfani, kabilun sun balle kuma suka koma Ta'if. Muhammad ne ya nada Abubakar ya jagoranci harin da aka kai wa Ta'if. Kabilan sun kulle kansu a cikin kagara kuma suka ki fitowa fili. Musulmai sun yi amfani da katafalu, amma ba tare da wani sakamako na gaske ba. Musulman sun yi yunkurin yin amfani da wata hanyar gwaji, inda wasu gungun sojoji da ke da garkuwa da rigar saniya suka yi gaba suka kona kofar. Duk da haka, abokan gaba sun jefa jajayen tarkacen ƙarfe a kan gwajin, wanda ya sa ya zama mara amfani. An kwashe makonni biyu ana kewaye, kuma har yanzu babu alamar rauni a cikin kagara. Muhammad ya gudanar da majalisar yaki. Abubakar ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya tayar da wannan kawanya, kuma Allah ya yi tanadin faduwar kagara. An yarda da shawarar, kuma a cikin Fabrairu 630, an tayar da kewayen Ta'if kuma sojojin musulmi suka koma Makka. Bayan ‘yan kwanaki sai Malik bin Auf kwamanda ya zo Makka ya musulunta.<ref>https://archive.org/details/islamicempire0000nard</ref> == Abubakar a matsayin Amirul Hajji == A shekara ta 631 miladiyya, Muhammad ya aika da tawaga musulmi dari uku daga Madina domin gudanar da aikin Hajji bisa ga sabuwar hanyar Musulunci, ya nada Abubakar a matsayin shugaban tawagar. Washegari bayan Abubakar da tawagarsa sun tafi aikin Hajji, Muhammadu ya sami sabon wahayi: Suratu Tawbah, sura ta tara na Alqur'ani. An ruwaito cewa lokacin da wannan wahayi ya zo, wani ya ba wa Muhammad shawarar ya aika da labarinsa ga Abubakar. Muhammad yace mutumin gidansa ne kadai zai iya shelanta wahayi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) ya kira Ali, ya tambaye shi ya shelanta wani yanki na Suratu Tawbah ga mutane a ranar layya lokacin da suka taru a Mina. Ali ya fita bisa rakumin Muhammadu mai tsinke kunne, ya riski Abubakar. Lokacin da Ali ya shiga jam’iyyar, Abubakar ya so sanin ko ya zo ne domin ya ba da umurni ko ya isar da su. Ali ya ce bai zo ne ya maye gurbin Abubakar a matsayin Amirul Hajji ba, kuma aikin sa kawai shi ne isar da sako na musamman ga mutane a madadin Muhammad(S.A.W). A Makka, Abu Bakr ya jagoranci bikin Hajji, kuma Ali ya karanta sanarwar a madadin Muhammad. Manyan batutuwan sanarwar sun hada da: #Don haka ba a ba wa waɗanda ba musulmi damar ziyartar Ka'aba' ko yin aikin hajji ba. #Kada wani ya yi dawafin Ka'aba tsirara. #Ba a yarda da shirka ba. Inda musulmi suka yi wata yarjejeniya da mushrikai irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin za a girmama su na tsawon lokacin da aka kayyade. Inda babu yarjejeniyoyin sai aka bayar da wata huxu (hudu) sannan kuma ba za a baiwa mushrikai kwata kwata ba. Tun daga ranar da aka yi shelar sabon zamani ya waye, kuma Musulunci ne kawai ya zama koli a Larabawa. == Fitar Abubakar(R.A) yaki == Abu Bakr ya jagoranci balaguron soji guda daya, watau Bakin Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,[51] wanda ya gudana a Najd, a watan Yuli 628 (wata na uku 7AH a kalandar Musulunci). Abu Bakr ya jagoranci wani babban kamfani a Nejd bisa umarnin Muhammad. An kashe da yawa an kuma kai su fursuna. Littafin Hadisin Sunna Sunan Abu Dawud ya ambaci taron. == Fitar Usama bin Zayd yaki == A cikin 632, a cikin makonni na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a kai hari zuwa Siriya don ɗaukar fansa kan cin nasarar da aka yi wa Musulmai a Yaƙin Mu'tah wasu shekaru baya. Wanda ya jagoranci kamfen shine Usama bn Zayd, wanda aka kashe mahaifinsa, ɗan riƙon Muhammad Zayd ibn Harithah, a rikicin baya. Bai fi shekara ashirin ba, ba a gogewa ba kuma ba a gwada shi ba, nadin Usama ya yi ta cece-kuce, inda ya zama matsala musamman a lokacin da aka sanya tsofaffin sojoji kamar su Abubakar, da Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah da Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas karkashin jagorancinsa. Duk da haka, an aika da balaguro, ko da yake ba da daɗewa ba bayan an tashi, an sami labarin mutuwar Muhammadu, wanda ya tilasta sojojin su koma Madina. Ba a sake shiga yakin ba sai bayan hawan Abubakar zuwa halifanci, inda a nan ne ya zabi ya kara tabbatar da umarnin Usama, wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasara.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/usurping-land-fadak</ref> == Rasuwar(Wafatin) sa == A ranar 23 ga Agusta 634, Abubakar ya yi rashin lafiya kuma bai warke ba. Zazzabi mai zafi ya kamashi ya kwanta. Ciwonsa ya daɗe, kuma da yanayinsa ya tsananta, sai ya ji kamar ƙarshensa ya kusa. Da ya gane haka sai ya aika aka kirawo Ali ya bukace shi da ya yi tafsirinsa tunda Ali ma ya yi wa Muhammad. Abubakar ya ga ya kamata ya nada magajinsa don kada lamarin ya zama sanadin sabani a tsakanin musulmi bayan rasuwarsa, duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan rashin nada Ali. Ya nada Umar a kan wannan aiki bayan ya tattauna da wasu Sahabbai. Wasu daga cikinsu sun fifita nadin, wasu kuma ba sa son ta, saboda taurin hali na Umar. Don haka Abubakar ya yi wasiyyarsa ta karshe ga Usman bn Affan kamar haka: "Da sunan Allah Mai rahama. Wannan ita ce wasiyyar Abubakar xan Abu Quhafa, a lokacin da yake cikin sa’a ta qarshen duniya, kuma ta farkon lahira; Sa'ar da kafiri ya yi imani a cikinta, azzalumai ya gamsu da munanan ayyukansu, na zabi Umar dan Khaddab a matsayin magajina. Saboda haka, ku ji shi, ku yi masa biyayya. Idan ya yi daidai, tabbatar da ayyukansa. Niyyata tana da kyau, amma ba zan iya ganin sakamakon nan gaba ba. Kuma waɗanda suka yi zãlunci, to, zã su yi wa kansu hisãbi mai tsanani a bãyan haka. Lafiya lau. Da fatan za a kasance tare da yardar Ubangiji ta albarka". Umar ya jagoranci sallar jana'izarsa kuma an binne shi a gefen kabarin Muhammad (S.A.W). Allah shi dada haske a kabarin sa. <ref>https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Feo9AAAAYAAJ/page/n102</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Musulunci]] murp5dmo68b9v36675091dshbqar34a 0 8752 965345 876276 2026-10-09T18:07:06Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1.jpg|thumb|Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1]] [[File:sweet potato.jpg|thumb|right|Soyayyen dankali da miya.]] [[File:Sweet potatoes 2.jpg|thumb|farin dankalin hausa]] [[File:Potato with sprouts.jpg|thumb|ƙunda dankali]] [[File:057 Buxoro Markaziy Bozori, mercat central de Bukharà, venedora de patates i cebes.jpg|thumb|ana siyar da dankali a kasuwa]] [[File:Sweet potatoes.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Sweet potatoes]] [[File:Potato sprout, January 23, 2006.jpg|thumb|dankali ya tsiro]] [[Fayil:Sweet Potato Curry.jpg|thumb|Soyayan dankali]] [[Fayil:Ipomoea batatas tw.JPG|thumb|ganyan dankali]] '''Dankali''' da turanci ''[[sweet]] potato'' da sunan gona kuma (Ipomoea batatas). Dankali a kan yi masa lakabi da dankalin Hausa kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama. A kan dafa dankali a ci shi haka nan. Kuma a kan soya shi. Amma dai an fi  amfani da shi wajen yin mandako kuma a kan yi amfani da shi wajen yin kunun zaƙi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59940498.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217110378286&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s</ref> Yadda ake yin mandako shi ne a kan dafa dankalin sai a bare shi. Bayan an bare sai a hada shi da garin kuli-kuli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/search/yadda|title = Yadda ake girki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126090707/https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html|date= 8 October 2019|accessdate= 20 February 2023|title=Karanta Jerin Abinci Hausawa Kafin Zuwan Shinkafa 'Yar Kasashen Waje|publisher= Muryar Hausa}} </ref> ==Duba kuma== *[[File:Sainsbury's potatoes at Low Hall, Chingford, London.jpg|thumb|Dankali]][[File:Yam & Potatoe in Tubers.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa dana hausa]][[Dankalin turawa]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Tumuƙu]] *[[Tumuƙun biri]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dankali}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] 831ilhsc7albupop5ipcv1omilc52w3 965346 965345 2026-10-09T18:07:45Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1.jpg|thumb|Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1]] [[File:sweet potato.jpg|thumb|right|Soyayyen dankali da miya.]] [[File:Sweet potatoes 2.jpg|thumb|farin dankalin hausa]] [[File:Potato with sprouts.jpg|thumb|ƙunda dankali]] [[File:057 Buxoro Markaziy Bozori, mercat central de Bukharà, venedora de patates i cebes.jpg|thumb|ana siyar da dankali a kasuwa]] [[File:Sweet potatoes.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Sweet potatoes]] [[File:Potato sprout, January 23, 2006.jpg|thumb|dankali ya tsiro]] [[Fayil:Sweet Potato Curry.jpg|thumb|Soyayan dankali]] [[Fayil:Ipomoea batatas tw.JPG|thumb|ganyan dankali]] '''Dankali''' da turanci ''[[sweet]] potato'' da sunan gona kuma (Ipomoea batatas). [[Dankali]] a kan yi masa lakabi da dankalin Hausa kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama. A kan dafa dankali a ci shi haka nan. Kuma a kan soya shi. Amma dai an fi  amfani da shi wajen yin mandako kuma a kan yi amfani da shi wajen yin kunun zaƙi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59940498.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217110378286&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s</ref> Yadda ake yin mandako shi ne a kan dafa dankalin sai a bare shi. Bayan an bare sai a hada shi da garin kuli-kuli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/search/yadda|title = Yadda ake girki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126090707/https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html|date= 8 October 2019|accessdate= 20 February 2023|title=Karanta Jerin Abinci Hausawa Kafin Zuwan Shinkafa 'Yar Kasashen Waje|publisher= Muryar Hausa}} </ref> ==Duba kuma== *[[File:Sainsbury's potatoes at Low Hall, Chingford, London.jpg|thumb|Dankali]][[File:Yam & Potatoe in Tubers.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa dana hausa]][[Dankalin turawa]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Tumuƙu]] *[[Tumuƙun biri]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dankali}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] j1hrk2xwmktb6nmecfikwhyiadhv1oe 965348 965346 2026-10-09T18:08:57Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1.jpg|thumb|Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1]] [[File:sweet potato.jpg|thumb|right|Soyayyen dankali da miya.]] [[File:Sweet potatoes 2.jpg|thumb|farin dankalin hausa]] [[File:Potato with sprouts.jpg|thumb|ƙunda dankali]] [[File:057 Buxoro Markaziy Bozori, mercat central de Bukharà, venedora de patates i cebes.jpg|thumb|ana siyar da dankali a kasuwa]] [[File:Sweet potatoes.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Sweet potatoes]] [[File:Potato sprout, January 23, 2006.jpg|thumb|dankali ya tsiro]] [[Fayil:Sweet Potato Curry.jpg|thumb|Soyayan dankali]] [[Fayil:Ipomoea batatas tw.JPG|thumb|ganyan dankali]] '''Dankali''' da turanci ''[[sweet]] potato'' da sunan gona kuma (Ipomoea batatas). [[Dankali]] a kan yi masa lakabi da dankalin Hausa kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama. A kan dafa dankali a ci shi haka nan. Kuma a kan soya shi. Amma dai an fi  amfani da shi wajen yin mandako kuma a kan yi amfani da shi wajen yin kunun zaƙi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59940498.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217110378286&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s</ref> Yadda ake yin mandako shi ne a kan dafa dankalin sai a bare shi. Bayan an bare sai a hada shi da garin kuli-kuli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/search/yadda|title = Yadda ake girki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126090707/https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html|date= 8 October 2019|accessdate= 20 February 2023|title=Karanta Jerin Abinci Hausawa Kafin Zuwan Shinkafa 'Yar Kasashen Waje|publisher= Muryar Hausa}} </ref> Sweet potatoes wanda ake kiranshi da dankalin hausa nada qara lafiyah ga gangar jiki ==Duba kuma== *[[File:Sainsbury's potatoes at Low Hall, Chingford, London.jpg|thumb|Dankali]][[File:Yam & Potatoe in Tubers.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa dana hausa]][[Dankalin turawa]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Tumuƙu]] *[[Tumuƙun biri]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dankali}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] 6h567op990ryaak5ycch8mftb1bugem 965350 965348 2026-10-09T18:10:23Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1.jpg|thumb|Solanales - Ipomoea batatas - 1]] [[File:sweet potato.jpg|thumb|right|Soyayyen dankali da miya.]] [[File:Sweet potatoes 2.jpg|thumb|farin dankalin hausa]] [[File:Potato with sprouts.jpg|thumb|ƙunda dankali]] [[File:057 Buxoro Markaziy Bozori, mercat central de Bukharà, venedora de patates i cebes.jpg|thumb|ana siyar da dankali a kasuwa]] [[File:Sweet potatoes.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Sweet potatoes]] [[File:Potato sprout, January 23, 2006.jpg|thumb|dankali ya tsiro]] [[Fayil:Sweet Potato Curry.jpg|thumb|Soyayan dankali]] [[Fayil:Ipomoea batatas tw.JPG|thumb|ganyan dankali]] '''Dankali''' da turanci ''[[sweet]] potato'' da sunan gona kuma (Ipomoea batatas). [[Dankali]] a kan yi masa lakabi da dankalin Hausa kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama. A kan dafa dankali a ci shi haka nan. Kuma a kan soya shi. Amma dai an fi  amfani da shi wajen yin mandako kuma a kan yi amfani da shi wajen yin kunun zaƙi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59940498.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217110378286&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s</ref> Yadda ake yin mandako shi ne a kan dafa dankalin sai a bare shi. Bayan an bare sai a hada shi da garin kuli-kuli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/search/yadda|title = Yadda ake girki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126090707/https://bakandamiya.com/blogs/1423/898/yadda-ake-dankali-mai-kabeji |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html|date= 8 October 2019|accessdate= 20 February 2023|title=Karanta Jerin Abinci Hausawa Kafin Zuwan Shinkafa 'Yar Kasashen Waje|publisher= Muryar Hausa}} </ref> [[Sweet]] potatoes wanda ake kiranshi da dankalin hausa nada qara lafiyah ga gangar jiki ==Duba kuma== *[[File:Sainsbury's potatoes at Low Hall, Chingford, London.jpg|thumb|Dankali]][[File:Yam & Potatoe in Tubers.jpg|thumb|dankalin turawa dana hausa]][[Dankalin turawa]] *[[Sakata]] *[[Tumuƙu]] *[[Tumuƙun biri]] *[[Rogo]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dankali}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] p2nuwol8d7j7c8jl1i449deq90nyk4d 0 10100 965302 497613 2026-10-09T16:58:16Z DanJuuma 14836 965302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] qdmtgafkqap3gtfs062c9e6fpsq8bdx 965305 965302 2026-10-09T17:03:21Z DanJuuma 14836 965305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] gt980zjg1c97spbczzb40dusn88dfs0 965308 965305 2026-10-09T17:17:40Z DanJuuma 14836 965308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] 0pkucny2z42dzcpdq4fhqnk5yk5l6x7 965309 965308 2026-10-09T17:18:04Z DanJuuma 14836 965309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] skn5rsxp8no7j4pmk8e16vyb5bf76gw 965310 965309 2026-10-09T17:20:10Z DanJuuma 14836 965310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] 876xjy2sg5iysx87y09dz9wxi1ki5jp 965315 965310 2026-10-09T17:41:56Z DanJuuma 14836 965315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] r2ixk3yomriyq9xcv6snvzb8chj614o 965316 965315 2026-10-09T17:43:05Z DanJuuma 14836 965316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. Gassol tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 na Jihar Taraba. Manyan ƙabilun da ke zaune a yankin sun haɗa da Fulani, Wurkun, Tiv da Jukun. Ana ɗaukar Gassol a matsayin cibiyar noma a Jihar Taraba. Fulani suna kiwon manyan garken shanu, yayin da al'ummar Tiv da Jukun suke noma doya sosai. Wannan ya sa Dan-Anacha ta kasance gida ga babbar kasuwar doya a Jihar Taraba, wadda ake kira Kasuwar Doya ta Dan-Anacha. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] gstsm022kvuhc5rp0kln0hfx5o6a03y 965317 965316 2026-10-09T17:44:05Z DanJuuma 14836 965317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. Gassol tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 na Jihar Taraba. Manyan ƙabilun da ke zaune a yankin sun haɗa da Fulani, Wurkun, Tiv da Jukun. Ana ɗaukar Gassol a matsayin cibiyar noma a Jihar Taraba. Fulani suna kiwon manyan garken shanu, yayin da al'ummar Tiv da Jukun suke noma doya sosai. Wannan ya sa Dan-Anacha ta kasance gida ga babbar kasuwar doya a Jihar Taraba, wadda ake kira Kasuwar Doya ta Dan-Anacha. Al'ummar Jukun Wanu suna gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi sosai a Tella, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan ƙaramar hukumar. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] kvbexh0yiz7stozhkl48td1x5avzkki 965318 965317 2026-10-09T17:45:04Z DanJuuma 14836 965318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. Gassol tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 na Jihar Taraba. Manyan ƙabilun da ke zaune a yankin sun haɗa da Fulani, Wurkun, Tiv da Jukun. Ana ɗaukar Gassol a matsayin cibiyar noma a Jihar Taraba. Fulani suna kiwon manyan garken shanu, yayin da al'ummar Tiv da Jukun suke noma doya sosai. Wannan ya sa Dan-Anacha ta kasance gida ga babbar kasuwar doya a Jihar Taraba, wadda ake kira Kasuwar Doya ta Dan-Anacha. Al'ummar Jukun Wanu suna gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi sosai a Tella, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan ƙaramar hukumar. Saboda rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci, an taɓa yin ƙoƙarin sauya sunan Dan-Anacha zuwa Kwararafa. Sai dai wasu mutane sun ƙi amincewa da wannan sauyi, saboda suna ganin cewa yana iya zama wani mataki na fifita wata ƙabila ta musamman. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] 06pvlpjdja47b484dw302jjfni11h96 965320 965318 2026-10-09T17:46:25Z DanJuuma 14836 965320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. Gassol tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 na Jihar Taraba. Manyan ƙabilun da ke zaune a yankin sun haɗa da Fulani, Wurkun, Tiv da Jukun. Ana ɗaukar Gassol a matsayin cibiyar noma a Jihar Taraba. Fulani suna kiwon manyan garken shanu, yayin da al'ummar Tiv da Jukun suke noma doya sosai. Wannan ya sa Dan-Anacha ta kasance gida ga babbar kasuwar doya a Jihar Taraba, wadda ake kira Kasuwar Doya ta Dan-Anacha. Al'ummar Jukun Wanu suna gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi sosai a Tella, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan ƙaramar hukumar. Saboda rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci, an taɓa yin ƙoƙarin sauya sunan Dan-Anacha zuwa Kwararafa. Sai dai wasu mutane sun ƙi amincewa da wannan sauyi, saboda suna ganin cewa yana iya zama wani mataki na fifita wata ƙabila ta musamman. Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da unguwanni 12 (wards), waɗanda su ne: 1. Gassol 2. Gunduma 3. Mutum Biyu I 4. Mutum Biyu II 5. Nam Nai 6. Sabon Gida 7. Sarkin Shira 8. Sendirde 9. Tutare 10. Wurojam 11. Wuryo 12. Yarima ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] fbcg9sty5u69pliqbkbcyx52awitoha 965321 965320 2026-10-09T17:48:43Z DanJuuma 14836 965321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. Gassol tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 na Jihar Taraba. Manyan ƙabilun da ke zaune a yankin sun haɗa da Fulani, Wurkun, Tiv da Jukun. Ana ɗaukar Gassol a matsayin cibiyar noma a Jihar Taraba. Fulani suna kiwon manyan garken shanu, yayin da al'ummar Tiv da Jukun suke noma doya sosai. Wannan ya sa Dan-Anacha ta kasance gida ga babbar kasuwar doya a Jihar Taraba, wadda ake kira Kasuwar Doya ta Dan-Anacha. Al'ummar Jukun Wanu suna gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi sosai a Tella, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan ƙaramar hukumar. Saboda rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci, an taɓa yin ƙoƙarin sauya sunan Dan-Anacha zuwa Kwararafa. Sai dai wasu mutane sun ƙi amincewa da wannan sauyi, saboda suna ganin cewa yana iya zama wani mataki na fifita wata ƙabila ta musamman. Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da unguwanni 12 (wards), waɗanda su ne: 1. Gassol 2. Gunduma 3. Mutum Biyu I 4. Mutum Biyu II 5. Nam Nai 6. Sabon Gida 7. Sarkin Shira 8. Sendirde 9. Tutare 10. Wurojam 11. Wuryo 12. Yarima ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] ly6nxhnf74bpg7yj9iw4pmd3nrkqkfh 965322 965321 2026-10-09T17:49:49Z DanJuuma 14836 965322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mas Gassol 03.JPG|thumb|gassol]] [[Fayil:Passatge d'Antoni Gassol - 20240418 150258.jpg|thumb|gassol]] '''Gassol''' Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dasuke a [[Jihar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] wadda ke a shiyar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Nijeriya]]. hedikwatar ta tana a cikin garin ta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da faɗin fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 5,543.9, kuma bisa ga bayanan Cibiyar Bincike ta Haɗin Gwiwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (JRC), tana da yawan jama'a 310,003 a shekarar 2015. Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 672.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref> A arewa, ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da iyaka da Kogin Benue. Haka kuma, Kogin Taraba yana ratsawa ta yankin zuwa arewa har sai ya haɗu da Kogin Benue. Gassol tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 16 na Jihar Taraba. Manyan ƙabilun da ke zaune a yankin sun haɗa da Fulani, Wurkun, Tiv da Jukun. Ana ɗaukar Gassol a matsayin cibiyar noma a Jihar Taraba. Fulani suna kiwon manyan garken shanu, yayin da al'ummar Tiv da Jukun suke noma doya sosai. Wannan ya sa Dan-Anacha ta kasance gida ga babbar kasuwar doya a Jihar Taraba, wadda ake kira Kasuwar Doya ta Dan-Anacha. Al'ummar Jukun Wanu suna gudanar da harkokin kamun kifi sosai a Tella, ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan ƙaramar hukumar. Saboda rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci, an taɓa yin ƙoƙarin sauya sunan Dan-Anacha zuwa Kwararafa. Sai dai wasu mutane sun ƙi amincewa da wannan sauyi, saboda suna ganin cewa yana iya zama wani mataki na fifita wata ƙabila ta musamman. Ƙaramar hukumar Gassol tana da unguwanni 12 (wards), waɗanda su ne: 1. Gassol 2. Gunduma 3. Mutum Biyu I 4. Mutum Biyu II 5. Nam Nai 6. Sabon Gida 7. Sarkin Shira 8. Sendirde 9. Tutare 10. Wurojam 11. Wuryo 12. Yarima ==Yanayi== ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Taraba]] 3p6kx7vx6sr2j5qmw363dy3rfxhzz7o 0 10295 965435 957816 2026-10-09T21:13:57Z Nura Bello 24854 965435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (/riˈænə/ i ree-AN-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |last=HLN |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Rihanna Shows AJ Hammer How to Pronounce Her Name. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> an haife ta ne va ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) mawaƙiya ce ta Barbadian, marubuciya, 'yar kasuwa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=August 26, 2020 |title=A$AP Rocky Answers 18 Questions from Rihanna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an san ta da aikinta na fannoni da yawa, sake fasalin fasaha, da kuma salon salon salon. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace sama da miliyan 250, Rihanna tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.12345Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.[1][2] Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.[3][4] A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep.[5] Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). [6] Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".[7][8] Anti (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.[9]Rihanna ta gano Madonna a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".[1] Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.[1][2]Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.[3] Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta.[4] Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, Afrodisiac (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . [5]A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon Bob Marley a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.[1] Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing][2] Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.[3][4] Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast".[5] Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.[6][7] Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar Janet Jackson, [1] Aaliyah, Beyonce, Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Bayan sanya hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna ta fara fitowa tare da rikodin Caribbean-inspired Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006), dukansu biyu sun kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200. Waƙoƙin da suka jagoranci, "Pon de Replay" da "SOS", sun kai lamba biyu da ɗaya a kan <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka. Da yake karɓar hoto mai girma, Rihanna ta tashi zuwa shahararriya kuma ta sauya zuwa rawa-pop da R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B tare da kundin da ta fi sayar da shi Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) da sake bugawa, mai taken Reloaded (2008). Aikin ya samar da jerin waƙoƙi masu nasara, gami da waƙoƙin Amurka "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", da "Disturbia". Bayyanar baƙonta a kan "Live Your Life", "Love the Way You Lie", da kuma "The Monster" kuma sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Bayan bincika ƙarin jigogi na sirri a kan rikodin da ya shafi dutse Rated R (2009), Rihanna ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundin rawa-pop Loud (2010) da Talk That Talk (2011), kuma ta hau kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da saitin synth-pop Unapologetic (2012). Ta tashi daga Def Jam don goyon bayan Roc Nation, ta saki eclectic ''Anti'' (2016) - kundi na biyu na lamba daya. Wadannan kundin sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Rude Boy", "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?", "S&amp;amp;M", "Mun sami soyayya", "Diamonds", da "Aiki". Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Rihanna tana fitowa da mutane kuma tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokuta. Ta kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim sun ''Gida'' da Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), da ''Smurfs'' (2025). Rihanna ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Grammy Awards tara, Billboard Music Awards goma sha biyu, American Music Awards gomasharo, da kuma MTV Video Music Awards bakwai. Ita ce mafi girman ƙwararren mata na dijital ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka, kuma tana da ƙwararrun 'yan lu'u-lu'u guda takwas da ƙwararriyar lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mace mai kiɗa ta farko da ta kai matsayin biliyan, Rihanna ta kafa Gidauniyar Clara Lionel mai zaman kanta, alamar kayan kwalliya Fenty Beauty, da alamar kayan ado Fenty a ƙarƙashin LVMH. Gwamnatin Barbados ta nada ta a matsayin jakada a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin Jarumi na Barbados a shekarar 2021. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1988-2002: Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Casa_donde_vivió_Rihanna,_a_pocos_metros_del_puerto_de_Bridgetown.jpg|alt=A small house prominently coloured in red, green, and orange|thumb|Gidan iyayen Rihanna a Bridgetown, kawai 'yan mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin]] An haifi Robyn Rihanna Fenty a Saint Michael, Barbados, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1988. {{Sfn|Weidhase|2024}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Ita 'yar Monica ce (née Braithwaite), mai lissafin kuɗi na Afro-Guyanese, da Ronald Fenty, mai kula da ɗakin ajiya na Barbadian na Afirka, Irish, Ingilishi, da zuriyar Scotland.{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Rihanna: Out for Revenge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510063957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>Rihanna tana da 'yan uwan biyu, Rorrey da Rajad Fenty, da kuma' yan uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwanta daga dangantakar mahaifinta ta baya.{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta girma ne a cikin wani bungalow mai dakuna uku a Bridgetown kuma ta taimaka wa mahaifinta sayar da tufafi a wani kantin sayar da titi.{{Sfn|Novic|2019}}<ref name="n403">{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Leah |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Inside Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Rags-to-Riches Family Life |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722041237/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>Yayinda take yarinya ta shafar maye da jarabawar cocaine ta mahaifinta, wanda ya lalata auren iyayenta. <ref name="o839">{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Kira |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Rihanna: 'That's a Part of My Life I Want to Throw Away' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/21/rihanna-interview |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="l893">{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Vandana |date=February 12, 2024 |title=All About Rihanna's Parents, Ronald Fenty and Monica Braithwaite |url=https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616010227/https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="j079">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Rihanna Drops Legal Case Against Her Father |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610013748/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi magana game da ganin mahaifinta ya wulakanta mahaifiyarta, yana bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi karfi da na sani, idan ba mafi karfi ba".{{Sfn|Muehlhoff|2010}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}} Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta sha wahala daga ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda ke buƙatar [[CT scan|CT scans]] da yawa, tare da likitoci da ke zargin ciwon daji. Rashin lafiyarta ya fara ingantawa bayan iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da shekaru 14.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2015}}Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Charles F. Broome Memorial da Makarantar Combermere.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|2014}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗalibi mai halin kirki" wanda ya guje wa matsala.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ta nuna sha'awar waka, rawa, da waka. A wannan lokacin, Rihanna ta fara sauraron masu fasahar reggae kamar Sizzla da Damien Marley, da kuma mawaƙa na R & B kamar [[Whitney Houston]] da [[Mariah Carey]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}}A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, ta zama cadet a cikin Cadet Corps na Barbados, tare da mawaƙa na gaba Shontelle a matsayin sajan ta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake da farko ta shirya kammala makarantar sakandare, daga ƙarshe ta fita tana da shekaru 16 don neman aikin kiɗa. === 2003-2006: Farawar aiki tare da Music of the Sun da A Girl Like Me''Yarinya Kamar Ni'' === A shekara ta 2003, Rihanna ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa guda uku tare da abokan aji biyu a Barbados.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba tare da sunansa ba kuma ba tare da kayan asali ba, [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ta saurara ga mai gabatar da Amurka Evan Rogers, wanda ya tuna cewa "minti Rihanna ta shiga cikin dakin, kamar sauran' yan mata biyu ba su wanzu ba". <ref name="j007">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Andrew Lloyd Webber Claims He Discovered Rihanna on His Travels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-claims-he-discovered-rihanna-in-barbados |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Wadannan uku sun ci gaba da yin murfin Destiny's Child's "Emotion".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Da yake sha'awar, Rogers ya shirya ganawa ta biyu tare da Rihanna da mahaifiyarta - a wannan lokacin ba tare da sauran 'yan mata biyu ba - kuma daga baya ya gayyace su zuwa garinsu a [[Connecticut]] don yin rikodin kaset don gabatarwar lakabin rikodin.<ref name="p858">{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Sylvia |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Singing in the Rain: An Exclusive Interview with Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta demo tape ya hada da "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A shekara ta 2005, ta zama mai zane na farko da ya sanya hannu tare da Syndicated Rhythm Productions, kamfanin samarwa wanda Rogers da Carl Sturken suka kafa.<ref name="p858" />{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} An aika demo din Rihanna ga rapper [[Jay-Z]], wanda ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na lakabin rikodin Def Jam Recordings . <ref name="z330">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amina |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Amina Taylor Meets Singer Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001200047/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake Jay-Z da farko ya yi tunanin "Pon de Replay" ya yi yawa ga sabon mai zane, ya gayyace ta zuwa sauraro. A farkon shekara ta 2005, ta yi a Birnin New York don Jay-Z da kuma mai kula da kiɗa Antonio "L.A." Reid, tana raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston "For the Love of You" tare da waƙoƙi na demo "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".<ref name="p858" /><ref name="z173">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Rihanna – 10 of the Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/28/rihanna-10-of-the-best |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jay-Z ta gamsu da iyawarta, kuma Reid ya gaya masa kada ya bar ta barin ginin ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.<ref name="Jay-ZPicks">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=2007 |title=Jay-Z's Picks: Teairra Mari, Rihanna, Ne-Yo |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053302/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2011 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ta jira a ofishin Jay-Z yayin da lauyoyi suka kammala kwangilar kundi shida tare da Def Jam. Rihanna ta soke taron da aka shirya tare da wasu lakabi kuma, jim kadan bayan ta cika shekaru 16, ta ƙaura daga Barbados zuwa Amurka. A can, ta kammala karatun sakandare tare da malami.<ref name="y117">{{Cite web |last=Gracie |first=Bianca |date=May 28, 2020 |title=An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710013021/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}} [[File:RihannaJingle_Ball_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, in her late teens, facing the other way of the camera under a red light|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a KIIS-FM Jingle Ball a shekara ta 2005]] Bayan Rihanna ta sanya hannu tare da Def Jam, Jay-Z da tawagarsa sun kwashe watanni uku suna kammala kundi na farko.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta yi aiki tare da masu samarwa daban-daban, da farko Rogers da Sturken.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}An zaɓi "Pon de Replay" a matsayin jagora saboda roƙon lokacin rani.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}An saki waƙar a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2005, kuma ta zama nasarar kasuwanci, ta kai lamba ta biyu a duka US <nowiki><i id="mwAWw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. {{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An saki kundi na farko na studio, Music of the Sun, a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005. Ya fara ne a lamba goma a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwAXk">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na raka'a 69,000.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙarsa ta biyu, "If It's Lovin' That You Want", ta kai lamba 36 a Amurka.<ref name="z214">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'SOS' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2211667/the-number-ones-rihannas-sos/columns/the-number-ones/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da cameo a cikin fim din kai tsaye zuwa DVD Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), inda ta nuna kanta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta saki Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a watan Satumbar 2005.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An kira shi A Girl Like Me, an saki rikodin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Here's Every Rihanna Song to Go Platinum so Far |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060948/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kundin pop da reggae, <ref name="SanMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=SanMiguel |first=Celia |date=June 2006 |title=Review: ''A Girl like Me'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408034539/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |quote=a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots}}</ref> A Girl Like Me ya kai lamba biyar a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, tare da kofe 115,000 da aka sayar a Amurka a cikin makon farko. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ya zama kundi na farko na platinum sau biyu na RIAA, wanda ya wuce miliyan daya da aka sayar. Ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "SOS", "Unfaithful", "We Ride", da kuma "Break It Off". "SOS" ya zama waƙarta ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yayin da "Unfaithful" ya kai saman goma na sigogi a duk duniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Don inganta duka A Girl Like Me da Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara rangadin kide-kide na farko, mai taken Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour, a cikin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna Lets Fans Be Her Guide, Selects Summer Jam 'We Ride' as Next Single: Singer on First Headlining Tour Through Early August |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131234/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> === 2007-2008: Yarinya mai kyau ta tafi mummunan''Yarinya Mai Kyau ta Fito'' === [[File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg|alt=Rihanna with a bob cut performing in into a microphone on a stage|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Good Girl Gone Bad Tour a shekara ta 2008]] A farkon shekara ta 2007, Rihanna ta fara yin rikodin kundi na uku. Da yake da niyyar watsar da hotonta na yarinya mai ƙofar kusa don tallafawa mutum mai girma da tawaye, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da su kamar Ne-Yo, Timbaland, [[Justin Timberlake]], da Tricky Stewart don kundin.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sakamakon kundin, Good Girl Gone Bad, an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2007, zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref name="pandr">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2007 |title=Review: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192438/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h093">{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=''Good Girl Gone Bad'' by Rihanna |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/good-girl-gone-bad/rihanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602134202/http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/rihanna/goodgirlgonebad |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, ya nuna canji daga sautin Caribbean na aikinta na baya, yana rungumar jagorancin zamani wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙin rawa na uptempo.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 162,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}} Jagoran jagora daga Good Girl Gone Bad shine "Umbrella", tare da Jay-Z. Ya hau kan sigogi a yankuna da yawa, yana ciyar da makonni goma da bakwai a jere a lamba daya a kan UK Singles Chart da ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, "Shut Up and Drive" da "Hate That I Love You", sun kai lamba goma sha biyar da bakwai a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi, yayin da kundi na huɗu, "Don't Stop the Music", ya kai lamba uku.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin duniya na Good Girl Gone Bad a watan Satumbar 2007, inda ta yi kide-kide 80 a fadin nahiyoyi biyar.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A Grammy Awards na 50, ta sami gabatarwa da yawa don Good Girl Gone Bad kuma ta lashe Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "Umbrella" tare da Jay-Z.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, ta fito da "Rehab", na biyar kuma na ƙarshe daga Good Girl Gone Bad; ya kai saman a cikin manyan sigogi 20 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Bayan sayar da kwafin miliyan tara har zuwa 2023, Good Girl Gone Bad shine kundin da aka fi sayarwa a duk duniya.<ref name="x012">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Axl |date=November 8, 2023 |title=What Is Rihanna's Best-Selling Album? |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518074114/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Entertainment Weekly mai suna Rihanna "Diva of the Year" a cikin 2008, yana yabon ta "sabon ikon zama". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, Rihanna ta shiga [[Kanye West]] a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan Glow in the Dark Tour . An sake fitar da Good Girl Gone Bad, mai taken Reloaded, a ranar 2 ga Yuni; sayar da kwafin 63,000 a cikin makon farko, ya taimaka wa kundin asali ya tashi zuwa lamba bakwai a Amurka. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sake caji ya haifar da sabbin waƙoƙi huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu - "Disturbia" da "Take a Bow" - sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka saki Reloaded, ta ba da Good Girl Gone Bad Live, wani shirin DVD wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Rihanna na Disamba 2007 a [[Manchester Arena]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A shekara ta 2008, ta sanar da dangantakarta ta soyayya da mawaƙa [[Chris Brown]] kuma ta hau kan Hot 100 na makonni shida tare da fasalin waƙar rapper TI "Live Your Life".<ref name="c550">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Rihanna and Chris Brown's relationship through the years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513150504/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2009-2011: Shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin gida, Rated R, da Loud''Da ƙarfi'' === [[File:Rihanna_2010_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, her right hand holding and performing into a microphone, with her left pointing at someone in the crowd|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2010]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an tilasta wa Rihanna soke aikin da ta shirya a 51st Annual Grammy Awards biyo bayan rahotanni cewa Brown ya yi mata hari.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Daga baya ya mika kansa ga hukumomi kuma an tsare shi bisa zargin yin barazanar aikata laifuka. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da kai hari da yin barazanar aikata laifuka.<ref name="n230">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's father says singer 'remorseful' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030108/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Wannan shari'ar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman bayan TMZ ta buga hoton 'yan sanda da ya ɓace wanda ke nuna Rihanna tare da raunin da ake gani. An kira Rihanna don yin shaida a wani sauraro na farko a Los Angeles a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2009. Lamarin da sakamakonsa sun rinjayi ta a fannin fasaha, wanda ya sa ta fara aiki a kan kundi na huɗu na studio, mai taken Rated R, wata daya bayan Grammy Awards.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Rated R ya nuna canji daga sauti mai kyau na kundin Rihanna na baya, yana rungumar sautin duhu, mai zurfi tare da tasirin dutse. <ref name="MichDaily">{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Sasha |date=November 22, 2009 |title=Rihanna turns dark on ''Rated R'' |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128205713/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sayar da kwafin 181,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ɗaya daga cikin "Rude Boy" ya kai saman Hot 100 na makonni shida, yayin da "Russian Roulette" da "Hard" dukansu sun kai saman goma.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta shiga cikin dangantaka ta kan-sake, tare da rapper na Kanada [[Drake]] a cikin 2009 kuma, don tallafawa Rated R, ta fara rangadin Last Girl on Earth daga 2010 zuwa 2011.<ref name="h937">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Last Girl On Earth tour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215010030/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_The_Loud_Tour_-_30_(6790388762).jpg|alt=Rihanna, with curly hair, performing on stage into a microphone|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Loud Tour a 2011]] A watan Yunin 2010, Rihanna ta yi aiki tare da rapper Eminem a kan wakar "Love the Way You Lie". Ya hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni bakwai a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya; shi ne kuma Waƙar da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta sauya gudanarwa, ta sanya hannu tare da Jay-Z's Roc Nation . Ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundi na biyar, Loud, wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rubuce-rubucen rawa-pop, Loud ya fara ne a lamba uku a Amurka tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 207,000 . {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda uku na ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?" tare da Drake, da "S & M", wanda ya hau kan ginshiƙi bayan fitowar remix tare da [[Britney Spears]] . Rihanna ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi saurin mai zane-zane a tarihin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 don tarawa goma na farko. <ref name="y440">{{Cite web |last=Tehomilic |first=Tommy |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna earns 10th No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602205951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 53 a cikin 2011, "Kawai Yarinya (A Duniya) " ta lashe Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu. <ref name="x529">{{Cite web |last=Fresh |first=Mikey |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Grammy Recap: Stargate Talks Rihanna's 'Only Girl (In The World)' Winning 'Best Dance Recording' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112174338/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Man Down", "California King Bed", da "Cheers (Drink to That) " an sake su a matsayin mutane daga Loud a cikin 2011.<ref name="i594">{{Cite web |last=Copsey |first=Robert |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Rihanna announces next single |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414145352/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single.html |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta kaddamar da Loud Tour a watan Yunin 2011, wanda ya hada da rikodin rikodin rikodi goma da aka sayar a The O2 Arena a London - mafi yawan mata masu zane a tarihin wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Rihanna Breaks O2 Arena Record with Final Loud Tour Gig |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134155/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |archive-date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref> Wannan yawon shakatawa ya tara dala miliyan 90, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin yawon shakata mafi girma a duk duniya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="l046">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Loud Tour Grosses $90 Million |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617010026/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Har ila yau, a cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin wasu waƙoƙin masu fasaha guda uku: West's "All of the Lights" daga My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), [[Nicki Minaj]]'s "Fly" daga kundi na farko Pink Friday (2010), da David Guetta's "Who's That Chick?" daga One More Love (2010).<ref name="f210">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Harley |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Kanye West and Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds', 'All of the Lights' at FYF Fest |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033510/https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref><ref name="i713">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Nicki Minaj Says She and Rihanna Would Be a 'Crazy Power Couple' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192439/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2011-2013: Magana da Wannan Magana da Unapologetic''Ba tare da neman gafara ba'' === Rihanna ta yi niyyar bincika jigogi masu nuna jima'i a cikin kundi na shida na studio, Talk That Talk, <ref name="l163">{{Cite web |last=Ferrier |first=Morwenna |date=November 20, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/20/rihanna-talk-that-talk-review |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="s352">{{Cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173718/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011.<ref name="e115" /> Kundin pop da R & B, <ref name="s352" /> <ref name="e115">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 30, 2012 |title=Rihanna Debuts Music Video for 'Where Have You Been' (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412164738/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Talk That Talk ya buɗe a lamba ta uku a kan US ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 198,000, [3] yayin da yake farawa a saman UK Albums Chart tare da raka'a 163,000 da aka sayar.<ref name="h364">{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Album sales fall to new low as Rihanna tops UK chart despite selling less than 10,000 copies of ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/album-sales-fall-to-new-low-as-rihanna-tops-uk-chart-despite-selling-less-than-10-000-copies-of-talk-that-talk-8038553.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mun sami Ƙauna", ya zama babban taswirar duniya.<ref name="k330">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'We Found Love' (Feat. Calvin Harris) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725060431/https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Ya shafe makonni goma da ba a jere ba a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yana mai da shi duka Rihanna mafi tsawo da kuma mafi tsawo a lamba daya song a Amurka a 2011. Kundin ya haifar da wasu waƙoƙi guda uku: "You da One", "Talk That Talk", da "Where Have You Been". "Where Have You Been" ya kai lamba biyar a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Rihanna and Calvin Harris Release 'This Is What You Came For' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203020636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png|alt=Rihanna on stage, wearing a red crop top and long dress, singing into a microphone on stage|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Diamonds World Tour a 2013]] A farkon shekara ta 2012, Rihanna ta bayyana a Coldplay's "Princess of China" da Drake's "Take Care". <ref name="u999">{{Cite web |last=Goble |first=Corban |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Coldplay – 'Princess Of China' (Feat. Rihanna) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075409/https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> <ref name="x884">{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Powers |date=November 8, 2011 |title=Follow The Sample: Drake's 'Take Care' Comes From The Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425003515/http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Fabrairu, ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "All of the Lights" tare da West, kuma an kira ta Mafi kyawun Mata na Duniya a Brit Awards na shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref name="x499">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2012 |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners and Nominees List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113259/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="z651">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Simon |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143310/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Maris, Rihanna da Brown sun fitar da remixes guda biyu - waƙarta "Birthday Cake" da "Turn Up the Music" - waɗanda aka soki saboda tarihin su na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name="s567">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Chris Brown, Rihanna Reunite on 'Birthday Cake,' 'Turn Up the Music' Remixes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616112111/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, bidiyon kiɗa na "Mun sami Ƙauna" ya lashe Bidiyo na Shekara a MTV Video Music Awards, yana mai da Rihanna mace ta farko da ta karɓi girmamawa fiye da sau ɗaya.<ref name="p766">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna wins MTV VMA award for Belfast video We Found Love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919023450/https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="2012 VMA">{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |title=Rihanna, One Direction Top Vmas |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911032420/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Short Form Music Video a shekarar 2013. An saki kundi na bakwai na Rihanna, mai taken Unapologetic, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref name="m564">{{Cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |date=November 19, 2012 |title=This week's new music releases: November 19, 2012 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919163028/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen synth-pop tare da EDM da abubuwan hip-hop, <ref name="x501">{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Jessica |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Rihanna: ''Unapologetic'' |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011130105/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Unapologetic ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na kwafin 238,000, ya zama kundi na farko na Rihanna a Amurka. Kundin kundin, "Diamonds", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ya zama waƙar Rihanna ta goma sha biyu a kan ginshiƙi. Kundin na biyu, "Stay", ya kai lamba uku a Amurka. Don inganta kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin 777, ta yi wasanni bakwai a kasashe bakwai a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Wani shirin fim game da yawon shakatawa ya fito a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sannan aka saki wani DVD a washegari - bidiyon ta na uku mai tsawo. A watan Janairun 2013, Rihanna da Brown sun sake farfado da dangantakarsu, kodayake ya kasance a karkashin gwaji don shari'ar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ta 2009. Su biyu sun rabu kusan watanni huɗu bayan haka. Rihanna ta fara fitowa a fim din a matsayin Petty Officer Cora Raikes a cikin Battleship (2012).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta wasan kwamitin na wannan sunan, Battleship ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, kodayake Neil Genzlinger, yana rubutawa ga The New York Times, ya ce tana da "kyakkyawan rawar da take takawa. "<ref name="q235">{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Alex |date=April 6, 2012 |title=''Battleship'': Is board game adaptation Hollywood's last roll of the dice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/07/battleship-hasbro-adaptation-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="u485">{{Cite web |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=May 18, 2012 |title=''Battleship'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123161420/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="w089">{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Aliens Fight Heroic Earthlings in ''Battleship'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915210742/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, Shafukan hukuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ta sayar da rikodin miliyan 3.87 a kasar a shekarar da ta gabata, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na farko a cikin masu zane-zane na 2013 Brit Awards.<ref name="officialcharts.com">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=The BRIT Awards 2013: The Biggest Selling Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025316/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ta biyar headlining yawon shakatawa, Diamonds World Tour, an kaddamar da shi a watan Maris na 2013 don tallafawa Unapologetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna Unveils Diamonds Tour Dates After Big VMA Night |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909225914/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012.jhtml |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi cameo a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo This Is the End (2013), kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da rapper Wale a kan remix dinsa na "Bad". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, ta hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart tare da fasalin waƙar Eminem "The Monster".<ref name="j531">{{Cite web |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Why Is Eminem's 'The Monster' No. 1 on the Charts? Because It's a Sequel. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060609/https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="l431">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Eminem lands seventh UK number one album |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060208/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === 2014-2017: Fitarwa na tsaye da ''Anti'' === A cikin 2014, [[Shakira]] ta nuna Rihanna a kan waƙarta "Ba za a iya tunawa da ku ba". Bayan fitowar Unapologetic da yawon shakatawa da ya biyo baya, ta nuna sha'awar yin hutu daga rikodin, tana cewa tana son "shekara don yin duk abin da nake so a fasaha, da kirkira".<ref name="p678">{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |last2=Abby Aguirre |first2=Mert Alas |last3=Piggott |first3=Marcus |date=March 17, 2016 |title=It's Rihanna's World |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816103428/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Mayu, ta rabu da Def Jam Recordings kuma ta sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa Roc Nation, lakabin da ke gudanar da aikinta tun Oktoba 2010.<ref name="s383">{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Lauren |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Rihanna Has Left Def Jam and Signed to Jay Z's Roc Nation... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225052307/https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |archive-date=February 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a kan kundi na takwas na studio, Rihanna ta saki waƙoƙin "FourFiveSeconds" (haɗin gwiwa tare da West da Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", da "American Oxygen"; babu wani daga cikin ukun da ya bayyana a jerin waƙoƙar karshe na kundin.<ref name="r521">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Gerrick D. |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Rihanna and Kanye, we need to hear more from you. Make it in 2016, please. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060508/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="k741">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=''Anti'' (Deluxe) by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725115514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta fito tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da [[Jennifer Lopez]] a matsayin muryar Tip a cikin fim din Home . Rihanna kuma ta tsara kuma ta saki kundin ra'ayi a matsayin sauti.<ref name="s361">{{Cite web |last=Mokoena |first=Tshepo |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Rihanna to make concept album for DreamWorks animated film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/27/rihanna-concept-album-dreamworks-animated-film |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_Concert_for_Valor_in_Washington,_D.C._Nov._11,_2014_(face_cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna performing on stage|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Concert for Valor a shekarar 2014]] A ƙarshen 2015, Rihanna ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 25 tare da [[Samsung]] don inganta Layin samfurin Galaxy, tare da kamfanin kuma yana tallafawa ƙaddamar da kundi na takwas na studio, mai taken ''Anti'', da kuma yawon shakatawa.<ref name="z282">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angus |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Rihanna Signs $25 Million Deal With Samsung |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/461051-rihanna-signs-s25-million-deal-with-samsung-news |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref><ref name="v939">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Rihanna Anti tour review – hit-packed victory lap with a dose of dancehall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/rihanna-anti-tour-review-hit-packed-victory-lap |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An saki kundin ne kawai a kan sabis na yawo Tidal a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na nau'o'i kamar pop, Dancehall, da psychedelic soul, ''Anti'' ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana nuna rikodin taswirar ta biyu a Amurka. <ref name="g630">{{Cite web |last=McHenry |first=Jackson |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Rihanna's ''Anti'' Returns to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> Jagoran, "Work", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni tara, tare da na uku da na huɗu, "Ina Bukata Ni" da "Ƙaunar kan Brain", suna ƙaruwa a cikin manyan goma. An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Anti World a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 don tallafawa kundin. <ref name="p734">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Iyana |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Rihanna Is Taking The Weeknd, Big Sean And Travis Scott On Her #ANTIWorldTour |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-anti-world-tour-388704/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Rihanna ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan mutane da yawa: Calvin Harris's "This Is What You Came For"; Drake's "Too Good"; <ref name="i985">{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Matthew |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Drake: 'Too Good' [ft. Rihanna] |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091804/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> da Mike Will Made It's "Nothing Is Promised". <ref name="b319">{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Mike WiLL Made-It Unleashes Previous Rihanna Collaboration, 'Nothing Is Promised' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-mike-will-made-it-nothing-is-promised-425404/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> "Wannan shine abin da kuka zo" ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ta biyu da uku a Burtaniya da Amurka, bi da bi.<ref name="k855" /><ref name="w419">{{Cite web |title=This Is What You Came For – Calvin Harris Ft. Rihanna |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211234248/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Rihanna ta fitar da "Sledgehammer" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Star Trek Beyond (soundtrack)">sauti na fim don Star Trek Beyond . A watan Agusta, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Michael Jackson Video Vanguard a 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, inda ta yi jerin waƙoƙin da ta fi cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is Your 2016 VMA Video Vanguard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709040142/http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitette |first=Nicole |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is the Recipient of 2016 MTV Video Vanguard Award |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201838/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta kara hadin gwiwar ta, ta bayyana a kan [[DJ Khaled]]'s "Wild Thoughts" da Kendrick Lamar's "Loyalty".<ref name="h140">{{Cite web |last=Helman |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2017 |title=DJ Khaled – 'Wild Thoughts' (Feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100718/https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref name="s035">{{Cite web |last=Parham |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Story Behind the Kendrick Lamar And Rihanna Collaboration 'Loyalty'. |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716074842/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Fader]]}}</ref> Tsohon ya kai lamba ta biyu a Amurka, yayin da na ƙarshe ya lashe ta da Lamar Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Performance. A cikin 2017, Rihanna ta nuna Marion Crane a cikin rawar da ta faru a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyar da ta karshe ta Bates Motel; wasan kwaikwayon ya sadu da yabo mai yawa.<ref name="Reviews">{{Cite web |title=Bates Motel: Season 5 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223080935/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A cikin fim din Luc Besson na kimiyya mai suna Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), ta taka rawar gani, mai ba da nishaɗi da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din tashar sararin samaniya, tare da Dane DeHaan da Cara Delevingne . <ref name="x784">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'' review – Luc Besson's space oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/03/valerian-and-the-city-of-a-thousand-planets-review-luc-besson-cara-delevingne-dane-dehaan-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h357">{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna Is in Maybe 5 Minutes of ''Valerian'' and They Are All Spectacular |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123044009/https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name="i360">{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Patrik |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna's Cameo in ''Valerian'' Is Short but Magnificent |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124225511/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta fara yin soyayya da ɗan kasuwa na Saudiyya Hassan Jameel; dangantakarsu ta ƙare a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2018 |title=A Complete Timeline of Rihanna and Hassan Jameel's Romance |url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032732/https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=Vogue Arabia}}</ref><ref name="turning30">{{Cite web |last=Nnadi |first=Chioma |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Rihanna on Body Image, Turning 30, And Staying Real—no Matter What |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032812/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Ashley |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Rihanna and Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel Split After Nearly 3 Years of Dating |url=https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112803/https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Hiatus, uwaye, da kuma Super Bowl LVII rabin lokaci show === [[File:Rihanna_visits_U.S._Embassy_in_Barbados_2024_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna smiling|thumb|Rihanna ta ziyarci Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Barbados a 2024]] Rihanna ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata da aka jefa a fim din Ocean's 8 (2018), wanda Gary Ross ya jagoranta. Fim din ya kasance babban nasarar ofishin jakadancin, yana samun dala miliyan 300 a duniya. Tare da [[Donald Glover]], ta fito a fim din Guava Island (2019), inda ta taka rawar soyayya ta halinsa.<ref name="z523">{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Dee |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Your Guide to Donald Glover and Rihanna's ''Guava Island'' Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331224621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, an sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Sony / ATV Music Publishing. Rihanna ta bayyana a waƙar PartyNextDoor "Believe It" (2020). Dan Amurka mai suna ASAP Rocky ya tabbatar da cewa shi da Rihanna suna cikin dangantaka a watan Mayu na 2021; su biyu sun fara soyayya kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, jim kadan bayan ta rabu da Jameel. <ref name="k984">{{Cite web |last=Heran Mamo |first=Hannah Dailey |date=September 25, 2025 |title=A Timeline of A$AP Rocky & Rihanna's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010145758/https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta haifi ɗansu na farko a shekarar 2022.<ref name="x069">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Georgia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Rihanna Welcomes First Baby with A$AP Rocky |url=https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001512/https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Jagoran jagora daga sauti na fim din Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mai taken "Lift Me Up", shine fitowar kiɗa ta farko tun ''Anti''. Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa don Golden Globe da Academy Award for Best Original Song . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mckay |first=Karelle |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Rihanna Receives First Oscar Nomination for Original Song 'Lift Me Up' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212357/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl LVII, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayonta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, da kuma ƙarshen kauracewa da ta yi a baya, wanda ta haifar da hadin kai tare da Colin Kaepernick. Ayyukan sun jawo hankalin masu kallo miliyan 121.017, wanda ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl da aka fi kallo a tarihi, ya wuce wasan kwaikwayon Super Bowl XLIX na Katy Perry. Ya sami Rihanna biyar Primetime Emmy Award nominations, ciki har da daya don Outstanding Variety Special (Live). Rihanna ta zama mutum na farko da ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl yayin da take da ciki, ta bayyana ciki yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya a cikin 2023, ta haifi ta da ASAP Rocky ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Newborn Baby's Name Revealed |url=https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118112110/https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Smurfs'', wanda aka yi masa mummunan ra'ayi, kuma ta haifi ita da ASAP Rocky ta uku, 'yar. <ref name="i407">{{Cite web |title=''Smurfs'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131314/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="y307">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rihanna Gives Birth to Her Third Child—and It's a Girl! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924222204/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=[[vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta ba da rahoton cewa gidan Rihanna na Beverly Hills, wanda ta raba tare da ASAP Rocky, wani wanda ake zargi da bindiga na AR-15 ne ya harbe shi.<ref name="w985">{{Cite web |last=Lapham |first=Jake |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Rihanna's Beverly Hills home hit by gunfire, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2pm2kvkeo |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="d266">{{Cite web |last=Castleman |first=Terry |last2=Jany |first2=Libor |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Gate to Rihanna's home, an RV hit by bullets as suspect fired assault-style rifle, police say |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2026-03-08/rihanna-beverly-hills-mansion-is-struck-by-gunfire-source-says |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An kama wata mace da ake zargi. Rihanna tana gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, amma ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba.<ref name="d841">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Woman shoots at Rihanna's L.A. home with AR-15-style rifle; no injuries reported, police say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-shoots-rihannas-l-home-ar-15-style-rifle-no-injuries-reported-po-rcna262362 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, Rihanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane-zane na Jay-Z 30 a Filin wasa na Yankee a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tana raira "Run This Town" da "Bitch Better Have My Money" tare da Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Brahmjot |date=July 13, 2026 |title=Rihanna Turns Heads With First Performance in Years at Jay-Z's NYC Concert |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433917/rihanna-performs-for-first-time-in-years-at-jay-zs-nyc-concert |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Rihanna mezzo-soprano ce tare da kewayon murya daga B<nowiki><sub id="mwBY4">2</sub></nowiki> zuwa Cī6.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018}}<ref name="y010">{{Cite web |last=Kristobak |first=Ryan |date=May 20, 2014 |title=You'll Never Guess Which Singer Has The Largest Vocal Range |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131205710/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>Ta fara horar da murya yayin rikodin Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) a karkashin jagorancin Ne-Yo, wanda ya koya mata dabarun numfashi da isar da muryar murya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Masu sukar sun nuna yadda take aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban: James Skinner na [[BBC]] ya bayyana aikinta a kan "Love the Way You Lie (Part II) " a matsayin "mai ba da umurni, mai rai da rauni", yayin da Andy Gill na The Independent ya ambaci "California King Bed" a matsayin rawar murya mafi karfi. ''Billboard'' ta ce "Diamonds" ta nuna ta "mafi girman murya, mafi yawan murya", kuma Jon Caramanica na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa muryarta ta zama "makami na sanyaya da rashin kulawa". A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya ta a matsayi na sittin da takwas a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci". Rihanna sau da yawa tana rubuta waƙoƙinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="o934">{{Cite web |last=Benitez-Eves |first=Tina |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Songs You Didn't Know Rihanna Wrote for Other Artists |url=https://americansongwriter.com/5-songs-you-didnt-know-rihanna-wrote-for-other-artists/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref><ref name="m312">{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2015 |title=The pop-up hit factory: How a songwriter bootcamp helped Rihanna fight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/52j3yMmbpPG2PjfS1z79nVW/the-pop-up-hit-factory-how-a-songwriter-bootcamp-helped-rihanna-fight-back |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=BBC}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Rihanna da farko R & B ne da pop, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar Dancehall, EDM, da manya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |title=Rihanna Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108043333/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |quote=…Rihanna is also uncommonly dynamic, having mixed and matched pure pop, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and adult contemporary material throughout her career.}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kiɗa an yi alama da gwaji, kuma ta bayyana cewa burinta shine "yi kiɗa da za a iya ji a wasu sassan duniya da ban taɓa zuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2015 |title=Rihanna Learned to Sing by Mimicking Celine Dion |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/article/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175534/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion-1.2291713 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> A Barbados, Rihanna ta samo wahayi daga reggae, soca, da hip-hop, kuma bayan ta koma Amurka, an gabatar da ita ga nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da dutse.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}Tushen farko na dancehall na Rihanna ya bayyana a cikin kundi biyu na farko, Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Music of the Sun ya nuna tasirin al'adun kiɗa na Caribbean; Kelefa Sanneh na The New York Times ya kira Rihanna "mafi kyawun mawaƙa don gano yadda za'a iya amfani da rhythms na lantarki".{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Da yake son ci gaban fasaha, A Girl Like Me ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kai wanda mata matasa ke fuskanta, tare da ballads waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu kyau da balaga.<ref name="AllmusicLikeMe">{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=David |title=''A Girl like Me'' – Rihanna |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013710/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]}}</ref> Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) ta nuna tashi daga farkon tasirin Caribbean kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, tare da waƙoƙin rawa-pop kamar "Push Up on Me" da "Don't Stop the Music".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rabin farko na kundin yana da tasirin tasirin pop na shekarun 1980, yayin da rabi na biyu ya fi dogara ga R & B na gargajiya.<ref name="pandr" /> Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.<ref name="VentedOnLP">{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 24, 2009 |title=Rihanna 'Vented' on Her Just-Released ''Rated R'' Album |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113001754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album.jhtml |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=October 29, 2010 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Preview: Eminem Gets Dark on Otherwise Light LP |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825082709/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp.jhtml |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep. Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&amp;amp;M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Continues to Leak Online |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-to-leak-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514133358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-leak-online.jhtml |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".<ref name="h744">{{Cite web |title=''Unapologetic'' by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826194741/https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref><ref name="d273">{{Cite web |last=Dobbins |first=Amanda |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Let's Discuss Rihanna's ''Unapologetic'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060839/https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Anti'' (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.   Rihanna ta gano [[Madonna]] a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".<ref name="j122">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna: 'Madonna is my biggest inspiration' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131190202/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.<ref name="Saysshes">{{Cite web |title=Rihanna Says She's Inspired by Mariah Carey |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724001957/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta. Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, ''Afrodisiac'' (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . <ref name="f910">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Da'Shan |date=June 8, 2018 |title=Revisiting Brandy's 'Never Say Never' 20 years later |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060246/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon [[Bob Marley]] a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.<ref name="Saysshes" /> Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing]<ref name="n792">{{Cite web |last=Al-Khateeb |first=Zac |date=February 12, 2023 |title=Where is Rihanna from? How artist's Barbados roots will influence Super Bowl halftime show |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060620/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.<ref name="turning30" /> Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast". Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Rihanna Would Give Her 'Entire Life' to Play Whitney Houston |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127105532/http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref name="b236">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Rihanna speaks about ''Battleship'' role |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417071607/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar [[Janet Jackson]], <ref name="Saysshes" /> Aaliyah, [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], [[Celine Dion]], Grace Jones, Lil 'Kim, Prince, da Brandy .<ref name="r617">{{Cite web |last=Zendle |first=Miriam |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna: Beyonce's my inspiration |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517054439/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref name="z346">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=10 Things You Never Knew About... Grace Jones |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824100006/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |archive-date=August 24, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref name="x276">{{Cite web |last=Kallor |first=Amber |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Rihanna on the '90s Beauty Icon Who Has Inspired Her Many Looks |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155715/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Artists That Wouldn't Be the Same Without Prince |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426125043/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name="f910" /> === Bidiyo da mataki === [[File:RihannaLastGirlOnEarthSnapMar2011.jpg|alt=Rihanna, with red, long hair in a colourful dress, performing on stage|thumb|Rihanna a kan Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2011. Tana da jan gashi mai haske, wanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Loud, <ref name="x596">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Janae |date=April 2, 2022 |title=The Rihanna Hair Evolution: Through the Years |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060541/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]}}</ref> da kuma tufafi masu launi da yawa.]] == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] evc572gghjqf2r91v4v4ibag8grkk1b 965436 965435 2026-10-09T21:15:21Z Nura Bello 24854 965436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (/riˈænə/ i ree-AN-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |last=HLN |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Rihanna Shows AJ Hammer How to Pronounce Her Name. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> an haife ta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) mawaƙiya ce ta Barbadian, marubuciya, 'yar kasuwa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=August 26, 2020 |title=A$AP Rocky Answers 18 Questions from Rihanna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an san ta da aikinta na fannoni da yawa, sake fasalin fasaha, da kuma salon salon salon. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace sama da miliyan 250, Rihanna tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.12345Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.[1][2] Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.[3][4] A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep.[5] Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). [6] Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".[7][8] Anti (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.[9]Rihanna ta gano Madonna a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".[1] Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.[1][2]Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.[3] Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta.[4] Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, Afrodisiac (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . [5]A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon Bob Marley a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.[1] Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing][2] Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.[3][4] Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast".[5] Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.[6][7] Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar Janet Jackson, [1] Aaliyah, Beyonce, Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Bayan sanya hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna ta fara fitowa tare da rikodin Caribbean-inspired Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006), dukansu biyu sun kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200. Waƙoƙin da suka jagoranci, "Pon de Replay" da "SOS", sun kai lamba biyu da ɗaya a kan <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka. Da yake karɓar hoto mai girma, Rihanna ta tashi zuwa shahararriya kuma ta sauya zuwa rawa-pop da R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B tare da kundin da ta fi sayar da shi Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) da sake bugawa, mai taken Reloaded (2008). Aikin ya samar da jerin waƙoƙi masu nasara, gami da waƙoƙin Amurka "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", da "Disturbia". Bayyanar baƙonta a kan "Live Your Life", "Love the Way You Lie", da kuma "The Monster" kuma sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Bayan bincika ƙarin jigogi na sirri a kan rikodin da ya shafi dutse Rated R (2009), Rihanna ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundin rawa-pop Loud (2010) da Talk That Talk (2011), kuma ta hau kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da saitin synth-pop Unapologetic (2012). Ta tashi daga Def Jam don goyon bayan Roc Nation, ta saki eclectic ''Anti'' (2016) - kundi na biyu na lamba daya. Wadannan kundin sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Rude Boy", "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?", "S&amp;amp;M", "Mun sami soyayya", "Diamonds", da "Aiki". Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Rihanna tana fitowa da mutane kuma tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokuta. Ta kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim sun ''Gida'' da Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), da ''Smurfs'' (2025). Rihanna ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Grammy Awards tara, Billboard Music Awards goma sha biyu, American Music Awards gomasharo, da kuma MTV Video Music Awards bakwai. Ita ce mafi girman ƙwararren mata na dijital ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka, kuma tana da ƙwararrun 'yan lu'u-lu'u guda takwas da ƙwararriyar lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mace mai kiɗa ta farko da ta kai matsayin biliyan, Rihanna ta kafa Gidauniyar Clara Lionel mai zaman kanta, alamar kayan kwalliya Fenty Beauty, da alamar kayan ado Fenty a ƙarƙashin LVMH. Gwamnatin Barbados ta nada ta a matsayin jakada a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin Jarumi na Barbados a shekarar 2021. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1988-2002: Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Casa_donde_vivió_Rihanna,_a_pocos_metros_del_puerto_de_Bridgetown.jpg|alt=A small house prominently coloured in red, green, and orange|thumb|Gidan iyayen Rihanna a Bridgetown, kawai 'yan mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin]] An haifi Robyn Rihanna Fenty a Saint Michael, Barbados, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1988. {{Sfn|Weidhase|2024}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Ita 'yar Monica ce (née Braithwaite), mai lissafin kuɗi na Afro-Guyanese, da Ronald Fenty, mai kula da ɗakin ajiya na Barbadian na Afirka, Irish, Ingilishi, da zuriyar Scotland.{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Rihanna: Out for Revenge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510063957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>Rihanna tana da 'yan uwan biyu, Rorrey da Rajad Fenty, da kuma' yan uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwanta daga dangantakar mahaifinta ta baya.{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta girma ne a cikin wani bungalow mai dakuna uku a Bridgetown kuma ta taimaka wa mahaifinta sayar da tufafi a wani kantin sayar da titi.{{Sfn|Novic|2019}}<ref name="n403">{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Leah |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Inside Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Rags-to-Riches Family Life |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722041237/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>Yayinda take yarinya ta shafar maye da jarabawar cocaine ta mahaifinta, wanda ya lalata auren iyayenta. <ref name="o839">{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Kira |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Rihanna: 'That's a Part of My Life I Want to Throw Away' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/21/rihanna-interview |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="l893">{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Vandana |date=February 12, 2024 |title=All About Rihanna's Parents, Ronald Fenty and Monica Braithwaite |url=https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616010227/https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="j079">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Rihanna Drops Legal Case Against Her Father |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610013748/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi magana game da ganin mahaifinta ya wulakanta mahaifiyarta, yana bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi karfi da na sani, idan ba mafi karfi ba".{{Sfn|Muehlhoff|2010}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}} Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta sha wahala daga ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda ke buƙatar [[CT scan|CT scans]] da yawa, tare da likitoci da ke zargin ciwon daji. Rashin lafiyarta ya fara ingantawa bayan iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da shekaru 14.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2015}}Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Charles F. Broome Memorial da Makarantar Combermere.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|2014}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗalibi mai halin kirki" wanda ya guje wa matsala.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ta nuna sha'awar waka, rawa, da waka. A wannan lokacin, Rihanna ta fara sauraron masu fasahar reggae kamar Sizzla da Damien Marley, da kuma mawaƙa na R & B kamar [[Whitney Houston]] da [[Mariah Carey]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}}A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, ta zama cadet a cikin Cadet Corps na Barbados, tare da mawaƙa na gaba Shontelle a matsayin sajan ta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake da farko ta shirya kammala makarantar sakandare, daga ƙarshe ta fita tana da shekaru 16 don neman aikin kiɗa. === 2003-2006: Farawar aiki tare da Music of the Sun da A Girl Like Me''Yarinya Kamar Ni'' === A shekara ta 2003, Rihanna ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa guda uku tare da abokan aji biyu a Barbados.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba tare da sunansa ba kuma ba tare da kayan asali ba, [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ta saurara ga mai gabatar da Amurka Evan Rogers, wanda ya tuna cewa "minti Rihanna ta shiga cikin dakin, kamar sauran' yan mata biyu ba su wanzu ba". <ref name="j007">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Andrew Lloyd Webber Claims He Discovered Rihanna on His Travels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-claims-he-discovered-rihanna-in-barbados |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Wadannan uku sun ci gaba da yin murfin Destiny's Child's "Emotion".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Da yake sha'awar, Rogers ya shirya ganawa ta biyu tare da Rihanna da mahaifiyarta - a wannan lokacin ba tare da sauran 'yan mata biyu ba - kuma daga baya ya gayyace su zuwa garinsu a [[Connecticut]] don yin rikodin kaset don gabatarwar lakabin rikodin.<ref name="p858">{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Sylvia |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Singing in the Rain: An Exclusive Interview with Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta demo tape ya hada da "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A shekara ta 2005, ta zama mai zane na farko da ya sanya hannu tare da Syndicated Rhythm Productions, kamfanin samarwa wanda Rogers da Carl Sturken suka kafa.<ref name="p858" />{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} An aika demo din Rihanna ga rapper [[Jay-Z]], wanda ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na lakabin rikodin Def Jam Recordings . <ref name="z330">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amina |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Amina Taylor Meets Singer Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001200047/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake Jay-Z da farko ya yi tunanin "Pon de Replay" ya yi yawa ga sabon mai zane, ya gayyace ta zuwa sauraro. A farkon shekara ta 2005, ta yi a Birnin New York don Jay-Z da kuma mai kula da kiɗa Antonio "L.A." Reid, tana raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston "For the Love of You" tare da waƙoƙi na demo "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".<ref name="p858" /><ref name="z173">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Rihanna – 10 of the Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/28/rihanna-10-of-the-best |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jay-Z ta gamsu da iyawarta, kuma Reid ya gaya masa kada ya bar ta barin ginin ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.<ref name="Jay-ZPicks">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=2007 |title=Jay-Z's Picks: Teairra Mari, Rihanna, Ne-Yo |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053302/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2011 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ta jira a ofishin Jay-Z yayin da lauyoyi suka kammala kwangilar kundi shida tare da Def Jam. Rihanna ta soke taron da aka shirya tare da wasu lakabi kuma, jim kadan bayan ta cika shekaru 16, ta ƙaura daga Barbados zuwa Amurka. A can, ta kammala karatun sakandare tare da malami.<ref name="y117">{{Cite web |last=Gracie |first=Bianca |date=May 28, 2020 |title=An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710013021/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}} [[File:RihannaJingle_Ball_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, in her late teens, facing the other way of the camera under a red light|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a KIIS-FM Jingle Ball a shekara ta 2005]] Bayan Rihanna ta sanya hannu tare da Def Jam, Jay-Z da tawagarsa sun kwashe watanni uku suna kammala kundi na farko.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta yi aiki tare da masu samarwa daban-daban, da farko Rogers da Sturken.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}An zaɓi "Pon de Replay" a matsayin jagora saboda roƙon lokacin rani.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}An saki waƙar a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2005, kuma ta zama nasarar kasuwanci, ta kai lamba ta biyu a duka US <nowiki><i id="mwAWw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. {{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An saki kundi na farko na studio, Music of the Sun, a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005. Ya fara ne a lamba goma a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwAXk">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na raka'a 69,000.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙarsa ta biyu, "If It's Lovin' That You Want", ta kai lamba 36 a Amurka.<ref name="z214">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'SOS' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2211667/the-number-ones-rihannas-sos/columns/the-number-ones/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da cameo a cikin fim din kai tsaye zuwa DVD Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), inda ta nuna kanta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta saki Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a watan Satumbar 2005.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An kira shi A Girl Like Me, an saki rikodin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Here's Every Rihanna Song to Go Platinum so Far |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060948/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kundin pop da reggae, <ref name="SanMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=SanMiguel |first=Celia |date=June 2006 |title=Review: ''A Girl like Me'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408034539/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |quote=a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots}}</ref> A Girl Like Me ya kai lamba biyar a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, tare da kofe 115,000 da aka sayar a Amurka a cikin makon farko. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ya zama kundi na farko na platinum sau biyu na RIAA, wanda ya wuce miliyan daya da aka sayar. Ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "SOS", "Unfaithful", "We Ride", da kuma "Break It Off". "SOS" ya zama waƙarta ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yayin da "Unfaithful" ya kai saman goma na sigogi a duk duniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Don inganta duka A Girl Like Me da Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara rangadin kide-kide na farko, mai taken Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour, a cikin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna Lets Fans Be Her Guide, Selects Summer Jam 'We Ride' as Next Single: Singer on First Headlining Tour Through Early August |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131234/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> === 2007-2008: Yarinya mai kyau ta tafi mummunan''Yarinya Mai Kyau ta Fito'' === [[File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg|alt=Rihanna with a bob cut performing in into a microphone on a stage|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Good Girl Gone Bad Tour a shekara ta 2008]] A farkon shekara ta 2007, Rihanna ta fara yin rikodin kundi na uku. Da yake da niyyar watsar da hotonta na yarinya mai ƙofar kusa don tallafawa mutum mai girma da tawaye, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da su kamar Ne-Yo, Timbaland, [[Justin Timberlake]], da Tricky Stewart don kundin.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sakamakon kundin, Good Girl Gone Bad, an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2007, zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref name="pandr">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2007 |title=Review: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192438/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h093">{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=''Good Girl Gone Bad'' by Rihanna |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/good-girl-gone-bad/rihanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602134202/http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/rihanna/goodgirlgonebad |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, ya nuna canji daga sautin Caribbean na aikinta na baya, yana rungumar jagorancin zamani wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙin rawa na uptempo.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 162,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}} Jagoran jagora daga Good Girl Gone Bad shine "Umbrella", tare da Jay-Z. Ya hau kan sigogi a yankuna da yawa, yana ciyar da makonni goma da bakwai a jere a lamba daya a kan UK Singles Chart da ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, "Shut Up and Drive" da "Hate That I Love You", sun kai lamba goma sha biyar da bakwai a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi, yayin da kundi na huɗu, "Don't Stop the Music", ya kai lamba uku.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin duniya na Good Girl Gone Bad a watan Satumbar 2007, inda ta yi kide-kide 80 a fadin nahiyoyi biyar.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A Grammy Awards na 50, ta sami gabatarwa da yawa don Good Girl Gone Bad kuma ta lashe Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "Umbrella" tare da Jay-Z.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, ta fito da "Rehab", na biyar kuma na ƙarshe daga Good Girl Gone Bad; ya kai saman a cikin manyan sigogi 20 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Bayan sayar da kwafin miliyan tara har zuwa 2023, Good Girl Gone Bad shine kundin da aka fi sayarwa a duk duniya.<ref name="x012">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Axl |date=November 8, 2023 |title=What Is Rihanna's Best-Selling Album? |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518074114/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Entertainment Weekly mai suna Rihanna "Diva of the Year" a cikin 2008, yana yabon ta "sabon ikon zama". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, Rihanna ta shiga [[Kanye West]] a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan Glow in the Dark Tour . An sake fitar da Good Girl Gone Bad, mai taken Reloaded, a ranar 2 ga Yuni; sayar da kwafin 63,000 a cikin makon farko, ya taimaka wa kundin asali ya tashi zuwa lamba bakwai a Amurka. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sake caji ya haifar da sabbin waƙoƙi huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu - "Disturbia" da "Take a Bow" - sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka saki Reloaded, ta ba da Good Girl Gone Bad Live, wani shirin DVD wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Rihanna na Disamba 2007 a [[Manchester Arena]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A shekara ta 2008, ta sanar da dangantakarta ta soyayya da mawaƙa [[Chris Brown]] kuma ta hau kan Hot 100 na makonni shida tare da fasalin waƙar rapper TI "Live Your Life".<ref name="c550">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Rihanna and Chris Brown's relationship through the years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513150504/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2009-2011: Shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin gida, Rated R, da Loud''Da ƙarfi'' === [[File:Rihanna_2010_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, her right hand holding and performing into a microphone, with her left pointing at someone in the crowd|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2010]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an tilasta wa Rihanna soke aikin da ta shirya a 51st Annual Grammy Awards biyo bayan rahotanni cewa Brown ya yi mata hari.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Daga baya ya mika kansa ga hukumomi kuma an tsare shi bisa zargin yin barazanar aikata laifuka. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da kai hari da yin barazanar aikata laifuka.<ref name="n230">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's father says singer 'remorseful' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030108/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Wannan shari'ar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman bayan TMZ ta buga hoton 'yan sanda da ya ɓace wanda ke nuna Rihanna tare da raunin da ake gani. An kira Rihanna don yin shaida a wani sauraro na farko a Los Angeles a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2009. Lamarin da sakamakonsa sun rinjayi ta a fannin fasaha, wanda ya sa ta fara aiki a kan kundi na huɗu na studio, mai taken Rated R, wata daya bayan Grammy Awards.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Rated R ya nuna canji daga sauti mai kyau na kundin Rihanna na baya, yana rungumar sautin duhu, mai zurfi tare da tasirin dutse. <ref name="MichDaily">{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Sasha |date=November 22, 2009 |title=Rihanna turns dark on ''Rated R'' |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128205713/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sayar da kwafin 181,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ɗaya daga cikin "Rude Boy" ya kai saman Hot 100 na makonni shida, yayin da "Russian Roulette" da "Hard" dukansu sun kai saman goma.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta shiga cikin dangantaka ta kan-sake, tare da rapper na Kanada [[Drake]] a cikin 2009 kuma, don tallafawa Rated R, ta fara rangadin Last Girl on Earth daga 2010 zuwa 2011.<ref name="h937">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Last Girl On Earth tour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215010030/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_The_Loud_Tour_-_30_(6790388762).jpg|alt=Rihanna, with curly hair, performing on stage into a microphone|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Loud Tour a 2011]] A watan Yunin 2010, Rihanna ta yi aiki tare da rapper Eminem a kan wakar "Love the Way You Lie". Ya hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni bakwai a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya; shi ne kuma Waƙar da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta sauya gudanarwa, ta sanya hannu tare da Jay-Z's Roc Nation . Ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundi na biyar, Loud, wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rubuce-rubucen rawa-pop, Loud ya fara ne a lamba uku a Amurka tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 207,000 . {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda uku na ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?" tare da Drake, da "S & M", wanda ya hau kan ginshiƙi bayan fitowar remix tare da [[Britney Spears]] . Rihanna ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi saurin mai zane-zane a tarihin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 don tarawa goma na farko. <ref name="y440">{{Cite web |last=Tehomilic |first=Tommy |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna earns 10th No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602205951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 53 a cikin 2011, "Kawai Yarinya (A Duniya) " ta lashe Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu. <ref name="x529">{{Cite web |last=Fresh |first=Mikey |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Grammy Recap: Stargate Talks Rihanna's 'Only Girl (In The World)' Winning 'Best Dance Recording' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112174338/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Man Down", "California King Bed", da "Cheers (Drink to That) " an sake su a matsayin mutane daga Loud a cikin 2011.<ref name="i594">{{Cite web |last=Copsey |first=Robert |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Rihanna announces next single |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414145352/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single.html |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta kaddamar da Loud Tour a watan Yunin 2011, wanda ya hada da rikodin rikodin rikodi goma da aka sayar a The O2 Arena a London - mafi yawan mata masu zane a tarihin wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Rihanna Breaks O2 Arena Record with Final Loud Tour Gig |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134155/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |archive-date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref> Wannan yawon shakatawa ya tara dala miliyan 90, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin yawon shakata mafi girma a duk duniya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="l046">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Loud Tour Grosses $90 Million |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617010026/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Har ila yau, a cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin wasu waƙoƙin masu fasaha guda uku: West's "All of the Lights" daga My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), [[Nicki Minaj]]'s "Fly" daga kundi na farko Pink Friday (2010), da David Guetta's "Who's That Chick?" daga One More Love (2010).<ref name="f210">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Harley |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Kanye West and Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds', 'All of the Lights' at FYF Fest |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033510/https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref><ref name="i713">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Nicki Minaj Says She and Rihanna Would Be a 'Crazy Power Couple' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192439/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2011-2013: Magana da Wannan Magana da Unapologetic''Ba tare da neman gafara ba'' === Rihanna ta yi niyyar bincika jigogi masu nuna jima'i a cikin kundi na shida na studio, Talk That Talk, <ref name="l163">{{Cite web |last=Ferrier |first=Morwenna |date=November 20, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/20/rihanna-talk-that-talk-review |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="s352">{{Cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173718/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011.<ref name="e115" /> Kundin pop da R & B, <ref name="s352" /> <ref name="e115">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 30, 2012 |title=Rihanna Debuts Music Video for 'Where Have You Been' (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412164738/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Talk That Talk ya buɗe a lamba ta uku a kan US ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 198,000, [3] yayin da yake farawa a saman UK Albums Chart tare da raka'a 163,000 da aka sayar.<ref name="h364">{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Album sales fall to new low as Rihanna tops UK chart despite selling less than 10,000 copies of ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/album-sales-fall-to-new-low-as-rihanna-tops-uk-chart-despite-selling-less-than-10-000-copies-of-talk-that-talk-8038553.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mun sami Ƙauna", ya zama babban taswirar duniya.<ref name="k330">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'We Found Love' (Feat. Calvin Harris) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725060431/https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Ya shafe makonni goma da ba a jere ba a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yana mai da shi duka Rihanna mafi tsawo da kuma mafi tsawo a lamba daya song a Amurka a 2011. Kundin ya haifar da wasu waƙoƙi guda uku: "You da One", "Talk That Talk", da "Where Have You Been". "Where Have You Been" ya kai lamba biyar a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Rihanna and Calvin Harris Release 'This Is What You Came For' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203020636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png|alt=Rihanna on stage, wearing a red crop top and long dress, singing into a microphone on stage|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Diamonds World Tour a 2013]] A farkon shekara ta 2012, Rihanna ta bayyana a Coldplay's "Princess of China" da Drake's "Take Care". <ref name="u999">{{Cite web |last=Goble |first=Corban |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Coldplay – 'Princess Of China' (Feat. Rihanna) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075409/https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> <ref name="x884">{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Powers |date=November 8, 2011 |title=Follow The Sample: Drake's 'Take Care' Comes From The Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425003515/http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Fabrairu, ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "All of the Lights" tare da West, kuma an kira ta Mafi kyawun Mata na Duniya a Brit Awards na shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref name="x499">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2012 |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners and Nominees List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113259/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="z651">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Simon |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143310/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Maris, Rihanna da Brown sun fitar da remixes guda biyu - waƙarta "Birthday Cake" da "Turn Up the Music" - waɗanda aka soki saboda tarihin su na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name="s567">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Chris Brown, Rihanna Reunite on 'Birthday Cake,' 'Turn Up the Music' Remixes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616112111/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, bidiyon kiɗa na "Mun sami Ƙauna" ya lashe Bidiyo na Shekara a MTV Video Music Awards, yana mai da Rihanna mace ta farko da ta karɓi girmamawa fiye da sau ɗaya.<ref name="p766">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna wins MTV VMA award for Belfast video We Found Love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919023450/https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="2012 VMA">{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |title=Rihanna, One Direction Top Vmas |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911032420/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Short Form Music Video a shekarar 2013. An saki kundi na bakwai na Rihanna, mai taken Unapologetic, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref name="m564">{{Cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |date=November 19, 2012 |title=This week's new music releases: November 19, 2012 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919163028/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen synth-pop tare da EDM da abubuwan hip-hop, <ref name="x501">{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Jessica |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Rihanna: ''Unapologetic'' |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011130105/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Unapologetic ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na kwafin 238,000, ya zama kundi na farko na Rihanna a Amurka. Kundin kundin, "Diamonds", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ya zama waƙar Rihanna ta goma sha biyu a kan ginshiƙi. Kundin na biyu, "Stay", ya kai lamba uku a Amurka. Don inganta kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin 777, ta yi wasanni bakwai a kasashe bakwai a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Wani shirin fim game da yawon shakatawa ya fito a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sannan aka saki wani DVD a washegari - bidiyon ta na uku mai tsawo. A watan Janairun 2013, Rihanna da Brown sun sake farfado da dangantakarsu, kodayake ya kasance a karkashin gwaji don shari'ar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ta 2009. Su biyu sun rabu kusan watanni huɗu bayan haka. Rihanna ta fara fitowa a fim din a matsayin Petty Officer Cora Raikes a cikin Battleship (2012).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta wasan kwamitin na wannan sunan, Battleship ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, kodayake Neil Genzlinger, yana rubutawa ga The New York Times, ya ce tana da "kyakkyawan rawar da take takawa. "<ref name="q235">{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Alex |date=April 6, 2012 |title=''Battleship'': Is board game adaptation Hollywood's last roll of the dice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/07/battleship-hasbro-adaptation-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="u485">{{Cite web |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=May 18, 2012 |title=''Battleship'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123161420/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="w089">{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Aliens Fight Heroic Earthlings in ''Battleship'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915210742/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, Shafukan hukuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ta sayar da rikodin miliyan 3.87 a kasar a shekarar da ta gabata, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na farko a cikin masu zane-zane na 2013 Brit Awards.<ref name="officialcharts.com">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=The BRIT Awards 2013: The Biggest Selling Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025316/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ta biyar headlining yawon shakatawa, Diamonds World Tour, an kaddamar da shi a watan Maris na 2013 don tallafawa Unapologetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna Unveils Diamonds Tour Dates After Big VMA Night |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909225914/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012.jhtml |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi cameo a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo This Is the End (2013), kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da rapper Wale a kan remix dinsa na "Bad". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, ta hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart tare da fasalin waƙar Eminem "The Monster".<ref name="j531">{{Cite web |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Why Is Eminem's 'The Monster' No. 1 on the Charts? Because It's a Sequel. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060609/https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="l431">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Eminem lands seventh UK number one album |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060208/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === 2014-2017: Fitarwa na tsaye da ''Anti'' === A cikin 2014, [[Shakira]] ta nuna Rihanna a kan waƙarta "Ba za a iya tunawa da ku ba". Bayan fitowar Unapologetic da yawon shakatawa da ya biyo baya, ta nuna sha'awar yin hutu daga rikodin, tana cewa tana son "shekara don yin duk abin da nake so a fasaha, da kirkira".<ref name="p678">{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |last2=Abby Aguirre |first2=Mert Alas |last3=Piggott |first3=Marcus |date=March 17, 2016 |title=It's Rihanna's World |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816103428/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Mayu, ta rabu da Def Jam Recordings kuma ta sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa Roc Nation, lakabin da ke gudanar da aikinta tun Oktoba 2010.<ref name="s383">{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Lauren |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Rihanna Has Left Def Jam and Signed to Jay Z's Roc Nation... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225052307/https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |archive-date=February 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a kan kundi na takwas na studio, Rihanna ta saki waƙoƙin "FourFiveSeconds" (haɗin gwiwa tare da West da Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", da "American Oxygen"; babu wani daga cikin ukun da ya bayyana a jerin waƙoƙar karshe na kundin.<ref name="r521">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Gerrick D. |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Rihanna and Kanye, we need to hear more from you. Make it in 2016, please. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060508/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="k741">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=''Anti'' (Deluxe) by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725115514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta fito tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da [[Jennifer Lopez]] a matsayin muryar Tip a cikin fim din Home . Rihanna kuma ta tsara kuma ta saki kundin ra'ayi a matsayin sauti.<ref name="s361">{{Cite web |last=Mokoena |first=Tshepo |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Rihanna to make concept album for DreamWorks animated film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/27/rihanna-concept-album-dreamworks-animated-film |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_Concert_for_Valor_in_Washington,_D.C._Nov._11,_2014_(face_cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna performing on stage|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Concert for Valor a shekarar 2014]] A ƙarshen 2015, Rihanna ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 25 tare da [[Samsung]] don inganta Layin samfurin Galaxy, tare da kamfanin kuma yana tallafawa ƙaddamar da kundi na takwas na studio, mai taken ''Anti'', da kuma yawon shakatawa.<ref name="z282">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angus |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Rihanna Signs $25 Million Deal With Samsung |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/461051-rihanna-signs-s25-million-deal-with-samsung-news |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref><ref name="v939">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Rihanna Anti tour review – hit-packed victory lap with a dose of dancehall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/rihanna-anti-tour-review-hit-packed-victory-lap |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An saki kundin ne kawai a kan sabis na yawo Tidal a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na nau'o'i kamar pop, Dancehall, da psychedelic soul, ''Anti'' ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana nuna rikodin taswirar ta biyu a Amurka. <ref name="g630">{{Cite web |last=McHenry |first=Jackson |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Rihanna's ''Anti'' Returns to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> Jagoran, "Work", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni tara, tare da na uku da na huɗu, "Ina Bukata Ni" da "Ƙaunar kan Brain", suna ƙaruwa a cikin manyan goma. An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Anti World a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 don tallafawa kundin. <ref name="p734">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Iyana |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Rihanna Is Taking The Weeknd, Big Sean And Travis Scott On Her #ANTIWorldTour |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-anti-world-tour-388704/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Rihanna ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan mutane da yawa: Calvin Harris's "This Is What You Came For"; Drake's "Too Good"; <ref name="i985">{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Matthew |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Drake: 'Too Good' [ft. Rihanna] |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091804/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> da Mike Will Made It's "Nothing Is Promised". <ref name="b319">{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Mike WiLL Made-It Unleashes Previous Rihanna Collaboration, 'Nothing Is Promised' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-mike-will-made-it-nothing-is-promised-425404/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> "Wannan shine abin da kuka zo" ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ta biyu da uku a Burtaniya da Amurka, bi da bi.<ref name="k855" /><ref name="w419">{{Cite web |title=This Is What You Came For – Calvin Harris Ft. Rihanna |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211234248/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Rihanna ta fitar da "Sledgehammer" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Star Trek Beyond (soundtrack)">sauti na fim don Star Trek Beyond . A watan Agusta, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Michael Jackson Video Vanguard a 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, inda ta yi jerin waƙoƙin da ta fi cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is Your 2016 VMA Video Vanguard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709040142/http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitette |first=Nicole |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is the Recipient of 2016 MTV Video Vanguard Award |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201838/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta kara hadin gwiwar ta, ta bayyana a kan [[DJ Khaled]]'s "Wild Thoughts" da Kendrick Lamar's "Loyalty".<ref name="h140">{{Cite web |last=Helman |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2017 |title=DJ Khaled – 'Wild Thoughts' (Feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100718/https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref name="s035">{{Cite web |last=Parham |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Story Behind the Kendrick Lamar And Rihanna Collaboration 'Loyalty'. |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716074842/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Fader]]}}</ref> Tsohon ya kai lamba ta biyu a Amurka, yayin da na ƙarshe ya lashe ta da Lamar Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Performance. A cikin 2017, Rihanna ta nuna Marion Crane a cikin rawar da ta faru a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyar da ta karshe ta Bates Motel; wasan kwaikwayon ya sadu da yabo mai yawa.<ref name="Reviews">{{Cite web |title=Bates Motel: Season 5 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223080935/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A cikin fim din Luc Besson na kimiyya mai suna Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), ta taka rawar gani, mai ba da nishaɗi da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din tashar sararin samaniya, tare da Dane DeHaan da Cara Delevingne . <ref name="x784">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'' review – Luc Besson's space oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/03/valerian-and-the-city-of-a-thousand-planets-review-luc-besson-cara-delevingne-dane-dehaan-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h357">{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna Is in Maybe 5 Minutes of ''Valerian'' and They Are All Spectacular |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123044009/https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name="i360">{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Patrik |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna's Cameo in ''Valerian'' Is Short but Magnificent |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124225511/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta fara yin soyayya da ɗan kasuwa na Saudiyya Hassan Jameel; dangantakarsu ta ƙare a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2018 |title=A Complete Timeline of Rihanna and Hassan Jameel's Romance |url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032732/https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=Vogue Arabia}}</ref><ref name="turning30">{{Cite web |last=Nnadi |first=Chioma |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Rihanna on Body Image, Turning 30, And Staying Real—no Matter What |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032812/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Ashley |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Rihanna and Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel Split After Nearly 3 Years of Dating |url=https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112803/https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Hiatus, uwaye, da kuma Super Bowl LVII rabin lokaci show === [[File:Rihanna_visits_U.S._Embassy_in_Barbados_2024_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna smiling|thumb|Rihanna ta ziyarci Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Barbados a 2024]] Rihanna ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata da aka jefa a fim din Ocean's 8 (2018), wanda Gary Ross ya jagoranta. Fim din ya kasance babban nasarar ofishin jakadancin, yana samun dala miliyan 300 a duniya. Tare da [[Donald Glover]], ta fito a fim din Guava Island (2019), inda ta taka rawar soyayya ta halinsa.<ref name="z523">{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Dee |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Your Guide to Donald Glover and Rihanna's ''Guava Island'' Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331224621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, an sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Sony / ATV Music Publishing. Rihanna ta bayyana a waƙar PartyNextDoor "Believe It" (2020). Dan Amurka mai suna ASAP Rocky ya tabbatar da cewa shi da Rihanna suna cikin dangantaka a watan Mayu na 2021; su biyu sun fara soyayya kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, jim kadan bayan ta rabu da Jameel. <ref name="k984">{{Cite web |last=Heran Mamo |first=Hannah Dailey |date=September 25, 2025 |title=A Timeline of A$AP Rocky & Rihanna's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010145758/https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta haifi ɗansu na farko a shekarar 2022.<ref name="x069">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Georgia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Rihanna Welcomes First Baby with A$AP Rocky |url=https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001512/https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Jagoran jagora daga sauti na fim din Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mai taken "Lift Me Up", shine fitowar kiɗa ta farko tun ''Anti''. Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa don Golden Globe da Academy Award for Best Original Song . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mckay |first=Karelle |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Rihanna Receives First Oscar Nomination for Original Song 'Lift Me Up' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212357/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl LVII, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayonta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, da kuma ƙarshen kauracewa da ta yi a baya, wanda ta haifar da hadin kai tare da Colin Kaepernick. Ayyukan sun jawo hankalin masu kallo miliyan 121.017, wanda ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl da aka fi kallo a tarihi, ya wuce wasan kwaikwayon Super Bowl XLIX na Katy Perry. Ya sami Rihanna biyar Primetime Emmy Award nominations, ciki har da daya don Outstanding Variety Special (Live). Rihanna ta zama mutum na farko da ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl yayin da take da ciki, ta bayyana ciki yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya a cikin 2023, ta haifi ta da ASAP Rocky ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Newborn Baby's Name Revealed |url=https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118112110/https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Smurfs'', wanda aka yi masa mummunan ra'ayi, kuma ta haifi ita da ASAP Rocky ta uku, 'yar. <ref name="i407">{{Cite web |title=''Smurfs'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131314/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="y307">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rihanna Gives Birth to Her Third Child—and It's a Girl! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924222204/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=[[vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta ba da rahoton cewa gidan Rihanna na Beverly Hills, wanda ta raba tare da ASAP Rocky, wani wanda ake zargi da bindiga na AR-15 ne ya harbe shi.<ref name="w985">{{Cite web |last=Lapham |first=Jake |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Rihanna's Beverly Hills home hit by gunfire, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2pm2kvkeo |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="d266">{{Cite web |last=Castleman |first=Terry |last2=Jany |first2=Libor |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Gate to Rihanna's home, an RV hit by bullets as suspect fired assault-style rifle, police say |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2026-03-08/rihanna-beverly-hills-mansion-is-struck-by-gunfire-source-says |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An kama wata mace da ake zargi. Rihanna tana gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, amma ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba.<ref name="d841">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Woman shoots at Rihanna's L.A. home with AR-15-style rifle; no injuries reported, police say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-shoots-rihannas-l-home-ar-15-style-rifle-no-injuries-reported-po-rcna262362 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, Rihanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane-zane na Jay-Z 30 a Filin wasa na Yankee a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tana raira "Run This Town" da "Bitch Better Have My Money" tare da Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Brahmjot |date=July 13, 2026 |title=Rihanna Turns Heads With First Performance in Years at Jay-Z's NYC Concert |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433917/rihanna-performs-for-first-time-in-years-at-jay-zs-nyc-concert |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Rihanna mezzo-soprano ce tare da kewayon murya daga B<nowiki><sub id="mwBY4">2</sub></nowiki> zuwa Cī6.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018}}<ref name="y010">{{Cite web |last=Kristobak |first=Ryan |date=May 20, 2014 |title=You'll Never Guess Which Singer Has The Largest Vocal Range |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131205710/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>Ta fara horar da murya yayin rikodin Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) a karkashin jagorancin Ne-Yo, wanda ya koya mata dabarun numfashi da isar da muryar murya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Masu sukar sun nuna yadda take aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban: James Skinner na [[BBC]] ya bayyana aikinta a kan "Love the Way You Lie (Part II) " a matsayin "mai ba da umurni, mai rai da rauni", yayin da Andy Gill na The Independent ya ambaci "California King Bed" a matsayin rawar murya mafi karfi. ''Billboard'' ta ce "Diamonds" ta nuna ta "mafi girman murya, mafi yawan murya", kuma Jon Caramanica na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa muryarta ta zama "makami na sanyaya da rashin kulawa". A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya ta a matsayi na sittin da takwas a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci". Rihanna sau da yawa tana rubuta waƙoƙinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="o934">{{Cite web |last=Benitez-Eves |first=Tina |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Songs You Didn't Know Rihanna Wrote for Other Artists |url=https://americansongwriter.com/5-songs-you-didnt-know-rihanna-wrote-for-other-artists/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref><ref name="m312">{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2015 |title=The pop-up hit factory: How a songwriter bootcamp helped Rihanna fight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/52j3yMmbpPG2PjfS1z79nVW/the-pop-up-hit-factory-how-a-songwriter-bootcamp-helped-rihanna-fight-back |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=BBC}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Rihanna da farko R & B ne da pop, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar Dancehall, EDM, da manya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |title=Rihanna Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108043333/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |quote=…Rihanna is also uncommonly dynamic, having mixed and matched pure pop, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and adult contemporary material throughout her career.}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kiɗa an yi alama da gwaji, kuma ta bayyana cewa burinta shine "yi kiɗa da za a iya ji a wasu sassan duniya da ban taɓa zuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2015 |title=Rihanna Learned to Sing by Mimicking Celine Dion |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/article/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175534/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion-1.2291713 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> A Barbados, Rihanna ta samo wahayi daga reggae, soca, da hip-hop, kuma bayan ta koma Amurka, an gabatar da ita ga nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da dutse.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}Tushen farko na dancehall na Rihanna ya bayyana a cikin kundi biyu na farko, Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Music of the Sun ya nuna tasirin al'adun kiɗa na Caribbean; Kelefa Sanneh na The New York Times ya kira Rihanna "mafi kyawun mawaƙa don gano yadda za'a iya amfani da rhythms na lantarki".{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Da yake son ci gaban fasaha, A Girl Like Me ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kai wanda mata matasa ke fuskanta, tare da ballads waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu kyau da balaga.<ref name="AllmusicLikeMe">{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=David |title=''A Girl like Me'' – Rihanna |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013710/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]}}</ref> Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) ta nuna tashi daga farkon tasirin Caribbean kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, tare da waƙoƙin rawa-pop kamar "Push Up on Me" da "Don't Stop the Music".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rabin farko na kundin yana da tasirin tasirin pop na shekarun 1980, yayin da rabi na biyu ya fi dogara ga R & B na gargajiya.<ref name="pandr" /> Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.<ref name="VentedOnLP">{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 24, 2009 |title=Rihanna 'Vented' on Her Just-Released ''Rated R'' Album |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113001754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album.jhtml |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=October 29, 2010 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Preview: Eminem Gets Dark on Otherwise Light LP |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825082709/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp.jhtml |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep. Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&amp;amp;M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Continues to Leak Online |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-to-leak-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514133358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-leak-online.jhtml |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".<ref name="h744">{{Cite web |title=''Unapologetic'' by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826194741/https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref><ref name="d273">{{Cite web |last=Dobbins |first=Amanda |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Let's Discuss Rihanna's ''Unapologetic'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060839/https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Anti'' (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.   Rihanna ta gano [[Madonna]] a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".<ref name="j122">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna: 'Madonna is my biggest inspiration' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131190202/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.<ref name="Saysshes">{{Cite web |title=Rihanna Says She's Inspired by Mariah Carey |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724001957/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta. Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, ''Afrodisiac'' (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . <ref name="f910">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Da'Shan |date=June 8, 2018 |title=Revisiting Brandy's 'Never Say Never' 20 years later |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060246/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon [[Bob Marley]] a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.<ref name="Saysshes" /> Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing]<ref name="n792">{{Cite web |last=Al-Khateeb |first=Zac |date=February 12, 2023 |title=Where is Rihanna from? How artist's Barbados roots will influence Super Bowl halftime show |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060620/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.<ref name="turning30" /> Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast". Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Rihanna Would Give Her 'Entire Life' to Play Whitney Houston |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127105532/http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref name="b236">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Rihanna speaks about ''Battleship'' role |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417071607/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar [[Janet Jackson]], <ref name="Saysshes" /> Aaliyah, [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], [[Celine Dion]], Grace Jones, Lil 'Kim, Prince, da Brandy .<ref name="r617">{{Cite web |last=Zendle |first=Miriam |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna: Beyonce's my inspiration |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517054439/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref name="z346">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=10 Things You Never Knew About... Grace Jones |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824100006/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |archive-date=August 24, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref name="x276">{{Cite web |last=Kallor |first=Amber |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Rihanna on the '90s Beauty Icon Who Has Inspired Her Many Looks |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155715/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Artists That Wouldn't Be the Same Without Prince |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426125043/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name="f910" /> === Bidiyo da mataki === [[File:RihannaLastGirlOnEarthSnapMar2011.jpg|alt=Rihanna, with red, long hair in a colourful dress, performing on stage|thumb|Rihanna a kan Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2011. Tana da jan gashi mai haske, wanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Loud, <ref name="x596">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Janae |date=April 2, 2022 |title=The Rihanna Hair Evolution: Through the Years |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060541/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]}}</ref> da kuma tufafi masu launi da yawa.]] == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jylip49byifdx3odh3ruuxjip6sh7ia 965437 965436 2026-10-09T21:16:25Z Nura Bello 24854 965437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (/riˈænə/ i ree-AN-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |last=HLN |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Rihanna Shows AJ Hammer How to Pronounce Her Name. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> an haife ta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar ta 1988) mawaƙiya ce ta Barbadian, marubuciya, 'yar kasuwa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=August 26, 2020 |title=A$AP Rocky Answers 18 Questions from Rihanna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an san ta da aikinta na fannoni da yawa, sake fasalin fasaha, da kuma salon salon salon. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace sama da miliyan 250, Rihanna tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.12345Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.[1][2] Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.[3][4] A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep.[5] Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). [6] Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".[7][8] Anti (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.[9]Rihanna ta gano Madonna a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".[1] Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.[1][2]Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.[3] Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta.[4] Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, Afrodisiac (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . [5]A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon Bob Marley a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.[1] Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing][2] Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.[3][4] Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast".[5] Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.[6][7] Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar Janet Jackson, [1] Aaliyah, Beyonce, Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Bayan sanya hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna ta fara fitowa tare da rikodin Caribbean-inspired Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006), dukansu biyu sun kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200. Waƙoƙin da suka jagoranci, "Pon de Replay" da "SOS", sun kai lamba biyu da ɗaya a kan <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka. Da yake karɓar hoto mai girma, Rihanna ta tashi zuwa shahararriya kuma ta sauya zuwa rawa-pop da R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B tare da kundin da ta fi sayar da shi Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) da sake bugawa, mai taken Reloaded (2008). Aikin ya samar da jerin waƙoƙi masu nasara, gami da waƙoƙin Amurka "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", da "Disturbia". Bayyanar baƙonta a kan "Live Your Life", "Love the Way You Lie", da kuma "The Monster" kuma sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Bayan bincika ƙarin jigogi na sirri a kan rikodin da ya shafi dutse Rated R (2009), Rihanna ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundin rawa-pop Loud (2010) da Talk That Talk (2011), kuma ta hau kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da saitin synth-pop Unapologetic (2012). Ta tashi daga Def Jam don goyon bayan Roc Nation, ta saki eclectic ''Anti'' (2016) - kundi na biyu na lamba daya. Wadannan kundin sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Rude Boy", "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?", "S&amp;amp;M", "Mun sami soyayya", "Diamonds", da "Aiki". Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Rihanna tana fitowa da mutane kuma tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokuta. Ta kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim sun ''Gida'' da Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), da ''Smurfs'' (2025). Rihanna ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Grammy Awards tara, Billboard Music Awards goma sha biyu, American Music Awards gomasharo, da kuma MTV Video Music Awards bakwai. Ita ce mafi girman ƙwararren mata na dijital ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka, kuma tana da ƙwararrun 'yan lu'u-lu'u guda takwas da ƙwararriyar lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mace mai kiɗa ta farko da ta kai matsayin biliyan, Rihanna ta kafa Gidauniyar Clara Lionel mai zaman kanta, alamar kayan kwalliya Fenty Beauty, da alamar kayan ado Fenty a ƙarƙashin LVMH. Gwamnatin Barbados ta nada ta a matsayin jakada a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin Jarumi na Barbados a shekarar 2021. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1988-2002: Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Casa_donde_vivió_Rihanna,_a_pocos_metros_del_puerto_de_Bridgetown.jpg|alt=A small house prominently coloured in red, green, and orange|thumb|Gidan iyayen Rihanna a Bridgetown, kawai 'yan mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin]] An haifi Robyn Rihanna Fenty a Saint Michael, Barbados, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1988. {{Sfn|Weidhase|2024}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Ita 'yar Monica ce (née Braithwaite), mai lissafin kuɗi na Afro-Guyanese, da Ronald Fenty, mai kula da ɗakin ajiya na Barbadian na Afirka, Irish, Ingilishi, da zuriyar Scotland.{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Rihanna: Out for Revenge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510063957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>Rihanna tana da 'yan uwan biyu, Rorrey da Rajad Fenty, da kuma' yan uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwanta daga dangantakar mahaifinta ta baya.{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta girma ne a cikin wani bungalow mai dakuna uku a Bridgetown kuma ta taimaka wa mahaifinta sayar da tufafi a wani kantin sayar da titi.{{Sfn|Novic|2019}}<ref name="n403">{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Leah |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Inside Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Rags-to-Riches Family Life |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722041237/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>Yayinda take yarinya ta shafar maye da jarabawar cocaine ta mahaifinta, wanda ya lalata auren iyayenta. <ref name="o839">{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Kira |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Rihanna: 'That's a Part of My Life I Want to Throw Away' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/21/rihanna-interview |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="l893">{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Vandana |date=February 12, 2024 |title=All About Rihanna's Parents, Ronald Fenty and Monica Braithwaite |url=https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616010227/https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="j079">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Rihanna Drops Legal Case Against Her Father |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610013748/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi magana game da ganin mahaifinta ya wulakanta mahaifiyarta, yana bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi karfi da na sani, idan ba mafi karfi ba".{{Sfn|Muehlhoff|2010}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}} Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta sha wahala daga ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda ke buƙatar [[CT scan|CT scans]] da yawa, tare da likitoci da ke zargin ciwon daji. Rashin lafiyarta ya fara ingantawa bayan iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da shekaru 14.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2015}}Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Charles F. Broome Memorial da Makarantar Combermere.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|2014}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗalibi mai halin kirki" wanda ya guje wa matsala.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ta nuna sha'awar waka, rawa, da waka. A wannan lokacin, Rihanna ta fara sauraron masu fasahar reggae kamar Sizzla da Damien Marley, da kuma mawaƙa na R & B kamar [[Whitney Houston]] da [[Mariah Carey]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}}A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, ta zama cadet a cikin Cadet Corps na Barbados, tare da mawaƙa na gaba Shontelle a matsayin sajan ta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake da farko ta shirya kammala makarantar sakandare, daga ƙarshe ta fita tana da shekaru 16 don neman aikin kiɗa. === 2003-2006: Farawar aiki tare da Music of the Sun da A Girl Like Me''Yarinya Kamar Ni'' === A shekara ta 2003, Rihanna ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa guda uku tare da abokan aji biyu a Barbados.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba tare da sunansa ba kuma ba tare da kayan asali ba, [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ta saurara ga mai gabatar da Amurka Evan Rogers, wanda ya tuna cewa "minti Rihanna ta shiga cikin dakin, kamar sauran' yan mata biyu ba su wanzu ba". <ref name="j007">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Andrew Lloyd Webber Claims He Discovered Rihanna on His Travels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-claims-he-discovered-rihanna-in-barbados |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Wadannan uku sun ci gaba da yin murfin Destiny's Child's "Emotion".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Da yake sha'awar, Rogers ya shirya ganawa ta biyu tare da Rihanna da mahaifiyarta - a wannan lokacin ba tare da sauran 'yan mata biyu ba - kuma daga baya ya gayyace su zuwa garinsu a [[Connecticut]] don yin rikodin kaset don gabatarwar lakabin rikodin.<ref name="p858">{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Sylvia |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Singing in the Rain: An Exclusive Interview with Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta demo tape ya hada da "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A shekara ta 2005, ta zama mai zane na farko da ya sanya hannu tare da Syndicated Rhythm Productions, kamfanin samarwa wanda Rogers da Carl Sturken suka kafa.<ref name="p858" />{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} An aika demo din Rihanna ga rapper [[Jay-Z]], wanda ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na lakabin rikodin Def Jam Recordings . <ref name="z330">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amina |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Amina Taylor Meets Singer Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001200047/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake Jay-Z da farko ya yi tunanin "Pon de Replay" ya yi yawa ga sabon mai zane, ya gayyace ta zuwa sauraro. A farkon shekara ta 2005, ta yi a Birnin New York don Jay-Z da kuma mai kula da kiɗa Antonio "L.A." Reid, tana raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston "For the Love of You" tare da waƙoƙi na demo "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".<ref name="p858" /><ref name="z173">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Rihanna – 10 of the Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/28/rihanna-10-of-the-best |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jay-Z ta gamsu da iyawarta, kuma Reid ya gaya masa kada ya bar ta barin ginin ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.<ref name="Jay-ZPicks">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=2007 |title=Jay-Z's Picks: Teairra Mari, Rihanna, Ne-Yo |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053302/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2011 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ta jira a ofishin Jay-Z yayin da lauyoyi suka kammala kwangilar kundi shida tare da Def Jam. Rihanna ta soke taron da aka shirya tare da wasu lakabi kuma, jim kadan bayan ta cika shekaru 16, ta ƙaura daga Barbados zuwa Amurka. A can, ta kammala karatun sakandare tare da malami.<ref name="y117">{{Cite web |last=Gracie |first=Bianca |date=May 28, 2020 |title=An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710013021/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}} [[File:RihannaJingle_Ball_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, in her late teens, facing the other way of the camera under a red light|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a KIIS-FM Jingle Ball a shekara ta 2005]] Bayan Rihanna ta sanya hannu tare da Def Jam, Jay-Z da tawagarsa sun kwashe watanni uku suna kammala kundi na farko.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta yi aiki tare da masu samarwa daban-daban, da farko Rogers da Sturken.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}An zaɓi "Pon de Replay" a matsayin jagora saboda roƙon lokacin rani.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}An saki waƙar a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2005, kuma ta zama nasarar kasuwanci, ta kai lamba ta biyu a duka US <nowiki><i id="mwAWw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. {{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An saki kundi na farko na studio, Music of the Sun, a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005. Ya fara ne a lamba goma a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwAXk">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na raka'a 69,000.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙarsa ta biyu, "If It's Lovin' That You Want", ta kai lamba 36 a Amurka.<ref name="z214">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'SOS' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2211667/the-number-ones-rihannas-sos/columns/the-number-ones/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da cameo a cikin fim din kai tsaye zuwa DVD Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), inda ta nuna kanta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta saki Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a watan Satumbar 2005.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An kira shi A Girl Like Me, an saki rikodin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Here's Every Rihanna Song to Go Platinum so Far |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060948/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kundin pop da reggae, <ref name="SanMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=SanMiguel |first=Celia |date=June 2006 |title=Review: ''A Girl like Me'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408034539/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |quote=a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots}}</ref> A Girl Like Me ya kai lamba biyar a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, tare da kofe 115,000 da aka sayar a Amurka a cikin makon farko. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ya zama kundi na farko na platinum sau biyu na RIAA, wanda ya wuce miliyan daya da aka sayar. Ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "SOS", "Unfaithful", "We Ride", da kuma "Break It Off". "SOS" ya zama waƙarta ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yayin da "Unfaithful" ya kai saman goma na sigogi a duk duniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Don inganta duka A Girl Like Me da Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara rangadin kide-kide na farko, mai taken Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour, a cikin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna Lets Fans Be Her Guide, Selects Summer Jam 'We Ride' as Next Single: Singer on First Headlining Tour Through Early August |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131234/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> === 2007-2008: Yarinya mai kyau ta tafi mummunan''Yarinya Mai Kyau ta Fito'' === [[File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg|alt=Rihanna with a bob cut performing in into a microphone on a stage|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Good Girl Gone Bad Tour a shekara ta 2008]] A farkon shekara ta 2007, Rihanna ta fara yin rikodin kundi na uku. Da yake da niyyar watsar da hotonta na yarinya mai ƙofar kusa don tallafawa mutum mai girma da tawaye, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da su kamar Ne-Yo, Timbaland, [[Justin Timberlake]], da Tricky Stewart don kundin.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sakamakon kundin, Good Girl Gone Bad, an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2007, zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref name="pandr">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2007 |title=Review: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192438/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h093">{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=''Good Girl Gone Bad'' by Rihanna |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/good-girl-gone-bad/rihanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602134202/http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/rihanna/goodgirlgonebad |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, ya nuna canji daga sautin Caribbean na aikinta na baya, yana rungumar jagorancin zamani wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙin rawa na uptempo.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 162,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}} Jagoran jagora daga Good Girl Gone Bad shine "Umbrella", tare da Jay-Z. Ya hau kan sigogi a yankuna da yawa, yana ciyar da makonni goma da bakwai a jere a lamba daya a kan UK Singles Chart da ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, "Shut Up and Drive" da "Hate That I Love You", sun kai lamba goma sha biyar da bakwai a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi, yayin da kundi na huɗu, "Don't Stop the Music", ya kai lamba uku.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin duniya na Good Girl Gone Bad a watan Satumbar 2007, inda ta yi kide-kide 80 a fadin nahiyoyi biyar.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A Grammy Awards na 50, ta sami gabatarwa da yawa don Good Girl Gone Bad kuma ta lashe Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "Umbrella" tare da Jay-Z.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, ta fito da "Rehab", na biyar kuma na ƙarshe daga Good Girl Gone Bad; ya kai saman a cikin manyan sigogi 20 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Bayan sayar da kwafin miliyan tara har zuwa 2023, Good Girl Gone Bad shine kundin da aka fi sayarwa a duk duniya.<ref name="x012">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Axl |date=November 8, 2023 |title=What Is Rihanna's Best-Selling Album? |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518074114/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Entertainment Weekly mai suna Rihanna "Diva of the Year" a cikin 2008, yana yabon ta "sabon ikon zama". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, Rihanna ta shiga [[Kanye West]] a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan Glow in the Dark Tour . An sake fitar da Good Girl Gone Bad, mai taken Reloaded, a ranar 2 ga Yuni; sayar da kwafin 63,000 a cikin makon farko, ya taimaka wa kundin asali ya tashi zuwa lamba bakwai a Amurka. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sake caji ya haifar da sabbin waƙoƙi huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu - "Disturbia" da "Take a Bow" - sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka saki Reloaded, ta ba da Good Girl Gone Bad Live, wani shirin DVD wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Rihanna na Disamba 2007 a [[Manchester Arena]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A shekara ta 2008, ta sanar da dangantakarta ta soyayya da mawaƙa [[Chris Brown]] kuma ta hau kan Hot 100 na makonni shida tare da fasalin waƙar rapper TI "Live Your Life".<ref name="c550">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Rihanna and Chris Brown's relationship through the years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513150504/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2009-2011: Shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin gida, Rated R, da Loud''Da ƙarfi'' === [[File:Rihanna_2010_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, her right hand holding and performing into a microphone, with her left pointing at someone in the crowd|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2010]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an tilasta wa Rihanna soke aikin da ta shirya a 51st Annual Grammy Awards biyo bayan rahotanni cewa Brown ya yi mata hari.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Daga baya ya mika kansa ga hukumomi kuma an tsare shi bisa zargin yin barazanar aikata laifuka. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da kai hari da yin barazanar aikata laifuka.<ref name="n230">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's father says singer 'remorseful' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030108/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Wannan shari'ar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman bayan TMZ ta buga hoton 'yan sanda da ya ɓace wanda ke nuna Rihanna tare da raunin da ake gani. An kira Rihanna don yin shaida a wani sauraro na farko a Los Angeles a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2009. Lamarin da sakamakonsa sun rinjayi ta a fannin fasaha, wanda ya sa ta fara aiki a kan kundi na huɗu na studio, mai taken Rated R, wata daya bayan Grammy Awards.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Rated R ya nuna canji daga sauti mai kyau na kundin Rihanna na baya, yana rungumar sautin duhu, mai zurfi tare da tasirin dutse. <ref name="MichDaily">{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Sasha |date=November 22, 2009 |title=Rihanna turns dark on ''Rated R'' |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128205713/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sayar da kwafin 181,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ɗaya daga cikin "Rude Boy" ya kai saman Hot 100 na makonni shida, yayin da "Russian Roulette" da "Hard" dukansu sun kai saman goma.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta shiga cikin dangantaka ta kan-sake, tare da rapper na Kanada [[Drake]] a cikin 2009 kuma, don tallafawa Rated R, ta fara rangadin Last Girl on Earth daga 2010 zuwa 2011.<ref name="h937">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Last Girl On Earth tour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215010030/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_The_Loud_Tour_-_30_(6790388762).jpg|alt=Rihanna, with curly hair, performing on stage into a microphone|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Loud Tour a 2011]] A watan Yunin 2010, Rihanna ta yi aiki tare da rapper Eminem a kan wakar "Love the Way You Lie". Ya hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni bakwai a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya; shi ne kuma Waƙar da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta sauya gudanarwa, ta sanya hannu tare da Jay-Z's Roc Nation . Ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundi na biyar, Loud, wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rubuce-rubucen rawa-pop, Loud ya fara ne a lamba uku a Amurka tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 207,000 . {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda uku na ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?" tare da Drake, da "S & M", wanda ya hau kan ginshiƙi bayan fitowar remix tare da [[Britney Spears]] . Rihanna ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi saurin mai zane-zane a tarihin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 don tarawa goma na farko. <ref name="y440">{{Cite web |last=Tehomilic |first=Tommy |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna earns 10th No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602205951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 53 a cikin 2011, "Kawai Yarinya (A Duniya) " ta lashe Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu. <ref name="x529">{{Cite web |last=Fresh |first=Mikey |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Grammy Recap: Stargate Talks Rihanna's 'Only Girl (In The World)' Winning 'Best Dance Recording' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112174338/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Man Down", "California King Bed", da "Cheers (Drink to That) " an sake su a matsayin mutane daga Loud a cikin 2011.<ref name="i594">{{Cite web |last=Copsey |first=Robert |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Rihanna announces next single |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414145352/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single.html |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta kaddamar da Loud Tour a watan Yunin 2011, wanda ya hada da rikodin rikodin rikodi goma da aka sayar a The O2 Arena a London - mafi yawan mata masu zane a tarihin wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Rihanna Breaks O2 Arena Record with Final Loud Tour Gig |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134155/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |archive-date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref> Wannan yawon shakatawa ya tara dala miliyan 90, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin yawon shakata mafi girma a duk duniya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="l046">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Loud Tour Grosses $90 Million |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617010026/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Har ila yau, a cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin wasu waƙoƙin masu fasaha guda uku: West's "All of the Lights" daga My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), [[Nicki Minaj]]'s "Fly" daga kundi na farko Pink Friday (2010), da David Guetta's "Who's That Chick?" daga One More Love (2010).<ref name="f210">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Harley |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Kanye West and Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds', 'All of the Lights' at FYF Fest |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033510/https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref><ref name="i713">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Nicki Minaj Says She and Rihanna Would Be a 'Crazy Power Couple' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192439/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2011-2013: Magana da Wannan Magana da Unapologetic''Ba tare da neman gafara ba'' === Rihanna ta yi niyyar bincika jigogi masu nuna jima'i a cikin kundi na shida na studio, Talk That Talk, <ref name="l163">{{Cite web |last=Ferrier |first=Morwenna |date=November 20, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/20/rihanna-talk-that-talk-review |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="s352">{{Cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173718/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011.<ref name="e115" /> Kundin pop da R & B, <ref name="s352" /> <ref name="e115">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 30, 2012 |title=Rihanna Debuts Music Video for 'Where Have You Been' (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412164738/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Talk That Talk ya buɗe a lamba ta uku a kan US ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 198,000, [3] yayin da yake farawa a saman UK Albums Chart tare da raka'a 163,000 da aka sayar.<ref name="h364">{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Album sales fall to new low as Rihanna tops UK chart despite selling less than 10,000 copies of ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/album-sales-fall-to-new-low-as-rihanna-tops-uk-chart-despite-selling-less-than-10-000-copies-of-talk-that-talk-8038553.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mun sami Ƙauna", ya zama babban taswirar duniya.<ref name="k330">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'We Found Love' (Feat. Calvin Harris) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725060431/https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Ya shafe makonni goma da ba a jere ba a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yana mai da shi duka Rihanna mafi tsawo da kuma mafi tsawo a lamba daya song a Amurka a 2011. Kundin ya haifar da wasu waƙoƙi guda uku: "You da One", "Talk That Talk", da "Where Have You Been". "Where Have You Been" ya kai lamba biyar a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Rihanna and Calvin Harris Release 'This Is What You Came For' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203020636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png|alt=Rihanna on stage, wearing a red crop top and long dress, singing into a microphone on stage|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Diamonds World Tour a 2013]] A farkon shekara ta 2012, Rihanna ta bayyana a Coldplay's "Princess of China" da Drake's "Take Care". <ref name="u999">{{Cite web |last=Goble |first=Corban |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Coldplay – 'Princess Of China' (Feat. Rihanna) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075409/https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> <ref name="x884">{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Powers |date=November 8, 2011 |title=Follow The Sample: Drake's 'Take Care' Comes From The Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425003515/http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Fabrairu, ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "All of the Lights" tare da West, kuma an kira ta Mafi kyawun Mata na Duniya a Brit Awards na shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref name="x499">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2012 |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners and Nominees List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113259/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="z651">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Simon |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143310/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Maris, Rihanna da Brown sun fitar da remixes guda biyu - waƙarta "Birthday Cake" da "Turn Up the Music" - waɗanda aka soki saboda tarihin su na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name="s567">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Chris Brown, Rihanna Reunite on 'Birthday Cake,' 'Turn Up the Music' Remixes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616112111/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, bidiyon kiɗa na "Mun sami Ƙauna" ya lashe Bidiyo na Shekara a MTV Video Music Awards, yana mai da Rihanna mace ta farko da ta karɓi girmamawa fiye da sau ɗaya.<ref name="p766">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna wins MTV VMA award for Belfast video We Found Love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919023450/https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="2012 VMA">{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |title=Rihanna, One Direction Top Vmas |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911032420/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Short Form Music Video a shekarar 2013. An saki kundi na bakwai na Rihanna, mai taken Unapologetic, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref name="m564">{{Cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |date=November 19, 2012 |title=This week's new music releases: November 19, 2012 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919163028/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen synth-pop tare da EDM da abubuwan hip-hop, <ref name="x501">{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Jessica |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Rihanna: ''Unapologetic'' |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011130105/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Unapologetic ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na kwafin 238,000, ya zama kundi na farko na Rihanna a Amurka. Kundin kundin, "Diamonds", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ya zama waƙar Rihanna ta goma sha biyu a kan ginshiƙi. Kundin na biyu, "Stay", ya kai lamba uku a Amurka. Don inganta kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin 777, ta yi wasanni bakwai a kasashe bakwai a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Wani shirin fim game da yawon shakatawa ya fito a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sannan aka saki wani DVD a washegari - bidiyon ta na uku mai tsawo. A watan Janairun 2013, Rihanna da Brown sun sake farfado da dangantakarsu, kodayake ya kasance a karkashin gwaji don shari'ar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ta 2009. Su biyu sun rabu kusan watanni huɗu bayan haka. Rihanna ta fara fitowa a fim din a matsayin Petty Officer Cora Raikes a cikin Battleship (2012).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta wasan kwamitin na wannan sunan, Battleship ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, kodayake Neil Genzlinger, yana rubutawa ga The New York Times, ya ce tana da "kyakkyawan rawar da take takawa. "<ref name="q235">{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Alex |date=April 6, 2012 |title=''Battleship'': Is board game adaptation Hollywood's last roll of the dice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/07/battleship-hasbro-adaptation-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="u485">{{Cite web |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=May 18, 2012 |title=''Battleship'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123161420/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="w089">{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Aliens Fight Heroic Earthlings in ''Battleship'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915210742/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, Shafukan hukuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ta sayar da rikodin miliyan 3.87 a kasar a shekarar da ta gabata, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na farko a cikin masu zane-zane na 2013 Brit Awards.<ref name="officialcharts.com">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=The BRIT Awards 2013: The Biggest Selling Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025316/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ta biyar headlining yawon shakatawa, Diamonds World Tour, an kaddamar da shi a watan Maris na 2013 don tallafawa Unapologetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna Unveils Diamonds Tour Dates After Big VMA Night |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909225914/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012.jhtml |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi cameo a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo This Is the End (2013), kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da rapper Wale a kan remix dinsa na "Bad". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, ta hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart tare da fasalin waƙar Eminem "The Monster".<ref name="j531">{{Cite web |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Why Is Eminem's 'The Monster' No. 1 on the Charts? Because It's a Sequel. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060609/https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="l431">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Eminem lands seventh UK number one album |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060208/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === 2014-2017: Fitarwa na tsaye da ''Anti'' === A cikin 2014, [[Shakira]] ta nuna Rihanna a kan waƙarta "Ba za a iya tunawa da ku ba". Bayan fitowar Unapologetic da yawon shakatawa da ya biyo baya, ta nuna sha'awar yin hutu daga rikodin, tana cewa tana son "shekara don yin duk abin da nake so a fasaha, da kirkira".<ref name="p678">{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |last2=Abby Aguirre |first2=Mert Alas |last3=Piggott |first3=Marcus |date=March 17, 2016 |title=It's Rihanna's World |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816103428/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Mayu, ta rabu da Def Jam Recordings kuma ta sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa Roc Nation, lakabin da ke gudanar da aikinta tun Oktoba 2010.<ref name="s383">{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Lauren |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Rihanna Has Left Def Jam and Signed to Jay Z's Roc Nation... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225052307/https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |archive-date=February 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a kan kundi na takwas na studio, Rihanna ta saki waƙoƙin "FourFiveSeconds" (haɗin gwiwa tare da West da Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", da "American Oxygen"; babu wani daga cikin ukun da ya bayyana a jerin waƙoƙar karshe na kundin.<ref name="r521">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Gerrick D. |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Rihanna and Kanye, we need to hear more from you. Make it in 2016, please. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060508/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="k741">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=''Anti'' (Deluxe) by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725115514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta fito tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da [[Jennifer Lopez]] a matsayin muryar Tip a cikin fim din Home . Rihanna kuma ta tsara kuma ta saki kundin ra'ayi a matsayin sauti.<ref name="s361">{{Cite web |last=Mokoena |first=Tshepo |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Rihanna to make concept album for DreamWorks animated film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/27/rihanna-concept-album-dreamworks-animated-film |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_Concert_for_Valor_in_Washington,_D.C._Nov._11,_2014_(face_cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna performing on stage|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Concert for Valor a shekarar 2014]] A ƙarshen 2015, Rihanna ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 25 tare da [[Samsung]] don inganta Layin samfurin Galaxy, tare da kamfanin kuma yana tallafawa ƙaddamar da kundi na takwas na studio, mai taken ''Anti'', da kuma yawon shakatawa.<ref name="z282">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angus |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Rihanna Signs $25 Million Deal With Samsung |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/461051-rihanna-signs-s25-million-deal-with-samsung-news |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref><ref name="v939">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Rihanna Anti tour review – hit-packed victory lap with a dose of dancehall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/rihanna-anti-tour-review-hit-packed-victory-lap |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An saki kundin ne kawai a kan sabis na yawo Tidal a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na nau'o'i kamar pop, Dancehall, da psychedelic soul, ''Anti'' ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana nuna rikodin taswirar ta biyu a Amurka. <ref name="g630">{{Cite web |last=McHenry |first=Jackson |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Rihanna's ''Anti'' Returns to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> Jagoran, "Work", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni tara, tare da na uku da na huɗu, "Ina Bukata Ni" da "Ƙaunar kan Brain", suna ƙaruwa a cikin manyan goma. An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Anti World a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 don tallafawa kundin. <ref name="p734">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Iyana |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Rihanna Is Taking The Weeknd, Big Sean And Travis Scott On Her #ANTIWorldTour |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-anti-world-tour-388704/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Rihanna ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan mutane da yawa: Calvin Harris's "This Is What You Came For"; Drake's "Too Good"; <ref name="i985">{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Matthew |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Drake: 'Too Good' [ft. Rihanna] |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091804/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> da Mike Will Made It's "Nothing Is Promised". <ref name="b319">{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Mike WiLL Made-It Unleashes Previous Rihanna Collaboration, 'Nothing Is Promised' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-mike-will-made-it-nothing-is-promised-425404/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> "Wannan shine abin da kuka zo" ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ta biyu da uku a Burtaniya da Amurka, bi da bi.<ref name="k855" /><ref name="w419">{{Cite web |title=This Is What You Came For – Calvin Harris Ft. Rihanna |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211234248/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Rihanna ta fitar da "Sledgehammer" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Star Trek Beyond (soundtrack)">sauti na fim don Star Trek Beyond . A watan Agusta, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Michael Jackson Video Vanguard a 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, inda ta yi jerin waƙoƙin da ta fi cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is Your 2016 VMA Video Vanguard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709040142/http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitette |first=Nicole |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is the Recipient of 2016 MTV Video Vanguard Award |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201838/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta kara hadin gwiwar ta, ta bayyana a kan [[DJ Khaled]]'s "Wild Thoughts" da Kendrick Lamar's "Loyalty".<ref name="h140">{{Cite web |last=Helman |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2017 |title=DJ Khaled – 'Wild Thoughts' (Feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100718/https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref name="s035">{{Cite web |last=Parham |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Story Behind the Kendrick Lamar And Rihanna Collaboration 'Loyalty'. |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716074842/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Fader]]}}</ref> Tsohon ya kai lamba ta biyu a Amurka, yayin da na ƙarshe ya lashe ta da Lamar Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Performance. A cikin 2017, Rihanna ta nuna Marion Crane a cikin rawar da ta faru a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyar da ta karshe ta Bates Motel; wasan kwaikwayon ya sadu da yabo mai yawa.<ref name="Reviews">{{Cite web |title=Bates Motel: Season 5 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223080935/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A cikin fim din Luc Besson na kimiyya mai suna Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), ta taka rawar gani, mai ba da nishaɗi da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din tashar sararin samaniya, tare da Dane DeHaan da Cara Delevingne . <ref name="x784">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'' review – Luc Besson's space oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/03/valerian-and-the-city-of-a-thousand-planets-review-luc-besson-cara-delevingne-dane-dehaan-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h357">{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna Is in Maybe 5 Minutes of ''Valerian'' and They Are All Spectacular |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123044009/https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name="i360">{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Patrik |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna's Cameo in ''Valerian'' Is Short but Magnificent |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124225511/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta fara yin soyayya da ɗan kasuwa na Saudiyya Hassan Jameel; dangantakarsu ta ƙare a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2018 |title=A Complete Timeline of Rihanna and Hassan Jameel's Romance |url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032732/https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=Vogue Arabia}}</ref><ref name="turning30">{{Cite web |last=Nnadi |first=Chioma |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Rihanna on Body Image, Turning 30, And Staying Real—no Matter What |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032812/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Ashley |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Rihanna and Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel Split After Nearly 3 Years of Dating |url=https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112803/https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Hiatus, uwaye, da kuma Super Bowl LVII rabin lokaci show === [[File:Rihanna_visits_U.S._Embassy_in_Barbados_2024_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna smiling|thumb|Rihanna ta ziyarci Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Barbados a 2024]] Rihanna ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata da aka jefa a fim din Ocean's 8 (2018), wanda Gary Ross ya jagoranta. Fim din ya kasance babban nasarar ofishin jakadancin, yana samun dala miliyan 300 a duniya. Tare da [[Donald Glover]], ta fito a fim din Guava Island (2019), inda ta taka rawar soyayya ta halinsa.<ref name="z523">{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Dee |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Your Guide to Donald Glover and Rihanna's ''Guava Island'' Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331224621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, an sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Sony / ATV Music Publishing. Rihanna ta bayyana a waƙar PartyNextDoor "Believe It" (2020). Dan Amurka mai suna ASAP Rocky ya tabbatar da cewa shi da Rihanna suna cikin dangantaka a watan Mayu na 2021; su biyu sun fara soyayya kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, jim kadan bayan ta rabu da Jameel. <ref name="k984">{{Cite web |last=Heran Mamo |first=Hannah Dailey |date=September 25, 2025 |title=A Timeline of A$AP Rocky & Rihanna's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010145758/https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta haifi ɗansu na farko a shekarar 2022.<ref name="x069">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Georgia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Rihanna Welcomes First Baby with A$AP Rocky |url=https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001512/https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Jagoran jagora daga sauti na fim din Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mai taken "Lift Me Up", shine fitowar kiɗa ta farko tun ''Anti''. Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa don Golden Globe da Academy Award for Best Original Song . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mckay |first=Karelle |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Rihanna Receives First Oscar Nomination for Original Song 'Lift Me Up' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212357/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl LVII, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayonta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, da kuma ƙarshen kauracewa da ta yi a baya, wanda ta haifar da hadin kai tare da Colin Kaepernick. Ayyukan sun jawo hankalin masu kallo miliyan 121.017, wanda ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl da aka fi kallo a tarihi, ya wuce wasan kwaikwayon Super Bowl XLIX na Katy Perry. Ya sami Rihanna biyar Primetime Emmy Award nominations, ciki har da daya don Outstanding Variety Special (Live). Rihanna ta zama mutum na farko da ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl yayin da take da ciki, ta bayyana ciki yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya a cikin 2023, ta haifi ta da ASAP Rocky ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Newborn Baby's Name Revealed |url=https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118112110/https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Smurfs'', wanda aka yi masa mummunan ra'ayi, kuma ta haifi ita da ASAP Rocky ta uku, 'yar. <ref name="i407">{{Cite web |title=''Smurfs'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131314/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="y307">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rihanna Gives Birth to Her Third Child—and It's a Girl! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924222204/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=[[vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta ba da rahoton cewa gidan Rihanna na Beverly Hills, wanda ta raba tare da ASAP Rocky, wani wanda ake zargi da bindiga na AR-15 ne ya harbe shi.<ref name="w985">{{Cite web |last=Lapham |first=Jake |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Rihanna's Beverly Hills home hit by gunfire, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2pm2kvkeo |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="d266">{{Cite web |last=Castleman |first=Terry |last2=Jany |first2=Libor |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Gate to Rihanna's home, an RV hit by bullets as suspect fired assault-style rifle, police say |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2026-03-08/rihanna-beverly-hills-mansion-is-struck-by-gunfire-source-says |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An kama wata mace da ake zargi. Rihanna tana gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, amma ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba.<ref name="d841">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Woman shoots at Rihanna's L.A. home with AR-15-style rifle; no injuries reported, police say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-shoots-rihannas-l-home-ar-15-style-rifle-no-injuries-reported-po-rcna262362 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, Rihanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane-zane na Jay-Z 30 a Filin wasa na Yankee a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tana raira "Run This Town" da "Bitch Better Have My Money" tare da Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Brahmjot |date=July 13, 2026 |title=Rihanna Turns Heads With First Performance in Years at Jay-Z's NYC Concert |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433917/rihanna-performs-for-first-time-in-years-at-jay-zs-nyc-concert |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Rihanna mezzo-soprano ce tare da kewayon murya daga B<nowiki><sub id="mwBY4">2</sub></nowiki> zuwa Cī6.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018}}<ref name="y010">{{Cite web |last=Kristobak |first=Ryan |date=May 20, 2014 |title=You'll Never Guess Which Singer Has The Largest Vocal Range |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131205710/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>Ta fara horar da murya yayin rikodin Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) a karkashin jagorancin Ne-Yo, wanda ya koya mata dabarun numfashi da isar da muryar murya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Masu sukar sun nuna yadda take aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban: James Skinner na [[BBC]] ya bayyana aikinta a kan "Love the Way You Lie (Part II) " a matsayin "mai ba da umurni, mai rai da rauni", yayin da Andy Gill na The Independent ya ambaci "California King Bed" a matsayin rawar murya mafi karfi. ''Billboard'' ta ce "Diamonds" ta nuna ta "mafi girman murya, mafi yawan murya", kuma Jon Caramanica na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa muryarta ta zama "makami na sanyaya da rashin kulawa". A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya ta a matsayi na sittin da takwas a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci". Rihanna sau da yawa tana rubuta waƙoƙinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="o934">{{Cite web |last=Benitez-Eves |first=Tina |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Songs You Didn't Know Rihanna Wrote for Other Artists |url=https://americansongwriter.com/5-songs-you-didnt-know-rihanna-wrote-for-other-artists/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref><ref name="m312">{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2015 |title=The pop-up hit factory: How a songwriter bootcamp helped Rihanna fight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/52j3yMmbpPG2PjfS1z79nVW/the-pop-up-hit-factory-how-a-songwriter-bootcamp-helped-rihanna-fight-back |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=BBC}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Rihanna da farko R & B ne da pop, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar Dancehall, EDM, da manya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |title=Rihanna Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108043333/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |quote=…Rihanna is also uncommonly dynamic, having mixed and matched pure pop, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and adult contemporary material throughout her career.}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kiɗa an yi alama da gwaji, kuma ta bayyana cewa burinta shine "yi kiɗa da za a iya ji a wasu sassan duniya da ban taɓa zuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2015 |title=Rihanna Learned to Sing by Mimicking Celine Dion |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/article/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175534/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion-1.2291713 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> A Barbados, Rihanna ta samo wahayi daga reggae, soca, da hip-hop, kuma bayan ta koma Amurka, an gabatar da ita ga nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da dutse.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}Tushen farko na dancehall na Rihanna ya bayyana a cikin kundi biyu na farko, Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Music of the Sun ya nuna tasirin al'adun kiɗa na Caribbean; Kelefa Sanneh na The New York Times ya kira Rihanna "mafi kyawun mawaƙa don gano yadda za'a iya amfani da rhythms na lantarki".{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Da yake son ci gaban fasaha, A Girl Like Me ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kai wanda mata matasa ke fuskanta, tare da ballads waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu kyau da balaga.<ref name="AllmusicLikeMe">{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=David |title=''A Girl like Me'' – Rihanna |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013710/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]}}</ref> Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) ta nuna tashi daga farkon tasirin Caribbean kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, tare da waƙoƙin rawa-pop kamar "Push Up on Me" da "Don't Stop the Music".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rabin farko na kundin yana da tasirin tasirin pop na shekarun 1980, yayin da rabi na biyu ya fi dogara ga R & B na gargajiya.<ref name="pandr" /> Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.<ref name="VentedOnLP">{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 24, 2009 |title=Rihanna 'Vented' on Her Just-Released ''Rated R'' Album |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113001754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album.jhtml |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=October 29, 2010 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Preview: Eminem Gets Dark on Otherwise Light LP |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825082709/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp.jhtml |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep. Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&amp;amp;M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Continues to Leak Online |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-to-leak-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514133358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-leak-online.jhtml |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".<ref name="h744">{{Cite web |title=''Unapologetic'' by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826194741/https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref><ref name="d273">{{Cite web |last=Dobbins |first=Amanda |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Let's Discuss Rihanna's ''Unapologetic'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060839/https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Anti'' (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.   Rihanna ta gano [[Madonna]] a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".<ref name="j122">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna: 'Madonna is my biggest inspiration' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131190202/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.<ref name="Saysshes">{{Cite web |title=Rihanna Says She's Inspired by Mariah Carey |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724001957/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta. Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, ''Afrodisiac'' (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . <ref name="f910">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Da'Shan |date=June 8, 2018 |title=Revisiting Brandy's 'Never Say Never' 20 years later |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060246/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon [[Bob Marley]] a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.<ref name="Saysshes" /> Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing]<ref name="n792">{{Cite web |last=Al-Khateeb |first=Zac |date=February 12, 2023 |title=Where is Rihanna from? How artist's Barbados roots will influence Super Bowl halftime show |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060620/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.<ref name="turning30" /> Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast". Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Rihanna Would Give Her 'Entire Life' to Play Whitney Houston |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127105532/http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref name="b236">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Rihanna speaks about ''Battleship'' role |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417071607/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar [[Janet Jackson]], <ref name="Saysshes" /> Aaliyah, [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], [[Celine Dion]], Grace Jones, Lil 'Kim, Prince, da Brandy .<ref name="r617">{{Cite web |last=Zendle |first=Miriam |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna: Beyonce's my inspiration |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517054439/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref name="z346">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=10 Things You Never Knew About... Grace Jones |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824100006/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |archive-date=August 24, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref name="x276">{{Cite web |last=Kallor |first=Amber |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Rihanna on the '90s Beauty Icon Who Has Inspired Her Many Looks |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155715/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Artists That Wouldn't Be the Same Without Prince |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426125043/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name="f910" /> === Bidiyo da mataki === [[File:RihannaLastGirlOnEarthSnapMar2011.jpg|alt=Rihanna, with red, long hair in a colourful dress, performing on stage|thumb|Rihanna a kan Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2011. Tana da jan gashi mai haske, wanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Loud, <ref name="x596">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Janae |date=April 2, 2022 |title=The Rihanna Hair Evolution: Through the Years |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060541/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]}}</ref> da kuma tufafi masu launi da yawa.]] == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3dmw3m5emt4yyaixjbrfdpxoj41j6yh 965438 965437 2026-10-09T21:17:20Z Nura Bello 24854 965438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (/riˈænə/ i ree-AN-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |last=HLN |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Rihanna Shows AJ Hammer How to Pronounce Her Name. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> an haife ta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1988) mawaƙiya ce ta Barbadian, marubuciya, 'yar kasuwa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=August 26, 2020 |title=A$AP Rocky Answers 18 Questions from Rihanna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an san ta da aikinta na fannoni da yawa, sake fasalin fasaha, da kuma salon salon salon. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace sama da miliyan 250, Rihanna tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.12345Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.[1][2] Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.[3][4] A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep.[5] Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). [6] Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".[7][8] Anti (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.[9]Rihanna ta gano Madonna a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".[1] Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.[1][2]Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.[3] Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta.[4] Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, Afrodisiac (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . [5]A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon Bob Marley a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.[1] Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing][2] Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.[3][4] Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast".[5] Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.[6][7] Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar Janet Jackson, [1] Aaliyah, Beyonce, Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Bayan sanya hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna ta fara fitowa tare da rikodin Caribbean-inspired Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006), dukansu biyu sun kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200. Waƙoƙin da suka jagoranci, "Pon de Replay" da "SOS", sun kai lamba biyu da ɗaya a kan <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka. Da yake karɓar hoto mai girma, Rihanna ta tashi zuwa shahararriya kuma ta sauya zuwa rawa-pop da R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B tare da kundin da ta fi sayar da shi Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) da sake bugawa, mai taken Reloaded (2008). Aikin ya samar da jerin waƙoƙi masu nasara, gami da waƙoƙin Amurka "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", da "Disturbia". Bayyanar baƙonta a kan "Live Your Life", "Love the Way You Lie", da kuma "The Monster" kuma sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Bayan bincika ƙarin jigogi na sirri a kan rikodin da ya shafi dutse Rated R (2009), Rihanna ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundin rawa-pop Loud (2010) da Talk That Talk (2011), kuma ta hau kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da saitin synth-pop Unapologetic (2012). Ta tashi daga Def Jam don goyon bayan Roc Nation, ta saki eclectic ''Anti'' (2016) - kundi na biyu na lamba daya. Wadannan kundin sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Rude Boy", "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?", "S&amp;amp;M", "Mun sami soyayya", "Diamonds", da "Aiki". Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Rihanna tana fitowa da mutane kuma tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokuta. Ta kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim sun ''Gida'' da Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), da ''Smurfs'' (2025). Rihanna ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Grammy Awards tara, Billboard Music Awards goma sha biyu, American Music Awards gomasharo, da kuma MTV Video Music Awards bakwai. Ita ce mafi girman ƙwararren mata na dijital ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka, kuma tana da ƙwararrun 'yan lu'u-lu'u guda takwas da ƙwararriyar lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mace mai kiɗa ta farko da ta kai matsayin biliyan, Rihanna ta kafa Gidauniyar Clara Lionel mai zaman kanta, alamar kayan kwalliya Fenty Beauty, da alamar kayan ado Fenty a ƙarƙashin LVMH. Gwamnatin Barbados ta nada ta a matsayin jakada a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin Jarumi na Barbados a shekarar 2021. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1988-2002: Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Casa_donde_vivió_Rihanna,_a_pocos_metros_del_puerto_de_Bridgetown.jpg|alt=A small house prominently coloured in red, green, and orange|thumb|Gidan iyayen Rihanna a Bridgetown, kawai 'yan mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin]] An haifi Robyn Rihanna Fenty a Saint Michael, Barbados, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1988. {{Sfn|Weidhase|2024}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Ita 'yar Monica ce (née Braithwaite), mai lissafin kuɗi na Afro-Guyanese, da Ronald Fenty, mai kula da ɗakin ajiya na Barbadian na Afirka, Irish, Ingilishi, da zuriyar Scotland.{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Rihanna: Out for Revenge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510063957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>Rihanna tana da 'yan uwan biyu, Rorrey da Rajad Fenty, da kuma' yan uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwanta daga dangantakar mahaifinta ta baya.{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta girma ne a cikin wani bungalow mai dakuna uku a Bridgetown kuma ta taimaka wa mahaifinta sayar da tufafi a wani kantin sayar da titi.{{Sfn|Novic|2019}}<ref name="n403">{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Leah |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Inside Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Rags-to-Riches Family Life |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722041237/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>Yayinda take yarinya ta shafar maye da jarabawar cocaine ta mahaifinta, wanda ya lalata auren iyayenta. <ref name="o839">{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Kira |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Rihanna: 'That's a Part of My Life I Want to Throw Away' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/21/rihanna-interview |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="l893">{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Vandana |date=February 12, 2024 |title=All About Rihanna's Parents, Ronald Fenty and Monica Braithwaite |url=https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616010227/https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="j079">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Rihanna Drops Legal Case Against Her Father |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610013748/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi magana game da ganin mahaifinta ya wulakanta mahaifiyarta, yana bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi karfi da na sani, idan ba mafi karfi ba".{{Sfn|Muehlhoff|2010}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}} Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta sha wahala daga ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda ke buƙatar [[CT scan|CT scans]] da yawa, tare da likitoci da ke zargin ciwon daji. Rashin lafiyarta ya fara ingantawa bayan iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da shekaru 14.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2015}}Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Charles F. Broome Memorial da Makarantar Combermere.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|2014}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗalibi mai halin kirki" wanda ya guje wa matsala.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ta nuna sha'awar waka, rawa, da waka. A wannan lokacin, Rihanna ta fara sauraron masu fasahar reggae kamar Sizzla da Damien Marley, da kuma mawaƙa na R & B kamar [[Whitney Houston]] da [[Mariah Carey]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}}A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, ta zama cadet a cikin Cadet Corps na Barbados, tare da mawaƙa na gaba Shontelle a matsayin sajan ta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake da farko ta shirya kammala makarantar sakandare, daga ƙarshe ta fita tana da shekaru 16 don neman aikin kiɗa. === 2003-2006: Farawar aiki tare da Music of the Sun da A Girl Like Me''Yarinya Kamar Ni'' === A shekara ta 2003, Rihanna ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa guda uku tare da abokan aji biyu a Barbados.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba tare da sunansa ba kuma ba tare da kayan asali ba, [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ta saurara ga mai gabatar da Amurka Evan Rogers, wanda ya tuna cewa "minti Rihanna ta shiga cikin dakin, kamar sauran' yan mata biyu ba su wanzu ba". <ref name="j007">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Andrew Lloyd Webber Claims He Discovered Rihanna on His Travels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-claims-he-discovered-rihanna-in-barbados |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Wadannan uku sun ci gaba da yin murfin Destiny's Child's "Emotion".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Da yake sha'awar, Rogers ya shirya ganawa ta biyu tare da Rihanna da mahaifiyarta - a wannan lokacin ba tare da sauran 'yan mata biyu ba - kuma daga baya ya gayyace su zuwa garinsu a [[Connecticut]] don yin rikodin kaset don gabatarwar lakabin rikodin.<ref name="p858">{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Sylvia |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Singing in the Rain: An Exclusive Interview with Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta demo tape ya hada da "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A shekara ta 2005, ta zama mai zane na farko da ya sanya hannu tare da Syndicated Rhythm Productions, kamfanin samarwa wanda Rogers da Carl Sturken suka kafa.<ref name="p858" />{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} An aika demo din Rihanna ga rapper [[Jay-Z]], wanda ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na lakabin rikodin Def Jam Recordings . <ref name="z330">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amina |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Amina Taylor Meets Singer Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001200047/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake Jay-Z da farko ya yi tunanin "Pon de Replay" ya yi yawa ga sabon mai zane, ya gayyace ta zuwa sauraro. A farkon shekara ta 2005, ta yi a Birnin New York don Jay-Z da kuma mai kula da kiɗa Antonio "L.A." Reid, tana raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston "For the Love of You" tare da waƙoƙi na demo "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".<ref name="p858" /><ref name="z173">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Rihanna – 10 of the Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/28/rihanna-10-of-the-best |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jay-Z ta gamsu da iyawarta, kuma Reid ya gaya masa kada ya bar ta barin ginin ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.<ref name="Jay-ZPicks">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=2007 |title=Jay-Z's Picks: Teairra Mari, Rihanna, Ne-Yo |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053302/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2011 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ta jira a ofishin Jay-Z yayin da lauyoyi suka kammala kwangilar kundi shida tare da Def Jam. Rihanna ta soke taron da aka shirya tare da wasu lakabi kuma, jim kadan bayan ta cika shekaru 16, ta ƙaura daga Barbados zuwa Amurka. A can, ta kammala karatun sakandare tare da malami.<ref name="y117">{{Cite web |last=Gracie |first=Bianca |date=May 28, 2020 |title=An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710013021/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}} [[File:RihannaJingle_Ball_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, in her late teens, facing the other way of the camera under a red light|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a KIIS-FM Jingle Ball a shekara ta 2005]] Bayan Rihanna ta sanya hannu tare da Def Jam, Jay-Z da tawagarsa sun kwashe watanni uku suna kammala kundi na farko.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta yi aiki tare da masu samarwa daban-daban, da farko Rogers da Sturken.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}An zaɓi "Pon de Replay" a matsayin jagora saboda roƙon lokacin rani.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}An saki waƙar a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2005, kuma ta zama nasarar kasuwanci, ta kai lamba ta biyu a duka US <nowiki><i id="mwAWw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. {{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An saki kundi na farko na studio, Music of the Sun, a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005. Ya fara ne a lamba goma a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwAXk">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na raka'a 69,000.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙarsa ta biyu, "If It's Lovin' That You Want", ta kai lamba 36 a Amurka.<ref name="z214">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'SOS' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2211667/the-number-ones-rihannas-sos/columns/the-number-ones/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da cameo a cikin fim din kai tsaye zuwa DVD Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), inda ta nuna kanta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta saki Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a watan Satumbar 2005.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An kira shi A Girl Like Me, an saki rikodin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Here's Every Rihanna Song to Go Platinum so Far |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060948/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kundin pop da reggae, <ref name="SanMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=SanMiguel |first=Celia |date=June 2006 |title=Review: ''A Girl like Me'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408034539/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |quote=a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots}}</ref> A Girl Like Me ya kai lamba biyar a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, tare da kofe 115,000 da aka sayar a Amurka a cikin makon farko. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ya zama kundi na farko na platinum sau biyu na RIAA, wanda ya wuce miliyan daya da aka sayar. Ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "SOS", "Unfaithful", "We Ride", da kuma "Break It Off". "SOS" ya zama waƙarta ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yayin da "Unfaithful" ya kai saman goma na sigogi a duk duniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Don inganta duka A Girl Like Me da Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara rangadin kide-kide na farko, mai taken Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour, a cikin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna Lets Fans Be Her Guide, Selects Summer Jam 'We Ride' as Next Single: Singer on First Headlining Tour Through Early August |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131234/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> === 2007-2008: Yarinya mai kyau ta tafi mummunan''Yarinya Mai Kyau ta Fito'' === [[File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg|alt=Rihanna with a bob cut performing in into a microphone on a stage|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Good Girl Gone Bad Tour a shekara ta 2008]] A farkon shekara ta 2007, Rihanna ta fara yin rikodin kundi na uku. Da yake da niyyar watsar da hotonta na yarinya mai ƙofar kusa don tallafawa mutum mai girma da tawaye, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da su kamar Ne-Yo, Timbaland, [[Justin Timberlake]], da Tricky Stewart don kundin.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sakamakon kundin, Good Girl Gone Bad, an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2007, zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref name="pandr">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2007 |title=Review: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192438/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h093">{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=''Good Girl Gone Bad'' by Rihanna |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/good-girl-gone-bad/rihanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602134202/http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/rihanna/goodgirlgonebad |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, ya nuna canji daga sautin Caribbean na aikinta na baya, yana rungumar jagorancin zamani wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙin rawa na uptempo.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 162,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}} Jagoran jagora daga Good Girl Gone Bad shine "Umbrella", tare da Jay-Z. Ya hau kan sigogi a yankuna da yawa, yana ciyar da makonni goma da bakwai a jere a lamba daya a kan UK Singles Chart da ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, "Shut Up and Drive" da "Hate That I Love You", sun kai lamba goma sha biyar da bakwai a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi, yayin da kundi na huɗu, "Don't Stop the Music", ya kai lamba uku.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin duniya na Good Girl Gone Bad a watan Satumbar 2007, inda ta yi kide-kide 80 a fadin nahiyoyi biyar.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A Grammy Awards na 50, ta sami gabatarwa da yawa don Good Girl Gone Bad kuma ta lashe Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "Umbrella" tare da Jay-Z.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, ta fito da "Rehab", na biyar kuma na ƙarshe daga Good Girl Gone Bad; ya kai saman a cikin manyan sigogi 20 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Bayan sayar da kwafin miliyan tara har zuwa 2023, Good Girl Gone Bad shine kundin da aka fi sayarwa a duk duniya.<ref name="x012">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Axl |date=November 8, 2023 |title=What Is Rihanna's Best-Selling Album? |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518074114/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Entertainment Weekly mai suna Rihanna "Diva of the Year" a cikin 2008, yana yabon ta "sabon ikon zama". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, Rihanna ta shiga [[Kanye West]] a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan Glow in the Dark Tour . An sake fitar da Good Girl Gone Bad, mai taken Reloaded, a ranar 2 ga Yuni; sayar da kwafin 63,000 a cikin makon farko, ya taimaka wa kundin asali ya tashi zuwa lamba bakwai a Amurka. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sake caji ya haifar da sabbin waƙoƙi huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu - "Disturbia" da "Take a Bow" - sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka saki Reloaded, ta ba da Good Girl Gone Bad Live, wani shirin DVD wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Rihanna na Disamba 2007 a [[Manchester Arena]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A shekara ta 2008, ta sanar da dangantakarta ta soyayya da mawaƙa [[Chris Brown]] kuma ta hau kan Hot 100 na makonni shida tare da fasalin waƙar rapper TI "Live Your Life".<ref name="c550">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Rihanna and Chris Brown's relationship through the years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513150504/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2009-2011: Shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin gida, Rated R, da Loud''Da ƙarfi'' === [[File:Rihanna_2010_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, her right hand holding and performing into a microphone, with her left pointing at someone in the crowd|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2010]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an tilasta wa Rihanna soke aikin da ta shirya a 51st Annual Grammy Awards biyo bayan rahotanni cewa Brown ya yi mata hari.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Daga baya ya mika kansa ga hukumomi kuma an tsare shi bisa zargin yin barazanar aikata laifuka. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da kai hari da yin barazanar aikata laifuka.<ref name="n230">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's father says singer 'remorseful' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030108/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Wannan shari'ar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman bayan TMZ ta buga hoton 'yan sanda da ya ɓace wanda ke nuna Rihanna tare da raunin da ake gani. An kira Rihanna don yin shaida a wani sauraro na farko a Los Angeles a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2009. Lamarin da sakamakonsa sun rinjayi ta a fannin fasaha, wanda ya sa ta fara aiki a kan kundi na huɗu na studio, mai taken Rated R, wata daya bayan Grammy Awards.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Rated R ya nuna canji daga sauti mai kyau na kundin Rihanna na baya, yana rungumar sautin duhu, mai zurfi tare da tasirin dutse. <ref name="MichDaily">{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Sasha |date=November 22, 2009 |title=Rihanna turns dark on ''Rated R'' |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128205713/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sayar da kwafin 181,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ɗaya daga cikin "Rude Boy" ya kai saman Hot 100 na makonni shida, yayin da "Russian Roulette" da "Hard" dukansu sun kai saman goma.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta shiga cikin dangantaka ta kan-sake, tare da rapper na Kanada [[Drake]] a cikin 2009 kuma, don tallafawa Rated R, ta fara rangadin Last Girl on Earth daga 2010 zuwa 2011.<ref name="h937">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Last Girl On Earth tour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215010030/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_The_Loud_Tour_-_30_(6790388762).jpg|alt=Rihanna, with curly hair, performing on stage into a microphone|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Loud Tour a 2011]] A watan Yunin 2010, Rihanna ta yi aiki tare da rapper Eminem a kan wakar "Love the Way You Lie". Ya hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni bakwai a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya; shi ne kuma Waƙar da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta sauya gudanarwa, ta sanya hannu tare da Jay-Z's Roc Nation . Ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundi na biyar, Loud, wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rubuce-rubucen rawa-pop, Loud ya fara ne a lamba uku a Amurka tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 207,000 . {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda uku na ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?" tare da Drake, da "S & M", wanda ya hau kan ginshiƙi bayan fitowar remix tare da [[Britney Spears]] . Rihanna ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi saurin mai zane-zane a tarihin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 don tarawa goma na farko. <ref name="y440">{{Cite web |last=Tehomilic |first=Tommy |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna earns 10th No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602205951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 53 a cikin 2011, "Kawai Yarinya (A Duniya) " ta lashe Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu. <ref name="x529">{{Cite web |last=Fresh |first=Mikey |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Grammy Recap: Stargate Talks Rihanna's 'Only Girl (In The World)' Winning 'Best Dance Recording' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112174338/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Man Down", "California King Bed", da "Cheers (Drink to That) " an sake su a matsayin mutane daga Loud a cikin 2011.<ref name="i594">{{Cite web |last=Copsey |first=Robert |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Rihanna announces next single |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414145352/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single.html |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta kaddamar da Loud Tour a watan Yunin 2011, wanda ya hada da rikodin rikodin rikodi goma da aka sayar a The O2 Arena a London - mafi yawan mata masu zane a tarihin wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Rihanna Breaks O2 Arena Record with Final Loud Tour Gig |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134155/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |archive-date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref> Wannan yawon shakatawa ya tara dala miliyan 90, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin yawon shakata mafi girma a duk duniya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="l046">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Loud Tour Grosses $90 Million |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617010026/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Har ila yau, a cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin wasu waƙoƙin masu fasaha guda uku: West's "All of the Lights" daga My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), [[Nicki Minaj]]'s "Fly" daga kundi na farko Pink Friday (2010), da David Guetta's "Who's That Chick?" daga One More Love (2010).<ref name="f210">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Harley |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Kanye West and Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds', 'All of the Lights' at FYF Fest |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033510/https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref><ref name="i713">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Nicki Minaj Says She and Rihanna Would Be a 'Crazy Power Couple' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192439/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2011-2013: Magana da Wannan Magana da Unapologetic''Ba tare da neman gafara ba'' === Rihanna ta yi niyyar bincika jigogi masu nuna jima'i a cikin kundi na shida na studio, Talk That Talk, <ref name="l163">{{Cite web |last=Ferrier |first=Morwenna |date=November 20, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/20/rihanna-talk-that-talk-review |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="s352">{{Cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173718/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011.<ref name="e115" /> Kundin pop da R & B, <ref name="s352" /> <ref name="e115">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 30, 2012 |title=Rihanna Debuts Music Video for 'Where Have You Been' (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412164738/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Talk That Talk ya buɗe a lamba ta uku a kan US ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 198,000, [3] yayin da yake farawa a saman UK Albums Chart tare da raka'a 163,000 da aka sayar.<ref name="h364">{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Album sales fall to new low as Rihanna tops UK chart despite selling less than 10,000 copies of ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/album-sales-fall-to-new-low-as-rihanna-tops-uk-chart-despite-selling-less-than-10-000-copies-of-talk-that-talk-8038553.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mun sami Ƙauna", ya zama babban taswirar duniya.<ref name="k330">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'We Found Love' (Feat. Calvin Harris) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725060431/https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Ya shafe makonni goma da ba a jere ba a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yana mai da shi duka Rihanna mafi tsawo da kuma mafi tsawo a lamba daya song a Amurka a 2011. Kundin ya haifar da wasu waƙoƙi guda uku: "You da One", "Talk That Talk", da "Where Have You Been". "Where Have You Been" ya kai lamba biyar a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Rihanna and Calvin Harris Release 'This Is What You Came For' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203020636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png|alt=Rihanna on stage, wearing a red crop top and long dress, singing into a microphone on stage|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Diamonds World Tour a 2013]] A farkon shekara ta 2012, Rihanna ta bayyana a Coldplay's "Princess of China" da Drake's "Take Care". <ref name="u999">{{Cite web |last=Goble |first=Corban |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Coldplay – 'Princess Of China' (Feat. Rihanna) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075409/https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> <ref name="x884">{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Powers |date=November 8, 2011 |title=Follow The Sample: Drake's 'Take Care' Comes From The Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425003515/http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Fabrairu, ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "All of the Lights" tare da West, kuma an kira ta Mafi kyawun Mata na Duniya a Brit Awards na shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref name="x499">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2012 |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners and Nominees List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113259/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="z651">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Simon |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143310/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Maris, Rihanna da Brown sun fitar da remixes guda biyu - waƙarta "Birthday Cake" da "Turn Up the Music" - waɗanda aka soki saboda tarihin su na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name="s567">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Chris Brown, Rihanna Reunite on 'Birthday Cake,' 'Turn Up the Music' Remixes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616112111/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, bidiyon kiɗa na "Mun sami Ƙauna" ya lashe Bidiyo na Shekara a MTV Video Music Awards, yana mai da Rihanna mace ta farko da ta karɓi girmamawa fiye da sau ɗaya.<ref name="p766">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna wins MTV VMA award for Belfast video We Found Love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919023450/https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="2012 VMA">{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |title=Rihanna, One Direction Top Vmas |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911032420/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Short Form Music Video a shekarar 2013. An saki kundi na bakwai na Rihanna, mai taken Unapologetic, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref name="m564">{{Cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |date=November 19, 2012 |title=This week's new music releases: November 19, 2012 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919163028/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen synth-pop tare da EDM da abubuwan hip-hop, <ref name="x501">{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Jessica |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Rihanna: ''Unapologetic'' |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011130105/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Unapologetic ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na kwafin 238,000, ya zama kundi na farko na Rihanna a Amurka. Kundin kundin, "Diamonds", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ya zama waƙar Rihanna ta goma sha biyu a kan ginshiƙi. Kundin na biyu, "Stay", ya kai lamba uku a Amurka. Don inganta kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin 777, ta yi wasanni bakwai a kasashe bakwai a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Wani shirin fim game da yawon shakatawa ya fito a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sannan aka saki wani DVD a washegari - bidiyon ta na uku mai tsawo. A watan Janairun 2013, Rihanna da Brown sun sake farfado da dangantakarsu, kodayake ya kasance a karkashin gwaji don shari'ar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ta 2009. Su biyu sun rabu kusan watanni huɗu bayan haka. Rihanna ta fara fitowa a fim din a matsayin Petty Officer Cora Raikes a cikin Battleship (2012).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta wasan kwamitin na wannan sunan, Battleship ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, kodayake Neil Genzlinger, yana rubutawa ga The New York Times, ya ce tana da "kyakkyawan rawar da take takawa. "<ref name="q235">{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Alex |date=April 6, 2012 |title=''Battleship'': Is board game adaptation Hollywood's last roll of the dice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/07/battleship-hasbro-adaptation-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="u485">{{Cite web |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=May 18, 2012 |title=''Battleship'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123161420/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="w089">{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Aliens Fight Heroic Earthlings in ''Battleship'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915210742/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, Shafukan hukuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ta sayar da rikodin miliyan 3.87 a kasar a shekarar da ta gabata, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na farko a cikin masu zane-zane na 2013 Brit Awards.<ref name="officialcharts.com">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=The BRIT Awards 2013: The Biggest Selling Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025316/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ta biyar headlining yawon shakatawa, Diamonds World Tour, an kaddamar da shi a watan Maris na 2013 don tallafawa Unapologetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna Unveils Diamonds Tour Dates After Big VMA Night |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909225914/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012.jhtml |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi cameo a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo This Is the End (2013), kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da rapper Wale a kan remix dinsa na "Bad". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, ta hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart tare da fasalin waƙar Eminem "The Monster".<ref name="j531">{{Cite web |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Why Is Eminem's 'The Monster' No. 1 on the Charts? Because It's a Sequel. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060609/https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="l431">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Eminem lands seventh UK number one album |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060208/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === 2014-2017: Fitarwa na tsaye da ''Anti'' === A cikin 2014, [[Shakira]] ta nuna Rihanna a kan waƙarta "Ba za a iya tunawa da ku ba". Bayan fitowar Unapologetic da yawon shakatawa da ya biyo baya, ta nuna sha'awar yin hutu daga rikodin, tana cewa tana son "shekara don yin duk abin da nake so a fasaha, da kirkira".<ref name="p678">{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |last2=Abby Aguirre |first2=Mert Alas |last3=Piggott |first3=Marcus |date=March 17, 2016 |title=It's Rihanna's World |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816103428/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Mayu, ta rabu da Def Jam Recordings kuma ta sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa Roc Nation, lakabin da ke gudanar da aikinta tun Oktoba 2010.<ref name="s383">{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Lauren |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Rihanna Has Left Def Jam and Signed to Jay Z's Roc Nation... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225052307/https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |archive-date=February 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a kan kundi na takwas na studio, Rihanna ta saki waƙoƙin "FourFiveSeconds" (haɗin gwiwa tare da West da Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", da "American Oxygen"; babu wani daga cikin ukun da ya bayyana a jerin waƙoƙar karshe na kundin.<ref name="r521">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Gerrick D. |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Rihanna and Kanye, we need to hear more from you. Make it in 2016, please. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060508/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="k741">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=''Anti'' (Deluxe) by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725115514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta fito tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da [[Jennifer Lopez]] a matsayin muryar Tip a cikin fim din Home . Rihanna kuma ta tsara kuma ta saki kundin ra'ayi a matsayin sauti.<ref name="s361">{{Cite web |last=Mokoena |first=Tshepo |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Rihanna to make concept album for DreamWorks animated film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/27/rihanna-concept-album-dreamworks-animated-film |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_Concert_for_Valor_in_Washington,_D.C._Nov._11,_2014_(face_cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna performing on stage|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Concert for Valor a shekarar 2014]] A ƙarshen 2015, Rihanna ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 25 tare da [[Samsung]] don inganta Layin samfurin Galaxy, tare da kamfanin kuma yana tallafawa ƙaddamar da kundi na takwas na studio, mai taken ''Anti'', da kuma yawon shakatawa.<ref name="z282">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angus |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Rihanna Signs $25 Million Deal With Samsung |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/461051-rihanna-signs-s25-million-deal-with-samsung-news |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref><ref name="v939">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Rihanna Anti tour review – hit-packed victory lap with a dose of dancehall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/rihanna-anti-tour-review-hit-packed-victory-lap |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An saki kundin ne kawai a kan sabis na yawo Tidal a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na nau'o'i kamar pop, Dancehall, da psychedelic soul, ''Anti'' ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana nuna rikodin taswirar ta biyu a Amurka. <ref name="g630">{{Cite web |last=McHenry |first=Jackson |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Rihanna's ''Anti'' Returns to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> Jagoran, "Work", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni tara, tare da na uku da na huɗu, "Ina Bukata Ni" da "Ƙaunar kan Brain", suna ƙaruwa a cikin manyan goma. An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Anti World a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 don tallafawa kundin. <ref name="p734">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Iyana |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Rihanna Is Taking The Weeknd, Big Sean And Travis Scott On Her #ANTIWorldTour |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-anti-world-tour-388704/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Rihanna ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan mutane da yawa: Calvin Harris's "This Is What You Came For"; Drake's "Too Good"; <ref name="i985">{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Matthew |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Drake: 'Too Good' [ft. Rihanna] |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091804/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> da Mike Will Made It's "Nothing Is Promised". <ref name="b319">{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Mike WiLL Made-It Unleashes Previous Rihanna Collaboration, 'Nothing Is Promised' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-mike-will-made-it-nothing-is-promised-425404/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> "Wannan shine abin da kuka zo" ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ta biyu da uku a Burtaniya da Amurka, bi da bi.<ref name="k855" /><ref name="w419">{{Cite web |title=This Is What You Came For – Calvin Harris Ft. Rihanna |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211234248/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Rihanna ta fitar da "Sledgehammer" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Star Trek Beyond (soundtrack)">sauti na fim don Star Trek Beyond . A watan Agusta, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Michael Jackson Video Vanguard a 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, inda ta yi jerin waƙoƙin da ta fi cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is Your 2016 VMA Video Vanguard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709040142/http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitette |first=Nicole |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is the Recipient of 2016 MTV Video Vanguard Award |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201838/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta kara hadin gwiwar ta, ta bayyana a kan [[DJ Khaled]]'s "Wild Thoughts" da Kendrick Lamar's "Loyalty".<ref name="h140">{{Cite web |last=Helman |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2017 |title=DJ Khaled – 'Wild Thoughts' (Feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100718/https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref name="s035">{{Cite web |last=Parham |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Story Behind the Kendrick Lamar And Rihanna Collaboration 'Loyalty'. |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716074842/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Fader]]}}</ref> Tsohon ya kai lamba ta biyu a Amurka, yayin da na ƙarshe ya lashe ta da Lamar Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Performance. A cikin 2017, Rihanna ta nuna Marion Crane a cikin rawar da ta faru a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyar da ta karshe ta Bates Motel; wasan kwaikwayon ya sadu da yabo mai yawa.<ref name="Reviews">{{Cite web |title=Bates Motel: Season 5 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223080935/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A cikin fim din Luc Besson na kimiyya mai suna Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), ta taka rawar gani, mai ba da nishaɗi da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din tashar sararin samaniya, tare da Dane DeHaan da Cara Delevingne . <ref name="x784">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'' review – Luc Besson's space oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/03/valerian-and-the-city-of-a-thousand-planets-review-luc-besson-cara-delevingne-dane-dehaan-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h357">{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna Is in Maybe 5 Minutes of ''Valerian'' and They Are All Spectacular |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123044009/https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name="i360">{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Patrik |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna's Cameo in ''Valerian'' Is Short but Magnificent |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124225511/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta fara yin soyayya da ɗan kasuwa na Saudiyya Hassan Jameel; dangantakarsu ta ƙare a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2018 |title=A Complete Timeline of Rihanna and Hassan Jameel's Romance |url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032732/https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=Vogue Arabia}}</ref><ref name="turning30">{{Cite web |last=Nnadi |first=Chioma |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Rihanna on Body Image, Turning 30, And Staying Real—no Matter What |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032812/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Ashley |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Rihanna and Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel Split After Nearly 3 Years of Dating |url=https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112803/https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Hiatus, uwaye, da kuma Super Bowl LVII rabin lokaci show === [[File:Rihanna_visits_U.S._Embassy_in_Barbados_2024_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna smiling|thumb|Rihanna ta ziyarci Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Barbados a 2024]] Rihanna ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata da aka jefa a fim din Ocean's 8 (2018), wanda Gary Ross ya jagoranta. Fim din ya kasance babban nasarar ofishin jakadancin, yana samun dala miliyan 300 a duniya. Tare da [[Donald Glover]], ta fito a fim din Guava Island (2019), inda ta taka rawar soyayya ta halinsa.<ref name="z523">{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Dee |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Your Guide to Donald Glover and Rihanna's ''Guava Island'' Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331224621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, an sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Sony / ATV Music Publishing. Rihanna ta bayyana a waƙar PartyNextDoor "Believe It" (2020). Dan Amurka mai suna ASAP Rocky ya tabbatar da cewa shi da Rihanna suna cikin dangantaka a watan Mayu na 2021; su biyu sun fara soyayya kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, jim kadan bayan ta rabu da Jameel. <ref name="k984">{{Cite web |last=Heran Mamo |first=Hannah Dailey |date=September 25, 2025 |title=A Timeline of A$AP Rocky & Rihanna's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010145758/https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta haifi ɗansu na farko a shekarar 2022.<ref name="x069">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Georgia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Rihanna Welcomes First Baby with A$AP Rocky |url=https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001512/https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Jagoran jagora daga sauti na fim din Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mai taken "Lift Me Up", shine fitowar kiɗa ta farko tun ''Anti''. Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa don Golden Globe da Academy Award for Best Original Song . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mckay |first=Karelle |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Rihanna Receives First Oscar Nomination for Original Song 'Lift Me Up' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212357/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl LVII, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayonta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, da kuma ƙarshen kauracewa da ta yi a baya, wanda ta haifar da hadin kai tare da Colin Kaepernick. Ayyukan sun jawo hankalin masu kallo miliyan 121.017, wanda ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl da aka fi kallo a tarihi, ya wuce wasan kwaikwayon Super Bowl XLIX na Katy Perry. Ya sami Rihanna biyar Primetime Emmy Award nominations, ciki har da daya don Outstanding Variety Special (Live). Rihanna ta zama mutum na farko da ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl yayin da take da ciki, ta bayyana ciki yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya a cikin 2023, ta haifi ta da ASAP Rocky ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Newborn Baby's Name Revealed |url=https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118112110/https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Smurfs'', wanda aka yi masa mummunan ra'ayi, kuma ta haifi ita da ASAP Rocky ta uku, 'yar. <ref name="i407">{{Cite web |title=''Smurfs'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131314/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="y307">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rihanna Gives Birth to Her Third Child—and It's a Girl! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924222204/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=[[vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta ba da rahoton cewa gidan Rihanna na Beverly Hills, wanda ta raba tare da ASAP Rocky, wani wanda ake zargi da bindiga na AR-15 ne ya harbe shi.<ref name="w985">{{Cite web |last=Lapham |first=Jake |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Rihanna's Beverly Hills home hit by gunfire, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2pm2kvkeo |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="d266">{{Cite web |last=Castleman |first=Terry |last2=Jany |first2=Libor |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Gate to Rihanna's home, an RV hit by bullets as suspect fired assault-style rifle, police say |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2026-03-08/rihanna-beverly-hills-mansion-is-struck-by-gunfire-source-says |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An kama wata mace da ake zargi. Rihanna tana gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, amma ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba.<ref name="d841">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Woman shoots at Rihanna's L.A. home with AR-15-style rifle; no injuries reported, police say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-shoots-rihannas-l-home-ar-15-style-rifle-no-injuries-reported-po-rcna262362 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, Rihanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane-zane na Jay-Z 30 a Filin wasa na Yankee a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tana raira "Run This Town" da "Bitch Better Have My Money" tare da Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Brahmjot |date=July 13, 2026 |title=Rihanna Turns Heads With First Performance in Years at Jay-Z's NYC Concert |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433917/rihanna-performs-for-first-time-in-years-at-jay-zs-nyc-concert |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Rihanna mezzo-soprano ce tare da kewayon murya daga B<nowiki><sub id="mwBY4">2</sub></nowiki> zuwa Cī6.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018}}<ref name="y010">{{Cite web |last=Kristobak |first=Ryan |date=May 20, 2014 |title=You'll Never Guess Which Singer Has The Largest Vocal Range |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131205710/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>Ta fara horar da murya yayin rikodin Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) a karkashin jagorancin Ne-Yo, wanda ya koya mata dabarun numfashi da isar da muryar murya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Masu sukar sun nuna yadda take aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban: James Skinner na [[BBC]] ya bayyana aikinta a kan "Love the Way You Lie (Part II) " a matsayin "mai ba da umurni, mai rai da rauni", yayin da Andy Gill na The Independent ya ambaci "California King Bed" a matsayin rawar murya mafi karfi. ''Billboard'' ta ce "Diamonds" ta nuna ta "mafi girman murya, mafi yawan murya", kuma Jon Caramanica na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa muryarta ta zama "makami na sanyaya da rashin kulawa". A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya ta a matsayi na sittin da takwas a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci". Rihanna sau da yawa tana rubuta waƙoƙinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="o934">{{Cite web |last=Benitez-Eves |first=Tina |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Songs You Didn't Know Rihanna Wrote for Other Artists |url=https://americansongwriter.com/5-songs-you-didnt-know-rihanna-wrote-for-other-artists/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref><ref name="m312">{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2015 |title=The pop-up hit factory: How a songwriter bootcamp helped Rihanna fight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/52j3yMmbpPG2PjfS1z79nVW/the-pop-up-hit-factory-how-a-songwriter-bootcamp-helped-rihanna-fight-back |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=BBC}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Rihanna da farko R & B ne da pop, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar Dancehall, EDM, da manya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |title=Rihanna Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108043333/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |quote=…Rihanna is also uncommonly dynamic, having mixed and matched pure pop, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and adult contemporary material throughout her career.}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kiɗa an yi alama da gwaji, kuma ta bayyana cewa burinta shine "yi kiɗa da za a iya ji a wasu sassan duniya da ban taɓa zuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2015 |title=Rihanna Learned to Sing by Mimicking Celine Dion |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/article/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175534/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion-1.2291713 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> A Barbados, Rihanna ta samo wahayi daga reggae, soca, da hip-hop, kuma bayan ta koma Amurka, an gabatar da ita ga nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da dutse.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}Tushen farko na dancehall na Rihanna ya bayyana a cikin kundi biyu na farko, Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Music of the Sun ya nuna tasirin al'adun kiɗa na Caribbean; Kelefa Sanneh na The New York Times ya kira Rihanna "mafi kyawun mawaƙa don gano yadda za'a iya amfani da rhythms na lantarki".{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Da yake son ci gaban fasaha, A Girl Like Me ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kai wanda mata matasa ke fuskanta, tare da ballads waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu kyau da balaga.<ref name="AllmusicLikeMe">{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=David |title=''A Girl like Me'' – Rihanna |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013710/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]}}</ref> Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) ta nuna tashi daga farkon tasirin Caribbean kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, tare da waƙoƙin rawa-pop kamar "Push Up on Me" da "Don't Stop the Music".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rabin farko na kundin yana da tasirin tasirin pop na shekarun 1980, yayin da rabi na biyu ya fi dogara ga R & B na gargajiya.<ref name="pandr" /> Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.<ref name="VentedOnLP">{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 24, 2009 |title=Rihanna 'Vented' on Her Just-Released ''Rated R'' Album |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113001754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album.jhtml |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=October 29, 2010 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Preview: Eminem Gets Dark on Otherwise Light LP |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825082709/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp.jhtml |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep. Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&amp;amp;M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Continues to Leak Online |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-to-leak-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514133358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-leak-online.jhtml |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".<ref name="h744">{{Cite web |title=''Unapologetic'' by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826194741/https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref><ref name="d273">{{Cite web |last=Dobbins |first=Amanda |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Let's Discuss Rihanna's ''Unapologetic'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060839/https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Anti'' (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.   Rihanna ta gano [[Madonna]] a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".<ref name="j122">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna: 'Madonna is my biggest inspiration' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131190202/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.<ref name="Saysshes">{{Cite web |title=Rihanna Says She's Inspired by Mariah Carey |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724001957/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta. Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, ''Afrodisiac'' (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . <ref name="f910">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Da'Shan |date=June 8, 2018 |title=Revisiting Brandy's 'Never Say Never' 20 years later |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060246/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon [[Bob Marley]] a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.<ref name="Saysshes" /> Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing]<ref name="n792">{{Cite web |last=Al-Khateeb |first=Zac |date=February 12, 2023 |title=Where is Rihanna from? How artist's Barbados roots will influence Super Bowl halftime show |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060620/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.<ref name="turning30" /> Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast". Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Rihanna Would Give Her 'Entire Life' to Play Whitney Houston |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127105532/http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref name="b236">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Rihanna speaks about ''Battleship'' role |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417071607/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar [[Janet Jackson]], <ref name="Saysshes" /> Aaliyah, [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], [[Celine Dion]], Grace Jones, Lil 'Kim, Prince, da Brandy .<ref name="r617">{{Cite web |last=Zendle |first=Miriam |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna: Beyonce's my inspiration |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517054439/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref name="z346">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=10 Things You Never Knew About... Grace Jones |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824100006/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |archive-date=August 24, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref name="x276">{{Cite web |last=Kallor |first=Amber |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Rihanna on the '90s Beauty Icon Who Has Inspired Her Many Looks |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155715/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Artists That Wouldn't Be the Same Without Prince |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426125043/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name="f910" /> === Bidiyo da mataki === [[File:RihannaLastGirlOnEarthSnapMar2011.jpg|alt=Rihanna, with red, long hair in a colourful dress, performing on stage|thumb|Rihanna a kan Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2011. Tana da jan gashi mai haske, wanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Loud, <ref name="x596">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Janae |date=April 2, 2022 |title=The Rihanna Hair Evolution: Through the Years |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060541/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]}}</ref> da kuma tufafi masu launi da yawa.]] == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fc7ab60rhlklu9qx7t6qif8ihsyrou6 965439 965438 2026-10-09T21:18:35Z Nura Bello 24854 965439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (/riˈænə/ i ree-AN-ə; <ref>{{Cite web |last=HLN |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Rihanna Shows AJ Hammer How to Pronounce Her Name. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJP6q7XzLrQ |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> an haife ta ne a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1988) mawaƙiya ce ta Barbadian, marubuciya, ce 'yar kasuwa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=August 26, 2020 |title=A$AP Rocky Answers 18 Questions from Rihanna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AiDa3ZD20Y |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Wani mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, an san ta da aikinta na fannoni da yawa, sake fasalin fasaha, da kuma salon salon salon. Tare da kimanin tallace-tallace sama da miliyan 250, Rihanna tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci.12345Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.[1][2] Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.[3][4] A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep.[5] Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). [6] Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".[7][8] Anti (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.[9]Rihanna ta gano Madonna a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".[1] Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.[1][2]Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.[3] Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta.[4] Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, Afrodisiac (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . [5]A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon Bob Marley a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.[1] Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing][2] Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.[3][4] Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast".[5] Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.[6][7] Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar Janet Jackson, [1] Aaliyah, Beyonce, Celine Dion, Grace Jones, Bayan sanya hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna ta fara fitowa tare da rikodin Caribbean-inspired Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006), dukansu biyu sun kai saman goma na US <nowiki><i id="mwLA">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200. Waƙoƙin da suka jagoranci, "Pon de Replay" da "SOS", sun kai lamba biyu da ɗaya a kan <nowiki><i id="mwMA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 na Amurka. Da yake karɓar hoto mai girma, Rihanna ta tashi zuwa shahararriya kuma ta sauya zuwa rawa-pop da R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B tare da kundin da ta fi sayar da shi Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) da sake bugawa, mai taken Reloaded (2008). Aikin ya samar da jerin waƙoƙi masu nasara, gami da waƙoƙin Amurka "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", da "Disturbia". Bayyanar baƙonta a kan "Live Your Life", "Love the Way You Lie", da kuma "The Monster" kuma sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Bayan bincika ƙarin jigogi na sirri a kan rikodin da ya shafi dutse Rated R (2009), Rihanna ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundin rawa-pop Loud (2010) da Talk That Talk (2011), kuma ta hau kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da saitin synth-pop Unapologetic (2012). Ta tashi daga Def Jam don goyon bayan Roc Nation, ta saki eclectic ''Anti'' (2016) - kundi na biyu na lamba daya. Wadannan kundin sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin Amurka na farko "Rude Boy", "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?", "S&amp;amp;M", "Mun sami soyayya", "Diamonds", da "Aiki". Tun daga shekara ta 2016, Rihanna tana fitowa da mutane kuma tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasu lokuta. Ta kuma shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim sun ''Gida'' da Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), da ''Smurfs'' (2025). Rihanna ita ce mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Grammy Awards tara, Billboard Music Awards goma sha biyu, American Music Awards gomasharo, da kuma MTV Video Music Awards bakwai. Ita ce mafi girman ƙwararren mata na dijital ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Amurka, kuma tana da ƙwararrun 'yan lu'u-lu'u guda takwas da ƙwararriyar lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Mace mai kiɗa ta farko da ta kai matsayin biliyan, Rihanna ta kafa Gidauniyar Clara Lionel mai zaman kanta, alamar kayan kwalliya Fenty Beauty, da alamar kayan ado Fenty a ƙarƙashin LVMH. Gwamnatin Barbados ta nada ta a matsayin jakada a shekarar 2018 kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin Jarumi na Barbados a shekarar 2021. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1988-2002: Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Casa_donde_vivió_Rihanna,_a_pocos_metros_del_puerto_de_Bridgetown.jpg|alt=A small house prominently coloured in red, green, and orange|thumb|Gidan iyayen Rihanna a Bridgetown, kawai 'yan mita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na birnin]] An haifi Robyn Rihanna Fenty a Saint Michael, Barbados, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1988. {{Sfn|Weidhase|2024}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Ita 'yar Monica ce (née Braithwaite), mai lissafin kuɗi na Afro-Guyanese, da Ronald Fenty, mai kula da ɗakin ajiya na Barbadian na Afirka, Irish, Ingilishi, da zuriyar Scotland.{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}{{Sfn|LaBennett|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Rihanna: Out for Revenge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510063957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rihanna-out-revenge-2360129.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>Rihanna tana da 'yan uwan biyu, Rorrey da Rajad Fenty, da kuma' yan uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwanta daga dangantakar mahaifinta ta baya.{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta girma ne a cikin wani bungalow mai dakuna uku a Bridgetown kuma ta taimaka wa mahaifinta sayar da tufafi a wani kantin sayar da titi.{{Sfn|Novic|2019}}<ref name="n403">{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Leah |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Inside Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Rags-to-Riches Family Life |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722041237/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3171872/rihanna-and-aap-rockys-rags-riches-family-life-fenty |archive-date=July 22, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>Yayinda take yarinya ta shafar maye da jarabawar cocaine ta mahaifinta, wanda ya lalata auren iyayenta. <ref name="o839">{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Kira |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Rihanna: 'That's a Part of My Life I Want to Throw Away' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/21/rihanna-interview |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="l893">{{Cite web |last=Pawa |first=Vandana |date=February 12, 2024 |title=All About Rihanna's Parents, Ronald Fenty and Monica Braithwaite |url=https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616010227/https://people.com/all-about-rihanna-parents-7495701 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="j079">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Mark |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Rihanna Drops Legal Case Against Her Father |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610013748/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58491164 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi magana game da ganin mahaifinta ya wulakanta mahaifiyarta, yana bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi karfi da na sani, idan ba mafi karfi ba".{{Sfn|Muehlhoff|2010}}{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}} Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta sha wahala daga ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda ke buƙatar [[CT scan|CT scans]] da yawa, tare da likitoci da ke zargin ciwon daji. Rashin lafiyarta ya fara ingantawa bayan iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da shekaru 14.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2015}}Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Charles F. Broome Memorial da Makarantar Combermere.{{Sfn|Herringshaw|2014}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗalibi mai halin kirki" wanda ya guje wa matsala.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ta nuna sha'awar waka, rawa, da waka. A wannan lokacin, Rihanna ta fara sauraron masu fasahar reggae kamar Sizzla da Damien Marley, da kuma mawaƙa na R & B kamar [[Whitney Houston]] da [[Mariah Carey]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}}A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, ta zama cadet a cikin Cadet Corps na Barbados, tare da mawaƙa na gaba Shontelle a matsayin sajan ta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake da farko ta shirya kammala makarantar sakandare, daga ƙarshe ta fita tana da shekaru 16 don neman aikin kiɗa. === 2003-2006: Farawar aiki tare da Music of the Sun da A Girl Like Me''Yarinya Kamar Ni'' === A shekara ta 2003, Rihanna ta kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa guda uku tare da abokan aji biyu a Barbados.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba tare da sunansa ba kuma ba tare da kayan asali ba, [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ta saurara ga mai gabatar da Amurka Evan Rogers, wanda ya tuna cewa "minti Rihanna ta shiga cikin dakin, kamar sauran' yan mata biyu ba su wanzu ba". <ref name="j007">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Andrew Lloyd Webber Claims He Discovered Rihanna on His Travels |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-claims-he-discovered-rihanna-in-barbados |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Wadannan uku sun ci gaba da yin murfin Destiny's Child's "Emotion".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Da yake sha'awar, Rogers ya shirya ganawa ta biyu tare da Rihanna da mahaifiyarta - a wannan lokacin ba tare da sauran 'yan mata biyu ba - kuma daga baya ya gayyace su zuwa garinsu a [[Connecticut]] don yin rikodin kaset don gabatarwar lakabin rikodin.<ref name="p858">{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Sylvia |date=August 25, 2007 |title=Singing in the Rain: An Exclusive Interview with Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/26/popandrock |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta demo tape ya hada da "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A shekara ta 2005, ta zama mai zane na farko da ya sanya hannu tare da Syndicated Rhythm Productions, kamfanin samarwa wanda Rogers da Carl Sturken suka kafa.<ref name="p858" />{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} An aika demo din Rihanna ga rapper [[Jay-Z]], wanda ya zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na lakabin rikodin Def Jam Recordings . <ref name="z330">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Amina |date=November 25, 2005 |title=Amina Taylor Meets Singer Rihanna |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001200047/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/25/popandrock2 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kodayake Jay-Z da farko ya yi tunanin "Pon de Replay" ya yi yawa ga sabon mai zane, ya gayyace ta zuwa sauraro. A farkon shekara ta 2005, ta yi a Birnin New York don Jay-Z da kuma mai kula da kiɗa Antonio "L.A." Reid, tana raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston "For the Love of You" tare da waƙoƙi na demo "Pon de Replay" da "The Last Time".<ref name="p858" /><ref name="z173">{{Cite web |last=Cragg |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Rihanna – 10 of the Best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jun/28/rihanna-10-of-the-best |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jay-Z ta gamsu da iyawarta, kuma Reid ya gaya masa kada ya bar ta barin ginin ba tare da yarjejeniya ba.<ref name="Jay-ZPicks">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=2007 |title=Jay-Z's Picks: Teairra Mari, Rihanna, Ne-Yo |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830053302/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/jayz_picks/ |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2011 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ta jira a ofishin Jay-Z yayin da lauyoyi suka kammala kwangilar kundi shida tare da Def Jam. Rihanna ta soke taron da aka shirya tare da wasu lakabi kuma, jim kadan bayan ta cika shekaru 16, ta ƙaura daga Barbados zuwa Amurka. A can, ta kammala karatun sakandare tare da malami.<ref name="y117">{{Cite web |last=Gracie |first=Bianca |date=May 28, 2020 |title=An Oral History of Rihanna's Debut Song, 'Pon de Replay' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710013021/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/rihanna-pon-de-replay-oral-history.html |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tracy|2013}} [[File:RihannaJingle_Ball_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, in her late teens, facing the other way of the camera under a red light|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a KIIS-FM Jingle Ball a shekara ta 2005]] Bayan Rihanna ta sanya hannu tare da Def Jam, Jay-Z da tawagarsa sun kwashe watanni uku suna kammala kundi na farko.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ta yi aiki tare da masu samarwa daban-daban, da farko Rogers da Sturken.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}An zaɓi "Pon de Replay" a matsayin jagora saboda roƙon lokacin rani.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}An saki waƙar a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2005, kuma ta zama nasarar kasuwanci, ta kai lamba ta biyu a duka US <nowiki><i id="mwAWw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. {{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An saki kundi na farko na studio, Music of the Sun, a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005. Ya fara ne a lamba goma a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwAXk">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na raka'a 69,000.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙarsa ta biyu, "If It's Lovin' That You Want", ta kai lamba 36 a Amurka.<ref name="z214">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'SOS' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2211667/the-number-ones-rihannas-sos/columns/the-number-ones/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da cameo a cikin fim din kai tsaye zuwa DVD Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), inda ta nuna kanta.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ta saki Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a watan Satumbar 2005.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An kira shi A Girl Like Me, an saki rikodin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Here's Every Rihanna Song to Go Platinum so Far |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060948/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/65388-heres-every-rihanna-song-to-go-platinum-news |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Kundin pop da reggae, <ref name="SanMiguel">{{Cite journal |last=SanMiguel |first=Celia |date=June 2006 |title=Review: ''A Girl like Me'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408034539/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA160 |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |quote=a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots}}</ref> A Girl Like Me ya kai lamba biyar a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200, tare da kofe 115,000 da aka sayar a Amurka a cikin makon farko. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ya zama kundi na farko na platinum sau biyu na RIAA, wanda ya wuce miliyan daya da aka sayar. Ya haifar da waƙoƙi huɗu: "SOS", "Unfaithful", "We Ride", da kuma "Break It Off". "SOS" ya zama waƙarta ta farko da ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yayin da "Unfaithful" ya kai saman goma na sigogi a duk duniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Don inganta duka A Girl Like Me da Music of the Sun, Rihanna ta fara rangadin kide-kide na farko, mai taken Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour, a cikin shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Corey |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna Lets Fans Be Her Guide, Selects Summer Jam 'We Ride' as Next Single: Singer on First Headlining Tour Through Early August |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131234/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535606/20060705/rihanna.jhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> === 2007-2008: Yarinya mai kyau ta tafi mummunan''Yarinya Mai Kyau ta Fito'' === [[File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg|alt=Rihanna with a bob cut performing in into a microphone on a stage|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Good Girl Gone Bad Tour a shekara ta 2008]] A farkon shekara ta 2007, Rihanna ta fara yin rikodin kundi na uku. Da yake da niyyar watsar da hotonta na yarinya mai ƙofar kusa don tallafawa mutum mai girma da tawaye, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da su kamar Ne-Yo, Timbaland, [[Justin Timberlake]], da Tricky Stewart don kundin.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sakamakon kundin, Good Girl Gone Bad, an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2007, zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref name="pandr">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2007 |title=Review: ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192438/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jun/17/popandrock.shopping |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h093">{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2007 |title=''Good Girl Gone Bad'' by Rihanna |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/good-girl-gone-bad/rihanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602134202/http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/rihanna/goodgirlgonebad |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, ya nuna canji daga sautin Caribbean na aikinta na baya, yana rungumar jagorancin zamani wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙin rawa na uptempo.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta biyu a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 162,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}} Jagoran jagora daga Good Girl Gone Bad shine "Umbrella", tare da Jay-Z. Ya hau kan sigogi a yankuna da yawa, yana ciyar da makonni goma da bakwai a jere a lamba daya a kan UK Singles Chart da ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya, "Shut Up and Drive" da "Hate That I Love You", sun kai lamba goma sha biyar da bakwai a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, bi da bi, yayin da kundi na huɗu, "Don't Stop the Music", ya kai lamba uku.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin duniya na Good Girl Gone Bad a watan Satumbar 2007, inda ta yi kide-kide 80 a fadin nahiyoyi biyar.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}A Grammy Awards na 50, ta sami gabatarwa da yawa don Good Girl Gone Bad kuma ta lashe Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "Umbrella" tare da Jay-Z.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, ta fito da "Rehab", na biyar kuma na ƙarshe daga Good Girl Gone Bad; ya kai saman a cikin manyan sigogi 20 a duka Amurka da Burtaniya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Bayan sayar da kwafin miliyan tara har zuwa 2023, Good Girl Gone Bad shine kundin da aka fi sayarwa a duk duniya.<ref name="x012">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Axl |date=November 8, 2023 |title=What Is Rihanna's Best-Selling Album? |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518074114/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/732899-rihanna-best-selling-album-good-girl-gone-bad |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Entertainment Weekly mai suna Rihanna "Diva of the Year" a cikin 2008, yana yabon ta "sabon ikon zama". A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, Rihanna ta shiga [[Kanye West]] a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan Glow in the Dark Tour . An sake fitar da Good Girl Gone Bad, mai taken Reloaded, a ranar 2 ga Yuni; sayar da kwafin 63,000 a cikin makon farko, ya taimaka wa kundin asali ya tashi zuwa lamba bakwai a Amurka. {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Sake caji ya haifar da sabbin waƙoƙi huɗu, biyu daga cikinsu - "Disturbia" da "Take a Bow" - sun hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka saki Reloaded, ta ba da Good Girl Gone Bad Live, wani shirin DVD wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Rihanna na Disamba 2007 a [[Manchester Arena]].{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A shekara ta 2008, ta sanar da dangantakarta ta soyayya da mawaƙa [[Chris Brown]] kuma ta hau kan Hot 100 na makonni shida tare da fasalin waƙar rapper TI "Live Your Life".<ref name="c550">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Rihanna and Chris Brown's relationship through the years |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513150504/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/rihanna-chris-brown-through-the-years |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2009-2011: Shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin gida, Rated R, da Loud''Da ƙarfi'' === [[File:Rihanna_2010_cropped.jpg|alt=Rihanna, her right hand holding and performing into a microphone, with her left pointing at someone in the crowd|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2010]] A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2009, an tilasta wa Rihanna soke aikin da ta shirya a 51st Annual Grammy Awards biyo bayan rahotanni cewa Brown ya yi mata hari.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Daga baya ya mika kansa ga hukumomi kuma an tsare shi bisa zargin yin barazanar aikata laifuka. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009, an tuhume shi da kai hari da yin barazanar aikata laifuka.<ref name="n230">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's father says singer 'remorseful' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030108/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-14/chris-browns-father-says-singer-remorseful/296306 |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Wannan shari'ar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman bayan TMZ ta buga hoton 'yan sanda da ya ɓace wanda ke nuna Rihanna tare da raunin da ake gani. An kira Rihanna don yin shaida a wani sauraro na farko a Los Angeles a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2009. Lamarin da sakamakonsa sun rinjayi ta a fannin fasaha, wanda ya sa ta fara aiki a kan kundi na huɗu na studio, mai taken Rated R, wata daya bayan Grammy Awards.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Rated R ya nuna canji daga sauti mai kyau na kundin Rihanna na baya, yana rungumar sautin duhu, mai zurfi tare da tasirin dutse. <ref name="MichDaily">{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Sasha |date=November 22, 2009 |title=Rihanna turns dark on ''Rated R'' |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128205713/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/rihanna-review/ |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sayar da kwafin 181,000 a cikin makon farko.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Ɗaya daga cikin "Rude Boy" ya kai saman Hot 100 na makonni shida, yayin da "Russian Roulette" da "Hard" dukansu sun kai saman goma.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rihanna ta shiga cikin dangantaka ta kan-sake, tare da rapper na Kanada [[Drake]] a cikin 2009 kuma, don tallafawa Rated R, ta fara rangadin Last Girl on Earth daga 2010 zuwa 2011.<ref name="h937">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Last Girl On Earth tour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215010030/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/rihannas-last-girl-on-earth-tour-20101216-18z2y.html |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_The_Loud_Tour_-_30_(6790388762).jpg|alt=Rihanna, with curly hair, performing on stage into a microphone|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Loud Tour a 2011]] A watan Yunin 2010, Rihanna ta yi aiki tare da rapper Eminem a kan wakar "Love the Way You Lie". Ya hau kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni bakwai a jere kuma ya kai lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya; shi ne kuma Waƙar da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta sauya gudanarwa, ta sanya hannu tare da Jay-Z's Roc Nation . Ta koma ga sautin da ya fi dacewa tare da kundi na biyar, Loud, wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rubuce-rubucen rawa-pop, Loud ya fara ne a lamba uku a Amurka tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 207,000 . {{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} Ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda uku na ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "Kawai Girl (A Duniya) ", "Menene Sunan Na?" tare da Drake, da "S & M", wanda ya hau kan ginshiƙi bayan fitowar remix tare da [[Britney Spears]] . Rihanna ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi saurin mai zane-zane a tarihin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 don tarawa goma na farko. <ref name="y440">{{Cite web |last=Tehomilic |first=Tommy |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna earns 10th No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602205951/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rihanna-earns-10th-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> A Grammy Awards na 53 a cikin 2011, "Kawai Yarinya (A Duniya) " ta lashe Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu. <ref name="x529">{{Cite web |last=Fresh |first=Mikey |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Grammy Recap: Stargate Talks Rihanna's 'Only Girl (In The World)' Winning 'Best Dance Recording' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112174338/https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/grammy-recap-stargate-talks-rihannas-only-girl-world-winning-best-dance-recording-59150/ |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Waƙoƙin "Man Down", "California King Bed", da "Cheers (Drink to That) " an sake su a matsayin mutane daga Loud a cikin 2011.<ref name="i594">{{Cite web |last=Copsey |first=Robert |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Rihanna announces next single |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414145352/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a308595/rihanna-announces-next-single.html |archive-date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Don tallafawa kundin, Rihanna ta kaddamar da Loud Tour a watan Yunin 2011, wanda ya hada da rikodin rikodin rikodi goma da aka sayar a The O2 Arena a London - mafi yawan mata masu zane a tarihin wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Rihanna Breaks O2 Arena Record with Final Loud Tour Gig |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134155/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/rihanna/news/o2-arena-record/ |archive-date=November 22, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]}}</ref> Wannan yawon shakatawa ya tara dala miliyan 90, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin yawon shakata mafi girma a duk duniya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="l046">{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2011 |title=Rihanna's Loud Tour Grosses $90 Million |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617010026/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/12/29/rihannas-loud-tour-grosses-90-million |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Har ila yau, a cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin wasu waƙoƙin masu fasaha guda uku: West's "All of the Lights" daga My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), [[Nicki Minaj]]'s "Fly" daga kundi na farko Pink Friday (2010), da David Guetta's "Who's That Chick?" daga One More Love (2010).<ref name="f210">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Harley |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Kanye West and Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds', 'All of the Lights' at FYF Fest |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033510/https://www.spin.com/2015/08/kanye-west-rihanna-four-five-seconds-all-of-the-lights-fyf-fest-watch/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref><ref name="i713">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2011 |title=Nicki Minaj Says She and Rihanna Would Be a 'Crazy Power Couple' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192439/https://www.rap-up.com/article/2011/01/13/nicki-minaj-says-she-and-rihanna-would-be-a-crazy-power-couple |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Rap-Up]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}} === 2011-2013: Magana da Wannan Magana da Unapologetic''Ba tare da neman gafara ba'' === Rihanna ta yi niyyar bincika jigogi masu nuna jima'i a cikin kundi na shida na studio, Talk That Talk, <ref name="l163">{{Cite web |last=Ferrier |first=Morwenna |date=November 20, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/20/rihanna-talk-that-talk-review |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="s352">{{Cite web |last=Zoladz |first=Lindsay |date=November 23, 2011 |title=Rihanna: ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173718/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16072-rihanna-talk-that-talk/ |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011.<ref name="e115" /> Kundin pop da R & B, <ref name="s352" /> <ref name="e115">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 30, 2012 |title=Rihanna Debuts Music Video for 'Where Have You Been' (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412164738/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/rihanna-where-have-you-been-video-318033/ |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Talk That Talk ya buɗe a lamba ta uku a kan US ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na 198,000, [3] yayin da yake farawa a saman UK Albums Chart tare da raka'a 163,000 da aka sayar.<ref name="h364">{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2012 |title=Album sales fall to new low as Rihanna tops UK chart despite selling less than 10,000 copies of ''Talk That Talk'' |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/album-sales-fall-to-new-low-as-rihanna-tops-uk-chart-despite-selling-less-than-10-000-copies-of-talk-that-talk-8038553.html |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mun sami Ƙauna", ya zama babban taswirar duniya.<ref name="k330">{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=November 20, 2023 |title=The Number Ones: Rihanna's 'We Found Love' (Feat. Calvin Harris) |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725060431/https://www.stereogum.com/2242171/the-number-ones-rihannas-we-found-love-feat-calvin-harris/columns/the-number-ones/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> Ya shafe makonni goma da ba a jere ba a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, yana mai da shi duka Rihanna mafi tsawo da kuma mafi tsawo a lamba daya song a Amurka a 2011. Kundin ya haifar da wasu waƙoƙi guda uku: "You da One", "Talk That Talk", da "Where Have You Been". "Where Have You Been" ya kai lamba biyar a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Rihanna and Calvin Harris Release 'This Is What You Came For' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203020636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/listen-rihanna-calvin-harris-song-888801/ |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_Diamonds_World_Tour_2013_(Cropped).png|alt=Rihanna on stage, wearing a red crop top and long dress, singing into a microphone on stage|right|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Diamonds World Tour a 2013]] A farkon shekara ta 2012, Rihanna ta bayyana a Coldplay's "Princess of China" da Drake's "Take Care". <ref name="u999">{{Cite web |last=Goble |first=Corban |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Coldplay – 'Princess Of China' (Feat. Rihanna) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075409/https://www.stereogum.com/1051722/coldplay-princess-of-china-feat-rihanna-video/news/ |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> <ref name="x884">{{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Powers |date=November 8, 2011 |title=Follow The Sample: Drake's 'Take Care' Comes From The Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425003515/http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2011/11/07/142105010/follow-the-sample-drakes-take-care-comes-from-the-blues |archive-date=April 25, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Fabrairu, ta lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Rap / Song Haɗin gwiwa don "All of the Lights" tare da West, kuma an kira ta Mafi kyawun Mata na Duniya a Brit Awards na shekara ta biyu a jere. <ref name="x499">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2012 |title=Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners and Nominees List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113259/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/grammy-awards-2012-winners-whitney-houston-death-adele-289778/ |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="z651">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Simon |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143310/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Maris, Rihanna da Brown sun fitar da remixes guda biyu - waƙarta "Birthday Cake" da "Turn Up the Music" - waɗanda aka soki saboda tarihin su na tashin hankali na gida.<ref name="s567">{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Chris Brown, Rihanna Reunite on 'Birthday Cake,' 'Turn Up the Music' Remixes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616112111/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/02/chris-brown-rihanna-reunite-on-birthday-cake-turn-up-the-music-remixes |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, bidiyon kiɗa na "Mun sami Ƙauna" ya lashe Bidiyo na Shekara a MTV Video Music Awards, yana mai da Rihanna mace ta farko da ta karɓi girmamawa fiye da sau ɗaya.<ref name="p766">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna wins MTV VMA award for Belfast video We Found Love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919023450/https://www.bbc.com/news/19516519 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="2012 VMA">{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |title=Rihanna, One Direction Top Vmas |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911032420/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/awards/rihanna-one-direction-top-vmas-022745243.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya lashe kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Short Form Music Video a shekarar 2013. An saki kundi na bakwai na Rihanna, mai taken Unapologetic, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012. <ref name="m564">{{Cite web |last=Renshaw |first=David |date=November 19, 2012 |title=This week's new music releases: November 19, 2012 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919163028/https://www.nme.com/news/music/rihanna-160-1261261 |archive-date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen synth-pop tare da EDM da abubuwan hip-hop, <ref name="x501">{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Jessica |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Rihanna: ''Unapologetic'' |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011130105/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17369-unapologetic/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Unapologetic ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' 200 tare da tallace-tallace na mako na farko na kwafin 238,000, ya zama kundi na farko na Rihanna a Amurka. Kundin kundin, "Diamonds", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ya zama waƙar Rihanna ta goma sha biyu a kan ginshiƙi. Kundin na biyu, "Stay", ya kai lamba uku a Amurka. Don inganta kundin, Rihanna ta fara rangadin 777, ta yi wasanni bakwai a kasashe bakwai a cikin kwanaki bakwai. Wani shirin fim game da yawon shakatawa ya fito a kan [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sannan aka saki wani DVD a washegari - bidiyon ta na uku mai tsawo. A watan Janairun 2013, Rihanna da Brown sun sake farfado da dangantakarsu, kodayake ya kasance a karkashin gwaji don shari'ar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ta 2009. Su biyu sun rabu kusan watanni huɗu bayan haka. Rihanna ta fara fitowa a fim din a matsayin Petty Officer Cora Raikes a cikin Battleship (2012).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta wasan kwamitin na wannan sunan, Battleship ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa, kodayake Neil Genzlinger, yana rubutawa ga The New York Times, ya ce tana da "kyakkyawan rawar da take takawa. "<ref name="q235">{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Alex |date=April 6, 2012 |title=''Battleship'': Is board game adaptation Hollywood's last roll of the dice? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/07/battleship-hasbro-adaptation-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="u485">{{Cite web |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=May 18, 2012 |title=''Battleship'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123161420/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/battleship/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="w089">{{Cite web |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Aliens Fight Heroic Earthlings in ''Battleship'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915210742/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/movies/aliens-fight-heroic-earthlings-in-battleship.html |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, Shafukan hukuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ta sayar da rikodin miliyan 3.87 a kasar a shekarar da ta gabata, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na farko a cikin masu zane-zane na 2013 Brit Awards.<ref name="officialcharts.com">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2013 |title=The BRIT Awards 2013: The Biggest Selling Nominees Revealed |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224025316/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-brit-awards-2013-the-real-winners-revealed-1869/ |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ta biyar headlining yawon shakatawa, Diamonds World Tour, an kaddamar da shi a watan Maris na 2013 don tallafawa Unapologetic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Rihanna Unveils Diamonds Tour Dates After Big VMA Night |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909225914/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1693402/rihanna-tour-dates-vma-2012.jhtml |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta yi cameo a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo This Is the End (2013), kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da rapper Wale a kan remix dinsa na "Bad". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, ta hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart tare da fasalin waƙar Eminem "The Monster".<ref name="j531">{{Cite web |last=Molanphy |first=Chris |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Why Is Eminem's 'The Monster' No. 1 on the Charts? Because It's a Sequel. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060609/https://slate.com/culture/2013/12/eminem-and-rihannas-the-monster-is-no-1-on-hot-100-why-its-a-sequel-video.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="l431">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Eminem lands seventh UK number one album |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060208/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-24891173 |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === 2014-2017: Fitarwa na tsaye da ''Anti'' === A cikin 2014, [[Shakira]] ta nuna Rihanna a kan waƙarta "Ba za a iya tunawa da ku ba". Bayan fitowar Unapologetic da yawon shakatawa da ya biyo baya, ta nuna sha'awar yin hutu daga rikodin, tana cewa tana son "shekara don yin duk abin da nake so a fasaha, da kirkira".<ref name="p678">{{Cite web |last=Aguirre |first=Abby |last2=Abby Aguirre |first2=Mert Alas |last3=Piggott |first3=Marcus |date=March 17, 2016 |title=It's Rihanna's World |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816103428/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-fenty-puma-anti-april-2016-cover |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A wannan watan Mayu, ta rabu da Def Jam Recordings kuma ta sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa Roc Nation, lakabin da ke gudanar da aikinta tun Oktoba 2010.<ref name="s383">{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Lauren |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Rihanna Has Left Def Jam and Signed to Jay Z's Roc Nation... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225052307/https://www.complex.com/music/a/lauren-nostro/rihanna-roc-nation-management-label-deal |archive-date=February 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a kan kundi na takwas na studio, Rihanna ta saki waƙoƙin "FourFiveSeconds" (haɗin gwiwa tare da West da Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", da "American Oxygen"; babu wani daga cikin ukun da ya bayyana a jerin waƙoƙar karshe na kundin.<ref name="r521">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Gerrick D. |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Rihanna and Kanye, we need to hear more from you. Make it in 2016, please. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060508/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-music-comebacks-2016-20151231-story.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="k741">{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=''Anti'' (Deluxe) by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725115514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/anti-deluxe/1440933869 |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta fito tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da [[Jennifer Lopez]] a matsayin muryar Tip a cikin fim din Home . Rihanna kuma ta tsara kuma ta saki kundin ra'ayi a matsayin sauti.<ref name="s361">{{Cite web |last=Mokoena |first=Tshepo |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Rihanna to make concept album for DreamWorks animated film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/27/rihanna-concept-album-dreamworks-animated-film |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Rihanna_-_Concert_for_Valor_in_Washington,_D.C._Nov._11,_2014_(face_cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna performing on stage|left|thumb|Rihanna tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Concert for Valor a shekarar 2014]] A ƙarshen 2015, Rihanna ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 25 tare da [[Samsung]] don inganta Layin samfurin Galaxy, tare da kamfanin kuma yana tallafawa ƙaddamar da kundi na takwas na studio, mai taken ''Anti'', da kuma yawon shakatawa.<ref name="z282">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Angus |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Rihanna Signs $25 Million Deal With Samsung |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/461051-rihanna-signs-s25-million-deal-with-samsung-news |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[HotNewHipHop]]}}</ref><ref name="v939">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Rihanna Anti tour review – hit-packed victory lap with a dose of dancehall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/rihanna-anti-tour-review-hit-packed-victory-lap |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> An saki kundin ne kawai a kan sabis na yawo Tidal a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Tare da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa na nau'o'i kamar pop, Dancehall, da psychedelic soul, ''Anti'' ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan ''Billboard'' 200, yana nuna rikodin taswirar ta biyu a Amurka. <ref name="g630">{{Cite web |last=McHenry |first=Jackson |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Rihanna's ''Anti'' Returns to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 Chart |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/03/rihannas-anti-returns-to-no-1-on-the-charts.html |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> Jagoran, "Work", ya hau kan US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na makonni tara, tare da na uku da na huɗu, "Ina Bukata Ni" da "Ƙaunar kan Brain", suna ƙaruwa a cikin manyan goma. An sanar da shi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Anti World a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 don tallafawa kundin. <ref name="p734">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Iyana |date=November 23, 2015 |title=Rihanna Is Taking The Weeknd, Big Sean And Travis Scott On Her #ANTIWorldTour |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-anti-world-tour-388704/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Rihanna ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan mutane da yawa: Calvin Harris's "This Is What You Came For"; Drake's "Too Good"; <ref name="i985">{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Matthew |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Drake: 'Too Good' [ft. Rihanna] |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091804/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/18229-drake-too-good-ft-rihanna/ |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> da Mike Will Made It's "Nothing Is Promised". <ref name="b319">{{Cite web |last=Augustin |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Mike WiLL Made-It Unleashes Previous Rihanna Collaboration, 'Nothing Is Promised' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/rihanna-mike-will-made-it-nothing-is-promised-425404/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> "Wannan shine abin da kuka zo" ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba ta biyu da uku a Burtaniya da Amurka, bi da bi.<ref name="k855" /><ref name="w419">{{Cite web |title=This Is What You Came For – Calvin Harris Ft. Rihanna |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211234248/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/calvin-harris-ft-rihanna-this-is-what-you-came-for/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Rihanna ta fitar da "Sledgehammer" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Star Trek Beyond (soundtrack)">sauti na fim don Star Trek Beyond . A watan Agusta, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Michael Jackson Video Vanguard a 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, inda ta yi jerin waƙoƙin da ta fi cin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is Your 2016 VMA Video Vanguard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709040142/http://www.mtv.com/news/2910480/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2016-vmas/ |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitette |first=Nicole |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Rihanna Is the Recipient of 2016 MTV Video Vanguard Award |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201838/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/rihanna-recipient-2016-mtv-video-vanguard-award-article-1.2749890 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta kara hadin gwiwar ta, ta bayyana a kan [[DJ Khaled]]'s "Wild Thoughts" da Kendrick Lamar's "Loyalty".<ref name="h140">{{Cite web |last=Helman |first=Peter |date=June 16, 2017 |title=DJ Khaled – 'Wild Thoughts' (Feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller) Video |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100718/https://www.stereogum.com/1947210/dj-khaled-wild-thoughts-feat-rihanna-bryson-tiller-video/music/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref><ref name="s035">{{Cite web |last=Parham |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2017 |title=The Story Behind the Kendrick Lamar And Rihanna Collaboration 'Loyalty'. |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716074842/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/18/kendrick-lamar-rihanna-terrace-martin-loyalty-damn |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Fader]]}}</ref> Tsohon ya kai lamba ta biyu a Amurka, yayin da na ƙarshe ya lashe ta da Lamar Kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Rap / Song Performance. A cikin 2017, Rihanna ta nuna Marion Crane a cikin rawar da ta faru a lokacin kakar wasa ta biyar da ta karshe ta Bates Motel; wasan kwaikwayon ya sadu da yabo mai yawa.<ref name="Reviews">{{Cite web |title=Bates Motel: Season 5 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223080935/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/bates-motel/season-5 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> A cikin fim din Luc Besson na kimiyya mai suna Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017), ta taka rawar gani, mai ba da nishaɗi da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din tashar sararin samaniya, tare da Dane DeHaan da Cara Delevingne . <ref name="x784">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=December 3, 2018 |title=''Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets'' review – Luc Besson's space oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/03/valerian-and-the-city-of-a-thousand-planets-review-luc-besson-cara-delevingne-dane-dehaan-rihanna |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="h357">{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna Is in Maybe 5 Minutes of ''Valerian'' and They Are All Spectacular |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123044009/https://www.vulture.com/2017/07/rihanna-is-in-maybe-five-minutes-of-valerian.html |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref><ref name="i360">{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Patrik |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Rihanna's Cameo in ''Valerian'' Is Short but Magnificent |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124225511/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rihanna-valerian-movie-role |archive-date=January 24, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Rihanna ta fara yin soyayya da ɗan kasuwa na Saudiyya Hassan Jameel; dangantakarsu ta ƙare a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2018 |title=A Complete Timeline of Rihanna and Hassan Jameel's Romance |url=https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032732/https://en.vogue.me/culture/rihanna-hassan-jameel-relationship/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=Vogue Arabia}}</ref><ref name="turning30">{{Cite web |last=Nnadi |first=Chioma |date=May 3, 2018 |title=Rihanna on Body Image, Turning 30, And Staying Real—no Matter What |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010032812/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-vogue-cover-june-issue-2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Ashley |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Rihanna and Billionaire Boyfriend Hassan Jameel Split After Nearly 3 Years of Dating |url=https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321112803/https://people.com/music/rihanna-and-billionaire-boyfriend-hassan-jameel-split/ |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> === 2018-yanzu: Hiatus, uwaye, da kuma Super Bowl LVII rabin lokaci show === [[File:Rihanna_visits_U.S._Embassy_in_Barbados_2024_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rihanna smiling|thumb|Rihanna ta ziyarci Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Barbados a 2024]] Rihanna ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata da aka jefa a fim din Ocean's 8 (2018), wanda Gary Ross ya jagoranta. Fim din ya kasance babban nasarar ofishin jakadancin, yana samun dala miliyan 300 a duniya. Tare da [[Donald Glover]], ta fito a fim din Guava Island (2019), inda ta taka rawar soyayya ta halinsa.<ref name="z523">{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Dee |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Your Guide to Donald Glover and Rihanna's ''Guava Island'' Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331224621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/donald-glover-and-rihanna-guava-island-explainer.html |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, an sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu tare da Sony / ATV Music Publishing. Rihanna ta bayyana a waƙar PartyNextDoor "Believe It" (2020). Dan Amurka mai suna ASAP Rocky ya tabbatar da cewa shi da Rihanna suna cikin dangantaka a watan Mayu na 2021; su biyu sun fara soyayya kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, jim kadan bayan ta rabu da Jameel. <ref name="k984">{{Cite web |last=Heran Mamo |first=Hannah Dailey |date=September 25, 2025 |title=A Timeline of A$AP Rocky & Rihanna's Relationship |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010145758/https://www.billboard.com/photos/asap-rocky-rihanna-relationship-timeline-9575141/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Rihanna ta haifi ɗansu na farko a shekarar 2022.<ref name="x069">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Georgia |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Rihanna Welcomes First Baby with A$AP Rocky |url=https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520001512/https://people.com/parents/rihanna-welcomes-first-baby-with-asap-rocky/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Jagoran jagora daga sauti na fim din Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), mai taken "Lift Me Up", shine fitowar kiɗa ta farko tun ''Anti''. Waƙar ta sami gabatarwa don Golden Globe da Academy Award for Best Original Song . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mckay |first=Karelle |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Rihanna Receives First Oscar Nomination for Original Song 'Lift Me Up' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212357/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/rihanna-receives-first-oscar-nomination-164700518.html |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl LVII, wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayonta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, da kuma ƙarshen kauracewa da ta yi a baya, wanda ta haifar da hadin kai tare da Colin Kaepernick. Ayyukan sun jawo hankalin masu kallo miliyan 121.017, wanda ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl da aka fi kallo a tarihi, ya wuce wasan kwaikwayon Super Bowl XLIX na Katy Perry. Ya sami Rihanna biyar Primetime Emmy Award nominations, ciki har da daya don Outstanding Variety Special (Live). Rihanna ta zama mutum na farko da ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl yayin da take da ciki, ta bayyana ciki yayin wasan kwaikwayon. Daga baya a cikin 2023, ta haifi ta da ASAP Rocky ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Rihanna and A$AP Rocky's Newborn Baby's Name Revealed |url=https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118112110/https://people.com/rihanna-asap-rocky-second-baby-name-revealed-7967129 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Smurfs'', wanda aka yi masa mummunan ra'ayi, kuma ta haifi ita da ASAP Rocky ta uku, 'yar. <ref name="i407">{{Cite web |title=''Smurfs'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131314/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smurfs |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="y307">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rihanna Gives Birth to Her Third Child—and It's a Girl! |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924222204/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-third-child-announcement |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 24, 2025 |website=[[vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2026, Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta ba da rahoton cewa gidan Rihanna na Beverly Hills, wanda ta raba tare da ASAP Rocky, wani wanda ake zargi da bindiga na AR-15 ne ya harbe shi.<ref name="w985">{{Cite web |last=Lapham |first=Jake |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Rihanna's Beverly Hills home hit by gunfire, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2pm2kvkeo |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="d266">{{Cite web |last=Castleman |first=Terry |last2=Jany |first2=Libor |date=March 8, 2026 |title=Gate to Rihanna's home, an RV hit by bullets as suspect fired assault-style rifle, police say |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2026-03-08/rihanna-beverly-hills-mansion-is-struck-by-gunfire-source-says |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An kama wata mace da ake zargi. Rihanna tana gida a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, amma ba a bayar da rahoton rauni ba.<ref name="d841">{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Woman shoots at Rihanna's L.A. home with AR-15-style rifle; no injuries reported, police say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/woman-shoots-rihannas-l-home-ar-15-style-rifle-no-injuries-reported-po-rcna262362 |access-date=March 9, 2026 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, Rihanna ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane-zane na Jay-Z 30 a Filin wasa na Yankee a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tana raira "Run This Town" da "Bitch Better Have My Money" tare da Jay-Z.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Brahmjot |date=July 13, 2026 |title=Rihanna Turns Heads With First Performance in Years at Jay-Z's NYC Concert |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433917/rihanna-performs-for-first-time-in-years-at-jay-zs-nyc-concert |access-date=July 14, 2026 |website=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Rihanna mezzo-soprano ce tare da kewayon murya daga B<nowiki><sub id="mwBY4">2</sub></nowiki> zuwa Cī6.{{Sfn|Goldsmith|Fonseca|2018}}<ref name="y010">{{Cite web |last=Kristobak |first=Ryan |date=May 20, 2014 |title=You'll Never Guess Which Singer Has The Largest Vocal Range |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131205710/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/top-artists-vocal-range_n_5357698 |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>Ta fara horar da murya yayin rikodin Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) a karkashin jagorancin Ne-Yo, wanda ya koya mata dabarun numfashi da isar da muryar murya.{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Masu sukar sun nuna yadda take aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban: James Skinner na [[BBC]] ya bayyana aikinta a kan "Love the Way You Lie (Part II) " a matsayin "mai ba da umurni, mai rai da rauni", yayin da Andy Gill na The Independent ya ambaci "California King Bed" a matsayin rawar murya mafi karfi. ''Billboard'' ta ce "Diamonds" ta nuna ta "mafi girman murya, mafi yawan murya", kuma Jon Caramanica na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa muryarta ta zama "makami na sanyaya da rashin kulawa". A cikin 2023, Rolling Stone ta sanya ta a matsayi na sittin da takwas a cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi Girma 200 na Duk Lokaci". Rihanna sau da yawa tana rubuta waƙoƙinta tare da ƙungiyar masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="o934">{{Cite web |last=Benitez-Eves |first=Tina |date=May 8, 2023 |title=5 Songs You Didn't Know Rihanna Wrote for Other Artists |url=https://americansongwriter.com/5-songs-you-didnt-know-rihanna-wrote-for-other-artists/ |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=[[American Songwriter]]}}</ref><ref name="m312">{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2015 |title=The pop-up hit factory: How a songwriter bootcamp helped Rihanna fight back |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/52j3yMmbpPG2PjfS1z79nVW/the-pop-up-hit-factory-how-a-songwriter-bootcamp-helped-rihanna-fight-back |access-date=March 16, 2026 |website=BBC}}</ref> Waƙoƙin Rihanna da farko R & B ne da pop, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar Dancehall, EDM, da manya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |title=Rihanna Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108043333/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rihanna-mn0000367188 |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |quote=…Rihanna is also uncommonly dynamic, having mixed and matched pure pop, dancehall, R&B, EDM, and adult contemporary material throughout her career.}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kiɗa an yi alama da gwaji, kuma ta bayyana cewa burinta shine "yi kiɗa da za a iya ji a wasu sassan duniya da ban taɓa zuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2015 |title=Rihanna Learned to Sing by Mimicking Celine Dion |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/article/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175534/http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/rihanna-learned-to-sing-by-mimicking-celine-dion-1.2291713 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> A Barbados, Rihanna ta samo wahayi daga reggae, soca, da hip-hop, kuma bayan ta koma Amurka, an gabatar da ita ga nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da dutse.{{Sfn|Govan|2011}}Tushen farko na dancehall na Rihanna ya bayyana a cikin kundi biyu na farko, Music of the Sun (2005) da A Girl Like Me (2006).{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Music of the Sun ya nuna tasirin al'adun kiɗa na Caribbean; Kelefa Sanneh na The New York Times ya kira Rihanna "mafi kyawun mawaƙa don gano yadda za'a iya amfani da rhythms na lantarki".{{Sfn|Perricone|2025}}Da yake son ci gaban fasaha, A Girl Like Me ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kai wanda mata matasa ke fuskanta, tare da ballads waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu kyau da balaga.<ref name="AllmusicLikeMe">{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=David |title=''A Girl like Me'' – Rihanna |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013710/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-girl-like-me-mw0000348566 |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]}}</ref> Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) ta nuna tashi daga farkon tasirin Caribbean kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin canji a cikin aikinta, tare da waƙoƙin rawa-pop kamar "Push Up on Me" da "Don't Stop the Music".{{Sfn|Oliver|2011}}Rabin farko na kundin yana da tasirin tasirin pop na shekarun 1980, yayin da rabi na biyu ya fi dogara ga R & B na gargajiya.<ref name="pandr" /> Rihanna ta rock-imbued rikodin Rated R (2009), wanda aka saki bayan harin da saurayinta na lokacin, Chris Brown, ya yi da sautin duhu sosai kuma ya cika da motsin rai daban-daban da ta samu tun daga lokacin.<ref name="VentedOnLP">{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 24, 2009 |title=Rihanna 'Vented' on Her Just-Released ''Rated R'' Album |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113001754/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1626934/rihanna-vented-on-her-just-released-rated-r-album.jhtml |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Tare da saitin rawa-pop Loud (2010), ta yi tunani game da nishaɗin da take da shi yayin yin rikodin kundin, ta haɗa da ballads, waƙoƙin jam'iyya, da kuma karfafa waƙoƙun soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=October 29, 2010 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Preview: Eminem Gets Dark on Otherwise Light LP |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825082709/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651058/rihannas-loud-preview-eminem-gets-dark-on-otherwise-light-lp.jhtml |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> A kan Talk That Talk (2011), Rihanna ta fadada kan salon rawa-pop yayin da take karɓar halin jima'i da ya haɗa abubuwa na R & B, hip-hop, dancehall, da dubstep. Loud and Talk That Talk ya gan ta tana bincika jima'i a cikin aikinta ("S&amp;amp;M" da "Birthday Cake") kuma ta koma ga tushen rawa ("Man Down" da "Watch n' Learn"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=November 9, 2009 |title=Rihanna's ''Loud'' Continues to Leak Online |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-to-leak-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514133358/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651820/rihannas-loud-continues-leak-online.jhtml |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Ana bincika rauni a kan rikodin pop da synth-pop Unapologetic (2012), wanda Vulture ya bayyana a matsayin "aikin ƙiyayya [...] don warware yadda take ji game da ita [... tsohon saurayinta Brown] da kuma siffarta ta jama'a".<ref name="h744">{{Cite web |title=''Unapologetic'' by Rihanna on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826194741/https://music.apple.com/us/album/unapologetic/1444105795 |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] (US)}}</ref><ref name="d273">{{Cite web |last=Dobbins |first=Amanda |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Let's Discuss Rihanna's ''Unapologetic'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060839/https://www.vulture.com/2012/11/lets-discuss-rihannas-unapologetic.html |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}''Anti'' (2016), wanda aka kirkira a cikin gwagwarmayar kirkira da rikice-rikicen motsin rai, ya haɗa da bugun lo-fi da tasirin eclectic kamar rai da tarko.   Rihanna ta gano [[Madonna]] a matsayin gunkin ta da kuma wahayi na farko. Ta bayyana burinta na zama "Black Madonna" kuma ta yaba da baiwarta don ci gaba da sake kirkirar kanta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Rihanna ta yaba da ikon Madonna na canza salon ta da kiɗa akai-akai, yayin da ta kasance "ƙarfi na gaske a cikin nishaɗi".<ref name="j122">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Rihanna: 'Madonna is my biggest inspiration' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131190202/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a330967/rihanna-madonna-is-my-biggest-inspiration/ |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kira Mariah Carey a matsayin babban tasiri a kan kiɗanta da aikinta kuma ta tuna yin waƙarta ta 1993 "Hero" a wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare.{{Sfn|Heatley|Betts|2012}}Rihanna ta kuma ce Carey ta "Vision of Love" (1990) ita ce waƙar da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a cikin kiɗa.<ref name="Saysshes">{{Cite web |title=Rihanna Says She's Inspired by Mariah Carey |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724001957/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2015/03/22/rihanna-inspired-mariah-carey/25176945/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Amurka, an fallasa ta ga nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban, wanda ta ce yana da tasiri sosai a kanta. Rihanna ta gano kundi na huɗu na Brandy, ''Afrodisiac'' (2004), a matsayin tushen wahayi na farko don kundin Good Girl Gone Bad . <ref name="f910">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Da'Shan |date=June 8, 2018 |title=Revisiting Brandy's 'Never Say Never' 20 years later |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060246/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-08/95497/revisiting-brandys-never-say-never-20-years-later |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Rihanna sau da yawa tana kallon [[Bob Marley]] a talabijin saboda shahararsa a Caribbean.<ref name="Saysshes" /> Ta dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so a kowane lokaci, ta yaba masa da "tafiyar hanyar kowane mai zane daga Caribbean".[ing]<ref name="n792">{{Cite web |last=Al-Khateeb |first=Zac |date=February 12, 2023 |title=Where is Rihanna from? How artist's Barbados roots will influence Super Bowl halftime show |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060620/https://www.sportingnews.com/au/nfl/news/rihanna-barbados-roots-influence-super-bowl-halftime-show/qcrp0f92a4uvnh6cbbb8iyjy |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> Ta kirkiro wani wuri mai tsarki a gidanta da aka keɓe wa Marley kuma ta yi murfin "Is This Love" (1978) da "Redemption Song" (1980) yayin yawon shakatawa.<ref name="turning30" /> Yayinda take yarinya, Rihanna ta raira waƙoƙin Whitney Houston da "A Whole New World" (1992) a cikin gashin kanta akai-akai har maƙwabtanta suka fara kiranta "Robyn Redbreast". Ta kuma ambaci cewa daya daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ta fara soyayya da ita ita ce fassarar Houston na "I Will Always Love You" (1992). Ta yaba da wannan waƙar tare da tayar da sha'awarta ga kiɗa kuma a wani bangare ta danganta kasancewarta a cikin masana'antar ga Houston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Rihanna Would Give Her 'Entire Life' to Play Whitney Houston |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127105532/http://www.mtv.com/news/1682310/rihanna-whitney-houston-biopic/ |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref name="b236">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Rihanna speaks about ''Battleship'' role |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417071607/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17598677 |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Rihanna kuma ta sami rinjaye daga masu fasaha kamar [[Janet Jackson]], <ref name="Saysshes" /> Aaliyah, [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], [[Celine Dion]], Grace Jones, Lil 'Kim, Prince, da Brandy .<ref name="r617">{{Cite web |last=Zendle |first=Miriam |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Rihanna: Beyonce's my inspiration |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517054439/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a39019/rihanna-beyonces-my-inspiration/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref name="z346">{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=10 Things You Never Knew About... Grace Jones |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824100006/https://www.clashmusic.com/features/10-things-you-never-knew-about-grace-jones/ |archive-date=August 24, 2025 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]}}</ref><ref name="x276">{{Cite web |last=Kallor |first=Amber |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Rihanna on the '90s Beauty Icon Who Has Inspired Her Many Looks |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827155715/https://www.vogue.com/article/rihanna-riri-perfume-90s-beauty-trends-lil-kim-lipstick |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Artists That Wouldn't Be the Same Without Prince |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426125043/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/14-artists-that-wouldnt-be-the-same-without-prince |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |website=NME}}</ref><ref name="f910" /> === Bidiyo da mataki === [[File:RihannaLastGirlOnEarthSnapMar2011.jpg|alt=Rihanna, with red, long hair in a colourful dress, performing on stage|thumb|Rihanna a kan Last Girl on Earth yawon shakatawa a cikin 2011. Tana da jan gashi mai haske, wanda ke da alaƙa da zamanin Loud, <ref name="x596">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Janae |date=April 2, 2022 |title=The Rihanna Hair Evolution: Through the Years |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002060541/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-rihanna-hair-evolution-through-the-years |archive-date=October 2, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]}}</ref> da kuma tufafi masu launi da yawa.]] == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7q828iulcfuykfge23l17mzo8n3fu2g 0 15443 965619 726318 2026-10-10T05:34:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Courtney Ozioma Dike''' (An haife tane a ranar Uku 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1995 an Edmond, [[Oklahoma]] )<ref name="okstate">{{cite web|title=17: Courtney Dike|url=http://www.okstate.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/courtney_dike_851292.html|publisher=Oklahoma State|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104232342/http://www.okstate.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/courtney_dike_851292.html|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> ita ce ’yar kwallon kafan mata ta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Nijeriya]] wacce take taka leda a gaba. Courtney ta cancanci buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya ta hanyar iyayenta da al'adun Najeriya. ta taka rawar gani sosai wajen buga kwallo gaba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsok.com/courtney-dike-celebrates-world-cup-appearance-with-a-proud-brother/article/5356719|title=Courtney Dike celebrates World Cup appearance with a proud brother|work=NewsOk|author=Jenni Carlson|date=15 October 2014|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> == Kariyan ta == === Koyo a kwaleji da farawa === An haife shi a Edmond, Oklahoma, Courtney ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Edmond North kuma ya yi wasan ƙwallon kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar ta Oklahoma . A cikin shekaru hudu a Edmond North High School, ta ci kwallaye sama da 90.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Godfrey|first1=Ed|title=Girls soccer: Edmond North's Courtney Dike is All-City Player of the Year|url=http://newsok.com/girls-soccer-edmond-norths-courtney-dike-is-all-city-player-of-the-year/article/3840921|publisher=NewsOK|access-date=11 November 2016|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> Yanzu haka tana karatun lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar ta Oklahoma kuma tana taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Jami'ar Jihar ta Oklahoma . === Ayyukan ta a fanni kwallo na duniya === A shekarar 2014, Courtney ta samu kira don wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa ta matasa ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta matasa‘ yan kasa da shekaru 20 a 2014 a [[Kanada|canada]] inda ta ci kwallo mafi sauri a tarihin gasar bayan dakika 13 kacal a wasa da Arewa Koriya.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmandu|first1=Samuel|title=Courtney Dike confident Falconets will succeed in Canada|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2014/07/30/4992803/courtney-dike-confident-falconets-will-succeed-in-canada|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=11 November 2016|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/sports/canada-fifa-u-20-courtney-dike-scores-fastest-goal-in-women-football-as-nigeria-beat-korea-id3278965.html|title=Courtney Dike Scores Fastest Goal In Women Football As Nigeria Beat Korea|work=Pulse NG|author=Macaulay Maduwuba|date=9 August 2014|access-date=29 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwarzon da ta nuna a gasar ya sanya ta samu takara uku a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Najeriyar ta 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocolly.com/sports/article_5b29b99e-5597-11e4-a1cf-0017a43b2370.html|title=Cowgirl's Courtney Dike nominated for 'Nigerian Sports Woman of the Year' award|work=O'Colly|author=Dekota Gregory|date=16 October 2014|access-date=2 May 2015}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Courtney ta ci gaba da wakiltar Najeriya a Gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta FIFA a shekarar 2015 a Kanada.<ref>{{cite news|title=OSU's Courtney Dike named to Nigeria Women's World Cup Team|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/osusportsextra/osu-s-courtney-dike-named-to-nigeria-women-s-world/article_799a3a98-af3c-5b2d-b3de-119e3776d9fb.html|access-date=11 November 2016|work=Tulsa World|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuni 2015, ta kafa tarihi ta zama 'yar asalin Oklahoman ta farko da ta taba cin Kofin Duniya bayan ta zo [[Asisat Oshoala]] a wasa da [[Asturaliya|Australia]] .<ref>{{cite web|title=Courtney Dike puts Oklahoma on the World Cup map|url=http://newsok.com/courtney-dike-puts-oklahoma-on-the-world-cup-map/article/5425500|publisher=NewsOk|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> *[https://shortstoriesforeveryone111.blogspot.com/2023/04/courtney-story.html:Courtney Story]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}* == Rayuwar mutum == Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Bright da Daryl, da' yan'uwa mata biyu, Kimberly da Brittny. Kafofin yada labarai sun ruwaito cewa ta ki amincewa da kyautar da aka ba ta saboda rawar da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 . Ta bayyana a wata wasika da aka aika wa Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya cewa "Ina matukar farin cikin yi wa Najeriya kwallo a duk lokacin da aka kira ni. Na san kafin tashi zuwa gasar cin Kofin Duniya na U-20 cewa ba zan karɓi duk wani kari ba. Karbar kyautar ya sabawa dokokin NCAA (kungiyar masu kula da rukunin rukuni na 1) a nan Amurka, don haka wannan shi ne babban dalilin kin amincewa da shi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why I rejected my bonus – Under 20 star, Courtney Dike|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/171038-why-i-rejected-my-bonus-under-20-star-courtney-dike.html|publisher=PremiumTimes Nigeria|date=11 November 2014|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == * FIFA U-20 Mata ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya : 2014 * "Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafa na Duniya" (2013) == Kyauta da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Bikin lambar yabo ! Bayanin lambar yabo ! Sakamakon |- | 2014 | Kyautar Wasannin Najeriya na 2014 | Matar Wasanni ta Shekara || {{nom}} |- | 2014 | Kyautar Wasannin Najeriya na 2014 | Kwallon kafa (mata) na Shekara || {{nom}} |- | 2014 | Kyautar Wasannin Najeriya na 2014 | Gano Shekarar || {{won}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Mark|title=OSU's Dike nominated for prestigious Nigerian Sports awards|url=http://m.tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/osusportsextra/soccer/osu-s-dike-nominated-for-prestigious-nigerian-sports-awards/article_7571e8d3-f3a1-5fb8-aaee-81e7eefd55f5.html|accessdate=11 November 2016|work=[[Tulsa World]]|date=16 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} == Manazartai == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Courtney Dike on Twitter * Courtney Dike – FIFA competition record * Courtney Dike at Soccerway [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pgdazrvicjj6mg6e0n9ykva3rcdgvd4 0 15645 965262 933004 2026-10-09T14:24:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bella Alubo''' (an haife ta '''Mabel Oine Alubo''', 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1993) mawaƙiya ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], madadin R&B, mawaƙan hip-hop kuma marubuciya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wale Owoade |date=7 January 2019 |title=Interview with Bella Alubo, the Nigerian singer who blends Hip‑hop with Afro‑pop |url=https://pan-african-music.com/en/interview-with-bella-alubo-the-nigerian-singer-who-blends-hip-hop-with-afro-pop/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=pan African}}</ref> An san ta da haɗin gwiwar EP, "Late Night Vibrations" tare da Ycee . Ta sanya hannu a Benin City Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=Exclusive Interview: Bella Alubo talks career, issues with Tinny and more |url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/exclusive-interview-bella-alubo-talks-career-issues-with-tinny-and-more/ |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwin Okolo |date=26 January 2017 |title=DRAFT DAY: BELLA ALUBO AND DAPO TURBURNA JUST GOT SIGNED |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/draft-bella-alubo-dapo-turburna-just-got-signed/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Alubo kuma ta girma a [[Jos|Jos, Najeriya]]. Sau da yawa ta rubuta waƙoƙi tun tana yarinya. Yayinda yake girma, kiɗa na [[2Baba]], ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha masu cin nasara daga kabilarsa ya rinjayi Bella. Ta tuna jin "Sarauniyar Afirka" ta [[2Baba]] tun tana ƙarama kuma ta fahimci bayyanar soyayya da sha'awa, duk da shekarunsa. Wannan bayyanar farko ga tsoffin 'yan Najeriya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga hangen nesa. Shekaru bayan haka, ya rubuta "Sarkin Afirka" a matsayin bayyanar kansa na kyakkyawar ƙaunarsa. Haɗakar da R & B tare da sautin tarko mai zurfi, sautin waƙar na zamani ya jagoranci lakabinsa don haɗa shi a cikin kundi na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2025 |title=BELLA ALUBO INTERVIEW FEATURE INSPIRING 2025 INTERVIEW |url=https://www.vipermag.com/2025/09/30/bella-alubo-interview/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Viper Magazine |publisher=Editorial}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2018, Alubo ta sauke haɗin gwiwar EP, Late Night Vibrations tare da Ycee, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Debola Abimbolu |date=25 January 2019 |title=SEE YCEE AND BELLA ALUBO IN "EMPATHY" OFF ‘LNV’ |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/watch-ycee-bella-alubo-empathy/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> da kuma EP mai biyo baya, Re-Bella, tare da BOJ, [[Victoria Kimani]], [[Efya]], da Sho Madjozi. A cikin 2019, ta bar Summer's Over EP tare da Mr Eazi, da sauransu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tami Makinde |date=1 November 2019 |title=ESSENTIALS: BELLA ALUBO’S ‘SUMMER’S OVER’ IS A TESTAMENT OF HER GROWTH |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/bella-alubos-summers/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> Ta bar 'yan wasa tare da Fasina da [[Lady Donli]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Debola Abimbolu |date=27 July 2019 |title=BELLA ALUBO AND LADY DONLI COLLABORATE FOR NEW SINGLE, "UNAVAILABLE" |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/bella-lady-donli-collaborate-new-single-unavailable/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2019, ta sauke "Agbani's remix, tare da [[Zlatan|Zlatan Ibile]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis Ade Peter |date=20 September 2019 |title=BELLA ALUBO & ZLATAN PUT TOGETHER A SNEAKY BANGER WITH "AGBANI (REMIX)" |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/bella-alubo-zlatan-sneaky-banger-agbani-remix/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> An zabi ta ne don aikin alkawari don kallo a 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards kuma an jera ta cikin masu zane-zane na 2018. Tana da koguna miliyan 20 a fadin dandamali daban-daban. Bella daga ƙarshe ta bar Tinny Entertainment a watan Satumbar 2018. A cikin 2021, Alubo ta fitar da kundi na farko mai suna ''Bella Buffet'' kuma ta sake fitar da ita na hukuma Location tare da [[Niniola]] a watan Mayu 2022, a karkashin Benin City Entertainment . A cikin 2022, Alubo ya sanya hannu kan lakabin Benin City Entertainment wanda Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke, Elliot Osagie ya kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaezuoke |first=Chisom Anastasia |date=2021-05-14 |title=#WorkinWomxn: Bella Allubo on Surviving Abuse From Music Exec |url=https://documentwomen.com/the-workinwomxn-who-survived-emotional-and-financial-abuse-from-her-record-label/ |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=Document Women |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Bella ta fito ne a cikin guda ɗaya ta The Notorious B.I.G mai taken ''G.O.A.T.'' tare da Ty Dolla $ign kuma Kayo da Elliot Osagìe ne suka samar da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Ty Dolla Sign and Bella Alubo join The Notorious B.I.G. on the new single "G.O.A.T." |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2022-05-20/169998/the-notorious-big-ty-dolla-sign-bella-alubo-goat-single/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=revolt tv}}</ref> Waƙar ta ƙunshi muryar Biggie daga Life After Death hit "I Love The Dough", tare da [[Jay-Z]] da Angela Winbush, inda ya yi magana game da salon rayuwarsa mai ban mamaki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=The Notorious B.I.G.'s Estate Shares New Single "G.O.A.T." Ft. Ty Dolla $ign & Bella Alubo' |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/395948-the-notorious-bigs-estate-shares-new-single-goat-ft-ty-dolla-sign-and-bella-alubo-new-song |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=hotnewhiphop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Notorious B.I.G.'s Estate Shares new Song "G.O.A.T." f/ Ty Dolla Sign |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/brad-callas/the-notorious-big-estate-shares-new-song-goat-featuring-ty-dolla-sign |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=complex}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2022, Red Hot Org, babbar kungiyar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], ta shiga Bella don sabon aikin da ake kira Kele-le tare da [[Lady Donli]], Tomi Owo, [[Mz Kiss]], da Oshun . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2022 |title=NIGERIAN TALENTS LADY DONLI, BELLA ALUBO, TOMI OWO, MZ KISS & OSHUN TEAM UP WITH HIV/AIDS CHARITY RED HOT ORG ON NEW PROJECT ‘KELE-LE' |url=https://grmdaily.com/kele-le-ep/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=grmdaily}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> EP mai waƙoƙi huɗu, wanda ke fassara zuwa budurwa a cikin pidgin da sauti mai ban sha'awa a cikin Swahili, ba wai kawai yana nuna basirar masu zane ba har ma yana kawo su tare don irin wannan manufa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Lady Donli, Bella Alubo, Tomi Owo & Mz Kiss – KELE-LE (EP) |url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/lady-donli-bella-alubo-tomi-owo-mz-kiss-kele-le-ep/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527211948/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/lady-donli-bella-alubo-tomi-owo-mz-kiss-kele-le-ep/ |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=akpraise}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta fitar da kundi na biyu mai taken "Love Is War" <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=Bella Alubo celebrates ten years of music marked by love and authenticity |url=https://gq.co.za/culture/music/2025-09-09-bella-alubo-celebrates-ten-years-of-music-marked-by-love-and-authenticity/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=GQ South Africa |publisher=Editorial}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Albums / EPs === * Rayuwa ta Dare (2018) * Re-Bella (2018) * ''Lokacin bazara ya ƙare'' (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tami Makinde |date=18 October 2019 |title=BELLA ALUBO SHARES TRACKLIST FOR HER UPCOMING EP, ‘SUMMER'S OVER' |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/bello-alubo-ep-summers-over/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> * ''Bella Buffet'' (2021) * Ku yi amfani da shi a baya (2025) * ''Ƙauna Yaƙi ce'' (2025) === Zaɓaɓɓun mutane === Ga jerin sunayen Bella Alubo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Alubo |url=https://genius.com/artists/Bella-alubo |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=Genius}}</ref> * "Radio" * "Agbani" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis Ade Peter |date=15 August 2019 |title=LISTEN TO BELLA ALUBO'S NEW SINGLE, "AGBANI" |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/listen-bella-alubos-new-single-agbani/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=thenative}}</ref> * "Ka ba ni soyayya" === Kamar yadda aka nuna === * G.O.A.T (The Notorious B.I.G featuring Ty Dolla $ign da Bella Alubo) <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=A Notorious B.I.G. Classic Gets Flipped Into a New Song Featuring Ty Dolla $ign, Bella Alubo |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/notorious-b-i-g-new-song-goat-ty-dolla-sign-1356219/ |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=rollingstone}}</ref> == Kyauta da gabatarwa == Alubo ta sami wasu kyaututtuka da gabatarwa wadanda suka hada da [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] don Dokar Mafi Kyawun Kulawa ta 2018. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rfbqjop077w1twqdrg8tl68vsn2l754 0 16526 965643 958967 2026-10-10T06:24:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:DJ Khaled 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|DJ Khaled]] [[Fayil:DJ Khaled at 2018 MTV VMAs.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:DJ Khaled in 2011.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:DJ KHALED Press exclusive -1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:DJ Khaled 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:The 1973 Arab-Israeli war - the albatross of decisive victory (IA 1973arabisraeliw00geor).pdf|thumb]] '''Khaled Mohamed Khaled''' (An haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alib 1975),<ref name="allmusic2">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dj-khaled-mn0000660151/biography|title=DJ Khaled Biography|author=Kellman, Andy|publisher=allmusic|access-date=July 21, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628190034/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dj-khaled-mn0000660151/biography|archive-date=June 28, 2016}}</ref>wanda aka fi sani da suna '''DJ Khaled''', dan Ba’amurke ne, mai zartar da rikodi, marubucin waƙoƙi, mai ba da labari, marubuci, mai kuma ɗabi’ar watsa labarai .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rocnation.com/dj-khaled/|title=DJ Khaled on Roc Nation|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/dj-khaled-career-new-album-grateful-2017-6|last=Lynch|first=John|title=How DJ Khaled revived his career through media marketing|date=June 22, 2018}}</ref>. Khaled ya fara samun daukaka a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a cikin shekara ta (1990) a gidan rediyo na [[:en:WEDR|99 Jamz]], kuma ya fassara farin jinin sa ta hanyar yin aiki tare da [[:en:Terror_Squad_(group)|Terror Squad]] a matsayin DJ don wasan kwaikwayon da suke yi kai tsaye. Bayan samun yabo a kan abubuwan da kungiyar ta yi,<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p672134|pure_url=yes}}|title=DJ Khaled > Credits|publisher=allmusic|access-date=December 13, 2008}}</ref> Khaled ya fitar da album din sa na farko mai suna ''[[:en:Listennn..._the_Album|Listennn... the Album]]'' a shekara ta (2006) wanda kuma ya samu takardar zinare. sannan Yabi album din ''[[:en:We_the_Best|We the Best]] a shekara ta'' (2007), wanda ke ɗauke da manyan waƙoƙi 20 masu suna "[[:en:I'm_So_Hood|I'm So Hood]]". Sanarwarsa biyu da suka biyo bayan- ''[[:en:We_Global|We Global]]'' (2008) da ''[[:en:Victory_(DJ_Khaled_album)|Victory]]'' (2010) - an sake su bayan ya kafa lakabin rikodin din [[:en:We_the_Best_Music_Group|We the Best Music Group]] . Dukkanin faya-fayen wakokin an zana su a cikin goman farko akan [[:en:Billboard_200|''Billboard'' 200]] na Amurka, tare da na karshen dauke da wakar "[[:en:All_I_Do_Is_Win|All I Do Is Win]]", wanda daga karshe aka tabbatar da shi a [[:en:Triple_platinum|triple platinum]] . Faifan faifan sa na biyar ''[[:en:We_the_Best_Forever|We the Best Forever]]''(2011) shi ma ya ga irin nasarar da aka samu ta kasuwanci,kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo Khaled ga shahararriyar duniya, kamar yadda ta ƙunshi waƙar "[[:en:I'm_on_One|I'm on One]]",shi ne farkon sa wanda yafi fice a cikin goma da ya yi. Kundin nasa na shida da na bakwai, ''[[:en:Kiss_the_Ring|Kiss the Ring]]'' (2012) da ''[[:en:Suffering_from_Success|Suffering from Success]]'' (2013), an tsara shi a cikin goman farko a kan ''Billboard'' 200,kuma faifan saiti na takwas, ''[[:en:I_Changed_a_Lot|I Changed a Lot]]'' (2015), wanda ya kai kololuwa a lamba 12. <ref name="MNT2">{{cite web|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/faithful-as-i-wanna-be-6359525|title=Faithful As I Wanna Be|last=Korten|first=Tristram|date=November 5, 1998|work=Miami New Times|access-date=December 13, 2008}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta (2015 da 2016) Khaled ya sami kulawar duniya a matsayin mutum na ɗan jarida, wanda ya sami manyan masu bi a shafukan sada zumunta. Wannan ya hango fitowar kundin faifan saiti na tara ''[[:en:Major_Key_(album)|Major Key]]'' (2016), wanda ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci; an fara yin fito na fito da ''Billboard'' (200) an kuma tabbatar da zinare, sannan kuma an amshi kyautar Grammy don [[:en:Best_Rap_Album|Best Rap Album]]. Ya fitar da faifan sa na goma, mai suna ''[[:en:Grateful_(DJ_Khaled_album)|Grateful]]'', a shekarar (2017), wanda ya kunshi marayu "[[:en:I'm_the_One_(DJ_Khaled_song)|I'm the One]]" da "[[:en:Wild_Thoughts|Wild Thoughts]]", wadanda aka tsara a lamba ta daya da ta biyu a kan [[:en:Billboard_Hot_100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], bi da bi. An fara faifan kundin a lamba ta daya akan ''Billboard'' (200) kuma shima ya sami tabbataccen sinadarin platinum. Kundin nasa na goma sha ɗaya, ''[[:en:Father_of_Asahd|Father of Asahd]]'', an sake shi a shekarar (2019) ya kai kololuwa a lamba ta biyu, kuma waƙar " Mafi Girma " data sami [[:en:Best_Rap/Sung_Performance|Best Rap/Sung Performance]] a wajen [[:en:62nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards|62nd Annual Grammy Awards]], Khaled shi ne Gwarzon farko na Grammy. [[File:DJ KHALED Press exclusive -1.jpg|thumb|DJ Khaled]] A wajen kiɗa, Khaled ya sami nasara a matsayin marubuci, tare da littafinsa ''The Keys'' wanda ke cikin jerin masu Sayarwa Mafi Kyawu a New York Times . Hakanan ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa cikin ''[[:en:Spies_in_Disguise|Spies in Disguise]]'' (2019) da ''[[:en:Bad_Boys_for_Life|Bad Boys for Life]]'' (2020). == Tarihin Rayuwar sa. == An haifi Khaled a ranar( 26) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (1975) a [[:en:New_Orleans|New Orleans]], [[:en:Palestinian_people|Palestinian]], ga iyayen Falasdinawa da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin [[Musulmi]] mai ibada. <ref name="larryking2">{{cite web|last1=Peltz|first1=Jonathan|title=Larry King's Interview with DJ Khaled Was the Pinnacle of All Journalism|url=http://noisey.vice.com/blog/larry-kings-interview-with-dj-khaled-was-the-pinnacle-of-journalism|access-date=May 19, 2018|work=Noisey|publisher=[[Vice Media, Inc.|Vice]]|date=August 13, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816061243/http://noisey.vice.com/blog/larry-kings-interview-with-dj-khaled-was-the-pinnacle-of-journalism}}</ref> uwansa mai suna Alec Ledd (Alaa Khaled) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. <ref name="Kugel vs Khaled2">{{cite web|title=Kugel vs Khaled|url=http://www.storycentral.org/kugel-vs-khaled/|website=STORY CENTRAL|access-date=June 23, 2017|date=April 17, 2017}}</ref> yan uwansa mawaƙa suna buga waƙar Larabci, kuma Khaled ya fara sha'awar rera wakoki na rap da ruhi tun yana ƙarami, kuma iyayensa sun goyi bayan sha'awarsa. Ya yi aiki a cikin shagon rikodin Merry-Go-Round na gida wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tushe don aikin kiɗan sa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcEpHnaZMgg|title=DJ Khaled Talks Fuccbois, Finga Licking, and Media Dinosaurs While Eating Spicy Wings - Hot Ones|last=Complex|date=October 22, 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="thefader2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2013/06/12/interview-dj-khaled|title=Interview: DJ Khaled|first=Jace|last=Clayton|work=[[The Fader]]|date=June 12, 2013|access-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name="WEDR2">{{cite web|title=Jamz Jocks – Khaled|url=http://www.wedr.com/news/entertainment/personalities/dj-khaled/nFrS/|publisher=[[WEDR]]|website=wedr.com|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015941/http://www.wedr.com/news/entertainment/personalities/dj-khaled/nFrS/|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:DJ Khaled at 2018 MTV VMAs.jpg|thumb|DJ Khaled]] Yayin aikinsa na farko, Khaled ya saba da matasa masu fasaha da yawa kuma ya taimaka musu kafin nasarar su; wadannan sun hada da [[:en:Birdman_(rapper)|Birdman]], [[:en:Lil_Wayne|Lil Wayne]], da [[:en:Mavado_(singer)|Mavado]] . Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne a gidan adana labarai na New Orleans Odyssey inda ya hadu da Birdman da Lil Wayne a shekarar (1993). <ref name="HipHopDX2">{{cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.1695/title.10-things-we-learned-reading-dirty-south-by-ben-westhoff|title=10 Things We Learned reading "Dirty South" by Ben Westhoff|work=[[HipHopDX]]|publisher=Cheri Media Group|date=May 6, 2011|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=March 27, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160327042023/http://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.1695/title.10-things-we-learned-reading-dirty-south-by-ben-westhoff|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan barin Odyssey, ya fara DJ a cikin kayan ado na reggae, yana haɗuwa da raye-raye da hip-hop. Wasannin rediyo na farko sun kasance a tashar '[[:en:Pirate_radio|pirate]] . A cikin shekarar (1998) ya koma Miami kuma ya dauki nauyin ''The Luke Show'' a [[:en:WEDR|WEDR]]("99) Jamz" tare da [[:en:2_Live_Crew|2 Live Crew]]'s [[:en:Luther_Campbell|Luther Campbell]] . A cikin shekarar (2003) ya fara daukar nauyin shirin rediyo na dare a (99) Jamz mai suna ''Takeover'' . <ref name="MNT3">{{cite web|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/faithful-as-i-wanna-be-6359525|title=Faithful As I Wanna Be|last=Korten|first=Tristram|date=November 5, 1998|work=Miami New Times|access-date=December 13, 2008}}</ref><ref name="WEDR3">{{cite web|title=Jamz Jocks – Khaled|url=http://www.wedr.com/news/entertainment/personalities/dj-khaled/nFrS/|publisher=[[WEDR]]|website=wedr.com|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015941/http://www.wedr.com/news/entertainment/personalities/dj-khaled/nFrS/|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="HipHopDX3">{{cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.1695/title.10-things-we-learned-reading-dirty-south-by-ben-westhoff|title=10 Things We Learned reading "Dirty South" by Ben Westhoff|work=[[HipHopDX]]|publisher=Cheri Media Group|date=May 6,2011|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=March 27, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160327042023/http://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.1695/title.10-things-we-learned-reading-dirty-south-by-ben-westhoff|url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin da ya aiki, Khaled ya yi amfani da yawa monikers ciki har da "Arab Attack", "Big Kare Lucenzo", "Firgitar Squadian" (amfani a lokacin da hip hop kungiyar [[:en:Terror_Squad_(group)|Terror Squad]]), Beat Novacane (a moniker karkashin abin da ya samar da lashe), The Don Dada, Mr. Miami da dai sauransu. Khaled ya bayyana cewa ya yi amfani da dodon "Arab Attack" don kida kamar yana cewa "hari tare da kide-kide", amma nan da nan ya dakatar da shi bayan [[:en:September_11_attacks|September 11 attacks]] tun yana jin cewa yin amfani da shi zai zama kamar rashin ladabi da cin fuska ga wadanda suka wahala saboda hare-haren.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/04/20-things-people-think-about-rap-that-arent-true/|title=20 Things People Think About Rap That Aren't True|first=David|last=Drake|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=April 4, 2013|access-date=July 27, 2013|archive-date=April 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409045155/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/04/20-things-people-think-about-rap-that-arent-true/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://360mediatouring.com/Book-DJ-Khaled/|title=Book – DJ Khaled – Artist Management|publisher=360 Media Touring|date=August 1, 2009|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121074222/http://360mediatouring.com/Book-DJ-Khaled/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://heebmagazine.com/dj-khaled-the-_heeb_-interview/3152|title=DJ Khaled: The _Heeb_ Interview|first=Joshua|last=Neuman|work=[[Heeb]]|publisher=Heeb Media, LLC|date=April 15, 2008|access-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref> === 2006–08: ''Listennn...'' ''Kundin'', ''We the Best'', da ''We Global'' === A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni,a shekarar( 2006) album din sa na farko ''[[:en:Listennn..._the_Album|Listennn... the Album]] wanda ya saka'' [[:en:Koch_Records|Koch Records]] ne ya fitar da Kundin ; ta fara aiki a US [[:en:Billboard_200|''Billboard'' 200]] a lamba ta 12.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Chris|title=AFI Score First Billboard #1; Ice Cube And Yung Joc Open Big|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1534263/afi-score-first-billboard-1-ice-cube-and-yung-joc-open-big/|publisher=MTV News|date=June 14, 2006|access-date=December 13, 2008|archive-date=December 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206170211/http://www.mtv.com/news/1534263/afi-score-first-billboard-1-ice-cube-and-yung-joc-open-big/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[:en:We_the_Best|We the Best]]'' (2007) shine kundin sa na biyu tare da waƙoƙi "I'm So Hood" tare da [[:en:T-Pain|T-Pain]], [[:en:Trick_Daddy|Trick Daddy]], [[:en:Plies_(rapper)|Plies]], da [[:en:Rick_Ross_(rapper)|Rick Ross]] da "We Takin 'Over" tare da [[:en:Akon|Akon]], [[:en:T.I.|T.I.]], Rick Ross, [[:en:Fat_Joe|Fat Joe]], [[:en:Birdman_(rapper)|Birdman]], da Lil Wayne. "We Takin 'Over" ya kai lamba ta( 28) a kan US [[:en:Billboard_Hot_100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] da lamba ta( 11) a kan US [[:en:Hot_Rap_Tracks|Hot Rap Tracks]] kuma an tabbatar da Zinare ta [[:en:Recording_Industry_Association_of_America|Recording Industry Association of America]] a ranar (20 ) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (2007). <ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DJ+KHALED|title=Gold & Platinum|work=RIAA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> Khaled yayi baƙo a faifai na Birdman na shekara ta (2007) album ''[[:en:5_*_Stunna|5 * Stunna]]'' akan ''wajan'' " [[:en:100_Million|100 Million]] "; wanda ya hada da Rick Ross, [[:en:Dre_(producer)|Dre]], [[:en:Young_Jeezy|Young Jeezy]] da Lil Wayne. A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya ci kyaututtuka biyu na Ozone: daya don Kyakkyawan Bidiyo ("We Takin 'Over") da kuma wani don Kyakkyawan Rediyon DJ. <ref name="Ozone 20072">{{cite web|title=Lil' Wayne & T-Pain Win Big at the Ozone Awards|url=http://www.rapsearch.com/news/article/lil--wayne--t-pain-win-big-at-the-ozone-awards|work=RapSearch.com|date=August 15, 2007|access-date=May 19, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029000211/http://www.rapsearch.com/news/article/lil--wayne--t-pain-win-big-at-the-ozone-awards|archive-date=October 29, 2009}}</ref> A shekara ta (2008) kundin waƙa na uku na Khaled ''We Global'' ya fito tare da maraice " [[:en:Out_Here_Grindin|Out Here Grindin]] " tare da Akon, Rick Ross, [[:en:Lil'_Boosie|Lil' Boosie]], Trick Daddy, [[:en:Ace_Hood|Ace Hood]], da Plies, sannan " [[:en:Go_Hard_(DJ_Khaled_song)|Go Hard]] " wanda ke nuna [[:en:Kanye_West|Kanye West]] da T-Pain. RIAA ta ba da tabbacin Platinum ɗin "I'm So Hood" a ranar (4 ) ga watan Yuni, shekarar (2008). <ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DJ+KHALED|title=Gold & Platinum|work=RIAA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya sami lambar yabo ta DJ na Shekarar daga BET Hip Hop Awards da Ozone Awards.<ref name="BET DJ 20082">{{cite web|title=DJ of the Year|url=http://www.bet.com/Specials/hiphopawards08/Nominees/djoftheyear.htm|publisher=BET|year=2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014082922/http://www.bet.com/Specials/hiphopawards08/Nominees/djoftheyear.htm|archive-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hale|first=Andreas|title=2008 Ozone Awards Winners And Recap|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.7501/title.2008-ozone-awards-winners-and-recap|work=HipHopDX.com|date=August 13, 2008|access-date=December 14, 2008|archive-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606044418/http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.7501/title.2008-ozone-awards-winners-and-recap|url-status=dead}}</ref> An nada shi shugaban [[:en:Def_Jam_South|Def Jam South]] a shekarar (2009). <ref>{{cite web|title=DJ Khaled Wants Hits – Not Beef – As President of Def Jam South|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1605328/dj-khaled-wants-hits-not-beef-as-president-of-def-jam-south/|work=Shaheem Reid|publisher=MTV Networks|date=February 19, 2009|access-date=May 25, 2009|archive-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417095039/http://www.mtv.com/news/1605328/dj-khaled-wants-hits-not-beef-as-president-of-def-jam-south/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2010–12: ''Nasara'', ''We the Best Forever'', da ''Kiss the Ring'' === [[File:DJ_Khaled_in_2011.jpg|thumb| DJ Khaled a cikin 2011]] An sake album nasa mai ''[[:en:Victory_(DJ_Khaled_album)|Taken nasara]]'' a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2010. Kundin ya fito da baƙon daga [[:en:Drake_(musician)|Drake]], Lil Wayne, Rick Ross, [[Nas]], Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Nelly,da ƙari. The single " [[:en:All_I_Do_Is_Win|All I Do Is Win]] " featuring Ludacris,Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, and T-Pain a double-platinum single.sun hada da: " [[:en:Put_Your_Hands_Up_(DJ_Khaled_song)|Put Your Hands Up]] " wadanda suka hada da Ross,Young Jeezy, Plies, da Schife,da kuma " [[:en:Fed_Up_(DJ_Khaled_song)|Fed Up]] " wanda ke dauke da Usher, Drake,Ross,da Jeezy.Kundin yana da ƙananan tallace-tallace kuma an fara amfani dashi a lamba ta 12 akan ''Billboard'' 2000. [[File:Mike Smith BET One Shot DJ Khaled (cropped).jpg|thumb|DJ Khaled]] DJ Khaled ya sanar da taken kundin, ''[[:en:We_the_Best_Forever|We the Best Forever]]'', a [[Twitter]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapradar.com/2010/08/15/dj-khaled-begins-working-on-new-album/|title=DJ Khaled Begins Working on New Album|work=RapRadar.com|date=August 15, 2010|access-date=2012-03-19}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Khaled ya sanya hannu kan Cash Money Records tare da Universal Motown, za a saki kundin a karkashin lakabin, haka kuma a karkashin [[:en:E1_Entertainment|E1 Entertainment]], [[:en:Terror_Squad_Entertainment|Terror Squad]], [[:en:Def_Jam_South|Def Jam South]], da Khaled nasa lakabin [[:en:We_the_Best_Music_Group|We the Best Music Group]], tare da baƙi da aka tabbatar kamar Fat Joe, [[Chris Brown]], Keyshia Cole, Cee Lo Green, Cool &amp;amp; Dre, Rick Ross, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Nas, Birdman, Lil Wayne, TI, Akon, Drake, da [[Nicki Minaj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rapradar.com/2010/08/19/dj-khaled-joins-cash-money-records/|title=DJ Khaled Joins Cash Money Records|work=RapRadar.com|date=August 19, 2010|access-date=2012-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/12/08/dj-khaled-recruits-lil-wayne-chris-brown-for-new-album/|title=DJ Khaled Recruits Lil Wayne, Chris Brown for New Album|work=Rap-Up.com|access-date=2011-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216054903/http://www.rap-up.com/2010/12/08/dj-khaled-recruits-lil-wayne-chris-brown-for-new-album/|archive-date=2010-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647016/dj-khaled-says-an-eminem-collabo-would-rip-the-streets-apart/|title=DJ Khaled Says An Eminem Collabo Would 'Rip The Streets Apart' – Music, Celebrity, Artist News|publisher=MTV|date=September 1, 2010|access-date=2011-05-10|archive-date=2015-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521184016/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647016/dj-khaled-says-an-eminem-collabo-would-rip-the-streets-apart/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ryon|first=Sean|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.13997/title.dj-khaled-reveals-tracklist-for-we-the-best-forever|title=DJ Khaled Enlists Kanye West, Drake for Cash Money Debut &#124; Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales|work=HipHopDX.com|date=February 8, 2011|access-date=2011-05-10|archive-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314142250/http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.13997/title.dj-khaled-reveals-tracklist-for-we-the-best-forever|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waka ta farko mai taken " [[:en:Welcome_to_My_Hood|Welcome to My Hood]]", wanda ke dauke da Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Wayne da T-Pain an sake shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011, wanda The Renegades ya samar, kuma DJ Khaled ya hada gwiwa. kansa da Nasty Beatmakers. Waƙar ita ce ta farko da aka saki a ƙarƙashin [[:en:Cash_Money_Records|Cash Money Records]] da [[:en:Universal_Motown|Universal Motown]], <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/13/new-music-dj-khaled-f-rick-ross-plies-lil-wayne-t-pain-welcome-to-my-hood/|title=New Music: DJ Khaled f/ Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Wayne & T-Pain – "Welcome to My Hood"|work=Rap-Up.com|date=January 13, 2011|access-date=2012-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026044846/http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/13/new-music-dj-khaled-f-rick-ross-plies-lil-wayne-t-pain-welcome-to-my-hood/|archive-date=2012-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> an yi fim ɗin kiɗa a Miami, Florida, kuma Gil Green ne ya ba da umarnin, tare da zane-zane na Flo Rida, Bow Wow, Busta Rhymes, da sauran masu fasaha. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/21/behind-the-video-dj-khaled-f-t-pain-rick-ross-lil-wayne-plies-welcome-to-my-hood/|title=Behind the Video: DJ Khaled f/ T-Pain, Rick Ross, Lil Wayne, & Plies – 'Welcome to My Hood'|work=Rap-Up.com|date=January 21, 2011|access-date=2011-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715154427/http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/21/behind-the-video-dj-khaled-f-t-pain-rick-ross-lil-wayne-plies-welcome-to-my-hood/|archive-date=2011-07-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waka ta gaba, " Ina kan Daya ", mai dauke da Drake, Rick Ross da Lil Wayne, an sake ta a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2011. DJ Khaled ya yi wakar ne a [[:en:BET_Awards_2011|BET Awards 2011]] wanda aka watsa a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2011. <ref>{{cite news|title=DJ Khaled Performing at BET Awards 2011|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2011/performers.html|website=Bet.com|access-date=2020-12-18|archive-date=2019-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324172824/https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2011/performers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Manazarta == cwxysnrmykyxdv10iiwfbt0yvwajnn4 0 19629 965487 870501 2026-10-09T21:34:10Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hausa Fulani women.jpg|thumb|hausawa sanye da hijabi]] [[File:Female hijab in Islam.jpg|thumb|hijab]] [[File:Women in Islam.jpg|thumb|hijab]] [[File:Hijabs in Iran-Qom City-Persian people-2009-photo by mustafa meraji 10.jpg|thumb]] '''Hijabi''' kalmace wacce aka rubuta daga larabci wato hijab, ma'ana (rufe abu) Hijab ko kuma Hijabi da Hausa kenan, kalmar hijab a larabci tana nufin kariya ko tsari ko shamaki ko kuma suturtawa. Amma a sharia'a duk wata sutura da mace zata yi amfani da ita don rufe baki dayan jikinta yayin fita ko kuma ganawa da wanda ba muharraminta ba. Ko Kuma Hijabi wata suturace waddah matan Musulmi suke amfani dashi don suturta baki ɗayan jikinsu, sai dai fuska da tafin hannun su. Shi kuma sanya hijabi wajibi ne ga ko wace Musulma [[balagaggiya]], koda bata balaga ba idan takai wani lokaci yakan zama wajibi a gareta idan zata fita daga gida ta sanya hijabi, domin suturta jikin ta.<ref>http://harunaabubakarshika.blogspot.com/2013/11/sharuddan-hijabi-musulinci.html?m=1</ref> Koda a cikin gida ne zata sanya hijabi indai har wanda ba muharraminta zai shigo kuma zai ganta, ko kuma suna a gidan haya misali dole ya mace tasan kalan shiga da zata rinka yi acikin gidansu. Sanya hijabi da wajibi ne ba wai ra'ayi bane, Allah ne da kanshi ya wajabta wa matan Musulmi sanya shi.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/quran-and-hijab</ref> [[File:Hijab Niqab Muslim Veil.jpg|thumb|matan musulmi sanye da hijabi]] [[File:HijabCompilation.jpg|thumb|hijab da niqab]] Tabbas Hijabi wajibi ne ga ko wace Musulma kuma a ko wane zamani ne,<ref>https://www.masrawy.com/islameyat/fatawa-nesaa/details/2017/3/1/1036013/</ref> saboda haka dan'uwa mata musamman ƴan'mata da zawarawa da matan [[Aure]] da duk wata Musulma balagaggiya mai hankali sai ku kula hijabi ba ado bane a'a addini ne ya zo dashi, Allah shine ya wajabta maku shi kada ku biye [[zamani]] ku halaka,<ref>https://m.facebook.com/575152215907773/photos/a.633190043437323/944532965636361/?type=3</ref> wata babbar fitina da mata suke gani kamar ba komai bace, itace barin gashin kansu a waje, kisani idan kika bar gashin kanki a waje kika fita ko kika bari ajnabiyyin ki ya gani kina cikin azabar Allah sai dai idan kin tuba. Sai kuma da'nuwa mata ku sani gyalen da kuke lullubi dashi baya zama hijabi har sai ya rufe baki dayan jikinku kuma ba wanda yake yara-yara ba. Iyayemmu mata kuji tsoron Allah kubi abinda addinin mu ya koyar damu kuma kuyi wa Allah da Manzonsa da'a, ku kuma koyawa ƴaƴan ku mata sanya hijabi tun suna ƙanana, Muma maza muji tsoron Allah mu sani cewa hijabi wajibi ne ga matanmu da ƴaƴanmu da ƙannemmu saboda haka kar mu hanasu sawa saboda namu ra'ayin, duk wanda yayi hakan to ya sani yana fito-na-fito da hukuncin Alqur'ani da hadisi wato da Allah da Manzonsa yake fito-na-fito kenan, maimakon haka sai mu dage mu matsawa matanmu sanya hijabi. Allah na nake roko da ya shiryar damu baki ɗaya ya bamu ikon bin dokokin sa. Allah shine masani. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Celebrating_Sanctuary_2011_-_04_(5860337217).jpg |Wata sanye da Hijabi Apiorkor Seyiram Ashong-Abbey in hijab.jpg|Apiorkor Seyiram Ashong-Abbey sanye da hijabi Hijab usage in BitLife.png|Taswirar duniya ta nuna kasashen da mata ke saka hijabi a rayuwar su Hijabis - 2017 (37019672366).jpg|Ƴan mata sanye da hujabi File:Hijabs_in_Iran-Qom_City-Persian_people-2009-photo_by_mustafa_meraji_03.jpg|Wasu yan kasar Iran sanye da Hijab </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} orl28oobb3vk7eizunqcw61kgo23uxw 965611 965487 2026-10-10T05:23:16Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hausa Fulani women.jpg|thumb|hausawa sanye da hijabi]] [[File:Female hijab in Islam.jpg|thumb|hijab]] [[File:Women in Islam.jpg|thumb|hijab]] [[File:Hijabs in Iran-Qom City-Persian people-2009-photo by mustafa meraji 10.jpg|thumb]] '''Hijabi''' kalmace wacce aka rubuta daga larabci wato hijab, ma'ana (rufe abu) Hijab ko kuma Hijabi da Hausa kenan, kalmar hijab a larabci tana nufin kariya ko tsari ko shamaki ko kuma suturtawa. Amma a sharia'a duk wata sutura da mace zata yi amfani da ita don rufe baki dayan jikinta yayin fita ko kuma ganawa da wanda ba muharraminta ba. Ko Kuma Hijabi wata suturace waddah matan Musulmi suke amfani dashi don suturta baki ɗayan jikinsu, sai dai fuska da tafin [[hannun]] su. Shi kuma sanya hijabi wajibi ne ga ko wace Musulma [[balagaggiya]], koda bata balaga ba idan takai wani lokaci yakan zama wajibi a gareta idan zata fita daga gida ta sanya hijabi, domin suturta jikin ta.<ref>http://harunaabubakarshika.blogspot.com/2013/11/sharuddan-hijabi-musulinci.html?m=1</ref> Koda a cikin gida ne zata sanya hijabi indai har wanda ba muharraminta zai shigo kuma zai ganta, ko kuma suna a gidan haya misali dole ya mace tasan kalan shiga da zata rinka yi acikin gidansu. Sanya hijabi da wajibi ne ba wai ra'ayi bane, Allah ne da kanshi ya wajabta wa matan Musulmi sanya shi.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/hijab-muslim-womens-dress-islamic-or-cultural-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/quran-and-hijab</ref> [[File:Hijab Niqab Muslim Veil.jpg|thumb|matan musulmi sanye da hijabi]] [[File:HijabCompilation.jpg|thumb|hijab da niqab]] Tabbas Hijabi wajibi ne ga ko wace Musulma kuma a ko wane zamani ne,<ref>https://www.masrawy.com/islameyat/fatawa-nesaa/details/2017/3/1/1036013/</ref> saboda haka dan'uwa mata musamman ƴan'mata da zawarawa da matan [[Aure]] da duk wata Musulma balagaggiya mai hankali sai ku kula hijabi ba ado bane a'a addini ne ya zo dashi, Allah shine ya wajabta maku shi kada ku biye [[zamani]] ku halaka,<ref>https://m.facebook.com/575152215907773/photos/a.633190043437323/944532965636361/?type=3</ref> wata babbar fitina da mata suke gani kamar ba komai bace, itace barin gashin kansu a waje, kisani idan kika bar gashin kanki a waje kika fita ko kika bari ajnabiyyin ki ya gani kina cikin azabar Allah sai dai idan kin tuba. Sai kuma da'nuwa mata ku sani gyalen da kuke lullubi dashi baya zama hijabi har sai ya rufe baki dayan jikinku kuma ba wanda yake yara-yara ba. Iyayemmu mata kuji tsoron Allah kubi abinda addinin mu ya koyar damu kuma kuyi wa Allah da Manzonsa da'a, ku kuma koyawa ƴaƴan ku mata sanya hijabi tun suna ƙanana, Muma maza muji tsoron Allah mu sani cewa hijabi wajibi ne ga matanmu da ƴaƴanmu da ƙannemmu saboda haka kar mu hanasu sawa saboda namu ra'ayin, duk wanda yayi hakan to ya sani yana fito-na-fito da hukuncin Alqur'ani da hadisi wato da Allah da Manzonsa yake fito-na-fito kenan, maimakon haka sai mu dage mu matsawa matanmu sanya hijabi. Allah na nake roko da ya shiryar damu baki ɗaya ya bamu ikon bin dokokin sa. Allah shine masani. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Celebrating_Sanctuary_2011_-_04_(5860337217).jpg |Wata sanye da Hijabi Apiorkor Seyiram Ashong-Abbey in hijab.jpg|Apiorkor Seyiram Ashong-Abbey sanye da hijabi Hijab usage in BitLife.png|Taswirar duniya ta nuna kasashen da mata ke saka hijabi a rayuwar su Hijabis - 2017 (37019672366).jpg|Ƴan mata sanye da hujabi File:Hijabs_in_Iran-Qom_City-Persian_people-2009-photo_by_mustafa_meraji_03.jpg|Wasu yan kasar Iran sanye da Hijab </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} rdxpppml5sb6kld6db15jcandsb1wff 0 21304 965282 963693 2026-10-09T16:12:36Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Manazarta */ 965282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' <small>( OFR )</small> (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015). Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano. da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK). Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [ == Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a == An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA == Harkar siyasa == Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) . A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) . Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa. A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru< Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><<ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections == Nasarorin siyasa == Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa. == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006). [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ). == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Mutane Kano]] [[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Wadanda aka haifa a 1968]] [[Category:Dan siyasa]] tjrt52c90we02q9gd2dlu7ekeqxpbb8 965283 965282 2026-10-09T16:18:49Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Manazarta */ 965283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' <small>( OFR )</small> (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015). Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano. da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK). Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [ == Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a == An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA == Harkar siyasa == Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) . A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) . Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa. A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru< Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><<ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections == Nasarorin siyasa == Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa. == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006). [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ). == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Mutane Kano]] [[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Wadanda aka haifa a 1968]] [[Category:Dan siyasa]] [[Rayayyun Mutane]] 0psqybjzfbo5scsyev107ix32hi2too 965284 965283 2026-10-09T16:19:37Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Manazarta */ 965284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Suleiman AbdulRahaman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kawu Sumaila''' <small>( OFR )</small> (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) Miladiyya. tsohon SSA ne ga Shugaba Buhari kan Batutuwan Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka nada ( 27 ) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015). Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya har sau uku kuma ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar wakilai ta ( 6) data (7 ) a [[Najeriya]] .<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Ya kasance [[All Progressives Congress|memba na All Progressive Congress]] (APC) kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu, National Caucus, da NEC sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin haɗewa na tsakiya wanda ya kafa APC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |date=27 August 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Hon. An haifi Kawu Sumaila a ranar ( 3 ) ga Watan Maris a shekara ta ( 1968 ) a Kauyen Sumaila da [[Kano (jiha)|ke Jihar]] Kano. da ne ga Alhaji AbdulRahaman Tadu da Hajiya Maryam Muhammad. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Sumaila Gabas, Sumaila, kuma a cikin jihar Kano, inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun sa ta farko a shekara ta (1976) da kuma babbar makarantar sakandarin, Sumaila, inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandari a shekara ta ( 1988). Daga nan ya wuce zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya samu difloma da kuma difloma ta ci gaba a kan ilimin Ilimi. Ya kasance dalibi a Jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyyar Addinin Musulunci, a jami'ar Maryam Abacha, Jamhuriyar Nijar. Inda ya samu digiri a kimiyyar siyasa sannan kuma Kawu Sumaila ya mallaki digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga jami'ar Bayero ta Kano (BUK). Kawu Sumaila ya kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da dama a [[Musulunci|cikin ilimin addinin Islama]] kuma ya halarci makarantun Islamiyya duk a [[Sumaila]] dake [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tun yana ƙarami. Kawu ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da yawa a Jami'ar Harvard (Amurka) [[Jami'ar Oxford|Jami'ar Oxford (UK)]] Jami'ar Cambridge (UK), [ == Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a == An naɗa Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula [[Kano (birni)|da Laburare ta]] Jihar Kano, Kodinetan shirin Yaki da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ƙaramar Hukumar na Ƙaramar Hukumar, Sumaila LGA == Harkar siyasa == Kawu Sumaila ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta (1991). Ya kasance memba na Social Democratic Party (SDP), Member Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), wanda daga baya ya haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar nan suka kafa abin da a yau ake kira [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party (PDP)]] . Kawu ya rike mukamin mataimakin sakataren tsare-tsare na jihar kano kuma ɗan takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano na PDM da [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a shekara ta (1995 ) da (1999)l daga baya. Yayin shirin mika mulki na Sani Abacha. Hon Kawu ya kasance memba na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) . A shekara ta( 2003), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sauya sheka zuwa All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar [[Sumaila]] / [[Takai]] Federal Constituency inda ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban da suka hada da albarkatun Ruwa, Cikin gida, Bayanai, Rage talauci da NEMA kafin ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye a shekara ta ( 2007) bayan sake zaɓen sa a karo na biyu a Karamar Hukumar. A shekara ta ( 2011 ), Hon Kawu Sumaila ya sake zama a cikin majalisar sannan daga baya ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki tsakanin ( 2007) zuwa (2011) da ( 2011) zuwa (2015) sannan kuma ya zama mamba a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta National Institute of Legislative Studies (NILS) . Bayan kammala nasarar wa'adi uku a jere a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, Hon Kawu Sumaila ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Kano ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress (APC)]] . bayan haka A watan Agustan a shekara ta (2016 ) shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Hon Kawu Sumaila a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan lamuran majalisar ƙasa. A zaɓen shekara ta 2023, Kawu Sumaila yayi nasarar lashe zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa a Mazaɓar Kano ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar NNPP. Ya sami nasarar ne da ƙuri'u 319,557. Yayinda abokin karawarsa wato Kabiru< Gaya na jam'iyar APC ya sami ƙuri'u 192,518.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2019-01-10 |title=Buhari appoints Umar el-Yakub SSA National Assembly |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-umar-el-yakub-ssa-national-assembly/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><<ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections == Nasarorin siyasa == Kawu Sumaila ya ci gaba kuma ya cimma nasarar siyasarsa ta hanyar tabbatar da ƙwarewar aikinsa na doka don ɗaukar nauyin muhimman kudurori da ƙudirin da suka sake fasalin ƙasar. Wadannan sun hada da kwaskwarimar sashe na( 145 ) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tanadi mika mulki ga Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa da Mataimakinsa; 'Yancin ikon majalisar dokokin jihar; kashe-kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba a [[Maiduguri]] da jami'an tsaro suka yi; yanayin lalacewar Filin jirgin saman Kano; filin ajiye motoci ba bisa ka’ida ba na manyan motoci a kauyen Tafa; sarrafawa da kula da cutar sankarau na cerebrovascular; sanya lokacin kayyadewa don zubar da koken zabe kafin rantsar da zababbun jami'an. Ruaukar ma'aikata a Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Tarayyar Najeriya (FAAN), cin zarafin Federalabi'ar Tarayya, Rashin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na Shekarar (2013), da dala $ 9.7M Saga (Afirka ta Kudu), da ƙari mai yawa. == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Kawu Sumaila yana da Sarautar gargajiya ta Turakin Sumaila wanda marigayi Ɗan Isan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], Hakimin Sumaila ya ba shi a shekara ta (2006). [[Goodluck Jonathan|Har ila yau, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria -da watan Satumbar a shekara ta ( 2012 ). == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Mutane Kano]] [[Category:Mutane Jihar kano]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Wadanda aka haifa a 1968]] [[Category:Dan siyasa]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] p4f6a1biyoqsqqxu8sdx2k8e5fsi8ey 4 21908 965484 964961 2026-10-09T21:30:13Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 965484 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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'''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, Shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong. 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA. == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA). == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A [[kimiyya]] Da [[Fasaha]] === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan [[trigonometric]] a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H _a, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen [[Sunayen|sunaye]] == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). h1hogiqpwnae5wpfea9qqtinluoc6zm 965411 965409 2026-10-09T19:52:30Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, Shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong. 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation. Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto. ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA. == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA). == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A [[kimiyya]] Da [[Fasaha]] === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan [[trigonometric]] a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H _a, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen [[Sunayen|sunaye]] == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 8qiry4j49ukhtbc6od92mo4zxmvemwd 965412 965411 2026-10-09T19:53:06Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, Shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong. 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation. Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto. ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism. == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA. == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA). == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai. === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A [[kimiyya]] Da [[Fasaha]] === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan [[trigonometric]] a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H _a, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen [[Sunayen|sunaye]] == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 298zal58oeqk01c065wd7ci8nn7225g 965419 965412 2026-10-09T20:08:35Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, Shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong. 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism. We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation. Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto. ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism. == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA. == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA). == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai. === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A [[kimiyya]] Da [[Fasaha]] === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan [[trigonometric]] a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H _a, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen [[Sunayen|sunaye]] == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 076md5ogupiph26tsvcurtbsgf7l0fo 0 27155 965752 727191 2026-10-10T11:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Covid-19 SP - UTI V. Nova Cachoeirinha.jpg|thumb|long covid 19]] [[Fayil:Sticker in Lower East Side, New York City reading "sometimes, long covid is forever covid. we NEED HELP NOW + BERLIN BUYERS CLUB +" Posted by Berlin Buyers Club, an organization of artists affected by long covid.jpg|thumb]] ==== Dogon COVID, wanda kuma aka sani da ciwon bayan-COVID-19, abubuwan da suka biyo baya na COVID-19 ( PASC ), ko ciwo na COVID-19 ( CCS ),<ref name="JMV-202010232">{{cite journal|vauthors=Baig AM|title=Chronic COVID syndrome: Need for an appropriate medical terminology for long-COVID and COVID long-haulers|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|volume=93|issue=5|pages=2555–56|date=May 2021|pmid=33095459|doi=10.1002/jmv.26624|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="CDC-202011132">{{cite news|author=Staff|date=13 November 2020|title=Long-Term Effects of COVID-19|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 December 2020|title=Overview {{!}} COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 {{!}} Guidance {{!}} NICE|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG188|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]}}</ref> yanayi ne da ke da dogon lokaci. sequelae bayyana ko ya ci gaba bayan da hankula warwarewa tsawon COVID-19 . Dogon COVID na iya shafar kusan kowane tsarin gaɓar jiki tare da kuma abubuwan da suka haɗa da rikice-rikicen tsarin numfashi, tsarin juyayi da cututtukan neurocognitive, rikicewar lafiyar hankali, rikicewar rayuwa, cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan gastrointestinal, rashin ƙarfi, gajiya, ciwon musculoskeletal<ref>https://watch.immunizationacademy.com/ha/videos/364?%2Fha%2Fvideos%2F364=</ref>, da anemia.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B|title=High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19|journal=Nature|volume=594|issue=7862|pages=259–64|date=June 2021|pmid=33887749|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9|bibcode=2021Natur.594..259A|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana tattauna yawancin alamun bayyanar cututtuka, ciki har da gajiya, ciwon kai, rashin ƙarfi na numfashi, anosmia ( asarar wari ), parosmia (ƙarataccen wari), raunin tsoka, ƙananan zazzabi da rashin aiki na hankali.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html|access-date=26 February 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> ==== Ba a san ainihin yanayin bayyanar cututtuka da adadin mutanen da suka fuskanci alamun bayyanar cututtuka na dogon lokaci ba kuma sun bambanta bisa ga ma'anar da aka yi amfani da su, yawan mutanen da ake nazarin, da lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken. Wani bincike da Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Burtaniya ya yi ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 14% na mutanen da suka gwada ingancin SARS-CoV-2 sun sami alamun guda ɗaya ko fiye na tsawon watanni 3.<ref name="ONS-april2">{{cite web|title=Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK: 1 April 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/1april2021|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Office for National Statistics|date=2021-04-01}}</ref> Wani bincike daga Jami'ar Oxford na mutane 273,618 da suka tsira daga COVID-19, akasari daga Amurka, ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 37% sun sami alamun guda ɗaya ko fiye tsakanin watanni 3 zuwa 6 bayan ganewar asali.<ref name="Taquetet2021PLoSMed2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Taquet M, Derco Q, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Husain M, Harrison, PJ|display-authors=6|title=Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: A 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19|journal=PLoS Medicine|volume=20|issue=9|pages=1–22|date=28 September 2021|pmid=|pmc=|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003773}}</ref> Yayin da ake gudanar da bincike kan fannoni daban-daban na dogon lokaci na COVID,<ref name="NIH Conference Day 12">{{cite conference|title=Workshop on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (Day 1)|url=https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=38878|publisher=NIH}}</ref><ref name="NIH Conference Day 22">{{cite conference|title=Workshop on Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (Day 2)|url=https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=38879|publisher=NIH}}</ref> {{As of|November 2021}} , har yanzu ba a san ma'anar cutar ba, kamar yadda tsarinta yake. An shirya tsarin kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe da hukumomi don magance wannan rukunin marasa lafiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar asibitoci na musamman da ba da shawara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Sinai Center for Post-COVID Care|url=https://www.mountsinai.org/about/covid19/center-post-covid-care}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi's Post-Covid Clinic For Recovered Patients With Fresh Symptoms Opens|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/coronavirus-delhis-post-covid-clinic-for-recovered-patients-with-fresh-symptoms-opens-2282756}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Post COVID-19 Rehabilitation and Recovery Program|url=https://www.lifemark.ca/services/post-covid-19-rehab-recovery}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, ana la'akari da shi ta tsohuwa a matsayin cuta ta idiopathic da kuma ganewar cutarwa .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}} == Kalmomi da ma'anoni == ''Dogon COVID kalma'' ce da aka halicci mara lafiya wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa an fara amfani da shi a cikin Mayu 2020 azaman hashtag akan [[Twitter]] ta Elisa Perego, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Perego E, Callard F, Stras L, Melville-Johannesson B, Pope R, Alwan N|date=1 October 2020|title=Why we need to keep using the patient made term "Long Covid"|url=https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/10/01/why-we-need-to-keep-using-the-patient-made-term-long-covid/|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The BMJ|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{cite journal|vauthors=Callard F, Perego E|title=How and why patients made Long Covid|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=268|pages=113426|date=January 2021|pmid=33199035|pmc=7539940|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426}}</ref> Dogon COVID ba shi da ma'ana guda ɗaya, mai tsauri.<ref name=":72">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brodin P|title=Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=28–33|date=January 2021|pmid=33442016|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-01202-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da al'ada kuma ana sa ran mutanen da suka fuskanci mummunan bayyanar cututtuka ko rikitarwa kamar ciwon kulawa mai tsanani ko cututtuka na biyu zasu dauki lokaci mai tsawo don murmurewa fiye da mutanen da ba sa buƙatar asibiti (wanda ake kira ''m COVID<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Katherine J.|date=2021-10-08|title=Nine Pandemic Words That Almost No One Gets Right|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/10/covid-vocabulary-pandemic-words/620351/|access-date=2021-10-15|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref>'' ) kuma ba su da irin wannan rikitarwa. Bambance-bambancen tsanani na iya yin wahala a tantance ko saitin alamomin mutum da ke gudana yana wakiltar na yau da kullun, dogon jin daɗi, ko tsawaita; dogon COVID'. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin babban yatsan yatsa shine tsayin COVID yana wakiltar alamun da suka wanzu sama da watanni biyu, kodayake babu wani dalili na yarda cewa wannan zaɓin yanke ya keɓanta da kamuwa da cutar ta SARS-CoV-2.<ref name=":72" /> === Ma'anar Burtaniya === Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Biritaniya da Kyawun Kulawa ([[Nice|NICE]]) ta raba COVID-19 zuwa ma'anoni guda uku na asibiti: * ''[[Koronavirus 2019|m COVID-19]]'' ga alamu da alamu a cikin makonni 4 na farko bayan kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani na numfashi mai tsanani coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shine na farko, kuma * ''dogon Covid don sababbin alamu ko ci gaba da alamun makonni 4 ko fiye bayan fara m COVID-19'', wanda ya kasu kashi biyu: ** ''ci gaba da alamun COVID-19'' don sakamako daga makonni 4 zuwa 12 bayan farawa, da ** ''ciwon bayan-COVID-19'' don tasirin da ke dawwama makonni 12 ko fiye bayan farawa. NICE ta kwatanta kalmar ''dogon COVID'', wacce take amfani da ita "ban da ma'anar shari'ar asibiti", kamar yadda "an fi amfani da ita don bayyana alamu da alamun da ke ci gaba ko haɓaka bayan m COVID-19. Ya haɗa da alamun COVID-19 mai gudana (daga makonni 4 zuwa 12) da ciwon bayan-COVID-19 (makonni 12 ko fiye)."<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|date=18 December 2020|title=Context {{!}} COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188/chapter/Context|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]]|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111205920/https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188/chapter/Context|url-status=dead}}</ref> NICE ta bayyana ciwon bayan-COVID-19 a matsayin "alamomi da alamomin da ke tasowa yayin ko bayan kamuwa da cuta da ke daidai da COVID-19, suna ci gaba fiye da makonni 12 kuma ba a bayyana su ta hanyar wata hanyar tantancewa ba. Yawancin lokaci yana gabatar da gungu na alamun bayyanar cututtuka, sau da yawa suna haɗuwa, wanda zai iya canzawa kuma ya canza akan lokaci kuma zai iya rinjayar kowane tsarin a cikin jiki. Ana iya la'akari da ciwon bayan-COVID-19 kafin makonni 12 yayin da ake kuma tantance yiwuwar wata cuta ta daban."<ref name=":52"/> === Ma'anar Amurka === A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Daraktan Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Amurka (NIH) Francis Collins, ya nuna alamun Covid-19 ga mutanen da "ba sa murmurewa gaba daya cikin 'yan makonni", ana kiran su gaba ɗaya azaman Post-Acute Sequelae na SARS. -CoV-2 kamuwa da cuta (PASC). NIH ta lissafa dogayen alamun COVID na gajiya, gajeriyar numfashi, " hazo na kwakwalwa ", matsalar barci, zazzabi mai tsaka-tsaki, alamun gastrointestinal, damuwa, da damuwa. Alamun na iya dawwama na tsawon watanni kuma suna iya kamawa daga mai sauƙi zuwa rashin ƙarfi, tare da sabbin alamomin da ke tasowa da kyau bayan lokacin kamuwa da cuta. <ref name="nih.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/nih-launches-new-initiative-study-long-covid |title=NIH launches new initiative to study “Long COVID” |access-date=2021-11-16 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513121519/https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/nih-launches-new-initiative-study-long-covid |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalmar CDC ''Post-Covid Conditions ya'' cancanci dogon Covid azaman alamun makonni 4 ko fiye bayan kamuwa da cuta ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=Post-COVID Conditions|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html|access-date=12 July 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> == Alamun == [[File:Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp|thumb|460x460px| Wani bita na kimiyya ya gano sama da 50 bayyanannun tasirin dogon lokaci - gami da na 'dogon COVID' - tare da ƙididdigar yawansu kuma an kiyasta cewa kashi 80% na waɗanda aka haɗa da marasa lafiya suna da aƙalla tasirin gabaɗaya sama da makonni 2. ]] Wani binciken kan layi na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da mahalarta 3,762 tare da rashin lafiya da ke daɗe fiye da kwanaki 28 ya gano cewa murmurewa yana ɗaukar fiye da makonni 35 na 91% daga cikinsu. A matsakaita, mahalarta sun sami alamun alamun 56 (daidaitacce ± 25.5) a cikin tsarin gabobin 9. Alamun sun bambanta a tsawon lokaci, kuma mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka bayan watanni 6 sune [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], rashin jin dadi bayan motsa jiki da rashin fahimta . Komawar alamar ta faru a cikin 86% na mahalarta abubuwan da suka haifar da ƙoƙarin jiki ko tunani ko ta damuwa. An gano ƙungiyoyi uku na bayyanar cututtuka: alamun farko da suka yi girma a cikin makonni biyu zuwa uku na farko sannan kuma su ragu; barga bayyanar cututtuka; da alamun da ke karuwa sosai a cikin watanni biyu na farko sannan kuma suka daidaita.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re'em Y, Redfield S, Austin JP, Akrami A|display-authors=6|title=Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact|journal=EClinicalMedicine|pages=101019|date=July 2021|volume=38|pmid=34308300|doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019|pmc=8280690}}</ref> Alamomin da mutanen da ke da dogon COVID suka ruwaito sun haɗa da:<ref name="mayo2">{{cite web|title=COVID-19 (coronavirus): Long-term effects|website=Mayo Clinic|date=18 August 2020|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-long-term-effects/art-20490351|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="racgp2">{{cite web|title=What are the long-term health risks following COVID-19?|website=NewsGP|date=24 June 2020|publisher=Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP)|url=https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/what-are-the-long-term-health-risks-post-covid-19|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="yelin2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Yelin D, Wirtheim E, Vetter P, Kalil AC, Bruchfeld J, Runold M, Guaraldi G, Mussini C, Gudiol C, Pujol M, Bandera A, Scudeller L, Paul M, Kaiser L, Leibovici L|display-authors=6|title=Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1115–17|date=October 2020|pmid=32888409|pmc=7462626|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30701-5}}</ref><ref name="Chinese study finds most patients show signs of long Covid six months on2">{{cite news|title=Chinese study finds most patients show signs of 'long Covid' six months on|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3117141/coronavirus-chinese-study-finds-most-patients-still-show-signs|access-date=11 January 2021|work=South China Morning Post|date=10 January 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>Yan, W. Their Teeth Fell Out. Was It Another Covid-19 Consequence? The New York Times (2020). https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/26/health/covid-teeth-falling-out.html</ref><ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B|title=High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19|journal=Nature|volume=594|issue=7862|pages=259–64|date=June 2021|pmid=33887749|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9|bibcode=2021Natur.594..259A|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Yu-Tao X|title=Outcomes of SARS survivors in China: Not only physical and psychiatric co-morbidities|journal=East Asian Archives of Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.3316/informit.231710814201582|doi-broken-date=31 October 2021|url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.231710814201582}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yu-Tao X|title=Outcomes of SARS survivors in China: Not only physical and psychiatric co-morbidities|journal=East Asian Archives of Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.3316/informit.231710814201582|doi-broken-date=31 October 2021|url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.231710814201582}}</ref> == Epidemiology == Wasu rahotanni na rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci bayan kamuwa da cuta sun bayyana da wuri yayin cutar ta COVID-19,<ref name="ReferenceA3"/><ref name="HarvardOct153">{{cite web|vauthors=Komaroff A|date=15 October 2020|title=The tragedy of the post-COVID "long haulers"|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-tragedy-of-the-post-covid-long-haulers-2020101521173|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Harvard Health|publisher=Harvard Health Publishing, [[Harvard Medical School]]}}</ref> ciki har da mutanen da ke da ''laushi'' (ba sa buƙatar asibiti <ref name=":82">{{Cite web|title=Clinical Spectrum|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-10-15|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=National Institutes of Health|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014145911/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/}}</ref> ) ko ''matsakaici'' (na buƙatar ƙarin oxygen <ref name=":82" />) na farko. kamuwa da cuta<ref name="CUMCSep212">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nordvig AS, Fong KT, Willey JZ, Thakur KT, Boehme AK, Vargas WS, Smith CJ, Elkind MS|display-authors=6|title=Potential Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19|journal=Neurology. Clinical Practice|volume=11|issue=2|pages=e135–e146|date=April 2021|pmid=33842082|pmc=8032406|doi=10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000897|doi-access=free|pmc-embargo-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> da kuma wadanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti tare da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani.<ref name="servick2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Servick K|date=8 April 2020|title=For survivors of severe COVID-19, beating the virus is just the beginning|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/survivors-severe-covid-19-beating-virus-just-beginning|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abc1486|doi-access=free|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|vauthors=Tanner C|date=12 August 2020|title=All we know so far about 'long haul' Covid – estimated to affect 600,000 people in the UK|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/long-reads/long-haul-covid-19-post-viral-fatigue-syndrome-explained-573775|access-date=19 October 2020|website=inews|quote=i spoke to Professor [[Tim Spector]] of [[King's College London]] who developed the Covid-19 tracker app}}</ref> A cikin binciken shekaru 4 biyo bayan SARS a [[Hong Kong]], 42.5% na waɗanda suka tsira sun ba da rahoton aƙalla cutar tabin hankali da za a iya ganowa wanda ya fito daga rikice-rikicen damuwa bayan tashin hankali, damuwa, da gajiya na yau da kullun.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yu-Tao X|title=Outcomes of SARS survivors in China: Not only physical and psychiatric co-morbidities|journal=East Asian Archives of Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.3316/informit.231710814201582|doi-broken-date=31 October 2021|url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.231710814201582}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2021, ba a san ainihin abin da ya faru ba. Lamarin yana raguwa cikin lokaci, yayin da mutane da yawa ke murmurewa a hankali. Wasu binciken farko sun ba da shawarar cewa tsakanin kashi 20% zuwa 33% na mutanen da ke da COVID-19 sun sami alamun alamun da suka wuce tsawon wata guda.<ref name="ONS2">{{cite web|website=Office of National Statistics UK|date=December 2020|title=The prevalence of long COVID symptoms and COVID-19 complications|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/news/statementsandletters/theprevalenceoflongcovidsymptomsandcovid19complications}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, Billig Rose E, Shapiro NI, Files DC, Gibbs KW, Erickson HL, Steingrub JS, Smithline HA, Gong MN, Aboodi MS, Exline MC, Henning DJ, Wilson JG, Khan A, Qadir N, Brown SM, Peltan ID, Rice TW, Hager DN, Ginde AA, Stubblefield WB, Patel MM, Self WH, Feldstein LR|display-authors=6|title=Symptom Duration and Risk Factors for Delayed Return to Usual Health Among Outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network – United States, March–June 2020|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=69|issue=30|pages=993–98|date=July 2020|pmid=32730238|pmc=7392393|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani binciken wayar tarho a Amurka a farkon rabin shekarar 2020 ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 35% na mutanen da suka gwada inganci ga SARS-CoV-2 sun sami alamun alamun da suka wuce sama da makonni uku.<ref name="ONS2" /> Tun daga watan Disamba, shekarar 2020, Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa a Burtaniya ya kiyasta cewa, na duk mutanen da ke da ingantacciyar gwaji don SARS-CoV-2, kusan kashi 21% sun sami alamun cutar sama da makonni biyar, kuma kusan kashi 10% sun sami alamun cutar fiye da makonni 12.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Davis N|title=Long Covid alarm as 21% report symptoms after five weeks|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 December 2020|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/dec/16/long-covid-alarm-as-21-report-symptoms-after-five-weeks|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="herman2">{{cite web|vauthors=Herman J|title=I'm a consultant in infectious diseases. 'Long Covid' is anything but a mild illness|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 December 2020|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/27/consultant-infectious-diseases-long-covid-not-mild-illness-seriously-debilitated-new-clinics|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> Wasu nazarin sun ba da shawarar cewa wasu yara suna fuskantar alamun kamuwa da cutar SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Tanner C|date=12 August 2020|title=All we know so far about 'long haul' Covid – estimated to affect 600,000 people in the UK|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/long-reads/long-haul-covid-19-post-viral-fatigue-syndrome-explained-573775|access-date=19 October 2020|website=inews|quote=i spoke to Professor [[Tim Spector]] of [[King's College London]] who developed the Covid-19 tracker app}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ludvigsson JF|title=Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19|journal=Acta Paediatrica|volume=110|issue=3|pages=914–21|date=March 2021|pmid=33205450|pmc=7753397|doi=10.1111/apa.15673}}</ref><ref name="Counting long covid in children2">{{cite web|vauthors=Simpson F, Lokugamage A|date=16 October 2020|title=Counting long covid in children|url=https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/10/16/counting-long-covid-in-children/|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The BMJ|language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake duk wanda ya kamu da cutar na iya samun dogon COVID, mutanen da suka kamu da rashin lafiya har suna buƙatar asibiti suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo suna murmurewa. Yawancin (har zuwa 80%<ref name="Fitzgerald 20202">{{cite news|vauthors=Fitzgerald B|title=Long-haul COVID-19 patients will need special treatment and extra support, according to new guide for GPs|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=14 October 2020|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-15/long-haul-covid-19-symptoms-will-need-special-treatment/12766968|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> ) na waɗanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti tare da ciwo mai tsanani suna fuskantar matsaloli na dogon lokaci ciki har da gajiya da ƙarancin numfashi ( dyspnea ).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yu-Tao X|title=Outcomes of SARS survivors in China: Not only physical and psychiatric co-morbidities|journal=East Asian Archives of Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.3316/informit.231710814201582|doi-broken-date=31 October 2021|url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.231710814201582}}</ref><ref name="UniWashingtonSep202">{{cite web|date=1 September 2020|title=Summary of COVID-19 Long Term Health Effects: Emerging evidence and Ongoing Investigation|url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/COVID-19%20Long%20Term%20Effects%20Summary.pdf|access-date=15 October 2020|publisher=[[University of Washington]]|vauthors=Ross JM, Seiler J, Meisner J, Tolentino L|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108224305/https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/COVID-19%20Long%20Term%20Effects%20Summary.pdf|archive-date=8 November 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2020|title=How long does COVID-19 last?|url=https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/covid-long-term|access-date=15 October 2020|publisher=UK COVID Symptom Study|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010013645/https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/covid-long-term|url-status=dead}}</ref> Marasa lafiya da ke fama da kamuwa da cuta na farko, musamman waɗanda ke buƙatar iskar injina don taimakawa numfashi, suma suna iya fama da ciwon kulawa bayan murmurewa.<ref name=":82"/> Wani bincike da aka yi kan majinyata da ke kwance a asibiti a [[Wuhan|Wuhan ya]] gano cewa mafi yawansu har yanzu suna da a kalla alamu guda daya bayan watanni shida. Marasa lafiya waɗanda suka fi fama da rashin lafiya har yanzu sun nuna rashin ƙarfi a cikin aikin huhu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese study finds most patients show signs of 'long Covid' six months on|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3117141/coronavirus-chinese-study-finds-most-patients-still-show-signs|access-date=11 January 2021|work=South China Morning Post|date=10 January 2021}}</ref> Daga cikin marasa lafiya 1733, da aka sallame su daga asibiti kuma aka bi su bayan kimanin watanni shida, alamun da aka fi sani da su sune gajiya ko raunin tsoka (63%), matsalolin barci (26%), da damuwa ko damuwa (23%).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, Kang L, Guo L, Liu M, Zhou X, Luo J, Huang Z, Tu S, Zhao Y, Chen L, Xu D, Li Y, Li C, Peng L, Li Y, Xie W, Cui D, Shang L, Fan G, Xu J, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhong J, Wang C, Wang J, Zhang D, Cao B|display-authors=6|title=6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study|journal=Lancet|volume=397|issue=10270|pages=220–32|date=January 2021|pmid=33428867|pmc=7833295|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu mutane suna fama da alamun cututtukan neurologic na dogon lokaci duk da cewa ba a taɓa yin su a asibiti don COVID-19 ba; An buga binciken farko na wannan yawan a cikin watan Maris, shekarar 2021. Mafi akai-akai, waɗannan marasa lafiya marasa asibiti sun sami "fitattun 'hazo na kwakwalwa' da kuma gajiya da ke shafar fahimtarsu da ingancin rayuwarsu."<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Graham EL, Clark JR, Orban ZS, Lim PH, Szymanski AL, Taylor C, DiBiase RM, Jia DT, Balabanov R, Ho SU, Batra A, Liotta EM, Koralnik IJ|display-authors=6|title=Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 "long haulers"|journal=Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology|volume=8|issue=5|pages=1073–85|date=May 2021|pmid=33755344|pmc=8108421|doi=10.1002/acn3.51350|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|vauthors=Belluck P|date=23 March 2021|title=They Had Mild Covid. Then Their Serious Symptoms Kicked In.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/health/long-covid-symptoms.html|access-date=27 March 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairu, shekarar 2021, wani bincike a Burtaniya ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 30 cikin 100 na marasa lafiyar da aka dawo da su an dawo da su asibiti cikin kwanaki 140, kuma kashi 12% na jimlar sun mutu. Yawancin marasa lafiya sun kamu da [[Ciwon suga|ciwon sukari]] a karon farko, da kuma matsalolin zuciya, hanta da matsalolin koda. Yanayin gazawar insulin a lokacin ba a san shi ba.<ref name="2021-01-18_T2">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/01/17/almost-third-recovered-covid-patients-return-hospital-five-months/|title=Almost a third of recovered Covid patients return to hospital in five months and one in eight die|vauthors=Knapton S|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=18 January 2021}}</ref> A cikin watan Maris, shekarar 2021, Association kungiyar Likitocin [[Indonesiya]], a cikin wani bincike na mutane 463, sun ba da shawarar cewa kashi 63.5% na masu amsa sun ba da rahoton alamun bayyanar da kansu bayan kamuwa da cutar ta SARS-CoV-2. Ba a ƙayyade ainihin alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba, duk da haka, bisa ga labarin, gajiya da tari sune mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka da aka ruwaito, sannan kuma ciwon tsoka da ciwon kai.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Salim N|title=Indonesians open up about the impacts of long COVID, one year since the country's first case|website=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=6 March 2021|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-06/indonesians-open-up-about-the-impact-of-long-covid/13214778|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> A cikin watan Mayu, shekarar 2021, wani bita na tsarin duniya wanda masu bincike a Jami'ar Stanford suka jagoranta sun ba da rahoton cewa alamu iri-iri sun ci gaba a cikin sama da kashi 70% na marasa lafiya na COVID-19 watanni bayan murmurewa daga farkon cutar. Yawancin marasa lafiya a cikin wannan binciken sun kasance a baya asibiti. Mafi yawan alamun dadewa sun haɗa da ƙarancin numfashi, gajiya, da rashin barci. Gabaɗaya, binciken ya ba da rahoton alamun asibiti 84 ko alamu, gami da asarar ɗanɗano da wari, rikicewar fahimta kamar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da wahalar mai da hankali, damuwa, da damuwa.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nasserie T, Hittle M, Goodman SN|title=Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=4|issue=5|pages=e2111417|date=May 2021|pmid=34037731|pmc=8155823|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417|doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin watan Yuni, shekarar 2021, wani dogon nazari a Bergen, Norway, ya gano kashi 52% (31/61) na ƙungiyar matasa masu zaman kansu, masu shekaru 16-30, sun ci gaba da fuskantar alamu a cikin watanni shida. Binciken ya kama kashi 82% (312) na bullar cutar ta farko: 247 keɓe gida kuma 65 suna asibiti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Half of young adults with COVID-19 have persistent symptoms after 6 months|language=en|work=medicalxpress.com|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-06-young-adults-covid-persistent-symptoms.html|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Blomberg B, Mohn KG, Brokstad KA, Zhou F, Linchausen DW, Hansen BA, Lartey S, Onyango TB, Kuwelker K, Sævik M, Bartsch H, Tøndel C, Kittang BR, Cox RJ, Langeland N|date=June 2021|title=Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=27|issue=9|pages=1607–1613|doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01433-3|pmid=34163090|pmc=8440190|doi-access=free|s2cid=235625772}}</ref> Akwai ƴan bayanai kan dogon COVID biyo bayan [[Cutar da ke Faruwa|kamuwa da cutar]] (lala'i a cikin mutanen da ke da cikakken alurar riga kafi). <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Parker-Pope|first=Tara|date=2021-08-16|title=Can the Vaccinated Develop Long Covid After a Breakthrough Infection?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/16/well/live/vaccine-long-covid-breakthrough-infection.html|access-date=2021-08-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2021, wani bincike tare da 1,497 ƙwararrun likitocin kiwon lafiya masu cikakken alurar riga kafi a cikin Isra'ila sun ba da rahoton cewa kashi 19% na waɗanda aka gwada (7 cikin 36 masu kamuwa da cutar) suma suna da alamun COVID-19 masu tsayi a cikin makonni 6 ko sama da haka, tare da bambancin Alpha da aka gano a cikin 85. % na tabbataccen lokuta.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bergwerk M, Gonen T, Lustig Y, Amit S, Lipsitch M, Cohen C, Mandelboim M, Gal Levin E, Rubin C, Indenbaum V, Tal I, Zavitan M, Zuckerman N, Bar-Chaim A, Kreiss Y, Regev-Yochay G|display-authors=6|title=Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=July 2021|volume=385|issue=16|pages=1474–1484|pmid=34320281|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2109072|pmc=8362591}}</ref> A watan Agustan, shekarar 2021, wani binciken da aka yi a asibitoci 1,276 da suka tsira daga barkewar cutar a farkon shekarar 2020 a Wuhan ya ba da rahoton cewa, yayin da yawancin alamomin suka bace kan lokaci kuma kashi 88% na wadanda suka yi aiki a baya sun koma bakin aikinsu na asali, kashi 49% daga cikinsu suna da aƙalla mabiyi ɗaya na watanni 12. bayan an sallame su daga asibiti, kuma yanayin lafiyar kungiyar ya yi kasa da na yawan jama'a. Mata yana da mafi damar da gajiya, tsoka rauni, tashin hankali, ciki, ko sosai huhu yadawa idan aka kwatanta da maza. Har ila yau, binciken ya gano cewa wadanda suka tsira sun kasance cikin haɗari ga sakamakon tabin hankali kamar damuwa da damuwa.<ref name=":2" /> Wani bincike na watan Satumba, shekarar 2021, da aka buga a cikin ''The Lancet ya'' gano cewa samun allurai biyu na rigakafin COVID-19 ya rage rashin daidaiton dogon COVID.<ref name=":3" /> == Dalilai == A halin yanzu ba a san dalilin da yasa yawancin mutane ke murmurewa sosai a cikin makonni biyu zuwa uku kuma wasu suna fuskantar alamun alamun tsawon makonni ko watanni.<ref name=":4" /> Kodayake ainihin hanyoyin da ke haifar da dogon COVID har yanzu ba a san su ba, an ba da shawarar dabaru da yawa. Wani labarin bita na watan Maris, shekarar 2021, ya ambaci waɗannan hanyoyin ilimin halittar jiki a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da dogon COVID:<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N, Bikdeli B, Dietz D, Der-Nigoghossian C, Liyanage-Don N, Rosner GF, Bernstein EJ, Mohan S, Beckley AA, Seres DS, Choueiri TK, Uriel N, Ausiello JC, Accili D, Freedberg DE, Baldwin M, Schwartz A, Brodie D, Garcia CK, Elkind MS, Connors JM, Bilezikian JP, Landry DW, Wan EY|display-authors=6|title=Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=27|issue=4|pages=601–15|date=April 2021|pmid=33753937|doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z|doi-access=free}}</ref> * guba kai tsaye a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman huhu * ci gaba da kumburi saboda bayan kamuwa da cuta tsarin rigakafi dysregulation * Raunin jijiyoyin jini da ischemia da ke haifar da cutar ta haifar da hypercoagulability da thromboses * Rashin tsarin tsarin renin-angiotensin da ke da alaƙa da tasirin SARS-CoV-2 akan ƙwayar ACE2 A cikin Oktoba 2020, wani bita da Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya ta yi hasashe cewa doguwar alamun COVID na iya kasancewa saboda cututtuka guda huɗu:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mahase E|title=Long covid could be four different syndromes, review suggests|journal=BMJ|volume=371|pages=m3981|date=October 2020|pmid=33055076|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3981|lay-url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54540544|s2cid=222348080|doi-access=free|lay-date=15 October 2020|lay-source=BBC News}}</ref> * lalacewa ta dindindin ga huhu da zuciya , * ciwon bayan jin zafi , * Rashin gajiya bayan kamuwa da cuta, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa iri ɗaya da Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), da * ci gaba da alamun COVID-19 . Sauran yanayin da ka iya haifar da sababbin alamu da ci gaba sun haɗa da: * kwayar cutar tana kasancewa na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda aka saba, saboda rashin amsawar rigakafi mara inganci;<ref name=":4" /> * sake kamuwa da cuta (misali, tare da wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta);<ref name=":4" /> * lalacewa ta hanyar kumburi da kuma karfin rigakafi mai karfi ga kamuwa da cuta;<ref name=":4" /> * lalata jiki saboda rashin motsa jiki yayin rashin lafiya; <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal}}</ref> kuma * Damuwa bayan tashin hankali ko wasu<ref name=":4" /> musamman a cikin mutanen da a baya suka fuskanci damuwa, damuwa, rashin barci, ko wasu matsalolin lafiyar hankali. <ref name="mt12">{{cite journal|vauthors=Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ|title=Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=8|issue=2|pages=130–40|date=February 2021|pmid=33181098|pmc=7820108|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4|doi-access=free}}</ref>[ Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata ] === Kamanceceniya da sauran cututtuka === Dogon COVID yayi kama da ciwon bayan-Ebola da ciwon bayan kamuwa da cuta da ake gani a chikungunya da cututtukan da ke bayyana suna haifar da ME/CFS, kuma ilimin halittar jiki na dogon COVID na iya zama kama da waɗannan yanayi.<ref name=":72" /> Wasu dogayen marasa lafiya na COVID a cikin Kanada an gano su da myalgic encephalomyelitis/na kullum gajiya ciwo, "mai raɗaɗi, cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa wata cuta ce ta haifar da cutar a mafi yawan lokuta". Lucinda Bateman, kwararriya a ME/CFS a Salt Lake City a Amurka ta yi imanin cewa ciwon guda biyu iri ɗaya ne. Akwai buƙatar ƙarin bincike a cikin ME/CFS; Anthony Fauci, babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kiwon lafiya ga gwamnatin Amurka, ya ce COVID-19 "wani sanannen wakili ne na ilimin etiologic wanda ya kamata ya taimaka sosai a yanzu wajen samun damar fahimtar [ME/CFS]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Some COVID-19 long-haulers are developing a 'devastating' syndrome|website=[[CTV News]]|vauthors=Dunham J|date=5 May 2021|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/some-covid-19-long-haulers-are-developing-a-devastating-syndrome-1.5415288|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506222452/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/some-covid-19-long-haulers-are-developing-a-devastating-syndrome-1.5415288|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Abubuwan haɗari === Dangane da binciken King's College London da aka fara bugawa a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2020, abubuwan haɗari na dogon COVID na iya haɗawa da:<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Graham MS, Penfold RS, Bowyer RC, Pujol JC, Klaser K, Antonelli M, Canas LS, Molteni E, Modat M, Jorge Cardoso M, May A, Ganesh S, Davies R, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Astley CM, Joshi AD, Merino J, Tsereteli N, Fall T, Gomez MF, Duncan EL, Menni C, Williams FM, Franks PW, Chan AT, Wolf J, Ourselin S, Spector T, Steves CJ|display-authors=6|title=Attributes and predictors of long COVID|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=27|issue=4|pages=626–31|date=April 2021|pmid=33692530|pmc=7611399|doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ZoeOct203">{{cite news|title=Long Covid: Who is more likely to get it?|vauthors=Gallagher J|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-54622059|date=21 October 2020|access-date=21 October 2020|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="kingsnew3">{{cite web|title=New research identifies those most at risk from 'long COVID'|website=King's College London|date=21 October 2020|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/study-identifies-those-most-risk-long-covid|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> * Shekaru - musamman wadanda suka haura 50 * Kiba<ref name="kingsnew3" /> * [[Fuka|Asma]] * Bayar da rahotanni sama da alamomi biyar (misali fiye da tari, gajiya, ciwon kai, gudawa, asarar jin wari) a cikin makon farko na kamuwa da cutar COVID-19; biyar shine matsakaicin lamba da aka ruwaito  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|ulJSEo2fWvA|Long Covid}} (21 October 2020) – UK Government film about long COVID. * {{cite web|title=PHOSP|website=Home|url=https://www.phosp.org/|publisher=[[University of Leicester]]|quote=The Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) is a consortium of leading researchers and clinicians from across the UK working together to understand and improve long-term health outcomes for patients who have been in hospital with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Covid-19]] [[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5t889oe4mvgop6draqs94hj2tucxq9b 0 27836 965631 487221 2026-10-10T06:12:15Z Yousiphh 27486 965631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Douglas Morrison''' (Wanda aka fi sani da '''Jim Morrison'''; An haife shi 8 Disamba, 1943 - ya mutu 3 ga Yuli, 1971) ya kasance mawaƙin [[Amurika]]. Ita ce jagorar mawakin [[The Doors]], tsakanin 1965 da 1971. {{Stub}} ==Mutuwa== Ya mutu ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, 1971 [[File:Tombe de Jim Morrison - Père Lachaise.jpg|200px|thumbnail|Kabarin sa]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} [[category: Mutuwan 1971]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Morrison, Jim}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Tarayyar Amurka]] ihqeulbfx6gzqt9jdsjy7raieni7ucy 0 29308 965555 951580 2026-10-10T03:47:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Diagram showing the position of the pancreas CRUK 356.svg|thumb|Hutun Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic]] [[Fayil:Cancer pancréas Pancreatic cancer trend in France 1980 2012 INVS.png|thumb|jaddawalin hauhawar cutar]] '''Ciwon daji na pancreatic''' Ya kasan ce yana tasowa lokacin da (cell)wato ƙwayoyin jini a cikin pancreas, sashin glandular bayan ciki, ya fara ninkawa daga sarrafawa kuma ya zama taro . Wadannan [[Sankara|kwayoyin cutar]] daji suna da ikon mamaye wasu sassan jiki. <ref name="NCI2014Def2">{{cite web|title=What is Cancer? Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|publisher=National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health|date=7 March 2014|access-date=5 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> An san adadin nau'ikan ciwon daji na pancreatic. <ref name="WCR20142">{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.7}}</ref> Mafi na kowa, '''adenocarcinoma pancreatic''', lissafin kusan 90% na lokuta, <ref name="Pishvaian20172">Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: {{cite journal|vauthors=Pishvaian MJ, Brody JR|title=Therapeutic Implications of Molecular Subtyping for Pancreatic Cancer|journal=Oncology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=159–66, 168|date=March 2017|pmid=28299752|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28299752}}</ref> da kalmar "ciwon daji na pancreatic" wani lokaci ana amfani da shi kawai ga irin wannan. <ref name="WCR20142" /> Wadannan adenocarcinomas suna farawa ne a cikin sashin pancreas wanda ke yin enzymes masu narkewa . <ref name="WCR20142" /> Wasu nau'o'in ciwon daji da dama, waɗanda ke wakiltar yawancin marasa adenocarcinomas, suna iya tasowa daga waɗannan kwayoyin halitta. <ref name="WCR20142" /> Kimanin kashi 1-2% na lokuta na [[Ciwon Daji|ciwon daji]] na pancreatic ne neuroendocrine ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda ya taso daga kwayoyin samar da hormone na pancreas. <ref name="WCR20142" /> Waɗannan gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi fiye da adenocarcinoma na pancreatic. <ref name="WCR20142" /> Alamu da ciwon daji na pancreatic da aka fi sani na iya haɗawa da [[Shawara|launin rawaya fata]], [[ciwon ciki]] ko baya, asarar nauyi da ba a bayyana ba, [[Kashi|stools]] mai launin haske, fitsari mai duhu, da asarar ci . <ref name="PDQ20142">{{cite web|title=Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=National Cancer Institute|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=8 June 2014|date=17 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705120519/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci, ba a ganin alamun cutar a farkon matakan cutar, kuma alamun da ke da takamaiman isa don nuna ciwon daji na pancreatic yawanci ba sa tasowa har sai cutar ta kai mataki na gaba. <ref name="NEJM142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N|title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-09-11_371_11/page/1039|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=371|issue=11|pages=1039–49|date=September 2014|pmid=25207767|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1404198}}</ref><ref name="PDQ20142" /> A lokacin ganewar asali, ciwon daji na pancreatic ya [[Metastasis|yadu]] zuwa wasu sassan jiki.<ref name="Bond-Smith2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ|title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma|journal=BMJ|volume=344|issue=may16 1|pages=e2476|date=May 2012|pmid=22592847|doi=10.1136/bmj.e2476|s2cid=206894869}}</ref><ref name="WCR20142" /> Ciwon daji na pancreatic da wuya yana faruwa kafin shekaru 40, kuma fiye da rabin lokuta na adenocarcinoma na pancreatic yana faruwa a cikin waɗanda suka wuce 70. <ref name="NEJM142" /> Abubuwan haɗari don ciwon daji na pancreatic sun haɗa da shan taba, [[kiba]], [[Ciwon suga|ciwon sukari]], da wasu yanayi na kwayoyin halitta. <ref name="NEJM142" /> Kimanin kashi 25% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da shan taba, <ref name="Wolfgang20133">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH|title=Recent progress in pancreatic cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ca-a-cancer-journal-for-clinicians_september-october-2013_63_5/page/318|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=63|issue=5|pages=318–48|date=September 2013|pmid=23856911|pmc=3769458|doi=10.3322/caac.21190}}</ref> da 5-10% suna da alaƙa da kwayoyin gado . <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Ciwon daji na pancreatic yawanci ana gano shi ta hanyar haɗin fasahar hoto na likitanci kamar duban dan tayi ko ƙididdiga na hoto, gwajin jini, da gwajin samfuran nama ( biopsy ). <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /><ref name="Lancet2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M|title=Pancreatic cancer|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9791|pages=607–20|date=August 2011|pmid=21620466|pmc=3062508|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0|url=http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112190623/http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf|df=dmy-all|archive-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> An rarraba cutar zuwa matakai, daga farkon (mataki&nbsp;I) zuwa marigayi (mataki&nbsp;IV).<ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> Ba a sami nasarar tantance yawan jama'a ba. <ref>{{cite web|title=Draft Recommendation Statement: Pancreatic Cancer: Screening – US Preventive Services Task Force|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/pancreatic-cancer-screening1|website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org|access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> Haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na pancreatic yana da ƙasa a tsakanin masu shan taba, da mutanen da ke kula da lafiyayyen nauyi kuma suna iyakance cin su na ja ko nama da aka sarrafa . <ref name="Can2014Meat2">{{cite web|title=Can pancreatic cancer be prevented?|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreaticcancer/detailedguide/pancreatic-cancer-prevention|website=American Cancer Society|date=11 June 2014|access-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113184749/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreaticcancer/detailedguide/pancreatic-cancer-prevention|archive-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Damar masu shan taba na kamuwa da cutar suna raguwa idan sun daina shan taba kuma kusan komawa zuwa na sauran jama'a bayan shekaru 20.&nbsp;shekaru. <ref name="WCR20142" /> Ana iya magance ciwon daji na pancreatic tare da tiyata, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care, ko haɗuwa da waɗannan. <ref name="PDQ20142" /> Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun dogara ne akan matakin ciwon daji. <ref name="PDQ20142" /> Tiyata ita ce kawai magani wanda zai iya warkar da adenocarcinoma na pancreatic, <ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> kuma ana iya yin shi don inganta yanayin rayuwa ba tare da yuwuwar warkewa ba.<ref name="PDQ20142" /><ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> Gudanar da ciwo da magunguna don inganta narkewa ana buƙatar wasu lokuta. <ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> Ana ba da shawarar kula da jin daɗi da wuri har ma ga waɗanda ke karɓar magani da ke nufin magani.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bardou M, Le Ray I|title=Treatment of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review of cost-effectiveness studies|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=27|issue=6|pages=881–92|date=December 2013|pmid=24182608|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2013.09.006}}</ref> A cikin 2015, ciwon daji na pancreatic kowane iri ya haifar da mutuwar 411,600 a duniya. <ref name="GBD2015De2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Ciwon daji na pancreatic shine sanadin mutuwa na biyar-mafi yawan gama gari daga cutar kansa a Burtaniya, <ref name="PCRF20192">{{cite web|title=Cancer facts and figures – Why we exist – Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund|url=http://www.pcrf.org.uk/pages/cancer-table.html|website=www.pcrf.org.uk|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127102301/http://www.pcrf.org.uk/pages/cancer-table.html|archive-date=27 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka. <ref name="SEER20192">{{cite web|title=Pancreatic Cancer – Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/pancreas.html|website=SEER|access-date=4 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> Cutar ta fi faruwa a kasashen da suka ci gaba, inda kusan kashi 70% na sabbin cututtukan da aka samu a shekarar 2012 suka samo asali. <ref name="WCR20142" /> Pancreatic adenocarcinoma yawanci yana da mummunan tsinkaya; Bayan ganewar asali, 25% na mutane suna rayuwa shekara guda kuma 5% suna rayuwa har tsawon shekaru biyar. <ref name="WCR20142" /> <ref name="ACS-CFF-20102">{{cite web|title=Cancer Facts & Figures 2010|url=http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@nho/documents/document/acspc-024113.pdf|date=2010|access-date=5 December 2014|website=American Cancer Society|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114080100/http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/%40nho/documents/document/acspc-024113.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2015|df=dmy-all}} See p.&nbsp;4 for incidence estimates, and p.&nbsp;19 for survival percentages.</ref> Ga cututtukan daji da aka gano da wuri, adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar ya tashi zuwa kusan 20%. <ref name="PDQ2014P2">{{cite web|title=Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=National Cancer Institute|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=24 November 2014|date=21 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022041746/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pancreatic/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=22 October 2014}} "The highest cure rate occurs if the tumor is truly localized to the pancreas; however, this stage of disease accounts for less than 20% of cases. In cases with localized disease and small cancers (<2 cm) with no lymph-node metastases and no extension beyond the capsule of the pancreas, complete surgical resection is still associated with a low actuarial five-year survival rate of 18% to 24%."</ref> Ciwon daji na Neuroendocrine yana da sakamako mafi kyau; na biyar&nbsp;shekaru daga ganewar asali, 65% na wadanda aka gano suna rayuwa, ko da yake rayuwa ta bambanta da yawa dangane da nau'in ciwon daji. <ref name="Pishvaian20172" /> == Nau'ukan == [[File:2424_Exocrine_and_Endocrine_Pancreas.jpg|thumb|415x415px| Pancreas yana da ayyuka da yawa, waɗanda ƙwayoyin endocrin ke aiki a cikin tsibiran Langerhans da ƙwayoyin acinar exocrine. Ciwon daji na pancreatic na iya tasowa daga ɗayan waɗannan kuma ya rushe kowane ɗayan ayyukansu.]] Yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji na pancreatic ana iya raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyin gaba ɗaya. Mafi yawan lokuta (kimanin 95%) suna faruwa a cikin sashin pancreas wanda ke samar da enzymes masu narkewa, wanda aka sani da bangaren exocrine . An bayyana nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na exocrine na pancreatic, amma ganewar asali da magani suna da yawa a gama gari. Ƙananan ƙananan ciwon daji da ke tasowa a cikin samar da hormone ( endocrine ) na pancreas suna da halaye daban-daban na asibiti kuma ana kiran su ciwon daji na neuroendocrine na pancreatic, wani lokacin an rage su a matsayin "PanNETs". Dukansu ƙungiyoyin biyu suna faruwa ne musamman (amma ba na musamman) a cikin mutane sama da 40 ba, kuma sun ɗan fi yawa a cikin maza, amma wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba a cika samun su ba galibi suna faruwa a cikin mata ko yara.<ref name="Harris-20132">{{cite book|vauthors=Harris RE|title=Epidemiology of Chronic Disease|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA182|year=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|pages=181–190|chapter=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624065516/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA182|archive-date=24 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="pmid229974452">{{cite journal|vauthors=Öberg K, Knigge U, Kwekkeboom D, Perren A|collaboration=ESMO Guidelines Working Group|title=Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=23 Suppl 7|issue=suppl 7|pages=vii124-30|date=October 2012|pmid=22997445|doi=10.1093/annonc/mds295|doi-access=free}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250813033219/https://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/suppl_7/vii124/T5.expansion.html Table 5] outlines the proposed TNM staging system for PanNETs.)</ref> === Exocrine cancers === Ƙungiyar exocrine ta mamaye adenocarcinoma na pancreatic (saɓanin wannan suna na iya ƙara "masu cin zarafi" da "ductal"), wanda shine mafi yawan nau'i na yau da kullum, wanda ke wakiltar kimanin kashi 85 cikin dari na dukan ciwon daji na pancreatic.<ref name="NEJM142" /> Kusan duk waɗannan suna farawa a cikin bututun pancreas, azaman pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). <ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Pancreatic Cancer|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-77497-8|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmBB5ZoKkk4C&pg=PA288|access-date=12 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910175002/https://books.google.com/books?id=NmBB5ZoKkk4C&pg=PA288|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Wannan shi ne duk da cewa nama daga abin da ya taso - na pancreatic ductal epithelium - wakiltar kasa da 10% na pancreas ta hanyar girma cell, domin shi ya ƙunshi kawai ducts (wani m amma capillary-kamar duct-tsarin fanko) a ciki. pancreas. <ref name="DeVita20112">{{cite book|author=Govindan R|title=DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology|url=https://archive.org/details/devitahellmanros0000unse_b1s0|edition=9th|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-0545-2|at=Chapter 35: Cancer of the Pancreas: Surgical Management}} Online edition, with updates to 2014</ref> Wannan ciwon daji ya samo asali ne a cikin bututun da ke ɗauke da ɓoye (kamar enzymes da bicarbonate ) daga pancreas. Kimanin kashi 60-70% na adenocarcinomas suna faruwa a cikin kan pancreas . <ref name="NEJM142" /> Nau'in na gaba-mafi yawan gaske, acinar cell carcinoma na pancreas, yana tasowa a cikin gungu na sel waɗanda ke samar da waɗannan enzymes, kuma suna wakiltar 5% na ciwon daji na exocrine na pancreas. Kamar wadanda aka bayyana 'ayyukan ensincrrrrrer a kasa, Carcinomas Carcinomas da aka bayyana a ƙasa, Carjin Carcinomas ya bayyana a kasa, Carcinoman Carcinomas na iya haifar da samar da wasu kwayoyin, a wannan yanayin narkar da enzymes, wanda zai haifar da bayyanar da enzymes, wanda zai haifar da bayyanar cututtuka kamar jin zafi. Cystadenocarcinomas yana da kashi 1% na ciwon daji na pancreatic, kuma suna da kyakkyawan hangen nesa fiye da sauran nau'in exocrine. <ref name="Tobias2">{{cite book|vauthors=Tobias JS, Hochhauser D|title=Cancer and its Management|page=297|year=2014|edition=7th|isbn=978-1-118-46871-5}}</ref> Pancreatoblastoma wani nau'i ne da ba kasafai ba, galibi yana faruwa a lokacin ƙuruciya, kuma yana da kyakkyawan hasashen. Sauran cututtukan cututtuka na exocrine sun haɗa da carcinomas adenosquamous, carcinomas cell carcinomas, carcinomas hepatoid carcinomas, colloid carcinomas, carcinomas marasa bambanci, da carcinomas marasa daidaituwa tare da osteoclast -like giant sel . M ciwon daji na pseudopapillary wani ƙananan ƙananan neoplasm ne wanda ke shafar ƙananan mata, kuma gabaɗaya yana da tsinkaye mai kyau.<ref name="NEJM142" /><ref name="Tobias2" /><ref name="DeVita20112" /> Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms babban rukuni ne na ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta wanda ke da bambance-bambancen m. Ana gano su da haɓaka sosai yayin da CT scans ke ƙara ƙarfi da gama gari, kuma ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan yadda za a iya tantance su da kuma bi da su, ganin cewa da yawa ba su da kyau. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Farrell JJ, Fernández-del Castillo C|title=Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: management and unanswered questions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2013-05_144_6/page/1303|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1303–15|date=June 2013|pmid=23622140|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.073}}</ref> === Neuroendocrine === Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen da ke tasowa a wasu wurare a cikin pancreas sune ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na neuroendocrine (PanNETs). <ref name="nomenclature2">The PanNET denomination is in line with [[WHO]] guidelines for the classification of tumors of the digestive system {{cite web |title=WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system – NLM Catalog – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101553728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909110134/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101553728 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=7 September 2017}} published in 2010. Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still commonly called "pancreatic endocrine tumors". See: {{cite journal |vauthors=Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S |date=August 2010 |title=The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems |journal=Pancreas |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=707–12 |doi=10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e |pmid=20664470 |s2cid=3735444}}</ref> Ciwon daji na Neuroendocrine (NETs), ya kasan ce su ne nau'i-nau'in daban-daban na ciwon daji ko ciwon daji wanda ke tasowa daga kwayoyin neuroendocrine na jiki, wanda ke da alhakin haɗakar da tsarin juyayi da endocrin. NETs na iya farawa a yawancin gabobin jiki, gami da pancreas, inda nau'ikan mugayen nau'ikan duka ana ɗaukar su ba kasafai bane . PanNETs an haɗa su zuwa nau'ikan 'aiki' da 'marasa aiki', ya danganta da matakin da suke samar da hormones. Nau'in aiki suna ɓoye hormones kamar insulin, gastrin, da glucagon a cikin jini, sau da yawa a cikin adadi mai yawa, suna haifar da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ƙarancin sukari na jini, amma kuma suna fifita ganowa da wuri. Mafi yawan aiki PanNETs sune insulinomas da gastrinomas, mai suna bayan hormones da suke ɓoyewa. Nau'in da ba sa aiki ba sa ɓoye hormones da yawa don haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na asibiti, don haka PanNETs marasa aiki ana gano su ne kawai bayan ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki. <ref name="Burns20122">{{cite journal|vauthors=Burns WR, Edil BH|title=Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update|journal=Current Treatment Options in Oncology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=24–34|date=March 2012|pmid=22198808|doi=10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2|s2cid=7329783}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran ciwace-ciwacen neuroendocrine, tarihin kalmomi da rarrabuwa na PanNETs yana da rikitarwa.<ref name="nomenclature2" /> A wasu lokuta ana kiran PanNETs "cututtukan ƙwayoyin tsibiri", <ref>The [[Medical Subject Headings]] indexing system refers to "islet cell carcinoma", which is subdivided into gastrinoma, [[glucagonoma]], [[somatostatinoma]], and [[VIPoma]]. See: 2014 MeSH tree at [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Carcinoma,+Islet+Cell&field=entry#TreeC04.588.322.475.500 <nowiki>"Pancreatic Neoplasms [C04.588.322.475]"</nowiki>] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319155137/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Carcinoma,+Islet+Cell&field=entry|date=19 March 2016}} 16 October 2014</ref> ko da yake yanzu an san su ba su tashi daga ƙwayoyin tsibiri kamar yadda ake tunani a baya ba. <ref name="Burns20122" /> == Alamomi da alamomi == [[File:Jaundice08.jpg|thumb| [[Shawara|Jaundice]] na iya zama alama, saboda toshewar biliary daga ƙari.]] Tunda ciwon daji na pancreatic yawanci ba ya haifar da alamun da za a iya gane su a farkon matakansa, yawanci ba a gano cutar ba har sai ta yadu fiye da pancreas kanta.<ref name="Lancet2" /> Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan rashin ƙarancin rayuwa gabaɗaya. Banda wannan shine PanNETs masu aiki, inda yawan samar da hormones masu aiki daban-daban na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka (wanda ya dogara da nau'in hormone).<ref name="Sol PanNET2">{{cite web|publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine|website=The Sol Goldman Pancreas Cancer Research Center|url=http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/TreatmentEndocrine.php?area=tr#PROGNOSIS|title=Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas / Endocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas|date=2012|access-date=5 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105104004/http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/TreatmentEndocrine.php?area=tr#PROGNOSIS|archive-date=5 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Da yake la'akari da cewa ba kasafai ake gano cutar ba kafin shekaru 40, alamomin alamun adenocarcinoma na pancreatic da ke faruwa kafin a gano cutar sun haɗa da: * [[Ciwon ciki|Ciwo a cikin babba]] ko baya, yawanci yaduwa daga kewayen ciki zuwa baya. Wurin da ke ciwo zai iya nuna ɓangaren ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Zafin na iya zama mafi muni da dare kuma yana iya karuwa akan lokaci don ya zama mai tsanani kuma maras ƙarewa.<ref name="Tobias" /> Ana iya samun sauƙi kaɗan ta hanyar lankwasawa. A Burtaniya, kusan rabin sabbin cututtukan daji na pancreatic ana gano su ne bayan ziyartar sashen gaggawa na asibiti don jin zafi ko jaundice. A cikin kashi biyu bisa uku na mutane, ciwon ciki shine babban alama, don 46% na jimlar tare da jaundice, tare da 13% suna da jaundice ba tare da jin zafi ba.<ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> * [[Shawara|Jaundice]], launin rawaya mai launin rawaya zuwa fararen idanu ko fata, tare da ko ba tare da jin zafi ba, kuma mai yiwuwa a hade tare da fitsari mai duhu, yana haifar da lokacin da ciwon daji a cikin kan pancreas ya toshe ƙwayar bile na kowa yayin da yake tafiya ta cikin pancreas. <ref name="Cruz2">{{cite journal|vauthors=De La Cruz MS, Young AP, Ruffin MT|title=Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer|journal=American Family Physician|volume=89|issue=8|pages=626–32|date=April 2014|pmid=24784121}}</ref> * Rage nauyi wanda ba a bayyana ba, ko dai daga asarar ci, ko asarar aikin exocrine wanda ke haifar da rashin narkewa . <ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> * Ciwon daji na iya damfara sassan da ke makwabtaka da su, yana rushe hanyoyin narkewar abinci da kuma sanya shi da wahala ga ciki ya zama fanko, wanda zai iya haifar da tashin zuciya da jin cikawa. Kitsen da ba a narkar da shi ba yana kaiwa ga ƙamshi mai ƙamshi, ƙashin ƙazanta waɗanda ke da wuyar gushewa.<ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> Maƙarƙashiya kuma yana da yawa. <ref name="Alberts2">{{cite book|vauthors=Alberts SR, Goldberg RM|veditors=Casciato DA, Territo MC|title=Manual of clinical oncology|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-6884-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/manualofclinical00casc_0/page/188 188–236]|ref=Alberts|chapter=Chapter 9: Gastrointestinal tract cancers|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/manualofclinical00casc_0|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofclinical00casc_0/page/188}}</ref> * Aƙalla 50% na mutanen da ke da adenocarcinoma pancreatic suna da [[Ciwon suga|ciwon sukari]] a lokacin ganewar asali.<ref name="NEJM142" /> Yayin da ciwon sukari mai tsayi ya kasance sanannen haɗari ga ciwon daji na pancreatic (duba [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|abubuwan haɗari]] ), ciwon daji zai iya haifar da ciwon sukari, wanda a cikin yanayin kwanan nan na ciwon sukari za a iya la'akari da farkon alamar cutar. <ref name="Pannala20092">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pannala R, Basu A, Petersen GM, Chari ST|title=New-onset diabetes: a potential clue to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=88–95|date=January 2009|pmid=19111249|pmc=2795483|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70337-1}}</ref> Mutanen sama da 50 waɗanda ke haɓaka ciwon sukari suna da haɗarin haɓaka adenocarcinoma na pancreatic sau takwas a cikin shekaru uku, bayan haka haɗarin dangi ya ragu.<ref name="Bond-Smith2" /> === Sauran binciken === * Ciwon daji na Trousseau - wanda zubar da jini ya haifar da sauri a cikin tasoshin jini na portal ( portal vein thrombosis ), zurfin veins na extremities ( deep vein thrombosis ), ko kuma na sama ( na waje thrombosis ) a ko'ina a cikin jiki - na iya hade da shi. ciwon daji na pancreatic, kuma ana samunsa a kusan kashi 10% na lokuta. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> * An ba da rahoton [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki na asibiti]] tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ciwon daji na pancreatic a cikin wasu 10-20% na lokuta, kuma yana iya zama cikas ga kulawa mafi kyau. Bacin rai wani lokaci yana bayyana kafin a gano cutar kansa, yana nuna cewa ilimin halittar cutar na iya kawo shi. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Sauran bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum sun hada da rauni da gajiyawa sauƙi, bushe baki, matsalolin barci, da ƙwayar ciki mai laushi . <ref name="Alberts2" /> === Alamomin yaduwa === [[File:Secondary_tumor_deposits_in_the_liver_from_a_primary_cancer_of_the_pancreas.jpg|thumb| Sashin hanta na ɗan adam, a autopsy, yana nuna yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu yawa, waɗanda [[Metastasis|ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace da]] aka samu daga ciwon daji na pancreatic.]] Yaduwar ciwon daji na pancreatic zuwa wasu gabobin ( [[metastasis]] ) na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka. Yawanci, adenocarcinoma na pancreatic na farko yana yaduwa zuwa nodes na lymph na kusa, kuma daga baya zuwa hanta ko zuwa ga kogin peritoneal, babban hanji, ko huhu.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Ba kasafai ba, yana yaduwa zuwa kashi ko kwakwalwa. <ref name="AJCC2-PANC2">{{cite book|title=Manual for Staging of Cancer|publisher=American Joint Committee on Cancer|edition=2nd|chapter=Chapter 15; Pancreas|pages=95–98|chapter-url=https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/AJCC2ndEdCancerStagingManual.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023729/https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/AJCC2ndEdCancerStagingManual.pdf|archive-date=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}} See p. 95 for citation regarding "...&nbsp;lesser degree of involvement of bones and brain and other anatomical sites."</ref> Ciwon daji a cikin pancreas kuma yana iya zama ciwon daji na biyu da ya yadu daga wasu sassan jiki. Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne, ana samun shi a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta na ciwon daji na pancreatic. Ciwon daji na koda shine mafi yawan ciwon daji da ke yaduwa zuwa ga pancreas, sannan kuma [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] na launin fata, sannan kuma ciwon daji na fata, [[Sankaran Nono|nono]], da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|huhu]] . Ana iya yin tiyata a kan maƙarƙashiya a irin waɗannan lokuta, ko da begen magani ko don rage alamun. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sperti C, Moletta L, Patanè G|title=Metastatic tumors to the pancreas: The role of surgery|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology|volume=6|issue=10|pages=381–92|date=October 2014|pmid=25320654|pmc=4197429|doi=10.4251/wjgo.v6.i10.381}}</ref> == Abubuwan haɗari == Abubuwan haɗari ga adenocarcinoma na pancreatic sun haɗa da:<ref name="NEJM142" /><ref name="WCR20142" /><ref name="Bond-Smith2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Causes of pancreatic cancer|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-pancreas/Pages/Causes.aspx|website=NHS Choices|publisher=National Health Service, England|date=7 October 2014|access-date=5 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106054519/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-pancreas/Pages/Causes.aspx|archive-date=6 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|volume=20|issn=0957-5243|url=|pmid=19194662|doi=10.1007/s10552-009-9303-5|pages=825–34|issue=6|date=5 February 2009|first1=Laura N.|journal=Cancer Causes & Control|title=Lifestyle, dietary, and medical history factors associated with pancreatic cancer risk in Ontario, Canada|first3=Steven|last3=Gallinger|first2=Michelle|last2=Cotterchio|pmc=3907069}}</ref> * Shekaru, jima'i, da kabilanci - haɗarin tasowa ciwon daji na pancreatic yana ƙaruwa da shekaru. Yawancin lokuta suna faruwa bayan shekaru 65,<ref name="WCR20142" /> yayin da lokuta kafin shekaru 40 ba a saba gani ba. Cutar ta fi yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata. <ref name="WCR20142" /> A Amurka, ya fi fiye da sau 1.5 a cikin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙin Amurkawa]], ko da yake faruwa a Afirka ba shi da yawa. <ref name="WCR20142" /> * Shan taba sigari ita ce mafi kyawun abin da za a iya kauce masa don kamuwa da ciwon daji na pancreatic, kusan haɗarin ninki biyu tsakanin masu shan taba na dogon lokaci, haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da adadin shan taba da kuma shekarun shan taba. Hadarin yana raguwa sannu a hankali bayan daina shan taba, yana ɗaukar shekaru 20 don komawa kusan na marasa shan taba. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bosetti C, Lucenteforte E, Silverman DT, Petersen G, Bracci PM, Ji BT, Negri E, Li D, Risch HA, Olson SH, Gallinger S, Miller AB, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Talamini R, Polesel J, Ghadirian P, Baghurst PA, Zatonski W, Fontham E, Bamlet WR, Holly EA, Bertuccio P, Gao YT, Hassan M, Yu H, Kurtz RC, Cotterchio M, Su J, Maisonneuve P, Duell EJ, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C|display-authors=6|title=Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4)|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=23|issue=7|pages=1880–88|date=July 2012|pmid=22104574|pmc=3387822|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdr541}}</ref> * [[Kiba]] - ma'aunin jiki fiye da 35 yana ƙara haɗarin dangi da kusan rabin.<ref name="Bond-Smith2" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Rubeis|first8=Laura N.|issn=1573-7225|language=en|pmc=6685923|pmid=31230151|doi=10.1007/s10552-019-01197-9|pages=955–66|issue=9|volume=30|date=1 September 2019|journal=Cancer Causes & Control|title=Trajectories of body mass index, from adolescence to older adulthood, and pancreatic cancer risk; a population-based case–control study in Ontario, Canada|last8=Anderson|first1=Vanessa|first7=Sean|last7=Cleary|first6=Steven|last6=Gallinger|first5=Ayelet|last5=Borgida|first4=Lauren E.|last4=Griffith|first3=Brendan T.|last3=Smith|first2=Michelle|last2=Cotterchio|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Tarihin iyali - 5-10% na ciwon daji na pancreatic yana da wani bangare na gado, inda mutane ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na pancreatic.<ref name="NEJM142" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Rubeis|first8=Laura N.|issn=1573-7225|language=en|pmc=6685923|pmid=31230151|doi=10.1007/s10552-019-01197-9|pages=955–66|issue=9|volume=30|date=1 September 2019|journal=Cancer Causes & Control|title=Trajectories of body mass index, from adolescence to older adulthood, and pancreatic cancer risk; a population-based case–control study in Ontario, Canada|last8=Anderson|first1=Vanessa|first7=Sean|last7=Cleary|first6=Steven|last6=Gallinger|first5=Ayelet|last5=Borgida|first4=Lauren E.|last4=Griffith|first3=Brendan T.|last3=Smith|first2=Michelle|last2=Cotterchio|doi-access=free}}</ref> Haɗarin yana ƙaruwa sosai idan dangi fiye da ɗaya na farko sun kamu da cutar, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta idan sun kamu da ita kafin shekaru 50.<ref name="Lancet2" /> Yawancin kwayoyin halittar da ke tattare da su ba a gano su ba.<ref name="NEJM142" /><ref name="Reznik20142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Reznik R, Hendifar AE, Tuli R|title=Genetic determinants and potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic adenocarcinoma|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=5|pages=87|year=2014|pmid=24624093|pmc=3939680|doi=10.3389/fphys.2014.00087|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gadon pancreatic na gada yana ba da ƙarin haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon daji na pancreatic na 30-40% zuwa shekaru 70. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Ana iya ba da gwajin cutar sankara na pancreatic ga mutanen da ke da gadaje na pancreatitis bisa tushen bincike.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Greenhalf W, Grocock C, Harcus M, Neoptolemos J|title=Screening of high-risk families for pancreatic cancer|journal=Pancreatology|volume=9|issue=3|pages=215–22|date=May 2009|pmid=19349734|doi=10.1159/000210262|s2cid=29100310}}</ref> Wasu mutane na iya zaɓar a cire musu ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar tiyata don hana ciwon daji daga tasowa a nan gaba. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> : An haɗu da ciwon daji na pancreatic tare da waɗannan nau'o'in cututtuka na gado: Peutz-Jeghers ciwo saboda maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta ''STK11'' (mai wuyar gaske, amma mai haɗari mai karfi); dysplastic nevus ciwo (ko iyali atypical mahara tawadar Allah da melanoma ciwo, FAMMM-PC) saboda maye gurbi a cikin ''CDKN2A'' tumor suppressor gene; autosomal recessive ataxia-telangiectasia da autosomal maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin ''BRCA2'' da ''PALB2'' ; ciwon daji marasa polyposis na gado (Lynch syndrome); da kuma iyali adenomatous polyposis . PanNETs an haɗa su da nau'in neoplasia na endocrine da yawa (MEN1) da von Hippel Lindau ciwo.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /><ref name="NEJM142" /><ref name="Lancet2" /> * Pancreatitis na yau da kullun yana bayyana kusan haɗarin sau uku, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da ciwon sukari, sabon ciwon pancreatitis na iya zama alamar ƙari.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Hadarin ciwon daji na pancreatic a cikin mutanen da ke da dangi na pancreatic yana da girma musamman. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /><ref name="Reznik20142" /> * [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari mellitus]] abu ne mai haɗari ga ciwon daji na pancreatic kuma (kamar yadda aka gani a cikin sashin [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|Alamu da alamomi]] ) sabon ciwon sukari na iya zama alamar farkon cutar. Mutanen da aka gano suna da [[nau'in ciwon sukari na 2]] na tsawon fiye da shekaru 10 na iya samun haɗarin 50%, idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba su da ciwon sukari.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> A cikin 2021, Venturi ya ba da rahoton cewa pancreas yana iya ɗaukar cesium mai yawa na rediyoaktif (Cs-134 da Cs-137) yana haifar da pancreatitis na yau da kullun kuma mai yiwuwa kansar pancreatic tare da lalata tsibiran pancreatic, yana haifar da nau'in ciwon sukari na 3c (pancreatogenic) . <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Venturi|first1=Sebastiano|title=Cesium in Biology, Pancreatic Cancer, and Controversy in High and Low Radiation Exposure Damage—Scientific, Environmental, Geopolitical, and Economic Aspects|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|date=January 2021|volume=18|issue=17|pages=8934|doi=10.3390/ijerph18178934|pmid=34501532|language=en|pmc=8431133|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> Pancreatic na yau da kullun, ciwon daji na pancreatic da ciwon sukari mellitus sun ƙaru a cikin gurɓataccen yawan jama'a, musamman yara da matasa, bayan abubuwan nukiliyar Fukushima da Chernobyl. A lokaci guda, cututtuka na pancreatic a duniya, ciwon sukari da radiocesium na muhalli suna karuwa. * Ba a nuna takamaiman nau'ikan abinci (kamar yadda ya bambanta da kiba) a fili don ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na pancreatic.<ref name="NEJM142" /><ref name="CancerOrg20142">{{cite web|title=Cancer Facts and Figures 2014|url=http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/webcontent/acspc-042151.pdf|website=American Cancer Society|access-date=5 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218204235/http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/%40research/documents/webcontent/acspc-042151.pdf|archive-date=18 December 2014}}, p.&nbsp;19, "Though evidence is still accumulating, consumption of red or processed meat, or meat cooked at very high temperatures, may '''slightly''' increase risk."</ref> Abubuwan da ake ci waɗanda wasu shaidu ke nuna ɗan ƙaramin haɗari sun haɗa da nama da aka sarrafa, jan nama, da naman da aka dafa a yanayin zafi sosai (misali ta soya, broiling, ko gasa). <ref name="CancerOrg20142" /><ref name="pmid222407902">{{cite journal|vauthors=Larsson SC, Wolk A|title=Red and processed meat consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=106|issue=3|pages=603–07|date=January 2012|pmid=22240790|pmc=3273353|doi=10.1038/bjc.2011.585|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Barasa === Shan barasa fiye da kima shine babban abin da ke haifar da cutar sankarau na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ke haifar da ciwon daji na pancreatic, amma babban bincike ya kasa tabbatar da shan barasa a matsayin abin haɗari kai tsaye ga kansar pancreatic. Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyar tana da rauni akai-akai kuma yawancin binciken ba su sami wata ƙungiya ba, tare da shan taba mai ƙarfi mai ruɗani . Shaidar ta fi ƙarfi don haɗin gwiwa tare da sha mai yawa, na aƙalla sha shida a kowace rana.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /><ref name="Pericleous2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pericleous M, Rossi RE, Mandair D, Whyand T, Caplin ME|title=Nutrition and pancreatic cancer|journal=Anticancer Research|volume=34|issue=1|pages=9–21|date=January 2014|pmid=24403441}}</ref> == Pathophysiology == [[File:Pancreas_adenocarcinoma_(4)_Case_01.jpg|right|thumb| Micrograph na pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na pancreatic), tabo H&amp;amp;E]] === Ciwon daji === [[File:Pancreas_neoplasia_carcinoma_sequence.png|thumb| Micrographs na al'ada pancreatic, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (maganin ciwon daji na pancreatic carcinoma) da ciwon daji na pancreatic. H&amp;amp;E tabo]] Ana tsammanin ciwon daji na exocrine yana tasowa daga nau'o'in ciwon daji da yawa a cikin pancreas, amma waɗannan raunuka ba koyaushe suna ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji ba, kuma yawan adadin da aka gano a matsayin sakamakon karuwar amfani da CT scans don wasu dalilai ba a magance su ba.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Baya ga pancreatic serous cystadenomas, wanda kusan kullum ba su da kyau, ana gane nau'in ciwon daji guda hudu. Na farko shi ne pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia . Waɗannan raunukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne a cikin pancreas kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin gawawwakin mutanen da ba su da cutar kansa. Wadannan raunuka na iya ci gaba daga ƙananan zuwa babban matsayi sannan zuwa ƙari. Fiye da kashi 90% na shari'o'i a duk maki suna ɗauke da kwayar halittar ''KRAS'' mara kyau, yayin da suke cikin maki.&nbsp;2 da 3, lalacewar wasu kwayoyin halitta guda uku&nbsp;- ''CDKN2A'' ( ''p16'' ), ''p53'', da ''SMAD4''&nbsp;– ana ƙara samun sau da yawa.<ref name="NEJM142" /> Nau'i na biyu shine intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Waɗannan raunuka ne na macroscopic, waɗanda ake samu a kusan kashi 2% na duk manya. Wannan adadin yana ƙaruwa zuwa kusan 10% ta shekaru 70. Waɗannan raunukan suna da kusan kashi 25% na haɗarin haɓakawa zuwa cutar kansa. Suna iya samun maye gurbin halittar ''KRAS'' (40-65% na lokuta) kuma a cikin GNAS Gs alpha subunit da RNF43, suna shafar hanyar siginar Wnt .<ref name="NEJM142" /> Ko da an cire su ta hanyar tiyata, ƙarin haɗarin da ke tattare da ciwon daji na pancreatic yana tasowa daga baya.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Nau'i na uku, pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), galibi yana faruwa a cikin mata, kuma yana iya kasancewa mara kyau ko kuma ci gaba zuwa kansa. <ref name="Delpu20112">{{cite journal|vauthors=Delpu Y, Hanoun N, Lulka H, Sicard F, Selves J, Buscail L, Torrisani J, Cordelier P|display-authors=6|title=Genetic and epigenetic alterations in pancreatic carcinogenesis|journal=Current Genomics|volume=12|issue=1|pages=15–24|date=March 2011|pmid=21886451|pmc=3129039|doi=10.2174/138920211794520132}}</ref> Idan waɗannan raunuka sun zama manya, suna haifar da alamun bayyanar cututtuka, ko kuma suna da siffofi masu ban sha'awa, yawanci ana iya samun nasarar cire su ta hanyar tiyata.<ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Nau'i na huɗu na ciwon daji da ke tasowa a cikin pancreas shine intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm. Wannan nau'in WHO ta gane shi a cikin 2010 kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 1-3% na dukkanin neoplasms na pancreatic. Matsakaicin shekarun da aka gano shine shekaru 61 (shekaru 35-78). Kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na waɗannan raunuka sun zama masu mamayewa. Bincike ya dogara da ilimin tarihi, saboda waɗannan raunuka suna da wuyar bambanta da sauran raunuka a kan ko dai na asibiti ko na rediyo. <ref name="Rooney20172">{{cite journal|vauthors=Rooney SL, Shi J|title=Intraductal Tubulopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas: An Update From a Pathologist's Perspective|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|volume=140|issue=10|pages=1068–73|date=October 2016|pmid=27684978|doi=10.5858/arpa.2016-0207-RA|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ciwon daji mai cutarwa === Abubuwan da suka faru na kwayoyin halitta da aka samo a cikin ductal adenocarcinoma an yi su da kyau, kuma an yi cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka faru don nau'in ciwon daji na kowa. Kwayoyin halitta guda hudu an gano kowannensu an canza su a yawancin adenocarcinomas: ''KRAS'' (a cikin 95% na lokuta), ''CDKN2A'' (kuma a cikin 95%), ''TP53'' (75%), da ''SMAD4'' (55%). Na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan yana da alaƙa musamman tare da tsinkaye mara kyau. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> ''SWI/SNF'' maye gurbi/ shafewa yana faruwa a cikin kusan 10-15% na adenocarcinomas.<ref name="NEJM142" /> An kuma yi bincike kan sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta a wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji na pancreatic da raunukan da suka rigaya ya faru. <ref name="Wolfgang20133" /> Binciken fassarar fassarar da jerin mRNA don nau'ikan ciwon daji na pancreatic na gama gari sun gano cewa kashi 75% na kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ana bayyana su a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, tare da wasu kwayoyin halittar 200 waɗanda aka fi bayyana su musamman a cikin ciwon daji na pancreatic idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan ƙari.<ref name="proteinatlas.org2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanpathology/pancreatic+cancer|title=The human pathology proteome in pancreatic cancer – The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073444/https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/pathology/pancreatic+cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Uhlen eaan25072">{{cite journal|vauthors=Uhlen M, Zhang C, Lee S, Sjöstedt E, Fagerberg L, Bidkhori G, Benfeitas R, Arif M, Liu Z, Edfors F, Sanli K, von Feilitzen K, Oksvold P, Lundberg E, Hober S, Nilsson P, Mattsson J, Schwenk JM, Brunnström H, Glimelius B, Sjöblom T, Edqvist PH, Djureinovic D, Micke P, Lindskog C, Mardinoglu A, Ponten F|display-authors=6|title=A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome|journal=Science|volume=357|issue=6352|pages=eaan2507|date=August 2017|pmid=28818916|doi=10.1126/science.aan2507|doi-access=free}}</ref> === PanNETs === Kwayoyin halittar da ake samu sau da yawa a cikin PanNETs sun bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin ciwon daji na pancreatic exocrine. <ref name="Lewis20142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lewis MA, Yao JC|title=Molecular pathology and genetics of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours|journal=Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity|volume=21|issue=1|pages=22–27|date=February 2014|pmid=24310147|doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000033|s2cid=31094880}}</ref> Misali, maye gurbin ''KRAS'' yawanci baya nan. Maimakon haka, maye gurbi na ''MEN1'' na gado yana haifar da ciwo na MEN1, wanda ciwace-ciwacen farko ke faruwa a cikin glandon endocrin guda biyu ko fiye. Kimanin kashi 40-70% na mutanen da aka haifa tare da maye gurbi na ''MEN1'' a ƙarshe suna haɓaka PanNet. <ref name="MEN1-20122">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thakker RV, Newey PJ, Walls GV, Bilezikian J, Dralle H, Ebeling PR, Melmed S, Sakurai A, Tonelli F, Brandi ML|display-authors=6|title=Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=97|issue=9|pages=2990–3011|date=September 2012|pmid=22723327|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-1230|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ake yawan canzawa sun hada da ''DAXX'', ''mTOR'', da ''ATRX'' .<ref name="Burns20122" /> == Bincike == [[File:Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png|thumb|Kai, jiki, da wutsiya na pancreas: Ciki yana dushewa a cikin wannan hoton don nuna gabaɗayan ƙwayar cuta, wanda jiki da wutsiya ke kwance a bayan ciki, kuma wuyansa a baya.]] [[File:MBq_cystic-carcinoma-pancreas.jpg|thumb|Hoton Axial CT tare da bambancin IV da ƙarin launi: Layukan ƙetarewa zuwa sama na hagu suna kewaye da adenocarcinoma macrocystic na kan pancreatic.]] [[File:Ultrasonography_of_pancreatic_cancer.jpg|thumb|[[Ultrasonography na ciki|Ultrasonography]] na ciki na ciwon daji na pancreatic (mai yiwuwa adenocarcinoma), tare da dirartaccen bututun [[Pancreatic duct|pancreatic]] zuwa dama.]] Alamun adenocarcinoma na pancreatic ba ya kan bayyana a farkon cutar, kuma ba su bambanta da cutar ba. Alamun da ake gano cutar sun bambanta bisa ga wurin da ciwon daji yake a cikin pancreas, wanda masana ilimin halittar jiki suka raba (daga hagu zuwa dama akan mafi yawan zane) zuwa kai mai kauri, wuyansa, da jikin da ke tafe, yana ƙarewa a cikin wutsiya. Ba tare da la'akari da wurin da ƙari yake ba, alamar da aka fi sani da ita ita ce asarar nauyi da ba a bayyana ba, wanda zai iya zama babba. Yawancin 'yan tsiraru (tsakanin kashi 35 zuwa 47%) na mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar za su sami tashin zuciya, amai, ko jin rauni. Ciwon daji a cikin kan pancreas yawanci kuma yana haifar da jaundice, zafi, [[Anorexia (alama)|asarar ci]], fitsari mai duhu, da stools masu launin haske. Ciwon daji a jiki da wutsiya yakan haifar da ciwo. Wasu lokuta mutane suna samun farkon farkon ciwon sukari na 2 wanda ke da wuyar sarrafawa, tarihin kwanan nan amma ba a bayyana kumburin jini ba wanda ya haifar da ɗigon jini ( [[thrombophlebitis]] ) wanda aka fi sani da [[Trousseau alamar malignancy|alamar Trousseau]], ko kuma wani harin da ya gabata na [[pancreatitis]] . Likita na iya zargin ciwon daji na pancreatic lokacin da farkon ciwon sukari a cikin wanda ya haura shekaru 50 yana tare da alamu na yau da kullun kamar asarar nauyi da ba a bayyana ba, ci gaba na ciki ko baya, rashin narkewar abinci, amai, ko najasa mai kitse. Jaundice tare da kumburin [[gallbladder]] mara raɗaɗi (wanda aka sani [[Dokar Courvoisier|da alamar Courvoisier]] ) na iya haifar da zato, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen [[ganewar asali daban-daban|bambanta]] ciwon daji na pancreatic da [[Gallstone|gallstones]] . Ana amfani da dabarun [[Hoto na likita|daukar hoto na likitanci]], irin su [[na'urar daukar hoto]] (CT scan) da [[endoscopic duban dan tayi]] (EUS) duka don tabbatar da ganewar asali da kuma taimakawa wajen yanke shawara ko za'a iya cire ƙwayar cutar ta hanyar tiyata (" [[Resection (fida)|sabuntawa]] "). A [[CT scan|sabanin CT scan]], ciwon daji na pancreatic yawanci yana nuna karuwa a hankali a hankali radiyo, maimakon wankewa da sauri kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta al'ada ko jinkirin wankewa kamar yadda ake gani a cikin pancreatitis na kullum. Hakanan za'a iya amfani [[Hoto na maganadisu na maganadisu|da Hoto na Magnetic Resonance Hoto]] da [[positron emission tomography]], da [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] na iya zama da amfani a wasu lokuta. [[Ciki na ciki|Duban dan tayi]] na ciki ba shi da mahimmanci kuma zai rasa ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi, amma zai iya gano ciwon daji da suka yada zuwa hanta da kuma gina ruwa a cikin rami na peritoneal ( [[ascites]] ). Ana iya amfani da shi don gwajin farko mai sauri da arha kafin wasu fasahohin. Ana iya amfani da biopsy ta [[kyakkyawan buri na allura]], sau da yawa ta hanyar duban dan tayi na endoscopic, inda babu tabbas game da ganewar asali, amma ba a yawan buƙatar ganewar asali na [[tarihi]] don cire ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar tiyata don ci gaba. [[Gwajin aikin hanta|Gwajin aikin hanta na]] iya nuna haɗin sakamakon da ke nuni da toshewar bile ducts ( [[Haɗin bilirubin|tasowar bilirubin da aka haɗa]], [[Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase|γ-glutamyl transpeptidase]] da matakan [[alkaline phosphatase]] ). [[CA19-9]] (carbohydrate antigen 19.9) [[Alamar Tumor|alama]] ce ta ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta wanda ake yawan ɗaukaka shi a cikin ciwon daji na pancreatic. Duk da haka, ba shi [[Sensitivity da kuma takamaiman|da hankali da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai]], ba kalla ba saboda 5% na mutane ba su da [[Lewis antigen tsarin|antigen Lewis (a)]] kuma ba za su iya samar da CA19-9 ba. Yana da hankali na 80% da ƙayyadaddun 73% a cikin gano adenocarcinoma na pancreatic, kuma ana amfani dashi don bin sanannun lokuta maimakon ganewar asali. === Histopathology === [[File:Adenocarcinoma_of_Pancreas,_FNA_(5558060087).jpg|thumb|[[Kyakkyawan buri na allura]] na pancreatic adenocarcinoma daban-daban, yana nuna lebur mai lebur tare da fitacciyar saƙar zuma. Rashin tsari, haɗuwa da makaman nukiliya, da rashin tazarar makaman nukiliya iri ɗaya suna ba da ma'anar wannan adenocarcinoma (saɓani da epithelium wanda ba na neoplastic ba).]] Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na pancreatic (adenocarcinoma) yawanci ana siffanta shi ta matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa [[Anaplasia|ƙarancin bambance-bambancen]] tsarin glandular akan jarrabawar ganima. Akwai yawanci babba [[desmoplasia]] ko samuwar fibrous [[Stroma (nama na dabba)|stroma]] ko tsarin nama wanda ya ƙunshi [[Nau'in salula|nau'ikan nau'ikan tantanin halitta]] (ciki har da [[Myofibroblast|myofibroblasts]], [[Macrophage|macrophages]], [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]] da [[Mast cell|ƙwayoyin mast]] ) da kayan da aka ajiye (kamar [[Nau'in I collagen|nau'in collagen na I]] da [[hyaluronic acid]] ). Wannan yana haifar da [[Tumor microenvironment|ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar]] [[Jirgin jini|jini]] (hypovascular) da haka na [[oxygen]] ( [[Tumor hypoxia|cututtuka hypoxia]] ). <ref name="NEJM14">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Ana tsammanin hakan yana hana yawancin magungunan chemotherapy isa ga ciwace-ciwacen daji, a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke sa cutar kansa ke da wuyar magancewa. {| class="wikitable" !Cancer type !Relative incidence<ref name="Pishvaian2017">Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: {{cite journal|vauthors=Pishvaian MJ, Brody JR|title=Therapeutic Implications of Molecular Subtyping for Pancreatic Cancer|journal=Oncology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=159–66, 168|date=March 2017|pmid=28299752|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28299752}}</ref> !Microscopy findings<ref name="Pishvaian2017" /> !Micrograph ![[Immunohistochemistry]] markers<ref name="Pishvaian2017" /> !Genetic alterations<ref name="Pishvaian2017" /> |- !Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) |90% |Glands and [[desmoplasia]] |[[File:Histopathology_of_pancreatic_ductal_adenocarcinoma.jpg|190x190px]] | * Aberrant [[p53]] * [[Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4|SMAD4]] loss * [[MUC1]] * [[Mesothelin|MSLN]] * [[CA19-9]] | * [[p53]] * [[Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4|SMAD4]] * [[KRAS]] * [[p16]] |- ![[Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas|Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma]] (ACC) |1% to 2% |Granular appearance |[[File:Histopathology_of_acinar_cell_carcinoma_of_the_pancreas.jpg|190x190px]] | * [[Trypsin]] * [[Chymotrypsin]] * [[Lipase]] | * [[p53]] * [[Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4|SMAD4]] * [[Adenomatous polyposis coli|APC]] * [[ARID1A]] * [[GNAS complex locus|GNAS]] |- ![[Adenosquamous carcinoma]] |1% to 4%<ref name="SkafidaGrammatoglou2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Skafida E, Grammatoglou X, Glava C, Zissis D, Paschalidis N, Katsamagkou E, Firfiris N, Vasilakaki T|display-authors=6|title=Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: a case report|journal=Cases Journal|volume=3|issue=1|pages=41|date=February 2010|pmid=20205828|doi=10.1186/1757-1626-3-41|pmc=2825199|doi-access=free}}</ref> |Combination of gland-like cells and squamous [[Epithelium|epithelial]] cells. |[[File:Histopathology_of_adenosquamous_carcinoma_of_the_pancreas.jpg|190x190px]] |Positive for: * [[Cytokeratin 5/6 antibodies|CK5/6]] * [[Keratin 7|CK7]] * [[TP63|p63]] Negative for: * [[Keratin 20|CK20]] * [[p16]] * [[p53]] | * [[KRAS]] * [[p53]] |- ![[Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]] |5% |Multiple nests of tumor cells |[[File:Gastrinoma.jpg|center|190x190px]][[Gastrinoma]] | * [[Chromogranin]] * [[Synaptophysin]] | * [[MEN1]] * [[Death-associated protein 6|DAXX]]/[[ATRX]] |- | colspan="6" |Pre-cancer below for comparison: |- !Precancer: [[Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm]] (IPMN) |3% |Mucinous epithelial cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/pancreasipmn.html|title=Pancreas – Exocrine tumors / carcinomas – Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)|website=Pathology Outlines|author=Diana Agostini-Vulaj}} Topic Completed: 1 July 2018. Revised: 9 March 2020</ref> Growth within the [[Pancreatic duct|pancreatic ducts]].<ref name="AdsayMino-Kenudson2016">{{cite journal|vauthors=Adsay V, Mino-Kenudson M, Furukawa T, Basturk O, Zamboni G, Marchegiani G, Bassi C, Salvia R, Malleo G, Paiella S, Wolfgang CL, Matthaei H, Offerhaus GJ, Adham M, Bruno MJ, Reid MD, Krasinskas A, Klöppel G, Ohike N, Tajiri T, Jang KT, Roa JC, Allen P, Fernández-del Castillo C, Jang JY, Klimstra DS, Hruban RH|display-authors=6|title=Pathologic Evaluation and Reporting of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas and Other Tumoral Intraepithelial Neoplasms of Pancreatobiliary Tract: Recommendations of Verona Consensus Meeting|journal=Annals of Surgery|volume=263|issue=1|pages=162–77|date=January 2016|pmid=25775066|pmc=4568174|doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000001173}}</ref> |[[File:Histopathology_of_pancreatobiliary_intraductal_papillary_mucinous_neoplasm_in_the_pancreas.jpg|190x190px]] | * [[Mucin 5AC]] | * [[KRAS]] * [[GNAS complex locus|GNAS]] |} == Tsayawa == === Exocrine cancers === Ciwon daji na pancreatic yawanci ana [[Ciwon daji|yin shi ne]] bayan [[CT scan]] . Mafi yawan tsarin sarrafa kansar da ake amfani da shi don ciwon daji na pancreatic shine wanda [[Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Amurka kan cutar daji|Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar Ciwon daji]] na Amurka (AJCC) ya tsara tare da [[Ƙungiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta Duniya|Union for International Cancer Control]] (UICC). Tsarin tsarawa na AJCC-UICC yana zayyana manyan matakai guda huɗu gabaɗaya, kama daga farkon zuwa cuta mai ci gaba, dangane da [[Tsarin tsari na TNM|rarrabuwar TNM]] na girman '''T''' umor, yaɗa zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph '''N''', da '''M''' etastasis. <ref name="Cascinu-20102">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cascinu S, Falconi M, Valentini V, Jelic S|title=Pancreatic cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=21 Suppl 5|issue=Supplement 5|pages=v55–58|date=May 2010|pmid=20555103|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdq165|doi-access=free}}</ref> Don taimakawa yanke shawara a kan jiyya, kumburin zuwa rukuni uku dangane da ko cirewar an yanke hukunci don zama "singectable schoctable", ko "ba a kula da shi ba", ko "ba a kula da shi ba", ko kuma "ba a kula da shi ba", ko "ba a kula da shi ba", ko "ba mai sakewa ba". <ref name="cancer.org">{{Cite web}}</ref> Lokacin da cutar ta kasance a matakin farko (AJCC-UICC matakan I da II), ba tare da yaduwa zuwa manyan hanyoyin jini ko gabobin nesa kamar hanta ko huhu ba, ana iya yin tiyatar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta al'ada, idan mai haƙuri ya yarda. don gudanar da wannan babban tiyata kuma ana tunanin ya dace sosai. Tsarin tsari na AJCC-UICC yana ba da damar bambanci tsakanin ciwace-ciwacen mataki na III waɗanda aka yanke hukunci su zama "lalacewar iyaka" (inda aikin tiyata yana yiwuwa a zahiri saboda [[Celiac axis|axis celiac]] da [[babban jijiya mesenteric]] har yanzu suna da 'yanci) da waɗanda suke "marasa tushe" (saboda ƙari). cututtuka masu tasowa a cikin gida); dangane da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na TNM, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu sun dace da T3 da T4 bi da bi. [[File:Diagram_showing_pancreatic_cancer_that_has_spread_(M_staging)_CRUK_179.svg|thumb|Ciwon daji na Pancreatic metastasized - mataki M1]] <gallery mode="packed" heights="180px" caption="Pancreatic cancer staging (TNM classification)"> File:Diagram showing stage T1 cancer of the pancreas CRUK 246.svg|Stage T1 ciwon daji na pancreatic File:Diagram showing stage T2 cancer of the pancreas CRUK 254.svg|Stage T2 ciwon daji na pancreatic File:Diagram showing stage T3 cancer of the pancreas CRUK 261.svg|Stage T3 ciwon daji na pancreatic File:Diagram showing stage T4 cancer of the pancreas CRUK 267.svg|Stage T4 ciwon daji na pancreatic File:Diagram showing pancreatic cancer in the lymph nodes (N staging) CRUK 178.svg|Ciwon daji na pancreatic a cikin nodes na lymph na kusa - Mataki na N1 </gallery>Ci gaban adenocarcinomas na gida sun bazu zuwa gabobin da ke makwabtaka da su, wanda zai iya zama kowane ɗayan waɗannan (a cikin ƙayyadaddun tsari na raguwa): [[duodenum]], [[ciki]], [[Matsakaicin hanji|hanji]] mai jujjuyawa, [[Baffa|saifa]], [[Adrenal gland shine yake|glandar adrenal]], ko [[koda]] . Sau da yawa suna yaduwa zuwa mahimman jini ko [[Jirgin ruwa na Lymphatic|tasoshin lymphatic]] da jijiyoyi da ke tafiya kusa da pancreas, yana sa tiyata ya fi wuya. Shafukan yau da kullun don yaduwar metastatic (cututtukan mataki na IV) sune hanta, rami na peritoneal da [[huhu]], duk waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin 50% ko fiye na ci gaba da ci gaba. <ref name="Silberman20102">{{cite book|editor1-last=Silberman|date=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206115602/http://lwwoncology.com/Textbook/Toc.aspx?id=11008|url-status=dead|access-date=3 November 2014|url=http://lwwoncology.com/Textbook/Toc.aspx?id=11008|edition=online|at=Chapter 35|isbn=978-0-7817-6546-6|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|title=Principles and practice of surgical oncology : multidisciplinary approach to difficult problems|editor1-first=Howard|name-list-style=vanc|first3=Keith D.|last3=Lillemoe|first2=Attila|last2=Nakeeb|first1=Nicholas J.|last1=Zyromski|editor2-first=Allan W.|editor2-last=Silberman|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> === PanNETs === Rarraba 2010 WHO na ciwace-ciwacen daji na tsarin narkewar abinci ya ba dukkan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta (PanNETs) zuwa nau'ika 2010 da WHO ta ware su daga "NET G1" zuwa "NET G3"). [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network|Cibiyar Ciwon Kankara ta Ƙasa ta]] Amurka ta ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin AJCC-UICC iri ɗaya kamar adenocarcinoma na pancreatic. <ref name="NCCN_NET2015012">{{cite web|title=Neuroendocrine tumors, NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015|publisher=National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. NCCN)|url=http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/neuroendocrine.pdf|access-date=25 December 2014|date=11 November 2014|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424152849/https://www.nccn.org/login?ReturnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccn.org%2Fprofessionals%2Fphysician_gls%2Fpdf%2Fneuroendocrine.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Rp|52}}Yin amfani da wannan makirci, sakamakon mataki-mataki na PanNETs ya bambanta da na ciwon daji na exocrine. <ref name="NCI_FIG12">National Cancer Institute. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ®) Incidence and Mortality {{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/isletcell/HealthProfessional/page1|title=Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version|access-date=29 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182753/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/isletcell/HealthProfessional/page1|archive-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Neuroendocrine Tumor Society ta Turai ta gabatar da wani tsarin TNM na daban don PanNETs. == Rigakafi da dubawa == Baya ga shan taba, [[American Cancer Society|Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka ta]] ba da shawarar kiyaye nauyin lafiya, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da [[dukan hatsi]], yayin da rage yawan amfani da ja da [[Naman da aka sarrafa|nama mai sarrafa]], ko da yake babu wata shaida mai mahimmanci wannan zai hana ko rage ciwon daji na pancreatic musamman. . <ref>{{cite web|title=Diet and activity factors that affect risks for certain cancers: Pancreatic cancer section|url=http://www.cancer.org/healthy/eathealthygetactive/acsguidelinesonnutritionphysicalactivityforcancerprevention/acs-guidelines-on-nutrition-and-physical-activity-for-cancer-prevention-dietand-activity|website=[[American Cancer Society]]|date=20 August 2012|access-date=4 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104234940/http://www.cancer.org/healthy/eathealthygetactive/acsguidelinesonnutritionphysicalactivityforcancerprevention/acs-guidelines-on-nutrition-and-physical-activity-for-cancer-prevention-dietand-activity|archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> Binciken bincike na 2014 ya kammala cewa akwai shaidar cewa cin [[Citrus 'ya'yan itace|'ya'yan itacen citrus]] da [[curcumin]] sun rage hadarin ciwon daji na pancreatic, yayin da akwai yiwuwar tasiri mai amfani daga dukan hatsi, [[folate]], [[selenium]], da kifi maras soyayyen. A cikin yawan jama'a, ba a ɗaukar gwajin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri kuma yana iya zama cutarwa har zuwa 2019, <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Curry SJ, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW, Wong JB|display-authors=6|title=Screening for Pancreatic Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=322|issue=5|pages=438–44|date=August 2019|pmid=31386141|doi=10.1001/jama.2019.10232|doi-access=free}}</ref> kodayake sabbin dabaru, da kuma tantance ƙungiyoyin da aka yi niyya, ana kimanta su.<ref name="He20142">{{cite journal|vauthors=He XY, Yuan YZ|title=Advances in pancreatic cancer research: moving towards early detection|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=20|issue=32|pages=11241–48|date=August 2014|pmid=25170208|pmc=4145762|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11241}}</ref><ref name="Okano20142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Okano K, Suzuki Y|title=Strategies for early detection of resectable pancreatic cancer|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=20|issue=32|pages=11230–40|date=August 2014|pmid=25170207|pmc=4145761|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11230}}</ref> Duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun tare da duban dan tayi na endoscopic da MRI / CT ga waɗanda ke da babban haɗari daga gadon gado.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Goggins M, Overbeek KA, Brand R, Syngal S, Del Chiaro M, Bartsch DK, Bassi C, Carrato A, Farrell J, Fishman EK, Fockens P, Gress TM, van Hooft JE, Hruban RH, Kastrinos F, Klein A, Lennon AM, Lucas A, Park W, Rustgi A, Simeone D, Stoffel E, Vasen HF, Cahen DL, Canto MI, Bruno M|display-authors=6|title=Management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer: updated recommendations from the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium|journal=Gut|volume=69|issue=1|pages=7–17|date=January 2020|pmid=31672839|doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319352|pmc=7295005|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == === Exocrine ciwon daji === Mahimmin ƙima da aka yi bayan ganewar asali shine ko cirewar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta zai yiwu (duba [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|Staging]] ), saboda wannan shine kawai maganin wannan ciwon daji. Ko za a iya ba da aikin tiyata ko a'a ya dogara da yadda ciwon daji ya yadu. Matsakaicin wurin da ƙari yake shi ma muhimmin abu ne, kuma CT na iya nuna yadda yake da alaƙa da manyan hanyoyin jini da ke wucewa kusa da pancreas. Hakanan dole ne a tantance lafiyar mutum gaba ɗaya, kodayake shekarun kansa ba shi ne cikas ga tiyata ba. Chemotherapy da, a ɗan ƙarami, ana iya ba da maganin rediyo ga yawancin mutane, ko tiyata yana yiwuwa ko a'a. Kwararrun masana sun ba da shawarar cewa kula da ciwon daji na pancreatic ya kamata ya kasance a hannun ƙungiyoyi [[Hanyoyi masu yawa|masu yawa]] ciki har da ƙwararrun masana a fannoni da yawa na [[oncology]], kuma, saboda haka, mafi kyawun gudanar da shi a cikin manyan cibiyoyin. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> [[Category:Cutar daji]] fzamf2hxvol0mnqt1kjoz6bqf5a4sgt 0 31998 965416 580802 2026-10-09T19:59:25Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]]. 965416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kyautar '''CAF kyauta''' ce da ake yi don karrama ƙwararrun [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] na Afirka.<ref name="cafawards20172">{{cite web|title=Here are all the winners of the 2017 CAF Awards|url=https://www.safa.net/2018/01/06/egyptian-mo-salah-wins-big-2017-caf-awards/|website=South African Football Federation|access-date=8 June 2021|date=6 January 2018|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608124817/https://www.safa.net/2018/01/06/egyptian-mo-salah-wins-big-2017-caf-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta Afrika (CAF) ce ke bayar da ita.<ref name="cafawards2019" /> |[[Achraf Hakimi]] (♂) |{{fb|Morocco}} |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Borussia Dortmund]] |- |2018<ref name="cafawards2018">{{cite web|title=Aiteo CAF Awards 2018: Winners|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/aiteo-caf-awards-2018-winners|website=CAF|access-date=8 June 2021|date=8 January 2019}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka na yanzu == Kyaututtukan sun haɗa da: === Gwarzon dan wasan CAF === === CAF Mafi Kyawun Hazaka na Shekara === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Tawagar kasa ! Ƙungiyar Kulawa |- | 2016 | [[Kelechi Iheanacho]] |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|ENG}}</img> [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |- | 2015 | [[Oghenekaro Etebo|Etebo Oghenekaro]] |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img> [[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves]] |- | 2014 | Yacine Brahimi |</img> Aljeriya |{{Flagicon|POR}}</img> [[FC Porto|Porto]] |- | 2013 | [[Kelechi Iheanacho]] |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|ENG}}</img> [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |- | 2012 | [[Muhammad Salah|Mohammed Salah]] |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|SUI}}</img> [[FC Basel]] |- |- | 2011 | Souleymane Coulibaly |</img> Ivory Coast |{{Flagicon|ENG}}</img> [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] |- | 2010 | Kwadwo Asamoah |</img> Ghana |{{Flagicon|ITA}}</img> [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] |- | 2009 | [[Dominic Adiyiah|Dominic Adiiya]] |</img> Ghana |{{Flagicon|ITA}}</img> [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |- | 2008 | Salomon Kalou |</img> Ivory Coast |{{Flagicon|ENG}}</img> [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |- | 2007 | Clifford Mulenga |</img> Zambiya |{{Flagicon|South Africa}}</img> [[Pretoria University FC|Jami'ar Pretoria]] |- | 2006 | Taye Taiwo |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|France}}</img> [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] |- | 2005 | [[John Obi Mikel|Mikel John Obi]] |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|England}}</img> [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |- | 2004 | Obafemi Martins |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|Italy}}</img> [[Inter Milan|International]] |- | 2003 | Obafemi Martins |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|Italy}}</img> [[Inter Milan|International]] |- | 2002 | [[Mido (footballer)|Mido]] |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|Netherlands}}</img> [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |- | 2001 | Mantorras |</img> Angola |{{Flagicon|Portugal}}</img> [[SL Benfica|Benfica]] |} === Gwarzon Matasan CAF === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Tawagar kasa ! Kulob |- | 2019 | Achraf Hakimi (♂) |</img> Maroko |{{Flagicon|GER}}</img> [[Borussia Dortmund]] |- | 2018 | Achraf Hakimi (♂) |</img> Maroko |{{Flagicon|GER}}</img> [[Borussia Dortmund]] |- | 2017 | Patson Daka (♂) |</img> Zambiya |{{Flagicon|AUT}}</img> [[FC Liefer]] |- | 2016 | [[Alex Iwobi]] (♂) |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|ENG}}</img> [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] |- | 2015 | [[Victor Osimhen]] (♂) |</img> Najeriya |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img> Ultimate Strikers Academy |- | 2014 | [[Asisat Oshoala]] (♀) |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |{{Flagicon|NGR}}</img> [[Rivers Angels FC|Rivers Mala'iku]] |} === Gwarzon ɗan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka (An kafa shi a Afirka) === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Tawagar kasa ! Kulob |- | 2019 | [[Youcef Belaïli|Youcef Belaili]] |</img> Aljeriya |{{Flagicon|Tunisia}}</img> [[Esperance Sportive de Tunis|Espérance de Tunis]] |- | 2018 | | | |- | 2017 | | | |- | 2016 | Denis Onyango |</img> Uganda |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Mamelodi Sundowns]] |- | 2015 | Mbwana Samatta |</img> Tanzaniya |{{Flagicon|DR Congo}}</img> [[TP Mazembe]] |- | 2014 | Firmin Ndombe Mubele |</img> DR Congo |{{Flagicon|DR Congo}}</img> [[AS Vita Club|Vita Club]] |- | 2013 | Mohammed Aboutrika |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img> [[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahli]] |- | 2012 | Mohammed Aboutrika |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahli]] |- | 2011 | Oussama Darragi |</img> Tunisiya |{{Flagicon|TUN}}</img>[[Espérance de Tunis]] |- | 2010 | Ahmad Hassan |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahli]] |- | 2009 | Trésor Mputu |</img> DR Congo |{{Flagicon|DR Congo}}</img>[[TP Mazembe]] |- | 2008 | Mohammed Aboutrika |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahli]] |- | 2007 | Amin Chermiti |</img> Tunisiya |{{Flagicon|TUN}}</img>[[Etoile du Sahel]] |- | 2006 | Mohammed Aboutrika |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahli]] |- | 2005 | Mohammed Barakat |</img> Masar |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahli]] |} === Gwarzuwar Kocin CAF === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Manager ! Ƙungiya/Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |- | 2023 |{{Flagicon|MAR}}</img> [[Walid Regragi]] |{{Flagicon|MAR}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]] |- | 2022 |{{Flagicon|SEN}}</img>Aliou Cissé |{{Flagicon|SEN}}</img>Senegal |- | 2019 |{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img> [[Djamel Belmadi]] |{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] |- | 2018 |{{Flagicon|FRA}}</img> [[Hervé Renard]] |{{Flagicon|MAR}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]] |- | 2017 |{{Flagicon|ARG}}</img> [[Héctor Cúper]] |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar|Masar]] |- | 2016 |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Pitso Mosimane]] |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Mamelodi Sundowns FC|Mamelodi Sundowns]] |- | 2015 |{{Flagicon|FRA}}</img> [[Hervé Renard]] |{{Flagicon|CIV}}</img>[[Tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] |- | 2014 |{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img> [[Kheïreddine Madoui]] |{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img>[[ES Setif]] |- | 2013 |{{Flagicon|NGR}}</img> [[Stephen Keshi]] |{{Flagicon|NGR}}</img> [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2012 |{{Flagicon|FRA}}</img>[[Hervé Renard]] |{{Flagicon|ZAM}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Zambia|Zambiya]] |- | 2011 |{{Flagicon|NIG}}</img>[[Harouna Doula Gabde|Haruna Doula Gabde]] |{{Flagicon|NIG}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Niger|Nijar]] |- | 2010 |{{Flagicon|SER}}</img>[[Milova Rajevac]] |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>[[tawagar kwallon kafar Ghana|Ghana]] |- | 2009 |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>[[Sunan mahaifi Tetteh]] |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ghana ta kasa da shekaru 20|Ghana U20]] |- | 2008 |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Hassan Shehata]] |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Masar|Masar]] |- | 2007 |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Yemi Tella]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya U17]] |- | 2006 |{{Flagicon|POR}}</img>[[Manuel José de Jesus|Manuel Jose]] |{{Flagicon|EGY}}</img>Al-Ahli |- | 2005 |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Stephen Keshi]] |{{Flagicon|TOG}}</img>Togo |- | 2004 |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Okey Emordi]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] |- | 2003 |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Kadiri Ikhana]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] |- | 2002 |{{Flagicon|FRA}}</img>Bruno Metsu |{{Flagicon|SEN}}</img>Senegal |- | 2001 |{{Flagicon|FRA}}</img>Bruno Metsu |{{Flagicon|SEN}}</img>Senegal |- | 2000 |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>Cecil Jones Attuquayefio |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>Zuciyar Oak |} === Gwarzuwar Kocin Mata na CAF === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Manager ! Ƙungiya/Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |- | 2019 |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Sunan mahaifi ma'anar Ellis]] |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] |- | 2018 |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Sunan mahaifi ma'anar Ellis]] |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] |} === Tawagar Ƙungiyoyin Nahiyar Afirka Na Shekarar === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kulob ! Kasa |- | 2017 | Wydad Casablanca |</img> Maroko |- | 2016 | Mamelodi Sundowns |</img> Afirka ta Kudu |- | 2015 | TP Mazembe |</img> DR Congo |- | 2014 | ES Setif |</img> Aljeriya |- | 2013 | Al Ahly |</img> Masar |- | 2012 | Al Ahly |</img> Masar |- | 2011 | Esperance Sportive de Tunis |</img> Tunisiya |- | 2010 | TP Mazembe |</img> DR Congo |- | 2009 | TP Mazembe |</img> DR Congo |- | 2008 | Al Ahly |</img> Masar |- | 2007 | Etoile du Sahel |</img> Tunisiya |- | 2006 | Al Ahly |</img> Masar |- | 2005 | Al Ahly |</img> Masar |- | 2004 | [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] |</img> Najeriya |- | 2003 | [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] |</img> Najeriya |- | 2002 | Zamalek |</img> Masar |- | 2001 | Shugaban Kaiser |</img> Afirka ta Kudu |} === Gwarzon 'yan wasan Afirka na bana === Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Faransa ce ta ɗauki nauyin bayar da kyautar daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 2004, sannan kuma CAF daga shekarar 2004 ce ta dauki nauyin gasar. {| style="margin:left" | {| class="wikitable" !Year !National Team |- |1980 |{{fb|Algeria}} |- |1981 |{{fb|Algeria}} |- |1982 |{{fb|Algeria}} |- |1983 |{{fb|Ghana}} |- |1984 |{{fb|Cameroon}} |- |1985 |{{fb|Morocco}} |- |1986 |{{fb|Morocco}} |- |1987 |{{fb|Cameroon}} |- |1988 |{{fb|Cameroon}} |- |1989 |{{fb|Cameroon}} |} | {| class="wikitable" !Year !National Team |- |1990 |/ {{fb|Cameroon}} |- |1991 |{{fb|Algeria}} |- |1992 |{{fb|Côte d'Ivoire}} / {{fb|Nigeria}} |- |1993 |{{fb|Nigeria}} |- |1994 |{{fb|Nigeria}} |- |1995 |{{fb|Tunisia}} |- |1996 |{{fb|South Africa}} |- |1997 |{{fb|Morocco}} |- |1998 |{{fb|Egypt}} |- |1999 |{{fb|Tunisia}} |} | {| class="wikitable" !Year !National Team |- |2000 |{{fb|Cameroon}} |- |2001 |{{fb|Senegal}} |- |2002 |{{fb|Senegal}} |- |2003 |{{fb|Cameroon}} |- |2004 |{{fb|Tunisia}} |- |2005 |{{fb|Tunisia}} |- |2006 |{{fb|Ghana}} |- |2007 |{{fb|Senegal}} |- |2008 |{{fb|Egypt}} |- |2009 |{{fb|Algeria}} |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" !Year !National Team |- |2010 |{{fb|Ghana}} |- |2011 |{{fb|Botswana}} |- |2012 |{{fb|Zambia}} |- |2013 |{{fbu|17|Nigeria}} |- |2014 |{{fb|Algeria}} |- |2015 |{{fb|Côte d'Ivoire}} |- |2016 |{{fb|Uganda}} |- |2017 |{{fb|Egypt}} |- |2018 |{{fb|Mauritania}} |- |2019 |{{fb|Algeria}} |} |} ; Matsayi ta ƙungiya {| class="wikitable" !Tawaga ! Na farko ! Na biyu ! Na uku |- |</img> Aljeriya | 7 (1980, 1981, 1982, 1991, 2009, 2014, 2019) | 3 (1985, 1986, 2015) | 3 (1987, 1989, 2010) |- |</img> Kamaru | 7 (1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2003) | 4 (1981, 1982, 1986, 2002) | 1 (1993) |- |</img> Najeriya | 4 (1992, 1993, 1994, 2013) | 4 (1980, 1991, 2001, 2014) | 6 (1983, 1984, 1988, 1998, 2002, 2004) |- |</img> Tunisiya | 4 (1995, 1999, 2004, 2005) | 2 (1996, 1997) | 0 |- |</img> Masar | 3 (1998, 2008, 2017) | 7 (1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 2006, 2010) | 2 (1990, 1991) |- |</img> Maroko | 3 (1985, 1986, 1997) | 4 (1993, 1998, 2003, 2004) | 1 (1980) |- |</img> Ghana | 3 (1983, 2006, 2010) | 1 (2005) | 5 (1981, 1982, 1992, 2009, 2015) |- |</img> Senegal | 3 (2001, 2002, 2007) | 1 (2019) | 1 (1985) |- |</img> Ivory Coast | 2 (1992, 2015) | 2 (2009, 2011) | 3 (1994, 2006, 2012) |- |</img> Zambiya | 1 (2012) | 2 (1988, 1994) | 2 (1996, 1997) |- |</img> Afirka ta Kudu | 1 (1996) | 0 | 0 |- |</img> Botswana | 1 (2011) | 0 | 0 |- |</img> Uganda | 1 (2016) | 0 | 0 |- |</img> Mauritania | 1 (2018) | 0 | 0 |- |</img> Angola | 0 | 1 (1995) | 0 |- |</img> Mozambique | 0 | 1 (1995) | 0 |- |</img> Cape Verde | 0 | 1 (2012) | 0 |- |</img> Burkina Faso | 0 | 1 (2013) | 0 |- |</img> Habasha | 0 | 0 | 1 (2013) |- |</img> Mali | 0 | 0 | 1 (2003) |- |</img> Togo | 0 | 0 | 1 (2005) |- |</img> Nijar | 0 | 0 | 1 (2011) |- |</img> Libya | 0 | 0 | 1 (2014) |- |} === Gwarzuwar Matan Nahiyar Afrika === Hukumar ta CAF ce ta shirya kyautar ta shekarar 2010. {| style="margin:left" | {| class="wikitable" ! Shekara ! Tawagar kasa |- | 2019 |{{Fbw|Cameroon}}</img>{{Fbw|Cameroon}} |- | 2018 |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |- | 2017 |{{Fbw|South Africa}}</img>{{Fbw|South Africa}} |- | 2016 |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |- | 2015 |{{Fbw|Cameroon}}</img>{{Fbw|Cameroon}} |- | 2014 |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |- | 2013 | ''Babu zabe'' |- | 2012 |{{Fbw|Equatorial Guinea}}</img>{{Fbw|Equatorial Guinea}} |- | 2011 |{{Fbw|Cameroon}}</img>{{Fbw|Cameroon}} |- | 2010 |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |} |} === Kyautar CAF na Legends === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan Almara ! Matsayi ! Ƙasa |- | 2018 | Mohammed Aboutrika | Mai kunnawa |</img> Masar |- | 2017 | Ibrahim Sunday | Manager |</img> Ghana |- | 2016 | Laurent Pokou<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Emilienne Mbango | 'Yan wasa |</img> Ivory Coast<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Kamaru |- | 2015 | Charles Gyamfi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Samuel Mbappé | Manager<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mai kunnawa |</img> Ghana<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Kamaru |- | 2014 | Oryx Douala<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Stade Malien | Kungiyoyi |</img> Kamaru<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Mali |- | 2013 | Bruno Metsu | Manager |</img> Faransa |- | 2012 | Rigobert Song<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahmud El-Gohary | Mai kunnawa<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Manager |</img> Kamaru<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Masar |- | 2011 | Mustapha Hadji<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Jay-Jay Okocha]] | 'Yan wasa |</img> Maroko<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Najeriya |- | 2009 | <br /><br /><br /><br /> [[Stephen Keshi]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> Jules Bocandé | 'Yan wasa |</img> Angola<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Najeriya<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Senegal |- | 2008 | Christian Chukwu | Mai kunnawa |</img> Najeriya |- | 2005 | Rabah Madjer | Mai kunnawa |</img> Aljeriya |- | 2004 | Pierre Kalala Mukendi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahmoud El Khatib<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> George Weah | 'Yan wasa |</img> DR Congo<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Masar<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Laberiya |- | 2003 | Roger Milla<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Salif Keita<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Kalusha Bwalya | 'Yan wasa |</img> Kamaru<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Mali<br /><br /><br /><br /></img> Zambiya |} === Gwarzuwar 'yar wasan CAF mata === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Ƙasa |- | 2019 | [[Asisat Oshoala]] |{{Flagicon|NGR}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2018 | Thembi Kgatlana |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] |- | 2017 | [[Asisat Oshoala]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2016 | [[Asisat Oshoala]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2015 | Gaëlle Enganamouit |{{Flagicon|CMR}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Kamaru|Kamaru]] |- | 2014 | [[Asisat Oshoala]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2012 | Genoveva Añonma |{{Flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]] |- | 2011 | [[Perpetua Nkwocha]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img> [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2009 | [[Perpetua Nkwocha]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2008 | Noko Matlou |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu]] |- | 2007 | [[Cynthia Uwak]] |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |- | 2006 | [[Cynthia Uwak]] |{{Fbw|Nigeria}}</img>{{Fbw|Nigeria}} |- | 2005 | [[Perpetua Nkwocha]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2004 | [[Perpetua Nkwocha]] |{{Flagicon|NGA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |- | 2003 | Adjoa Bayor |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ghana|Ghana]] |- | 2002 | Alberta Sackey |{{Flagicon|GHA}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ghana|Ghana]] |- | 2001 | [[Mercy Akide]] |{{Flagicon|Nigeria}}</img>[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] |} === Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Ƙasa |- | 2019 | [[Riyad Mahrez]] |</img> Aljeriya |- | 2018 | Thembi Kgatlana |</img> Afirka ta Kudu |- | 2004 | Benni McCarthy |</img> Afirka ta Kudu |- | 2003 | Lesley Manyathela |</img> Afirka ta Kudu |- | 2002 | Papa Bouba Diop |</img> Senegal |- | 2001 | Zoubeir Baya |</img> Tunisiya |} === Shugaban shekara === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Shugaban kasa ! Ƙasa |- | 2019 | Moise Katumbi |{{Flagicon|DR Congo}}</img> [[TP Mazembe]] |- | 2018 | Fouzi Lekja |</img> Maroko |- | 2017 | Ahmad Yahaya |</img> Mauritania |- | 2016 | Manuel Lopes Nascimento |{{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}</img>{{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |- | 2015 | Abdiqani Said Arab |{{Flag|Somalia}}</img>{{Flag|Somalia}} |} === Tarayya ta Shekara === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Tarayyar ! Ƙasa |- | 2019 | Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar |</img> Masar |} === Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara ===   === Kyautar Platinum === * 2019: Kodjovi Obilale (tsohon golan Togo) * 2018: Mai girma Macky Sall ( Shugaban Jamhuriyar Senegal ) * 2017: [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ( [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaban Ghana]] ) * 2017: George Weah (zababben shugaban kasar Laberiya kuma tsohon dan wasan duniya, Afirka da na Turai) <ref name="cafawards2017" /> * 2016: Son Excellence [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ( [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] ) == Kyaututtuka mara kyau == Ba a sake bayar da waɗannan abubuwan. === Gwarzon Golan CAF === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Tawagar kasa ! Kulob |- | 2008 | [[Idriss Carlos Kameni|Idris Kamani]] |</img> Kamaru | Espanyol |- | 2007 | Essam El Hadary |</img> Masar | Al Ahly |- | 2006 | Essam El Hadary |</img> Masar | Al Ahly |- | 2005 | Tony Sylva |</img> Senegal | Lille |- | 2004 | Ali Boumnijel |</img> Tunisiya | Rouen |- | 2003 | [[Idriss Carlos Kameni|Idris Kamani]] |</img> Kamaru | Espanyol |- | 2002 | Tony Sylva |</img> Senegal | Monaco |- | 2001 | Essam El Hadary |</img> Masar | Al Ahly |} === Gwarzon Dan Wasan Gasar Zakarun Afrika === Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka ya maye gurbinsa tun 2005. Wadanda suka yi nasara a baya: {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Sunan mai kunnawa ! Kulob ! Ƙasa |- | 2004 | [[Vincent Enyeama]] | [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] |</img> Najeriya |- | 2003 | Dramane Traore | Ismaily |</img> Mali |- | 2002 | [[Hicham Aboucherouane]] | Raja Casablanca |</img> Maroko |- | 2001 | Flavio | Petro de Luanda |</img> Angola |} === Gwarzon alƙalin wasan CAF === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Alkalin wasa ! Ƙasa |- | 2016 | Bakary Gassama |{{Flagicon|Gambia}}</img> [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|Gambia]] |- | 2015 | Bakary Gassama |{{Flagicon|Gambia}}</img> [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|Gambia]] |- | 2014 | Bakary Gassama |{{Flagicon|Gambia}}</img> [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|Gambia]] |- | 2013 | Djamel Hamoudi |{{Flagicon|Algeria}}</img> [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] |- | 2012 | Djamel Hamoudi |{{Flagicon|Algeria}}</img> [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] |- | 2011 | Noumandiez Doué |{{Flagicon|CIV}}</img> [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] |} == Duba kuma == * Gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika * Gwarzon dan wasan duniya na FIFA * Gwarzon dan kwallon Turai * Gwarzon dan kwallon Asiya * Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Oceania * Oze d'Or * Mujallar Soccer ta Duniya == Manazarta == g4uj561wz9jdhful2025t7iiyb9t546 0 37774 965285 456993 2026-10-09T16:23:13Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* manazarta */ 965285 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Patrick Abba Moro''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1956) shi ne mai kula da harkokin ilimi na Najeriya, ɗan [[siyasa]] kuma tsohon Ministan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. A halin yanzu shi ne Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Aikin Noma, Makurdi. A 2019, an zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] ya maye gurbin [[David Mark]], shugaban majalisar dattijai na wa'adi biyu (Majalissar ta 6 da ta 7) kuma daya daga cikin Sanatoci mafi dadewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094952/https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farko Rayuwa == An haifi Moro a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1956, a [[Okpokwu|karamar hukumar Okpokwu]] ta jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue, Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar, LGEA special Primary School Odessassa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1969. Daga nan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Emmanuel a Ugbokolo daga 1969 zuwa 1974 kafin ya wuce Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] inda ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare (HSC) a shekarar 1975. Ya wuce [[University of Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa (B. sc) a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Master of Science (M. sc) a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a a 1980 da 1983 bi da bi. == Aikin ilimi == Moro ya fara aikin sa ne a kwalejin kimiyya da [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Benuwai|fasaha ta jihar Benue]] a matsayin malami inda ya zama shugaban sashen nazarin gaba daya na tsawon shekara daya (1991-1992) da kuma shugaban sashen kula da harkokin gwamnati na tsawon shekaru hudu (1992-1996) kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban karatu, Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa. Ya yi wannan aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu (1994-1996). Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan Najeriya reshen jihar Benue. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru hudu (1980 - 1984) kafin a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban babbar ma’aikata ta Polytechnic ta Najeriya a shekarar 1986. == Siyasa == Moro ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin zababben shugaban karamar hukumar [[Okpokwu]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamnan jihar Benuwe a watan Afrilun 2007 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|inuwar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]] amma jam’iyyar adawa ta sha kaye a zaben, kuma a watan Yulin 2011, shugaban gwamnatin tarayya [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin mai girma ministan ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta [[Najeriya|tarayya. Najeriya]] . An gurfanar da Moro a gaban kotu, bisa laifin zamba a yunkurin daukar ma’aikata, wanda ya haifar da turmutsitsin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana fuskantar shari’a. An tuhumi Moro da zamba dangane da turmutsitsin. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35690160 Nigeria's ex-Interior Minister Abba Moro charged over stampede], 29 February 2016, BBC, Retrieved 1 March 2016</ref> Moro ya ki amsa laifinsa a kan zargin damfarar dala miliyan 2.5 (£1.8m), da ta hada da batan kudaden aikace-aikace. EFCC ta kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, kan badakalar naira miliyan 677 na daukar ma’aikatan shige da fice a shekarar 2014. Moro na jam’iyyar PDP ya yi nasarar lashe zaben Sanatan Benue ta Kudu . Moro ya samu kuri'u 85,162 inda ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa Steven Lawani na [[All Progressives Congress|jam'iyyar]] APC wanda ya samu kuri'u 47,972.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/senate-abba-moro-bags-new-appointment/</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == '''Patrick Moro''' ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa. sun hada da: * Kyautar mafi kyawun zaman lafiya ta MOO a Idoma land Otukpo * Kyautar kyakkyawar gudummawa ga ilimi da haɓaka ta PTA ta ƙasa * Kyautar Bambanci a Ci gaban Masana'antu ta NULGE reshen jihar Benue * Majalisar jihar Benue NUT ta karrama Makurdi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar na 2001 da ya fi kowa aiki == karin bayani == * Emmanuel Iheanacho == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasa]] 347a23oqewrtjk4gt2nfdurzhpvtaq7 965286 965285 2026-10-09T16:25:15Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* manazarta */ 965286 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Patrick Abba Moro''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1956) shi ne mai kula da harkokin ilimi na Najeriya, ɗan [[siyasa]] kuma tsohon Ministan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. A halin yanzu shi ne Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Aikin Noma, Makurdi. A 2019, an zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] ya maye gurbin [[David Mark]], shugaban majalisar dattijai na wa'adi biyu (Majalissar ta 6 da ta 7) kuma daya daga cikin Sanatoci mafi dadewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094952/https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farko Rayuwa == An haifi Moro a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1956, a [[Okpokwu|karamar hukumar Okpokwu]] ta jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue, Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar, LGEA special Primary School Odessassa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1969. Daga nan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Emmanuel a Ugbokolo daga 1969 zuwa 1974 kafin ya wuce Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] inda ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare (HSC) a shekarar 1975. Ya wuce [[University of Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa (B. sc) a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Master of Science (M. sc) a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a a 1980 da 1983 bi da bi. == Aikin ilimi == Moro ya fara aikin sa ne a kwalejin kimiyya da [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Benuwai|fasaha ta jihar Benue]] a matsayin malami inda ya zama shugaban sashen nazarin gaba daya na tsawon shekara daya (1991-1992) da kuma shugaban sashen kula da harkokin gwamnati na tsawon shekaru hudu (1992-1996) kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban karatu, Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa. Ya yi wannan aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu (1994-1996). Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan Najeriya reshen jihar Benue. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru hudu (1980 - 1984) kafin a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban babbar ma’aikata ta Polytechnic ta Najeriya a shekarar 1986. == Siyasa == Moro ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin zababben shugaban karamar hukumar [[Okpokwu]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamnan jihar Benuwe a watan Afrilun 2007 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|inuwar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]] amma jam’iyyar adawa ta sha kaye a zaben, kuma a watan Yulin 2011, shugaban gwamnatin tarayya [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin mai girma ministan ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta [[Najeriya|tarayya. Najeriya]] . An gurfanar da Moro a gaban kotu, bisa laifin zamba a yunkurin daukar ma’aikata, wanda ya haifar da turmutsitsin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana fuskantar shari’a. An tuhumi Moro da zamba dangane da turmutsitsin. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35690160 Nigeria's ex-Interior Minister Abba Moro charged over stampede], 29 February 2016, BBC, Retrieved 1 March 2016</ref> Moro ya ki amsa laifinsa a kan zargin damfarar dala miliyan 2.5 (£1.8m), da ta hada da batan kudaden aikace-aikace. EFCC ta kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, kan badakalar naira miliyan 677 na daukar ma’aikatan shige da fice a shekarar 2014. Moro na jam’iyyar PDP ya yi nasarar lashe zaben Sanatan Benue ta Kudu . Moro ya samu kuri'u 85,162 inda ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa Steven Lawani na [[All Progressives Congress|jam'iyyar]] APC wanda ya samu kuri'u 47,972.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/senate-abba-moro-bags-new-appointment/</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == '''Patrick Moro''' ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa. sun hada da: * Kyautar mafi kyawun zaman lafiya ta MOO a Idoma land Otukpo * Kyautar kyakkyawar gudummawa ga ilimi da haɓaka ta PTA ta ƙasa * Kyautar Bambanci a Ci gaban Masana'antu ta NULGE reshen jihar Benue * Majalisar jihar Benue NUT ta karrama Makurdi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar na 2001 da ya fi kowa aiki == karin bayani == * Emmanuel Iheanacho == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasa]] [[ clc27cgzhr7tzma5qhxwyx87vomrvsn 965287 965286 2026-10-09T16:27:52Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* manazarta */ 965287 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Patrick Abba Moro''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1956) shi ne mai kula da harkokin ilimi na Najeriya, ɗan [[siyasa]] kuma tsohon Ministan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. A halin yanzu shi ne Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Aikin Noma, Makurdi. A 2019, an zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] ya maye gurbin [[David Mark]], shugaban majalisar dattijai na wa'adi biyu (Majalissar ta 6 da ta 7) kuma daya daga cikin Sanatoci mafi dadewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094952/https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farko Rayuwa == An haifi Moro a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1956, a [[Okpokwu|karamar hukumar Okpokwu]] ta jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue, Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar, LGEA special Primary School Odessassa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1969. Daga nan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Emmanuel a Ugbokolo daga 1969 zuwa 1974 kafin ya wuce Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] inda ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare (HSC) a shekarar 1975. Ya wuce [[University of Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa (B. sc) a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Master of Science (M. sc) a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a a 1980 da 1983 bi da bi. == Aikin ilimi == Moro ya fara aikin sa ne a kwalejin kimiyya da [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Benuwai|fasaha ta jihar Benue]] a matsayin malami inda ya zama shugaban sashen nazarin gaba daya na tsawon shekara daya (1991-1992) da kuma shugaban sashen kula da harkokin gwamnati na tsawon shekaru hudu (1992-1996) kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban karatu, Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa. Ya yi wannan aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu (1994-1996). Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan Najeriya reshen jihar Benue. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru hudu (1980 - 1984) kafin a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban babbar ma’aikata ta Polytechnic ta Najeriya a shekarar 1986. == Siyasa == Moro ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin zababben shugaban karamar hukumar [[Okpokwu]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamnan jihar Benuwe a watan Afrilun 2007 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|inuwar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]] amma jam’iyyar adawa ta sha kaye a zaben, kuma a watan Yulin 2011, shugaban gwamnatin tarayya [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin mai girma ministan ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta [[Najeriya|tarayya. Najeriya]] . An gurfanar da Moro a gaban kotu, bisa laifin zamba a yunkurin daukar ma’aikata, wanda ya haifar da turmutsitsin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana fuskantar shari’a. An tuhumi Moro da zamba dangane da turmutsitsin. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35690160 Nigeria's ex-Interior Minister Abba Moro charged over stampede], 29 February 2016, BBC, Retrieved 1 March 2016</ref> Moro ya ki amsa laifinsa a kan zargin damfarar dala miliyan 2.5 (£1.8m), da ta hada da batan kudaden aikace-aikace. EFCC ta kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, kan badakalar naira miliyan 677 na daukar ma’aikatan shige da fice a shekarar 2014. Moro na jam’iyyar PDP ya yi nasarar lashe zaben Sanatan Benue ta Kudu . Moro ya samu kuri'u 85,162 inda ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa Steven Lawani na [[All Progressives Congress|jam'iyyar]] APC wanda ya samu kuri'u 47,972.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/senate-abba-moro-bags-new-appointment/</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == '''Patrick Moro''' ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa. sun hada da: * Kyautar mafi kyawun zaman lafiya ta MOO a Idoma land Otukpo * Kyautar kyakkyawar gudummawa ga ilimi da haɓaka ta PTA ta ƙasa * Kyautar Bambanci a Ci gaban Masana'antu ta NULGE reshen jihar Benue * Majalisar jihar Benue NUT ta karrama Makurdi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar na 2001 da ya fi kowa aiki == karin bayani == * Emmanuel Iheanacho == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasa]] [[Ɗan siyasar benuwe]] 47umatdill42vgqcuf3qmhsuad87bvc 965288 965287 2026-10-09T16:28:43Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* manazarta */ 965288 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Patrick Abba Moro''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1956) shi ne mai kula da harkokin ilimi na Najeriya, ɗan [[siyasa]] kuma tsohon Ministan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. A halin yanzu shi ne Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Aikin Noma, Makurdi. A 2019, an zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] ya maye gurbin [[David Mark]], shugaban majalisar dattijai na wa'adi biyu (Majalissar ta 6 da ta 7) kuma daya daga cikin Sanatoci mafi dadewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094952/https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farko Rayuwa == An haifi Moro a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1956, a [[Okpokwu|karamar hukumar Okpokwu]] ta jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue, Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar, LGEA special Primary School Odessassa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1969. Daga nan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Emmanuel a Ugbokolo daga 1969 zuwa 1974 kafin ya wuce Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] inda ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare (HSC) a shekarar 1975. Ya wuce [[University of Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa (B. sc) a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Master of Science (M. sc) a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a a 1980 da 1983 bi da bi. == Aikin ilimi == Moro ya fara aikin sa ne a kwalejin kimiyya da [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Benuwai|fasaha ta jihar Benue]] a matsayin malami inda ya zama shugaban sashen nazarin gaba daya na tsawon shekara daya (1991-1992) da kuma shugaban sashen kula da harkokin gwamnati na tsawon shekaru hudu (1992-1996) kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban karatu, Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa. Ya yi wannan aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu (1994-1996). Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan Najeriya reshen jihar Benue. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru hudu (1980 - 1984) kafin a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban babbar ma’aikata ta Polytechnic ta Najeriya a shekarar 1986. == Siyasa == Moro ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin zababben shugaban karamar hukumar [[Okpokwu]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamnan jihar Benuwe a watan Afrilun 2007 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|inuwar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]] amma jam’iyyar adawa ta sha kaye a zaben, kuma a watan Yulin 2011, shugaban gwamnatin tarayya [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin mai girma ministan ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta [[Najeriya|tarayya. Najeriya]] . An gurfanar da Moro a gaban kotu, bisa laifin zamba a yunkurin daukar ma’aikata, wanda ya haifar da turmutsitsin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana fuskantar shari’a. An tuhumi Moro da zamba dangane da turmutsitsin. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35690160 Nigeria's ex-Interior Minister Abba Moro charged over stampede], 29 February 2016, BBC, Retrieved 1 March 2016</ref> Moro ya ki amsa laifinsa a kan zargin damfarar dala miliyan 2.5 (£1.8m), da ta hada da batan kudaden aikace-aikace. EFCC ta kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, kan badakalar naira miliyan 677 na daukar ma’aikatan shige da fice a shekarar 2014. Moro na jam’iyyar PDP ya yi nasarar lashe zaben Sanatan Benue ta Kudu . Moro ya samu kuri'u 85,162 inda ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa Steven Lawani na [[All Progressives Congress|jam'iyyar]] APC wanda ya samu kuri'u 47,972.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/senate-abba-moro-bags-new-appointment/</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == '''Patrick Moro''' ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa. sun hada da: * Kyautar mafi kyawun zaman lafiya ta MOO a Idoma land Otukpo * Kyautar kyakkyawar gudummawa ga ilimi da haɓaka ta PTA ta ƙasa * Kyautar Bambanci a Ci gaban Masana'antu ta NULGE reshen jihar Benue * Majalisar jihar Benue NUT ta karrama Makurdi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar na 2001 da ya fi kowa aiki == karin bayani == * Emmanuel Iheanacho == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasa]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasar benuwe]] nm70v3526snmxhzhb39mbxpfa7wrtth 965289 965288 2026-10-09T16:29:08Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* manazarta */ 965289 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Patrick Abba Moro''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1956) shi ne mai kula da harkokin ilimi na Najeriya, ɗan [[siyasa]] kuma tsohon Ministan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya. A halin yanzu shi ne Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Aikin Noma, Makurdi. A 2019, an zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dattawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] ya maye gurbin [[David Mark]], shugaban majalisar dattijai na wa'adi biyu (Majalissar ta 6 da ta 7) kuma daya daga cikin Sanatoci mafi dadewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013094952/https://guardian.ng/tag/abba-moro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farko Rayuwa == An haifi Moro a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1956, a [[Okpokwu|karamar hukumar Okpokwu]] ta jihar [[Benue (jiha)|Benue, Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar, LGEA special Primary School Odessassa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1969. Daga nan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Emmanuel a Ugbokolo daga 1969 zuwa 1974 kafin ya wuce Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] inda ya samu shaidar kammala sakandare (HSC) a shekarar 1975. Ya wuce [[University of Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa (B. sc) a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Master of Science (M. sc) a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a a 1980 da 1983 bi da bi. == Aikin ilimi == Moro ya fara aikin sa ne a kwalejin kimiyya da [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Benuwai|fasaha ta jihar Benue]] a matsayin malami inda ya zama shugaban sashen nazarin gaba daya na tsawon shekara daya (1991-1992) da kuma shugaban sashen kula da harkokin gwamnati na tsawon shekaru hudu (1992-1996) kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban karatu, Makarantar Kasuwanci da Nazarin Gudanarwa. Ya yi wannan aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu (1994-1996). Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan Najeriya reshen jihar Benue. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru hudu (1980 - 1984) kafin a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban babbar ma’aikata ta Polytechnic ta Najeriya a shekarar 1986. == Siyasa == Moro ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin zababben shugaban karamar hukumar [[Okpokwu]] a shekarar 1998. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamnan jihar Benuwe a watan Afrilun 2007 a karkashin [[Peoples Democratic Party|inuwar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party]] amma jam’iyyar adawa ta sha kaye a zaben, kuma a watan Yulin 2011, shugaban gwamnatin tarayya [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin mai girma ministan ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta [[Najeriya|tarayya. Najeriya]] . An gurfanar da Moro a gaban kotu, bisa laifin zamba a yunkurin daukar ma’aikata, wanda ya haifar da turmutsitsin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana fuskantar shari’a. An tuhumi Moro da zamba dangane da turmutsitsin. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35690160 Nigeria's ex-Interior Minister Abba Moro charged over stampede], 29 February 2016, BBC, Retrieved 1 March 2016</ref> Moro ya ki amsa laifinsa a kan zargin damfarar dala miliyan 2.5 (£1.8m), da ta hada da batan kudaden aikace-aikace. EFCC ta kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, kan badakalar naira miliyan 677 na daukar ma’aikatan shige da fice a shekarar 2014. Moro na jam’iyyar PDP ya yi nasarar lashe zaben Sanatan Benue ta Kudu . Moro ya samu kuri'u 85,162 inda ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa Steven Lawani na [[All Progressives Congress|jam'iyyar]] APC wanda ya samu kuri'u 47,972.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/senate-abba-moro-bags-new-appointment/</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == '''Patrick Moro''' ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa. sun hada da: * Kyautar mafi kyawun zaman lafiya ta MOO a Idoma land Otukpo * Kyautar kyakkyawar gudummawa ga ilimi da haɓaka ta PTA ta ƙasa * Kyautar Bambanci a Ci gaban Masana'antu ta NULGE reshen jihar Benue * Majalisar jihar Benue NUT ta karrama Makurdi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar na 2001 da ya fi kowa aiki == karin bayani == * Emmanuel Iheanacho == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasa]] [[Category:Ɗan siyasar benue]] cpvb2wcwja3q2c7gclr425rz0efu64e 0 42640 965602 596843 2026-10-10T04:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Collins Omondi Obuya''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981), ɗan wasan [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] ne na kasar Kenya kuma tsohon kaftin na ƙungiyar cricket ta Kenya. Shi dan wasan batsa ne na hannun dama kuma dan wasan kwallon kafa ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2013-07-27|title=Collins Obuya: Kenya's star at the 2003 World Cup|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/collins-obuya-kenya-rsquo-s-star-at-the-2003-world-cup-29348|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Nilanjan|date=2018-08-25|title=World Cup 2003 - Rise of Kenya|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/world-cup-2003-rise-of-kenya|access-date=2021-07-27|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Ya yi fice a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a shekara ta 2003 inda ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Kenya da suka taka rawar gani yayin da suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Cricket Kenya ::|url=http://cricketkenya.co.ke/player_details.php?player_id=3|website=cricketkenya.co.ke|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2020-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702192636/http://cricketkenya.co.ke/player_details.php?player_id=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Obuya yana da mafi girman maki 103. Ya kasance fitaccen memba na kungiyar wasan kurket ta Kenya tare da yin aiki kusan shekaru ashirin tun lokacin da ya fara halarta a duniya a shekarar 2001. 'Yan uwansa Kennedy Obuya da David Obuya suma ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kurket ne waɗanda suma suka ci gaba da wakiltar Kenya a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance cikin tawagar farko ta T20I ta Kenya da kuma tawagar farko ta Kenya ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ya kasance yana sayar da tumatur a kasuwar mahaifiyarsa don rayuwarsa kuma ya samu mafi yawan kudin shiga ta hanyarsa kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2003.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Obuya need not sell tomatoes now|url=https://www.rediff.com/wc2003/2003/mar/14obuya.htm|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/cricket/obuya-need-not-hawk-tomatoes/articleshow/40293851.cms | title=Obuya need not hawk tomatoes - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Bears eye Obuya|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/warwickshire/2937597.stm|access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> Ya fara wasan kurket din tun da farko a matsayin matsakaicin ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando amma ya koma wasan kwallon kwando bayan kallon wasan kwallon kwando na tsohon dan wasan kasar Pakistan Mushtaq Ahmed tun yana yaro a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket na shekarar 1996.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2003-03-20|title=Obuya at home with tomatoes and leg-breaks|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/88622/obuya-at-home-with-tomatoes-and-leg-breaks|access-date=2021-07-27|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma yi niyyar zama likita da farko lokacin da ''BBC Sport'' ta ruwaito shi a 2003. == Aikin cikin gida == Nasarar da ya samu a gasar ta sa Warwickshire ta ba shi kwantiragin shekara guda don buga wasan kurket a Ingila a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2003 sakamakon rawar da ya taka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Halford|first=Brian|date=2017-12-12|title=Short-lived Edgbaston career still a highlight for Collins Obuya|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/cricket/short-lived-edgbaston-career-still-14028521|access-date=2021-07-27|website=BirminghamLive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenyan World Cup star signs for Warwickshire|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kenyan-world-cup-star-signs-for-warwickshire-124223|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-22|title=Warwickshire sign Obuya|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/warwickshire/2968021.stm|access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref> Wasan bai yi nasara ba duk da cewa ya zira kwallaye 50 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na farko kuma ya halarci rabin dozin Twenty20 cricket wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Suraj Choudhari|date=2015-07-27|title=Collins Obuya: 12 interesting facts to know about the bowler turned batsman|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/criclife/collins-obuya-12-interesting-facts-to-know-about-the-bowler-turned-batsman-506315|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en}}</ref> Ya fara halartan T20 a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 2003 da Somerset.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Warwickshire vs Somerset Midlands/Wales/West Group 2003 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/twenty20-cup-2003-124121/somerset-vs-warwickshire-midlands-wales-west-group-129597/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Zamansa tare da Warwickshire ya riga ya faɗuwa a cikin aikin Obuya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Guardian Staff|date=2003-09-23|title=The verdict|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/sep/23/cricket.comment1|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Zaman gundumar sa bai dade ba bayan ya samu rauni a gwiwa. Ya kuma sha wahala daga appendicitis don haka ya rasa 2004 ICC Champions Trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya recall Modi and Collins Obuya|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kenya-recall-modi-and-collins-obuya-240218|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Collins Obuya heads east to train with Jenner|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/collins-obuya-heads-east-to-train-with-jenner-227281|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obuya hopes Jenner can kick-start career|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/obuya-hopes-jenner-can-kick-start-career-226241|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, ya shiga yajin aikin 'yan wasa kuma ya bar Ingila ya tafi Afirka ta Kudu. Saboda rashin gudanar da wasa, Obuya ya fara kokawa da wasan ƙwallon kwando, kuma a watan Nuwambar 2005, ya tafi Australia don horar da kocin wasan ƙwallon kwando Terry Jenner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya recall Modi and Collins Obuya|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kenya-recall-modi-and-collins-obuya-240218|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Collins Obuya heads east to train with Jenner|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/collins-obuya-heads-east-to-train-with-jenner-227281|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obuya hopes Jenner can kick-start career|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/obuya-hopes-jenner-can-kick-start-career-226241|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Tafiyar ta mako biyar bata yi nasara ba, a sakamakon haka, Obuya ya yanke shawarar bunkasa bat dinsa domin ya iya taka leda a matsayin kwararre na dan wasa. Ya koma kulob din Weymouth a shekarar 2005 don Dorset Premier Division kuma ya koma kulob din Weymouth a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obuya to rejoin Weymouth|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/obuya-to-rejoin-weymouth-287478|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Obuya ya wakilci Kenya a matakin 'yan kasa da shekara 19 kuma ya buga wa Kenya wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 a shekarar 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of West Indies vs Kenya 1st ODI 2001 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-kenya-2001-61953/kenya-vs-west-indies-1st-odi-64722/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma babban kociyan kungiyar Balwinder Sandhu na Kenya Under19 a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya na U19 ya koya masa. Daga baya an dauke shi a cikin manyan tawagar Kenya. Ya yi wasansa na farko na ODI a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2001 a kan yammacin Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126932.html |title=Kenya stun Sri Lanka with electric fielding display |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Family ties which shaped Kenyan cricket from the days of yore|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2020-11-06-family-ties-which-shaped-kenyan-cricket-from-the-days-of-yore/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Star|language=en-KE|archive-date=2022-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117015758/https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2020-11-06-family-ties-which-shaped-kenyan-cricket-from-the-days-of-yore/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-20|title=ICC World Cup 2003: Sri Lanka felled by Kenya|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/icc-world-cup-2003-sri-lanka-felled-by-kenya-253411|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727164506/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/icc-world-cup-2003-sri-lanka-felled-by-kenya-253411|archive-date=2021-07-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> An saka shi a cikin tawagar Kenya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta kurket a shekarar 2003 yayin da Kenya kuma ta dauki bakuncin 'yan wasa a lokacin gasar. Daga bisani ya fara fitowa gasar cin kofin duniya a lokacin gasar. Ya ci kwallaye 13 a matsakaicin matsakaicin maki 28.76 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2003 kuma ya yi aiki mafi kyau 5 don 24 a wasan da Kenya ta doke Sri Lanka a Nairobi, nasarar farko da suka samu kan Sri Lanka a ODIs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=April 2020|first=Cricket World Monday 6|title=Cricket Match Predictions: Kenya beat Bangladesh to make it to 2003 World Cup Super Sixes|url=https://www.cricketworld.com/cricket-match-predictions-kenya-beat-bangladesh-to-make-it-to-2003-world-cup-super-sixes/62781.htm|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Cricket World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-18|title=20 years of Kenya cricket: 5 iconic moments|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/20-years-of-kenya-cricket-5-iconic-moments-402676|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727170009/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/20-years-of-kenya-cricket-5-iconic-moments-402676|archive-date=2021-07-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> An dauki nasarar da Kenya ta samu a kan Sri Lanka a matsayin wani babban bacin rai a gasar kurket ta duniya kuma Kenya ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=24 days to World Cup: When Collins Obuya stunned Sri Lanka|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/icc-world-cup/world-cup-countdown/2019/may/06/24-days-to-world-cup-when-collins-obuya-stunned-sri-lanka-1973437.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> 5/24 da ya yi ya kasance mafi kyawu a wasan kwallon raga a Kenya a gasar cin kofin duniya kuma an ba shi gwarzon dan wasa saboda nasarar da ya yi a wasan. A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2003 na gasar cin kofin duniya, ya sami shawarwari da shawarwarin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa daga ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya Shane Warne . Duk da haka, cikin sauri tawagar wasan kurket ta Kenya ta dushe bayan nasarar cin kofin duniya na 2003. Daga baya an kore shi daga cikin tawagar saboda rashin daidaiton wasannin da ya yi kuma ya zagaya Ostiraliya a 2005 don yin aiki kan dabarun wasan kwallon kwando. An tuna da shi a gefe a cikin 2006 don jerin wasanni huɗu na ODI da Bangladesh a Bangladesh . Shi tare da dan uwansa David sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa tare da mai samar da kayan ofis na Kenya CopyCat kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2007, a lokacin da tawagar kasar da kanta ba ta da wani jami'in daukar nauyi. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko na T20I a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2007 da Bangladesh a lokacin gasar 2007 ta Kenya Twenty20 Quadrangular . Wasan sa na farko ya zo ne a wasan farko na T20I na Kenya kuma ya nuna wasan farko na T20I na Bangladesh. An kuma zaɓe shi don bugu na farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza T20 na ICC a 2007 da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu. Mafi kyawun wasansa na ODI har zuwa yau shine 98 da ba a doke Australia ba a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC na 2011 duk da cewa ya ƙare cikin rashin nasara. Innings da aka ambata a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun innings na ODI da ɗan Kenya ya yi a kan manyan al'ummar cricket. Ya kuma kasance kan gaba a gasar cin kofin duniya na 2011 a Kenya inda ya kare da gudu 243 a wasanni shida a matsakaicin matsayi na 48.60 wanda ya hada da rabin karni biyu. A cikin watan Yulin 2011, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar wasan kurket ta Kenya wanda ya maye gurbin Jimmy Kamande bayan kamfen din gasar cin kofin duniya na 2011 ga Kenya. Cricket Kenya ta dakatar da shi saboda wasanni biyu na dumi-dumi kafin gasar share fagen shiga gasar ICC ta duniya ta 2013 bayan wani hatsaniya da abokin wasansa Irfan Karim . A watan Disamba na 2013, ya yi murabus a matsayin kyaftin na tawagar cricket ta Kenya bayan Kenya ta kasa samun cancantar shiga gasar ICC ta Duniya ta 2014 . A cikin Janairu 2018, an nada shi a cikin 'yan wasan Kenya don gasar cin kofin Cricket ta Duniya na 2018 ICC . A watan Satumba na 2018, an nada shi a cikin tawagar Kenya don gasar cin kofin Afirka T20 na 2018 . A watan Oktoba na 2018, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin na tawagar Kenya don gasar cin kofin Cricket League ta duniya ta 2018 ICC a Oman. Gabanin gasar, Obuya bai shiga cikin tawagar Kenya ba saboda wasu alkawuran da ya dauka. An maye gurbinsa da Narendra Kalyan, tare da Shem Ngoche ya zama kyaftin na kungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/sports/Kenya-skipper-Obuya-deserts-Cricket-team/1951244-4841540-7ti6hlz/index.html |title=Shock as Kenya skipper deserts team |work=Daily Nation |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/sports/article/2001302035/kenya-lock-horns-with-hosts-oman |title=Kenya lock horns with hosts Oman |work=The Standard |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2019, an nada shi cikin tawagar Kenya don Gasar Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2018–19 ICC T20 a Uganda. A watan Satumba na 2019, an saka shi cikin tawagar Kenya don gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 ICC T20 a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2019-09-25-national-team-selection-sparks-controversy/ |title=National team selection sparks controversy |work=The Star (Kenya) |accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhiren Gondaria, Collins Obuya get Kenya off the mark|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-wc-qualifier-2019-20-1199473/bermuda-vs-kenya-17th-match-group-a-1199515/match-report|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Gabanin gasar, Hukumar Cricket ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta bayyana shi a matsayin babban dan wasa a tawagar Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13311;team=26;type=tournament |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier, 2019/20 - Kenya: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref> Shi ne ke kan gaba a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda aka kori goma sha daya a wasanni shida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/football/2019-11-16-the-46-year-old-swamibapas-bowler-is-a-surprise-inclusion-in-kenya-team-as-otieno-dropped-again/ |title=The 46-year-old Swamibapa's bowler is a surprise inclusion in Kenya team as Otieno dropped again |work=The Star (Kenya) |accessdate=17 November 2019}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2019, an saka shi cikin tawagar Kenya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket Challenge League B a Oman. A watan Oktoba na 2021, an saka shi cikin tawagar Kenya don wasan karshe na Yanki na 2021 ICC Men's T20 gasar cin kofin duniya na Afirka a Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kenya-cricket.com/2021/10/26/patel-back-as-kenya-names-africa-regional-final-squad/ |title=Patel back as Kenya names Africa Regional Final squad |work=Kenya Cricket |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026163314/https://kenya-cricket.com/2021/10/26/patel-back-as-kenya-names-africa-regional-final-squad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Collins Obuya at ESPNcricinfo * Collins Obuya at CricketArchive (subscription required) [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4buvod7l26wg2nwt35uindgxvrg272w 0 43500 965537 775917 2026-10-10T00:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chinelo Okparanta 2015 LOC.jpg|thumb|Chinelo Okparanta]] [[Fayil:Chinelo Okparanta.jpg|thumb|Chinelo Okparanta]]   '''Chinelo Okparanta,''' ( </img> (an haife ta a shekara ta 1981) marubuciyace yar Najeriya ce kuma [[Gajeren labari|yar gajeriyar labari]] . <ref>Mythili Rao, [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/19/chinelo-okparanta-champion-of-the-stifled.html "Chinelo Okparanta: Champion of the Stifled"]. ''[[The Daily Beast]]'', August 19, 2013.</ref> An haife ta a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwalt,]] [[Najeriya]], inda ta tashi <ref name="iowa">Rae Winkelstein-Duveneck, [http://www.iowareview.org/blog/religion-bible-and-personal-morality-interview-chinelo-okparanta "Religion, The Bible, and Personal Morality: An Interview with Chinelo Okparanta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107005931/http://www.iowareview.org/blog/religion-bible-and-personal-morality-interview-chinelo-okparanta |date=2016-01-07 }}, ''[[The Iowa Review]]'', March 19, 2013.</ref> har zuwa shekara 10, lokacin da ta yi hijira zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tare da danginta. <ref>Ligaya Mishan, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/books/review/happiness-like-water-by-chinelo-okparanta.html "How She Left: 'Happiness, Like Water,' by Chinelo Okparanta"] (review), ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'', September 15, 2013.</ref> An haifi Chinelo Okparanta a Port Harcourt, [[Najeriya]], kuma tana da shekaru 10 ta yi hijira tare da danginta zuwa Amurka. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar [[Pennsylvania]] ( Schreyer Honors College ), Jami'ar Rutgers da kuma [[Iowa]] Workshop Marubuta . <ref name="iowa"/> == Sana'a == Okparanta ta wallafa gajerun labarai ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen ciki har da ''Granta'', ''The New Yorker'', ''Tin House'', ''The Kenyon Review'', ''The Southern Review'', ''TriQuarterly'', ''Conjunctions'', ''Subtropics'' da ''The Coffin Factory'' . Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana a cikin ''AGNI'', Labari na Kyautar Labari, da Jami'ar Iowa, Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Duniya . Okparanta ta gudanar da zumunci ko ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Colgate, Jami'ar Purdue, Kwalejin City na New York, da Jami'ar Columbia . Ta kasance abokiyar farfesace na Turanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira (Fiction) a Jami'ar Bucknell, inda ta kasance C. Graydon & Mary E. Rogers Faculty Research Fellow da Margaret Hollinshead Ley Farfesa a cikin Waƙa & Rubutun Ƙirƙirar har zuwa shekarar 2021. A halin yanzu ita abokiyar farfesa ce ta Ingilishi da kuma Darakta na Shiri a Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Kwalejin Swarthmore . Tarin ɗan gajeren labarin halinta na farko, ''Farin ciki, Kamar Ruwa'' (Littattafan Grant da Houghton Miffin Harcourt ), an daɗe ana jera su don lambar yabo ta 2013 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award, <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Nicole Dennis-Benn}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙarshe na 2014 New York Public Library Young Lions Fiction Award, ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar 2014 Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction . An zabe ta a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru na shekarar 2014. Sauran girmamawa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta shekarar 2013 Society of Midland Authors Award (na ƙarshe), da Kyautar Caine na shekarar 2013 a Rubutun Afirka (na ƙarshe), da ƙari. Gajeren labarinta na "Adalci" an ne a haɗa 2014 cikin PEN/O. Henry Prize Labarun, a cikin gajerun labarai guda 20 na wannan shekara. <ref>[https://www.randomhouse.com/anchor/ohenry/spotlight/okparanta.html "The O. Henry Prize Stories {{!}} Chinelo Okparanto"], ''Author Spotlight'', Random House.</ref> ''Farin ciki, Kamar Ruwa'' shine zaɓin Editoci don ''Bitar Littafin New York Times'' akan Satumba 20, 2013. An kuma jera tari tari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafiya kyawun almara na Afirka ''na The Guardian'' na shekarar 2013, kuma a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2014 an sanar da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Etisalat na kasar Najeriya. <ref>[http://thenationonlineng.net/new/candidates-announced-etisalat-prize-literature/ "Candidates announced for Etisalat Prize for Literature"], ''The Nation'', December 14, 2014.</ref> [[Fayil:Chinelo Okparanta and fellow writers.jpg|thumb|Chinelo Okparanta]] Littafinta na farko,a ''ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala'', an buga shine a cikin shekarar 2015. Mawallafin ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'' ya kira Okparanta "marubuciya mai kyau kuma madaidaiciya", <ref>Carol Anshaw, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/books/review/under-the-udala-trees-by-chinelo-okparanta.html "'Under the Udala Trees,' by Chinelo Okparanta"] (Sunday Book ), ''The New York Times'', October 23, 2015.</ref> da kuma ''The Guardian'' (Birtaniya) ya kwatanta littafin a matsayin "labari mai ban sha'awa game da bayyanar wata budurwa 'yar luwadi da girma a Najeriya a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar kasar Najeriya]] ... "a cikinsa". . . Okparanta da yaudara ya sasanta tsakanin labarin soyayya da labarin yaki.” <ref>Anjali Enjeti, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/24/under-the-udala-trees-chinelo-okparanta-review "Under the Udala Trees by Chinelo Okparanta review – love in the time of Biafra"], ''The Guardian'', September 24, 2015.</ref> ''A ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala'' shine Zaɓin Editocin ''Bita na Littafin New York Times'' da kuma wanda aka zaɓa don Kyautar ''Binciken Kirkus'' na shekarar 2015 a cikin Fiction. Ɗaya daga cikin "Mafiya kyawun Littattafai na shekarar 2015" na NPR, shi ma ya sanya BuzzFeed, a ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal'', ''Miliyoyin'', ''Bustle'', Sanin Shelf, da Mawallafin Abincin rana "Mafiya kyawun" <ref>[https://lunch.publishersmarketplace.com/2015/12/favorite-books-of-2015-from-the-news-editors-desk/ Publishers Lunch], Favorite Books of 2015, From the News Editor</ref> da "Mafi Tsammani" jerin, da sauransu. . An daɗe ana jera shina a cikin shekarar 2015 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, wanda aka zaba kuma akaba lambar yabo tan shekarar 2016 NAACP Image Award for External Literary Work of Fiction, wanda aka zaba a shekarar 2016 Hurston-Wright Legacy Award a Fiction, dab dana karshe a shekarar 2016 Publishing Triangle Literary Awards ( Ferro-Grumley Award ), dan wasan kusa da na karshe na 2016 VCU Cabell First Novelist Award, da aka jera don 2016 Chautauqua Prize ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} kuma sun sami nasarar lashe lambar yabo ta Lambda Literary 2016 a cikin Babban Labarin Almara na Madigo. ''A ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala'' kuma sun sami lambar yabo ne ta shekarar 2016 Jessie Redmon Fauset a cikin Fiction kuma ya kasance zaɓi a shekarar 2017 Amelia Bloomer Project na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta kasar Amurka . Hakanan an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Adabin Dublin ta Duniya ta shekarar 2017. A cikin shekarar 2017 ne, Okparanta ta lashe lambar yabo ta Buga Triangle ta shekarar 2016 Betty Berzon Emerging Writer Award . ''Pulse Najeriya'' mai suna ''Karkashin Bishiyoyin Udala'' daya daga cikin Manyan Littattafan Najeriya guda 10 na shekar 2015. ''YNaija'' ta jera ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Littattafai Goma da suka fi shahara a shekarar 2015. <ref>Wilfred Okichie, [http://ynaija.com/the-fishermen-blackass-under-the-udala-tree/ "#YNAIJA2015REVIEW: THE FISHERMEN, BLACKASS, UNDER THE UDALA TREE… THE 10 MOST NOTABLE BOOKS OF 2015"], ''YNaija'', December 13, 2015.</ref> ''Afridiaspora'' ya lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2015. <ref>Tolu Daniel, [http://www.afridiaspora.com/the-afridiaspora-list-the-best-african-novels-of-2015/ "The Afridiaspora List – The Best African Novels of 2015"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107141401/http://www.afridiaspora.com/the-afridiaspora-list-the-best-african-novels-of-2015/ |date=2022-11-07 }}, ''Afridiaspora'', December 22, 2015.</ref> A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017, ''Granta'' ya zaɓi Okparanta don sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma Mafi kyawun jerin littafan kasar Amurkawa na matasa . <ref>[https://granta.com/issues/best-young-american-novelists-3/ "Granta 139: Best of Young American Novelists 3"], ''Granta'', Spring 2017.</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/26/granta-list-best-young-american-novelists "Granta's list of the best young American novelists"], ''The Guardian'', April 26, 2017.</ref> Mawallafinta na "Trump a cikin Classroom" an haɗa shi a cikin tarihi na shekarar 2019 ''Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka'', editan [[Margaret Busby]] . Chinelo Okparanta ta samu karbuwa a matsayin zakara na masu rajin ra'ayin mazan jiya da marasa galihu a duk tsawon rayuwarta ta marubuciya, [[Helon Habila]]. Littattafan Okparanta guda uku, "Farin Ciki Kamar Ruwa," "Karƙashin Bishiyar Udala," da na baya-bayan nan, "Harry Sylvester Bird" sun ba da fifikon labarun al'ummar LGBTQ da mutane masu launi ta hanyar hangen nesa na cikin gida da hangen nesa na waje. * [[Fayil:Chinelo Okparanta 2015 LOC.jpg|thumb|Chinelo Okparanta]]  by Christopher Mari,   pp.&nbsp;73–77 *   * [https://www.chinelookparanta.com/ Gidan yanar gizon hukuma] * Boen Wang, [https://www.collegian.psu.edu/arts_and_entertainment/article_1351c332-65e1-11e4-afca-0017a43b2370.html "Almajirin jihar Penn Okparanta yana karanta gajerun labarai a Foster"] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Daily Collegian'', Nuwamba 7, 2014. * [http://schreyer.psu.edu/documents/admissions/viewbook.pdf] * [http://shortstorydayafrica.org/news/bu1uj35esam4h653otz2xdwuw6l5hl "'Kowa ya kamata ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ina tsammanin.'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107141406/http://shortstorydayafrica.org/news/bu1uj35esam4h653otz2xdwuw6l5hl |date=2022-11-07 }} [http://shortstorydayafrica.org/news/bu1uj35esam4h653otz2xdwuw6l5hl Hira Da Chinelo Okparanta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107141406/http://shortstorydayafrica.org/news/bu1uj35esam4h653otz2xdwuw6l5hl |date=2022-11-07 }} , ''Gajeren Labari Ranar Afirka'', Maris 23, 2016. * [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika|Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika]], [http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-nigerian-american-writer-who-takes-on-taboos/82567?variable=f01464e026262258b95a9c3d01827c45 "Marubuciyar Ba'amurke Ba-Amurke Mai Taken Taboos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107141408/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-nigerian-american-writer-who-takes-on-taboos/82567?variable=f01464e026262258b95a9c3d01827c45 |date=2022-11-07 }}, OZY.com, Disamba 19, 2017. * [http://munyori.org/interviews/chinelo-okparanta/ "Emmanuel Sigauke Interviews Chinelo Okparanta"], ''Munyori Literary Journal'', 2013 * [https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-544-00344-6 Ƙarƙashin bishiyar Udala], taƙaitawa, ''Mawallafa Mako-mako'', 2015 * Melissa Mordi, [https://guardian.ng/life/chinelo-okparanta-the-power-of-women-writing-and-writing-women/ "Chinelo Okparanta - Ƙarfin Mata, Rubutu da Rubutun Mata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107141410/https://guardian.ng/life/chinelo-okparanta-the-power-of-women-writing-and-writing-women/ |date=2022-11-07 }} (tambayoyi), ''The Guardian'' (Nigeria), 11 Maris 2019. [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] enuav064msy7ecz989jhv2lhf8ot6xe 0 43581 965275 956517 2026-10-09T15:12:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernardo Mota Veiga de Carvalho da Silva''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [bɨɾˈnaɾðu ˈsilvɐ]; an haife shi 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . {{IPA|pt|bɨɾˈnaɾðu ˈsilvɐ}} Bayan ya kwashe mafi yawan aikinsa na matasa a [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]], Silva ya fara aikinsa na sana'a tare da su, kafin ya koma [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] har abada a watan Janairun 2015, inda ya lashe lambar [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] a kakar 2016-17. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2017, Silva ya koma Manchester City. Ya buga wasanni sama da 450, inda ya lashe manyan lambobin yabo 20, ciki har da lambobin Premier League guda shida, [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]] guda uku, [[EFL Cup|Kofin EFL]] guda hudu, da kuma [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] a 2023, a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na nahiyar. A cikin 2017-18, ya taimaka wa City ta zama tawagar Premier League kawai da ta [[Premier League records and statistics#Points|kai maki 100]] a kakar wasa daya. A cikin 2018-19, Silva ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a City ya zama ƙungiyar maza ta farko a Ingila don lashe gasar uku ta cikin gida, ana kiransa Manchester City's Player of the Year a cikin 2019 kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar PFA Premier League Team of the Year. A cikin 2020-21, ya taimaka wa Manchester City ta kai wasan [[2021 UEFA Champions League final|ƙarshe]] na gasar zakarun Turai ta farko, kuma ya kasance wani bangare ne na kungiyar da ta fara buga wasan farko na nahiyar a cikin 2022-23, kakar da ta fi nasara har zuwa yau. A watan Yulin 2026, ya bar Manchester City a matsayin wakilin kyauta kuma ya shiga kungiyar La Liga Real Madrid . Silva ya fara buga wa Portugal wasa a shekarar 2015 bayan da kungiyoyin matasa na kasa da shekara 21 da kasa da shekaru 21 suka rufewa shi. An zabeshi a cikin tawagar Portugal don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]] sau uku ([[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|2018]], [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|2022]] da [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]), [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] sau biyu (2020 da 2024), da kuma gasar cin kofen FIFA ta 2017. Ya kuma lashe gasar UEFA Nations League a shekarar 2019 da 2025, an kira shi a matsayin dan wasan gasar a gida a cikin tsohon. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bernardo Mota Veiga de Carvalho e Silva a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1994, a [[Lisbon]], Portugal . Tafiyar kwallon kafa ta Silva ta fara ne a Lisbon, inda aka fara sha'awar wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Abhinav |date=22 June 2024 |title=Bernardo Silva: Early Life, Clubs, Family, Net Worth, Career And Stats |url=https://www.sportsdunia.com/news/bernardo-silva-early-life-clubs-family-net-worth-career-and-stats |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=sportsdunia.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Benfica === Wani samfurin tsarin matasa na Benfica, Silva ya taka leda a matsayinta, kuma a shekarar 2013 sun lashe gasar zakarun Portuguese na 2012-13. Ya fara bugawa Benfica B wasa a wasan Segunda Liga da Trofense a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2013 (Matchday 1). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2013 |title=Trofense 0 – 0 Benfica B |url=http://www.lpfp.pt/segunda_liga/pages/jogo.aspx?epoca=20132014&jornada=1&jogo=8342 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113211/http://www.lpfp.pt/segunda_liga/pages/jogo.aspx?epoca=20132014&jornada=1&jogo=8342 |archive-date=23 August 2013 |access-date=10 August 2013 |website=LPFP}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2013, Silva ya fara bugawa Benfica wasa yana da shekaru 19, a zagaye na uku na 2013-14 na Taça de Portugal 1-0 a kan kulob din Campeonato Nacional de Seniores C.D. Cinfães, yana fitowa daga benci a minti na 80. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2013 |title=Porto e Benfica cumprem na terceira eliminatória |trans-title=Porto and Benfica deliver in the third round |url=http://pt.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=por/news/newsid=2012030.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021092851/http://pt.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=por/news/newsid=2012030.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |language=pt}}</ref> Kyakkyawan aikinsa ga Benfica B a cikin 2013-14 Segunda Liga ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Breakthrough Player of the Year. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar Benfica ta cikin gida da ta lashe sau uku a kakar 2013-14, yana wasa minti 31 kawai a cikin jimlar wasanni uku. === Monaco === [[File:CSKA-Monaco_(4).jpg|thumb|303x303px|Silva yana wasa a Monaco a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2016-17]] A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Silva ya koma Monaco kan yarjejeniyar aro na shekara guda. Ya fara bugawa a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta a wasan Ligue 1 da ya yi da Bordeaux, inda ya maye gurbin Lucas Ocampos a rabi na biyu. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, ya fara farawa, a cikin nasara a gida 1-0 a kan Guingamp. A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, ya zira kwallaye guda daya na nasarar da ya samu a gida a kan Marseille . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2014 |title=AS Monaco 1–0 Marseille |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/393536 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626062440/https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/393536 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Benfica ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sayar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da na wasanni na Silva ga Monaco don Yuro miliyan 15.75; <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=Comunicado |trans-title=Announcement |url=http://web3.cmvm.pt/sdi2004/emitentes/docs/FR53634.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125135650/https://web3.cmvm.pt/sdi2004/emitentes/docs/FR53634.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=[[S.L. Benfica]] |publisher=[[Portuguese Securities Market Commission|CMVM]] |language=pt}}</ref> ya sanya hannu kan kwangila ga Monaco wanda zai ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2015 |title=Bernardo Silva commits to the club until 2019 |url=http://www.asm-fc.com/en/article/bernardo-silva-commits-to-the-club-until-2019-67008.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127002350/http://www.asm-fc.com/en/article/bernardo-silva-commits-to-the-club-until-2019-67008.html |archive-date=27 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=[[AS Monaco FC]]}}</ref> &nbsp;A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 3-0 a kan Caen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2015 |title=Caen vs. Monaco |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/10/france/ligue-1/stade-malherbe-caen-calvados-basse-norma/association-sportive-monaco-fc/1687321/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626085736/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/10/france/ligue-1/stade-malherbe-caen-calvados-basse-norma/association-sportive-monaco-fc/1687321/ |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Silva ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da shekara guda, inda ya ɗaure shi da kulob din har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2020. A cikin wasan da aka yi a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2016-17 da CSKA Moscow a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2016, Silva ya zira kwallaye a wasan Monaco a minti na 87 don tabbatar da cewa wasan ya ƙare a 1-1 draw. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, ya zira kwallaye biyu na karshe na Monaco a nasarar da ta samu 4-1 a kan Marseille don taimakawa Monaco ta koma saman teburin Ligue 1 a karo na farko tun bayan mako na 5 na kakar Ligue 1 ta yanzu. A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, Silva ya zira kwallaye a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] a Parc des Princes, inda ya sanya tawagarsa a saman gasar. Ya gama kakar 2016-17 tare da kwallaye 8 da 9 a gasar da kwallayoyi 11 da 12 a wasanni 58 a duk faɗin gasa. === Birnin Manchester === ==== 2017-2021: Nasarar cikin gida da wasan karshe na Turai ==== Babban kocin [[Pep Guardiola]] da ma'aikatansa na baya sun lura da rawar da ya taka a kan Manchester City a Monaco a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2016-17. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2017, Manchester City ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Silva kan kwangilar shekaru biyar bayan ya wuce gwajin likita. Kodayake kuɗin canja wurin bai bayyana ba, an ba da rahoton ya kai Yuro miliyan 50 (Furo miliyan 43.5), wanda zai iya kai Yuro milio 70 tare da kari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Bernardo Silva transféré de Monaco à Manchester City |trans-title=Bernardo Silva transferred from Monaco to Manchester City |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Bernardo-silva-transfere-de-monaco-a-manchester-city/804732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607150438/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Bernardo-silva-transfere-de-monaco-a-manchester-city/804732 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Silva ya shiga kulob din a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2017, gabanin kakar 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rob Pollard |date=26 May 2017 |title=Bernardo Silva agrees to join Manchester City |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/2017/05/26/man-city-to-sign-bernardo-silva-monaco-transfer/1495797186416 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527180418/https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/2017/05/26/man-city-to-sign-bernardo-silva-monaco-transfer/1495797186416 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |publisher=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City Football Club]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, Silva ya zira kwallaye na farko a [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] ga City a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan Basel a matakin farko na zagaye na 16. A ranar 5 ga watan Maris, Silva ya zira kwallaye guda daya da ya ci Chelsea a gida - babban nasara wanda ya sanya su kawai sau uku daga lashe gasar Firimiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Manchester City 1 – 0 Chelsea |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43186392 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524200731/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43186392 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=22 March 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, yana buga mafi yawan wasannin kowane dan wasan City a kakar har zuwa karshen Fabrairu 2018. A ƙarshen kakar, ya buga wa Manchester City wasa sau 53 a duk gasa - mafi yawan kowane dan wasan City a wannan kakar kuma ya taimaka musu zuwa rikodin maki 100 a Premier League da Kofin EFL. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=IN FOCUS: BERNARDO SILVA |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2018/september/bernardo-silva-in-focus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423094123/https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2018/september/bernardo-silva-in-focus |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=Manchester City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Live Table, Season 2017/18 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/matchweek/1609/table |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423091112/https://www.premierleague.com/matchweek/1609/table |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Silva ya buga wasanni 51 ga Manchester City a lokacin kakar 2018-19, inda ya zira kwallaye 13 kuma ya kara da taimakon 14 a dukkan gasa. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2019, Silva ya zira kwallaye na farko ga City a kan [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a Manchester Derby, kuma nasarar 2-0 a Old Trafford ta sanya tawagarsa a saman gasar. Ayyukan Silva masu tasiri da tasiri sun taimaka wa tawagarsa ta lashe gasar Firimiya, inda ta cika matsayin [[Kelvin De Bruyne|Kevin De Bruyne]] wanda ya rasa mafi yawan kakar tare da rauni. A sakamakon haka, an zabe shi a cikin PFA Team of the Year tare da wasu 'yan wasan City guda hudu kuma ya lashe kyautar Manchester City Player of the Season, wanda magoya baya suka zabe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clayton |first=David |title=Bernardo voted Etihad Player of the Season |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2019/may/bernardo-voted-etihad-player-of-the-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921123822/https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2019/may/bernardo-voted-etihad-player-of-the-season |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=mancity.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2019-20, Silva ya zira kwallaye a wasan 8-0 na Watford a Premier League a ranar 21 ga Satumba. Bayan kwanaki, FA ta nemi amsa daga Manchester City bayan Silva ya ba da umarnin tweet ga abokin aikinsa [[Benjamin Mendy]] wanda ya kwatanta bayyanar dan wasan da na mascot ɗin talla mai launin fata, yayin da Kick It Out, ƙungiyar kamfen ɗin adawa da wariyar launin fata a kwallon kafa, ta nuna takaici game da amfani da Silva na wariyar launin fatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=Bernardo Silva: FA contacts Man City over player's tweet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49788633 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414012651/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49788633 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Mendy ya ce tweet ɗin bai yi masa laifi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Bernardo Silva: Raheem Sterling defends Manchester City team-mate after tweet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49864787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193226/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49864787 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, an dakatar da Silva don wasa daya kuma an ci tarar £ 50,000 don tweet din. FA ta ce Silva ba ta da niyyar cewa sakon ya zama abin zagi ko kuma ta kowace hanya wariyar launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Bernardo Silva: Man City forward banned and fined for Benjamin Mendy tweet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50404855 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129182226/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50404855 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, an zabi Silva a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan takara 30 na Ballon d'Or . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo, Félix and Silva nominated for Ballon d´Or |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/ronaldo-felix-and-silva-nominated-for-ballon-dor/51730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143844/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/ronaldo-felix-and-silva-nominated-for-ballon-dor/51730 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=The Portugal News}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2021, Silva ta zira kwallaye a wasan 3-0 a gida a kan kungiyar Birmingham City a Zagaye na uku na FA Cup. A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2021, Silva ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a cikin nasarar 2-0 a gida a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2021, Silva ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar zakarun Turai a cikin nasarar 2-0 a kan Borussia Mönchengladbach a matakin farko na zagaye na 16. ==== 2021-2024: Takardun Premier League da kuma nahiyar uku ==== A farkon kakar 2021-22, kocin Manchester City Pep Guardiola ya bayyana cewa Silva na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da ke son barin kulob din a lokacin canja wurin bazara. An ruwaito cewa bai yi farin ciki ba a Manchester, tare da [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta Spain [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] da [[Serie A|Jerin A]] [[AC Milan|Milan]] suna da sha'awar sanya hannu a kansa.<ref name="Departure" /> Bayan ya zauna a kulob din a cikin canjin canji, Silva ya fara nuna kyawawan wasanni a tsakiyar filin wasa na Manchester City, musamman a cikin nasarar 5-0 a kan [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], inda ya zira kwallaye guda daya a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan Leicester City, da kuma [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], ana kiransa mutumin wasan a karshen, tare da kocin Pep Guardiola ya bayyana Silva a matsayin "daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau a duniya". Don wasan kwaikwayonsa, magoya bayan kulob din sun ba Silva kyautar Dan wasan Watan na Manchester City na watanni biyu a jere a watan Satumba da Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clayton |first=David |title=Bernardo named Etihad Player of the Month |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/man-city-etihad-player-of-the-month-winner-revealed-for-september-63769644 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017224830/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/man-city-etihad-player-of-the-month-winner-revealed-for-september-63769644 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=mancity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernardo claims Etihad Player of the Month |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/october-etihad-player-of-the-month-bernardo-silva-63771529 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103110126/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/october-etihad-player-of-the-month-bernardo-silva-63771529 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a wasan derby na Manchester, Silva ya zira kwallaye na biyu na City a nasarar 2-0 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford . A ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba, Silva ya zama dan wasa na farko a [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] da ya yi rajistar kashi 100% na wucewa, an kira shi mutumin wasan, yayin da ya ba da taimako ga Gabriel Jesus, a nasarar da City ta samu a gida 2-1 a kan Paris Saint-Germain a wasan rukuni na gasar zakaruna, don tabbatar da cancantar tawagarsa zuwa [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League knockout phase#Round of 16|zagaye na goma sha shida]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernardo Silva achieved a 100% pass completion rate as he produced a man of the match performance to help Manchester City beat Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League. |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/man-city-psg-every-bernardo-silva-pass-63773542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624090201/https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/man-city-psg-every-bernardo-silva-pass-63773542 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> Don wasan kwaikwayonsa, an kira Silva dan wasan Manchester City na watan Nuwamba, ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar a cikin watanni uku a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Best on the planet' – Bernardo Silva's wondergoal has fans making the same statement |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/bernardo-silva-manchester-city-watford-22367464 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204195907/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/bernardo-silva-manchester-city-watford-22367464 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=manchestereveningnews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clayton |first=David |title=Bernardo creates history with third Etihad Player of the Month win |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/bernardo-silva-bags-third-successive-etihad-player-of-the-month-prize-63774467 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207111446/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/bernardo-silva-bags-third-successive-etihad-player-of-the-month-prize-63774467 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Bernardo-Silva-2023.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Silva yana wasa a Manchester City a 2023]] A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Silva ya zira kwallaye kuma ya ba da taimako a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Sporting CP a matakin farko na gasar zakarun Turai na 16 tie, an kira shi mutumin wasan na wasan na biyu a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Bernardo Silva atirou o leão para 'o quinto dos infernos' |trans-title=Bernardo Silva sent the lion to 'the depths of hell' |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1933665/sporting-man-city-acompanhe-aqui-todas-as-incidncias-da-partida |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215223758/https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1933665/sporting-man-city-acompanhe-aqui-todas-as-incidncias-da-partida |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> Bayan ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan sa na farko hudu a Manchester yana ba da faɗin dama, an canza shi zuwa babban mai amfani a wannan kakar. Ko da yake yana aiki a tsakiyar tsakiyar tsakiyar, ya shafe lokaci a duka tsakiya na tsakiya (ya zira kwallaye daga can a kan Manchester United) da kuma tsakiya na tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Bernardo Silva, Marco Reus, Lynn Williams lead these unlikely MVPs 27 or over |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-espn-fc-united/story/4549147/the-gundogans-2021-22-bernardo-silvamarco-reuslynn-williams-among-stars-whove-hit-new-heights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618101254/https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-espn-fc-united/story/4549147/the-gundogans-2021-22-bernardo-silvamarco-reuslynn-williams-among-stars-whove-hit-new-heights |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> Ya ƙare kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 13 da kuma taimakon 7 a duk gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernardo Silva football statistics |url=https://www.whoscored.com/Players/136741/Show/Bernardo-Silva |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706223726/https://www.whoscored.com/Players/136741/Show/Bernardo-Silva |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=whoscored.com}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2023, Silva ya zira kwallaye a nasarar da ya yi 4-0 a kan [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, wanda ya tabbatar da kulob dinsa zuwa wasan karshe na gasar Champions League na biyu a tarihin su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Bernardo Silva strikes twice to stun Real Madrid and send Manchester City to Champions League final |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/17/football/champions-league-man-city-real-madrid-semifinal-spt-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, ya ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga [[Rodri]], wanda ya zira kwallaye guda daya da ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai a wasan karshe da [[Inter Milan]], inda ya tabbatar da nasarar Manchester City a gasar zakaruna ta farko kuma ya kammala sau uku na nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2023 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65845807 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> An zaba shi a cikin tawagar gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23 . A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2023, Silva ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Bernardo Silva signs contract extension |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/bernardo-silva-manchester-city-new-contract-63828404 |website=Manchester City FC}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, an yaba wa Silva saboda rawar da ya taka a nasarar da ya samu a 3-0 a kan Manchester United a Gasar Firimiya.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Manchester United 0–3 Manchester City: Red Devils given 'a footballing lesson', say pundits |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67257505 |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2024, ya zira kwallaye a City a minti na 84 a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan Chelsea a wasan kusa da na karshe na FA Cup. ==== 2024-2026: Kyaftin da tashi ==== An nada shi kyaftin din kulob din a gaban kakar 2025-26, biyo bayan tashiwar Kevin De Bruyne . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2025 |title="I chose for one reason" – Pep Guardiola reveals why Bernardo Silva is the new Manchester City captain |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/chose-one-reason-pep-guardiola-115500707.html |publisher=Yahoo Sports}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, ya kai ga bayyanarsa ta 100 a gasar zakarun Turai a cikin nasara 4-1 a kan Borussia Dortmund . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=Who has played 100 Champions League games? Bernardo Silva latest player to reach century |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0257-0e9a10f58015-92c648e6303d-1000--who-has-played-100-champions-league-games/ |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2026, mataimakin kocin Manchester City Pep Lijnders ya sanar da cewa Silva zai bar kulob din a lokacin rani lokacin da kwangilarsa ta kare. Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da cewa zai bar kulob din a matsayin wakilin kyauta a ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leigh |first=Neil |date=2026-04-16 |title=Bernardo Silva to leave Manchester City at the end of the season |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/Bernardo%20Silva%20to%20leave%20Manchester%20City%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20season |access-date=2026-06-11 |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Ben |date=16 April 2026 |title=Captain Silva to leave Man City at end of season |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c624x7wvlv4o |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Silva ya buga wasan karshe a Manchester City a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2026, inda ya jagoranci kungiyar a wasan da aka yi wa Aston Villa 2-1 a ranar karshe ta kakar Premier League. Ya bar kulob din bayan shekaru tara, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi dacewa a zamanin Pep Guardiola, inda ya lashe manyan lambobin yabo da yawa ciki har da lambobin Premier League guda shida da UEFA Champions League a 2023. Silva ya sami gaisuwa mai ban sha'awa daga magoya baya, abokan aiki da ma'aikatan kocin, ya kawo karshen aikinsa na City tare da fiye da 450 bayyanar a duk fafatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruthven |first=Graham |title=How Will Manchester City Replace Bernardo Silva After His Departure? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/grahamruthven/2026/05/24/how-will-manchester-city-replace-bernardo-silva-after-his-departure/ |access-date=24 May 2026 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> === Real Madrid === A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2026, Silva ya sanya hannu a kulob din La Liga [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2026 |title=Official Announcement: Bernardo Silva |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-bernardo-silva-17-06-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617104329/https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-bernardo-silva-17-06-2026 |archive-date=17 June 2026 |access-date=17 June 2026 |publisher=[[Real Madrid CF]]}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 2026, a cikin nasarar 2-1 a kan Espanyol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2026 |title=Real Madrid snatch late win at Espanyol on Mourinho's return |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/real-madrid-beat-espanyol-in-mourinhos-first-game-on-return-213945958.html |access-date=22 August 2026 |publisher=yahoo.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == === 2013-2018: Matasa matakin da gasa ta farko ta kasa da kasa === [[File:New_Zealand-Portugal_(8).jpg|thumb|Silva a gasar cin kofin Confederations ta 2017Kofin Tarayyar 2017]] A shekara ta 2013, Silva ta wakilci Portugal a gasar zakarun Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=:.: Sub-19: Rui Silva substitui José Costa - Jornal Record :.: |trans-title=Sub-19: Rui Silva replaces José Costa |url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/selecoes/interior.aspx?content_id=833181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150341/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/selecoes/interior.aspx?content_id=833181 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.record.xl.pt}}</ref> inda ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe. Don wasan kwaikwayonsa, an ambaci sunansa a cikin manyan talanti 10 a ƙarƙashin shekaru 19 a Turai ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun manema labarai na [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edisport |title=:.: Bernardo Silva entre os maiores talentos europeus - Jornal Record :.: |url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=836687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133510/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=836687 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.record.xl.pt}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Silva ya fara buga wa Portugal wasa na farko, inda ya fara a wasan sada zumunci na 0-2 da aka yi wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafar kasar Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] a Estoril. A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Silva ta zira kwallaye na farko na Portugal U21s a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Jamus U21 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta kasa da shekara 21 a Jamhuriyar Czech.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szabolcs |first=Schön |date=2019-03-15 |title=iwin |url=https://iwin.uk.com/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=iwin.uk.com |language=en}}</ref> An bar shi daga tawagar Portugal don wasan karshe na Yuro 2016 saboda rauni. An zabi Silva don tawagar Portugal don gasar cin kofin Confederations ta 2017 wanda aka shirya a Rasha. Ya zira kwallaye na biyu na wasan a matakin rukuni na gasar, nasarar 4-0 a kan New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 - Matches |url=http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274633/match=300334887/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220094258/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274633/match=300334887/index.html |archive-date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=FIFA.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasa ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe kafin ta sha kashi a Chile a wasan kisa bayan da aka zana 0-0 a ƙarshen lokacin doka. Ya rasa matsayi na uku wanda Portugal ta doke Mexico 2-1 bayan karin lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2017 |title=Portugal come from behind to finish third |url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274643/match=300334886/match-report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504000633/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274643/match=300334886/match-report.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |publisher=FIFA |quote=Portugal finished their FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 campaign on a high by beating Mexico 2–1 after extra time in the play-off for third place at the Spartak Stadium in Moscow in front of 42,659 fans.}}</ref> An ambaci Silva a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 na Portugal don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]] a Rasha. Ya fito a dukkan wasannin 4 tare da Portugal, amma an kori shi daga gasar bayan da aka rasa 2-1 ga Uruguay. === 2018-yanzu: Takardun League na kasashe da gwagwarmayar gasa === An zabi Silva don wasanni uku a matakin rukuni na 2018-19 na UEFA Nations League, inda ya zira kwallaye kuma ya ba da taimako a nasarar 3-2 a kan Poland a ranar 11 ga Oktoba. Portugal ta kai ga rukuni na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kuma ta cancanci gasar cin kofin Ƙasashen UEFA da aka gudanar a Portugal. A wasan kusa da na karshe a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2019, Silva ya ba da taimako biyu ga [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], wanda ya zira kwallaye wanda ya haifar da 3-1 a kan Switzerland don isa wasan karshe. A wasan karshe na gasar kwana hudu bayan haka, ya ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga Gonçalo Guedes, wanda ya zira kwallaye guda daya da ya lashe gasar a Estádio do Dragão da Netherlands, tare da Portugal ta lashe kofin a gida, yayin da ya ci gaba da zama dan wasan mafi kyau na gasar. Silva ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan tsari a duk lokacin da ya cancanci UEFA Euro 2020, ya kammala kamfen ɗin cancanta, tare da kwallaye uku da taimakon shida, gami da taimakon 6-0 a kan Lithuania. Za a ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar karshe ta Portugal don jinkirta gasar ta karshe, yana bayyana a duk wasannin zagaye na 16 zuwa Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=Convocados de Portugal para o EURO 2020 |url=https://pt.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0269-1252942bc164-e2eac2467985-1000--convocados-de-portugal-para-o-euro-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164104/https://pt.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0269-1252942bc164-e2eac2467985-1000--convocados-de-portugal-para-o-euro-2020/ |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=11 November 2021 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an sanya sunan Silva a cikin tawagar maza 55 ta Portugal don [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]] a Qatar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thanveer |first=Dakir Mohammed |date=25 October 2022 |title=Portugal reportedly name provisional 55-man squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup; Liverpool star receives surprise call up |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/rumor-portugal-reportedly-announce-provisional-55-man-squad-2022-fifa-world-cup-liverpool-star-receives-surprise-call |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109135750/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/rumor-portugal-reportedly-announce-provisional-55-man-squad-2022-fifa-world-cup-liverpool-star-receives-surprise-call |archive-date=9 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022 |publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]}}</ref> an haɗa shi a cikin tawalar mutum 26 ta karshe don gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=Os 26 convocados de Portugal: Gonçalo Ramos, António Silva, Otávio e Matheus Nunes chamados |trans-title=Portugal select 26: Gonçalo Ramos, António Silva, Otávio and Matheus Nunes called |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/mundial/artigos/os-26-convocados-de-portugal-para-o-mundial2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110174203/https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/mundial/artigos/os-26-convocados-de-portugal-para-o-mundial2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |publisher=SAPO |language=pt}}</ref> Ya bayyana a duk wasannin Portugal a gasar a wasan kusa da na karshe da Morocco bayan ya rasa 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo equals men's international appearance record |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/ronaldo-equals-mens-international-appearance-record |access-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Duk da rashin nasarar gasar cin kofin duniya, yanayinsa ya inganta a karkashin sabon kocin Roberto Martínez, wanda ya yi amfani da Silva a matsayin daya daga cikin ginshiƙansa ga tawagarsa. Zai kammala kamfen din UEFA Euro 2024 tare da kwallaye uku da taimakon hudu, ciki har da kyaftin din Portugal a karo na farko a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2023, a cikin nasarar gida 9-0 na Luxembourg a wannan matakin, babbar nasara a tarihin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemos |first=Pedro |date=11 September 2023 |title=Portugal 9–0 Luxemburgo (crónica) |trans-title=Portugal 9–0 Luxembourg (report) |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/portugal/selecao-nacional/portugal-9-0-luxemburgo-cronica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929090211/https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/portugal/selecao-nacional/portugal-9-0-luxemburgo-cronica |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2024, an zaba shi a cikin tawagar mutum 26 don UEFA Euro 2024 . A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, Silva ya zira kwallaye na farko a babban gasa na Portugal, an ba shi lambar yabo ta wasan, yayin da ya zira kwallan farko a nasarar 3-0 a kan Turkiyya, inda ya tabbatar da cancantar kasarsa zuwa matakin knockout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo continues to break records |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/cristiano-ronaldo-continues-to-break-records-n/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=en.as.com}}</ref> A wasan da Portugal ta yi na 16 da Slovenia, ya buga cikakken minti 120 kuma ya zira kwallaye na uku na tawagar a wasan da suka ci 3-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal vs Slovenia: Line-ups |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036201--portugal-vs-slovenia/lineups/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> An kawar da Portugal a wasan kusa da na karshe ga Faransa bayan sun rasa 5-3 a wani harbi na kisa, duk da cewa sun zira kwallaye na biyu na kungiyarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanders |first=Emma |date=5 July 2024 |title=Portugal 0–0 France (France win 5–3 on pens) |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cy79llev4znt |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Silva ya buga wasan sa na 100 na kasa da kasa da Portugal da Denmark a lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na League, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2025 |title=Internacionais portugueses distinguidos |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/News/Todas-as-not%C3%ADcias/Not%C3%ADcia/news/48826/contextid/172 |publisher=Portuguese Football Federation |language=pt}}</ref> wanda ya ƙare da nasara 5-2 bayan karin lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2025 |title=Portugal 5–2 Denmark |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2043062/ |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Bayan an zaba shi don tawagar Portugal don wasan karshe, shi da tawagarsa za su ci gaba da lashe gasar 5-3 a wasan da aka yi da abokan hamayyar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Convocatória para Liga das Nações divulgada |trans-title=Nations League squad announced |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/News/Todas-as-notícias/Notícia/news/50645 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=[[Portuguese Football Federation]] |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2026, an zabi Silva a cikin tawagar mutum 26 don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. == Hanyar wasa == Silva karami ne, mai kyau, kuma mai kirkirar ƙafar hagu, tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙira, wanda ke iya yin wasa a wurare da yawa na kai hari da tsakiya. A duk lokacin da yake aiki, an sanya shi a matsayi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]] a kowane gefe (ko da yake yana son gefen dama na filin wasa), a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|Dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya]], a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa mai zurfi, a matsayin dan wasa na tsakiya mai kai hari, ko ma a matsayin dan gaba na biyu; an kuma tura shi a matsayin mai taka rawar 9 na ƙarya, ko ma da a matsayin dan baya a wani lokaci. An fi saninsa da dabararsa, hanzari, saurin aiki, wucewa, kula da kwallon, hangen nesa, kerawa, da ƙwarewar dribbling, da kuma ƙarfinsa da aikin tsaro, wanda ke ba shi damar rufe ƙasa, matsawa abokan adawar, da fara hare-hare bayan ya sami nasara. Kodayake an san shi da ikon ɗaukar kwallon gaba, gudu a tsaron, da riƙe mallaka, an kuma san shi da kasancewa mai basira mai kunnawa, tare da hali mai ƙarfi, wanda ya fi son shiga cikin haɓaka wasannin da ba su dace ba maimakon yin tseren dribbling. Duk da cewa da farko shi dan wasan tsakiya ne mai kirkirar kirkirar abubuwa, yana kuma iya zira kwallaye da kansa.<ref name="2019 Ballon d'Or Rankings">{{Cite web |last=Tighe |first=Sam |date=10 June 2019 |title=2019 Ballon d'Or Rankings After Champions League and Nations League Finals |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2839568-2019-ballon-dor-rankings-after-champions-league-and-nations-league-finals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006010229/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2839568-2019-ballon-dor-rankings-after-champions-league-and-nations-league-finals |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Chris |date=15 September 2016 |title=Bernardo Silva: Why Spurs conqueror could still end up at Manchester United |url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/bernardo-silva-why-spurs-conqueror-142851038.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006030733/https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/bernardo-silva-why-spurs-conqueror-142851038.html |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |publisher=Yahoo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alves |first=Marcus |date=13 December 2018 |title=Bernardo Silva: From Ball Boy to Perennial Sub to Manchester City Star |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2795457-bernardo-silva-from-ball-boy-to-perennial-sub-to-manchester-city-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006030736/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2795457-bernardo-silva-from-ball-boy-to-perennial-sub-to-manchester-city-star |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jolly |first=Richard |date=5 March 2021 |title=Manchester City: How the false nine became Pep Guardiola's Plan A |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/manchester-city-how-the-false-nine-became-pep-guardiolas-plan-a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429034811/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/features/manchester-city-how-the-false-nine-became-pep-guardiolas-plan-a |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 |publisher=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An bayyana Turanci na Silva a matsayin "cikakke" ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Bernardo Silva: Five things about 'little Messi,' set to join Manchester City |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/blog/soccer-transfers/3/post/3041796/bernardo-silva-five-things-about-little-messi-set-to-join-manchester-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403210743/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/blog/soccer-transfers/3/post/3041796/bernardo-silva-five-things-about-little-messi-set-to-join-manchester-city |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=12 March 2018 |publisher=ESPN |quote=It's reasonable to suppose he will settle quickly in England, especially considering his more-than-passable English skills, despite never having lived there.}}</ref> wani bangare sakamakon iyayensa da suka aiko shi zuwa makarantar Turanci a Lisbon lokacin da yake dan shekara shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2017 |title=Bernardo Silva reveals his Man City goals |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/man-city-news-bernardo-silva-13435458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411000359/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/man-city-news-bernardo-silva-13435458 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=12 March 2018 |website=Manchester Evening News |quote=He speaks softly, earnestly and in perfect English – a skill picked up from studying in a British college in Lisbon from a young age and improved further (more importantly) when it was established that it was the only common language he shared with his French girlfriend.}}</ref> Baya ga Turanci da asalinsa Portuguese, Silva yana magana da Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matallans |first=Javier |date=21 May 2020 |title=Bernardo Silva: "You can never write Real Madrid off" |url=https://en.as.com/en/2020/05/21/football/1590083237_875766.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726164619/https://en.as.com/en/2020/05/21/football/1590083237_875766.html |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=AS}}</ref> Dan uwansa Matilde Fidalgo, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1994, ya wakilci kungiyoyin mata na Portugal da Manchester City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Bernardo Silva e Matilde: primos à conversa na seleção |url=https://bancada.pt/futebol/portugal/bernardo-silva-e-matilde-primos-a-conversa-na-selecao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601192301/https://bancada.pt/futebol/portugal/bernardo-silva-e-matilde-primos-a-conversa-na-selecao |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=Bancada.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Silva tana da Bulldog na Faransa mai suna John bayan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa John Stones . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=FUR REAL? 'I'll take it as a compliment' – John Stones reveals reason why Man City teammate Bernardo Silva named his dog after him |url=https://talksport.com/football/1199366/why-is-bernardo-silvas-dog-named-after-john-stones-manchester-city/ |website=TalkSport}}</ref> Silva mai goyon bayan kulob din S.L. Benfica ne na Portugal. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2023, ya auri budurwarsa Inês Tomaz . == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 20 September 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Copa del Rey]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Benfica B |2013–14 |Ƙungiyar ta Biyu |38 |7 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |7 |- |Benfica |2013–14<ref name="ForaDeJogo" /> |Gasar Farko |1 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |Monaco (Lanoni) |2014–15<ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|accessdate=14 June 2019}}</ref> |[[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] |15 |2 |1 |1 |2 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]|name=UCL}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |21 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |Monaco |2014–15<ref name="SW" /> |Lig 1 |17 |7 |2 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|name=UCL}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |7 |- |2015–16<ref name="SW" /> |Lig 1 |32 |7 |3 |0 |1 |0 |8{{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |44 |7 |- |2016–17<ref name="SW" /> |Lig 1 |37 |8 |3 |0 |3 |0 |15{{Efn|name=UCL}} |3 | colspan="2" | - |58 |11 |- ! colspan="2" |Monaco duka !101 !24 !9 !1 !7 !0 !30 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !147 !28 |- | rowspan="10" |[[Manchester City F.C.|Birnin Manchester]] |2017–18 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |35 |6 |3 |1 |6 |1 |9{{Efn|name=UCL}} |1 | colspan="2" | - |53 |9 |- |2018–19 |Gasar Firimiya |36 |7 |4 |2 |2 |0 |8{{Efn|name=UCL}} |4 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]|name=FACS}} |0 |51 |13 |- |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya |34 |6 |4 |1 |6 |1 |7{{Efn|name=UCL}} |0 |1{{Efn|name=FACS}} |0 |52 |8 |- |2020–21 |Gasar Firimiya |26 |2 |3 |2 |3 |0 |13{{Efn|name=UCL}} |1 | colspan="2" | - |45 |5 |- |2021–22 |Gasar Firimiya |35 |8 |3 |2 |0 |0 |11{{Efn|name=UCL}} |3 |1{{Efn|name=FACS}} |0 |50 |13 |- |2022–23 |Gasar Firimiya |34 |4 |5 |0 |2 |0 |13{{Efn|name=UCL}} |3 |1{{Efn|name=FACS}} |0 |55 |7 |- |2023–24 |Gasar Firimiya |33 |6 |5 |3 |0 |0 |8{{Efn|name=UCL}} |2 |3{{Efn|One appearance in FA Community Shield, two appearances and one goal in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |1 |49 |12 |- |2024–25 |Gasar Firimiya |33 |4 |5 |0 |1 |0 |9{{Efn|name=UCL}} |0 |4{{Efn|One appearance and one goal in FA Community Shield, three appearances and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup}} |2 |52 |6 |- |2025–26 |Gasar Firimiya |38 |2 |4 |0 |3 |0 |8{{Efn|name=UCL}} |1 | colspan="2" | - |53 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !304 !45 !36 !11 !23 !2 !86 !15 !11 !3 !460 !76 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2026–27 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !450 !76 !46 !12 !31 !2 !116 !18 !11 !3 !654 !111 |} * [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]]: 2017-18, 2018-19, 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23, 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernardo Silva: Overview |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/5067/Bernardo-Silva/overview |access-date=25 May 2024 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> * [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]]: 2018-19, 2022-23, 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |title=FA Cup final LIVE: Chelsea vs Man City score, watch stream, commentary & updates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/report/clypx2em7drt |access-date=16 May 2026 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> * Kofin EFL: 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNulty |first=Phil |title=Carabao Cup final: Nico O'Reilly double helps Man City beat Arsenal at Wembley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy030p56zx4t |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> * FA Community Shield: 2018, 2019, 2024 * [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]]: 2022-23 * Kofin Duniya na FIFA: 2023 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> fviuqu6gt3fdozi6uoq8vuo2ubdi0h1 0 43715 965373 498005 2026-10-09T18:30:27Z Hauwau sulaiman 22635 965373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters|DeathJibril Aminu]] [[Fayil:Fagge Rep and Ex Kano State Cocas Chairman.jpg|thumb|Jibril Aminu]] '''Jibril Muhammad Aminu''' (An haife shi a watan Agusta, shekara ta 1939). [[Farfesa]] ne a fannin ilimin [[zuciya]].<ref name=":0">https://allafrica.com/stories/201001111360.html</ref> ya kasance Jakadan [[Najeriya]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003. Kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya a [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Najeriya]], inda ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2003. [[Peoples Democratic Party|Dan jam'iyyar]] PDP ne.<ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200436/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=19&page=1&state=4</ref> == Haihuwa da aikin ilimi == An haifi Aminu a watan Agusta na shekarar 1939. Ya yi karatun likitanci, inda ya samu digiri na MBBS daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Jami’ar Ibadan]] a shekarar 1965, sannan ya sami digiri na uku a fannin likitanci daga Royal Post-Graduate Medical School dake Landan a shekarar 1972. An naɗa shi Fellow of the [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Nigerian Academy of Science]] in 1972, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London a shekarar 1980 da Fellow of West African College of Physicians shi ma a shekarar 1980. An maishe shi Babban Jami'in Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Najeriya a shekarar 2004.<ref name=":1" /> Aminu ya kasance mai ba da shawara a fannin likitanci, Babban Malami kuma Babban Dean, Nazarin Clinical a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ibadan daga shekarar 1973 zuwa 1975 kuma Babban Sakatare na [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta ƙasa]] daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1979. Aminu ya kasance Farfesan Likita a Jami'ar Howard da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] (1979-1980) kuma Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] daga shekarar 1980-1985. Ya kuma taɓa zama Farfesa a fannin likitanci a [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] daga 1979 zuwa 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sana'ar siyasa == Aminu ya riƙe muƙamin ministan ilimi na tarayya sannan kuma ya riƙe ministan man fetur da ma'adinai na tarayya daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 1992. Lokacin da yayi ministan man fetur ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar masu samar da man fetur ta Afrika (1991) kuma shugaban ƙungiyar [[OPEC]] (1991-1992). An zaɓe shi a matsayin wakilin Majalisar Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa (1994-1995). Daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003, Aminu ya kasance jakadan Najeriya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]].<ref name=":1" /> An zaɓi Aminu a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya a shekarar 2003 sannan aka sake zaɓenshi a shekarar 2007. A matsayin Sanata Aminu an naɗa shi a kwamitocin harkokin ƙasashen waje, ilimi, sojojin sama da lafiya.<ref name=":1" /> A wani nazari na tsakiyar wa’adi da Sanatoci suka yi a watan Mayun shekarar 2009, ''Thisday'' ya ce bai ɗauki nauyin wani ƙudiri ba, amma ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen muhawara kan wasu ƙudirori. Ya tafiyar da Kwamitin Harkokin Waje da kyau, kuma ya himmantu sosai ga ayyukan Kwamitin Ilimi.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 2010, Ooni na Ife, Oba Sijuwade, ya naɗa Aminu "Bobaselu of The Source".<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jibril Aminu ya yi aure sau biyu. Matarsa a yanzu ita ce Hajiya Fatima Bukar Mulima wadda ta haifa masa ƴaƴa guda uku (3). Matarsa da ya saki ita ce Hajiya Ladi Ahmed, wadda ta haifa masa ƴaƴa shidda (6). Ƴaƴansa Bashiru Aminu da Murtala Muhammad Aminu masana tattalin arziki ne kuma ƴan kasuwa ne yayin da ƴaƴansa mata kuma ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi (Nana Aminu) da likitan haƙori ( [[Aminu Bello]]).<ref>https://punchng.com/dad-said-anyone-who-has-to-show-diplomatic-immunity-doesnt-deserve-it-prof-jubril-aminus-son/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ie3l15xqh7ryy58pc1roe2hp3r6ef0p 0 47922 965460 954710 2026-10-09T21:26:24Z Nura Bello 24854 965460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sub-Saharan_[[Africa]]_definition_UN.png|thumb|'''Haɗe kore''': Ma'anar "[[Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙididdiga cibiyoyin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] Light green: [[Sudan]], an rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Arewacin Afirka]] ta Sashen Ƙididdiga na Majalisar ɗinkin Turai maimakon Gabashin [[Afirka]], kodayake ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa "a sanya ƙasashe ko yankuna zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyoyi don dacewa da ƙididdiga kuma ba ya nuna wani zato game da siyasa ko wasu alaƙa da ƙasashe ko ƙasashe ko yanki".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 July 2013}} "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."</ref>]] [[File:Africa_map.png|thumb|'''Red''': Jihohin Larabawa a [[Afirka]] (Liga ta Larabawa da [[UNESCO]])]] [[File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayi mai sauƙi na [[Afirka]]: [[Afirka ta kudu]] da Sahara ta ƙunshi [[Sahel]] da Horn na [[Afirka]] a arewa (yellow), savannah na wurare masu zafi (kore mai haske) da gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi na Equatorial [[Afirka]], da kuma busassun Kalahari Basin (yellow) da kuma "Mediterranean" kudu maso gabar teku (olive) na Kudancin [[Afirka]]. Lambobin da aka nuna sun dace da kwanakin duk kayan tarihi na Iron Age da ke da alaƙa da faɗaɗa Bantu]] [[Afirka]] ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da '''yankuna''' na nahiyar [[Afirka]] da ke kudu da [[Sahara]]. Waɗannan sun hada da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|[[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya]], Afirka ta Gabas, [[Kudancin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da sauransu.Rashin bayani Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan ƙasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna. Kalmar tana kuma aiki azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin [[Afirka]], wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] –[[Arewacin Afirka] a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin [[Afirka]] su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da [[Somaliya|Somalia]] (da kuma wani lokacin [[Sudan]] ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na [[Afirka]], ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar [[Afirka]] sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a [[Sudan]], kodayake Sudd da kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin [[Arewacin Afirka da Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar [[Afirka]] don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na [[Afirka]] suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tafkuna da ƙarin koguna suka wanzu. == Nomenclature == [[File:Ethnographic map of Africa, Arabia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, from Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Ethnographic na Afirka, daga ''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' (1932)]] Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.<ref name="Raunig">{{cite book |last=Raunig |first=Walter |title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München |year=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=3-447-05175-2 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130 |quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography |access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gaba ɗaya ''bilâd as-sûdân'' ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.<ref name="Levtzion">[[Nehemia Levtzion]], Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.</ref> Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine ''Zanj'' ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Levtzion" /> Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambancin bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da [[Eritrea]] na zamani shine ''Al-Habash'' ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin ''Habesha''.<ref name="Robinson">Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.</ref><ref name="Blank">Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.</ref> A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko ''Bilad al-Barbar'' ("Land of the [[Abzinawa|Berbers]]"), wanda ke zaune da ''Baribah'' na Gabas ko ''Barbaroi'', kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.<ref name="Bagley">F.R.C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174</ref><ref name="Ogot">[[Bethwell A. Ogot]], ''Zamani: A Survey of East African History'', (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104</ref><ref name="Hastings">James Hastings, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na kakannin mu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu. == Yankunan yanayi da yankuna == [[File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png|thumb|Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin yanayin hamada mai zafi na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka (ja), yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel da yankunan da ke kewaye da hamada (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi ko yanayin zafi (kore), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, wanda kuma ke tsakiyar Namibia da Botswana.]] Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.<ref name=Schlebusch350-260>{{cite journal |last=Schlebusch |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-11-03_358_6363/page/652 |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |date=3 November 2017 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190910">{{cite journal |last1=Mounier |first1=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmid=31506422 |pmc=6736881 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri|first1=Eleanor M. L.|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Manica|first3=Andrea|last4=Gunz|first4=Philipp|last5=Stock|first5=Jay T.|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Grove|first7=Matt|last8=Groucutt|first8=Huw S.|last9=Timmermann|first9=Axel|author-link9=Axel Timmermann|last10=Rightmire|first10=G. Philip|last11=d’Errico|first11=Francesco|date=1 August 2018|title=Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=33|issue=8|pages=582–594|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005|issn=0169-5347|pmid=30007846|pmc=6092560}}</ref> * Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na [[Sahel]] a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Sudan]]. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi. * Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial. * Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha. * Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun [[Afirka]] ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka. * A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya. * Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. * Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga [[Angola]] zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. * Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada. * Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands. == Tarihi == ===Tarihi na farko=== [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool.jpg|thumb|Dutse daga Olduvai Gorge]] Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.<ref name="Shillington, Kevin 2005 p. 2">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 2, {{ISBN|0-333-59957-8}}.</ref> Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu. Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya. == Yawan jama'a == [[File:Africa population density.PNG|thumb|upright|Hauhawar ƙaruwar jama'a a Saharar Afirka, 2006]] [[File:Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|left|upright|Yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division |publisher=Esa.un.org |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615001511/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km^2. Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Ƙasa!! Yawan mutanen!! Faɗin ƙasa !! Ilimi<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28">(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, {{ISBN|978-0-8213-7787-1}}.</ref>!! GDP per Capita (PPP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>!![http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table Trans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |date=12 January 2019 }}&nbsp;(Rank/Score)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table |title=Research – CPI – Overview |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Life&nbsp;(Exp.)<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28"/> || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]] || [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2 EODBR/SAB]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Enabling Environment|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/business-enabling-environment|access-date=2023-02-12|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html PFI]&nbsp;(RANK/MARK) |- | [[Angola]] || 18,498,000 || 1,246,700 || 82.9%/54.2% || 6,800 || 168/2 || 42.4 || 0.486 || 172/171 || 132/58,43 |- | [[Burundi]] || 8,988,091 || 27,830 || 67.3%/52.2% || 700 || 168/1.8 || 49 || 0.316 || 176/130 || 103/29,00 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango]] || 68,692,542 || 2,345,410 || 80.9%/54.1% || 800 || 162/11.9 || 46.1 || 0.286 || 182/152 || 146/53,50 |- | [[Kamaru]] || 18,879,301 || 475,440 || 77%/59.8% || 3,700 || 146/2.2 || 50.3 || 0.482 || 171/174 || 109/30,50 |- | [[Afirka ta Tsakiya]] || 4,511,488 || 622,984 || 64.8%/33.5% || 700 || 158/2.8 || 44.4 || 0.343 || 183/159 || 80/17,75 |- | [[Cadi]] || 10,329,208 || 1,284,000 || 40.8%/12.8% || 2,300 || 175/1.6 || 50.6 || 0.328 || 178/182 || 132/44,50 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]] || 3,700,000 || 342,000 || 90.5%/ 79.0% ||800 || 162/1.9 || 54.8 || 0.533 || N/A || 116/34,25 |- | [[Gini Ikwatoriya]] || 1,110,000 || 28,051 || 93.4%/80.3% || 37,400 || 168/1.8 || 51.1 || 0.537 || 170/178 || 158/65,50 |- | [[Gabon]] || 1,514,993 || 267,667 || 88.5%/79.7% || 18,100 || 106/2.9 || 56.7 || 0.674 || 158/152 || 129/43,50 |- | [[Kenya]] || 39,002,772 || 582,650 || 77.7%/70.2 || 3,500 || 146/2.2 || 57.8 || 0.519 || 95/124 || 96/25,00 |- | [[Najeriya]] ||174,507,539 || 923,768 || 84.4%/72.7%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |title=National Literacy Survey |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |date=June 2010 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917115717/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |archive-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> || 5,900 || 136/2.7 || 57 || 0.504 || 131/120 || 112/34.24 |- | [[Ruwanda]] || 10,473,282 || 26,338 || 71.4%/59.8% || 2,100 || 89/3.3 || 46.8 || 0.429 || 67/11 || 157/64,67 |- | [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe]] || 212,679 || 1,001 || 92.2%/77.9%|| 3,200 || 111/2.8 || 65.2 || 0.509 || 180/140 || NA |- | [[Tanzaniya]] || 44,928,923 || 945,087 || 77.5%/62.2% || 3,200 || 126/2.6 || 51.9 || 0.466 || 131/120 || NA/15,50 |- | [[Uganda]] || 32,369,558 || 236,040 || 76.8%/57.7 || 2,400 || 130/2.5 || 50.7 || 0.446 || 112/129 || 86/21,50 |- | [[Sudan]] || 31,894,000 || 1,886,068 || 79.6%/60.8% || 4,300|| 176/1.5 || 62.57<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 0.408 || 154/118 || 148/54,00 |- | [[Sudan ta Kudu]] || 8,260,490 || 619,745 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Jibuti (ƙasa)]] || 516,055 || 23,000 || N/A || 3,600 || 111/2.8 || 54.5 || 0.430 || 163/177 || 110/31,00 |- | [[Eritrea]] || 5,647,168 || 121,320 || N/A || 1,600 || 126/2.6 || 57.3 || 0.349 || 175/181 || 175/115,50 |- | [[Ethiopia]] || 85,237,338 || 1,127,127 || 50%/28.8% || 2,200 || 120/2.7 || 52.5 || 0.363 || 107/93 || 140/49,00 |- | [[Somaliya]] || 9,832,017 || 637,657 || N/A || N/A || 180/1.1 || 47.7 || N/A || N/A || 164/77,50 |- | [[Botswana]] || 1,990,876 || 600,370 || 80.4%/81.8% || 17,000 || 37/5.6 || 49.8 || 0.633 || 45/83 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Komoros]] || 752,438 || 2,170 || N/A || 1,600 || 143/2.3 || 63.2 || 0.433 || 162/168 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Lesotho]] || 2,130,819 || 30,355 || 73.7%/90.3% || 3,300 || 89/3.3 || 42.9 || 0.450 || 130/131 || 99/27,50 |- | [[Madagaskar]] || 19,625,000 || 587,041 || 76.5%/65.3% || 1,600 || 99/3.0 || 59 || 0.480 || 134/12 || 134/45,83 |- | [[Malawi]] || 14,268,711 || 118,480 || N/A || 1,200 || 89/3.3 || 47.6 || 0.400 || 132/128 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Mauritius]] || 1,284,264 || 2,040 || 88.2%/80.5% || 22,300 || 42/5.4 || 73.2 || 0.728 || 17/10 || 51/14,00 |- | [[Mozambique]] || 21,669,278 || 801,590 || N/A || 1,300 || 130/2.5 || 42.5 || 0.322 || 135/96 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Namibiya]] || 2,108,665 || 825,418 || 86.8%/83.6% || 11,200 || 56/4.5 || 52.5 || 0.625 || 66/123 || 35/9,00 |- | [[Seychelles]] || 87,476 || 455 || 91.4%/92.3% || 29,300 || 54/4.8 || 72.2 || 0.773 || 111/81 || 72/16,00 |- | [[Afirka ta Kudu]] || 59,899,991|| 1,219,912 || N/A || 13,600 || 55/4.7 || 50.7 || 0.619 || 34/67 || 33/8,50 |- | [[Eswatini]] || 1,123,913 || 17,363 || 80.9%/78.3% || 11,089 || 79/3.6 || 40.8 || 0.608 || 115/158 || 144/52,50 |- | [[Zambia]] || 11,862,740 || 752,614 || N/A || 4,000 || 99/3.0 || 41.7 || 0.430 || 90/94 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] || 11,392,629 || 390,580 || 92.7%/86.2% || 2,300 || 146/2.2 || 42.7 || 0.376 || 159/155 || 136/46,50 |- | [[Benin]] || 8,791,832 || 112,620 || 47.9%/42.3% || 2,300 || 106/2.9 || 56.2 || 0.427 || 172/155 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Mali]] || 12,666,987 || 1,240,000 || 32.7%/15.9% || 2,200 || 111/2.8 || 53.8 || 0.359 || 156/139 || 38/8,00 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] ||15,730,977 ||274,200 ||25.3% ||1,900 ||79/3.6 ||51 ||0.331 ||150/116 ||N/A |- | [[Cape Verde]] ||499,000 ||322,462 || ||7,000 | || || || || |- | [[Ivory Coast]] ||20,617,068 || 322,463 || ||3,900 | || || || || |- | [[Gambiya]] ||1,782,893 || 11,295 || ||2,600 | || || || || |- | [[Ghana]] ||24,200,000 || 238,535 || ||4,700 | || || || || |- | [[Gine]] ||10,057,975 || 245,857 || || 2,200|| || || || || |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||1,647,000 || 36,125 || || 1,900|| || || || || |- | [[Liberia]] ||4,128,572 || 111,369 || ||1,300 | || || || || |- | [[Mauritaniya]] ||3,359,185 || 1,030,700 || ||4,500 | || || || || |- | [[Nijar]] ||17,129,076 || 1,267,000 || ||1,200 | || || || || |- | [[Senegal]] ||12,855,153 || 196,712 || ||3,500 | || || || || |- | [[Sierra Leone]] ||6,190,280 || 71,740 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Togo]] ||7,154,237 || 56,785 || ||1,700 | || || || || |} == Harshe da ƙabilu == [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Yoruba people|Yarbawa]] Makaɗa Ganga na Niger-Congo)]] [[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|A [[San people|San]] albumar Khoisan ]] [[File:Maasai women and children.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Maasai]] mata da yaran Masai]] [[File:Eritrean Women.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|matan Saho]] [[File:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55| Boer]] Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da [[Bantu]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Yarbawa]], [[Zulu]], da [[Fillanci|Fulatanci]], yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da [[Kiswahili|Swahili]], [[Hausa]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], Zulu, da [[Amharik|Amharic]]. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara. == Tattalin arziƙi == Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pugliese |first=Jessica |date=2 January 2014 |title=Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|brookings.edu]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032119/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ilimi == Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi: * Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018. * Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara. * Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga. * Faɗaɗa ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi. Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.<ref name="buanews.gov.za">{{cite news|last1=Gabara|first1=Nthambeleni|title=Developed nations should invest in African universities|url=http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|website=buanews.gov.za|publisher=BuaNews Online|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223004951/http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|archive-date=23 February 2012|date=12 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |title=How severe is Africa's Brain Drain? |last=Firsing |first=Scott |date=18 January 2016 |website=London School of Economics Blogs |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025134/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |title=African brain drain: is there an alternative? |last=Ngwé |first=Luc |date=24 January 2018 |website=UNESCO |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511134037/https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |archive-date=11 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Al'adu == Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.<ref name="Intercultural Press">{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Yale |last2=Gestrin |first2=Phyllis |title=Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity |date=2009 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-931930-91-8 |url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001144355/http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.[[File:TrebleKalimba.jpg|thumb|wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba]] * Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku. * Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. * Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman. * Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin. * Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. * Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama. * Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. == Yawon buɗe ido == An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf |title=Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |title=South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government |publisher=BBC |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118115401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Yanki == * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] * [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS)]] * Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) * Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) * Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD) * Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD) * Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) * Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} lazimre1xd961ranmnegjkhum7e4g1v 965486 965460 2026-10-09T21:32:54Z Nura Bello 24854 965486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sub-Saharan_[[Africa]]_definition_UN.png|thumb|'''Haɗe kore''': Ma'anar "[[Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙididdiga cibiyoyin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] Light green: [[Sudan]], an rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Arewacin Afirka]] ta Sashen Ƙididdiga na Majalisar ɗinkin Turai maimakon Gabashin [[Afirka]], kodayake ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa "a sanya ƙasashe ko yankuna zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyoyi don dacewa da ƙididdiga kuma ba ya nuna wani zato game da siyasa ko wasu alaƙa da ƙasashe ko ƙasashe ko yanki".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 July 2013}} "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."</ref>]] [[File:Africa_map.png|thumb|'''Red''': Jihohin Larabawa a [[Afirka]] (Liga ta Larabawa da [[UNESCO]])]] [[File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayi mai sauƙi na [[Afirka]]: [[Afirka ta kudu]] da Sahara ta ƙunshi [[Sahel]] da Horn na [[Afirka]] a arewa (yellow), savannah na wurare masu zafi (kore mai haske) da gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi na Equatorial [[Afirka]], da kuma busassun Kalahari Basin (yellow) da kuma "Mediterranean" kudu maso gabar teku (olive) na Kudancin [[Afirka]]. Lambobin da aka nuna sun dace da kwanakin duk kayan tarihi na Iron Age da ke da alaƙa da faɗaɗa Bantu]] [[Afirka]] ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da '''yankuna''' na nahiyar [[Afirka]] da ke kudu da [[Sahara]]. Waɗannan sun hada da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|[[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya]], Afirka ta Gabas, [[Kudancin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da sauransu.Rashin bayani Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan ƙasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna. Kalmar tana kuma aiki ne azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin [[Afirka]], wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] –[[Arewacin Afirka] a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin [[Afirka]] su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da [[Somaliya|Somalia]] (da kuma wani lokacin [[Sudan]] ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na [[Afirka]], ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar [[Afirka]] sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a [[Sudan]], kodayake Sudd da kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin [[Arewacin Afirka da Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar [[Afirka]] don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na [[Afirka]] suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tafkuna da ƙarin koguna suka wanzu. == Nomenclature == [[File:Ethnographic map of Africa, Arabia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, from Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Ethnographic na Afirka, daga ''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' (1932)]] Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.<ref name="Raunig">{{cite book |last=Raunig |first=Walter |title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München |year=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=3-447-05175-2 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130 |quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography |access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gaba ɗaya ''bilâd as-sûdân'' ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.<ref name="Levtzion">[[Nehemia Levtzion]], Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.</ref> Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine ''Zanj'' ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Levtzion" /> Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambancin bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da [[Eritrea]] na zamani shine ''Al-Habash'' ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin ''Habesha''.<ref name="Robinson">Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.</ref><ref name="Blank">Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.</ref> A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko ''Bilad al-Barbar'' ("Land of the [[Abzinawa|Berbers]]"), wanda ke zaune da ''Baribah'' na Gabas ko ''Barbaroi'', kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.<ref name="Bagley">F.R.C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174</ref><ref name="Ogot">[[Bethwell A. Ogot]], ''Zamani: A Survey of East African History'', (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104</ref><ref name="Hastings">James Hastings, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na kakannin mu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu. == Yankunan yanayi da yankuna == [[File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png|thumb|Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin yanayin hamada mai zafi na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka (ja), yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel da yankunan da ke kewaye da hamada (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi ko yanayin zafi (kore), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, wanda kuma ke tsakiyar Namibia da Botswana.]] Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.<ref name=Schlebusch350-260>{{cite journal |last=Schlebusch |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-11-03_358_6363/page/652 |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |date=3 November 2017 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190910">{{cite journal |last1=Mounier |first1=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmid=31506422 |pmc=6736881 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri|first1=Eleanor M. L.|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Manica|first3=Andrea|last4=Gunz|first4=Philipp|last5=Stock|first5=Jay T.|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Grove|first7=Matt|last8=Groucutt|first8=Huw S.|last9=Timmermann|first9=Axel|author-link9=Axel Timmermann|last10=Rightmire|first10=G. Philip|last11=d’Errico|first11=Francesco|date=1 August 2018|title=Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=33|issue=8|pages=582–594|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005|issn=0169-5347|pmid=30007846|pmc=6092560}}</ref> * Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na [[Sahel]] a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Sudan]]. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi. * Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial. * Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha. * Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun [[Afirka]] ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka. * A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya. * Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. * Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga [[Angola]] zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. * Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada. * Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands. == Tarihi == ===Tarihi na farko=== [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool.jpg|thumb|Dutse daga Olduvai Gorge]] Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.<ref name="Shillington, Kevin 2005 p. 2">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 2, {{ISBN|0-333-59957-8}}.</ref> Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu. Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya. == Yawan jama'a == [[File:Africa population density.PNG|thumb|upright|Hauhawar ƙaruwar jama'a a Saharar Afirka, 2006]] [[File:Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|left|upright|Yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division |publisher=Esa.un.org |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615001511/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km^2. Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Ƙasa!! Yawan mutanen!! Faɗin ƙasa !! Ilimi<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28">(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, {{ISBN|978-0-8213-7787-1}}.</ref>!! GDP per Capita (PPP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>!![http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table Trans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |date=12 January 2019 }}&nbsp;(Rank/Score)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table |title=Research – CPI – Overview |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Life&nbsp;(Exp.)<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28"/> || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]] || [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2 EODBR/SAB]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Enabling Environment|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/business-enabling-environment|access-date=2023-02-12|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html PFI]&nbsp;(RANK/MARK) |- | [[Angola]] || 18,498,000 || 1,246,700 || 82.9%/54.2% || 6,800 || 168/2 || 42.4 || 0.486 || 172/171 || 132/58,43 |- | [[Burundi]] || 8,988,091 || 27,830 || 67.3%/52.2% || 700 || 168/1.8 || 49 || 0.316 || 176/130 || 103/29,00 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango]] || 68,692,542 || 2,345,410 || 80.9%/54.1% || 800 || 162/11.9 || 46.1 || 0.286 || 182/152 || 146/53,50 |- | [[Kamaru]] || 18,879,301 || 475,440 || 77%/59.8% || 3,700 || 146/2.2 || 50.3 || 0.482 || 171/174 || 109/30,50 |- | [[Afirka ta Tsakiya]] || 4,511,488 || 622,984 || 64.8%/33.5% || 700 || 158/2.8 || 44.4 || 0.343 || 183/159 || 80/17,75 |- | [[Cadi]] || 10,329,208 || 1,284,000 || 40.8%/12.8% || 2,300 || 175/1.6 || 50.6 || 0.328 || 178/182 || 132/44,50 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]] || 3,700,000 || 342,000 || 90.5%/ 79.0% ||800 || 162/1.9 || 54.8 || 0.533 || N/A || 116/34,25 |- | [[Gini Ikwatoriya]] || 1,110,000 || 28,051 || 93.4%/80.3% || 37,400 || 168/1.8 || 51.1 || 0.537 || 170/178 || 158/65,50 |- | [[Gabon]] || 1,514,993 || 267,667 || 88.5%/79.7% || 18,100 || 106/2.9 || 56.7 || 0.674 || 158/152 || 129/43,50 |- | [[Kenya]] || 39,002,772 || 582,650 || 77.7%/70.2 || 3,500 || 146/2.2 || 57.8 || 0.519 || 95/124 || 96/25,00 |- | [[Najeriya]] ||174,507,539 || 923,768 || 84.4%/72.7%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |title=National Literacy Survey |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |date=June 2010 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917115717/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |archive-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> || 5,900 || 136/2.7 || 57 || 0.504 || 131/120 || 112/34.24 |- | [[Ruwanda]] || 10,473,282 || 26,338 || 71.4%/59.8% || 2,100 || 89/3.3 || 46.8 || 0.429 || 67/11 || 157/64,67 |- | [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe]] || 212,679 || 1,001 || 92.2%/77.9%|| 3,200 || 111/2.8 || 65.2 || 0.509 || 180/140 || NA |- | [[Tanzaniya]] || 44,928,923 || 945,087 || 77.5%/62.2% || 3,200 || 126/2.6 || 51.9 || 0.466 || 131/120 || NA/15,50 |- | [[Uganda]] || 32,369,558 || 236,040 || 76.8%/57.7 || 2,400 || 130/2.5 || 50.7 || 0.446 || 112/129 || 86/21,50 |- | [[Sudan]] || 31,894,000 || 1,886,068 || 79.6%/60.8% || 4,300|| 176/1.5 || 62.57<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 0.408 || 154/118 || 148/54,00 |- | [[Sudan ta Kudu]] || 8,260,490 || 619,745 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Jibuti (ƙasa)]] || 516,055 || 23,000 || N/A || 3,600 || 111/2.8 || 54.5 || 0.430 || 163/177 || 110/31,00 |- | [[Eritrea]] || 5,647,168 || 121,320 || N/A || 1,600 || 126/2.6 || 57.3 || 0.349 || 175/181 || 175/115,50 |- | [[Ethiopia]] || 85,237,338 || 1,127,127 || 50%/28.8% || 2,200 || 120/2.7 || 52.5 || 0.363 || 107/93 || 140/49,00 |- | [[Somaliya]] || 9,832,017 || 637,657 || N/A || N/A || 180/1.1 || 47.7 || N/A || N/A || 164/77,50 |- | [[Botswana]] || 1,990,876 || 600,370 || 80.4%/81.8% || 17,000 || 37/5.6 || 49.8 || 0.633 || 45/83 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Komoros]] || 752,438 || 2,170 || N/A || 1,600 || 143/2.3 || 63.2 || 0.433 || 162/168 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Lesotho]] || 2,130,819 || 30,355 || 73.7%/90.3% || 3,300 || 89/3.3 || 42.9 || 0.450 || 130/131 || 99/27,50 |- | [[Madagaskar]] || 19,625,000 || 587,041 || 76.5%/65.3% || 1,600 || 99/3.0 || 59 || 0.480 || 134/12 || 134/45,83 |- | [[Malawi]] || 14,268,711 || 118,480 || N/A || 1,200 || 89/3.3 || 47.6 || 0.400 || 132/128 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Mauritius]] || 1,284,264 || 2,040 || 88.2%/80.5% || 22,300 || 42/5.4 || 73.2 || 0.728 || 17/10 || 51/14,00 |- | [[Mozambique]] || 21,669,278 || 801,590 || N/A || 1,300 || 130/2.5 || 42.5 || 0.322 || 135/96 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Namibiya]] || 2,108,665 || 825,418 || 86.8%/83.6% || 11,200 || 56/4.5 || 52.5 || 0.625 || 66/123 || 35/9,00 |- | [[Seychelles]] || 87,476 || 455 || 91.4%/92.3% || 29,300 || 54/4.8 || 72.2 || 0.773 || 111/81 || 72/16,00 |- | [[Afirka ta Kudu]] || 59,899,991|| 1,219,912 || N/A || 13,600 || 55/4.7 || 50.7 || 0.619 || 34/67 || 33/8,50 |- | [[Eswatini]] || 1,123,913 || 17,363 || 80.9%/78.3% || 11,089 || 79/3.6 || 40.8 || 0.608 || 115/158 || 144/52,50 |- | [[Zambia]] || 11,862,740 || 752,614 || N/A || 4,000 || 99/3.0 || 41.7 || 0.430 || 90/94 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] || 11,392,629 || 390,580 || 92.7%/86.2% || 2,300 || 146/2.2 || 42.7 || 0.376 || 159/155 || 136/46,50 |- | [[Benin]] || 8,791,832 || 112,620 || 47.9%/42.3% || 2,300 || 106/2.9 || 56.2 || 0.427 || 172/155 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Mali]] || 12,666,987 || 1,240,000 || 32.7%/15.9% || 2,200 || 111/2.8 || 53.8 || 0.359 || 156/139 || 38/8,00 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] ||15,730,977 ||274,200 ||25.3% ||1,900 ||79/3.6 ||51 ||0.331 ||150/116 ||N/A |- | [[Cape Verde]] ||499,000 ||322,462 || ||7,000 | || || || || |- | [[Ivory Coast]] ||20,617,068 || 322,463 || ||3,900 | || || || || |- | [[Gambiya]] ||1,782,893 || 11,295 || ||2,600 | || || || || |- | [[Ghana]] ||24,200,000 || 238,535 || ||4,700 | || || || || |- | [[Gine]] ||10,057,975 || 245,857 || || 2,200|| || || || || |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||1,647,000 || 36,125 || || 1,900|| || || || || |- | [[Liberia]] ||4,128,572 || 111,369 || ||1,300 | || || || || |- | [[Mauritaniya]] ||3,359,185 || 1,030,700 || ||4,500 | || || || || |- | [[Nijar]] ||17,129,076 || 1,267,000 || ||1,200 | || || || || |- | [[Senegal]] ||12,855,153 || 196,712 || ||3,500 | || || || || |- | [[Sierra Leone]] ||6,190,280 || 71,740 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Togo]] ||7,154,237 || 56,785 || ||1,700 | || || || || |} == Harshe da ƙabilu == [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Yoruba people|Yarbawa]] Makaɗa Ganga na Niger-Congo)]] [[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|A [[San people|San]] albumar Khoisan ]] [[File:Maasai women and children.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Maasai]] mata da yaran Masai]] [[File:Eritrean Women.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|matan Saho]] [[File:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55| Boer]] Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da [[Bantu]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Yarbawa]], [[Zulu]], da [[Fillanci|Fulatanci]], yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da [[Kiswahili|Swahili]], [[Hausa]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], Zulu, da [[Amharik|Amharic]]. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara. == Tattalin arziƙi == Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pugliese |first=Jessica |date=2 January 2014 |title=Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|brookings.edu]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032119/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ilimi == Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi: * Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018. * Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara. * Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga. * Faɗaɗa ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi. Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.<ref name="buanews.gov.za">{{cite news|last1=Gabara|first1=Nthambeleni|title=Developed nations should invest in African universities|url=http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|website=buanews.gov.za|publisher=BuaNews Online|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223004951/http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|archive-date=23 February 2012|date=12 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |title=How severe is Africa's Brain Drain? |last=Firsing |first=Scott |date=18 January 2016 |website=London School of Economics Blogs |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025134/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |title=African brain drain: is there an alternative? |last=Ngwé |first=Luc |date=24 January 2018 |website=UNESCO |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511134037/https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |archive-date=11 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Al'adu == Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.<ref name="Intercultural Press">{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Yale |last2=Gestrin |first2=Phyllis |title=Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity |date=2009 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-931930-91-8 |url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001144355/http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.[[File:TrebleKalimba.jpg|thumb|wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba]] * Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku. * Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. * Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman. * Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin. * Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. * Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama. * Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. == Yawon buɗe ido == An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf |title=Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |title=South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government |publisher=BBC |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118115401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Yanki == * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] * [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS)]] * Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) * Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) * Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD) * Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD) * Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) * Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 6arnmgptcekml00bkr7ysqj8pmd75v0 965489 965486 2026-10-09T21:34:49Z Nura Bello 24854 965489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sub-Saharan_[[Africa]]_definition_UN.png|thumb|'''Haɗe kore''': Ma'anar "[[Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙididdiga cibiyoyin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] Light green: [[Sudan]], an rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Arewacin Afirka]] ta Sashen Ƙididdiga na Majalisar ɗinkin Turai maimakon Gabashin [[Afirka]], kodayake ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa "a sanya ƙasashe ko yankuna zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyoyi don dacewa da ƙididdiga kuma ba ya nuna wani zato game da siyasa ko wasu alaƙa da ƙasashe ko ƙasashe ko yanki".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 July 2013}} "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."</ref>]] [[File:Africa_map.png|thumb|'''Red''': Jihohin Larabawa a [[Afirka]] (Liga ta Larabawa da [[UNESCO]])]] [[File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayi mai sauƙi na [[Afirka]]: [[Afirka ta kudu]] da Sahara ta ƙunshi [[Sahel]] da Horn na [[Afirka]] a arewa (yellow), savannah na wurare masu zafi (kore mai haske) da gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi na Equatorial [[Afirka]], da kuma busassun Kalahari Basin (yellow) da kuma "Mediterranean" kudu maso gabar teku (olive) na Kudancin [[Afirka]]. Lambobin da aka nuna sun dace da kwanakin duk kayan tarihi na Iron Age da ke da alaƙa da faɗaɗa Bantu]] [[Afirka]] ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da '''yankuna''' na nahiyar [[Afirka]] da ke kudu da [[Sahara]]. Waɗannan sun hada da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|[[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya]], Afirka ta Gabas, [[Kudancin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da sauransu.Rashin bayani Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan ƙasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna. Kalmar tana kuma aiki ne azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin [[Afirka]], wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] –[[Arewacin Afirka] a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin [[Afirka]] su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da [[Somaliya|Somalia]] (da kuma wani lokacin [[Sudan]] ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na [[Afirka]], ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar [[Afirka]] sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a [[Sudan]], kodayake Sudd da kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin [[Arewacin Afirka da Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar [[Afirka]] don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na [[Afirka]] suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tafkuna da ƙarin koguna suka wanzu. == Nomenclature == [[File:Ethnographic map of Africa, Arabia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, from Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Ethnographic na Afirka, daga ''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' (1932)]] Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.<ref name="Raunig">{{cite book |last=Raunig |first=Walter |title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München |year=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=3-447-05175-2 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130 |quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography |access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gaba ɗaya ''bilâd as-sûdân'' ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.<ref name="Levtzion">[[Nehemia Levtzion]], Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.</ref> Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine ''Zanj'' ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Levtzion" /> Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambancin bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da [[Eritrea]] na zamani shine ''Al-Habash'' ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin ''Habesha''.<ref name="Robinson">Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.</ref><ref name="Blank">Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.</ref> A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko ''Bilad al-Barbar'' ("Land of the [[Abzinawa|Berbers]]"), wanda ke zaune da ''Baribah'' na Gabas ko ''Barbaroi'', kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.<ref name="Bagley">F.R.C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174</ref><ref name="Ogot">[[Bethwell A. Ogot]], ''Zamani: A Survey of East African History'', (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104</ref><ref name="Hastings">James Hastings, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na kakannin mu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu. == Yankunan yanayi da yankuna == [[File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png|thumb|Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin yanayin hamada mai zafi na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka (ja), yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel da yankunan da ke kewaye da hamada (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi ko yanayin zafi (kore), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, wanda kuma ke tsakiyar Namibia da Botswana.]] Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.<ref name=Schlebusch350-260>{{cite journal |last=Schlebusch |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-11-03_358_6363/page/652 |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |date=3 November 2017 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190910">{{cite journal |last1=Mounier |first1=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmid=31506422 |pmc=6736881 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri|first1=Eleanor M. L.|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Manica|first3=Andrea|last4=Gunz|first4=Philipp|last5=Stock|first5=Jay T.|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Grove|first7=Matt|last8=Groucutt|first8=Huw S.|last9=Timmermann|first9=Axel|author-link9=Axel Timmermann|last10=Rightmire|first10=G. Philip|last11=d’Errico|first11=Francesco|date=1 August 2018|title=Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=33|issue=8|pages=582–594|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005|issn=0169-5347|pmid=30007846|pmc=6092560}}</ref> * Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na [[Sahel]] a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Sudan]]. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi. * Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial. * Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha. * Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun [[Afirka]] ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka. * A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya. * Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. * Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga [[Angola]] zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. * Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada. * Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands. == Tarihi == ===Tarihi na farko=== [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool.jpg|thumb|Dutse daga Olduvai Gorge]] Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.<ref name="Shillington, Kevin 2005 p. 2">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 2, {{ISBN|0-333-59957-8}}.</ref> Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu. Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya. == Yawan jama'a == [[File:Africa population density.PNG|thumb|upright|Hauhawar ƙaruwar jama'a a Saharar Afirka, 2006]] [[File:Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|left|upright|Yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division |publisher=Esa.un.org |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615001511/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km^2. Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Ƙasa!! Yawan mutanen!! Faɗin ƙasa !! Ilimi<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28">(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, {{ISBN|978-0-8213-7787-1}}.</ref>!! GDP per Capita (PPP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>!![http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table Trans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |date=12 January 2019 }}&nbsp;(Rank/Score)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table |title=Research – CPI – Overview |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Life&nbsp;(Exp.)<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28"/> || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]] || [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2 EODBR/SAB]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Enabling Environment|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/business-enabling-environment|access-date=2023-02-12|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html PFI]&nbsp;(RANK/MARK) |- | [[Angola]] || 18,498,000 || 1,246,700 || 82.9%/54.2% || 6,800 || 168/2 || 42.4 || 0.486 || 172/171 || 132/58,43 |- | [[Burundi]] || 8,988,091 || 27,830 || 67.3%/52.2% || 700 || 168/1.8 || 49 || 0.316 || 176/130 || 103/29,00 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango]] || 68,692,542 || 2,345,410 || 80.9%/54.1% || 800 || 162/11.9 || 46.1 || 0.286 || 182/152 || 146/53,50 |- | [[Kamaru]] || 18,879,301 || 475,440 || 77%/59.8% || 3,700 || 146/2.2 || 50.3 || 0.482 || 171/174 || 109/30,50 |- | [[Afirka ta Tsakiya]] || 4,511,488 || 622,984 || 64.8%/33.5% || 700 || 158/2.8 || 44.4 || 0.343 || 183/159 || 80/17,75 |- | [[Cadi]] || 10,329,208 || 1,284,000 || 40.8%/12.8% || 2,300 || 175/1.6 || 50.6 || 0.328 || 178/182 || 132/44,50 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]] || 3,700,000 || 342,000 || 90.5%/ 79.0% ||800 || 162/1.9 || 54.8 || 0.533 || N/A || 116/34,25 |- | [[Gini Ikwatoriya]] || 1,110,000 || 28,051 || 93.4%/80.3% || 37,400 || 168/1.8 || 51.1 || 0.537 || 170/178 || 158/65,50 |- | [[Gabon]] || 1,514,993 || 267,667 || 88.5%/79.7% || 18,100 || 106/2.9 || 56.7 || 0.674 || 158/152 || 129/43,50 |- | [[Kenya]] || 39,002,772 || 582,650 || 77.7%/70.2 || 3,500 || 146/2.2 || 57.8 || 0.519 || 95/124 || 96/25,00 |- | [[Najeriya]] ||174,507,539 || 923,768 || 84.4%/72.7%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |title=National Literacy Survey |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |date=June 2010 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917115717/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |archive-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> || 5,900 || 136/2.7 || 57 || 0.504 || 131/120 || 112/34.24 |- | [[Ruwanda]] || 10,473,282 || 26,338 || 71.4%/59.8% || 2,100 || 89/3.3 || 46.8 || 0.429 || 67/11 || 157/64,67 |- | [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe]] || 212,679 || 1,001 || 92.2%/77.9%|| 3,200 || 111/2.8 || 65.2 || 0.509 || 180/140 || NA |- | [[Tanzaniya]] || 44,928,923 || 945,087 || 77.5%/62.2% || 3,200 || 126/2.6 || 51.9 || 0.466 || 131/120 || NA/15,50 |- | [[Uganda]] || 32,369,558 || 236,040 || 76.8%/57.7 || 2,400 || 130/2.5 || 50.7 || 0.446 || 112/129 || 86/21,50 |- | [[Sudan]] || 31,894,000 || 1,886,068 || 79.6%/60.8% || 4,300|| 176/1.5 || 62.57<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 0.408 || 154/118 || 148/54,00 |- | [[Sudan ta Kudu]] || 8,260,490 || 619,745 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Jibuti (ƙasa)]] || 516,055 || 23,000 || N/A || 3,600 || 111/2.8 || 54.5 || 0.430 || 163/177 || 110/31,00 |- | [[Eritrea]] || 5,647,168 || 121,320 || N/A || 1,600 || 126/2.6 || 57.3 || 0.349 || 175/181 || 175/115,50 |- | [[Ethiopia]] || 85,237,338 || 1,127,127 || 50%/28.8% || 2,200 || 120/2.7 || 52.5 || 0.363 || 107/93 || 140/49,00 |- | [[Somaliya]] || 9,832,017 || 637,657 || N/A || N/A || 180/1.1 || 47.7 || N/A || N/A || 164/77,50 |- | [[Botswana]] || 1,990,876 || 600,370 || 80.4%/81.8% || 17,000 || 37/5.6 || 49.8 || 0.633 || 45/83 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Komoros]] || 752,438 || 2,170 || N/A || 1,600 || 143/2.3 || 63.2 || 0.433 || 162/168 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Lesotho]] || 2,130,819 || 30,355 || 73.7%/90.3% || 3,300 || 89/3.3 || 42.9 || 0.450 || 130/131 || 99/27,50 |- | [[Madagaskar]] || 19,625,000 || 587,041 || 76.5%/65.3% || 1,600 || 99/3.0 || 59 || 0.480 || 134/12 || 134/45,83 |- | [[Malawi]] || 14,268,711 || 118,480 || N/A || 1,200 || 89/3.3 || 47.6 || 0.400 || 132/128 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Mauritius]] || 1,284,264 || 2,040 || 88.2%/80.5% || 22,300 || 42/5.4 || 73.2 || 0.728 || 17/10 || 51/14,00 |- | [[Mozambique]] || 21,669,278 || 801,590 || N/A || 1,300 || 130/2.5 || 42.5 || 0.322 || 135/96 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Namibiya]] || 2,108,665 || 825,418 || 86.8%/83.6% || 11,200 || 56/4.5 || 52.5 || 0.625 || 66/123 || 35/9,00 |- | [[Seychelles]] || 87,476 || 455 || 91.4%/92.3% || 29,300 || 54/4.8 || 72.2 || 0.773 || 111/81 || 72/16,00 |- | [[Afirka ta Kudu]] || 59,899,991|| 1,219,912 || N/A || 13,600 || 55/4.7 || 50.7 || 0.619 || 34/67 || 33/8,50 |- | [[Eswatini]] || 1,123,913 || 17,363 || 80.9%/78.3% || 11,089 || 79/3.6 || 40.8 || 0.608 || 115/158 || 144/52,50 |- | [[Zambia]] || 11,862,740 || 752,614 || N/A || 4,000 || 99/3.0 || 41.7 || 0.430 || 90/94 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] || 11,392,629 || 390,580 || 92.7%/86.2% || 2,300 || 146/2.2 || 42.7 || 0.376 || 159/155 || 136/46,50 |- | [[Benin]] || 8,791,832 || 112,620 || 47.9%/42.3% || 2,300 || 106/2.9 || 56.2 || 0.427 || 172/155 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Mali]] || 12,666,987 || 1,240,000 || 32.7%/15.9% || 2,200 || 111/2.8 || 53.8 || 0.359 || 156/139 || 38/8,00 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] ||15,730,977 ||274,200 ||25.3% ||1,900 ||79/3.6 ||51 ||0.331 ||150/116 ||N/A |- | [[Cape Verde]] ||499,000 ||322,462 || ||7,000 | || || || || |- | [[Ivory Coast]] ||20,617,068 || 322,463 || ||3,900 | || || || || |- | [[Gambiya]] ||1,782,893 || 11,295 || ||2,600 | || || || || |- | [[Ghana]] ||24,200,000 || 238,535 || ||4,700 | || || || || |- | [[Gine]] ||10,057,975 || 245,857 || || 2,200|| || || || || |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||1,647,000 || 36,125 || || 1,900|| || || || || |- | [[Liberia]] ||4,128,572 || 111,369 || ||1,300 | || || || || |- | [[Mauritaniya]] ||3,359,185 || 1,030,700 || ||4,500 | || || || || |- | [[Nijar]] ||17,129,076 || 1,267,000 || ||1,200 | || || || || |- | [[Senegal]] ||12,855,153 || 196,712 || ||3,500 | || || || || |- | [[Sierra Leone]] ||6,190,280 || 71,740 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Togo]] ||7,154,237 || 56,785 || ||1,700 | || || || || |} == Harshe da ƙabilu == [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Yoruba people|Yarbawa]] Makaɗa Ganga na Niger-Congo)]] [[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|A [[San people|San]] albumar Khoisan ]] [[File:Maasai women and children.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Maasai]] mata da yaran Masai]] [[File:Eritrean Women.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|matan Saho]] [[File:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55| Boer]] Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da [[Bantu]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Yarbawa]], [[Zulu]], da [[Fillanci|Fulatanci]], yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da [[Kiswahili|Swahili]], [[Hausa]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], Zulu, da [[Amharik|Amharic]]. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara. == Tattalin arziƙi == Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pugliese |first=Jessica |date=2 January 2014 |title=Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|brookings.edu]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032119/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ilimi == Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi: * Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018. * Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara. * Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga. * Faɗaɗa ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi. Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.<ref name="buanews.gov.za">{{cite news|last1=Gabara|first1=Nthambeleni|title=Developed nations should invest in African universities|url=http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|website=buanews.gov.za|publisher=BuaNews Online|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223004951/http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|archive-date=23 February 2012|date=12 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |title=How severe is Africa's Brain Drain? |last=Firsing |first=Scott |date=18 January 2016 |website=London School of Economics Blogs |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025134/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |title=African brain drain: is there an alternative? |last=Ngwé |first=Luc |date=24 January 2018 |website=UNESCO |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511134037/https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |archive-date=11 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Al'adu == Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.<ref name="Intercultural Press">{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Yale |last2=Gestrin |first2=Phyllis |title=Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity |date=2009 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-931930-91-8 |url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001144355/http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.[[File:TrebleKalimba.jpg|thumb|wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba]] * Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku. * Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. * Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman. * Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin. * Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. * Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama. * Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. == Yawon buɗe ido == An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf |title=Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |title=South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government |publisher=BBC |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118115401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Yanki == * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] * [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS)]] * Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) * Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) * Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD) * Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD) * Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) * Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 3rluyc1j5hyy6nwcxuox50n5yo20mpx 965491 965489 2026-10-09T21:39:44Z Nura Bello 24854 965491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sub-Saharan_[[Africa]]_definition_UN.png|thumb|'''Haɗe kore''': Ma'anar "[[Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙididdiga cibiyoyin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] Light green: [[Sudan]], an rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Arewacin Afirka]] ta Sashen Ƙididdiga na Majalisar ɗinkin Turai maimakon Gabashin [[Afirka]], kodayake ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa "a sanya ƙasashe ko yankuna zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyoyi don dacewa da ƙididdiga kuma ba ya nuna wani zato game da siyasa ko wasu alaƙa da ƙasashe ko ƙasashe ko yanki".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 July 2013}} "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."</ref>]] [[File:Africa_map.png|thumb|'''Red''': Jihohin Larabawa a [[Afirka]] (Liga ta Larabawa da [[UNESCO]])]] [[File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayi mai sauƙi na [[Afirka]]: [[Afirka ta kudu]] da Sahara ta ƙunshi [[Sahel]] da Horn na [[Afirka]] a arewa (yellow), savannah na wurare masu zafi (kore mai haske) da gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi na Equatorial [[Afirka]], da kuma busassun Kalahari Basin (yellow) da kuma "Mediterranean" kudu maso gabar teku (olive) na Kudancin [[Afirka]]. Lambobin da aka nuna sun dace da kwanakin duk kayan tarihi na Iron Age da ke da alaƙa da faɗaɗa Bantu]] [[Afirka]] ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da '''yankuna''' na nahiyar [[Afirka]] da ke kudu da [[Sahara]]. Waɗannan sun hada da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|[[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya]], Afirka ta Gabas, [[Kudancin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da sauransu.Rashin bayani Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan ƙasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna. Kalmar tana kuma aiki ne azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin [[Afirka]], wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] –[[Arewacin Afirka] a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin [[Afirka]] su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da [[Somaliya|Somalia]] (da kuma wani lokacin [[Sudan]] ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na [[Afirka]], ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar [[Afirka]] sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a [[Sudan]], kodayake Sudd da kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin [[Arewacin Afirka da Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar [[Afirka]] don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na [[Afirka]] suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tafkuna da ƙarin koguna suka wanzu. == Nomenclature == [[File:Ethnographic map of Africa, Arabia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, from Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Ethnographic na Afirka, daga ''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' (1932)]] Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.<ref name="Raunig">{{cite book |last=Raunig |first=Walter |title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München |year=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=3-447-05175-2 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130 |quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography |access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gaba ɗaya ''bilâd as-sûdân'' ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.<ref name="Levtzion">[[Nehemia Levtzion]], Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.</ref> Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine ''Zanj'' ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Levtzion" /> Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambance bambancin al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da [[Eritrea]] na zamani shine ''Al-Habash'' ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin ''Habesha''.<ref name="Robinson">Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.</ref><ref name="Blank">Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.</ref> A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko ''Bilad al-Barbar'' ("Land of the [[Abzinawa|Berbers]]"), wanda ke zaune da ''Baribah'' na Gabas ko ''Barbaroi'', kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.<ref name="Bagley">F.R.C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174</ref><ref name="Ogot">[[Bethwell A. Ogot]], ''Zamani: A Survey of East African History'', (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104</ref><ref name="Hastings">James Hastings, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na kakannin mu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu. == Yankunan yanayi da yankuna == [[File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png|thumb|Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin yanayin hamada mai zafi na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka (ja), yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel da yankunan da ke kewaye da hamada (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi ko yanayin zafi (kore), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, wanda kuma ke tsakiyar Namibia da Botswana.]] Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.<ref name=Schlebusch350-260>{{cite journal |last=Schlebusch |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-11-03_358_6363/page/652 |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |date=3 November 2017 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190910">{{cite journal |last1=Mounier |first1=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmid=31506422 |pmc=6736881 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri|first1=Eleanor M. L.|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Manica|first3=Andrea|last4=Gunz|first4=Philipp|last5=Stock|first5=Jay T.|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Grove|first7=Matt|last8=Groucutt|first8=Huw S.|last9=Timmermann|first9=Axel|author-link9=Axel Timmermann|last10=Rightmire|first10=G. Philip|last11=d’Errico|first11=Francesco|date=1 August 2018|title=Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=33|issue=8|pages=582–594|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005|issn=0169-5347|pmid=30007846|pmc=6092560}}</ref> * Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na [[Sahel]] a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Sudan]]. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi. * Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial. * Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha. * Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun [[Afirka]] ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka. * A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya. * Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. * Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga [[Angola]] zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. * Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada. * Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands. == Tarihi == ===Tarihi na farko=== [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool.jpg|thumb|Dutse daga Olduvai Gorge]] Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.<ref name="Shillington, Kevin 2005 p. 2">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 2, {{ISBN|0-333-59957-8}}.</ref> Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu. Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya. == Yawan jama'a == [[File:Africa population density.PNG|thumb|upright|Hauhawar ƙaruwar jama'a a Saharar Afirka, 2006]] [[File:Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|left|upright|Yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division |publisher=Esa.un.org |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615001511/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km^2. Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Ƙasa!! Yawan mutanen!! Faɗin ƙasa !! Ilimi<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28">(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, {{ISBN|978-0-8213-7787-1}}.</ref>!! GDP per Capita (PPP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>!![http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table Trans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |date=12 January 2019 }}&nbsp;(Rank/Score)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table |title=Research – CPI – Overview |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Life&nbsp;(Exp.)<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28"/> || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]] || [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2 EODBR/SAB]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Enabling Environment|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/business-enabling-environment|access-date=2023-02-12|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html PFI]&nbsp;(RANK/MARK) |- | [[Angola]] || 18,498,000 || 1,246,700 || 82.9%/54.2% || 6,800 || 168/2 || 42.4 || 0.486 || 172/171 || 132/58,43 |- | [[Burundi]] || 8,988,091 || 27,830 || 67.3%/52.2% || 700 || 168/1.8 || 49 || 0.316 || 176/130 || 103/29,00 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango]] || 68,692,542 || 2,345,410 || 80.9%/54.1% || 800 || 162/11.9 || 46.1 || 0.286 || 182/152 || 146/53,50 |- | [[Kamaru]] || 18,879,301 || 475,440 || 77%/59.8% || 3,700 || 146/2.2 || 50.3 || 0.482 || 171/174 || 109/30,50 |- | [[Afirka ta Tsakiya]] || 4,511,488 || 622,984 || 64.8%/33.5% || 700 || 158/2.8 || 44.4 || 0.343 || 183/159 || 80/17,75 |- | [[Cadi]] || 10,329,208 || 1,284,000 || 40.8%/12.8% || 2,300 || 175/1.6 || 50.6 || 0.328 || 178/182 || 132/44,50 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]] || 3,700,000 || 342,000 || 90.5%/ 79.0% ||800 || 162/1.9 || 54.8 || 0.533 || N/A || 116/34,25 |- | [[Gini Ikwatoriya]] || 1,110,000 || 28,051 || 93.4%/80.3% || 37,400 || 168/1.8 || 51.1 || 0.537 || 170/178 || 158/65,50 |- | [[Gabon]] || 1,514,993 || 267,667 || 88.5%/79.7% || 18,100 || 106/2.9 || 56.7 || 0.674 || 158/152 || 129/43,50 |- | [[Kenya]] || 39,002,772 || 582,650 || 77.7%/70.2 || 3,500 || 146/2.2 || 57.8 || 0.519 || 95/124 || 96/25,00 |- | [[Najeriya]] ||174,507,539 || 923,768 || 84.4%/72.7%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |title=National Literacy Survey |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |date=June 2010 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917115717/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |archive-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> || 5,900 || 136/2.7 || 57 || 0.504 || 131/120 || 112/34.24 |- | [[Ruwanda]] || 10,473,282 || 26,338 || 71.4%/59.8% || 2,100 || 89/3.3 || 46.8 || 0.429 || 67/11 || 157/64,67 |- | [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe]] || 212,679 || 1,001 || 92.2%/77.9%|| 3,200 || 111/2.8 || 65.2 || 0.509 || 180/140 || NA |- | [[Tanzaniya]] || 44,928,923 || 945,087 || 77.5%/62.2% || 3,200 || 126/2.6 || 51.9 || 0.466 || 131/120 || NA/15,50 |- | [[Uganda]] || 32,369,558 || 236,040 || 76.8%/57.7 || 2,400 || 130/2.5 || 50.7 || 0.446 || 112/129 || 86/21,50 |- | [[Sudan]] || 31,894,000 || 1,886,068 || 79.6%/60.8% || 4,300|| 176/1.5 || 62.57<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 0.408 || 154/118 || 148/54,00 |- | [[Sudan ta Kudu]] || 8,260,490 || 619,745 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Jibuti (ƙasa)]] || 516,055 || 23,000 || N/A || 3,600 || 111/2.8 || 54.5 || 0.430 || 163/177 || 110/31,00 |- | [[Eritrea]] || 5,647,168 || 121,320 || N/A || 1,600 || 126/2.6 || 57.3 || 0.349 || 175/181 || 175/115,50 |- | [[Ethiopia]] || 85,237,338 || 1,127,127 || 50%/28.8% || 2,200 || 120/2.7 || 52.5 || 0.363 || 107/93 || 140/49,00 |- | [[Somaliya]] || 9,832,017 || 637,657 || N/A || N/A || 180/1.1 || 47.7 || N/A || N/A || 164/77,50 |- | [[Botswana]] || 1,990,876 || 600,370 || 80.4%/81.8% || 17,000 || 37/5.6 || 49.8 || 0.633 || 45/83 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Komoros]] || 752,438 || 2,170 || N/A || 1,600 || 143/2.3 || 63.2 || 0.433 || 162/168 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Lesotho]] || 2,130,819 || 30,355 || 73.7%/90.3% || 3,300 || 89/3.3 || 42.9 || 0.450 || 130/131 || 99/27,50 |- | [[Madagaskar]] || 19,625,000 || 587,041 || 76.5%/65.3% || 1,600 || 99/3.0 || 59 || 0.480 || 134/12 || 134/45,83 |- | [[Malawi]] || 14,268,711 || 118,480 || N/A || 1,200 || 89/3.3 || 47.6 || 0.400 || 132/128 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Mauritius]] || 1,284,264 || 2,040 || 88.2%/80.5% || 22,300 || 42/5.4 || 73.2 || 0.728 || 17/10 || 51/14,00 |- | [[Mozambique]] || 21,669,278 || 801,590 || N/A || 1,300 || 130/2.5 || 42.5 || 0.322 || 135/96 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Namibiya]] || 2,108,665 || 825,418 || 86.8%/83.6% || 11,200 || 56/4.5 || 52.5 || 0.625 || 66/123 || 35/9,00 |- | [[Seychelles]] || 87,476 || 455 || 91.4%/92.3% || 29,300 || 54/4.8 || 72.2 || 0.773 || 111/81 || 72/16,00 |- | [[Afirka ta Kudu]] || 59,899,991|| 1,219,912 || N/A || 13,600 || 55/4.7 || 50.7 || 0.619 || 34/67 || 33/8,50 |- | [[Eswatini]] || 1,123,913 || 17,363 || 80.9%/78.3% || 11,089 || 79/3.6 || 40.8 || 0.608 || 115/158 || 144/52,50 |- | [[Zambia]] || 11,862,740 || 752,614 || N/A || 4,000 || 99/3.0 || 41.7 || 0.430 || 90/94 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] || 11,392,629 || 390,580 || 92.7%/86.2% || 2,300 || 146/2.2 || 42.7 || 0.376 || 159/155 || 136/46,50 |- | [[Benin]] || 8,791,832 || 112,620 || 47.9%/42.3% || 2,300 || 106/2.9 || 56.2 || 0.427 || 172/155 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Mali]] || 12,666,987 || 1,240,000 || 32.7%/15.9% || 2,200 || 111/2.8 || 53.8 || 0.359 || 156/139 || 38/8,00 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] ||15,730,977 ||274,200 ||25.3% ||1,900 ||79/3.6 ||51 ||0.331 ||150/116 ||N/A |- | [[Cape Verde]] ||499,000 ||322,462 || ||7,000 | || || || || |- | [[Ivory Coast]] ||20,617,068 || 322,463 || ||3,900 | || || || || |- | [[Gambiya]] ||1,782,893 || 11,295 || ||2,600 | || || || || |- | [[Ghana]] ||24,200,000 || 238,535 || ||4,700 | || || || || |- | [[Gine]] ||10,057,975 || 245,857 || || 2,200|| || || || || |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||1,647,000 || 36,125 || || 1,900|| || || || || |- | [[Liberia]] ||4,128,572 || 111,369 || ||1,300 | || || || || |- | [[Mauritaniya]] ||3,359,185 || 1,030,700 || ||4,500 | || || || || |- | [[Nijar]] ||17,129,076 || 1,267,000 || ||1,200 | || || || || |- | [[Senegal]] ||12,855,153 || 196,712 || ||3,500 | || || || || |- | [[Sierra Leone]] ||6,190,280 || 71,740 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Togo]] ||7,154,237 || 56,785 || ||1,700 | || || || || |} == Harshe da ƙabilu == [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Yoruba people|Yarbawa]] Makaɗa Ganga na Niger-Congo)]] [[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|A [[San people|San]] albumar Khoisan ]] [[File:Maasai women and children.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Maasai]] mata da yaran Masai]] [[File:Eritrean Women.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|matan Saho]] [[File:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55| Boer]] Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da [[Bantu]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Yarbawa]], [[Zulu]], da [[Fillanci|Fulatanci]], yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da [[Kiswahili|Swahili]], [[Hausa]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], Zulu, da [[Amharik|Amharic]]. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara. == Tattalin arziƙi == Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pugliese |first=Jessica |date=2 January 2014 |title=Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|brookings.edu]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032119/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ilimi == Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi: * Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018. * Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara. * Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga. * Faɗaɗa ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi. Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.<ref name="buanews.gov.za">{{cite news|last1=Gabara|first1=Nthambeleni|title=Developed nations should invest in African universities|url=http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|website=buanews.gov.za|publisher=BuaNews Online|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223004951/http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|archive-date=23 February 2012|date=12 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |title=How severe is Africa's Brain Drain? |last=Firsing |first=Scott |date=18 January 2016 |website=London School of Economics Blogs |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025134/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |title=African brain drain: is there an alternative? |last=Ngwé |first=Luc |date=24 January 2018 |website=UNESCO |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511134037/https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |archive-date=11 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Al'adu == Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.<ref name="Intercultural Press">{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Yale |last2=Gestrin |first2=Phyllis |title=Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity |date=2009 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-931930-91-8 |url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001144355/http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.[[File:TrebleKalimba.jpg|thumb|wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba]] * Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku. * Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. * Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman. * Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin. * Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. * Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama. * Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. == Yawon buɗe ido == An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf |title=Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |title=South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government |publisher=BBC |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118115401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Yanki == * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] * [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS)]] * Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) * Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) * Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD) * Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD) * Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) * Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} g2tps43faum7etwt7lizicmvgguh7g8 965492 965491 2026-10-09T21:41:42Z Nura Bello 24854 965492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sub-Saharan_[[Africa]]_definition_UN.png|thumb|'''Haɗe kore''': Ma'anar "[[Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙididdiga cibiyoyin [[Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] Light green: [[Sudan]], an rarraba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Arewacin Afirka]] ta Sashen Ƙididdiga na Majalisar ɗinkin Turai maimakon Gabashin [[Afirka]], kodayake ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa "a sanya ƙasashe ko yankuna zuwa takamaiman ƙungiyoyi don dacewa da ƙididdiga kuma ba ya nuna wani zato game da siyasa ko wasu alaƙa da ƙasashe ko ƙasashe ko yanki".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 July 2013}} "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."</ref>]] [[File:Africa_map.png|thumb|'''Red''': Jihohin Larabawa a [[Afirka]] (Liga ta Larabawa da [[UNESCO]])]] [[File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayi mai sauƙi na [[Afirka]]: [[Afirka ta kudu]] da Sahara ta ƙunshi [[Sahel]] da Horn na [[Afirka]] a arewa (yellow), savannah na wurare masu zafi (kore mai haske) da gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi na Equatorial [[Afirka]], da kuma busassun Kalahari Basin (yellow) da kuma "Mediterranean" kudu maso gabar teku (olive) na Kudancin [[Afirka]]. Lambobin da aka nuna sun dace da kwanakin duk kayan tarihi na Iron Age da ke da alaƙa da faɗaɗa Bantu]] [[Afirka]] ta kudu da kuma Sahara ita ce, a ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yanki da '''yankuna''' na nahiyar [[Afirka]] da ke kudu da [[Sahara]]. Waɗannan sun hada da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|[[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya]], Afirka ta Gabas, [[Kudancin Afirka]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. A fannin siyasa, ban da ƙasashen Afirka da yankunan da ke cikin wannan yankin da aka ƙayyade, kalmar na iya haɗawa da siyasa waɗanda kawai suna da wani ɓangare na yankinsu a wannan yankin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya (UN). Wannan an dauke shi yanki ne wanda ba a daidaita shi ba tare da yawan ƙasashe da aka haɗa sun bambanta daga 46 zuwa 48 dangane da ƙungiyar da ke kwatanta yankin (misali. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da sauransu.Rashin bayani Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) tana amfani da rarraba yanki daban-daban, ta amince da dukkan ƙasashe 55 a nahiyar ta raba su cikin yankuna biyar daban-daban da daidaitattun yankuna. Kalmar tana kuma aiki ne azaman takwararta ta rukuni zuwa Arewacin [[Afirka]], wanda kuma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi tare da ma'anar MENA (watau [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] –[[Arewacin Afirka] a matsayinta na yankin Larabawa, kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin [[Afirka]] su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa . Duk da haka, yayin da su ma mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, [[Komoros|Comoros]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], da [[Somaliya|Somalia]] (da kuma wani lokacin [[Sudan]] ) duk ana la'akari da su a matsayin yanki na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Gabaɗaya, shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Ɗunkin Duniya ya yi amfani da rarrabuwar “kuda da sahara” zuwa 46 daga cikin ƙasashe 55 na [[Afirka]], ban da Djibouti, da SADR, da Somaliya da kuma Sudan. Tun daga kusan 3900 KZ, yankunan Sahara da yankin Saharar [[Afirka]] sun rabu da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Sahara mai ƙarancin jama'a, wanda ya samar da wani shingen da Kogin Nilu kawai ya katse shi a [[Sudan]], kodayake Sudd da kogin sun toshe kewayawa a kan Kogin Nili. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin [[Arewacin Afirka da Afirka]] ta kudu da Sahara wanda ya samo asali ne daga Neolithic. Ka'idar famfo ta Sahara ta bayyana yadda tsire-tsire da dabbobi (ciki har da Homo sapiens) suka bar [[Afirka]] don shiga Eurasia da bayan. Lokaci na ruwan sama na [[Afirka]] suna da alaƙa da lokacin "Wet Sahara", lokacin da manyan tafkuna da ƙarin koguna suka wanzu. == Nomenclature == [[File:Ethnographic map of Africa, Arabia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, from Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (1932).jpg|thumb|Taswirar Ethnographic na Afirka, daga ''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' (1932)]] Masana ilimin ƙasa a tarihi sun raba yankin zuwa sassa daban-daban na ethnographic bisa ga mazaunan kowane yanki.<ref name="Raunig">{{cite book |last=Raunig |first=Walter |title=Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München |year=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=3-447-05175-2 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130 |quote=ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography |access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Masu sharhi a cikin Larabci a cikin zamani na zamani sun yi amfani da kalmar gaba ɗaya ''bilâd as-sûdân'' ('Land of the Blacks') don babban yankin Sudan (magana da ke nuna [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]), ko kuma wani lokacin daga bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka zuwa Yammacin Sudan.<ref name="Levtzion">[[Nehemia Levtzion]], Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.</ref> Daidai da shi a kudu maso gabashin Afirka shine ''Zanj'' ('Ƙasar Baƙi'), wanda ke kusa da yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Levtzion" /> Masu ilimin ƙasa sun jawo bambance bambancen al'adu tsakanin yankin Sudan da kwatankwacinsa Zanj, daga yankin zuwa gabas mai iyaka a bakin tekun Jar a Horn of Africa. A cikin Habasha da [[Eritrea]] na zamani shine ''Al-Habash'' ko Abyssinia, wanda Habash ko Abyssinians ke zaune, waɗanda su ne kakannin ''Habesha''.<ref name="Robinson">Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.</ref><ref name="Blank">Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.</ref> A arewacin Somaliya ita ce Barbara ko ''Bilad al-Barbar'' ("Land of the [[Abzinawa|Berbers]]"), wanda ke zaune da ''Baribah'' na Gabas ko ''Barbaroi'', kamar yadda kakannin Somalis suka kasance daga Larabawa na zamani da tsoffin Helenawa, bi da bi.<ref name="Bagley">F.R.C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174</ref><ref name="Ogot">[[Bethwell A. Ogot]], ''Zamani: A Survey of East African History'', (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104</ref><ref name="Hastings">James Hastings, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12'', (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, an raba mutanen kudancin Sahara zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na kakannin mu: Hamites da Semites a cikin Horn na Afirka da Sahel da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da ke cikin iyalin Afroasiatic; Negroes a mafi yawan sauran yankin (saboda haka, sunan yankin Khoponym Black Africa don Afirka a kudancin Sahara), waɗanda ke magana game da harsuna na iyalan Nijar-Congo da Nilo-Sahara; da Khoisan a Afirka, waɗanda suke magana da harshe na Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu. == Yankunan yanayi da yankuna == [[File:Sub_Saharan_Africa_Climate_Map.png|thumb|Yankunan yanayi na Afirka, suna nuna raguwar muhalli tsakanin yanayin hamada mai zafi na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka (ja), yanayin zafi mai zafi na Sahel da yankunan da ke kewaye da hamada (orange) da yanayin zafi na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (blue). Kudancin Afirka yana da canji zuwa yanayin zafi ko yanayin zafi (kore), da kuma yankunan hamada ko yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki, wanda kuma ke tsakiyar Namibia da Botswana.]] Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da yankuna daban-daban na yanayi ko halittu. [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] musamman ana daukar su a matsayin kasashe masu yawa. Yana da lokacin hunturu mai bushe da lokacin bazara mai laushi.<ref name=Schlebusch350-260>{{cite journal |last=Schlebusch |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-11-03_358_6363/page/652 |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |date=3 November 2017 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190910">{{cite journal |last1=Mounier |first1=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmid=31506422 |pmc=6736881 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scerri|first1=Eleanor M. L.|last2=Thomas|first2=Mark G.|last3=Manica|first3=Andrea|last4=Gunz|first4=Philipp|last5=Stock|first5=Jay T.|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Grove|first7=Matt|last8=Groucutt|first8=Huw S.|last9=Timmermann|first9=Axel|author-link9=Axel Timmermann|last10=Rightmire|first10=G. Philip|last11=d’Errico|first11=Francesco|date=1 August 2018|title=Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=33|issue=8|pages=582–594|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005|issn=0169-5347|pmid=30007846|pmc=6092560}}</ref> * Sahel ya shimfiɗa a duk faɗin Afirka a latitude na kimanin 10 ° zuwa 15 ° N. Kasashen da suka haɗa da ɓangarorin hamadar Sahara daidai a yankunansu na arewa da ɓangarori na [[Sahel]] a yankin kudancin su sun haɗa da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Sudan]]. Sahel yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi. * Kudancin Sahel, belin savanna (Yamma da Gabashin Sudan) ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tsaunukan Habasha. Yankin da ya fi zafi a Guinea da Arewacin Kongo yana tsakanin savannah da gandun daji na equatorial. * Horn na Afirka ya haɗa da yanayin hamada mai zafi a bakin tekun amma ana iya samun yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin ciki, ya bambanta da savanna da gandun daji masu laushi a cikin tsaunukan Habasha. * Afirka ta wurare masu zafi ta ƙunshi gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a kudancin gabar tekun [[Afirka]] ta Yamma da kuma a fadin mafi yawan Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo) yammacin Great Lakes na Afirka. * A Gabashin Afirka, ana samun gandun daji, savannah, da ciyawa a yankin equatorial, gami da tsarin halittu na Serengeti a Tanzania da Kenya. * Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane, ciyawa, da kuma shrublands a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunuka na gabashin Afirka, daga tsaunukan Habasha zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. * Kudancin gandun daji na equatorial, Yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Kongo mosaic sune yankuna na canji tsakanin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma belin gandun daji wanda ya mamaye nahiyar daga [[Angola]] zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. * Yankin hamada na Namib da Kalahari suna cikin Kudancin Afirka, kuma ana kewaye da hamada ciki har da yankin Karoo na Afirka ta Kudu. Yankunan ciyawa na Bushveld suna gabashin hamada. * Yankin Cape Floristic yana a kudancin Afirka, kuma gida ne ga gandun daji daban-daban na subtropical da temperate, gandun daji, ciyawa, da shrublands. == Tarihi == ===Tarihi na farko=== [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool.jpg|thumb|Dutse daga Olduvai Gorge]] Tarihin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kunshi lokaci tun daga farkon kasancewar dan Adam a yankin zuwa bullar manyan wayewa da jahohi. Bayanan da ake da su sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce, kuma yankin ya kasance gida ne ga wasu tsoffin al'adu da bambancin al'adu a duniya.<ref name="Shillington, Kevin 2005 p. 2">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 2, {{ISBN|0-333-59957-8}}.</ref> Kasusuwan burbushin halittu na farko da aka sani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun samo asali ne tun kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma an same su a sassa daban-daban na Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Wadannan mutane na farko sun kasance wani bangare na halittar Homo, wanda kuma ya hada da mutanen zamani, kuma gabobin su yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da juyin halittar mu. Kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, mutanen zamani sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka kuma suka fara mamaye sauran sassan duniya. Koyaya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara ta ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga ɗimbin al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu iri-iri. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, masarautu, dauloli, da jahohi daban-daban sun bayyana a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, da suka haɗa da Masarautar Kush, da Masarautar Ghana, da Masarautar Mali, da Masarautar Songhai, da Masarautar Zimbabwe. Wadannan wayewar sun kasance da ci gaban tsarin gwamnati, noma, kasuwanci, da fasaha, kuma sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a yankin. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, da suka hada da mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, da kalubalen da ke ci gaba da fuskanta na talauci, rikici, da ci gaba. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yankin ya kasance wani yanki mai fa'ida da kuzari na duniya, tare da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri da ke ci gaba da zaburarwa da jan hankalin mutane a duniya. == Yawan jama'a == [[File:Africa population density.PNG|thumb|upright|Hauhawar ƙaruwar jama'a a Saharar Afirka, 2006]] [[File:Fertility Rates and Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|left|upright|Yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, an kiyasta yawan al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kai mutane biliyan 1.1. Wannan ya sa ya zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan Asiya. Al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na karuwa cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran za su ci gaba da yin hakan nan da shekaru masu zuwa. Hasali ma dai an yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, al'ummar yankin za su kai kimanin mutane biliyan 2.2, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division |publisher=Esa.un.org |date=28 August 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615001511/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tare da yawan jama'a na mutum 80 a duk niasan km^2. Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kuma yana da babban matsayi na kabilanci da yare daban-daban, tare da fiye da kabilu daban-daban 2,000 da fiye da harsuna daban-daban 1,000 a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun yankin sun hada da Bantu, Fulani, Yarbawa, Zulu, da Hausawa. Duk da wannan bambance-bambancen, akwai kuma al'adu da tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa al'ummomin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tare. {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Ƙasa!! Yawan mutanen!! Faɗin ƙasa !! Ilimi<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28">(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, {{ISBN|978-0-8213-7787-1}}.</ref>!! GDP per Capita (PPP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032309/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/211rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>!![http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table Trans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |date=12 January 2019 }}&nbsp;(Rank/Score)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table |title=Research – CPI – Overview |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112022807/https://www.transparency.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Life&nbsp;(Exp.)<ref name="Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS p. 28"/> || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]] || [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2 EODBR/SAB]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Enabling Environment|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/business-enabling-environment|access-date=2023-02-12|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html PFI]&nbsp;(RANK/MARK) |- | [[Angola]] || 18,498,000 || 1,246,700 || 82.9%/54.2% || 6,800 || 168/2 || 42.4 || 0.486 || 172/171 || 132/58,43 |- | [[Burundi]] || 8,988,091 || 27,830 || 67.3%/52.2% || 700 || 168/1.8 || 49 || 0.316 || 176/130 || 103/29,00 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango]] || 68,692,542 || 2,345,410 || 80.9%/54.1% || 800 || 162/11.9 || 46.1 || 0.286 || 182/152 || 146/53,50 |- | [[Kamaru]] || 18,879,301 || 475,440 || 77%/59.8% || 3,700 || 146/2.2 || 50.3 || 0.482 || 171/174 || 109/30,50 |- | [[Afirka ta Tsakiya]] || 4,511,488 || 622,984 || 64.8%/33.5% || 700 || 158/2.8 || 44.4 || 0.343 || 183/159 || 80/17,75 |- | [[Cadi]] || 10,329,208 || 1,284,000 || 40.8%/12.8% || 2,300 || 175/1.6 || 50.6 || 0.328 || 178/182 || 132/44,50 |- | [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]] || 3,700,000 || 342,000 || 90.5%/ 79.0% ||800 || 162/1.9 || 54.8 || 0.533 || N/A || 116/34,25 |- | [[Gini Ikwatoriya]] || 1,110,000 || 28,051 || 93.4%/80.3% || 37,400 || 168/1.8 || 51.1 || 0.537 || 170/178 || 158/65,50 |- | [[Gabon]] || 1,514,993 || 267,667 || 88.5%/79.7% || 18,100 || 106/2.9 || 56.7 || 0.674 || 158/152 || 129/43,50 |- | [[Kenya]] || 39,002,772 || 582,650 || 77.7%/70.2 || 3,500 || 146/2.2 || 57.8 || 0.519 || 95/124 || 96/25,00 |- | [[Najeriya]] ||174,507,539 || 923,768 || 84.4%/72.7%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |title=National Literacy Survey |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |date=June 2010 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917115717/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43 |archive-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> || 5,900 || 136/2.7 || 57 || 0.504 || 131/120 || 112/34.24 |- | [[Ruwanda]] || 10,473,282 || 26,338 || 71.4%/59.8% || 2,100 || 89/3.3 || 46.8 || 0.429 || 67/11 || 157/64,67 |- | [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe]] || 212,679 || 1,001 || 92.2%/77.9%|| 3,200 || 111/2.8 || 65.2 || 0.509 || 180/140 || NA |- | [[Tanzaniya]] || 44,928,923 || 945,087 || 77.5%/62.2% || 3,200 || 126/2.6 || 51.9 || 0.466 || 131/120 || NA/15,50 |- | [[Uganda]] || 32,369,558 || 236,040 || 76.8%/57.7 || 2,400 || 130/2.5 || 50.7 || 0.446 || 112/129 || 86/21,50 |- | [[Sudan]] || 31,894,000 || 1,886,068 || 79.6%/60.8% || 4,300|| 176/1.5 || 62.57<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 0.408 || 154/118 || 148/54,00 |- | [[Sudan ta Kudu]] || 8,260,490 || 619,745 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Jibuti (ƙasa)]] || 516,055 || 23,000 || N/A || 3,600 || 111/2.8 || 54.5 || 0.430 || 163/177 || 110/31,00 |- | [[Eritrea]] || 5,647,168 || 121,320 || N/A || 1,600 || 126/2.6 || 57.3 || 0.349 || 175/181 || 175/115,50 |- | [[Ethiopia]] || 85,237,338 || 1,127,127 || 50%/28.8% || 2,200 || 120/2.7 || 52.5 || 0.363 || 107/93 || 140/49,00 |- | [[Somaliya]] || 9,832,017 || 637,657 || N/A || N/A || 180/1.1 || 47.7 || N/A || N/A || 164/77,50 |- | [[Botswana]] || 1,990,876 || 600,370 || 80.4%/81.8% || 17,000 || 37/5.6 || 49.8 || 0.633 || 45/83 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Komoros]] || 752,438 || 2,170 || N/A || 1,600 || 143/2.3 || 63.2 || 0.433 || 162/168 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Lesotho]] || 2,130,819 || 30,355 || 73.7%/90.3% || 3,300 || 89/3.3 || 42.9 || 0.450 || 130/131 || 99/27,50 |- | [[Madagaskar]] || 19,625,000 || 587,041 || 76.5%/65.3% || 1,600 || 99/3.0 || 59 || 0.480 || 134/12 || 134/45,83 |- | [[Malawi]] || 14,268,711 || 118,480 || N/A || 1,200 || 89/3.3 || 47.6 || 0.400 || 132/128 || 62/15,50 |- | [[Mauritius]] || 1,284,264 || 2,040 || 88.2%/80.5% || 22,300 || 42/5.4 || 73.2 || 0.728 || 17/10 || 51/14,00 |- | [[Mozambique]] || 21,669,278 || 801,590 || N/A || 1,300 || 130/2.5 || 42.5 || 0.322 || 135/96 || 82/19,00 |- | [[Namibiya]] || 2,108,665 || 825,418 || 86.8%/83.6% || 11,200 || 56/4.5 || 52.5 || 0.625 || 66/123 || 35/9,00 |- | [[Seychelles]] || 87,476 || 455 || 91.4%/92.3% || 29,300 || 54/4.8 || 72.2 || 0.773 || 111/81 || 72/16,00 |- | [[Afirka ta Kudu]] || 59,899,991|| 1,219,912 || N/A || 13,600 || 55/4.7 || 50.7 || 0.619 || 34/67 || 33/8,50 |- | [[Eswatini]] || 1,123,913 || 17,363 || 80.9%/78.3% || 11,089 || 79/3.6 || 40.8 || 0.608 || 115/158 || 144/52,50 |- | [[Zambia]] || 11,862,740 || 752,614 || N/A || 4,000 || 99/3.0 || 41.7 || 0.430 || 90/94 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] || 11,392,629 || 390,580 || 92.7%/86.2% || 2,300 || 146/2.2 || 42.7 || 0.376 || 159/155 || 136/46,50 |- | [[Benin]] || 8,791,832 || 112,620 || 47.9%/42.3% || 2,300 || 106/2.9 || 56.2 || 0.427 || 172/155 || 97/26,75 |- | [[Mali]] || 12,666,987 || 1,240,000 || 32.7%/15.9% || 2,200 || 111/2.8 || 53.8 || 0.359 || 156/139 || 38/8,00 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] ||15,730,977 ||274,200 ||25.3% ||1,900 ||79/3.6 ||51 ||0.331 ||150/116 ||N/A |- | [[Cape Verde]] ||499,000 ||322,462 || ||7,000 | || || || || |- | [[Ivory Coast]] ||20,617,068 || 322,463 || ||3,900 | || || || || |- | [[Gambiya]] ||1,782,893 || 11,295 || ||2,600 | || || || || |- | [[Ghana]] ||24,200,000 || 238,535 || ||4,700 | || || || || |- | [[Gine]] ||10,057,975 || 245,857 || || 2,200|| || || || || |- | [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||1,647,000 || 36,125 || || 1,900|| || || || || |- | [[Liberia]] ||4,128,572 || 111,369 || ||1,300 | || || || || |- | [[Mauritaniya]] ||3,359,185 || 1,030,700 || ||4,500 | || || || || |- | [[Nijar]] ||17,129,076 || 1,267,000 || ||1,200 | || || || || |- | [[Senegal]] ||12,855,153 || 196,712 || ||3,500 | || || || || |- | [[Sierra Leone]] ||6,190,280 || 71,740 || || 1,600|| || || || || |- | [[Togo]] ||7,154,237 || 56,785 || ||1,700 | || || || || |} == Harshe da ƙabilu == [[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Yoruba people|Yarbawa]] Makaɗa Ganga na Niger-Congo)]] [[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|A [[San people|San]] albumar Khoisan ]] [[File:Maasai women and children.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|[[Maasai]] mata da yaran Masai]] [[File:Eritrean Women.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|matan Saho]] [[File:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55| Boer]] Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara yanki ne da ya shahara da dimbin kabilanci da yare. Akwai kabilu daban-daban sama da 2,000 da harsuna daban-daban sama da 1,000 da ake magana a duk yankin. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun sun hada da [[Bantu]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Yarbawa]], [[Zulu]], da [[Fillanci|Fulatanci]], yayin da wasu daga cikin manyan yarukan sun hada da [[Kiswahili|Swahili]], [[Hausa]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], Zulu, da [[Amharik|Amharic]]. Wannan bambance-bambancen wani nuni ne na kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na yankin, wanda tarihi da al'ada na ƙarni suka tsara. == Tattalin arziƙi == Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara na da tattalin arziki iri-iri wanda galibin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kayayyakin noma ke tafiyar da su. Yankin ya sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, amma talauci, rashin daidaito, da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance manyan kalubale. Domin tinkarar wadannan kalubale, kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da nufin bunkasa ci gaba, rage talauci, da kyautata zaman rayuwa. Ana kuma kara samun hadin kai a yankin, tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe don inganta kasuwanci da zuba jari a fadin yankin. Duk da kalubalen, akwai yuwuwar ci gaba da samun ci gaba a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pugliese |first=Jessica |date=2 January 2014 |title=Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|brookings.edu]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032119/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ilimi == Samun ilimi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kodayake har yanzu akwai manyan kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan ci gaban da aka samu wajen samun ilimi: * Kara yawan shiga makarantun firamare: Adadin yaran da suka yi rajista a makarantun firamare a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tun daga shekarar 1990, inda adadin daliban firamare ya kai kashi 79% a shekarar 2018. * Matsakaicin jinsi: Haka kuma an rage tazarar jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda a yanzu haka yara mata da yawa ke zuwa makaranta fiye da kowane lokaci. Sai dai kuma akwai sauran aiki a gaba don ganin dukkan ‘yan mata sun samu ilimi musamman a yankunan karkara. * Ilimin firamare na bai-daya: Kasashe da dama a yankin sun aiwatar da manufofi da nufin cimma nasarar ilimin firamare na duniya. Misali, a shekara ta 2000, Tanzaniya ta soke biyan kudin makarantar firamare, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan shiga. * Faɗaɗa ilimin sakandare: Haka nan kuma an samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimin sakandare a yankin, inda kasashe da dama suka kara yawan makarantun sakandare da inganta ilimi. Duk da wannan ci gaban, har yanzu akwai gagarumin kalubale wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Yawancin yara har yanzu ba su da damar samun ilimi saboda talauci, rikice-rikice, da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin kwararrun malamai da kuma karancin kayan aiki a makarantu da dama. Sai dai ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ilimi a yankin, kuma kasashe da dama na kokarin inganta samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.<ref name="buanews.gov.za">{{cite news|last1=Gabara|first1=Nthambeleni|title=Developed nations should invest in African universities|url=http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|website=buanews.gov.za|publisher=BuaNews Online|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223004951/http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001|archive-date=23 February 2012|date=12 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |title=How severe is Africa's Brain Drain? |last=Firsing |first=Scott |date=18 January 2016 |website=London School of Economics Blogs |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025134/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2016/01/18/how-severe-is-africas-brain-drain/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |title=African brain drain: is there an alternative? |last=Ngwé |first=Luc |date=24 January 2018 |website=UNESCO |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511134037/https://en.unesco.org/courier/january-march-2018/african-brain-drain-there-alternative |archive-date=11 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Al'adu == Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na da al'adun gargajiya iri-iri, tare da kade-kade, fasaha, gine-gine, abinci, tufafi, jiyya, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni.<ref name="Intercultural Press">{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Yale |last2=Gestrin |first2=Phyllis |title=Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity |date=2009 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-931930-91-8 |url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001144355/http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kiɗa: Yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan salon kiɗa daban-daban, gami da kiɗan gargajiya, da kuma nau'ikan zamani kamar Afrobeats, Highlife, da Jazz.[[File:TrebleKalimba.jpg|thumb|wani abin kida na ƙabilar kalimba]] * Sana'o'i: Fagen fasaha a yankin Saharar Afirka yana da ɗorewa kuma ya bambanta, tare da masu fasaha da yawa suna aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri, gami da zane-zane, sassaka, da masaku. * Gine-gine: Yankin yana da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine, tare da gine-ginen tarihi da yawa da ke nuna tasirin al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. * Abinci: Abincin Afirka na kudu da hamadar sahara yana da banbance-banbance da dandano, tare da fannonin yanki da dama da sinadarai na musamman. * Jiyya: Ayyukan warkarwa na gargajiya na Afirka, irin su magungunan ganye, acupuncture, da tausa, har yanzu ana yin su sosai a sassa da yawa na yankin. * Tufafi: Tufafin gargajiya na Afirka sun bambanta sosai, tare da salo daban-daban da yadudduka da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban. * Masana’antar Fina-Finai: Masana’antar fina-finai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na bunkasa cikin sauri, inda hazikan masu shirya fina-finai ke shirya fina-finai da dama. * Wasanni da wasanni: Wasannin gargajiya da wasanni irin su Mancala, Djembe, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun shahara a duk faɗin yankin, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda ke fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, al'adu, kiɗa, zane-zane, gine-gine, abinci, jiyya, sutura, masana'antar fim, wasanni, da wasanni a yankin Saharar Afirka suna nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na yankin da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. == Yawon buɗe ido == An gano ci gaban yawon bude ido a wannan yanki da cewa yana da ƙarfin samar da ayyukan yi da inganta tattalin arziki. Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzaniya da Kenya an gano cewa sun sami ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf |title=Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Cape Town da kewaye yana da farin jini sosai ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |title=South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government |publisher=BBC |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118115401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin Yanki == * [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka (AU)]] * [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS)]] * Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) * Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) * Al'ummar Jihohin Sahel-Saharan (CEN-SAD) * Kungiyar raya kasashe masu ci gaba (IGAD) * Kasuwar gama gari na Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) * Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} rzxjkqlh196tid43msyxdte5flmam0w 0 48277 965706 535213 2026-10-10T07:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Armenia Dam May 2018 Tarlac City (41779992634).jpg|thumb|hoton Armenia a watan mayu]] [[Fayil:Armenia Dam May 2018 Tarlac City (41779992634).jpg|thumb|Dammen Armeniya]] '''Dam ɗin Armenia,''' wani dam ne a cikin [[Leeu River (Mohokare)|kogin Leeu]], kusa da Hobhouse, lardin Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1954. Yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|13000|m3}}, da fili mai faɗin {{Convert|3.933|km2}}, bangon yana da {{Convert|22|m}} babba. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu 9v45r0eo1xtbhqpjm72ifz8u2eo48vd 0 48279 965673 253595 2026-10-10T07:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Alphen,''' wani ƙaramin dam ne a [[Bonte River|kogin Bonte]] kusa da Stellenbosch, lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1990. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu nejr3xgnu7axuhyasf4haqcja0ry7f5 0 48280 965674 253594 2026-10-10T07:30:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Bivane,''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Dam ɗin Paris''' ), wata madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan kogin Bivane, kusa da Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 2000. Babban manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa da amfanin gida. Mai shi shi ne Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Impala. Ƙarfin haɗarinsa yana cikin matsayi na 3. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu 9tvzcbrnup6usbes88tky2ray6gsc7s 0 48311 965689 358026 2026-10-10T07:36:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Nandoni,''' (Nandoni ma'ana "tanda mai narkewa" a cikin harshen Venda ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Dam ɗin Mutoti''', madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa/kambura a lardin Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana kan kogin Luvuvhu kusa da ƙauyukan ha-Mutoti da ha-Budeli da ha-Mphego mai tazarar kilomita kaɗan daga Thohoyandou a gundumar Vhembe . Dam ɗin yana aiki ne da farko don samar da ruwa kuma hadarinsa ya kasance mai girma (3). Kogin Luvuvhu ya bi hanya ne a gefen kudancin kogin Zoutpansberg daga ƙarshe ya shiga [[kogin Limpopo]] da ke arewa mai nisa na gandun dajin Kruger da ke kan iyakar [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Zimbabwe]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Mummunan fari a farkon shekarun 1990, lokacin da rijiyoyin burtsatse da dama a Venda da Gazankulu suka gaza, sakamakon haka sai da tankokin ruwa suka isar da ruwan sha, ya jagoranci ma'aikatar harkokin ruwa ta gudanar da bincike kan yuwuwar samar da tsayayyen ruwa ga yankin. Dam ɗin Nandoni na samar da ruwa ga wurare da dama a yankin. Kamun kifi a cikin dam yana jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido, manyan nau'ikan da ake kamun kifi su ne Largemouth bass da kurper .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bassfishing.co.za/limpopo/nandoni-dam/|title=Fishing Nandoni Dam|publisher=|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2016-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102133818/http://www.bassfishing.co.za/limpopo/nandoni-dam|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kimanin kuɗin da aka kashe na Dam din Nandoni ya kai R373,3 miliyan. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a cikin kwandon dam ɗin ne shirin ya shafa kai tsaye. Mazaunan Budeli, Mulenzhe, Tshiulongoma da Dididi sun ƙaura zuwa sabbin gidaje da Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka suka gina. Matsugunin ya shafi iyalai kusan 400.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vhembe.gov.za/index.php?page=tourism|title=Vhembe District Municipality|website=www.vhembe.gov.za|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213705/http://www.vhembe.gov.za/index.php?page=tourism|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dam Nandoni ya ƙunshi wurare daban-daban don gasar kamun kifi, zango da masauki . Shahararrun kamun kifi da wuraren kwana su ne Nandoni Villa <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nandonivilla.co.za/en/|title=NandoniVilla Fishing Camp - Home|website=Nandonivilla Fishing Camp|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812001802/https://nandonivilla.co.za/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> da Nandoni Fish Eagle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nandonifisheagle.co.za/en/|title=Home|publisher=|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2022-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209051745/http://nandonifisheagle.co.za/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) * [http://www.openafrica.org/participant/nandoni-game-park-resort-and-golf-estate Nandoni Game Park, Gidan shakatawa da Gidan Golf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911235054/http://www.openafrica.org/participant/Nandoni-Game-Park-Resort-and-Golf-Estate |date=2013-09-11 }} buukmxer7b8revhu7ar5ay48zty4m9w 0 48319 965672 463604 2026-10-10T07:30:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Allemanskraal, dam''' ne a lardin Free State na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], akan kogin Sand . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1960. Tafkin yana da babban ƙarfin {{Convert|174500|m3}}, da fili mai faɗin {{Convert|26.481|km2}}, bangon dam ɗin yana da {{Convert|38|m}} babba. Dam ɗin yana kewaye da shi gaba daya, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Reserve Game na Willem Pretorius .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vuren|first=J. H. J.|last2=Hattingh|first2=J.|date=September 1978|title=A seasonal study of the haematology of wild freshwater fish|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=305–313|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03438.x|issn=0022-1112}}</ref> == Duba kuma. == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu. * Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa il3k8sez9cpma2vxxspndp1wvy1jige 0 48320 965675 253769 2026-10-10T07:30:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bon Accord Dam, wani''' dam ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan kogin Apies, wasu 15&nbsp;km arewa da [[Pretoria]] . Dam ɗin ya ƙunshi shingen ƙasa tare da magudanar ruwa ta gefensa. Yankin da aka kama dam ɗin ya kai 315&nbsp;km ² kuma ya ƙunshi babban birnin Tshwane Metropolitan Municipal yankin a Gauteng, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekarar 1923 kuma babban manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Broekhuysen|first=G. J.|title=Observations on the Birds of the Bon Accord Dam, Near Pretoria|date=September 1948|journal=Ostrich|volume=19|issue=2|pages=108–121|doi=10.1080/00306525.1948.9632999|issn=0030-6525}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) csnuuznfhizn18l7taqo041eppwctl0 0 48321 965676 253771 2026-10-10T07:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Bosport,''' nau'in dam ne mai nauyi / cika duniya a kan [[Hex River (Elands River)|Kogin Hex]], wani yanki na Kogin Elands, wani yanki na kogin Crocodile (Limpopo) . <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> Yana kusa da Rustenburg, Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Babban manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1933. Asali shi ne babban ruwa ga garin Rustenburg. A cikin shekaru sittin an daina amfani da shi don ruwan sha saboda gurɓatuwar platinum da [[Hakar ma'adinai|ma'adinan]] chrome a yankin. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa a cikin shekaru casa'in an sake amfani da shi a zaman babban tushen ruwa ga Boitekong da garuruwan da ke kewaye. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Kifin da ke cikin dam ɗin bai dace da cin ɗan Adam ba. Ruwan da ke cikin dam a cikin dam ɗin ya lalace ta yadda dole ne a maye gurbin sluices na ƙarfe da wani babban aikin sake ginawa a shekarar 2009 da 2010 saboda fargabar rugujewar katangar dam da ruwa ya yi. An gina sabon tsarin dam daga mahaɗi masu jure lalata . <ref>[https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=213715221611757080031.00049c8c358d91715071a&t=h&z=13 Map of the dam and surrounding area]</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hy9f0ue61al7c2b37cjyfm5rvcnvhs4 0 48322 965677 825224 2026-10-10T07:30:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Brandvlei, wani''' dam ne mai nau'in cika ƙasa a kan kogin Lower Brandvlei a Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kammala shi a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da ukku 1983 kuma mashigar ita ce Kogin Holsloot. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin sunayen koguna na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa 2f0dgn2sgc1q00b3rco4hg46nqrdfw1 0 48333 965687 253797 2026-10-10T07:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luphephe Dam,''' wani dam ne mai nau'in baka da ke kan kogin Luphephe, rafi na kogin Nwanedi, wani yanki na [[kogin Limpopo]] .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/NWANEDIRiver_Dams%20.htm |title=Nwanedi River - Dams |access-date=2012-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054034/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/NWANEDIRiver_Dams%20.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana da 48&nbsp;{{Convert|48|km|mi}} kudu maso gabas na Musina, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1964 kuma yana hidima ne ga ayyukan ban ruwa . An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3). Tagwayen madatsar ruwanshi, Nwanedi, yana yamma da dam, ƙasa da {{Convert|250|m|yd}} zuwa. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) 3khb5n9tvkl4zl8ajkof41e4qv0e78e 0 48381 965690 254079 2026-10-10T07:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Newbury,''' madatsar ruwa ce a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) gusott54uth4bg16mds0hrfbd8udy69 0 48398 965680 524551 2026-10-10T07:30:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:De Hoop-dam, Steelpoortrivier, Limpopo.jpg|thumb|Hoton damnin limpopo]] [[Fayil:Lepelle1.png|thumb|taswirar dambin]] '''DSunan De Hoop,''' (sunan na yau da kullum da za a kafa ta hanyar shiga jama'a) madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a kan kogin Steelpoort, kusa da Burgersfort, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Manufarta ita ce a ba da damar haƙo ma'adanai masu yawa a gabashin lardin Limpopo, da kuma samar da [[ruwa]] ga garuruwa, [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] da al'ummomi a gundumar Sekhukhune, inda isar da sabis ba ta da kyau.<ref name=beeld>{{cite news |last1=Celliers |first1=Heléne |title=De Hoop-dam eers later voltooi |url=http://www.beeld.com/sake/2014-02-16-de-hoop-dam-eers-later-voltooi |accessdate=18 June 2014|agency=Beeld|date=16 February 2014}}</ref> An jinkirta kammala aikin dam ɗin da shekaru huɗu (2010 zuwa 2014) saboda matsalolin samar da kayayyaki, matsalolin fasaha da kayan aiki, ƙarancin nazarin tasirin muhalli, sake tsugunar da iyalai a yankin, da yajin aikin. <ref name=beeld/> Babban madatsar ruwa a cikin tsarin Olifants, madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu tun a shekarar 1970, Sashen Harkokin Ruwa ne ya samar da shi. Aikin na R3,4 biliyan ya ƙunshi sababbin hanyoyin warwarewa a cikin lalata makamashi da kuma yin amfani da simintin da aka haɗa, wanda sashen ya sami kyautar Fulton. <ref name=beeld/><ref>Awarded by the Concrete Society of Southern Africa</ref> Wannan shi ne kashi na biyu na shirin bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa na kogin Olifants (ORWRDP), hanya ɗaya tilo da za ta iya samar da ruwan sha a yankin Nebo, inda wasu mutane 800,000 ke zaune. Kashi na farko, wanda aka kammala a cikin shekarar 2006, ya haɗa da haɓaka iya aiki ga Dam ɗin Boshielo . <ref>Awarded by the Concrete Society of Southern Africa</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Couzens|first1=E|last2=Dent|first2=M|date=2017-07-05|title=Finding Nema: The National Environmental Management Act, the De Hoop Dam, Conflict Resolution and Alternative Dispute Resolution in Environmental Disputes|journal=Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad|volume=9|issue=3|pages=1|doi=10.17159/1727-3781/2006/v9i3a2829|issn=1727-3781|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin sunayen koguna na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) 35ssrfkvms1c7tnnp50frilabnq9f1y 0 48405 965313 517927 2026-10-09T17:32:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Barrage de Blyderivierpoort.jpg|thumb|Dam]] '''Dam Blyderivierpoort, dam''' ne mai nauyi-bakin dam a kan kogin Blyde, a cikin ƙananan kogin Blyde Canyon, kusa da Hoedspruit a Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Har ila yau, ya mamaye ƙananan magudanar ruwa na Blyde's Ohrigstad tributary. An kammala dam ɗin a shekarar 1974. <ref name="rowe"/> Na 71&nbsp;m babban dam bango da 22&nbsp;m zurfin yana wurin 3&nbsp;km daga wurin shaƙatawa na Swadini ta hanya. == Manufar == [[File:Blyderiver_Dam.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Ruwan da aka gani daga kudu]] Babban manufarsa shi ne samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga masu ba da ruwa na gundumar Ban ruwa na Kogin Blyde da kuma samar da ƙarin ruwa don haƙar ma'adinai da masana'antu a Phalaborwa .<ref name="rowe">{{cite web |last1=Rowe |first1=Christine |title=Heritage management of archaeological, historical and industrial resources on the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve |url=http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/27115/dissertation.pdf |website=repository.up.ac.za |publisher=University of Pretoria |accessdate=20 April 2016 |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006103702/http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/27115/dissertation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == gundumar ban ruwa == [[Fayil:Blyde river canyon bouée.jpg|thumb|Blyderivierpoort Dam]] An kafa gonaki da filayen noma tare da ƙananan Blyde a ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20, tare da 23,521 ha ke sadaukar da ban ruwa a cikin shekarar 1995.<ref name=IWMI>{{Citation | last = International Water Management Institute (IWMI) | author-link = International Water Management Institute | publisher = waternetonline | title = Olifants River Basin in South Africa | url = http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/challengeprogram/AR15%20CP17-Baseline%20study%20Olifants.pdf | pages = 37 | date = September 2008 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403000026/http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/challengeprogram/AR15%20CP17-Baseline%20study%20Olifants.pdf | archivedate = 2012-04-03 }}</ref> == Sake matsugunni == [[Fayil:Blyderiver Dam.jpg|thumb|Blyderivierpoort Dam]] A lokacin shekarar 1965 al'ummar da ke zaune a wurin da aka tsara dam ɗin an sake tsugunar da su (tare da diyya) ta gwamnati zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa da suka haɗa da Buffelshoek, Acornhoek, [[Beverleyshoek]] da Bushbuckridge . Wasu matsugunan katanga na dutse, kayan tarihi na al'adu da ƙaburbura yanzu sun nutse a ƙarƙashin dam ɗin.<ref name="rowe"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu 0cknfijv7rdrr89cr0o9kv8lnhzj0xu 0 48408 965681 254295 2026-10-10T07:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Elandskuil,''' dam ne a kan [[Swartleegte River|kogin Swartleegte]], Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana cikin Middle Vaal . Manufar kafa madatsar ruwan ita ce don inganta noman rani na yankin. An gina shi a shekarar 1969. <ref>https://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/2488-south-africa/hydro-energy/38208-elandskuil-dam</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa jtcyiwpnjpy3s1ttoupokifspiplw2g 0 48411 965694 254842 2026-10-10T07:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Qedusizi''', wanda aka fi sani da Mt Pleasant Dam, wani nau'in madatsar ruwa ne mai haɗe tare da simintin abin naɗi (RCC) ko 'rollcrete' da magudanar ruwa. Yana kan kogin Klip a cikin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a saman garin Ladysmith. An fara shirye-shiryen wurin a cikin shekarar 1994, an kammala shi a cikin shekarar 1997 kuma yana aiki da yawa a matsayin kawar da ambaliya da sarrafa madatsar ruwa don rage ambaliya a garin Ladysmith. Garin yana cikin maɗauki na Kogin Klip kuma an kafa shi a can da farko don dalilai na tsaro a cikin shekarar 1847 ta Boers kafin Turawan Ingila su mamaye shi. Ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa da yawa tun daga lokacin. Wurin da ke gindin dam ɗin ba shi da iko tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin gudu na 400 m ³ s ^-1.<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Vuuren |first1=Lani |title=In the Footsteps of Giants – Exploring the history of South Africa’s large dams |date=2012 |publisher=Water Research Commission, South Africa |location=Pretoria |pages=234–235 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/Footsteps%20of%20giants_web.pdf |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3). == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) pdqna0y3tnvb9e4r3jyd9ii7gn3rokp 0 48447 965686 547192 2026-10-10T07:36:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Kwena Dam-003.jpg|thumb|hoton dam in kwene]] [[Fayil:Kwena Dam-003.jpg|thumb|Dam ɗin Kwena]] '''Dam ɗin Kwena,''' Haɗi ne dam ɗin nauyi da nau'in baka wanda ke kan kogin kada, kusa da Lydenburg, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1984 kuma yana hidima ne musamman don dalilai na ban ruwa. An yi la'akari da yuwuwar haɗarin dam.<ref name="dwa-mpumalanga">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/Hydrology/applets/weekly/HydstraWeeklyProvince.asp?region=M|title=State of Dams in Mpumalanga Province as on 20091214 - Full Storage Capacity in million cubic meters (Nett)|publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs (South Africa)]]|accessdate=20 December 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dwa-registered-sep2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/Documents/ListofRegisteredDamsSep2009.xls|title=List of Registered Dams - September 2009|date=September 2009|publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs]]|accessdate=5 January 2010|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717221712/http://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/Documents/ListofRegisteredDamsSep2009.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa qelbi2eplwg40o3i1fi2cslvpzmd3te 0 48449 965705 826276 2026-10-10T07:42:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Zaaihoek,''' wani dam ne mai nau'in nauyi wanda ke kan kogin Slang a lardin Kwazulu-Natal na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Dam ɗin, wanda ke da ƙarfin 185,000,000 m3, an gina shi a shekarar 1988. Dam ɗin yana samar da ruwa ne don amfanin masana'antu da na birni. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayi babba (3). Yana da 39.45&nbsp;km (24.5&nbsp;mi) dogon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://za.geoview.info/zaaihoek_dam,82451432w|title=Zaaihoek Dam, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|website=za.geoview.info|access-date=2020-01-22}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ɗan san shi da kamun kifi. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Manazarta ta bai ɗaya === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) nlyhlcu8axlsm4iy2otiadr0v0zqpy1 0 48474 965682 270459 2026-10-10T07:32:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}} {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Fika-Patso,''' wani dam ne da aka haɗe da ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa/dutse da ke kan kogin Namahadi, babban yanki na kogin Elands, wani yanki na kogin Wilge.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA8UpperVaal.jpg Upper Vaal WMA 8]</ref> Tana kusa da Phuhaditjhaba, Jihar Free, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1986 kuma ainihin manufarsa shi ne ruwa don amfanin gida da masana'antu.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o554hky0ya3sio2vsvpkvudayyp2hbn 0 48475 965699 490526 2026-10-10T07:39:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}} {{databox}} [[Fayil:Roode Elsberg.jpg|thumb|Dam ɗin Roode Els Berg]] '''Dam ɗin Roode Elsberg,''' dam ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma yana kan [[Sanddrift River|kogin Sanddrift]], wasu 10&nbsp;km arewa maso yamma da garin De Doorns a cikin Western Cape . Matsakaicin girman kamawar (139&nbsp;km ² ) kuma dam ɗin yana aiki da farko a zaman ajiya don amfanin gida da ban ruwa. Dam ɗin da aka kammala a shekarar 1969, an tsara shi, an gina shi kuma mallakar Sashen Kula da Ruwa ne kuma Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa na Hex Valley ke tafiyar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hexwater.co.za|title=Hexvallei Watergebruikersvereniging / Hex Valley Water Users Association {{!}} Hexvallei Watergebruikersvereniging / Hex Valley Water Users Association|website=www.hexwater.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> Katangar madatsar ruwa ce mai lanƙwasa biyu tare da magudanar ruwan ogee da ba a sarrafa shi a cikin sashin kogin. Ana ba da alfanu a yatsan titin. Tsarin gallery na ɗakunan ajiya guda biyu masu haɗin kai a cikin jikin dam ɗin kansa da kuma tashoshi biyar a cikin tushe (biyu a hagu da uku a gefen dama) suna ba da magudanar ruwa da matsi ga dam. Babban aikin hanyar dam ɗin ya ƙunshi tsarin shigar da ke gefen hagu na bangon dam ɗin. Ƙofar sabis ne ke sarrafa shigarwar. Farashin shekarar 1890&nbsp;rami diamita mm yana kaiwa zuwa ɗakin sarrafawa mai nisan mita 91.44 a ƙasan mashigar. Ana shiga ɗakin kula da rami daga gefen hagu na bangon dam. A cikin ɗakin sarrafawa ruwan yana gudana ta hanyar 1 219&nbsp;mm karfe bututu. == Gabaɗaya == * Mawallafi: Sashen Harkokin Ruwa * Mai zane: Sashen Harkokin Ruwa * Nau'in: madatsar ruwa biyu curvature * Gina: Sashen Harkokin Ruwa * Ƙarshe: 1969 * Manufar: Ban ruwa da amfanin gida * Rabewa: Kashi na 3 * Iya 7.73 x 10.6 m3 == Bakan Kankare == * Nau'in Spillway: Ogee mara sarrafawa * Matsayin da ba a zube ba: RL 577.492 m * Cikakken matakin wadata: RL 572.92 m * Allon allo tsakanin NOC da FSL: 7.572 m * Tsayi a saman kogin: 65.53 m * Ingantacciyar tsayin ƙura mai ƙura: 74.371 m * Girman hanyar zubewa: 1 659 m3/s == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] . daga Sashen Harkokin Ruwa da Gandun daji (Afirka ta Kudu) 0swm1yztmkxp6xol5gyjghzjm7mks27 0 48775 965703 910325 2026-10-10T07:42:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam din Theewaterskloof,''' wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa [[wanda]] ke kan kogin Sonderend kusa da Villiersdorp, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Gudanarwa yana cikin gundumar Theewaterskloof . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1978 kuma shi ne mafi girman dam a cikin Western Cape Water Supply System tare da damar 480 miliyan cubic mita, game da 41% na ikon ajiyar ruwa samuwa ga [[Cape Town]], wanda ke da sama da mutane miliyan 4. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Dam ɗin dai ya fi yin amfani da ƙananan hukumomi da masana'antu da kuma ayyukan ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3).<ref name="DSO" /> == Yanayin Dam == [[File:Theewaterskloof_Dam_water_extraction_point.jpg|thumb]] Katangar da ke cike da ƙasa ta Theewaterskloof Dam tana da {{Convert|646|m}} tsayi da {{Convert|35|m}} babba.<ref name="DSO">{{Cite web |title = List of Registered Dams |date = November 2019 |publisher = Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |url = https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date = 12 August 2021 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hasumiya mai shiga da mashigar ruwa ta bango tana ba da damar sakin ruwa a cikin Kogin Sonderend . Titin malalar na iya ɗaukar matsakaicin ambaliyar {{Convert|394|m3/s}} .<ref name="TWW">{{cite journal |first=Lani |last=van Vuuren |title=Blood, sweat and tears at Riviersonderend |date=May 2011 |journal=The Water Wheel |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=22–25 |publisher=Water Research Commission |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/10%20W%20history%20p%2022-25.pdf |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> Hasumiyar shayarwa ta Charmaine tana jawo ruwa daga tafki zuwa cikin Ramin Franschhoek, wanda ke kai shi ƙarƙashin [[Franschhoek Mountains|tsaunin Franschhoek]] zuwa mashigar ruwan Berg kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa cikin ruwan Cape Town. A cikin hunturu rami na iya yin aiki a baya, yana isar da rarar ruwa daga kogin Berg zuwa Theewaterskloof. <ref name="TWW" /> Wani ƙarin hasumiya mai ɗaukar ruwa yana ba da ruwa ga hukumar ban ruwa ta Vyeboom don ban ruwa na wuraren da ke kusa da dam ɗin. == Ƙuntataccen ruwa == [[File:Theewaterskloof_Dam_2018_02_10_(28425520089).jpg|right|thumb| Theewaterskloof a kusan iya aiki 12% akan 10 Fabrairu 2018]] Ruwan sama na ƙasa-matsakaici tun daga 2015 ya ga matakin ruwan Theewaterskloof ya ragu zuwa matakai masu mahimmanci. Birnin Cape Town ne ya sanya takunkumin hana ruwa a cikin 2016 don cimma burin ruwa na lita miliyan 600 a kowace rana, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/2016-residential-water-restrictions-explained|title=Residential water restrictions explained|website=www.capetown.gov.za|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13|archive-date=2017-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607095645/http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/2016-residential-water-restrictions-explained|url-status=dead}}</ref> tare da mazaunan iyakance ga lita 100 na ruwa kowace rana da kuma hana wanke mota, shayar da lambuna da haɓaka sama. wuraren ninkaya da ruwan birni. A ƙarshen lokacin rani na 2017, Theewaterskloof ya ƙi zuwa matakin 12.9%, tare da 10% na ƙarshe ba zai iya isa ba. Wata guguwa a watan Yunin 2017 ta kawo ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya karu zuwa kashi 15 cikin dari, amma gaba ɗaya ruwan sama a shekarar 2017 ya ragu sosai. Hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na raguwar matakin dam ya haifar da mahimmancin kiyaye ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/western-cape-dam-levels-up-only-15-percent-after-storms|title=Western Cape dam levels up only 1.5% after storms|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13|archive-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612184718/http://www.enca.com/south-africa/western-cape-dam-levels-up-only-15-percent-after-storms|url-status=dead}}</ref>An ƙara hana ruwa a cikin Cape Town daga mataki na 4 zuwa mataki na 4b a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 87 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. Ruwan sama a cikin 2017 ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaici, kuma a farkon 2018 dam ɗin ya sake kusantowa da ƙarancin ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da iyakancewar amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kawai ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, kuma yana shirin yuwuwar "Day Zero" a cikin Afrilu 2018 lokacin da Cape An yi hasashen za a rufe ruwan sha na ƙaramar hukumar. Sakamakon ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin lokacin sanyi na 2019 da 2020, matakin ruwan Theewaterskloof ya kai 100% a cikin Oktoba 2020.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lwandile |last=Bhengu |date=4 October 2020 |newspaper=Sowetan |title=Western Cape's largest dam overflows for the first time in six years |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-10-04-watch-western-capes-largest-dam-overflows-for-the-first-time-in-six-years/ |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> == Ruwan sama da iya aiki == Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|480406|Ml}} . na ruwa, kuma idan ta cika tafkin ya cika {{Convert|5059|ha}} . Yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Convert|500|km2}} ana amfani da shi ta rafukan da ke fitowa a cikin kewayon tsaunin Hottentots Holland. Wannan yanki yana da matsakaita na dogon lokaci na kwanaki 69 tare da hazo a kowace shekara<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html|title=Weather statistics for Theewaterskloofdam|last=institutt|first=NRK og Meteorologisk|work=yr.no|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en-gb|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043904/https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Bayan tarihi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Verified/HyData.aspx?Station=H6E00110.00&DataType=Monthly&StartDT=1974-11-30&EndDT=2017-02-01&SiteType=MET&Format=Old|title=Rainfall History}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>sun nuna cewa muna cikin lokacin bushewa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx|title=Western Cape rainfall|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2018-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115014055/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1mm na ruwan sama a kowace murabba'in mita yayi daidai da 500 000 000 da ke fadowa a wannan yanki. Don haka yana buƙatar cikakken ruwan sama da mita 100 tare da zubar da ruwa 100% don cika dam ɗin daga komai, wanda da wuya ya faru a kowace shekara. Ana ɗaukar ƴan kwanaki kafin duk wani ruwan da ya gudu ya isa madatsar ruwan. Haɓaka da yadda ƙasa ta cika tana shafar adadin ruwan da ke isa dam ɗin. Matsakaicin adadin tsakanin 9% zuwa 15% ana amfani dashi don daidaita dabi'u a kan ƙazantar ƙashi da shayar ƙasa. Dam mai zurfi yana da ƙarancin ƙashin ruwa saboda ƙarancin ƙasa a kowane girma. == Abubuwan zamantakewa == Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof kuma shine gidan bikin kidan na Synergy Live na shekara-shekara, daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan kide-kide na waje a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda yawanci ke faruwa a ƙarshen mako na Nuwamba ko ƙarshen mako na farko na Disamba.<ref name="Synergy">{{cite web|url=http://synergylive.co.za/|title=Synergy|date=2015|publisher=Synergy|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515194213/http://synergylive.co.za/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.twk.org.za Theewaterskloof Municipality] gec4xnotyyob2tduoqethxesz6dhcpy 0 48830 965691 257416 2026-10-10T07:36:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Nwanedi''' wani dam ne mai nau'in baka da ke kan kogin Nwanedi, wani bangare na [[kogin Limpopo]] .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/NWANEDIRiver_Dams%20.htm |title=Nwanedi River - Dams |access-date=2012-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054034/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/NWANEDIRiver_Dams%20.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Yana da 48&nbsp;km kudu maso gabashin Musina, lardin Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin 1964 kuma yana hidima ne musamman don dalilai na ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3). Dam ɗin tagwaye ne, [[Dam ɗin Luphephe]] yana gabas da dam ɗin, ƙasa da 0.25&nbsp;km daga. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) 2r5d8ml93mnojre5rx08zkmpjtq524i 0 48838 965702 883892 2026-10-10T07:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper,''' [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar]] ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wacce ke cikin tsaunin Hottentots Holland sama da Gordons Bay a Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana kama [[Steenbras River|kogin Steenbras]] a saman tsohuwar [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Dam Steenbras]]. An gina madatsar ruwa a cikin 1977 don birnin Cape Town kuma yana aiki da yawa don amfanin birni da masana'antu. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3).<ref>{{Cite web |title = List of Registered Dams |publisher = Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation |url = https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |access-date = 26 July 2021 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[File:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb| Taswirar madatsun ruwan Steenbras da yankin kamasu]] Steenbras Upper Dam shima yana aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Steenbras na birni mai tanadin wutar lantarki, tare da ƙaramin tafki a gindin dutsen. Har ila yau, an haɗa shi ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen tashar ruwa da bututun zuwa [[Rockview Dam|Dam din Rockview]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme, wani tsari na daban-daban na ajiyar kayan aiki da Eskom da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace. Mahadar ta ba da damar canja wurin ruwa daga kogin Palmiet zuwa madatsar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dams|url = https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|website = www.capetown.gov.za|accessdate = 2015-09-28|archive-date = 2015-09-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928214954/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) 963h5oy9kj6si4wu91h8koybojhmtou 0 48949 965684 258164 2026-10-10T07:36:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Klipdrif,''' wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan Loopspruit da Enselspruit kusa da Potchefstroom, Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kogin da ke gudana daga dam shine Loopspruit. An kafa ta a shekarar 1990 kuma babban manufarsa ita ce yin aikin ban ruwa. An tsara yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin mai mahimmanci (2). == Fauna == Tafkin ya ƙunshi ƙoshin lafiya na Carp Common (Cyprinus carpio) da kuma Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis), Moggel (Labeo umbratus), Smallmouth Yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus), Largemouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), Banded Tilapia (Tilapia sparrmanii), Threespot Barb ( ''Enteromius'' trimaculatus), Chubbyhead Barb ( ''Enteromius'' anoplus), Straightfin Barb ( ''Enteromius'' paulindnosus), Kudancin Mouthbrooder (Pseudocrenilabrus philander), Rock Catfish (Austroglanis sclateri) da kuma Western Mosquitois kifi. Akwai lafiyayyan yawan tsuntsaye a kusa da dam tare da tsuntsaye irin su Mikiya Kifin Afirka, Greater da Lesser Flamingo, Goose Masari, Jajayen Knobbed Coot, Moorhen, Farin Fuska mai Fuska, Black Duck na Afirka, Cape da Teal mai ja, Kudancin Kudancin. Pochard, Duck-Billed Yellow, Rawaya-Billed Stork, Abdim's Stork, White Stork, Grey Heron, Goliath Heron, Jarumi Jarumi, Jarumi mai Baƙar fata, Jarumin dare mai kambi, Spoonbill na Afirka, Pied Kingfisher, Malachite Kingfisher, Giant Kingfisher, Kwalkwali Guineafowl, Osprey, Gull mai launin toka da wasu Terns, Coursers, Plovers da Wagtails da ke zaune a ciki da wajen tafki. <ref name=":0">Visual inspection from NWU</ref> Sauran dabbobin da ke zaune a ciki da kuma kewayen dam din sun hada da Cape Clawless Otter, Blesbok, Grey Rhebok, Common Duiker, Steenbok, Warthog, Jackal baƙar fata, Cape Fox, Aardwolf, African Wild Cat, Caracal, Porcupine, Aardvark, Southern Hedgehog, Cape Pangolin, Honey Badger, Cape da Scrub Hare, Springhare da kuma kyan gani da kare. Masu rarrafe sun hada da Nilu da Rock Monitor Lizards, Rock Python Python, Puffadder, Rinkhals da Damisa. Ana iya samun Bullfrog na Afirka a kusa da dam. <ref name=":0">Visual inspection from NWU</ref> == Flora == Tsire-tsire da ke kewayen dam ɗin sune na al'ada Highveld Grassland da ake amfani da su don kiwo. Akwai gadaje masu tarwatsewa (Phragmites spp.) Tare da tafki, tare da gadaje masu kauri (Phragmites spp.) tare da bankunan kusa da mashigar. Tafkin yana kunshe da gadaje masu kauri na algae sludge da kuma shudi mai iyo algae. <ref name=":0">Visual inspection from NWU</ref> == Amfani == === Angling === Dam din ya shahara a tsakanin masu kallon wasanni, tare da gudanar da gasa tare da bankuna kowace shekara. {| class="wikitable" |+Bayanan Kamun kifi daga dam <ref>Records out of the fishing logbook at Lakeview resort office</ref> ! Nau'o'i ! Sunan gama gari ! Girman ! Shekara |- | Cyprinus Carpio | Karfe gama gari | 13.4&nbsp;kg | 2012 |- | Clarias Gariepinus asalin | Sharptooth Catfish | 30.2&nbsp;kg | 2013 |- | Labeo Capensis | Mudfish kogin Orange | 2.1&nbsp;kg | 2001 |- | Labeobarbus Aeneus | Smallmouth Yellowfish | 4.1&nbsp;kg | 1999 |- | Micropterus Dolomieu | Largemouth Bass | 3.6&nbsp;kg | 2017 |} === Ban ruwa === Babban manufar madatsun ruwa shine samar da ruwan noman noma ga filayen noma da ke gangarowa daga dam din. === Wasannin Ruwa === Gudun ruwa, gudun kan ruwa da kwalekwale duk sun shahara a madatsar ruwa. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa m5pwpl56fk2svbc1u8c4493pm1m4xi5 0 48955 965679 259559 2026-10-10T07:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Darlington''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Lake Mentz''' . dam nau'in nauyi ne da ke cikin Kogin Lahadi, kusa da Kirkwood, a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kammala shi a cikin 1922 kuma kawai ya cika ta 1928, jinkirin sakamakon fari mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Vuuren|first=Lani|date=2009|title=Water History: Darlington Dam – SA’s Troubled Lake|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WW_09_Jul-Aug_Darlington.pdf|journal=The Water Wheel|volume=8 Issue 4|pages=24-28}}</ref> Babban makasudin gina madatsar ruwan shi ne samar da isassun wadatattun ruwan sha na tsawon shekaru domin noman ruwa mai yawa a wuri mai albarka, musamman ta hanyar adanawa da sarrafa ruwan ambaliya. A shekara ta 1917, an kafa Hukumar Rawan Ruwa ta Lahadi kuma ta karɓi aikin daga Sashen Ban ruwa na gwamnati a 1918. Ginin ya sami koma baya da yawa, ciki har da rashin kayan aiki da injina, tare da ƙarancin da yakin duniya na farko ya haifar, aikin da bai dace ba (sojojin da suka dawo), annoba ta mura ta 1918, annoba ta bubonic, dabaru masu wahala da fari. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=24-28}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_Vuuren2009">van Vuuren, Lani (2009). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WW_09_Jul-Aug_Darlington.pdf "Water History: Darlington Dam – SA's Troubled Lake"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. 8 Issue 4: 24–28.</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> Jinkirin da aka samu wajen kammala aikin ya haifar da matsalar kudi ga kamfanonin noman rani inda daga karshe sai da Jiha ta karbe basussukan masu noman rani kuma an biya fam miliyan 2,350.000. <ref name=":0" /> An tsara madatsar ruwa ta asali don adana miliyan 142 m ³ . Yawan yawan amfanin ƙasa na Kogin Lahadi yana nufin cewa isar da ruwa a cikin ramin tafki cikin sauri ya rage ƙarfinsa. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin da 1.5 m a cikin 1935 kuma sake ta 5.8 m (ƙarfin ƙarfin 327,628,072 m ³ ) a cikin 1951/52 don jimre da asarar girman ajiya. <ref name=":0"/> An bude dam din da aka sake ginawa a ranar 26 ga Afrilun 1952, wanda Ministan Filaye da Ban ruwa na lokacin, JG Strydom, tare da aikin da Hukumar Rawan Ruwa ta Lahadi ke kula da shi, tare da J. Kevin Murphy a matsayin injiniyan tuntuba. A shekara ta 1979 tafki ya yi asarar kashi 41.47% na ƙarfin ƙira, tare da ~ 135,870,000 m ³ na laka da aka kama a bayan bango.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Annandale|first=GW|date=1984|title=Predicting the distribution of deposited sediment in southern African reservoirs|url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a144/iahs_144_0549.pdf|journal=Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources (Proceedings of the Harare Symposium)|publisher=IAHS|volume=Publ. no. 144|pages=549-567|access-date=2023-05-21|archive-date=2017-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215122420/http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a144/iahs_144_0549.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tushen a yanzu yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|187000000|m3}} , tare da {{Convert|35.3|m}} bango mai tsayi. Babban manufarsa shine don ban ruwa, masana'antu da amfanin gida. Mummunan fari na 1966 da 1967 ya jaddada wajabcin fara aiki akan Canal na Skoenmakers (ikon: 22 m ³ / s) don haɗa Babban Kogin Kifi zuwa Dam Darlington da wuri-wuri. Bisa la'akari da karuwar da ake sa ran za a yi na ban ruwa a karkashin Dam Darlington da kuma bukatar ruwa a cikin babban birnin [[Port Elizabeth]], an yanke shawarar maye gurbin tashar famfo na Wellington Grove tare da De Mistkraal Weir a saman Wellington Grove da wani ɗan gajeren sashe na haɗa canal zuwa ga tashar. farkon Skoenmakers Canal. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) lxrmr95jgnedhjc57ak49hgs1opgoku 0 48957 965683 952414 2026-10-10T07:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Klerkskraal''' hade ne dam din nauyi da nau'in baka wanda ke kan kogin Mooi, kusa da Ventersdorp, Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekara ta 1969 kuma babban manufarsa ita ce aikin ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3). Dam din kuma sanannen wurin kamun kifi ne a [[yankin]]. == Tarihi == An kammala aikin gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1969, yankin da ke bayan dam din ya yi saurin ambaliya fiye da yadda ake tsammani sakamakon ruwan sama da aka yi a yankin wanda ya haifar da fitar da ruwa mai karfi daga manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu da ke kwarara cikin dam da kuma fitar da ruwa daga magudanan ruwa da dama da ke kewayen dam din. Ambaliyar da sauri ta yi na nufin ba za a iya share wurin da kyau ba kafin tafki ya cika, wanda ya haifar da gine-gine kamar tsohuwar hanya, sandunan tarho da kuma tsohon ginin gidan gona da ambaliyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tafki har zuwa yau. <ref>Info from farmers who lived near klerkskraal since 1940</ref> == Fauna == Nau'in kifi na asali a cikin dam sun haɗa da Sharptooth Catfish (clarias gariepinus), Orange River Mudfish (labeo capensis), Moggel (labeo umbratus), Banded Tilapia (tilapia sparrmanii), Kudancin Mouthbrooder (pseudocrenilabrus philander), Barb tabo uku (e ''nteromius'' trimaculatus), Chubbyhead Barb (e ''nteromius'' anoplus), madaidaiciya-fin Barb (e ''nteromius'' paludinosus) da Smallmouth Yellowfish (labeobarbus aeneus) da kuma nau'ikan da aka gabatar. sun hada da Carp Common (cyprinus carpio), Largemouth Bass (micropterus dolomieu), Swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) da kuma Yammacin Sauro (gambusia affinis).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterSA_1980_%206_0173.PDF|title=wrc}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of Southern Africa}}</ref> Ana iya ganin tsuntsayen ciyawa 236 a yankin. Eagle Kifi na Afirka da Martial Eagle mazauna ne a madatsar ruwa da kewayenta da kuma Cape Clawless Otters, Warthog, Common Duiker, Steenbok, Caracal, Baƙar fata Jackal, Cape Fox, Cape Porcupine, Honey Badger, Aardvark, Aardwolf, Cape Pangolin, Bushiya na Afirka da Tsige Polecat. Ana iya ganin kadangaru na Nile da Rock Monitor, Rock Python na Afirka, Bullfrog na Afirka kuma ana iya gani a kusa da dam. == Flora == An kewaye dam ɗin gaba ɗaya da redu (Phragmites mauritianus) in ban da ƴan ɗigon buɗe ido 5 ko 6 kawai don harba jirgin ruwa. Har ila yau, dam din yana da faci mai yawa na Potamogeton pectinatus, Lagarosiphon verticilifolia, Lagarosiphon major, Hydrilla verticillata, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum. <ref>{{Cite web|url=file:///C:/Users/KTTYRES/Downloads/Aquatic%20Plants%20Identification%20Guide.pdf|title=aquatic plants South Africa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812155911/http://c/|archive-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> Wurin da ke kewaye da dam ɗin wani yanki ne na ciyayi na Highveld mai tarwatsewar bishiyoyin acacia ( '''''Vachellia karroo''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''ƙaya mai daɗi'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_karroo|title=vachellia karroo}}</ref> da '''Haak-en-steek'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haak-en-steek|title=haak en steek}}</ref> ( ''Acacia tortilis'' )   == Yanayin Ƙasa == Dam din yana kewaye da aƙalla maɓuɓɓugan karst guda 7 waɗanda 2 ne kawai ke da kwararar ruwa na dindindin a duk shekara, sauran idanun ƙarya ne, kawai suna gudana a lokacin rani bayan damina. Babban ido ana kiransa Bovenste Oog wanda ke jawo ruwa daga sashin Turffontein. == Amfani == === Angling === Dam ɗin ya shahara sosai a tsakanin masu bass anglers tare da kwale-kwale ko abin hawa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan magudanar ruwa suna hari bass ne kawai a madatsar ruwa, irin kifi da kifin sun girma zuwa girma da yawa. {| class="wikitable" |+Rikodin ɗin kamun kifi a dam ! Nau'o'i ! Sunan gama gari ! Sixr ! Shekara |- | Cyprinus carpio | Karfe gama gari | 30.65&nbsp;kg | 2018 |- | Clarias gariepinus | Sharptooth Catfish | 37.95&nbsp;kg | 2019 |- | Micropterus dolomieu | Largemouth Bass | 7..11&nbsp;kg | 2002 |- | Labeobarbus aeneus | Smallmouth Yellowfish | 4.51&nbsp;kg | 1998 |- | Labeo capensis | Mudfish kogin Orange | 2.12&nbsp;kg | 1995 |- | Labeo umbratus | Moggel | 1.66&nbsp;kg | 1999 |} <ref>Fishing log book at dam caretaker</ref> === Ban ruwa === Katangar dam tana da bawul da ke haɗa tafki zuwa magudanar ruwa don gonakin da ke ƙarƙashin dam ɗin.<mapframe latitude="-26.197845" longitude="27.164602" zoom="13" width="261" height="307" align="right" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu 14wtjd3ngyaka6ng7pfn0knuqmn8atb 0 48960 965692 258207 2026-10-10T07:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Nzhelele''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Njelele Dam''' ) wani dam ne mai nau'in baka da ke kan kogin Nzhelele a lardin Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana da damar 55.3 miliyan m ³ . <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 1948. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Babban maƙasudin gina madatsar ruwan shi ne yin aikin ban ruwa kuma an ba shi damar yin illarsa a matsayi na uku (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cv9urf6qxxd7nph5xxh6h6z10qo979s 0 48962 965695 258219 2026-10-10T07:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Rhenosterkop,''' yana haɗe da ƙarfin nauyi da dam na baka a Lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana kan Kogin Elands, wani yanki na kogin Olifants . <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> An kafa dam ɗin ne a shekarar 1984. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Dam ɗin ya fi yin amfani da gundumomi da masana'antu kuma an sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayi mai girma (3). == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hvvxqhhbqoq0vs35cr7ffb55d12vxif 0 48963 965704 476302 2026-10-10T07:42:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Wolwedansdam vanaf suidooste.jpg|thumb|Dam din kankare ne na Afrika na kudu]] '''Dam ɗin Wolwedans,''' wani dam ɗin kankare ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da ke kan babban kogin Brak kusa da Mossel Bay, Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Dam ɗin shi ne babban hanyar samar da ruwa ga ƙaramar hukumar Mossel Bay<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/services |title=Mossel Bay Municipality; services |website=www.mosselbay.gov.za |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921234953/http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/services |archive-date=2011-09-21}}</ref> da kuma matatar gas-zuwa-ruwa PetroSA . Dam ɗin yana aiki ne musamman don samar da ruwan sha na birni da masana'antu. == Zane == [[File:Wolwedansdam_vanaf_suidooste.jpg|left|thumb|180x180px| Wolwedans Dam]] An kammala shi a farkon shekarar 1990, shi ne na farko a cikin duniya guda ɗaya madatsar ruwa mai ƙarfin nauyi da aka yi da simintin abin nadi wanda ya dogara da cikakken aikin baka mai girma uku don samun kwanciyar hankali. Babbar madatsar ruwa mai tsayin mita 70 yana da fuskar sama a tsaye da kuma fuska mai gangara a gangaren 0.5:1 (H:V). Yana da radius extrados akai-akai na 135 m da tsayin crest na 268 m. Ƙarfin da ba ya zubewa yana da faɗin mita 5. An gina dam ɗin ne da siminti mai kauri mai kauri mai tsayin mita 0.25 tare da haɗaɗɗen haɗin gwiwa a tazarar m 10 tare da cire ɗaure kowane Layer na 4. RCC kusan {{Convert|200000|m3|cuyd}} an sanya shi a cikin watan Oktoba da Nuwambar 1988 da tsakanin watan Mayu da Nuwambar 1989. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwar da aka haifar an grouted a cikin hunturu, tsakanin Yuli da Nuwambar 1993. An cika tafki mai ƙarfi a cikin shekarar 1992. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Haɗin babban manna RCC ! Siminti na Portland ! Tashi Ash ! Ruwa ! M Tari ! Tari mai kyau |- | kg/m ³ | kg/m ³ | kg/m ³ | kg/m ³ | kg/m ³ |- | 58 | 136 | 100 | 1510 | 625 |} Abubuwan haɗin RCC sun kasance: * Yawan RCC: 2,400&nbsp;kg/m ³ * Matsakaicin ƙarfin matsi na shekara 1 RCC: {{Convert|35|MPa|psi|0}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan kula == * [http://www.icold-cigb.org Nadi-Compacted Concrete Dams, ICOLD, Bulletin 126] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa hqoi84uzp518yesvq55nten19d796xv 0 48964 965669 899604 2026-10-10T07:09:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Bongolo''',(wanda kuma aka rubuta Bonkolo) yana kan kogin Komani, kusa da Queenstown, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Dam ɗin yana da karfin {{Convert|7015000|m3}}. Dam ɗin Bongolo, kimanin {{Convert|5|km}} daga garin da ke kan titin Dordrecht, ɗayan manyan hanyoyin ruwa ne na Queenstown, babban manufarsa don amfanin masana'antu da na birni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Londt|first=J.G.H.|date=July 2014|title=A Revision ofMillenariusLondt, 2005 with Descriptions of Two New Species from Southern Africa and the Transfer ofNeolophonotus dichaetusHull, 1967 to the Genus (Diptera: Asilidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/african-entomology_2014-07_22_2/page/377|journal=African Entomology|volume=22|issue=2|pages=377–387|doi=10.4001/003.022.0213|s2cid=86718661|issn=1021-3589}}</ref> An gina katangar a shekara ta 1905 sannan kuma ta kasance katangar dam mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu tsawon shekaru. Ba zato ba tsammani asalin sunan Bongola ya haifar da wasu cece-kuce, amma wasu sun yarda cewa an samo shi ne daga kalmar Xhosa ta yaren ''mbongolo'' ma'ana jaki, saboda an yi amfani da waɗannan dabbobi sosai wajen gina madatsar ruwa. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa 2p95pzg34pvv02jhlj11qphrauapxb9 0 48971 965693 910510 2026-10-10T07:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Pongolapoort_Dam_sat.PNG|thumb| Ra'ayin tauraron dan adam na Pongolapoort Dam]] [[Fayil:Pongolapoort Dam.jpg|thumb|pongilapoort dam]] [[Fayil:Pongolapoort Dam sat.PNG|thumb|Dam ɗin Pongolapoort]] '''Dam ɗin Pongolapoort''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Dam din Jozini''' yana samar da '''Tafkin''' Jozini, madatsar ruwa ce mai nau'in baka (mai lankwasa guda biyu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WW%20May-June%20Pongolapoort.pdf|title=Pongolapoort Dam: Development steeped in controversy|last=|first=|date=May 2009|website=Water Research Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 Jan 2020}}</ref> ) a arewacin KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da ke kan kogin Phongolo . Dam din yana arewa da mazaunin Jozini, 280&nbsp;km arewa maso gabas da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Durban]] . An kuma gina dam ɗin ne a shekarar 1973 a ƙarshen gabas na kunkuntar kwazazzabo da ke raba zangon Lebombo da Ubombo. Dam din ya fi yin aiki ne don ayyukan ban ruwa kuma hadarinsa ya kasance mai girma (3). Kogin Phongolo shine babban mai ciyar da madatsar ruwa da mashigar ruwa haka kuma shine kawai mai ciyar da madat ɗin.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Magaliesberg |url=https://archive.org/details/magaliesberg0000carr |last=Carruthers |first=Vincent |year=1990 |publisher=Southern Book Publishers |location=[[Johannesburg]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/magaliesberg0000carr/page/335 333] }}</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin gina madatsar ruwa ta Pongolapoort, ƙasar ita ce yanki na farko da aka amince da shi a Afirka wajen kiyayewa. An yi shelar Pongola Game Reserve a cikin 1894 ta Shugaban Jamhuriyar Transvaal Paul Kruger na lokacin. Wannan zai haifar da shelar Hluhluwe-Imfolozi, Mkuze da Ndumo Game Reserve da kuma ɗayan manyan wuraren kiyaye namun daji na Afirka, dajin Kruger .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://krugerbookings.com/|title=Kruger Lodges|accessdate= 10 December 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwar daji. == Dam ɗin yana kusa da namun daji masu zaman kansu da kuma wurin ajiyar namun daji na Pongola wanda ke da gidaje masu zaman kansu da yawa da kuma sansanin kamun kifi. Namun daji da na tsuntsaye sun yi yawa a yankin. Dabbobin da za a nema sun hada da [[giwa]], damisa, farare da bakar karkanda, buffalo, hippopotamus, waterbuck, bushbuck, nyala, big kudu, zebra, rakumin dawa da hange. Dam din da kewayenta suna tallafawa nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 350 wadanda suka hada da rarrabu kamar su Afirka Broadbill, [[Wuyan barauka|sirdi]] da [[Tsagagi|storks mai launin rawaya]], finfoot na Afirka, mujiya kifi na Pel da [[Nabinagar|Narina]] trogon . Dam din yana kuma tallafawa yankin kiwo na ruwan hoda mai goyan baya da manyan fararen pelicans. Bugu da ƙari, madatsar ruwa tana tallafawa tsayayyen yawan kadawan Nilu . Har ila yau, dam din ya kasance gida ne ga yawancin kifin damisa na kudu. Sauran nau'in kifi sun haɗa da kifin kifi da kurper . == ingancin ruwa == Babu wani bayani game da ingancin ruwan dam amma ana iya ɗaukan adalci ne. Babban nau'in gurbataccen ruwan kogin Pongola shine maganin kashe kwari na noma wanda ke shiga cikin kogin saboda yawan amfani da fili wajen noma sama da madatsar ruwa. == Gobarar jirgin ruwa == Kamfanin Ballito ''Shayamanzi Houseboats'' yana gudanar da aikin jirgin ruwa na alfarma a tafkin Jozini. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2021 daya daga cikin kwale-kwalen, ''Shayamanzi I'', ya kama wuta kuma ya kone gaba daya bayan da wani injin da bai dace ya yi zafi ba. Ma'aikatan jirgin guda hudu da 'yan yawon bude ido biyar na Jamus sun nutse a cikin ruwa mai tsauri, inda mutane uku (ma'aikatan jirgin biyu da mai yawon bude ido daya) suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Jozini boat fire survivors prepare to repatriate body to Germany amid pending legal action|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-10-13-lake-jozini-boat-fire-survivors-prepare-to-repatriate-body-to-germany-amid-pending-legal-action/|access-date=2021-12-18|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Hukumar kiyaye ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAMSA) ce ke binciken musabbabin gobarar da yiwuwar sakaci. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa q16muv2w9g8k18eyyg5hi05qv2n98ob 0 48973 965685 549538 2026-10-10T07:36:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Klipvoor_dam.jpg|left|thumb| Kogin Klipvoor Dam]] {{databox}} [[Fayil:Klipvoordamwal, Pienaarsrivier, Borakalalo-wildreservaat, a.jpg|thumb|Dam ɗin Klipvoor]] '''Dam ɗin Klipvoor,''' wani dam ne mai nau'in nauyi na kankare da ke kan Kogin Moretele, 55&nbsp;km arewa da Brits, Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1970. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Babban maƙasudin gina madatsar ruwan shi ne yin aikin ban ruwa kuma an sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayi na uku (3). Dam ɗin Klipvoor yana ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan wuraren kamun kifi na Borakalalo Game Reserve, dake arewacin dam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/south-africa/north-west-province/eastern-region/borakalalo-game-reserve/ |title=Borakalalo Game Reserve |access-date=2012-04-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123194846/http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/south-africa/north-west-province/eastern-region/borakalalo-game-reserve/ |archive-date=2013-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://archive.today/20130421230044/http://www.parksnorthwest.co.za/borakalalo/accommodation.html Borakalalo Accommodation] jgrkxbager3bgx87ciddz1bxl7877i3 0 48978 965701 325736 2026-10-10T07:39:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Sol Plaatje''' (Ko '''Saulspoort Dam''' ), wani [[Madatsar ruwa|dam]] ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda yake a mahaɗar kogunan As da Liebenbergsvlei kusa da Baitalami, Jihar Free, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1968 kuma yana aiki galibi don samar da ruwa na birni da na cikin gida. An yi la'akari da yuwuwar haɗarin dam. Tafkin yana samun ruwa daga aikin Ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho ta Kogin As. Asalin sunan da ake kiran sa da shi Dam ɗin Saulsport, an sake masa suna a hukumance a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilun 2005, <ref>[https://archive.today/20140302085603/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=60794 Government Gazette, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, Vol. 478 Pretoria 1 April 2005 No. 27408] retrieved 16 Aug 2013</ref> yana tunawa da bala'in bas da ya faru a can a farkon sa'o'in 1 ga Mayun 2003, lokacin da fasinjoji 51, kan hanyar zuwa taron Ranar Ma'aikata, suka nutse. 41 na ma'aikatan sun kasance ma'aikatan karamar hukumar Sol Plaatje ( Kimberley ). <ref>[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Drama-at-bus-tragedy-service-20030505 Drama at bus tragedy service] News24.com 5 May 2003 retrieved 16 Aug 2013</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) poltms1438o7jhv8bpnu4gqmhtylxv5 0 49030 965700 259047 2026-10-10T07:39:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Rust de Winter,''' dam ne da ke kan kogin Elands, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1920 kuma yana da damar 28 miliyan m ³ a bayan bango na 31.&nbsp;m.<ref name="On01">{{cite book | title=On Route in South Africa: Explore South Africa region by region | publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers | author=Erasmus, B.P.J. | year=2014 | pages=401 | isbn=9781920289805}}</ref> {{Rp|314}}Ana amfani da dam ɗin ne wajen ban ruwa na gonaki. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da aka kawo shanu daga Highveld don kiwo a cikin lokacin hunturu.<ref name="On01" /> {{Rp|314}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Masama == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/DSO/Documents/List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20Oct%202011.xls Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa na jerin madatsun ruwa da ake da su, Oktoba 2011], sun ziyarci 10 Yuni 2013 fhnrb6ci2ldx0odj2otapqfp0opw68e 0 49039 965678 258697 2026-10-10T07:30:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Da Gama''', dam ne mai nau'in cikar ƙasa/na nauyi akan [[Witwaters River|kogin Witwaters]], kusa da White River, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekarar 1971 kuma babban manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa ya zama babba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woodhouse|first=Philip|date=December 1995|title=Water Rights and Rural Restructuring in South Africa: A Case Study from Eastern Transvaal|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=11|issue=4|pages=527–544|doi=10.1080/07900629550042182|issn=0790-0627}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu) q8gl23ci2twi2xd3vrb9ozofoe0cfcb 0 49154 965423 543987 2026-10-09T20:20:54Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Bayani */ 965423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:50 Ghana Cedis.jpg|thumb|Cedi na Ghana]] '''Cedi''' ( / ˈsiːd iː / SEE SEE-dee, ana magana da ita daidai da CD ) ( alamar kuɗi : '''GH₵''' ; lambar kuɗi : '''GHS''' ) ita ce ƙungiyar kuɗin Ghana. Ita ce ta hudu na tarihi kuma kawai takardar neman doka ta yanzu a Jamhuriyar Ghana. An raba cedi ɗaya zuwa pesewas ɗari (Gp).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2020}} Bayan samun 'yancin kai, kasar Ghana ta ware kanta da kudin Fam na yankin Afirka ta Yamma, wanda shi ne kudin kasashen da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a yankin. Kuɗin kuɗi na farko na sabuwar jamhuriyar shine fam na Ghana (shekarar 1958-shekarar 1965). A shekara ta 1965, Ghana ta yanke shawarar ficewa daga tsarin hada-hadar kudi na Turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma bin tsarin decimal da aka yarda da shi. An gabatar da sunan Afirka Cedi (shekarar 1965–shekarar 1967) a maimakon tsohon tsarin fam na kasar Burtaniya . Shugaban Ghana na farko Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ya gabatar da kudin Cedi da tsabar kudi na Pesewa a watan Yulin 1965 don maye gurbin Fam, Shilling da pence na Ghana. Cedi na dauke da hoton shugaban kasa kuma ya yi daidai da shilling takwas da dinari hudu (8s 4d), watau dinari dari, ta yadda pesewa 1 daidai da dinari daya. Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1966, sabbin shugabannin sun so cire fuskar Nkrumah daga takardun kudi. "Sabon cedi" (kasar 1967-2007) yana da darajar cedi 1.2, wanda ya sa ya zama daidai da rabin fam sittin (ko shillings goma) a gabatarwar sa. Shekaru da yawa na hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya rage darajar sabon cedi, ta yadda a shekara ta 2007 mafi girma na "sabon cedi" takardun banki, takardar kudi 20,000, tana da darajar kusan dalar Amurka 2. An kawar da sabuwar cedi a hankali a shekara ta 2007 don goyon bayan "Ghana cedi" a kan canjin kudi na 1:10,000. Ta hanyar cire lambobi huɗu, Ghana cedi ta zama mafi girman adadin kuɗin da aka bayar a Afirka . Tun daga nan ya yi asarar sama da kashi 90% na ƙimar sa. == Bayani == [[File:Ein-Cedi-Münze.jpg|thumb|125x125px| Cedi tare da saniya]] Kalmar {{Lang|ak|cedi}} shine kalmar [[Yaren Akan|Akan]] don harsashi . Cowries (jam'in shanu) a da ana amfani da su azaman kuɗi a ƙasar Ghana a yanzu. ''Monetaria moneta'' ko shanun kuɗi ba 'yan asalin ruwa ba ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] amma nau'i ne na kowa a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Harsashi mai kama da anta ya zo yammacin Afirka, tun daga karni na 14, ta hanyar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwa [[Larabawa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cowrie shells and the slave trade |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/africa/the_wealth_of_africa/cowrie_shells_and_the_slave_tr.aspx |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=[[British Museum]]}}</ref> Na farko tsabar kudi na zamani da aka yi amfani da su musamman a Gold Coast an samar da su ne a cikin shekarar 1796, amma an yi amfani da sanduna tare da tsabar kudi da ƙurar zinariya a matsayin kuɗi har zuwa shekarar 1901. == Tarihi == === Cedi na farko, 1965-1967 === An ƙaddamar da cedi na farko a cikin Shekaran 1965, wanda ya maye gurbin fam a ƙimar 2.4&nbsp;cedi = 1&nbsp;fam, ko 1&nbsp;pesewa = 1&nbsp;dinari. Cedi na farko an lika shi zuwa Sterling a adadin 2.4&nbsp;cedis = £1, ko 8s 4d kowace cedi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metal cedis and pesewas – modern coins of Ghana |url=http://www.e-allmoney.com/coins/afr/gana-c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225142142/http://www.e-allmoney.com/coins/afr/gana-c.html |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Allmoney.com}}</ref> === Cedi na biyu (GHC), 1967–2007 === An maye gurbin cedi na farko a cikin shekarar 1967 da "sabon cedi" wanda ya kai 1.2 cedi na farko. Wannan ya ba da damar jujjuya ƙima tare da fam, wato 2 cedis na biyu = 1 laban. Canjin ya kuma ba da damar cire hoton [[Kwame Nkrumah]] daga tsabar kudi da takardun kudi. Cedi na biyu an fara lika shi da sitiyari a farashin ₵2 = £1. Koyaya, a cikin watanni, an rage darajar cedi ta biyu zuwa ƙimar ₵2.45 = £1, ƙasa da ƙimar farko na cedi ta farko. Wannan ƙimar yayi daidai da ₵1 = 0.98&nbsp;An kiyaye dalar Amurka da farashin dala lokacin da aka rage darajar Sterling a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1967. An saita ƙarin pegs na $0.55 a cikin shekarar 1971, $0.78 a 1972, da $0.8696 a 1973 kafin kuɗin ya tashi a shekarar 1978. An sami hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya, don haka aka sake yin pedi a ₵2.80 = $1.00. An ci gaba da cinye darajar cedi a kasuwar baƙar fata . A farkon shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara yin katsalandan a kan siyar da kayayyaki akan farashi banda farashin siyarwar da aka kayyade (wanda kuma aka sani da sarrafa farashin ). Wannan yana da tasirin tuƙi kusan duk kasuwancin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda farashin kasuwannin baƙar fata ya kasance na yau da kullun, kuma babu abin da ya wanzu a kan ɗakunan ajiya. A shekara ta 1983, cedi ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 120 zuwa 1 a kasuwar baƙar fata, fakitin sigari ya kai kusan ₵150 (idan za a iya samun su), amma kuɗin banki ya ci gaba a ₵2.80 = $1.00. A karshe, bayan da kudaden kasashen waje suka bushe gaba daya ga duk wani ciniki da ake shigo da su daga waje, gwamnati ta tilastawa gwamnati fara wani tsari na rage kimar darajarta a hankali, tare da sassauta tsauraran matakan da ta ke dauka. Wannan tsari ya ƙare a cikin shekarar 1990, tare da yawo na cedi kyauta akan kudaden waje. Haɓakawa ya ci gaba (duba jadawalin kuɗin musaya ) har zuwa watan Yuli shekarar 2007, dalar Amurka ɗaya ta kai kusan ₵ 9500, kuma an fara canjawa zuwa cedi na uku. A shekara ta 1979, an kwace kudaden. An fitar da sabbin takardun kudi wadanda aka yi musanya da tsofaffi akan kudi tsofaffin takardun kudi 10 zuwa sabbin guda 7. Tsabar kudi da asusun banki ba a shafa ba. An yi wani kwace na biyu a cikin shekarar 1982, lokacin da aka lalata bayanin ₵50 (mafi girman mazhaba). 'Yan Ghana, a ka'idar, za su iya musanya kowane adadin ₵50 don tsabar kudi ko wasu takardun banki ba tare da asara ba, amma baƙi ba za su iya yin musaya ba. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana da suke tara tarin cedi sun ji tsoron ramuwar gayya idan suka yi ƙoƙari su canza duka, don haka kawai sun kona kuɗinsu da yawa. Wasu 'yan Ghana da dama sun sami "kudirin biyan kudi" daga bankuna, amma ba su sami diyya ba. Wannan kwace ya tabbata a bainar jama'a a matsayin wata hanya ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga bunƙasa kasuwar baƙar fata. Duk da haka, ta fuskar kuɗi, kwace kuɗin yana da tasiri na rage yawan kuɗin da ake samu a cikin tattalin arziki, kuma ta haka ne rage yawan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Bayan kwace bayanan ₵50, bayanin kula ₵20 shine mafi girman mazhabar cedi, amma yana da darajar titi kusan $0.35 (US). ) hudu kashe kudin ta hanyar canzawa zuwa cedi na uku. Ba a gabatar da sabon kudin a matsayin cedi na uku ba amma a maimakon haka ana kiransa da sunan "Ghanaian cedi" (GH₵), sabanin cedi na biyu wanda a hukumance aka sani da "sabon cedi". A cikin rabin na biyu na shekarar 2007 duka cedi na biyu da na uku sun kasance na doka yayin da ake cire tsohuwar kudin a hankali. A ƙarshen watan Disamban shekarar 2007, an cire fiye da 90% na duk tsoffin tsabar kudi da bayanin kula. Daga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, tsofaffin takardun banki za a iya musanya su a bankuna kawai kuma ba su da izinin doka. A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010, an ba da takardar kuɗi ta GH₵2 don biyan buƙatun jama'a na ƙungiyar tsaka-tsaki da rage mitar, da farashi mai alaƙa, na buga babban kundi na GH₵1 banknote. Gabatar da sabuwar darikar ya zo daidai da kammala bikin cika shekaru dari na haifuwar [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban Ghana na farko, kuma yana da rubutun tunawa " karni na Haihuwar Dr.&nbsp;Kwame Nkrumah." Sakamakon lokaci na "tsabar hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki" da "raguwar faduwar darajar kudin kowace shekara", Bankin Ghana a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2019, ya sanar da fitar da sabon tsabar kudin cedi 2 da kuma sabbin takardun kudi na cedi 100 da 200. Cibiyoyin cedi na banki na 1 da 2 da suka wanzu sun kasance masu taushin doka, kodayake waɗannan ƙungiyoyin za a sauya su a hankali da tsabar kuɗi don rage farashi. Cedi na uku yana ci gaba da rasa ƙima tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi. A cikin shekarar 2014, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya tashi da sauri yayin da darajar cedi ta uku ta faɗi zuwa kashi huɗu na ainihin ƙimarsa. An dakatar da rage darajar na wani dan lokaci a cikin kwata na karshe na shekarar 2014, yayin da kudin ya daidaita saboda shirin ceton IMF na Ghana. Saboda rashin ƙarancin ikon sayen sa, tsabar pesewa ɗaya ba kasafai ake ganin sa ba. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Bankin Ghana ya fara aiwatar da cire GH₵1 da GH₵2 bayanin kula daga yaɗuwa don ƙarfafa amfani da tsabar kimar fuskar su. A cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022, haɓaka hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ci gaba da rashin sarrafa tattalin arziki ya sa darajar cedi ta ragu zuwa cents 10 na Amurka (GH₵10 = US$1). {{As of|2022|09}} , adadin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na shekara-shekara na 37.2% kamar yadda Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ghana ta ruwaito shi ne mafi girma tun shekarar 2001. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2022, cedi ya zama mafi munin kuɗi a duniya, inda ya yi asarar kashi 60% na ƙimar sa dangane da dalar Amurka tun ƙarshen shekarar 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 December 2007 |title=Don't Give Out Change In Old notes, Coins |publisher=Modern Ghana |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/150520/1/dont-give-out-change-in-old-notes-coins-bank-of-gh.html |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Farashin musanya {{As of|2022|10|24}} ya kasance kusan 15 GH ₵ ga dalar Amurka.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2007 |title=Time Out For Old Cedi Notes |publisher=Modern Ghana |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/151875/1/time-out-for-old-cedi-notes.html |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> == Tsabar kudi == Bankin Ghana yana fitar da duk tsabar kudin Ghana tun shekarar 1958. Bayan tsabar kuɗi a gabaɗaya bankin ya kuma ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa An fitar da waɗannan tsabar kuɗi na musamman a shillings (1958), rawanin (1965), fam (1958–1977), sikas (1997–2003) da cedis (2013) -). Babu tabbas idan Bankin Ghana ya ɗauki rawanin tunawa da sikas tare da fam ɗin tunawa da aka yi bayan shekarar 1965, a matsayin ɗan takara na doka ko kuma kawai a matsayin lambobin yabo. Tsabar kudi da suka kasance ko suke gabaɗaya sun haɗa cikin wannan jeri. Shekarun fitowar ba ya nuna cewa an tsara jerin abubuwan a kowace shekara a cikin lokacin amma an fitar da tsabar kudin fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokacin da aka bayyana. Wasu tsabar kudi ana riƙe su kuma a sake su shekaru bayan an fitar da su. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin yawan wurare dabam dabam akwai tsabar tsabar kudi da tsabar kudi a cikin yanayin mint daga wannan shekara ta fito. Bankin Ghana bai taba bayyana ko suna rike da tsabar kudi da aka riga aka buga ba har sai an bukace su ko kuma idan sun yi tambarin tsabar kudi a jere tare da tsofaffin shekaru. === Cedi na farko (1965-67) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="10" |Farko cedi<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1965–67)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="6" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | Ranar fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Karfe ! Nauyi ! Diamita ! Gefen |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:10px" |[[File:5_pesewas_(1958).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 pesewa | rowspan="4" align="center" | [[Kwame Nkrumah]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''CIVITATIS GHANIENSIS CONDITOR''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(the Founder of Ghana)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''KWAME NKRUMAH'' | rowspan="4" align="center" | Tauraro mai nuni biyar<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Darajar tsabar kudin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> &<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1965 | rowspan="4" align="center" | Copper-nickel | align="center" | 4.1g ku | align="center" | 22&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Santsi | rowspan="4" align="center" | 19 ga Yuli, 1965 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_pesewas_(1958).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 pesewa | align="center" | 3.2g ku | align="center" | 20&nbsp;mm | rowspan="2" align="center" | Milled |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:25_pesewas_(1958).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 25 pesewa | align="center" | 8.65g ku | align="center" | 27.4&nbsp;mm |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:50_pesewas_(1958).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 50 pesewa | align="center" | 13.9g ku | align="center" | 32&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Reeded |} === Cedi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="10" |Cedi na biyu<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1967–2007)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="6" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | Shekaru na fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Karfe ! Nauyi ! Diamita ! Gefen |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:10px" |[[File:½_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | | rowspan="2" align="center" | Adowa ganguna<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''GANA''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> YANCI DA ADALCI | rowspan="2" align="center" | Tauraro mai nuni biyar<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Darajar tsabar kudin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> &<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Shekarar fitowar | rowspan="2" align="center" | Tagulla | align="center" | 2.9g ku | align="center" | 20.2&nbsp;mm | rowspan="3" align="center" | Santsi | align="center" | 1967 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 pesewa | align="center" | 5.72g ku | align="center" | 25.47&nbsp;mm | align="center" | 1967-1979 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:2½_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | pesewas | rowspan="5" align="center" | [[Koko|Cacao 'ya'yan itatuwa]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''GANA''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> YANCI DA ADALCI | rowspan="6" align="center" | Garkuwa daga Coat of makamai na Ghana<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Darajar tsabar kudin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> &<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Shekarar fitowar | rowspan="5" align="center" | Copper-nickel | align="center" | 3.2g ku | align="center" | 19.5&nbsp;mm | align="center" | 1967 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 pesewa | align="center" | 2.85g ku | align="center" | 19&nbsp;mm | rowspan="3" align="center" | Reeded | align="center" | 1967-1975 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 pesewa | align="center" | 5.6g ku | align="center" | 23.5&nbsp;mm | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1967-1979 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:20_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 20 pesewa | align="center" | 11.2g ku | align="center" | 28&nbsp;mm |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:50_pesewas_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 50 pesewa | align="center" | 12.5g ku | align="center" | 32&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Milled | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1979 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_cedi_(new_cedi).jpg|160x160px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 cedi | align="center" | Harsashi na Cowry<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|(Lettering:)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''GANA''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> YANCI DA ADALCI | align="center" | Brass | align="center" | 11.9g ku | align="center" | 30&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Santsi |} === Cedi na uku === Sabbin tsabar kudi 1&nbsp;pesewa (tsohuwar cedi 100), 5&nbsp;pesewas (500), 10 pesewa (1,000), 20 pesewas (2,000), 50 pesewa (5,000), 1.&nbsp;cedi (10,000) da 2 cedi (20,000). == Bayanan banki == Bankin Ghana yana fitar da duk takardun kudin Ghana tun shekarar 1958. Yawancin takardun kudi na Ghana an canza su kadan daga fitowar shekara guda zuwa na shekara mai zuwa a ci gaba da yaki da fasahohin kudi na fasaha. Har ila yau, sa hannun kan takardun ya canza lokacin da sabon gwamna ya karbi ragamar tafiyar da bankin na Ghana. Irin waɗannan canje-canje suna akai-akai kuma ba a rufe su a cikin wannan jeri. Shekarun fitowar ba su nuna cewa an buga jerin abubuwan a kowace shekara a cikin wannan lokacin ba, amma an fitar da takardar banki fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokacin da aka bayar. === Cedi na farko (1965-67) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="7" |Farko cedi<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1965–67)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="2" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | Ranar fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_cedi_(1965).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 cedi | rowspan="5" align="center" | [[Kwame Nkrumah]] | align="center" | Bankin Ghana | rowspan="6" align="center" | 19 ga Yuli, 1965 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5_cedis_(1965).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 cici | align="center" | kotun Koli |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_cedis_(1965).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 cedi | align="center" | [[Independence Arch]] |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:50_cedis_(1965).jpg|134x134px]]</img> | align="center" | 50 cedi | align="center" | Tekun Teku, Dabino |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:100_cedis_(1965).jpg|141x141px]]</img> | align="center" | 100 cedi | align="center" | Kumasi Central Hospital |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1000_cedis_(1965).jpg|135x135px]]</img> | align="center" | 1,000 cedis<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Only used in Interbanking Transactions)}} | align="center" | Black Star | align="center" | Bankin Ghana |} === Cedi na biyu (1967-2007) === ==== 1967 zuwa 1979 ==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="7" |Cedi na biyu - jerin 1st<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1967–79)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="2" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | Shekaru na fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_Cedi_(1967).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 cedi | align="center" | koko | align="center" | Garkuwa da takobi | align="center" | 1967-1971 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5_cedis_(1967).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 cici | align="center" | Fauna sassaka | align="center" | Fauna sassaka | align="center" | 1967-1969 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_Cedi_(1967).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 cedi | align="center" | Ayyukan fasaha | align="center" | Mutum-mutumi | align="center" | 1967-1970 |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="7" |Cedi na biyu - jerin 2nd<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1972–79)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="2" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | Shekaru na fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_cedi_(1973).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 cedi | align="center" | Budurwa yarinya | align="center" | Manomin koko | align="center" | 1973-1978 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:2_cedis_(1972).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 2 cici | align="center" | Manomi | align="center" | Masunta | align="center" | 1972-78 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5_cedis_(1973).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 cici | align="center" | Mace | align="center" | Larabanga masallaci | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1973-1978 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_cedi_(1973).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 cedi | align="center" | Bututu mai shan taba | align="center" | [[Madatsar ruwan Akosombo|Akosombo Dam]] |} ==== 1979 zuwa 2007 ==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="7" |Cedi na biyu - jerin 3rd<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1979–2007)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="2" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | Shekaru na fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_cedi_(1979).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 cedi | align="center" | Saurayi | align="center" | Saƙan kwando | rowspan="5" align="center" | 1979-1982 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:2_cedis_(1979).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 2 cici | align="center" | Yarinyar makaranta | align="center" | Ma'aikatan filin wasa |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5_cedis_(1979).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 cici | align="center" | Tsoho | align="center" | Lumberers |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_cedis_(1979).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 cedi | align="center" | Budurwa mace | align="center" | Masunta |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:20_cedis_(1979).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 20 cedi | align="center" | Mai hakar ma'adinai | align="center" | Kente masaƙa |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:50_cedis_(1979).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 50 cedi<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Demonetized in 1982)}} | align="center" | Tsoho | align="center" | Manoman koko | align="center" | 1979-1980 |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="7" |Cedi na biyu - jerin 4th<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Legal tender: 1983–2007)}} |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! colspan="2" | Bayani ! colspan="2" rowspan="1;" | Shekaru na fitowa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Fara ! Ƙarshe |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_cedi_(1984).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 cedi | align="center" | WO II Larbi, Fred Otoo, E. Kwasi Nukpor | align="center" | Ginin bankin karkara | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1984 | align="center" | 1984 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:20_cedis_(1984).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 20 cedi | align="center" | Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa | align="center" | Mai hakar ma'adinai, jami'in soja, dalibi, masu zanga-zanga | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1986 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:50_cedis_(1983).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 50 cedi | align="center" | Saurayi | align="center" | Ma'aikata suna busar da hatsi | rowspan="3" align="center" | 1983 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:100_Cedis_(1983).png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 100 cedi | align="center" | Mace | align="center" | Ana loda kayan amfanin gona | align="center" | 1991 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:200_Cedis_(1983).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 200 cedi | align="center" | Tsoho | align="center" | Malami da dalibai | align="center" | 1993 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:500_cedis_(1986).png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 500 cedi | align="center" | Baƙin tauraro, hannu, da " [[Nyame|Gye Nyame]] " | align="center" | Cocoa da ma'adinai | align="center" | 1986 | align="center" | 1994 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1000_cedis_(1991).png|131x131px]]</img> | align="center" | 1,000 cedis | align="center" | Diamonds | align="center" | Girbin koko | align="center" | 1991 | align="center" | 2003 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:2000_cedis_(1994).png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 2,000 cedis | align="center" | Adomi Bridge | align="center" | Masunta | rowspan="2" align="center" | 1994 | rowspan="4" align="center" | 2006 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5000_cedis_(1994).png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 5,000 cedis | align="center" | Jirgin saman Ghana | align="center" | Jirgin kaya da katako |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10000_cedis_(2002).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10,000 cedis | align="center" | [[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Manyan Shida]] | align="center" | [[Independence Arch]] | rowspan="2" align="center" | 2002 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:20000_cedis_(2002).jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 20,000 cedis | align="center" | Ifraimu Amu | align="center" | National Theatre na Ghana |} === Cedi na uku (2007-yanzu) === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90% style=" ! colspan="13" |Cedi na uku |- ! rowspan="1" | Hoto ! rowspan="2" | Daraja ! rowspan="2" | Girma ! rowspan="2" | Babban Launi ! colspan="6" | Bayani ! rowspan="2" | An fara fitarwa |- ! {{Small|Obverse & Reverse}} ! colspan="3" | Banda ! colspan="3" | Juya baya |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:1_Ghana_Cedi.png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 1 cedi | align="center" | 137 × 65&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Ja | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Babban Shida]], [[Independence Arch]] | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Madatsar ruwan Akosombo|Akosombo Dam]] | align="center" | 3 ga Yuli, 2007 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:2_Ghana_Cedis.jpg|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 2 cici | align="center" | 140 × 67&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Beige | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Kwame Nkrumah]] | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Majalisar Ghana|Gidan Majalisa]] | align="center" | 14 ga Mayu 2010 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:5_Ghana_Cedis.png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 5 cici | align="center" | 141 × 68&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Blue | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Babban Shida]], [[Independence Arch]] | colspan="3" align="center" | Jami'ar Ghana, Makarantar Balme | align="center" | 3 ga Yuli, 2007 |- | | align="center" | 5 cici | align="center" | 147 × 68&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Blue | colspan="3" align="center" | James Emman Kwegyr Aggrey | colspan="3" align="center" | Jirgin [[Kwame Nkrumah]] a Tweneboa, Enyenra, da Ntomme mai | align="center" | Maris 7, 2017 (batun tunawa)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Agusta 4, 2017 (fitowar yau da kullun) |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:10_Ghana_Cedis.png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 10 cedi | align="center" | 145 × 71&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Yellow-kore | colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" | [[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Babban Shida]], [[Independence Arch]] | colspan="3" align="center" | Bankin Ghana | rowspan="3" align="center" | 3 ga Yuli, 2007 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:20_Ghana_Cedis.png|130x130px]]</img> | align="center" | 20 cedi | align="center" | 149 × 74&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Purple | colspan="3" align="center" | kotun Koli |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" |[[File:50_Ghana_Cedis.jpg|140x140px]]</img> | align="center" | 50 cedi | align="center" | 153 × 77&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Brown | colspan="3" align="center" | Kiristaborg Castle |- |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" | | align="center" | 100 cedi | align="center" | 157x80 ku&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Cyan | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Babban Shida]], [[Independence Arch]] | colspan="3" align="center" | Cikin [[Majalisar Ghana]] | colspan="3" align="center" | 2 Disamba 2019 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#000000" style="width:100px" | | align="center" | 200 cedi | align="center" | 161x83 ku&nbsp;mm | align="center" | Lemu | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Manyan Shida (Ghana)|Babban Shida]], [[Independence Arch]] | colspan="3" align="center" | [[Gidan Jubilee|Jubilee House]] | colspan="3" align="center" | 2 Disamba 2019 |} == Tarihin musayar kuɗi == {| class="wikitable" |+Darajar tarihi a dalar Amurka guda a cedi Ghana ! Kwanan wata ! Cedi akan dalar Amurka. ! Kwanan wata ! Cedi akan dalar Amurka. |- ! colspan="4" | Farko cedi ( ''Cedi'' ) |- | 1965 | 0.824 | 1967 | 0.714 |- ! colspan="4" align="center" | Cedi na biyu ( ''Sabon cedi'' ) |- | 1970s | 1.000 (0.833 zuwa 1.111) | 1980 | 2.80 Bankin kuɗi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (~ 20 Black Market) |- | 1983 | 30.00 Bank kudi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (~ 120 Black Market) (Oktoba 83) | 1984 | 35.00 (Maris 84)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 38.50 (Agusta 84)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> 50 (Disamba 84) |- | 1985 | 50-60 | 1986 | 90 |- | 1987 | 150-175 | 1988 | 175-230 |- | 1989 | 230-300 | 1990 | 300-345 |- | 1991 | 345-390 | 1992 | 390-520 |- | 1993 | 555-825 | 1994 | 825-1050 |- | 1995 | 1050-1450 | 1996 | 1450-1750 |- | 1997 | 1750-2250 | 1998 | 2250-2350 |- | 1999 | 2350-3550 | 2000 | 3550-6750 |- | 2001 | 6750-7300 | 2002 | 7300-8450 |- | 2003 | 8450-8850 | 2004 | 8850-8900 |- | 2005 | 8900-9500 | 2006 | 9500-9600 |- | 2007 | 9300-9600 | | |} {| class="wikitable" |+''Ghana Cedi'' (cedi na uku) !Shekara ! 1 ga Janairu ! Mayu 1 ! 1 ga Satumba ! Oktoba 20 |- | 2008 | 0.930 | 1.005 | 1.155 | |- | 2009 | 1.265 | 1.460 | 1.465 | |- | 2010 | 1.430 | 1.425 | 1.440 | |- | 2011 | 1.486 | 1.496 | 1.535 | |- | 2012 | 1.639 | 1.855 | 1.932 | |- | 2013 | 1.905 | 1.974 | 2.150 | |- | 2014 | 2.353 | 2.823 | 3.723 | |- | 2015 | 3.215 | 3.8479 | 3.8312 | |- | 2016 | 3.8092 | 3.7895 | 3.9639 | |- | 2022 | 6.20 | 7.55 | 10.05 | 13.10 |} [[File:Cedi_graf.svg|center|thumb|340x340px| Farashin dalar Amurka ɗaya a cikin GH₵]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * New Ghanaian currency introduced at Wikinews * Original source of the above pre-2007 Ghanaian banknotes: <nowiki>https://www.banknotes.com/gh.htm</nowiki> [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8sc2h1xdfj8xmxnfwbbzbxaqeyhuym 0 50021 965698 261445 2026-10-10T07:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Rievlei,'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/213%20van%20Eeden.pdf|title=A Preliminary assessment of the present ecological state of the major rivers and streams within the Northern Service Delivery Region of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality|publisher=Water Institute of Southern Africa|page=5|accessdate=2008-11-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612014933/http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/213%20van%20Eeden.pdf|archivedate=2009-06-12}}</ref> madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa yankin [[Pretoria]] na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .<ref name="RWTP-pdf">{{cite web|url=http://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/RietvleiBrochure.pdf|title=Rietvlei Water Treatment Plant|publisher=City of Pretoria|accessdate=2008-10-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001063326/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/RietvleiBrochure.pdf|archivedate=2006-10-01}}</ref> Yana ba da kusan lita miliyan 41 na ruwan sha kowace rana, kusan kashi 5.9% na ruwan da ake buƙata na [[Pretoria]] . Dam ɗin yana aiki ne don amfanin birane da masana'antu. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayi babba (3).<ref name="RietvleiNR-CityofTshwane">{{cite web|url=http://www.tshwane.gov.za/rietvlei_history.cfm|title=Rietvlei Nature Reserve: Historic Background|publisher=City of Pretoria|accessdate=2008-10-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015050126/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/rietvlei_history.cfm|archivedate=2008-10-15}}</ref> An gina shi a matsayin bangon madatsar ruwa mai cike da ƙasa tare da bulo a cikin 1932/4, an tsawaita shi tsakanin shekarar 1988 zuwa ta 1990 ta hanyar ɗaga bangon dam tare da ƙarin bangon igiyar ruwa da ƙaƙƙarfan bangon shinge na ƙasa, da kuma hanyar da ta tashi., a saman bangon asali. Kogin Rievlei ne ke ciyar da dam ɗin, kogin Kogin Crocodile (Limpopo), da maɓuɓɓuga biyar da rijiyoyin burtsatse biyar. Rietvlei Nature Reserve ya mamaye yankin nan da nan da ke kewaye da dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/state_of_the_environment_2004.pdf|title=State of the Environment Report for the City of Tshwane 2001-2002|publisher=City of Pretoria|accessdate=2008-11-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924053309/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/state_of_the_environment_2004.pdf|archivedate=2006-09-24}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Rietvlei Nature Reserve == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612014933/http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/213%20van%20Eeden.pdf Jihar Muhalli ta Manyan Koguna da Rafuka a cikin Yankin Bayar da Ma'aikata ta Arewa na Karamar Hukumar Ekurhuleni.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230528090832/http://www.anglinks.co.za/2018/06/rietvlei-dam-our-local/ Rietvlei Dam - Jagorar kamun kifi] 8g24i10bdxw4rof4g6wn90u026cgu29 0 51486 965639 469493 2026-10-10T06:21:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:D.L._Lang.jpg |thumb| Diana Lucille Lang]] '''Diana Lucille Lang''' (an haifeta a shekarar 1983, Bad Hersfeld, Jamus ta Yamma), wadda aka fi sani da sunan '''D.L. Lang''', mawaƙiya Ba'amurke ce. Ta buga littattafai goma sha biyu<ref name="bookpassage"/> cikakken littafai na wakoki,<ref name="timesheraldonline2" /><ref name="thereporter">{{cite web|url=http://www.thereporter.com/article/NG/20180405/NEWS/180409911|website=thereporter.com|title=Celebrate National Poetry Month with local poets at reception|date=March 10, 2006|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> kuma ta yi hidima a matsayin Mawaƙiya ta Vallejo, California.<ref name="timesheraldonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20170831/NEWS/170839986|website=timesheraldonline.com|title=VAL-L-PoetBrice-0831|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="dailyrepublic">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/fairfield/the-week-ahead-fairfield-reception-readings-to-mark-national-poetry-month/|website=dailyrepublic.com|title=The Week Ahead: Fairfield Reception to Mark National Poetry Month|date=April 23, 2018|accessdate=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807170900/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/fairfield/the-week-ahead-fairfield-reception-readings-to-mark-national-poetry-month/|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=timesheraldonline2>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2019/02/05/feb-7-arts-and-entertainment-poet-laureate-enjoys-first-year/|website=timesheraldonline.com|title=Feb 7 Arts and Entertainment: Poet Laureate enjoys first year|date=February 5, 2019|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == {{Stub}} Diana Lucille Lang (née Kettle) <ref name="EnidEagle" /> an haife shi a Bad Hersfeld,[[Yammacin Jamus|Jamus ta Yamma]]. Sakamakon girma a cikin dangin soja <ref name="timesheraldonline2" /> yana yaro Lang ya sake komawa gida akai-akai,yana zaune a Herleshausen,Jamus ta Yamma,<ref name="smashwords" /> Santa Fe,Texas, <ref name="smashwords" /> AlexandriaLouisiana. da Enid, Oklahoma. <ref name="EnidEagle" /> Lang ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta,Enid a 2001, ya sami Mataimakin Kimiyya a Gabaɗaya <ref name="peddler" /> a Kwalejin Oklahoma ta Arewa, kuma ya sami Bachelor of Arts a Nazarin Fim tare da ƙarami a Nazarin Yahudanci daga Jami'ar Oklahoma.<ref name="indepcoast" /> Bayan kwaleji ta koma California a 2005 <ref name="peddler" /> kuma ta auri Timothy Lang a 2006, <ref name="NVR" /> <ref name="timesheraldonline2" /> zaune a San Rafael,California kafin ta koma Vallejo. == Fim da talabijin == {{Stub}} Yayin da yake koleji Lang ya yi aiki a matsayin editan bidiyo a tashar talabijin KXOK-LD. <ref name="localband" /> a matsayin mai kula da gidan yanar gizon gidan rediyo na Jami'ar Oklahoma ta Wire, kuma a matsayin mai tallata band don Gray daga Enid, Oklahoma. Har ila yau,ta kirkiro fina-finai na takardun shaida da bidiyon kiɗa,ciki har da ''Liquid Wind'',wani fim din kiteboarding ta darektan Charles Maupin wanda ke nuna hira da Mike Morgan, wanda aka watsa a kan Oklahoma PBS affiliate OETA, da ''The Hebrew Project'',<ref name="indepcoast" /> wani fim na harshen [[Ibrananci]] wanda ya nuna furofesoshi na Jami'ar Oklahoma Ori Kritz da Norman Stillman,wanda aka watsa a tashar Yahudawa. == Waka == {{Stub}} Lang ta fara rubuta waƙa tun yana yaro,yana ƙoƙarin rubuta waƙoƙin waƙa. Ta buga [[The Beatles]], <ref name="NVR" /> Pete Seegr,Allen's Ginsberg,[[Jim Morrison]],da [[Bob Dylan]] a matsayin tasiri.Baya ga rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwarta, <ref name="NVR" /> Lang ya rubuta a kan jigogi na [[Yahudanci]],<ref name="KirkusLoiterer" /> adalci na zamantakewa,<ref name="NVR" /> [[Zanga-zanga|zanga-zangar siyasa]], <ref name="KirkusMidnight" /> [[Feminism|mata]], <ref name="KirkusMidnight" /> anti-jari-jari,<ref name="KirkusLoiterer" /> anti-wariyar launin fata <ref name="KirkusLoiterer" /> da pacifism. Lang ta fara yin waƙar ta a cikin 2015, <ref name="NVR" /> tare da Waƙar Bay. An buga wakokinta a jaridu,mujallu,da tarihin tarihi. === Vallejo Poet Laureate === [[File:3_Vallejo_Poets_Laureate.jpg|thumb| 3 Vallejo Mawaƙa Laureate]] An nada DL Lang Laureate na Vallejo,California a cikin Satumba 2017 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa Disamba 2019. Kamar yadda mawallafin mawaƙa Lang ya gyara tarihin tarihin waƙa'',Verses,Voices & Visions of Vallejo'' kuma ya yi sau 141 a cikin garuruwa 18 daban-daban.<ref name="Freedman2020" /> Lang ya ba da kiran a Maris na Mata na Vallejo na 2019. A lokacin aikinta ta kuma yi waƙarta a yawancin al'amuran gida,ciki har da Vallejo Unites Against Hatred, Ranar Haɗin Kai, Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya da Me yasa Shayari Mahimmanci. Lang ya kuma ba da gabatarwa akan Emma Lazarus da Alicia Ostriker don Muryoyin Canji na AAUW. Lang ya kuma yanke hukunci ga gasa bakwai ciki har da gasar karatun sakandare na Poetry Out Loud, Joel Fallon malanta waƙar waka, Gasar baiwa ta Solano County Fair, <ref name="peddler" /> Vallejo poetry slam, <ref name="2020proclamation" /> da matashin ɗakin karatu na gundumar.gasar rubutu. Ta yi wasa akai-akai akan iska akan KZCT <ref name="peddler" /> kuma akan mataki a Waƙar Bay. Kamar magabata, ta jagoranci waƙa a cikin da'irar shayari <ref name="oldmonterey" /> kuma ta shirya abubuwan shekara-shekara don Watan Waƙoƙin Ƙasa . Ta halarci taron karramawar mawaka a Tujunga da San Mateo. Genea Brice ya gabace Lang a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙin Vallejo, kuma Jery Snyder ya gaje shi,mai masaukin baki na Bay. === 2020 - yanzu === A cikin 2020 ta kasance fitacciyar wasan kwaikwayo a Baje kolin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki na Solano County, kuma ta yanke hukunci ga gasar waƙoƙin matasa na ɗakin karatu, A cikin 2021 ta yi kusan don ''Flash Poetry'' da Point Arena Waƙar Alhamis ta Uku. Ta kuma yi tare da Brice da Snyder a Alibi Bookshop, da kuma ga Yahudawan Democrats na gundumar Solano. A cikin 2022 ta yi wa AAUW, Laburare County Solano, San Francisco Public Library, bikin waka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Empress, ƙungiyar kare zubar da ciki RiseUp4AbortionRights, The Beat Museum da LaborFest tare da juyin juya halin mawaka Brigade, yi hukunci da Solano library ta matasa shaya gasa, kuma ya bayyana a kan ''Tushen in Poetry'' podcast. Ta ci gaba da yin wakoki kai tsaye a gidan rediyon KZCT. A cikin 2023 ta yi a Laburaren Cordelia don Watan Waƙoƙi, Vallejo Poetry Festival, da zanga-zangar ma'aikata a kan Elon Musk. A cikin 2023 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin goma da suka yi nasara a gasar Curbside Haiku a Tulsa, Oklahoma. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 2hrplrg4gkk9lmi0ywrgvvq1e2efo1e 0 52925 965464 520939 2026-10-09T21:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carla Abellan''' (an haife ta ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, 1997 a Terrassa) ƴar wasan polo ce ta kasar Sipaniya, wadda ta taka leda a CN Sabadell. Ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata na Len Super Cup na shekarar 2013, Kofin Super Cup na mata na shekarar 2014, 2014–15 LEN Euro League Women, da Gasar Mata ta Turai U19 na shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arbitroswp.blogspot.com/2014/08/european-junior-womens-championships.html|title=Árbitros de Waterpolo: European U19 Women´s Championships Lido Di Ostia (ITA) 2014|last=Bcn|first=Waterpolo Jaume|date=2014-09-15|website=Árbitros de Waterpolo|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hawaiiathletics.com/sports/womens-water-polo/roster/carla-abellan/17999|title=Carla Abellan - Women's Water Polo|website=University of Hawai'i at Manoa Athletics|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manoanow.org/kaleo/sports/uh-signs-two-water-polo-athletes-for/article_5c645834-7a5c-11e4-bfdb-b7c9fd04922e.html|title=UH signs two water polo athletes for 2016|last=Alayvill|first=Alden Alayvilla|website=[[Ka Leo O Hawaii]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224215911/http://www.manoanow.org/kaleo/sports/uh-signs-two-water-polo-athletes-for/article_5c645834-7a5c-11e4-bfdb-b7c9fd04922e.html|archive-date=2020-02-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * https://swimswam.com/tag/carla-abellan/ * https://calbears.com/news/2019/3/29/womens-water-polo-no-4-bears-edged-by-no-5-hawai-i.aspx [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] nj5yf8o8oimgnw5d4xpb4zjz0ff7j8c 0 53674 965504 725445 2026-10-09T22:26:34Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 965504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Zulaihat Ibrahim''' wacce aka fi sani da '''Zee pretty''' ta kasance jaruma ce a masana'antar fim din Hausa wato masana'antar kanniwud, fitacciyar jaruma Kuma shahararriya , kyakkyawa a cikin yammatan kanniwud, tayi fina finai da dama, tana daya daga cikin wadan da suka iya rawa a masana'antar.tayi aure a shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/zulaihat-ibrahim/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725162722/https://guardian.ng/tag/zulaihat-ibrahim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nupebaze.com.ng/zulaihat-ibrahim-biography-net-worth-age-family-phone-number-career-history/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-25 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725162721/https://www.nupebaze.com.ng/zulaihat-ibrahim-biography-net-worth-age-family-phone-number-career-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == Cikakken sunan ta shine zulaihat Ibrahim inkiya '''Zee Preety''', an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan satumba a shekarar 1997 a garin rudda Karamar hukumar dankuwa Dake jihar kebbi,tayi karatun ta na firamare a garin lagos, tayi sakandiri a kwantagora a jihar Niger,daga Nan ta shiga kwalejin ilimi Dake jihar sakkoto inda tasami NCE, bayan ta kamnala ta fara aikin koyarwa, Bata tsaya Nan ba ta taho jami,'ar Ahmadu bello Dake Zaria ta cigaba da karatun ta, taba cikin karatu ta fara harkar fim har ta gama degree, babanta immigration officer ne a Lagos,daga baya Akai mashi transfer ya dawo Abuja zuwa Niger,daga baya Kuma aka maidashi jihar kano,zee tun tana karama take da burin zama lauya, daga baya ta koma tanaso ta zama jaruma, inda Allah ya cika mata burin ta, ta shiga masana'antar fim a shekarar 2017 da shigar ta fara haskawa ta daukaka da taimakon sarki Ali nuhu da jarumi Adamu zango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://guardian.ng/tag/zulaihat-ibrahim/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725162722/https://guardian.ng/tag/zulaihat-ibrahim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Fina finai== * Makullim Zuciya * Akushi * Bakauye * Zamantakewa * Dace da masoyi * inda so da kaunah * Sagegeduwa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 63z5v14k08ai2jt3esebwnei8igq463 0 54090 965742 962415 2026-10-10T10:39:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Dimbo Atiya''' (ya mutu c. 6 August 2026 6 Agusta 2026) ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai na Nollywood na Najeriya kuma darektan [1] daga jihar Nasarawa . [2][3] A shekara ta 2022, ya lashe lambar yabo ta AMVCA Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series ta 2022 tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo Halita da ya samar, inda ya doke wasu masu fafatawa shida.[4] == Rayuwa da aiki == Atiya ya fara nazarin tsarin birane da na yanki amma nan da nan ya fahimci cewa sha'awarsa ta kasance a wani wuri. A shekara ta 2008, Atiya ya fara aiki a wani babban aikin, inda ya jagoranci Naija Diamonds. A cikin wannan shekarar, an zabi shi don Kyautar Matasan Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta Majalisar Burtaniya kuma daga baya aka ba shi tallafin karatu don halartar Creative Lives, shirin ci gaba a Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas wanda Majalisar Burtaniya ta ba da gudummawa. A wannan shirin ne Atiya ya sadu da matarsa, Karachi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=dimbo atiya |url=https://wanawana.net/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=WanaWana |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320161232/https://wanawana.net/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |archive-date=2023-03-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yanke shawarar yin rajista a Kwalejin Fim ta New York a shekarar 2012, yana karbar darussan kwararru a yin fim da samarwa a makarantun Kwalejin a New York da [[California]]. Atiya ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da 500 da fina-finai guda biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We are hosting Dimbo Atiya (CEO, Innovative Television Kontents - ITK) |url=https://www.startupgrind.com/events/details/startup-grind-jos-presents-we-are-hosting-dimbo-atiya-ceo-innovative-television-kontents-itk/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Startup Grind |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Dimbo Atiya Archives |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Atiya kuma ta gudanar da aikin daukar hoto don Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London kuma a wani lokaci, shugaban daukar hoto don alamar cinikin kan layi [[Konga.com]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} Ya yi aiki a matsayin co-halicci, babban furodusa, furodusawa, co-rubuce-rubuce da darektan The Rishantes, jerin wasan kwaikwayo a kan Afirka Magic da Showmax . <ref>{{Cite web |last=MEDIA |first=OSG |date=2022-11-03 |title=Fans of Halita, Get In Here!!!! |url=https://olorisupergal.com/290196/movies/fans-of-halita-who-have-been-following-the-series-since-it-first-premiered-in-2019/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=OloriSuperGal |language=en-GB}}</ref> An zabi wasan kwaikwayon kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2022 ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards for Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dimbo Atiya's Strong starts production |url=https://contentnigeria.net/dimbo-atiyas-strong-starts-production/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Content Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803173039/https://contentnigeria.net/dimbo-atiyas-strong-starts-production/ |archive-date=2024-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka == ; A matsayin furodusa, darektan, da marubuci * ''Zane Ƙarfi'' (2019) * ''[[Still Falling|Har yanzu yana faɗuwa]]'' (lokaci 2; 2021) * ''Shirin'' (miniserie na TV; 2023) ; A matsayin furodusa da darektan * ''Halita'' (lokaci 1/2, aukuwa 239; 2019-2021) * ''Dala Dala'' (2023) ; A matsayin darektan * ''[[Sons of the Caliphate|<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Khalifanci]]'' (25 aukuwa; 2016-2018) ; A matsayin marubuci * Fillo (2019) == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] qyv969mtqooplz924fyxxqthi8ebond 0 54777 965490 961195 2026-10-09T21:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kamfanin Slim ya ƙunshi masana'antu da dama a faɗin tattalin arzikin Mexico, ciki har da ilimi, kiwon lafiya, masana'antu, sufuri, gidaje, kafofin watsa labarai, hakar ma'adinai, makamashi, nishaɗi, fasaha, dillalai, wasanni da ayyukan kuɗi. Duk da haka, tushen arzikinsa ya samo asali ne daga sadarwa, inda yake mallakar América Móvil (tare da ayyuka a duk faɗin Latin Amurka) da kuma kamfanin dillalan jiragen sama na Mexico Telcel da mai samar da sabis na intanet Telmex, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda gwamnati ta yi watsi da shi wanda ya ci gaba da riƙe ikon mallakar kama-da-wane tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan siyan Slim. <ref name="Adam Hayes">{{Cite web |title=Where Does Carlos Slim Keep His Money? |url=http://investopedia.com/articles/investing/111914/riches-carlos-slim.asp |access-date=12 April 2015 |publisher=Adam Hayes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="oilandgasmexico.com">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Slim's growing involvement in the oil and gas industry |url=http://oilandgasmexico.com/2013/05/10/carlos-slims-growing-involvement-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115801/http://oilandgasmexico.com/2013/05/10/carlos-slims-growing-involvement-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 March 2016 |publisher=oilandgasmexico.com}}</ref> <ref name="TONY CLARKE, SABRINA FERNANDES, RICHARD GIRARD" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalyan Parbat |date=29 May 2015 |title=Why Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim Made a Secret Visit to India |url=http://indiawest.com/news/business/why-mexican-billionaire-carlos-slim-made-a-secret-visit-to/article_4e2b15a6-05f2-11e5-8b9c-234a6b71188c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008134957/https://www.indiawest.com/news/business/why-mexican-billionaire-carlos-slim-made-a-secret-visit-to/article_4e2b15a6-05f2-11e5-8b9c-234a6b71188c.html |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=5 June 2015 |publisher=India West}}</ref> Yana da kashi 40 cikin 100 na jerin sunayen da ke cikin Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Mexico . <ref name="TONY CLARKE, SABRINA FERNANDES, RICHARD GIRARD">{{Cite web |last=TONY CLARKE |last2=SABRINA FERNANDES |last3=RICHARD GIRARD |title=UNCLE SLIM: THE WORLD'S RICHEST MAN |url=https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/polarisinstitute/pages/31/attachments/original/1411065473/CARLOS_SLIM_THE_WORLD%E2%80%99S_RICHEST_MAN.pdf?1411065473 |access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, shi ne babban mai hannun jari na hannun jarin da ba na kaɗa ƙuri'a ba na Kamfanin New York Times . A shekarar 2017, ya sayar da rabin hannun jarinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Concha |first=Joe |date=20 December 2017 |title=Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim sells off half of NY Times shares |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/365763-mexican-billionaire-carlos-slim-sells-off-half-of-ny-times-shares/ |website=The Hill}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Slim a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1940, a [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]], ga Julián Slim Haddad (wanda aka haifa Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz) da Linda Helú Atta, dukkansu Kiristocin Maronite ne daga [[Lebanon]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=mexicodiplomatico.org |url=http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/art_diplomatico_especial/libano_slim_helu.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709204908/http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/art_diplomatico_especial/libano_slim_helu.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2015 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami ya yanke shawara cewa yana son zama ɗan kasuwa lokacin da ya girma, <ref name="EvanCarMichael">{{Cite web |title=THE MOBILE MEXICAN MAGNATE: HOW CARLOS SLIM HELU GOT HIS START |url=http://www.evancarmichael.com/Famous-Entrepreneurs/1072/The-Mobile-Mexican-Magnate-How-Carlos-Slim-Helu-Got-His-Start.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412113346/http://www.evancarmichael.com/Famous-Entrepreneurs/1072/The-Mobile-Mexican-Magnate-How-Carlos-Slim-Helu-Got-His-Start.html |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |publisher=EvanCarMichael}}</ref> <ref name="Academy of Achievement">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Slim Interview |url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/#interview |access-date=10 May 2015 |publisher=Academy of Achievement}}</ref> kuma ya sami darussan kasuwanci daga mahaifinsa, wanda ya koya masa ƙa'idodin kuɗi na asali, gudanar da kasuwanci, da lissafi ta hanyar koya masa yadda ake nazari da fassara bayanan kuɗi baya ga jaddada wa matashi Carlos muhimmancin adana ingantattun bayanan kuɗi yayin yin kasuwanci. <ref name="Harriet Alexander">{{Cite web |last=Harriet Alexander |date=19 February 2011 |title=Carlos Slim: At home with the world's richest man |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/8335604/Carlos-Slim-At-home-with-the-worlds-richest-man.html |access-date=14 April 2015 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, Slim ya saka hannun jari a cikin wani asusun ajiyar kuɗi na gwamnati, wanda ya koya masa game da manufar haɗakar riba . Da yake bin jajircewar mahaifinsa kan muhimmancin adana bayanan kuɗi masu inganci, daga ƙarshe ya adana duk wata hulɗa ta kuɗi da kasuwanci da ya taɓa yi zuwa littafin ajiyar kuɗi na kansa, wanda har yanzu yake riƙe da shi har zuwa yau. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Mexico's Richest Man |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/0326/070.html |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 12, ya fara saka hannun jarinsa a hannun jari, ta hanyar siyan hannun jari kai tsaye daga wani banki na Mexico. <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=History of Grupo Carso |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/grupo-carso-s-a-de-c-v-history/ |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> Lokacin da ya kai shekara 15, Slim ya zama mai hannun jari a babban bankin Mexico. <ref name="Sean Braswell">{{Cite web |last=Sean Braswell |date=6 August 2015 |title=Carlos Slim's Worldwide Portfolio |url=http://ozy.com/provocateurs/carlos-slims-worldwide-portfolio/62341 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808012921/https://www.ozy.com/provocateurs/carlos-slims-worldwide-portfolio/62341/ |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, yana samun pesos 200 a mako yana aiki a kamfanin mahaifinsa. Ya ci gaba da karatun injiniyan farar hula a Jami'ar Ƙasa Mai Zaman Kanta ta Mexico, inda ya kuma koyar da [[Algebra|tsarin lissafi]] da shirye-shiryen layi a lokaci guda. <ref name="slimbio">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.carlosslim.com/biografia_ing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824170413/http://www.carlosslim.com/biografia_ing.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=Carlos Slim Helú}}</ref> <ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.carlosslim.com/biografia_ing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824170413/http://www.carlosslim.com/biografia_ing.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Carlos Slim">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Slim |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sli0bio-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095800/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sli0bio-1 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=14 April 2015 |publisher=Academy of Achievement}}</ref> Duk da cewa Slim babban digiri ne a fannin injiniyan gine-gine, ya kuma nuna sha'awarsa a fannin tattalin arziki. Ya faɗaɗa sha'awarsa ta ilimi a wajen fannin karatunsa na gargajiya fiye da injiniyancin farar hula, ya ɗauki darussan tattalin arziki a [[Chile]] lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa na injiniya. <ref name="Academy of Achievement" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin injiniyan gine-gine, Slim ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewarsa ta lissafi da kuma tarihinsa na shirye-shiryen layi sune babban abin da ya taimaka masa ya sami fa'ida a duniyar kasuwanci, musamman lokacin da yake nazarin bayanan kuɗi na kamfanoni masu zuwa yayin da yake yanke shawara kan harkokin kasuwancinsa da kuma kimanta yiwuwar saye da saka hannun jari da siyan hannun jari. <ref name="Harriet Alexander" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauren Welch |date=5 April 2015 |title=What Education Do You Need To Become A Billionaire? |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/040515/what-education-do-you-need-become-billionaire.asp |access-date=17 June 2015 |publisher=Investopedia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wai, Jonathan |date=28 July 2014 |title=If you want to be rich and powerful, majoring in STEM is a good place to start |url=http://qz.com/240820/if-you-want-to-be-rich-and-powerful-majoring-in-stem-is-a-good-place-to-start/ |access-date=17 June 2015 |publisher=Quartz}}</ref> == Sana'a == === shekarun 1960 === Bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a a shekarar 1961, Slim ya fara kasuwancinsa ta hanyar fara kasuwanci a matsayin mai siyar da hannun jari a Mexico, sau da yawa yana aiki na awanni 14 a rana don yin suna a duniyar kasuwanci ta Mexico. <ref name="EvanCarMichael" /> A shekarar 1965, ribar da aka samu daga harkokin kasuwanci da saka hannun jari na Slim ta kai {{US$|400,000}} ( equivalent to $4,086,589 a shekarar 2025 ), wanda hakan ya ba shi damar fara kamfanin dillalan hannun jari na Inversora Bursátil. <ref name="Carlos Slim" /> Ya kuma fara shimfida harsashin kuɗi ga kamfaninsa na ƙarshe, Grupo Carso. A shekarar 1965, ya kuma sayi Jarritos del Sur, wani kamfanin sayar da kwalba da abin sha na Mexico. A shekarar 1966, darajar {{US$|40{{nbsp}}million}} ( equivalent to $396,923,077 a shekarar 2025 ), ya kafa Inmuebles Carso, wani kamfanin gidaje da kuma kamfanin riƙe gidaje na Mexico. === shekarun 1970 === Kamfanoni a masana'antar gine-gine ta Mexico, abubuwan sha masu laushi, bugu, gidaje, kwalba da hakar ma'adinai sune farkon abin da Slim ya mayar da hankali a kai a harkar kasuwancinsa. <ref name="Sean Braswell" /> Daga baya ya faɗaɗa ayyukansa na kasuwanci da harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar shiga cikin masana'antu da dama a faɗin tattalin arzikin Mexico, ciki har da sassan motoci, aluminum, kamfanonin jiragen sama, sinadarai, taba, kera kebul da waya, takarda da marufi, hakar jan ƙarfe da ma'adinai, tayoyi, siminti, dillalai, otal-otal, masu rarraba abubuwan sha, sadarwa da ayyukan kuɗi (Slim's Grupo Financiero Inbursa yana sayar da inshora kuma yana kula da asusun haɗin gwiwa da tsare-tsaren fansho ga miliyoyin 'yan Mexico na yau da kullun). Zuwa shekarar 1972, ya kafa ko kuma ya sami wasu kamfanoni bakwai a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan masana'antu, waɗanda suka haɗa da sayen kamfanin hayar kayan aikin gini. A shekarar 1980, ya haɗa harkokin kasuwancinsa ta hanyar kafa Grupo Galas a matsayin babbar kamfanin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke da sha'awar [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], gine-gine, [[hakar ma'adinai]], dillalai, abinci, da taba . <ref name="slimbio" /> <ref name="EvanCarMichael" /> === shekarun 1980 === A shekarar 1982, tattalin arzikin Mexico ya durkushe cikin sauri . Yayin da bankuna da yawa ke fama da wahala kuma masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje suna rage yawan saka hannun jari da kuma yin kasa a gwiwa, Slim ya fara saka hannun jari sosai kuma ya sami hannun jari a cikin manyan kasuwancin Mexico da dama kai tsaye a cikin raguwar darajar kuɗi. <ref name="EvanCarMichael" /> <ref name="Sean Braswell" /> <ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Dolia Estevez |title=Billionaire Carlos Slim Listing Fifth Ave Mansion For $80 Million, Almost Two Times What He Paid |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2015/05/07/billionaire-carlos-slim-listing-fifth-ave-mansion-for-80-million-almost-two-times-as-what-he-paid/ |access-date=9 May 2015 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Global Energy Profs">{{Cite web |title=Mexico's Carlos Slim Buys 8.4% Stake in Argentina's YPF |url=http://www.globalenergyprofs.com/2012/06/mexicos-carlos-slim-buys-8-4-stake-in-argentinas-ypf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017035457/http://www.globalenergyprofs.com/2012/06/mexicos-carlos-slim-buys-8-4-stake-in-argentinas-ypf/ |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=11 April 2015 |publisher=Global Energy Profs}}</ref> Yawancin harkokin kasuwancin Slim sun haɗa da wata dabara mai sauƙi, wadda ta ƙunshi siyan kasuwanci da riƙe shi don samun kuɗin shiga, ko kuma a ƙarshe sayar da hannun jarin a wata babbar riba a nan gaba, ta haka ne za a sami ribar jari tare da sake saka hannun jari a cikin sabuwar kasuwancin. <ref name="Jesse Emspak">{{Cite web |last=Jesse Emspak |title=How Carlos Slim Built His Fortune |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/103114/how-carlos-slim-built-his-fortune.asp |access-date=12 April 2015 |publisher=Investopedia}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, sarkakiyar tsarin tsarin kamfanoni na Grupo Carso ya ba Slim damar siyan hannun jari da yawa a fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu, wanda hakan ya sa gabaɗayan kamfanin kusan ba zai iya fuskantar koma bayan tattalin arziki ba idan ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin sassan masana'antu na tattalin arzikin Mexico ba su yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba. <ref name="Carlos Slim" /> A tsakiyar koma bayan tattalin arzikin Mexico kafin ya farfado a hankali a shekarar 1985, Slim ya zuba jari mai yawa ta hanyar sayen manyan kamfanoni da dama na Mexico don samun dinari akan dala. Daga cikin tarin sayayya da Slim ya yi sun haɗa da Empresas Frisco, kamfanin hakar ma'adinai da ke kera sinadarai, Industrias Nacobre, kamfanin kera tagulla, Reynolds Aluminio, kamfanin kera aluminum na Mexico, Compañía Hulera Euzkadi (babbar kamfanin kera tayoyi na Mexico), da kuma otal-otal na Bimex, wani kamfanin siyar da otal. Ya kuma zama babban mai hannun jari na Sanborn Hermanos, wani fitaccen mai sayar da abinci na Mexico, shagon sayar da kyaututtuka da kuma gidan cin abinci, wanda daga baya aka sanya shi a matsayin sashin dillalan Grupo Carso. A shekarar 1984, Slim ya kashe {{US$|13{{nbsp}}million}} ( equivalent to $40,286,675 a cikin 2025 ) don samun kamfanin inshora na Mexico Seguros de México, kuma daga baya ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin a cikin kamfani, Seguros Inbursa. <ref name="Carlos Slim" /> Darajar hannun jarinsa a Seguros daga ƙarshe ta ƙaru zuwa darajar {{US$|1.5{{nbsp}}billion}} ( equivalent to $2,329,080,404 a shekarar 2025 ) kafin shekarar 2007, bayan an samu sauyi sau huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Helen Coster |date=16 March 2007 |title=Mexico's Richest Man |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/0326/070.html |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Slim ya kuma sami kashi 40% da 50% na hannun jarin kamfanonin British American Tobacco na Mexico da kuma The Hershey Company, bi da bi. Ya sayi manyan tubalan Denny's da Firestone Tires . Daga Seguros de México, Fianzas La Guardiana da Casa de Bolsa Inbursa, ya kafa Grupo Financiero Inbursa, mai ba da sabis na kuɗi na Mexico. Yawancin waɗannan saye-sayen kamfanoni an ba su kuɗi ne ta hanyar kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga Cigatam, wani mai rarraba taba na Mexico wanda ya saya a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ya afka wa Mexico a farkon shekarun 1980. <ref name="auto4" /> <ref name="slimbio" /> A shekarar 1988, Slim ya sayi Nacobre, wani kamfanin kera tagulla na Mexico wanda ke kera, tallatawa da kuma rarraba kayayyakin tagulla da jan ƙarfe, tare da Química Fluor, wani kamfanin kera sinadarai na Mexico. <ref name="slimbio" /> === shekarun 1990 === Slim ya samu riba mai yawa a farkon shekarun 1990 lokacin da gwamnatin Mexico ta fara mayar da masana'antar sadarwa ta zama mai zaman kanta. Amfani da dimbin damarmakin kasuwanci da za a iya samu ta hanyar wannan sauyi na siyasa ya sa Slim da kamfaninsa Grupo Carso suka sayi Telmex, wani kamfanin sadarwa na ƙasa daga gwamnatin Mexico. <ref name="Sean Braswell" /> A shekarar 1990, an fara amfani da Grupo Carso a matsayin kamfanin gwamnati a Mexico sannan kuma a duk duniya. <ref name="slimbio" /> A wannan shekarar, Grupo Carso ta mallaki mafi yawan mallakar Porcelanite, wani kamfanin yin tayal na Mexico. <ref name="auto4" /> Domin cimma burinsa na kasuwanci da kuma samun fa'idodin da za su biyo baya ta hanyar sayen Telmex, Slim ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin sadarwa na Faransa France Télécom da kuma kamfanin sadarwa na Amurka Southwestern Bell Corporation don siyan kamfanin samar da sabis na sadarwa na ƙasa daga gwamnatin Mexico, lokacin da damar Slim ta sayi kamfanin sadarwa ta bayyana kuma ta bayyana lokacin da Mexico ta fara sayar da masana'antarta ta ƙasa a farkon shekarun 1980. <ref name="slimbio" /> Slim ya kasance mai tallafawa jarin farko a Telmex, inda kudaden shiga da riba mai samar da kudaden shiga daga kamfanin sadarwa suka zama babban abin da ya mallaka a rayuwarsa. <ref name="Jesse Emspak" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=DAVID HENDRICKS |date=18 November 2008 |title=Carlos Slim offers tips for making most of downturn |url=http://www.chron.com/business/article/Carlos-Slim-offers-tips-for-making-most-of-1591071.php |access-date=5 June 2015 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2006, Telmex ya mallaki kuma yana gudanar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na layukan waya a Mexico, kuma kamfanin sadarwa mara waya nasa, Telcel, wanda aka ƙirƙiro daga kamfanin Radiomóvil Dipsa, <ref name="slimbio" /> yana gudanar da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na dukkan wayoyin salula na ƙasar. <ref name="Jesse Emspak" /> A shekarar 1991, ya sayi Hoteles Calinda (wanda yanzu shine OSTAR Grupo Hotelero), wani kamfanin siyar da otal, kuma a shekarar 1993, ya ƙara hannun jarinsa a General Tire, wani kamfanin kera taya na Amurka kuma mai rarraba bayanan aluminum da kamfanin aluminum Grupo Aluminio har zuwa lokacin da yake da rinjaye a kamfanin. <ref name="slimbio" /> A cikin 1996, Slim ya raba Grupo Carso zuwa kamfanoni daban-daban: Carso Global Telecom, Grupo Carso, da Invercorporación. A shekara mai zuwa, Slim ya sayi hannun Sears Roebuck na Mexico. <ref name="slimbio" /> <ref name="auto4" /> A shekarar 1999, Slim ya fara faɗaɗa sha'awarsa ta kasuwanci fiye da Latin Amurka. Duk da cewa mafi yawan kasuwancinsa yana nan a Mexico, ya fara mai da hankali kan binciken Amurka a matsayin wurin da zai yi amfani da damar da ake da ita ta sayen jari daga ƙasashen waje da sabbin damammakin kasuwanci masu tasowa. === 2000s === Slim ya yi fice a fagen kasuwanci a Amurka a shekarar 2003 lokacin da ya fara siyan manyan hannun jari a wasu manyan dillalan Amurka kamar Barnes &amp;amp; Noble, OfficeMax, Office Depot, Circuit City, Borders, da CompUSA . Yawancin dalilan da suka sa Slim ya faɗaɗa harkokin kasuwanci a ƙasashen waje fiye da Mexico sun faru ne saboda wani abin dariya da ake yi a cikin 'yan kasuwar Mexico cewa "babu abin da ya rage a samu a Mexico." <ref name="auto" /> Ya kafa reshen Telmex a Amurka sannan ya mallaki hannun jari a Tracfone, wani kamfanin wayar salula na Amurka. A halin yanzu, Slim ya kafa Carso Infraestructura y Construcción, SA (CICSA) a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa na gini da injiniya a cikin Grupo Carso. <ref name="slimbio" /> A wannan shekarar, an yi wa Slim tiyatar zuciya, daga baya kuma ya mika yawancin ayyukansa na yau da kullun ga 'ya'yansa da matansu. América Telecom, kamfani mai riƙe da América Movil, an haɗa shi a cikin 2000. A lokaci guda, Telmex ta kuma ƙaddamar da sashin wayar salula na duniya akan dala biliyan 15 ( equivalent to $28,043,478,261 a shekarar 2025 ) jerin sunayen América Móvil SA a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York. Telmex ta ɗauki nauyin kamfanoni da dama na kamfanonin wayar salula na duniya da ke wajen Mexico, ciki har da kamfanonin Brazil na ATL da Telecom Americas, Techtel a [[Argentina]], da sauransu a [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] da [[Ecuador]] . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kamfanin ya ƙara saka hannun jari a faɗin Latin Amurka, tare da kamfanoni a [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Peru]], [[Chile]], [[Honduras]], da [[Salvador|El Salvador]], da kuma haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin software na Amurka, [[Microsoft]] mai suna Tlmsn, wani shafin yanar gizo na harshen Sifaniyanci. A shekarar 2005, Slim ya zuba jari a kamfanin Volaris, wani kamfanin jirgin sama na Mexico <ref name="slimbio" /> kuma ya kafa kamfanin Impulsora del Desarrollo y el Empleo en América Latina SAB de CV (ta amfani da kalmar "IDEAL"—wanda aka fassara a matsayin "Mai Tallafawa Ci Gaba da Aiki a Latin Amurka"), wani kamfanin injiniyan gine-gine da farar hula na Mexico wanda galibi ke gudanar da ayyukan gina ababen more rayuwa ba tare da riba ba. Tun daga shekarar 2006, IDEAL ta lashe kwangilolin ababen more rayuwa guda uku duk da haka tana fuskantar gasa mai tsauri daga wasu kamfanonin gine-gine na Mexico da Spain. <ref name="TONY CLARKE, SABRINA FERNANDES, RICHARD GIRARD" /> <ref name="Adriana Arai">{{Cite web |last=Adriana Arai |title=Carlos Slim Moves From Telecommunications Into Real Estate |url=http://banderasnews.com/0705/nz-carlosslim.htm |access-date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Banderas News}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carlos_Slim_Helú.jpg|right|thumb|363x363px| Zuwa Fadar Shugaban Kasa don ganawa da Shugaban Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2007]] A shekarar 2007, bayan ya tara kashi 50.1% na hannun jari a masana'antar taba ta Cigatam, Slim ya sayar da babban kaso na hannun jarinsa ga Philip Morris kan dala 1.1 na Amurka.{{Spaces}}biliyan ( equivalent to $1,707,992,297 a shekarar 2025 ). A wannan shekarar, Slim ya sayar da dukkan hannun jarinsa na Porcelanite akan dala miliyan 800 ( equivalent to $1,242,176,216 a shekarar 2025 ), wani kamfanin kera tayal na Mexico wanda ya saya a shekarar 1990. Ya kuma ba da lasisin sunan Saks kuma ya buɗe sashin sayar da kayayyaki na Saks Fifth Avenue na Mexico a Santa Fe, Mexico. Haka kuma a shekarar 2007, kiyasin darajar dukkan kamfanonin Slim ya kai dala Amurka $150.{{Spaces}}biliyan ( equivalent to $232,908,040,443 ) ). <ref name="Carlos Slim" /> A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2007, Grupo Carso ta sanar da cewa za a rufe sauran shagunan CompUSA 103 ko kuma a sayar da su, wanda hakan zai kawo karshen kamfanin da ke fama da wahala, kodayake sashen fasahar bayanai na CompUSA ya ci gaba da aiki da sunan Telvista a kusa da biranen Amurka daban-daban kamar [[Dallas]], Texas (Ofishin Kamfanoni na Amurka), da Danville, Virginia . Telvista kuma tana da cibiyoyi biyar a Mexico (uku a Tijuana, cibiya ɗaya a Mexicali, da kuma ɗaya a birnin México). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Telvista&nbsp;- Call Center Locations |url=http://www.telvista.com/about/office-locations |access-date=8 March 2016 |publisher=telvista.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309090946/http://telvista.com/about/office-locations |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 28 na shiga harkokin kasuwanci, Slim ya zama Shugaban Daraja na tsawon rai na kamfanin. A shekarar 2008, Slim ya karɓi hannun jari na kashi 6.4% wanda darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 27 ( equivalent to $40,374,807 a shekarar 2025 ) a Kamfanin Jaridar New York Times, wani fitaccen mai buga jaridu a Amurka. <ref name="slimbio" /> Slim ya ƙara hannun jarinsa zuwa kashi 8% nan da shekarar 2012. Hannun jarin Slim a jaridar Times ya sake karuwa zuwa kashi 16.8% na hannun jarin kamfanin na Class A a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2015 lokacin da ya yi amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari don siyan hannun jari miliyan 15.9, wanda hakan ya sanya shi babban mai hannun jari a kamfanin. Hannun jarin Kamfanin New York Times na Aji A suna samuwa ga jama'a kuma suna ba da ƙarancin iko akan kamfanin fiye da hannun jarin Aji B, waɗanda ke da mallakin kansu. <ref name="NYTx2" /> A cewar takardun da kamfanin ya fitar a shekarar 2016, Slim ya mallaki kashi 17.4% na hannun jarin kamfanin na Class A, kuma babu ɗaya daga cikin hannun jarin kamfanin na Class B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=The New York Times Company Notice of 2016 Annual Meeting and Proxy Statement |url=http://s1.q4cdn.com/156149269/files/doc_financials/proxy/2016/Bookmarked-2016-Proxy-Statement.pdf |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=The New York Times Company}}</ref> === Shekarun 2010 === A shekarar 2012, Slim ya sayar da haƙƙin watsa shirye-shiryen wasannin Leon ga gidan talabijin na ƙasa na Amurka, [[Telemundo]], tashar talabijin ta Fox Sports a Mexico da sauran Latin Amurka, da kuma gidan yanar gizon mediotiempo.com. Ana kuma watsa wasannin a intanet ta hanyar UNO TV, wanda Telmex ke bayarwa. Slim ya kasance yana da hannu a watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni a wajen Mexico zuwa manyan kasuwanni kamar Amurka. A watan Maris na 2012, América Móvil ta sami haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye na Gasar Olympics ta Sochi ta 2014 da kuma Gasar Brazil ta 2016 ga Latin Amurka. A watan Maris na 2012, Slim, tare da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka Larry King, sun kafa Ora TV, wata hanyar sadarwa ta talabijin ta dijital wacce ake buƙata wacce ke samarwa da rarraba shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da ''Larry King Now'', ''Politicking with Larry King'', ''Recessionista, da Jesse Ventura Uncensored'' . A watan Satumba na 2012, Slim ya sayi kashi 30% na hannun jarin Pachuca da León, ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa biyu na Mexico ta hanyar kamfanin sadarwa na América Móvil. A watan Disamba na 2012, ya sayi dukkan hannun jarin ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu Estudiantes Tecos . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title=Can You Buy Anything in Mexico Without Paying Carlos Slim? |url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/mexico-world/can-buy-anything-mexico-without-paying-carlos-slim/ |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Vocativ |publisher=vocativ.com}}</ref> Slim ya kuma kammala yarjejeniyoyi na kasuwanci don haƙƙin wasannin talabijin na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Leon. Kamfaninsa América Móvil ya sayi kashi 30 cikin 100 na ƙungiyar tare da haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye saboda Slim ba shi da haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye ta hanyar talabijin ko talabijin na USB, haka kuma ya sanya shi cikin gasa da Televisa da TV Azteca, kamfanonin talabijin guda biyu waɗanda ke da haƙƙin sauran rukunin farko na ƙwallon ƙafa na Mexico. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Slim buys stake in Mexican soccer teams, television rights&nbsp;&nbsp;- FOX Sports on MSN |url=http://www.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/mexico/story/worlds-richest-man-carlos-slim-buys-stake-in-mexican-soccer-teams-television-rights-090712 |website=FOX Soccer}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2013, kamfanin Slim América Movil ya kashe dalar Amurka 40{{Spaces}}miliyan ( equivalent to $55,285,714 a shekarar 2025 ) a Shazam, wani kamfanin wayar salula na kasuwanci na Burtaniya wanda ke ba da lasisin mallakar wani kaso da ba a bayyana ba. América Móvil ta yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin don taimakawa ci gabanta a fannin talla da talabijin da kuma taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa ayyukan gane sauti a Latin Amurka. A cikin Janairu 2015, Grupo Carso ya ƙaddamar da Claro Musica a bainar jama'a, sabis ɗin kiɗa na kan layi wanda shine Latin Amurka daidai da iTunes da Spotify . Slim, tare da ɗansa, sun ƙara yawan kamfanoninsu a masana'antar kiɗa ta Mexico, musamman a ɓangaren kiɗan dillalai tun daga shekarar 2013. Sanborn's, wani kamfanin sayar da kaya na Mexico mallakar Slim ne ke da rinjayen hannun jari a Mixup, wani kamfanin sayar da kaya na Mexico da ya fi samun nasara a shagunan sayar da kaya na shagunan sayar da kaya na Mexico, Mixup, wanda ya samar da sama da {{US$|320{{nbsp}}million}} ( equivalent to $435,198,201 a shekarar 2025 ) a cikin kudaden shiga a shekarar 2014. A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2015, ƙungiyar saka hannun jari ta Slim '', Control Empresarial de Capitales,'' ta saka hannun jari a cikin IMatchative, wani kamfani na fasaha wanda ke sanya asusun hedge na duniya a cikin jerin masu samar da bayanai masu zurfi game da halaye da nazarin kasuwanci. Abokan hulɗa masu iyaka suna biyan {{US$|30,000}} ( equivalent to $40,748 a shekarar 2025 ) a kowace biyan kuɗi yayin da manajojin asusun hedge ke biyan rabin farashi kuma suna yin rajista don sigar samfuran da kamfanin ke bayarwa kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marino, Jonathan |date=25 July 2015 |title=One of the richest men in the world is backing a startup that ranks Wall Street's hedge funds |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/one-of-the-richest-men-in-the-world-is-backing-a-startup-that-ranks-wall-streets-hedge-funds-2015-7 |access-date=28 July 2015 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> === 2020s === A farkon shekarar 2024, wani labari ya bayyana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Luis-Alberto |date=22 October 2024 |title=James Robinson, Nobel laureate in Economics: 'You cannot achieve an inclusive economy with an authoritarian regime'. |url=https://english.elpais.com/economy-and-business/2024-10-22/james-robinson-nobel-laureate-in-economics-you-cannot-achieve-an-inclusive-economy-with-an-authoritarian-regime.html/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=El País}}</ref> yana ambaton littafin Why Nations Fail, kuma yana nuni da cewa arzikin Slim ya tara ne ta hanyar kafa ikon mallakar sadarwa saboda kusancinsa da gwamnati ba ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Duncan |date=18 October 2024 |title=Are we allowed to be unimpressed by Nobel prize winners? Hope so. |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationaldevelopment/2024/10/18/are-we-allowed-to-be-unimpressed-by-nobel-prize-winners-hope-so/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=London's School of Economics}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuni 2024, Slim ya sami kashi uku cikin ɗari na hannun jari a kamfanin sadarwa na Burtaniya BT wanda ya kai kusan fam miliyan 400. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mersinoglu |first=Yasemin Craggs |date=12 June 2024 |title=Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim takes 3% stake in BT |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d1277957-b702-471d-be4b-78fe9fa8113a |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2024, hannun jarinsa ya karu zuwa kashi 4.3%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Slim's Family Investment Firm Boosts Stake in BT to 4.3% |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-03/carlos-slim-s-family-investment-firm-boosts-stake-in-bt-to-4-3 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> == Taimakon jama'a == Slim ya nuna shakku a bainar jama'a game da Alƙawarin Ba da Kyauta na [[Bill Gates]] da [[Warren Buffett]] suna ba da aƙalla rabin dukiyarsu. Amma—a cewar kakakinsa—ya ware {{US$|4{{nbsp}}billion}}, ko kuma kusan kashi 5%, ga gidauniyar Carlos Slim ɗinsa a shekarar 2011 ( equivalent to $5,724,852,071 a shekarar 2025 ). Duk da cewa Slim bai kai Gates da Buffett ba wajen yin alƙawarin fiye da rabin dukiyarsa, Slim ya nuna goyon baya sosai ga ayyukan agaji kuma ya shawarci 'yan kasuwa masu tasowa cewa dole ne 'yan kasuwa su yi fiye da bayar da gudummawa — "shiga cikin magance matsaloli". <ref name="Sean Braswell" /> A shekarar 2019, Forbes ta sanya Slim a cikin jerin masu bayar da agaji mafi karimci a duniya a wajen Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Çam |first=Deniz |title=From Azim Premji to Carlos Slim: The World's Most Generous Billionaires Outside Of The U.S. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbes/2019/03/26/from-azim-premji-to-carlos-slim-the-worlds-most-generous-billionaires-outside-of-the-us/ |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Slim ta auri Soumaya Domit daga shekarar 1967 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1999. Daga cikin abubuwan da take sha'awa akwai ayyukan agaji daban-daban. <ref name="slimbio" /> Slim yana da 'ya'ya shida: Carlos, Marco Antonio, Patrick, Soumaya, Vanessa, da Johanna. Manyan 'ya'yansa maza uku suna aiki a manyan mukamai a kamfanonin da Slim ke iko da su inda yawancinsu ke shiga harkokin yau da kullun na daular kasuwancin Slim. <ref name="Adam Hayes" /> <ref name="TONY CLARKE, SABRINA FERNANDES, RICHARD GIRARD" /> <ref name="Harriet Alexander" /> An yi wa Slim tiyatar zuciya a shekarar 1999. A makarantar sakandare, darussan da Slim ya fi so sune tarihi, nazarin sararin samaniya, da lissafi. <ref name="Harriet Alexander" /> Slim da matarsa sun yi aure mai daɗi sosai, kuma ya nuna cewa ba ya da niyyar sake yin aure. A ofishinsa, Slim ba shi da kwamfuta, maimakon haka yana ajiye duk bayanan kuɗinsa a cikin littattafan rubutu da aka rubuta da hannu. <ref name="Harriet Alexander" /> <ref name="Sean Braswell" /> Saboda girman daular kasuwancinsa, sau da yawa yana yin barkwanci cewa ba zai iya bin diddigin duk kamfanonin da yake gudanarwa ba. <ref name="Jan-Albert Hootsen">{{Cite web |last=Jan-Albert Hootsen |date=23 June 2014 |title=Can You Buy Anything in Mexico Without Paying Carlos Slim? |url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/mexico-world/can-buy-anything-mexico-without-paying-carlos-slim/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624035639/https://www.vocativ.com/world/mexico-world/can-buy-anything-mexico-without-paying-carlos-slim/ |archive-date=2014-06-24 |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Vocativ}}</ref> Slim ɗan Katolika ne na Maronite, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu goyon bayan Legion of Christ, wata cibiyar addini [[Cocin katolika|ta Roman Katolika]] . === Iyali === An haifi mahaifin Slim, Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz, a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1888 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Julián Slim Haddad |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/sanchiz?lang=en&n=slim+haddad&oc=0&p=julian |access-date=23 March 2019 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> a Jezzine, Lebanon ( wani ɓangare na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a lokacin). A shekara ta 1902, yana da shekaru 14, Haddad ya yi ƙaura zuwa Mexico shi kaɗai, kuma daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Julián Slim Haddad. Ba sabon abu ba ne a tura yaran Lebanon zuwa ƙasashen waje kafin su kai shekara 15 don gujewa shiga rundunar sojojin Ottoman, kuma 'yan'uwan Haddad huɗu sun riga sun zauna a Mexico a lokacin da ya isa. <ref name="slimbio" />  A shekarar 1911, Julián ya kafa shagon sayar da kayan busassun kaya, La Estrella de Oriente (Tauraron Gabas). <ref name="Biography" /> Zuwa shekarar 1921, ya fara saka hannun jari a fannin gidaje a yankin kasuwanci mai bunƙasa na birnin Mexico inda ya sayi manyan gidaje na Mexico a farashin sayar da wuta a gundumar Zocalo a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico na 1910-1917 . <ref name="EvanCarMichael" /> <ref name="Sean Braswell" /> Zuwa shekarar 1922, darajar Julian ta kai dala $1,012,258 pesos ( equivalent to $197,746,073,681 a shekarar 2025 ), ya bambanta tsakanin dimbin kadarorin da suka haɗa da manyan kadarorin saka hannun jari, kasuwanci da yawa, da hannun jari. <ref name="Biography" /> A watan Agusta 1926, Julián Slim ya auri Linda Helú Atta. An haifi Linda, wadda ta fito daga zuriyar Lebanon, a Parral, Chihuahua . Iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Mexico daga Lebanon a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Bayan ta yi ƙaura zuwa Mexico, iyayenta sun kafa ɗaya daga cikin mujallu na farko da aka buga a harshen Larabci ga al'ummar Lebanon-Mexico, ta amfani da na'urar buga littattafai da suka zo da ita. <ref name="slimbio" /> Julián da Linda suna da yara shida: Nour, Alma, Julián, José, Carlos, da Linda. Julián babba ya mutu a shekarar 1953, lokacin da Carlos yake da shekaru 13. <ref name="slimbio" /> <ref name="Biography" /> A watan Fabrairun 2011, Julian, babban ɗan'uwan Carlos, ya mutu yana da shekaru 74. Ɗan kasuwa ne mai himma kuma yana aiki a ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin leƙen asiri na Mexico. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2011 |title=Fallece el empresario Julián Slim Helú |url=https://expansion.mx/negocios/2011/02/17/fallece-el-empresario-julian-slim-helu |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Expansión}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2011 |title=Fallece el empresario Julián Slim Helú, hermano de Carlos Slim |url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/node/715335 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Excélsior |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010606/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/node/715335 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Jimlar kuɗi == === Dukiya === A ranar 29 ga Maris 2007, Slim ya zarce mai zuba jari na Amurka [[Warren Buffett]] a matsayin mutum na biyu mafi arziki a duniya, tare da kimanin darajar {{US$|53.1{{nbsp}}billion}} ( equivalent to $82,449,446,317 a shekarar 2025 ) idan aka kwatanta da {{US$|52.4{{nbsp}}billion}} na Buffett{{US$|52.4{{nbsp}}billion}} ( equivalent to $81,362,542,128 a shekarar 2025 ). A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2007, Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta gudanar da wani labari na farko da ya shafi Slim. Labarin ya ce, "Duk da cewa darajar kasuwar hannun jarinsa a kamfanonin da ake ciniki a bainar jama'a na iya raguwa a kowane lokaci, a yanzu wataƙila ya fi Bill Gates arziki". [1] A cewar Jaridar Wall Street Journal, Slim ya danganta wani ɓangare na iyawarsa na "gano damar saka hannun jari" da wuri ga rubuce-rubucen ɗaya daga cikin abokansa, marubucin nan gaba Alvin Toffler . A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2007, mujallar Fortune ta ruwaito cewa Slim ya wuce Gates a matsayin mutumin da ya fi kowa kuɗi a duniya. An kiyasta cewa arzikin Slim ya tashi zuwa US$59 billion ( equivalent to $91,610,495,908 a shekarar 2025 ), bisa ga darajar kadarorin gwamnati da yake da su a ƙarshen watan Yuli. An kiyasta cewa dukiyar Gates ta kai akalla US$58 billion ( equivalent to $90,057,775,638 a shekarar 2025 ). A ranar 5 ga Maris 2008, Forbes ta sanya Slim a matsayin mutum na biyu mafi arziki a duniya, bayan Warren Buffett kuma a gaban Bill Gates. [1] A ranar 11 ga Maris 2009, Forbes ta sanya Slim a matsayin mutum na uku mafi arziki a duniya, bayan Gates da Buffett sannan kuma a gaban Larry Ellison . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== c873qt19hjz8bluh3vpvjji22gru0bo 0 55751 965497 556986 2026-10-09T22:07:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ufiles1004.jpg|thumb|Carrier Mills]] '''Carrier Mills''' Wani ƙaramin ƙauyene dake jihar Illinois dake ƙasar amurka.Yawan jama'a ya kasance su 1,672 a [[Ƙididdigar Amurka ta 2020|ƙidayar shekarar 2020]] . Carrier Mills an yi masa suna ne bayan [[George Washington Carrier]] 's [[Ga niƙa|saw]] da [[Grist niƙa|grist Mills]], kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon [[Alkahira da Vincennes Railroad|biranen Alkahira da Vincennes Railroad]] [[Boomtown|boomtowns]] . An kafa shi azaman gari mai niƙa sannan kuma [[Al'ummar ma'adinai|al'umma mai hakar gwal]], Carrier Mills sannu a hankali ya yi asarar kashi 44% na yawan jama'arta tun ƙididdigar shekarar dubu ɗaya da shirin(1920) mai girma na 3,000, saboda raguwar masana'antar gwal na gida. Ƙauyen ya zama [[Garin matafiya|al'umma mai ɗakuna]], wanda ke mil bakwai (11&nbsp;km) kudu maso yammacin [[Harrisburg, Illinois|Harrisburg]], wanda shine babban tushen aikin yi, nishadi, da siyayya. Ita ce babbar al'umma ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[Harrisburg, Illinois Yankin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙira|Yankin Ƙididdiga na Micropolitan na Harrisburg]] a wajen [[Eldorado, Illinois|Eldorado]] da [[Harrisburg, Illinois|Harrisburg]], kuma an haɗa shi cikin yankin [[Yanki na Jiha Tri-Illino-Indiana-Kentuky|Illinois-Indiana-Kentuky Tri-State Area]] .<ref>"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022</ref> Kamfanin Carrier Mills kuma yana da babban [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba'amurke Ba'amurke]] a kashi 15%, idan aka kwatanta da maƙwabtansa, saboda ƙaura daga yankin [[Lakeview, Illinois|Lakeview]] na kusa, mafi tsufa mazaunin Ba'amurke a cikin jihar Illinois.Ƙauyen yana karbar baƙuncin bikin baje koli na shekara-shekara na Catskin Days Fair da Parade, bikin faɗuwar kwanaki da yawa a watan Oktoba don tunawa da tarihi da al'adun ƙauyen.<ref>The Southern Illinoisan Catskin Days brings food, fun, live music and wrestling to Carrier Mills Sep 19, 2019 https://thesouthern.com/entertainment/events/catskin-days-brings-food-fun-live-music-and-wrestling-to/article_dc788380-f568-5ab3-b117-4e91fe291021.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123105805/https://thesouthern.com/entertainment/events/catskin-days-brings-food-fun-live-music-and-wrestling-to/article_dc788380-f568-5ab3-b117-4e91fe291021.html |date=2023-11-23 }}</ref> == Tarihi == Wanda ya fara zama a ƙauyen yanzu da ake kira Carrier Mills shine Hampton Pankey. Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko a Saline County. Pankey yana zaune a yankin a cikin shekarar 1804 ko kuma shekarar 1805 kuma ya yi rajistar takardar shaidar ƙasarsa a shekarar 1814, ranar farko da ta kasance don yin rajistar su. A cikin shekara ta kusa da shekarar 1811 mazaunan sun fara gina gine-gine don kariya daga [[’Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka a Amurka|Indiyawan Amurka]] . An gina wani katafaren gida a ƙasarsa a wannan lokacin. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa shine John Pankey, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa Harrisburg. <ref>"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022</ref> Benjamin D Lewis ne ya bincika ƙauyen kuma [[Plat|aka sanya shi]] a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 1872, don William Housely a matsayin Morrillsville, mai suna bayan HL Morrill, mai kula da [[Alkahira da Vincennes Railroad|Railroad na Alkahira da Vincennes Railroad]] wanda ya kulla yarjejeniya ta ƙasa tare da mai kamfanin GW Carrier. <ref>Carrier(s) Mills(s)...</ref> An san shi da sunan, kuma daga ƙarshe aka sake masa suna, Carrier's Mills bayan mai ƙirƙira G. Washington Carrier ("Uncle Wash") wanda ya taimaka ya sami garin lokacin da ya gina wani ƙaƙƙarfan [[Ga niƙa|tururi]] [[Injin tururi|mai ƙarfi]] da injin niƙa kusa da kudancin garin a kan titin. Ruwan [[Kogin Saline (Illinois)|kogin Saline]], kusa da tsohon gidan gona da wurin kadarori na Tuller Mansion. Kamfanin Carrier's Mills shi ne mafi nisa [[Cypress|bishiyoyin cypress]] na arewa da suka girma a lokacin, wanda ya sa aikin haƙar katako a garin ya sami riba. <ref name="Hiscmills2">History of Carrier Mills, Carrier Mills City Board, (c) 1976, pg.2-5</ref> Mai ɗaukar kaya shine farkon mutane da yawa da suka kafa masana'antar aikin itace a cikin iyakokin birni. An fara amfani da injinan ne don ƙera katako don gina gadoji da haɗin gwiwa na [[Alkahira da Vincennes Railroad|titin jirgin ƙasa na Alkahira da Vincennes]], sannan daga baya kasuwanci da gidaje a garin suka biyo baya. <ref name="Hiscmills">History of Carrier Mills, Carrier Mills City Board, (c) 1976, pg.4</ref> == Tarihin makarantar kauyen == Makaranta ta farko a cikin Carrier Mills wata ƙaton katako ce mai benaye biyu tare da hasumiya mai ƙararrawa. An gina shi a farkon shekarar 1820s kuma yana kusa da tsohuwar masana'antar shirya Coal Company na Sahara (yanzu an watsar), arewa maso yammacin ƙauyen. An yi ƙaramin ginin da katako kuma yana da bututun yumbu. Shekarar makarantar ta fara ne a watan Agusta kuma ta ƙare a watan Oktoba saboda tsananin sanyi. Makaranta na yau da kullun a cikin shekarar 1850 makarantar biyan kuɗi ce - an caje kuɗin $2.50 na tsawon wata biyu. Daga lokacin [[Yakin basasar Amurka|yakin basasa]] har zuwa shekarar 1875, makarantar sakandare kawai tana kusa da Salem. <ref name="Hiscmills3">History of Carrier Mills, Carrier Mills City Board, (c) 1976, pg.4</ref> A cikin shekarar 1887, an sayi ginin farko na makaranta a Carrier Mills Village don manufar zama makarantar likitanci a kusurwar Walnut da Main St. An buɗe babbar makarantar gwamnati ta farko a garin a cikin shekarar 1903 akan Furlong St. Na farko da aka gane biyu An fara kwas na shekara na sakandare a shekara ta 1915. A cikin shekarar 1917, makarantar sakandare ta zama makarantar sakandare ta shekaru uku masu rijista har zuwa shekarar 1926 lokacin da ta zama makarantar sakandare ta al'umma wacce jihar [[Illinois]] ta ba da cikakken izini. == Manazarta == rmvayi64k3g8deue7iyf0w5vn4k17ay 0 55870 965751 343548 2026-10-10T10:59:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dixmoor IL 2009 reference map.png|thumb|taswirar dixmoor]] '''Dixmoor''' Wani qauyene a babbar jihar Illinois dake ƙasar Amurka.<ref>Wikipedia</ref> <ref>Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki Dixmoor, Illinois</ref> <ref>Village of Dixmoor https://www.villageofdixmoor.org {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Village of Dixmoor</ref> <ref>Data USA https://datausa.io › profile › geo › d... Dixmoor, IL</ref> <ref>Illinois Demographics by Cubit https://www.illinois-demographics.com › ... Get Current Census Data for Dixmoor, IL</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} b0wajne99nvgdsap60qj1ahgnmmkznj 0 57346 965762 864565 2026-10-10T11:55:32Z Luca.favorido 34632 wrong image. Massimo Cacciari is a philosopher and politician 965762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Massimo Coda,'''(an haife shi 10 Nuwamba 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar kwallon kafa na Genoa a Serie A na Italiya.{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] dl7hynveb44mbtjibn8rwnxnk94s5ck 0 62171 965707 961876 2026-10-10T08:08:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Etim Effiong''', kuma '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darektan fim na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's "Night With The Stars" delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor & Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya zauna a Benin City, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]; da [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Lieutenant Colonel Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an yi masa zargi da ƙarya a juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi kurkuku lokacin da Etim Effiong ke da shekara guda. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara hudu a kan hanyarsa ta ziyarci mijinta a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a 1993 kuma shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakken gafarar shugaban kasa a 2020 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar St. Mary's Private School a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan ya biyo bayan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], kuma a Jihar Legasa, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniyan sunadarai a [[Minna]]" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Federal University of Technology, Minna">Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya da ke Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun fim, rubutun allo da kuma ba da umarni a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fim ta AFDA]] a Afirka ta Kudu. == Ayyuka == === Shekaru na 2010 === Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai samar da abun ciki ga [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . <ref name="En">{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}</ref> Farawa a farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin jerin yanar gizo da talabijin waɗanda suka haɗa da Goddammit It's Monday (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakin Madams'', Castle da Castle (2018) da The Men's Club (2018). A cikin 2017, ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo na minti biyar mai taken Prey wanda ke nuna [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi & Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film "Prey" on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ya fara yin fim dinsa na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New Money . Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya, Shirin B, tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma yana wasa da Shugaba na Najeriya na kamfanin Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102826/https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's "Plan B" starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Best Actor a Comedy a 7th [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] awards 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka.<ref name="En" /> === Shekaru na 2020 === A cikin 2020, ya fara zama darektan tare da Fish Bone, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda ya magance batun yaudarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin Storm, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ne ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film "Storm" Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2020, an saki fim dinsa na farko, shirin Netflix Skin, wanda ya binciki batun launi a Najeriya. Ya ƙunshi [[Beverly Naya]] wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar [[End SARS|#EndSars]]. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, ''Castle da Castle.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as "Collision Course" wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a 2022 kuma an zabi shi don Mafi kyawun A actor a 2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa ga [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] don Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora don Jolly Roger, wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Netflix. Ya bayyana a cikin Blood Sisters, mai ban tsoro da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen Najeriya na farko na Netflix wanda ya kai saman 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30. ''Selina,'' wanda aka saki don YouTube, ya kasance sananne ne don kasancewa misali na farko na yiwuwar kudi na dandalin gudana ga masu shirya fina-finai na Nollywood. Fim din ya fito da Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu sauraro sun karɓa sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' sun biyo baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da A Weekend To Forget, wanda ya yi aiki sosai a ofishin jakadancin Najeriya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 & 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> fim din [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim din rayuwa da fim din fantasy na iyali; Different Strokes, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]]; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Selina''<nowiki/>'s Wedding, kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-fukan Selina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a cikin A Young Time Ago da Lily of the Valley, fitowar YouTube tare da [[Nancy Isime]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title="A Young Time Ago" Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]'': The Journey, wani jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix da suka biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Mo Abudu wanda ya samar da Òlòtûré (2019). A cikin 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin The Herd, wani labari mai ban tsoro wanda ya biyo bayan sace wani rukuni na mutane da 'yan bindiga da ke nuna kansu a matsayin makiyaya. An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a watan Oktoba, an fara shi a Netflix a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, ya kai lamba daya a kan jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's "The Herd" Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- |2020 |''Mataimakin Madams'' | |1 fitowar | |- |2019 |''Gidan sarauta da Gidan sarauniya'' |Mike Amenechi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle & Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018– |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Kungiyar Maza]]'' |Lanre | |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2013 |''[[Gidi Up]]'' |Folarin | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2012 |''Goddammit Litinin ne'' |Mata |Abubuwa 2 | |- |2021 |''Castle &amp;amp; Castle'' |Mike Amenechi |Abubuwa 15 | |- |2022 |''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|<nowiki/>'Yan uwa mata na jini]]'' |Aikin |Abubuwa 4 | |- |2024 |''Oloture: Tafiyar'' |Tony |Abubuwa 3 | |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''[[The Herd (fim na 2025)|Garken]]'' | |Har ila yau darektan |<ref name=":2" /> |- |''[[Aso Ebi Diaries|Rubuce-rubucen Aso Ebi]]'' | |[[Biodun Stephen]] ne ya shirya | |- | rowspan="7" |2023 |''Barage'' |Matsakaicin |Emmanuel Akaemeh ne ya shirya | |- |''Bikin auren Selina'' |Ruuben |tare da Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde | |- |''Lokacin Ƙuruciya da ya gabata'' |Tsohon Tayo |tare da Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde | |- |''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A karshen mako da za a manta da shi]]'' |Shima |Damola Ademola ne ya shirya | |- |''Lily na kwarin'' |Bily |tare da Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin | |- |''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]'' |Maleek (mahaifin) |Niyi Akinmolayan ne ya shirya |<ref name="MilMstImpFilm_Med">{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Strokes daban-daban'' |Khalid |Tare da Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' |Wale |Kyautar AFRIFF da kuma gabatarwa ta AMVCA |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116104953/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |archive-date=2022-11-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''Selina'' |Ruuben |Tare da Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev | |- |''Mai farin ciki Roger'' |Ruwa |Nomin da aka samu a gasar cin kofin fim din Afirka | |- |2021 |''[[Still Falling|Har yanzu yana faɗuwa]]'' |Kyaftin Lagi |Tare da [[Sharon Ooja]] | |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Fata'' |Daraktan |Shirin da ke nuna [[Eku Edewor]] da [[Beverly Naya]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Guguwa'' |Guguwa |Gajeren fim tare da [[Diane Russet]] | |- |''Kashi na Kifi'' |Sufeto |Takaitaccen fim tare da [[Shafy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah |<ref name="bellanaija.com">{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]'' |Tony |Tare da Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Makate Must Sell|Dole ne a sayar da shi]]'' |Gbenro |Tare da Igwe 2pac, Toyin Ibrahim, Diipo Adeusi | |- |''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]]'' |Dele Coker |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|Sabon Kudi]]'' |Ganiyu Osamede |Tare da Dakore Akande | |- |2017 |''Abin da aka fara ganinsa'' |Daraktan |Takaitaccen ɗan gajeren lokaci |<ref name="bellanaija.com" /> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora |''Mai farin ciki Roger''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama, Movie ko TV Series | rowspan="2" |''Kofa''|{{Won}} |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy Drama, Movie ko TV Series|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Lawal 2023">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601123410/https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ainihin Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa a watan Agustan 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips & Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi maraba da ɗansu na farko, jariri, a watan Janairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm5652097/" id="mwBDE" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Daniel Etim Effiong a kan IMDb * {{Twitter|eetimm|Daniel Etim Effiong}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dargkhwqx09zcsbifq4uw8bjca5kbom 0 64437 965527 541281 2026-10-09T23:11:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Zégoua Gbessi Nokan''' (28 Disamba 1936 - 1 Nuwamba 2022) malami ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast. Ya kasance memba na ''Académie des sciences, des arts, des Cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines'' kuma marubucin ayyuka da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayo, waƙa da litattafai. Ya kasance wanda ya karɓi babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Bernard Dadié don adabi a cikin shekarar 2014.<ref name="Abidjan">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=6 November 2014|title=SILA 2014 : Charles Nokan et Atita Hino, lauréats des prix nationaux de littérature|trans-title=|url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/514324/index|language=French|work=Abidjan.net|location=|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105205102/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/514324/index|archive-date=5 November 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Nokan a [[Yamoussoukro]] a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba 1936 a Kalou Konan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://akwaba.bnci.ci/files/original/97caaebd6eb44801188b51e43dfadbca.pdf|title=Écrivains, cinéastes et artistes ivoiriens : aperçu bio-bibliographique|work=National Library of Ivory Coast|language=French|access-date=2022-11-05|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125141936/http://akwaba.bnci.ci/files/original/97caaebd6eb44801188b51e43dfadbca.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan karatun firamare a Yamoussoukro da Toumodi,<ref name="Charles">{{cite web|url=https://www.bibliopoche.com/ecrivain/Nokan-Charles/62171.html|title=Charles Nokan|work=Bibliopoche.com|language=French|access-date=2023-12-10|archive-date=2022-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105210610/https://www.bibliopoche.com/ecrivain/Nokan-Charles/62171.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> he spent his secondary studies in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Charles-Nokan/400615|title=Charles Nokan|work=Babelio|language=French}}</ref> ya yi karatun sakandare a Faransa. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Poitiers da Jami'ar Paris, ya samu lasisi a ilimin zamantakewa da digiri na uku a falsafar. Ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Félix Houphouët-Boigny a [[Abidjan]]. Nokan ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa a duk tsawon aikinsa, irin su ''Le soleil noir point'', ''Violent était le vent'', da ''Petites rivières''. Ya wallafa aikinsa na farko na wasan kwaikwayo, ''Les malheurs de Tchakô'', a cikin shekarar 1970. Tarihin rayuwarsa, mai suna ''Tel que je suis'' kuma an wallafa shi a cikin shekarar 2014, ya ba shi babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Bernard Dadié don adabi. Marxist, ayyukansa a ra'ayinsa su ne na siyasa da na adabi; sun kasance faɗa, waƙa, da raye-raye.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kipre|first=Alex|date=18 April 2013|title=Charles Nokan, philosophe et écrivain : " Mon écriture est politique et littéraire; elle combat, chante et danse "|trans-title=|url=https://www.fratmat.info/index.php/politique/item/1154-charles-nokan-philosophe-et-%C3%A9crivain-%E2%80%9C-mon-%C3%A9criture-est-politique-et-litt%C3%A9raire-elle-combat-chante-et-danse-%E2%80%9D|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105205105/https://www.fratmat.info/index.php/politique/item/1154-charles-nokan-philosophe-et-%C3%A9crivain-%E2%80%9C-mon-%C3%A9criture-est-politique-et-litt%C3%A9raire-elle-combat-chante-et-danse-%E2%80%9D#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|archivedate=5 November 2022|language=French|work=[[Fraternité Matin]]|location=|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Charles Nokan ya mutu a Abidjan a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 2022, yana da shekaru 85.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kouassi|first=K. Richard|date=2 November 2022|title=Côte d'Ivoire : Décès de Charles Nokan, une page noire pour la littérature|trans-title= |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.ci/489468-cote-divoire-deces-charles-nokan|language=French|work=Afrique sur 7|location= |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === * ''Le Soleil Noir Point'' (1962) * ''Les Malheurs de Tchakö'' (1968) * ''Abraha Pokou, kai babban ɗan Afirka; Suivi de La Voix grave d'Ophimoï'' (1970) * ''La traversée de la nuit dense ou les Travailleurs africains a Faransa; suivi de Cris Rouges'' (1972) * ''Abraha Pokou et trois autres pièces'' (1984) * ''Johoré'' (2014) * ''Fako et sa lamiri'' (2015) === Waka === * ''Les Petites rivières'' (1983) * ''Kiri'' (1989) * ''Yah et Môni (quatrains) : suivi de: les odeurs de l' wanzuwa; le lavage de la vie; da wasiyya'' (2014) === Littattafai === * Violent ''Etait le vent'' (1966) * ''Abraha Pokou, kai babban ɗan Afirka; Suivi de La Voix grave d'Ophimoï'' (1970) * ''Mon chemin débouche sur la grand-route'' (1985) * ''Yassoi refusa l'orange mûre de Nianga'' (2010) * ''Tout babban canji est un ouragan'' (2012) === Kasidu === * ''L'être, le désêtre et le non-être'' (2000) === Tarihin Rayuwa === * ''Ku je suis'' == Kyauta == * Babban kyautar ƙasa ta Bernard Dadié don wallafe-wallafe na Adabi (2014) * Grand Prix Kaïlcedra des lycees et collèges (2015)<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=1 October 2015|title=Littérature: Gauz remporte le grand prix Kaïlcedra 2015 lycées et collèges|trans-title=|url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/564898/index|language=French|work=Abidjan.net|location=|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105205103/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/564898/index|archive-date=5 November 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] ap7kcddmwqrs2fxuaebosu6d754tz2g 0 69267 965723 961715 2026-10-10T09:36:43Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorlolo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/06/30/falling-set-for-release-in-september Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kudaden da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya yi a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1itwhu5l0bgkzlckfxwevjb5q6j3fgx 965724 965723 2026-10-10T09:37:36Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/06/30/falling-set-for-release-in-september Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kudaden da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya yi a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6u67s5axuk4o7jms6xknlegilo96n4c 965727 965724 2026-10-10T09:47:27Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/06/30/falling-set-for-release-in-september Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya yi a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jm632n3dcrc5e1jlja2fly6im8bn7x6 965729 965727 2026-10-10T09:50:13Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2015/06/30/falling-set-for-release-in-september Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya tafka a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4tuszzmx2abnxaxsya2qzr64x3ol80c 965731 965729 2026-10-10T09:52:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http://connectnigeria Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya tafka a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4lmrssxvusvmazdj2b91qoe0czl4yxg 965734 965731 2026-10-10T10:15:42Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http: Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya tafka a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Newvision.co.ug}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tehs72walfgg7qid14lbx61m8cu43v1 965735 965734 2026-10-10T10:16:46Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http: Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya tafka a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0u0xedoamoh3cqimu67p1knaoilgzr3 965737 965735 2026-10-10T10:18:41Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http: Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya tafka a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1419014/africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2016-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730180303/https:// |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bdh323uvzd49qdbpl3h57oj72olaz1w 965738 965737 2026-10-10T10:21:00Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 965738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falling fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2015 wanda [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] ya rubuta kuma ya samar, kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tamara Eteimo]], da [[Kofi Adjorl |last=Salihu, Ejura |date=30 June 2015 |title='Falling' Set for Release in September |url=http: Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wasu matasan ma'aurata, Muna da Imoh, wadanda rayuwarsu ta lalace saboda mummunan hatsari wanda ya bar Imoh cikin mummunan rauni na watanni da yawa. == Makirci == Muna da Imoh matasa ne, ma'aurata masu farin ciki. Rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da Imoh ya shiga hatsarin mota a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ya bar shi a cikin coma. Duk da gwagwarmayar kudi, Muna ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa Imoh za ta sake farfadowa. Lokacin da asibitin ya yanke shawarar sallamar Imoh saboda rashin iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya, Muna ta juya ga mahaifinta, Mista Mba, wanda ke ba da wani ɓangare na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don ci gaba da Imoh a kan tallafin rayuwa na wata. 'Yar'uwar Muna, Tina, ta ƙara damuwa game da jin daɗin Muna da kuma yanayin Imoh da ke ɗaukar ta. Tina ta shawo kan Muna ta shiga tare da ita a wani taron, duk da rashin son Muna. A kulob din, Tina ta raba halin Muna tare da abokinta Yemi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin jawo Muna. Wannan ya fusata Muna, amma Tina ta bayyana cewa Yemi likita ce kuma tana iya taimakawa tare da yanayin Imoh, wanda ya zama dalilin da ya sa ta raba bayanan sirri. Kodayake Yemi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi abota da Muna, da farko ta yi tsayayya da alherinsa. Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, sun kusanci, kuma Muna ta fara sake gina rayuwarta, har ma da sake tabbatar da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce duk da rashin goyon baya daga mai gabatarwa. Yayin da dangantakarsu ta zurfafa, Muna ta sami kanta a cikin wani lokaci mai rauni kuma tana da jima'i da Yemi, wanda ke haifar da ciki mara kyau. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan Muna ta gano cewa tana da ciki, Imoh ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta sake farkawa kuma an sallame ta daga asibiti, ta bar Muna ta yi fama da rikitarwa sakamakon ayyukanta. Imoh ya fara nuna halayyar ban mamaki, yana haifar da tuhuma a Yemi. Lokacin da Muna ta sanar da Imoh game da ciki, sai ya bukaci ta dakatar da shi, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya a cikin dangantakarsu. A halin yanzu, bayan ya koyi game da yaron, Yemi ya nace cewa Muna ta riƙe jaririn, ta yi imanin cewa alama ce ta cewa an ƙaddara su kasance tare. A wannan lokacin, an kwantar da Mista Mba a asibiti bayan tsoro na lafiya yayin da yake kusa da ƙaramar matarsa, Lota Chukwu. Yayinda yake murmurewa, yana da tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da Muna, Tina, da mahaifiyarsu game da kuskuren da ya tafka a baya. A cikin wannan rikici na motsin rai, Imoh ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga ya sulhunta da Muna. Tare, sun yanke shawarar riƙe jaririn, suna zaɓar fuskantar makomarsu a matsayin ma'aurata masu haɗin kai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Imoh * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Yemi * [[Tamara Eteimo]] a matsayin Tina * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin kansa * [[Kofi Adjorlolo]] a matsayin Mista Mba * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin mai gabatarwa == Fitarwa da saki == An harbe Falling a wurin a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan fim din shine kokarin farko na [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam]] a matsayin mai shirya fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinsemoyin, Adeola |date=2 August 2015 |title=Uduak Isong Produces First Solo Movie, "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/uduak-isong-produces-first-solo-movie-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS)}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An saki hotunan fim din a kan layi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=28 May 2015 |title=Check out 1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085022/http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-check-out-1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-movie-id3805181.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st teaser posters for Uduak Isong's upcoming movie:Falling |url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055157/http://www.makinmagazine.com/1st-teaser-posters-for-uduak-isongs-upcoming-moviefalling/ |archive-date=5 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Makin Magazine}}</ref> An saki trailer don fim din a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Falade, Yemi |date=16 May 2015 |title=Watch Adesua Etomi & Blossom Chukwujekwu In Uduak Isong's "Falling" |url=http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=True Nollywood Stories (TNS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828221607/http://tns.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-blossom-chukwujekwu-in-uduak-isongs-falling/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An sake wani hoton a kan layi a watan Yulin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu, Chidumga |date=13 July 2015 |title=New poster features Blossom Chukwujekwu, Kunle Rhemmy, Adesua Etomi |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620060002/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/falling-new-poster-features-blossom-chukwujekwu-kunle-rhemmy-adesua-etomi-id3966434.html |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=Pulse NG}}</ref> [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa fim din zai fara ne a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015 kuma za a sake shi a wannan rana. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |[[2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Blossom Chukwujekwu|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushaba |first=Kyle Duncan |date=8 March 2016 |title=Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards 2016: The full winners’ list |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Adesua Etomi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6rgzad5i414wtvxn8578vyfunmbx6gf 0 74249 965327 959023 2026-10-09T17:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Boss of Bosses''''' wani fim ne na kasar Amurka da aka yi don TV a shekara ta 2001 game da rayuwar tsohon shugaban dangin Gambino Paul Castellano wanda Dwight H. Little ya jagoranta. Tauraro Chazz Palminteri a matsayin Paul Castellano, Patricia Mauceri a matsayin matarsa Nina, Mark Margolis a matsayin Joseph Armone, da Angela Alvarado a matsayin uwargidansa Gloria Olarte. <ref name="BossVarietyRef">[https://variety.com/2001/tv/reviews/boss-of-bosses-1200468089/ Boss of Bosses Review] by Phil Gallo at [[Variety (magazine)|variety.com]]</ref> == Dubawa == Fim ɗin yana mayar da hankali kan girman Paul, ya zama rashin jin daɗi tare da salon rayuwarsa na aiki, yana ba da lokaci kuma ɗan uwansa Carlo Gambino ya rinjaye shi, abokantakarsa da Joseph Armone da Tommy Bilotti, da kuma kan dangantakarsa da budurwa Gloria. Fim ɗin yana aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya ga ''Gotti'' . Kamar yadda "Boss of Bosses" ya ƙare tare da kisan Paul Castellano, yayin da Gotti ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru kafin, da kuma Lokacin bayan kisan. An rubuta Fim ɗin a kan dangantakarsa mai ban sha'awa tare da sojojinsa, tare da abokinsa Neil Dellacroce, kuma ya ƙare lokacin da ya halarci sanannen "taron" a Sparks Steak House, inda aka kashe shi da mai tsaronsa / mai kula da Tommy Bilotti yayin da suke fita daga cikin motar su a cikin kwanton bauna wanda John Gotti ya shirya. == Yin wasan ƙwaiƙwayo == * Chazz Palminteri a matsayin Paul Castellano * Angela Alvarado a matsayin Gloria Olarte * Jay O. Sanders a matsayin Joseph O'Brien * Clancy Brown as Andris Kurins * Richard Foronjy a matsayin Tommy Bilotti * Mark Margolis a matsayin Joseph "Piney" Armone * Dayton Callie a matsayin Neil Dellacroce * Patricia Mauceri a matsayin Nina Castellano * Al Ruscio a matsayin Carlo Gambino * Sonny Marinelli a matsayin John Gotti * Philip Williams a matsayin Nino Gaggi * Steven Bauer a matsayin Vito Genovese * Yani Gellman a matsayin matashi Paul Castellano <ref>[https://playbackonline.ca/2001/06/25/act-20010625/ "Acting up in Canada"] at [[Playback (magazine)|playbackonline.ca]]</ref> * William DeMeo a matsayin Matashi Carlo Gambino * Carlos Díaz a matsayin Philip Castellano * Gerry Mendicino a matsayin Uba Vicente * Ron Gabriel a matsayin Thomas Agro * Michael A. Miranda a matsayin Roy DeMeo * Vito Rezza a matsayin Angelo Ruggiero * Tony Nappo a matsayin Gene Gotti * Gino Marrocco a matsayin Carmine Persico * Tony Perri a matsayin Anthony Salerno <ref>[https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/10/26/obituary-tony-perri-had-a-passion-for-many-things-from-education-to-acting.html "Obituary: Tony Perri had a “passion” for many things, from education to acting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107125317/https://www.thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/2020/10/26/obituary-tony-perri-had-a-passion-for-many-things-from-education-to-acting.html |date=2023-01-07 }} By Daniel Nolan at [[The Hamilton Spectator|www.thespec.com]]</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|0205782}} [[Category:Fina-fina 2019]] [[Category:Fina-Finan Hausa]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] 8qltujy3obsi3svqp23d7awjtgfu3zt 0 77499 965498 955066 2026-10-09T22:10:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cartier Ducati Diarra,''' (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 6, 1998) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Kasar Amurka-Maliya wanda a halin yanzu yana taka leda a Cape, Town Tigers na Gasar Kwando ta Afirka (BAL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon kwando na kwaleji don Kansas State Wildcats da Virginia Tech Hokies . == Tarihin Rayuwar sa. == Diarra ya girma a Harlem, New York, kuma ya karya ƙafarsa yana ɗan shekara biyu. Mahaifinsa dan kasar Mali ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moser |first=Megan |date=2018-02-23 |title=I WONDER {{!}} How do I pronounce Diarra's name? |url=https://themercury.com/news/i-wonder-how-do-i-pronounce-diarras-name/article_47b1363e-766e-586e-887d-c4d9e9971cf6.html |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Mercury |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, Danyelle Lee ta rene shi, tare da ’yan uwansa Abraham, Cyncere da LadiRoyale, kuma da wuya ya yi magana da mahaifinsa. Diarra ya girma yana ɗaukar darussan rawa a Uptown Dance Academy. A matsayinsa na sabon ɗan wasa, Diarra ya buga ƙwallon kwando don Makarantar Sakandare ta Cardinal Hayes a The Bronx, New York . <ref name="woods">{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |date=November 10, 2017 |title=The life of Cartier Diarra: How a New York native found his way to the other Manhattan |url=https://themercury.com/k_state_sports/the-life-of-cartier-diarra-how-a-new-york-native-found-his-way-to-the/article_affa1070-fcec-54ff-bf48-f14b4240c6e3.html |access-date=May 9, 2020 |website=[[The Manhattan Mercury]] }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya koma makarantar sakandare ta West Florence a Florence, South Carolina, inda ya fara zama tare da innarsa, Lillian Shabazz. <ref name="moore">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=CJ |date=November 12, 2019 |title=The World According to Cartier Diarra |url=https://theathletic.com/1362912/2019/11/12/the-world-according-to-cartier-diarra-kansas-state/ |access-date=May 9, 2020 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:RJ Nembhard Cartier Diarra.jpg|thumb|Cartier Diarra]] Diarra ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kwando ta West Florence duk da cewa ba shi da kwarewa sosai a wasan kwallon kwando. A matsayinsa na biyu, ya sami matsakaicin maki bakwai da sake dawowa 3.7 a kowane wasa. <ref name="woods"/> Tsohon dan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Ƙasa Sharone Wright, wanda ɗansa ya yi abokantaka da Diarra, ya zama jagoransa kuma mahaifinsa. <ref name="regan">{{Cite web |last=Regan |first=Brett |date=April 13, 2016 |title=Diarra's basketball journey steers him to K-State |url=https://kansasstate.rivals.com/news/diarra-s-basketball-journey-steers-him-to-k-state |access-date=May 9, 2020 |publisher=KStateOnline}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ƙarami, Diarra ya sami maki 12.9, sake dawowa 7.6, yana taimakawa 4.8 da sata 2.2 a kowane wasa. A cikin babban kakarsa, ya sami matsakaicin maki 18.8, sake dawowa 11, taimako 7.2, sata 3.6 da tubalan 2.1 a kowane wasa, yana yin rijista takwas sau uku-biyu . <ref name="moore"/> An zabi Diarra Gwarzon Dan Wasan ''Labarai'' na Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chancey |first=Scott |date=March 20, 2016 |title=Boys Basketball Player of Year: West's Diarra credits slick moves on court to dancing background |url=https://www.scnow.com/sports/boys-basketball-player-of-year-wests-diarra-credits-slick-moves-on-court-to-dancing-background/article_fc2caa70-ee54-11e5-8104-d31636a40ea3.html |access-date=May 9, 2020 |website=[[The Morning News (American newspaper)|The Morning News]]}}</ref> == Aikin koleji == === Jihar Kansas === Diarra redshirted kakarsa ta farko a Jihar Kansas bayan ya sha wahala a tsagewar ligament na gaba, bur ya dawo da sauri kuma ya sami damar yin aiki tare da tawagar kuma ya kara karfi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinett |first=Kellis |date=October 20, 2017 |title=Bruce Weber sees bright future for K-State guard Cartier Diarra, when he dunks |url=https://www.kansas.com/sports/college/big-12/kansas-state/article180014741.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Wichita Eagle]]}}</ref> A ranar Nuwamba 10, 2017, ya fara halarta na kwaleji, yana yin rikodin maki 13 da taimako huɗu, yana harbi 4-of-4 daga kewayon maki uku, a cikin nasarar 83 – 45 akan Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinett |first=Kellis |date=November 10, 2017 |title=Kansas State throttles American 83-45 in season opener |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/kansas-state/article184047606.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> Diarra ya fara fitowa daga benci amma ya fara yin tasiri nan da nan da zarar an sanya shi a matsayin farawa, bayan Kamau Stokes ya karya kafarsa ta hagu a kan Texas Tech a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinett |first=Kellis |date=January 28, 2018 |title=Cartier Diarra makes a name for himself as K-State point guard |url=https://www.kansas.com/sports/college/big-12/kansas-state/article197133794.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Janairu, ya zira kwallaye a sabon kakar-maki 18, gami da 16 a rabi na biyu, a cikin asarar 73–72 zuwa Kansas mai matsayi na 12. <ref name="bisel">{{Cite web |last=Bisel |first=Tim |date=January 14, 2018 |title=K-State's Cartier Diarra becoming a name to remember — just ask Bill Self |url=https://www.cjonline.com/sports/hawkzone/catzone/2018-01-14/k-state-s-cartier-diarra-becoming-name-remember-just-ask-bill |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Topeka Capital-Journal]]}}</ref> A matsayin sabon ɗan wasa, Diarra ya sami maki 7.1, 2.5 rebounds da taimako biyu a kowane wasa. Ya harbe kashi 40.5 daga kewayon maki uku, na uku-mafi yawan ɗan sabo a tarihin shirin. <ref name="kstate">{{Cite web |title=Cartier Diarra |url=https://www.kstatesports.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/cartier-diarra/6398 |access-date=May 26, 2020 |publisher=K-State Athletics}}</ref> Diarra ya rasa wasanni takwas na kakar sa ta biyu da karyewar yatsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Arne |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Wade out, Diarra in for opener |url=https://www.pratttribune.com/news/20190313/wade-out-diarra-in-for-opener |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Pratt Tribune]]}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2019, a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar Big 12 na 2019, ya zira kwallaye mafi girma na maki 15 kuma ya sami koma baya bakwai a cikin rashin nasara da ci 63 – 59 ga jihar Iowa . <ref name="moore"/> A matsayinsa na biyu, Diarra ya sami maki 6.8, 3.3 rebounds da 1.7 yana taimakawa kowane wasa. <ref name="kstate"/> A ranar 30 ga Disamba, a lokacin ƙaramar sa, an ba shi suna Big 12 Conference Player of the Week, kwana ɗaya bayan ya zira kwallaye mafi girman maki 25 don tafiya tare da taimako bakwai da sake dawowa biyar a nasarar 69 – 67 akan Tulsa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Ryan |date=December 31, 2019 |title=Kansas State guard Cartier Diarra wins Big 12 Player of the Week award |url=https://themercury.com/k_state_sports/kansas-state-guard-cartier-diarra-wins-big-12-player-of-the-week-award/article_26b92623-5281-5799-9465-3c8c89e13179.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Manhattan Mercury]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2020, Diarra ya zira kwallaye 25 a karo na biyu, yayin da ya buga sake dawowa shida da taimako hudu, a cikin nasara da ci 84–68 akan West Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Greg |date=January 18, 2020 |title=Cartier Diarra lost 7 turnovers against West Virginia, but his playmaking helped K-State win its 1st conference game |url=https://themercury.com/k_state_sports/cartier-diarra-lost-7-turnovers-against-west-virginia-but-his-playmaking-helped-k-state-win/article_824f23e6-8c8a-5aa3-bfb2-9122ee155c0b.html |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=[[The Manhattan Mercury]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ƙarami, ya sami matsakaicin maki 13.3, sake dawowa 3.8, taimakon 4.2 da sata 1.8 a kowane wasa. <ref name="kstate" /> A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2020, ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai canja wuri daga jihar Kansas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocha |first=Taylor |date=March 25, 2020 |title=K-State junior guard Cartier Diarra enters transfer portal |url=https://www.ksn.com/sports/wildcats/k-state-junior-guard-cartier-diarra-enters-transfer-portal/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |publisher=[[KSNW]] |archive-date=April 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232543/https://www.ksn.com/sports/wildcats/k-state-junior-guard-cartier-diarra-enters-transfer-portal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Virginia Tech === A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2020, Diarra ya kuduri aniyar bugawa Virginia Tech a babban kakarsa. Nan take ya cancanci a matsayin canjin digiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvin |first=Chris |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Virginia Tech lands transfer Cartier Diarra |url=https://247sports.com/college/virginia-tech/Article/Virginia-Tech-lands-transfer-Cartier-Diarra-145576015/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |publisher=[[247Sports.com|247Sports]]}}</ref> A cikin wasanni hudu, Diarra ya sami maki 7.5, yana taimakawa 2.3 da sake dawowa 2.5 a kowane wasa. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2020, ya ba da sanarwar ficewa daga kakar wasa, yana mai nuna damuwa kan yaduwar COVID-19. == Sana'ar sana'a == Bayan an cire shi a cikin daftarin NBA na 2021, Diarra ya fara wasansa na farko tare da AB Contern na Kungiyar Kwando ta Luxembourg a cikin 2020, kuma ya sami maki 10.4 a cikin lokacin 2021 – 22. A cikin Oktoba 2023, Diarra ya shiga kulob din Cape Town Tigers na Afirka ta Kudu don gasar cancantar BAL ta 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fthecapetowntigers%2F |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Ya cancanci zama dan wasan Afrika da ake shigo da shi saboda al'adunsa na Mali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Cape Town Tigers crowned East Division Elite 16 champions |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2024/qualifiers/news/cape-town-tigers-crowned-east-division-elite-16-champions |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa Cape Town samun cancantar shiga babban gasar, kuma ya zira kwallon kwandon cin nasara a wasan karshe na West Division da City Oilers . <ref name=":0" /> == Kididdigar sana'a == {{NBA player statistics legend}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] ip1c9imjke4b5urkw61jj5dyr17fbav 0 77563 965417 909266 2026-10-09T20:00:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Caleb Apochi Agada''' (an haife shi 31 ga Agusta 1994) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Najeriya-Kanada ƙwararren ɗan wasan Prometey na Gasar Kwando ta Latvia-Estoniya . An haife shi a Najeriya kuma ya girma a Kanada, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leawood |first=Stacey |title=HOW FAITH, ROOTS & ROLE MODELS HAVE SHAPED OVERSEAS BASKETBALL STAR CALEB AGADA & HIS PRO BASKETBALL CAREER |url=https://players.sportmanagementhub.com/caleb-agada-overseas-basketball-player/ |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Player Side of Sport}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> yana wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/player/Caleb_Agada//Melilla_Baloncesto/266825 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020-21 ya jagoranci gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta Isra'ila a maki kowane wasa kuma yana sata kowane wasa. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Agada a [[Lafia]], Najeriya, kuma ya koma birnin Burlington na kasar Canada, yana da shekaru shida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Osman |first=Libaan |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Caleb Agada took on Kevin Durant last summer and won. Up next is the Ontario government over which athletes are 'elite' |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/basketball/2022/01/21/caleb-agada-took-on-kevin-durant-last-summer-and-won-his-next-target-is-the-ontario-government.html |access-date=January 28, 2022 |website=The Star}}</ref> == Aikin koleji == Agada ta buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji don Jami'ar Ottawa Gee-Gees daga 2012 – 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AGADA CALEB |url=https://www.interperformances.com/all-players/agada-caleb/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=interperformance.com}}</ref> An ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa-da-baya U SPORTS Defensive Player of the Year a cikin 2015-16 da 2016-17. A matakin taro, an nada Agada a matsayin OUA First Team All-Star a cikin yanayi uku a jere daga 2014 zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://teams.geegees.ca/sports/mbkb/2016-17/bios/agada_caleb_7pz5 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=teams.geegees.ca}}</ref> A cikin lokacin 2016 – 17, ya sami matsakaicin maki 14.9, sake dawowa 6.4 da taimakon 3.3 a kowane wasa a matsayin babban ɗan shekara na biyar, yana samun lambobin yabo na Teamungiyar All-Kanada ta Biyu. == Sana'ar sana'a == Agada ya fara aikinsa a kungiyar Prat Joventud ta Spain a kakar wasa ta 2017 – 18, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Caleb Agada exterior joins the Prat 2017-18 project |url=http://www.acb.com/articulo/ver/133553 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=acb.com}}</ref> ya sami maki 14.4, sake dawowa 4.5 da taimakon 3.3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRAT JUVENTUD ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/2110/prat-juventud/2017 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=proballers.com}}</ref> Ya koma Melilla Baloncesto a cikin lokacin 2018 – 19, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada, an SUV for the Dean's outside line |url=http://www.feb.es/2018/7/31/baloncesto/caleb-agada-todoterreno-para-linea-exterior-del-decano/75407.aspx |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=feb.es}}</ref> matsakaicin maki 12, sake dawowa 6.4 da taimakon 2.2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MELILLA ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/667/melilla/2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=proballers.com}}</ref> Ya kuma taka leda a kungiyar Hamilton Honey Badgers ta Kanada a cikin Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Elite inda ya buga wasanni biyu ga kungiyar a matsakaicin maki 10, sake dawowa 7.5 da taimakon 4 a kakar 2018 – 19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://www.honeybadgers.ca/caleb-agada |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=honeybadgers.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Honey Badgers Rosters |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/international/league/128/Canadian-Elite-Basketball-League/team/2049/Hamilton-Honey-Badgers/rosters/2019 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=basketball.realgm.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2019-20, ya sami maki 14.7, sake dawowa 5.3 da taimako 3.7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CALEB AGADA |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/174459/caleb-agada |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=proballers.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Caleb-Agada/Summary/93403 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=basketball.realgm.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2020, ya rattaba hannu tare da Hapoel Be'er Sheva na Premier League Basketball na Isra'ila . Agada ta samu maki 15, ta 6, ta taimaka 3 da sata 2 a kowane wasa. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, ya yi amfani da zaɓin sa na kasancewa tare da Hapoel Beer Sheva a cikin kakar 2020-21. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an nada Agada a matsayin dan wasan mako bayan bayar da gudummawar maki 25, sake dawowa takwas, da taimako shida a nasara a kan Maccabi Rishon LeZion . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Israeli Winner League round 3 best performance: Caleb Agada (by Interperformances) |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Israel/news/653235/Israeli-Winner-League-round-3-best-performance:-Caleb-Agada-(by-Interperformances) |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=Eurobasket}}</ref> A cikin 2020-21 ya jagoranci Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Isra'ila a maki kowane wasa (22.9) da sata kowane wasa (2.4). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel basketball stats, results, box score, scout report and video online &#124; Scouting4U |url=http://old.scouting4u.com/35,3,0,0/israel-basketball-leaders |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-date=2022-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113210550/http://old.scouting4u.com/35,3,0,0/israel-basketball-leaders |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kan 24 Agusta 2021, Agada ya sanya hannu tare da Melbourne United don lokacin 2021 – 22 NBL . <ref name="united">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Melbourne United Sign Olympian Caleb Agada |url=https://nbl.com.au/news/melbourne-united-sign-olympian-caleb-agada |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2022, Agada ya rattaba hannu tare da Prometey na Gasar Kwando ta Latvia-Estoniya da EuroCup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2022 |title=Prometey adds guard Agada |url=https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/eurocup/news/prometey-adds-guard-agada/?pageTitle=Homepage&historyUrl=/eurocup/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=euroleaguebasketball.net }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kan 23 Yuni 2023, Agada ya sanya hannu tare da Ottawa BlackJacks na Canadian Elite Basketball League, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Ottawa BlackJacks Sign Reigning CEBL Canadian Player of the Year Caleb Agada |url=https://www.cebl.ca/ottawa-blackjacks-sign-reigning-cebl-canadian-player-of-the-year-caleb-agada |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=CEBL.ca |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625012556/https://www.cebl.ca/ottawa-blackjacks-sign-reigning-cebl-canadian-player-of-the-year-caleb-agada |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma an sake shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli. A ranar 4 ga Yuli 2023, Agada ya rattaba hannu a karo na biyu tare da Prometey na Gasar Kwando ta Latvia-Estoniya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Caleb Agada Has Signed A Contract With Bc "Prometey" For The 2023/2024 Season! |url=https://prometeybc.com/en/novosti/caleb-agada-has-signed-contract-bc-prometey-20232024-season |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=PrometeyBC.com |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704141244/https://prometeybc.com/en/novosti/caleb-agada-has-signed-contract-bc-prometey-20232024-season |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar kasa == A baya dai an gayyaci Agada don buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasar Canada wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CALEB AGADA |url=http://www.basketball.ca/3x3-canada-quest-p150398%26language=en/player/caleb-agada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429064959/http://www.basketball.ca/3x3-canada-quest-p150398%26language%3Den/player/caleb-agada |archive-date=29 April 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=basketball.ca}}</ref> An kira shi ne domin ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya kwallo a wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta FIBA ta shekarar 2019, a lokacin da aka yi a ranar 23 – 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2019 a Legas, ya samu maki 4.3, ya samu maki 4.7 da kuma taimakon 4.3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Apochi AGADA |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019/african-qualifiers/player/Caleb-Apochi-Agada |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=fiba.basketball.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=LATEST QUALIFIER GAMES |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019/african-qualifiers/team/Nigeria |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=fiba.basketball.com}}</ref> An gayyace shi ne a tawagar farko ta gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta FIBA ta Najeriya ta 2019 amma bai yi jerin ‘yan wasa na karshe ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunseye |first=Adebanjo |date=27 June 2019 |title=D'Tigers Head Coach, Alex Nwora has released a 44 man preliminary roaster ahead of the 2019 FIBA Men's World Cup in China |url=https://www.brila.net/nwora-invites-2019-nba-draftees-festus-ezeli-and-five-home-based-players-for-world-cup-camp/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=brila.net |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811002132/https://www.brila.net/nwora-invites-2019-nba-draftees-festus-ezeli-and-five-home-based-players-for-world-cup-camp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo . <ref name="united"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sdwekdtfd39ot0w2k1ustiy2bbdvukf 0 77914 965545 696787 2026-10-10T02:03:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An kafa ma'aikatar ne a matsayin Jami'ar Yammacin China Union mai zaman kanta ta masu wa'azi a ƙasashen Yamma a cikin shekara ta 1914, kasan cewar ita ce jami'ar zamani ta farko da ke da ilimin kimiyyar likita a kasar Sin. Ya taɓa gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri biyu na MD, DMD, BA, da BS tare da Jami'ar Jihar New York tun daga 1920s da 1930s. A cikin 1938, jami'ar ta sami amincewar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka. Ya zuwa 1949, jami'ar ta gudanar da kwalejoji huɗu da suka kware a fannin fasaha, kimiyya, kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, da likitan hakora, tare da sassan ilimi 26, sassan karatun kwararru 2, da asibitocin koyarwa 7.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ulib.iupui.edu/wmicproject/sites/default/files/Guide%20to%20Huaxi%20Archives%20at%20Sichuan%20University.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421015122/http://ulib.iupui.edu/wmicproject/sites/default/files/Guide%20to%20Huaxi%20Archives%20at%20Sichuan%20University.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 1951, bayan Yaƙin basasar kasar Sin, Gwamnatin Jama'ar Lardin Sichuan ta karɓi jami'ar, ta sake masa suna China . A karkashin shirin sake fasalin ma'aikatar ilimi mafi girma wanda Gwamnatin Jama'a ta Tsakiya ta kasar Sin ta jagoranta, an hana jami'ar wasu sassan ilimi kuma ta zama Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sichuan (四川医学院) tare da mai da hankali kan karatun likita a 1953. An inganta kwalejin a matsayin Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Yammacin China a shekarar 1985. A karkashin wani gyare-gyare da Majalisar Jiha ta ba da umarni, an kafa jami'ar a cikin Jami'ar Sichuan a cikin 2000 kuma an kira ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yammacin China, Jami'ar Sechuan . <ref>West China Medical Center, Sichuan University. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-19.</ref> ==Tarihi== Kwalejin Tarayyar Yammacin China ta samo asali ne daga American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, American Methodist Episcopal Mission, Friends' Foreign Mission Association da Canadian Methodist Mission a cikin 1910 .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/exhibitions/vic_in_china/sections/mission_work_education/west_china_union_university.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-date=2020-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104115036/http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/exhibitions/vic_in_china/sections/mission_work_education/west_china_union_university.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dokta O. L. Kilborn, Dokta R. G. Kilborn da Dokta William Reginald Morse sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kafa ta. An kafa makarantar likitancin jami'ar a shekara ta 1914 kuma tana koyar da magani na asali da likitancin asibiti, biomedicine da stomatology. Shekaru uku bayan haka makarantar ta zama ta farko da ta koyar da ilimin hakora a kasar Sin. A shekara ta 1924 an shigar da mata a kwalejin gaba ɗaya. Helen Yoh ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun likita. ==Manazarta== 1ia600zdtn8fdrjovhhquyryjpekowy 0 79056 965420 961146 2026-10-09T20:10:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KAMFEDI,''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kamfen don Ilimi na Mata) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a 1993 wacce manufarta ita ce kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar, ilimin 'yan mata da kuma karfafawa mata matasa. Shirye-shiryen CAMFED suna aiki a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]]. == Tarihi == Ann Cotton ce ta kafa '''KAMFEDI''' a 1993 don tallafawa 'yan mata su je makaranta wadanda in ba haka ba za a hana su ilimi saboda talauci. Tunanin CAMFED ya fito ne daga bayan tafiyar '''KAMFEDI''' zuwa Zimbabwe inda ta yi imani cewa karancin mata a makaranta saboda talauci ne wanda bai ba su damar rufe kuɗin makaranta ba.<ref name="cotton">{{Cite web |title=Our team – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/about/team/#ann-cotton |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Ya fara ne tare da goyon baya ga 'yan mata 32 don halartar makarantar sakandare a gundumomi biyu na karkara na Zimbabwe. Ya zuwa 2017, Camfed ya tallafa wa yara sama da miliyan 1.5 ta hanyar ilimi a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantu 5,500 a Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2016 |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, Camfed ya ba da rahoton taimakawa yara miliyan 6.4 gabaɗaya, gami da 'yan mata miliyan 1.8 a makarantar sakandare. Da yake tsammanin buƙatar damar tattalin arziki na bayan makaranta ga matasa a cikin al'ummomin karkara, an kafa kungiyar '''KAMFEDI''' Alumnae <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMA: Young women leading change – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> (CAMA) a cikin 1998 don haɗa matasan mata masu barin makaranta da kuma ba da hanyoyi don damar makarantar sakandare. CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. A shekara ta 2017, CAMA tana da mambobi 84,675 matasan mata, daga cikinsu yanzu malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci, jami'an gwamnati, masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="auto"/> Alamar Camfed ita ce gwagwarmaya da taimakon jama'a na cibiyar sadarwar tsofaffi, waɗanda ke aiki sosai wajen tarawa da gudanar da kudade don tallafawa ƙarni na gaba na yara a makaranta. == Ayyuka == '''KAMFEDI''' tana mai da hankali kan yankunan karkara na [[Afirka]] inda talauci ya yadu, kuma 'yan mata da matasa mata suna fuskantar warewa daga ilimi da kuma damar da ilimi ke ba da ita. CAMFED tana aiki don gi'''KAMFEDI''' da 'yan mata wani yanayi na tallafi wanda za su iya halarta, kuma su yi nasara, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, da ci gaba zuwa matashi tare da damar da ta haɗa da horar da sana'a, ilimi mafi girma da samar da aiki. '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da taimako ta hanyar biyan kuɗin makaranta, samar da kayan makaranta, littattafai, da kariya ta tsabta. Suna kuma aiki tare da makarantar ta hanyar horar da malamai don zama masu ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we operate - our unique model - CAMFED |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/camfed-model/}}</ref> === CAMA === CAMA, kungiyar '''KAMFEDIKAMFEDI''', ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffi don masu karatun CAMFED. <ref>[https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ "CAMA alumnae: Young women leading change"], Camfed.</ref> CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin 'CAMA Multiplier Effect', inda waɗannan matasan mata masu digiri yanzu suna jagorantar motsi don ilimin 'yan mata a cikin al'ummominsu. Ikon mambobin CAMA don jagorantar da aiwatar da irin wannan canji na dindindin ya fito ne daga kwarewar rayuwarsu. === Shirin Jagoran Mai Koyi === Shirin Learner Guide an fara shi kuma mata ne ke gudanar da shi a cikin ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta '''KAMFEDI''' CAMA waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa a makarantun gida don isar da tsarin karatun da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da jagoranci, kiwon lafiya, ilmantarwa da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ƙwaroransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Learner Guide Program – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/learner-guide-program/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Wannan aikin bangare biyu ne wanda a lokaci guda ke magance daidaitattun damar samun ilimi ga yara da kuma lokacin sauya makarantar sakandare ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Da farko, Shirin Jagora na Malami yana ba da shirin horo ga matasan mata don zama Masu Jagora, buɗe damar bayan sakandare, samar da horo na ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewar aiki. Abu na biyu, masu jagorantar masu ba da gudummawa suna ba da shirin da aka tsara wanda ke tallafawa yara da aka ware ta hanyar iliminsu, tare da tsarin karatun makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == '''KAMFEDI''' da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba == Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban, jerin manufofi na duniya da nufin magance [[talauci]], rashin daidaito, [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da [[Canjin yanayi]] a duk faɗin duniya, sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an tsara waɗannan manufofi don tattara ƙoƙarin duniya don canza duniya cikin shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=The Sustainable Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ci gaba tare da SDG4: Ilimi mai inganci. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar'''KAMFEDI'''-shiryen ci gaba masu ɗorewa da haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Priyanka |date=2016-11-22 |title=Ensuring millions of children have the opportunity to learn |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2016/11/22/ensuring-millions-of-children-have-the-opportunity-to-learn/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda CAMFED ta gabatar wajen ilimantar da 'yan mata, da kuma tallafawa mata matasa ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu aminci, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |title=How Many Girls Can One Woman Teach? You'd Be Surprised |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2014/09/16/how-many-girls-can-one-woman-teach-youd-be-surprised/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> aikin CAMFED yana ba da gudummawa ga cimma yawancin Manufofin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ciki har da Manufar 1: Talauci, Manufar 3: Lafiya mai kyau, Manufar 5: Daidaitaccen jinsi, Manufar 13: Ayyukan Yanayi, da sauransu. == Takaddun shaida == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta amince da '''KAMFEDI''' don mafi kyawun aiki wajen daukar sabbin abubuwan ci gaba.<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web |last=OECD |title=OECD DAC Prize |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacprize.htm |access-date=2015-01-22 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an ba da kyautar WISE Award na Shirin Jagora na Malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 WISE Awards |url=http://www.wise-qatar.org/wise-awards-2017 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.wise-qatar.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2019, '''KAMFEDI''' USA an kiyasta ta Charity Navigator a 96.30 daga cikin 100 gabaɗaya, tare da ƙimar 96.64 daga cikin 100 don kuɗin sa da kuma 96.00 daga cikin 100 saboda gaskiya da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Navigator - Rating for Camfed USA Foundation |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=11479 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=Charity Navigator}}</ref> == Shahararrun magoya baya == '''KAMFEDI''' ta sami amincewar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Morgan Freeman]], tsohon Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], marubuciya [[Doris Lessing]], tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya da Shugaban Kwamitin GPE Julia Gillard, mawaƙa / marubuciya Joan Armatrading, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa - marubuciya, kuma mai ba da agaji [[Rihanna]], 'yar kasuwa da mai ba da taimako Martha Lane Fox da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, samfurin da mai fafutuka [[Emma Watson]]. Kasuwancin zamantakewa '''KAMFEDI'''="cx-link" data-linkid="138" href="./Ayisha_Fuseini" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ayisha Fuseini">Ayisha Fuseini ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin CAMFED lokacin da ta gabatar da ita ga kasuwancin [[Man kaɗe|man shanu]]. == Ƙarin karantawa == * '''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf KAMFEDI]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2016] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref name="auto"/> * Tsarin dabarun '''KAMFEDI''' 2015-19 <ref>[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf Camfed Strategic Plan 2015-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701082145/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf |date=2023-07-01 }} Camfed</ref> * Hukumar Ilimi ta 2016, ''The Learning Generation: Zuba jari a ilimi don duniya mai canzawa'' <ref>[http://report.educationcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Learning_Generation_Full_Report.pdf Learning generation] educationcommission.org</ref> * Winthrop, R., Nuwamba 2016, Stanford Social Innovation Review: Ta yaya Za Mu iya "Leapfrog" Sakamakon Ilimi? <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> * Winthrop, R., Perlman Robinson, J., Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Brookings: Miliyoyin Ilimi: Ƙara Ilimi mai inganci a Kasashe masu tasowa <ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/FINAL-Millions-Learning-Report-1.pdf Millions Learning: Scaling up Quality Education in Developing Countries] brookings.edu</ref> * Shapiro, J., Mayu 2016, Forbes: Ta yaya Wasu daga cikin 'yan mata mafi talauci a duniya suka sami daidai ilimin da suke bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Oktoba 2015, Forbes: [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/#3fab14e223fd ''Ilimi shine mabuɗin Dukkanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Duniya (Q&A Tare da Julia Gillard) ''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=Education Is The Key To All Global Development Goals (Q&A With Julia Gillard) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Fabrairu 2015, Forbes: Don Gyara Makarantu na Amurka, Ka yi la'akari da Ayyukan Camfed a Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=To Fix U.S. Schools, Consider Camfed's Work In Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/02/27/to-fix-u-s-schools-consider-camfeds-work-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Bincike Horizons, Jami'ar Cambridge, Fitowa 32 Fabrairu 2017 "Ilimi shine Duk abin da"[https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/issue_32_research_horizons.pdf "Ilimi shine Dukkanin"] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] CAMFED ''Gudanarwa, Lissafi ga Yarinya. '' ''Yin aiki zuwa ga daidaitattun Gudanarwa a Sashin Ci Gaban Duniya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camfed Governance Accounting to the Girl |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626093151/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 2010. "A Power-Sharing Model for Systemic Change". Rahoton Tasirin Camfed na 2010. * Kristof, N., da S. WuDunn, 2010. ''Rabin Sama: Juya zalunci zuwa Dama ga Mata a Duniya''. Rubuce-rubuce. * Gidan zura kwarin nan, 2012. [http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf "Abin da ke aiki a cikin Ilimi na 'yan mata a Ghana".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816023502/http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf |date=2020-08-16 }} * CAMFED International, 2004. ''Ina da Labari da zan fada: Bikin Shekaru Goma na CAMFED International'',   * Joann Weiner, "Wata mace mai ƙarfi ta Afirka tana rayuwa daidai da kiran Michelle Obama don ba 'yan mata damar zuwa makaranta", The Washington Post, 12 Disamba 2014. * "Mutumin da ya kammala karatu don zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin ilimi na duniya", Zambia: Newsline, United Nations Girls' Education Initiative. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://camfed.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * Yara marasa makaranta: Sabon Bayyanawa na Bayyana ƙalubalen da ke ci gaba, Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qldlr8knvfxd4ne1yk9r3an0awuto99 0 79745 965546 520082 2026-10-10T02:22:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''' (Cibiyar Nazarin da Horarwa don Ci Gaban) ''''' (Centre d'études et de formation pour le Développement), '''CEFOD''', cibiyar ce da Jesuits suka kafa a [[Cadi|Chadi]] a shekarar 1966 kusa da farkon 'yancin kai bisa buƙatar Shugaban Kasar [[Ngarta Tombalbaye|François Tombalbaye]], don ba da horo ga masu sana'a na Chadi a fannin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. == Sassa == CEFOD an tsara shi zuwa sassan huɗu: * Ma'aikatar Takaddun da Bayanan Shari'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archdiocese |url=http://www.infotheque.info/ressource/9097.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017201532/http://www.infotheque.info/ressource/9097.html |archive-date=2017-10-17 |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> * Ma'aikatar Buga da Watsa Labarai. * Ma'aikatar Horarwa * Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.reseau-espaces-volontariats.org/Johann-benevole-pour-le-Centre-d |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151214/http://www.reseau-espaces-volontariats.org/Johann-benevole-pour-le-Centre-d |archive-date=2017-10-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sanarwa == CEFOD ta sami karbuwa ta duniya.<ref>[http://www.petitfute.com/v45655-n-djamena/c1172-pense-fute-services/158587-centre-d-etudes-et-de-formation-pour-le-developpement-cefod.html ''Pense Fute'' independent news report. ]</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] fop9fd66fw6wzahl9196egzv1ku6cze 0 81100 965606 642602 2026-10-10T05:15:32Z Nura Bello 24854 965606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ondo Bridge 20130303-01.JPG|thumb|Gadan Ondo ]] Gwamnatin Mimiko ce ta kafa Hukumar Samar da Arziki ta Jihar Ondo (WECA) a shekarar 2009 domin bunkasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi a fannonin noma da samar da abinci. An kirkiro ta ne daga rusasshiyar Hukumar Yaki da Talauci, ta kuma an yi ta ne domin samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke taimaka wa matasa shiga harkar kasuwancin noma a Jihar Ondo. A shekarar 2016, shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa na hukumar ya samu yabo daga bankin raya Afirka..<ref name="businessdayonline.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 March 2016 |title=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment - BusinessDay : News you can trust |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |website=businessdayonline.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195743/https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == WECA ta ha]a hannu da Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya, Hukumar Ci Gaban {asashen Duniya ta Amirka II, da Gidauniyar Ha]in gwiwa a Neja-Delta (PIND), Majalisar Yamma da Tsakiyar Afrika don Binciken Aikin Noma da Ci Gaban CORAF/WECARD, Tarayyar Tarayya. Kwalejin Aikin Gona (FECA), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Ƙungiyar Manoman Cassava ta Najeriya (NCGA), FADAMA, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), UN-Habitat, Agro Bayu, da SURE -P.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency (WECA) |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/ondo-state-wealth-creation-agency-weca/ |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=IITA Bulletin 2242 - Agriculture - Earth & Life Sciences |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/239565483/IITA-Bulletin-2242 |website=Scribd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 September 2014 |title=Ondo signs MoU with IITA - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-signs-mou-with-iita/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref name="tribuneonlineng.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=8 November 2016 |title=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story |url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025431/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=peace |date=3 June 2014 |title=ONDO STATE DEEPENS AQUACULTURE PROJECTS - AgroNigeria |url=https://agronigeria.com.ng/ondo-state-deepens-aquaculture-projects/ |website=agronigeria.com.ng}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Mimiko Legacy Projects - Wealth Creation |url=https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |website=mimikolegacyprojects.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017051405/https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sashen shirye-shiryen na WECA ya kunshi Sashen Kiwo, Sashen noman Arable, Shirin Kiwo da Kifi, wanda ya dauki matasa 100,000 aiki a Jihar Ondo nan da shekarar 2014, Sashen Apiculture, wanda ke da alhakin horar da daliban IT daga manyan makarantu. A bangaren kiwon zuma da noman zuma, sashen Sericulture, wanda ke samar da siliki da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wig din lauyoyi a jihar, da kuma Sashen Biranen Kasuwanci na Agro. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2016 |title=Lawyer's wig produced in Ondo - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/lawyers-wig-produced-ondo/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> .<ref name="vanguardngr.com1">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 September 2012 |title=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking - WECA participants - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our-involvement-in-agriculture-transformed-our-thinking-weca-participants/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref name="thebreakingtimes.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture |url=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |website=thebreakingtimes.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715033020/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == WECA tana aiwatar da kulawar kulawa akan Biranen Kasuwancin Agro na Jihar Ondo ABCs. Ta hanyar ABCs, WECA tana sauƙaƙe taimakon kuɗi don kasuwancin noma daga gwamnatin jiha, [abubuwan da ake buƙata] da horar da matasa kan hanyoyin noma na zamani, tare da fallasa waɗanda aka horar da su ga dukkan darajar aikin noma ta hanyar dabarun. WECA tana ƙirƙira dandamali da aiwatar da manufofi don ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙananan masana'antu da samfuran asali da sabis na asali, ta hanyar tsare-tsare guda huɗu da aka sani da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme ta Agro Business Cities (P.A.S.S.THRU ABC's), Adiye/Eja WECA Promo , Wanda aka yi a Ondo Brand Promo da Asusun Samar da Arziki. WECA tana aiki ne don haɓaka masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi a jihar Ondo ta hanyar kafawa da sarrafa masana'antun haɗin gwiwar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 April 2016 |title=Ondo State Govt. to tackle unemployment through agriculture |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-state-govt-tackle-unemployment-agriculture/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 March 2016 |title=Ondo Begins Lawyers' Wigs Production, Eyes NBA Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |website=[[This Day]] |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414224529/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> WECA ta shirya bikin da aka yi a Ondo Fair . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ondo Holds Trade Fair to Promote Indigenous Products, Services |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201410220728.html |website=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 October 2014 |title=Ondo holds trade fair to promote indigenous products, services — Linking Partners for Niger Delta Development |url=https://ndlink.org/2014/10/22/ondo-holds-trade-fair-promote-indigenous-products-services/ |website=ndlink.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> WECA ta shirya ƴan kasuwa matasa tare da Innovation in Nigeria (YouWin!) asibitin kasuwanci a 2014, da kuma 9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Conference (WESNAGRIC) taron koli a 2014 da 2015, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 August 2015 |title=9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Summit 2015 Calling! - Agromerchant |url=http://agromerchant.com/2015/08/9th-western-nigeria-international-agribusiness-summit-2015-calling/ |website=agromerchant.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Biranen Kasuwancin Noma (ABC) === A karkashin gwamnatin Mimiko, WECA ta sake fasalin tsarin samar da gonaki, wanda Obafemi Awolowo ya bullo da shi a karkashin tsohuwar yankin yammacin Najeriya, ta kuma kafa matsugunan noma na zamani guda hudu da ake kira Agro Business Cities (ABCs).  [citation need] [citation need] Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun haɗa da: * Ore Agro Business City a yankin karamar hukumar [[Odigbo]] a Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu * Birnin Kasuwancin Epe Agro a yankin karamar hukuma na Ondo ta Gabas a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya * Isuada da Auga Agro Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Yankunan Karamar Hukumar Owo da Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas bi da bi, a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa.<ref name="tribuneonlineng.com"/> Ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a cikin biranen kasuwanci na Agro guda huɗu sun haɗa da kaji, kamun kifi, kiwon shanu, noma, sericulture, da kiwon ƙudan zuma.<ref name="thebreakingtimes.com"/> An An kafa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro a duk faɗin jihar a matsayin cibiyoyin horarwa da kasuwanci don Noma da Kasuwancin Noma, kuma an ba su aikin koyar da waɗanda aka horar da su, a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Farfasa da Agropreneurs. ABCs sun haɗa da wurin zama na zamani, abubuwan more rayuwa, da wuraren nishaɗi don mahalarta. An ƙirƙiri Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da gangan don samun yanayi mai kyau, wanda matasa za su yi kyau. A shekarar 2016, jami'an Bankin Raya Afirka sun yaba da kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa a biranen kasuwanci. An zabi birnin Ore Agro Business City a matsayin abin koyi na ABC, sakamakon kyakkyawan wurin da yake da shi a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma mallakar tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 30 ga birnin masana’antar Ore, da gwamnatin ta yi. Ore ABC yana da fadin kasa sama da hekta 3,500, kuma an inganta shi zuwa matsayin kasa da kasa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Kula da Aikin Noma ta Kasa da Kasa ta IITA da sauran cibiyoyi a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, shirin IITA Youths Agripreneurs IYA da shirin Hukumar Samar da Arziki sun hada kai. horar da matasa a Agribuisnesses a Ore Agribusiness City. Ore ABC yana daya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi juyin juya halin dabino na jihar Ondo. Auga ABC ta hada da wurin kiwon shanu da na akuya, don samar da nama da sarrafa nama. Dubban masu goyon bayan manoma ne aka horar da su a ABCs ta WECA.<ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=WECA trains 100 profarmers, agropreneurs in Ondo |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/weca-trains-100-profarmers-agropreneurs-in-ondo/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> === Shirin Mai dorewa na Manoma da Agropreneurs (PASS) === Gwamnatin Mimiko ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme (P.A.S.S.) a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2014. A karkashin tsarin, an tura matasa da suka kammala karatunsu zuwa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da sauran sassan da ke karkashin WECA don horarwa da ilimin aiki. Tsakanin watanni 18-24, ana koya wa waɗanda aka horar da su sana’o’in noma ta hanyar dukkanin darajar kuɗin aikin gona, samar da kayan aiki, samarwa, adanawa, da sarrafawa, marufi, tallace-tallace, rarrabawa, da sauran ayyuka, gami da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa waje. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta samar da dukkan kayayyakin amfanin gona da kayayyakin amfanin yau da kullum kamar su filaye, dakunan kwana, wutar lantarki, da horo a karkashin shirin. Ana biyan mahalarta albashin kowane wata, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya karkashin shirin SURE-P Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS). Shirin Proarmers & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme shiri ne na mallakar hannu inda mahalarta suka haɓaka kamfanoni-kasuwanci gaba ɗaya daga WECA. Wadanda aka horas din suna da damar samun riba daga kudaden sayar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da suke samarwa a lokacin zamansu a garuruwan kasuwancin noma, yayin da ake mayar da babban birnin kasar cikin sana’ar. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ce ke siyan amfanin gonar a farashin kasuwa.<ref name="vanguardngr.com1"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 159etaqrgff9ck0uy42cygpdhbgj02k 965607 965606 2026-10-10T05:15:56Z Nura Bello 24854 965607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ondo Bridge 20130303-01.JPG|thumb|Gadan Ondo ]] Gwamnatin Mimiko ce ta kafa Hukumar Samar da Arziki ta Jihar Ondo (WECA) a shekarar 2009 domin bunkasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi a fannonin noma da samar da abinci. An kirkiro ta ne daga rusasshiyar Hukumar Yaki da Talauci, ta jihar kuma an yi ta ne domin samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke taimaka wa matasa shiga harkar kasuwancin noma a Jihar Ondo. A shekarar 2016, shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa na hukumar ya samu yabo daga bankin raya Afirka..<ref name="businessdayonline.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 March 2016 |title=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment - BusinessDay : News you can trust |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |website=businessdayonline.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195743/https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == WECA ta ha]a hannu da Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya, Hukumar Ci Gaban {asashen Duniya ta Amirka II, da Gidauniyar Ha]in gwiwa a Neja-Delta (PIND), Majalisar Yamma da Tsakiyar Afrika don Binciken Aikin Noma da Ci Gaban CORAF/WECARD, Tarayyar Tarayya. Kwalejin Aikin Gona (FECA), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Ƙungiyar Manoman Cassava ta Najeriya (NCGA), FADAMA, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), UN-Habitat, Agro Bayu, da SURE -P.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency (WECA) |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/ondo-state-wealth-creation-agency-weca/ |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=IITA Bulletin 2242 - Agriculture - Earth & Life Sciences |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/239565483/IITA-Bulletin-2242 |website=Scribd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 September 2014 |title=Ondo signs MoU with IITA - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-signs-mou-with-iita/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref name="tribuneonlineng.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=8 November 2016 |title=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story |url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025431/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=peace |date=3 June 2014 |title=ONDO STATE DEEPENS AQUACULTURE PROJECTS - AgroNigeria |url=https://agronigeria.com.ng/ondo-state-deepens-aquaculture-projects/ |website=agronigeria.com.ng}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Mimiko Legacy Projects - Wealth Creation |url=https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |website=mimikolegacyprojects.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017051405/https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sashen shirye-shiryen na WECA ya kunshi Sashen Kiwo, Sashen noman Arable, Shirin Kiwo da Kifi, wanda ya dauki matasa 100,000 aiki a Jihar Ondo nan da shekarar 2014, Sashen Apiculture, wanda ke da alhakin horar da daliban IT daga manyan makarantu. A bangaren kiwon zuma da noman zuma, sashen Sericulture, wanda ke samar da siliki da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wig din lauyoyi a jihar, da kuma Sashen Biranen Kasuwanci na Agro. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2016 |title=Lawyer's wig produced in Ondo - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/lawyers-wig-produced-ondo/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> .<ref name="vanguardngr.com1">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 September 2012 |title=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking - WECA participants - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our-involvement-in-agriculture-transformed-our-thinking-weca-participants/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref name="thebreakingtimes.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture |url=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |website=thebreakingtimes.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715033020/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == WECA tana aiwatar da kulawar kulawa akan Biranen Kasuwancin Agro na Jihar Ondo ABCs. Ta hanyar ABCs, WECA tana sauƙaƙe taimakon kuɗi don kasuwancin noma daga gwamnatin jiha, [abubuwan da ake buƙata] da horar da matasa kan hanyoyin noma na zamani, tare da fallasa waɗanda aka horar da su ga dukkan darajar aikin noma ta hanyar dabarun. WECA tana ƙirƙira dandamali da aiwatar da manufofi don ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙananan masana'antu da samfuran asali da sabis na asali, ta hanyar tsare-tsare guda huɗu da aka sani da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme ta Agro Business Cities (P.A.S.S.THRU ABC's), Adiye/Eja WECA Promo , Wanda aka yi a Ondo Brand Promo da Asusun Samar da Arziki. WECA tana aiki ne don haɓaka masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi a jihar Ondo ta hanyar kafawa da sarrafa masana'antun haɗin gwiwar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 April 2016 |title=Ondo State Govt. to tackle unemployment through agriculture |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-state-govt-tackle-unemployment-agriculture/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 March 2016 |title=Ondo Begins Lawyers' Wigs Production, Eyes NBA Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |website=[[This Day]] |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414224529/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> WECA ta shirya bikin da aka yi a Ondo Fair . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ondo Holds Trade Fair to Promote Indigenous Products, Services |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201410220728.html |website=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 October 2014 |title=Ondo holds trade fair to promote indigenous products, services — Linking Partners for Niger Delta Development |url=https://ndlink.org/2014/10/22/ondo-holds-trade-fair-promote-indigenous-products-services/ |website=ndlink.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> WECA ta shirya ƴan kasuwa matasa tare da Innovation in Nigeria (YouWin!) asibitin kasuwanci a 2014, da kuma 9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Conference (WESNAGRIC) taron koli a 2014 da 2015, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 August 2015 |title=9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Summit 2015 Calling! - Agromerchant |url=http://agromerchant.com/2015/08/9th-western-nigeria-international-agribusiness-summit-2015-calling/ |website=agromerchant.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Biranen Kasuwancin Noma (ABC) === A karkashin gwamnatin Mimiko, WECA ta sake fasalin tsarin samar da gonaki, wanda Obafemi Awolowo ya bullo da shi a karkashin tsohuwar yankin yammacin Najeriya, ta kuma kafa matsugunan noma na zamani guda hudu da ake kira Agro Business Cities (ABCs).  [citation need] [citation need] Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun haɗa da: * Ore Agro Business City a yankin karamar hukumar [[Odigbo]] a Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu * Birnin Kasuwancin Epe Agro a yankin karamar hukuma na Ondo ta Gabas a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya * Isuada da Auga Agro Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Yankunan Karamar Hukumar Owo da Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas bi da bi, a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa.<ref name="tribuneonlineng.com"/> Ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a cikin biranen kasuwanci na Agro guda huɗu sun haɗa da kaji, kamun kifi, kiwon shanu, noma, sericulture, da kiwon ƙudan zuma.<ref name="thebreakingtimes.com"/> An An kafa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro a duk faɗin jihar a matsayin cibiyoyin horarwa da kasuwanci don Noma da Kasuwancin Noma, kuma an ba su aikin koyar da waɗanda aka horar da su, a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Farfasa da Agropreneurs. ABCs sun haɗa da wurin zama na zamani, abubuwan more rayuwa, da wuraren nishaɗi don mahalarta. An ƙirƙiri Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da gangan don samun yanayi mai kyau, wanda matasa za su yi kyau. A shekarar 2016, jami'an Bankin Raya Afirka sun yaba da kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa a biranen kasuwanci. An zabi birnin Ore Agro Business City a matsayin abin koyi na ABC, sakamakon kyakkyawan wurin da yake da shi a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma mallakar tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 30 ga birnin masana’antar Ore, da gwamnatin ta yi. Ore ABC yana da fadin kasa sama da hekta 3,500, kuma an inganta shi zuwa matsayin kasa da kasa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Kula da Aikin Noma ta Kasa da Kasa ta IITA da sauran cibiyoyi a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, shirin IITA Youths Agripreneurs IYA da shirin Hukumar Samar da Arziki sun hada kai. horar da matasa a Agribuisnesses a Ore Agribusiness City. Ore ABC yana daya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi juyin juya halin dabino na jihar Ondo. Auga ABC ta hada da wurin kiwon shanu da na akuya, don samar da nama da sarrafa nama. Dubban masu goyon bayan manoma ne aka horar da su a ABCs ta WECA.<ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=WECA trains 100 profarmers, agropreneurs in Ondo |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/weca-trains-100-profarmers-agropreneurs-in-ondo/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> === Shirin Mai dorewa na Manoma da Agropreneurs (PASS) === Gwamnatin Mimiko ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme (P.A.S.S.) a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2014. A karkashin tsarin, an tura matasa da suka kammala karatunsu zuwa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da sauran sassan da ke karkashin WECA don horarwa da ilimin aiki. Tsakanin watanni 18-24, ana koya wa waɗanda aka horar da su sana’o’in noma ta hanyar dukkanin darajar kuɗin aikin gona, samar da kayan aiki, samarwa, adanawa, da sarrafawa, marufi, tallace-tallace, rarrabawa, da sauran ayyuka, gami da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa waje. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta samar da dukkan kayayyakin amfanin gona da kayayyakin amfanin yau da kullum kamar su filaye, dakunan kwana, wutar lantarki, da horo a karkashin shirin. Ana biyan mahalarta albashin kowane wata, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya karkashin shirin SURE-P Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS). Shirin Proarmers & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme shiri ne na mallakar hannu inda mahalarta suka haɓaka kamfanoni-kasuwanci gaba ɗaya daga WECA. Wadanda aka horas din suna da damar samun riba daga kudaden sayar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da suke samarwa a lokacin zamansu a garuruwan kasuwancin noma, yayin da ake mayar da babban birnin kasar cikin sana’ar. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ce ke siyan amfanin gonar a farashin kasuwa.<ref name="vanguardngr.com1"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7muitc9zhh6qcqtaw3p9vw5y8pecbcn 965608 965607 2026-10-10T05:16:30Z Nura Bello 24854 965608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ondo Bridge 20130303-01.JPG|thumb|Gadan Ondo ]] Gwamnatin Mimiko ce ta kafa Hukumar Samar da Arziki ta Jihar Ondo (WECA) a shekarar 2009 domin bunkasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi a fannonin noma da samar da abinci. An kirkiro ta ne daga rusasshiyar Hukumar Yaki da Talauci, ta jihar ondo kuma an yi ta ne domin samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke taimaka wa matasa shiga harkar kasuwancin noma a Jihar Ondo. A shekarar 2016, shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa na hukumar ya samu yabo daga bankin raya Afirka..<ref name="businessdayonline.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 March 2016 |title=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment - BusinessDay : News you can trust |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |website=businessdayonline.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195743/https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == WECA ta ha]a hannu da Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya, Hukumar Ci Gaban {asashen Duniya ta Amirka II, da Gidauniyar Ha]in gwiwa a Neja-Delta (PIND), Majalisar Yamma da Tsakiyar Afrika don Binciken Aikin Noma da Ci Gaban CORAF/WECARD, Tarayyar Tarayya. Kwalejin Aikin Gona (FECA), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Ƙungiyar Manoman Cassava ta Najeriya (NCGA), FADAMA, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), UN-Habitat, Agro Bayu, da SURE -P.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency (WECA) |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/ondo-state-wealth-creation-agency-weca/ |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=IITA Bulletin 2242 - Agriculture - Earth & Life Sciences |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/239565483/IITA-Bulletin-2242 |website=Scribd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 September 2014 |title=Ondo signs MoU with IITA - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-signs-mou-with-iita/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref name="tribuneonlineng.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=8 November 2016 |title=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story |url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025431/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=peace |date=3 June 2014 |title=ONDO STATE DEEPENS AQUACULTURE PROJECTS - AgroNigeria |url=https://agronigeria.com.ng/ondo-state-deepens-aquaculture-projects/ |website=agronigeria.com.ng}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Mimiko Legacy Projects - Wealth Creation |url=https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |website=mimikolegacyprojects.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017051405/https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sashen shirye-shiryen na WECA ya kunshi Sashen Kiwo, Sashen noman Arable, Shirin Kiwo da Kifi, wanda ya dauki matasa 100,000 aiki a Jihar Ondo nan da shekarar 2014, Sashen Apiculture, wanda ke da alhakin horar da daliban IT daga manyan makarantu. A bangaren kiwon zuma da noman zuma, sashen Sericulture, wanda ke samar da siliki da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wig din lauyoyi a jihar, da kuma Sashen Biranen Kasuwanci na Agro. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2016 |title=Lawyer's wig produced in Ondo - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/lawyers-wig-produced-ondo/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> .<ref name="vanguardngr.com1">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 September 2012 |title=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking - WECA participants - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our-involvement-in-agriculture-transformed-our-thinking-weca-participants/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref name="thebreakingtimes.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture |url=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |website=thebreakingtimes.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715033020/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == WECA tana aiwatar da kulawar kulawa akan Biranen Kasuwancin Agro na Jihar Ondo ABCs. Ta hanyar ABCs, WECA tana sauƙaƙe taimakon kuɗi don kasuwancin noma daga gwamnatin jiha, [abubuwan da ake buƙata] da horar da matasa kan hanyoyin noma na zamani, tare da fallasa waɗanda aka horar da su ga dukkan darajar aikin noma ta hanyar dabarun. WECA tana ƙirƙira dandamali da aiwatar da manufofi don ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙananan masana'antu da samfuran asali da sabis na asali, ta hanyar tsare-tsare guda huɗu da aka sani da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme ta Agro Business Cities (P.A.S.S.THRU ABC's), Adiye/Eja WECA Promo , Wanda aka yi a Ondo Brand Promo da Asusun Samar da Arziki. WECA tana aiki ne don haɓaka masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi a jihar Ondo ta hanyar kafawa da sarrafa masana'antun haɗin gwiwar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 April 2016 |title=Ondo State Govt. to tackle unemployment through agriculture |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-state-govt-tackle-unemployment-agriculture/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 March 2016 |title=Ondo Begins Lawyers' Wigs Production, Eyes NBA Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |website=[[This Day]] |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414224529/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> WECA ta shirya bikin da aka yi a Ondo Fair . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ondo Holds Trade Fair to Promote Indigenous Products, Services |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201410220728.html |website=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 October 2014 |title=Ondo holds trade fair to promote indigenous products, services — Linking Partners for Niger Delta Development |url=https://ndlink.org/2014/10/22/ondo-holds-trade-fair-promote-indigenous-products-services/ |website=ndlink.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> WECA ta shirya ƴan kasuwa matasa tare da Innovation in Nigeria (YouWin!) asibitin kasuwanci a 2014, da kuma 9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Conference (WESNAGRIC) taron koli a 2014 da 2015, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 August 2015 |title=9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Summit 2015 Calling! - Agromerchant |url=http://agromerchant.com/2015/08/9th-western-nigeria-international-agribusiness-summit-2015-calling/ |website=agromerchant.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Biranen Kasuwancin Noma (ABC) === A karkashin gwamnatin Mimiko, WECA ta sake fasalin tsarin samar da gonaki, wanda Obafemi Awolowo ya bullo da shi a karkashin tsohuwar yankin yammacin Najeriya, ta kuma kafa matsugunan noma na zamani guda hudu da ake kira Agro Business Cities (ABCs).  [citation need] [citation need] Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun haɗa da: * Ore Agro Business City a yankin karamar hukumar [[Odigbo]] a Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu * Birnin Kasuwancin Epe Agro a yankin karamar hukuma na Ondo ta Gabas a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya * Isuada da Auga Agro Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Yankunan Karamar Hukumar Owo da Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas bi da bi, a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa.<ref name="tribuneonlineng.com"/> Ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a cikin biranen kasuwanci na Agro guda huɗu sun haɗa da kaji, kamun kifi, kiwon shanu, noma, sericulture, da kiwon ƙudan zuma.<ref name="thebreakingtimes.com"/> An An kafa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro a duk faɗin jihar a matsayin cibiyoyin horarwa da kasuwanci don Noma da Kasuwancin Noma, kuma an ba su aikin koyar da waɗanda aka horar da su, a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Farfasa da Agropreneurs. ABCs sun haɗa da wurin zama na zamani, abubuwan more rayuwa, da wuraren nishaɗi don mahalarta. An ƙirƙiri Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da gangan don samun yanayi mai kyau, wanda matasa za su yi kyau. A shekarar 2016, jami'an Bankin Raya Afirka sun yaba da kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa a biranen kasuwanci. An zabi birnin Ore Agro Business City a matsayin abin koyi na ABC, sakamakon kyakkyawan wurin da yake da shi a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma mallakar tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 30 ga birnin masana’antar Ore, da gwamnatin ta yi. Ore ABC yana da fadin kasa sama da hekta 3,500, kuma an inganta shi zuwa matsayin kasa da kasa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Kula da Aikin Noma ta Kasa da Kasa ta IITA da sauran cibiyoyi a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, shirin IITA Youths Agripreneurs IYA da shirin Hukumar Samar da Arziki sun hada kai. horar da matasa a Agribuisnesses a Ore Agribusiness City. Ore ABC yana daya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi juyin juya halin dabino na jihar Ondo. Auga ABC ta hada da wurin kiwon shanu da na akuya, don samar da nama da sarrafa nama. Dubban masu goyon bayan manoma ne aka horar da su a ABCs ta WECA.<ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=WECA trains 100 profarmers, agropreneurs in Ondo |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/weca-trains-100-profarmers-agropreneurs-in-ondo/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> === Shirin Mai dorewa na Manoma da Agropreneurs (PASS) === Gwamnatin Mimiko ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme (P.A.S.S.) a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2014. A karkashin tsarin, an tura matasa da suka kammala karatunsu zuwa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da sauran sassan da ke karkashin WECA don horarwa da ilimin aiki. Tsakanin watanni 18-24, ana koya wa waɗanda aka horar da su sana’o’in noma ta hanyar dukkanin darajar kuɗin aikin gona, samar da kayan aiki, samarwa, adanawa, da sarrafawa, marufi, tallace-tallace, rarrabawa, da sauran ayyuka, gami da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa waje. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta samar da dukkan kayayyakin amfanin gona da kayayyakin amfanin yau da kullum kamar su filaye, dakunan kwana, wutar lantarki, da horo a karkashin shirin. Ana biyan mahalarta albashin kowane wata, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya karkashin shirin SURE-P Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS). Shirin Proarmers & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme shiri ne na mallakar hannu inda mahalarta suka haɓaka kamfanoni-kasuwanci gaba ɗaya daga WECA. Wadanda aka horas din suna da damar samun riba daga kudaden sayar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da suke samarwa a lokacin zamansu a garuruwan kasuwancin noma, yayin da ake mayar da babban birnin kasar cikin sana’ar. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ce ke siyan amfanin gonar a farashin kasuwa.<ref name="vanguardngr.com1"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ox8o33ftqpurqqef9ze0s76ezu54k56 965609 965608 2026-10-10T05:17:09Z Nura Bello 24854 965609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ondo Bridge 20130303-01.JPG|thumb|Gadan Ondo ]] Gwamnatin Mimiko ce ta kafa Hukumar Samar da Arziki ta Jihar Ondo (WECA) a shekarar 2009 domin bunkasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi a fannonin noma da samar da abinci. An kirkiro ta ne daga rusasshiyar Hukumar Yaki da Talauci, ta jihar ondo kuma, an yi ta ne domin samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke taimaka wa matasa shiga harkar kasuwancin noma a Jihar Ondo. A shekarar 2016, shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa na hukumar ya samu yabo daga bankin raya Afirka..<ref name="businessdayonline.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 March 2016 |title=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment - BusinessDay : News you can trust |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |website=businessdayonline.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195743/https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == WECA ta ha]a hannu da Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya, Hukumar Ci Gaban {asashen Duniya ta Amirka II, da Gidauniyar Ha]in gwiwa a Neja-Delta (PIND), Majalisar Yamma da Tsakiyar Afrika don Binciken Aikin Noma da Ci Gaban CORAF/WECARD, Tarayyar Tarayya. Kwalejin Aikin Gona (FECA), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Ƙungiyar Manoman Cassava ta Najeriya (NCGA), FADAMA, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), UN-Habitat, Agro Bayu, da SURE -P.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency (WECA) |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/ondo-state-wealth-creation-agency-weca/ |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=IITA Bulletin 2242 - Agriculture - Earth & Life Sciences |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/239565483/IITA-Bulletin-2242 |website=Scribd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 September 2014 |title=Ondo signs MoU with IITA - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-signs-mou-with-iita/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref name="tribuneonlineng.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=8 November 2016 |title=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story |url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025431/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=peace |date=3 June 2014 |title=ONDO STATE DEEPENS AQUACULTURE PROJECTS - AgroNigeria |url=https://agronigeria.com.ng/ondo-state-deepens-aquaculture-projects/ |website=agronigeria.com.ng}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Mimiko Legacy Projects - Wealth Creation |url=https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |website=mimikolegacyprojects.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017051405/https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sashen shirye-shiryen na WECA ya kunshi Sashen Kiwo, Sashen noman Arable, Shirin Kiwo da Kifi, wanda ya dauki matasa 100,000 aiki a Jihar Ondo nan da shekarar 2014, Sashen Apiculture, wanda ke da alhakin horar da daliban IT daga manyan makarantu. A bangaren kiwon zuma da noman zuma, sashen Sericulture, wanda ke samar da siliki da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wig din lauyoyi a jihar, da kuma Sashen Biranen Kasuwanci na Agro. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2016 |title=Lawyer's wig produced in Ondo - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/lawyers-wig-produced-ondo/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> .<ref name="vanguardngr.com1">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 September 2012 |title=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking - WECA participants - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our-involvement-in-agriculture-transformed-our-thinking-weca-participants/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref name="thebreakingtimes.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture |url=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |website=thebreakingtimes.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715033020/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == WECA tana aiwatar da kulawar kulawa akan Biranen Kasuwancin Agro na Jihar Ondo ABCs. Ta hanyar ABCs, WECA tana sauƙaƙe taimakon kuɗi don kasuwancin noma daga gwamnatin jiha, [abubuwan da ake buƙata] da horar da matasa kan hanyoyin noma na zamani, tare da fallasa waɗanda aka horar da su ga dukkan darajar aikin noma ta hanyar dabarun. WECA tana ƙirƙira dandamali da aiwatar da manufofi don ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙananan masana'antu da samfuran asali da sabis na asali, ta hanyar tsare-tsare guda huɗu da aka sani da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme ta Agro Business Cities (P.A.S.S.THRU ABC's), Adiye/Eja WECA Promo , Wanda aka yi a Ondo Brand Promo da Asusun Samar da Arziki. WECA tana aiki ne don haɓaka masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi a jihar Ondo ta hanyar kafawa da sarrafa masana'antun haɗin gwiwar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 April 2016 |title=Ondo State Govt. to tackle unemployment through agriculture |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-state-govt-tackle-unemployment-agriculture/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 March 2016 |title=Ondo Begins Lawyers' Wigs Production, Eyes NBA Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |website=[[This Day]] |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414224529/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> WECA ta shirya bikin da aka yi a Ondo Fair . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ondo Holds Trade Fair to Promote Indigenous Products, Services |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201410220728.html |website=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 October 2014 |title=Ondo holds trade fair to promote indigenous products, services — Linking Partners for Niger Delta Development |url=https://ndlink.org/2014/10/22/ondo-holds-trade-fair-promote-indigenous-products-services/ |website=ndlink.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> WECA ta shirya ƴan kasuwa matasa tare da Innovation in Nigeria (YouWin!) asibitin kasuwanci a 2014, da kuma 9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Conference (WESNAGRIC) taron koli a 2014 da 2015, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 August 2015 |title=9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Summit 2015 Calling! - Agromerchant |url=http://agromerchant.com/2015/08/9th-western-nigeria-international-agribusiness-summit-2015-calling/ |website=agromerchant.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Biranen Kasuwancin Noma (ABC) === A karkashin gwamnatin Mimiko, WECA ta sake fasalin tsarin samar da gonaki, wanda Obafemi Awolowo ya bullo da shi a karkashin tsohuwar yankin yammacin Najeriya, ta kuma kafa matsugunan noma na zamani guda hudu da ake kira Agro Business Cities (ABCs).  [citation need] [citation need] Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun haɗa da: * Ore Agro Business City a yankin karamar hukumar [[Odigbo]] a Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu * Birnin Kasuwancin Epe Agro a yankin karamar hukuma na Ondo ta Gabas a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya * Isuada da Auga Agro Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Yankunan Karamar Hukumar Owo da Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas bi da bi, a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa.<ref name="tribuneonlineng.com"/> Ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a cikin biranen kasuwanci na Agro guda huɗu sun haɗa da kaji, kamun kifi, kiwon shanu, noma, sericulture, da kiwon ƙudan zuma.<ref name="thebreakingtimes.com"/> An An kafa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro a duk faɗin jihar a matsayin cibiyoyin horarwa da kasuwanci don Noma da Kasuwancin Noma, kuma an ba su aikin koyar da waɗanda aka horar da su, a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Farfasa da Agropreneurs. ABCs sun haɗa da wurin zama na zamani, abubuwan more rayuwa, da wuraren nishaɗi don mahalarta. An ƙirƙiri Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da gangan don samun yanayi mai kyau, wanda matasa za su yi kyau. A shekarar 2016, jami'an Bankin Raya Afirka sun yaba da kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa a biranen kasuwanci. An zabi birnin Ore Agro Business City a matsayin abin koyi na ABC, sakamakon kyakkyawan wurin da yake da shi a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma mallakar tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 30 ga birnin masana’antar Ore, da gwamnatin ta yi. Ore ABC yana da fadin kasa sama da hekta 3,500, kuma an inganta shi zuwa matsayin kasa da kasa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Kula da Aikin Noma ta Kasa da Kasa ta IITA da sauran cibiyoyi a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, shirin IITA Youths Agripreneurs IYA da shirin Hukumar Samar da Arziki sun hada kai. horar da matasa a Agribuisnesses a Ore Agribusiness City. Ore ABC yana daya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi juyin juya halin dabino na jihar Ondo. Auga ABC ta hada da wurin kiwon shanu da na akuya, don samar da nama da sarrafa nama. Dubban masu goyon bayan manoma ne aka horar da su a ABCs ta WECA.<ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=WECA trains 100 profarmers, agropreneurs in Ondo |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/weca-trains-100-profarmers-agropreneurs-in-ondo/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> === Shirin Mai dorewa na Manoma da Agropreneurs (PASS) === Gwamnatin Mimiko ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme (P.A.S.S.) a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2014. A karkashin tsarin, an tura matasa da suka kammala karatunsu zuwa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da sauran sassan da ke karkashin WECA don horarwa da ilimin aiki. Tsakanin watanni 18-24, ana koya wa waɗanda aka horar da su sana’o’in noma ta hanyar dukkanin darajar kuɗin aikin gona, samar da kayan aiki, samarwa, adanawa, da sarrafawa, marufi, tallace-tallace, rarrabawa, da sauran ayyuka, gami da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa waje. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta samar da dukkan kayayyakin amfanin gona da kayayyakin amfanin yau da kullum kamar su filaye, dakunan kwana, wutar lantarki, da horo a karkashin shirin. Ana biyan mahalarta albashin kowane wata, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya karkashin shirin SURE-P Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS). Shirin Proarmers & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme shiri ne na mallakar hannu inda mahalarta suka haɓaka kamfanoni-kasuwanci gaba ɗaya daga WECA. Wadanda aka horas din suna da damar samun riba daga kudaden sayar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da suke samarwa a lokacin zamansu a garuruwan kasuwancin noma, yayin da ake mayar da babban birnin kasar cikin sana’ar. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ce ke siyan amfanin gonar a farashin kasuwa.<ref name="vanguardngr.com1"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 788v8w4sspt5dv924j40y7r3jl9pvii 965610 965609 2026-10-10T05:20:43Z Nura Bello 24854 965610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ondo Bridge 20130303-01.JPG|thumb|Gadan Ondo ]] Gwamnatin Mimiko ce ta kafa Hukumar Samar da Arziki ta Jihar Ondo (WECA) a shekarar 2009 domin bunkasa tattalin arziki da samar da ayyukan yi a fannonin noma da samar da abinci. An kirkiro ta ne daga rusasshiyar Hukumar Yaki da Talauci, ta jihar ondo kuma, an yi ta ne domin samar da manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke taimaka wa matasa shiga harkar kasuwancin noma a Jihar Ondo. A shekarar 2016, shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa na hukumar ta samu yabo daga bankin raya Afirka..<ref name="businessdayonline.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 March 2016 |title=Ondo to partner with AfDB on youth empowerment - BusinessDay : News you can trust |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |website=businessdayonline.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195743/https://www.businessdayonline.com/news/article/ondo-to-partner-with-afdb-on-youth-empowerment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == WECA ta ha]a hannu da Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Duniya, Hukumar Ci Gaban {asashen Duniya ta Amirka II, da Gidauniyar Ha]in gwiwa a Neja-Delta (PIND), Majalisar Yamma da Tsakiyar Afrika don Binciken Aikin Noma da Ci Gaban CORAF/WECARD, Tarayyar Tarayya. Kwalejin Aikin Gona (FECA), Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Ƙungiyar Manoman Cassava ta Najeriya (NCGA), FADAMA, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), UN-Habitat, Agro Bayu, da SURE -P.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ondo State Wealth Creation Agency (WECA) |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/ondo-state-wealth-creation-agency-weca/ |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=IITA Bulletin 2242 - Agriculture - Earth & Life Sciences |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/239565483/IITA-Bulletin-2242 |website=Scribd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 September 2014 |title=Ondo signs MoU with IITA - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-signs-mou-with-iita/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref name="tribuneonlineng.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=8 November 2016 |title=Agribusiness: Ondo WECA's success story |url=http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025431/https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/38428/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last=peace |date=3 June 2014 |title=ONDO STATE DEEPENS AQUACULTURE PROJECTS - AgroNigeria |url=https://agronigeria.com.ng/ondo-state-deepens-aquaculture-projects/ |website=agronigeria.com.ng}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Mimiko Legacy Projects - Wealth Creation |url=https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |website=mimikolegacyprojects.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017051405/https://mimikolegacyprojects.com/wealth-creation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sashen shirye-shiryen na WECA ya kunshi Sashen Kiwo, Sashen noman Arable, Shirin Kiwo da Kifi, wanda ya dauki matasa 100,000 aiki a Jihar Ondo nan da shekarar 2014, Sashen Apiculture, wanda ke da alhakin horar da daliban IT daga manyan makarantu. A bangaren kiwon zuma da noman zuma, sashen Sericulture, wanda ke samar da siliki da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wig din lauyoyi a jihar, da kuma Sashen Biranen Kasuwanci na Agro. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2016 |title=Lawyer's wig produced in Ondo - The Nation Nigeria |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/lawyers-wig-produced-ondo/ |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> .<ref name="vanguardngr.com1">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 September 2012 |title=Our involvement in agriculture transformed our thinking - WECA participants - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/our-involvement-in-agriculture-transformed-our-thinking-weca-participants/ |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref name="thebreakingtimes.com">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=THE MIMIKO REVOLUTION- Creating Wealth Through Agriculture |url=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |website=thebreakingtimes.com |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715033020/http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/the-mimiko-revolution-creating-wealth-through-agriculture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == WECA tana aiwatar da kulawar kulawa akan Biranen Kasuwancin Agro na Jihar Ondo ABCs. Ta hanyar ABCs, WECA tana sauƙaƙe taimakon kuɗi don kasuwancin noma daga gwamnatin jiha, [abubuwan da ake buƙata] da horar da matasa kan hanyoyin noma na zamani, tare da fallasa waɗanda aka horar da su ga dukkan darajar aikin noma ta hanyar dabarun. WECA tana ƙirƙira dandamali da aiwatar da manufofi don ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙananan masana'antu da samfuran asali da sabis na asali, ta hanyar tsare-tsare guda huɗu da aka sani da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme ta Agro Business Cities (P.A.S.S.THRU ABC's), Adiye/Eja WECA Promo , Wanda aka yi a Ondo Brand Promo da Asusun Samar da Arziki. WECA tana aiki ne don haɓaka masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi a jihar Ondo ta hanyar kafawa da sarrafa masana'antun haɗin gwiwar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 April 2016 |title=Ondo State Govt. to tackle unemployment through agriculture |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-state-govt-tackle-unemployment-agriculture/ |website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 March 2016 |title=Ondo Begins Lawyers' Wigs Production, Eyes NBA Deal |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |website=[[This Day]] |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414224529/http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/28/ondo-begins-lawyers-wigs-production-eyes-nba-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> WECA ta shirya bikin da aka yi a Ondo Fair . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ondo Holds Trade Fair to Promote Indigenous Products, Services |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201410220728.html |website=[[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 October 2014 |title=Ondo holds trade fair to promote indigenous products, services — Linking Partners for Niger Delta Development |url=https://ndlink.org/2014/10/22/ondo-holds-trade-fair-promote-indigenous-products-services/ |website=ndlink.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> WECA ta shirya ƴan kasuwa matasa tare da Innovation in Nigeria (YouWin!) asibitin kasuwanci a 2014, da kuma 9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Conference (WESNAGRIC) taron koli a 2014 da 2015, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 August 2015 |title=9th Western Nigeria International Agribusiness Summit 2015 Calling! - Agromerchant |url=http://agromerchant.com/2015/08/9th-western-nigeria-international-agribusiness-summit-2015-calling/ |website=agromerchant.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Biranen Kasuwancin Noma (ABC) === A karkashin gwamnatin Mimiko, WECA ta sake fasalin tsarin samar da gonaki, wanda Obafemi Awolowo ya bullo da shi a karkashin tsohuwar yankin yammacin Najeriya, ta kuma kafa matsugunan noma na zamani guda hudu da ake kira Agro Business Cities (ABCs).  [citation need] [citation need] Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun haɗa da: * Ore Agro Business City a yankin karamar hukumar [[Odigbo]] a Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu * Birnin Kasuwancin Epe Agro a yankin karamar hukuma na Ondo ta Gabas a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya * Isuada da Auga Agro Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Yankunan Karamar Hukumar Owo da Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas bi da bi, a cikin Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa.<ref name="tribuneonlineng.com"/> Ayyukan noma da ake gudanarwa a cikin biranen kasuwanci na Agro guda huɗu sun haɗa da kaji, kamun kifi, kiwon shanu, noma, sericulture, da kiwon ƙudan zuma.<ref name="thebreakingtimes.com"/> An An kafa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro a duk faɗin jihar a matsayin cibiyoyin horarwa da kasuwanci don Noma da Kasuwancin Noma, kuma an ba su aikin koyar da waɗanda aka horar da su, a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Farfasa da Agropreneurs. ABCs sun haɗa da wurin zama na zamani, abubuwan more rayuwa, da wuraren nishaɗi don mahalarta. An ƙirƙiri Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da gangan don samun yanayi mai kyau, wanda matasa za su yi kyau. A shekarar 2016, jami'an Bankin Raya Afirka sun yaba da kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa a biranen kasuwanci. An zabi birnin Ore Agro Business City a matsayin abin koyi na ABC, sakamakon kyakkyawan wurin da yake da shi a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma mallakar tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 30 ga birnin masana’antar Ore, da gwamnatin ta yi. Ore ABC yana da fadin kasa sama da hekta 3,500, kuma an inganta shi zuwa matsayin kasa da kasa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da Cibiyar Kula da Aikin Noma ta Kasa da Kasa ta IITA da sauran cibiyoyi a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, shirin IITA Youths Agripreneurs IYA da shirin Hukumar Samar da Arziki sun hada kai. horar da matasa a Agribuisnesses a Ore Agribusiness City. Ore ABC yana daya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi juyin juya halin dabino na jihar Ondo. Auga ABC ta hada da wurin kiwon shanu da na akuya, don samar da nama da sarrafa nama. Dubban masu goyon bayan manoma ne aka horar da su a ABCs ta WECA.<ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=WECA trains 100 profarmers, agropreneurs in Ondo |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/weca-trains-100-profarmers-agropreneurs-in-ondo/ |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> === Shirin Mai dorewa na Manoma da Agropreneurs (PASS) === Gwamnatin Mimiko ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Farfasa & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme (P.A.S.S.) a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2014. A karkashin tsarin, an tura matasa da suka kammala karatunsu zuwa Biranen Kasuwancin Agro da sauran sassan da ke karkashin WECA don horarwa da ilimin aiki. Tsakanin watanni 18-24, ana koya wa waɗanda aka horar da su sana’o’in noma ta hanyar dukkanin darajar kuɗin aikin gona, samar da kayan aiki, samarwa, adanawa, da sarrafawa, marufi, tallace-tallace, rarrabawa, da sauran ayyuka, gami da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa waje. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta samar da dukkan kayayyakin amfanin gona da kayayyakin amfanin yau da kullum kamar su filaye, dakunan kwana, wutar lantarki, da horo a karkashin shirin. Ana biyan mahalarta albashin kowane wata, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya karkashin shirin SURE-P Graduate Internship Scheme (GIS). Shirin Proarmers & Agropreneurs Sustainable Scheme shiri ne na mallakar hannu inda mahalarta suka haɓaka kamfanoni-kasuwanci gaba ɗaya daga WECA. Wadanda aka horas din suna da damar samun riba daga kudaden sayar da kayayyakin amfanin gona da suke samarwa a lokacin zamansu a garuruwan kasuwancin noma, yayin da ake mayar da babban birnin kasar cikin sana’ar. Gwamnatin jihar Ondo ce ke siyan amfanin gonar a farashin kasuwa.<ref name="vanguardngr.com1"/> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hti113udebsirx47p255cdao4ne0ooi 0 81712 965266 533684 2026-10-09T14:35:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ben Emelogu.jpg|thumb|Ben Emelogu]] [[Fayil:Ben Emelogu (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton Ben emelogu]] [[Fayil:Ben Emelogu (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ben Emelogu]] '''Benjamin Anyahukeya Emelogu II''' (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 24, 1994) ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka ne <ref name="today.ng">[https://www.today.ng/sport/basketball/dtigers-fiba-afrobasket-final-roster-released-384166 D’Tigers FIBA Afrobasket final roster released] TODAY.ng, 19 August 2021. Accessed 26 August.</ref> ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] wanda ya taɓa bugawa Avtodor Saratov na VTB United League . Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don SMU Mustangs da Virginia Tech Hokies . == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Emelogu ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta South Grand Prairie . A matsayinsa na babba, ya sami matsakaicin maki 14.0, sake dawo da 5.0, taimako 2 da sata 1.2 a kowane wasa, yana samun karramawar Teamungiyar Farko ta Duk-Arewa. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan zakarun jihar 2013 5A a karon farko tun 1975. Emelogu yana da maki 14 da taimako hudu a wasan kusa da karshe na 60–43 da Byron P. Steele II High School . == Aikin koleji == An nada Emelogu kyaftin din kungiyar ta Virginia Tech a matsayin sabon dan wasa, wanda ya kai maki 10.5, koma baya 3.1 da taimakon 1.9 a kowane wasa. Bayan kakar wasa, ya koma SMU don zama kusa da danginsa kuma an ba shi cancanta nan take. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berman |first=Mark |date=October 24, 2014 |title=Celtics sign Eddie; Emelogu to play right away for SMU |url=https://roanoke.com/sports/college/va_tech/celtics-sign-eddie-emelogu-to-play-right-away-for-smu/article_da9252a4-9bdd-5261-8c51-e968ac2fccfb.html |access-date=September 11, 2020 |website=[[The Roanoke Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011201811/https://roanoke.com/sports/college/va_tech/celtics-sign-eddie-emelogu-to-play-right-away-for-smu/article_da9252a4-9bdd-5261-8c51-e968ac2fccfb.html |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A matsayinsa na na biyu, Emelogu ya taka leda ta tsagewar meniscus kuma ya harbi kashi 27.7 daga bene. An yi masa tiyata bayan kakar wasa, kafin a sake yaga shi kuma aka sake yi masa tiyata. Ya samu rauni a baya a lokacin motsa jiki kafin kakar wasa ta junior kuma an ba shi jan rigar likita. <ref name="grosbard">{{Cite web |last=Grosbard |first=Adam |date=February 27, 2018 |title=After a back injury almost ended his career, Ben Emelogu is finishing his time at SMU on his own terms |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2018/02/27/after-a-back-injury-almost-ended-his-career-ben-emelogu-is-finishing-his-time-at-smu-on-his-own-terms/ |access-date=September 11, 2020 |website=[[The Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ƙarami, Emelogu ya ƙaddamar da maki 4.3, 2.7 rebounds da 1.8 yana taimakawa a kowane wasa kuma an kira shi Co-Man of the Year Man of the Year (AAC) na shida tare da Jarron Cumberland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Emelogu Named American Athletic Conference Sixth Man Of The Year |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2017/3/8/mens-basketball-emelogu-named-aac-sixth-man-of-the-year |access-date=September 11, 2020 |publisher=SMU Athletics}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2018, ya zira kwallaye-mafi girman maki 24 a cikin asarar 76–67 zuwa Tulsa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Phil |date=February 1, 2018 |title=Milton-less SMU falls to Tulsa |url=https://www.smudailycampus.com/sports/basketball/milton-less-smu-falls-to-tulsa |access-date=September 11, 2020 |website=The Daily Campus}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babba, ya sami matsakaicin maki 10.7, 5.5 rebounds da 1.7 yana taimakawa kowane wasa, yana harbin AAC-high 47 bisa dari daga kewayon maki uku. <ref> name="smu">{{Cite web |title=Ben Emelogu |url=https://smumustangs.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/ben-emelogu-ii/5004 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |publisher=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Sana'ar sana'a == A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2018, Emelogu ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa na ƙwararru na farko tare da Arka Gdynia na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Poland (PLK) da EuroCup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Arka Gdynia signs Josh Bostic and Ben Emelogu |url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/eurocup/717920/arka-gdynia-signs-josh-bostic-and-ben-emelogu/ |access-date=September 9, 2020 |publisher=EuroHoops}}</ref> Bai samu shiga kungiyar ba saboda rauni. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2019, Emelogu ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya da Gdynia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2019 |title=Emelogu dołącza do ekipy z Gdyni |url=https://plk.pl/aktualnosci/n/18655/emelogu-dolacza-do-ekipy-z-gdyni.html |access-date=September 9, 2020 |publisher=[[Polish Basketball League]] |language=Polish |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730110855/https://plk.pl/aktualnosci/n/18655/emelogu-dolacza-do-ekipy-z-gdyni.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya amince da raba hanya a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2020. A cikin wasanni na 17 PLK, ya sami matsakaicin maki 7.7 da sake dawowa 3.8 a kowane wasa, kuma a cikin wasannin EuroCup 10, ya sami maki 8.7 da sake dawowa 4.2 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Rozwiązanie umowy z Benem Emelogu |url=https://www.assecoarkagdynia.pl/aktualnosci/transfery/468-rozwiazanie-umowy-z-benem-emelogu |access-date=September 9, 2020 |publisher=[[Arka Gdynia (basketball)|Arka Gdynia]] |language=Polish |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224150901/https://www.assecoarkagdynia.pl/aktualnosci/transfery/468-rozwiazanie-umowy-z-benem-emelogu |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2020, Emelogu ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Rasha Avtodor Saratov na VTB United League . A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2020, ya raba gari da kungiyar bayan ya bayyana a wasa daya, inda ya samu maki shida da sata biyu. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Emelogu, Stephanie Hughey, 'yar kasar Amurka ce, yayin da mahaifinsa ya fito daga Najeriya. Lokacin yana aji tara iyayensa suka rabu, mahaifinsa ya koma Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berman |first=Mark |date=November 11, 2013 |title=Newcomers hope to change Tech's tune |url=https://roanoke.com/sports/college/va_tech/newcomers-hope-to-change-tech-s-tune/article_049dd4a6-dd14-5d68-bc9f-79aa3ccae19f.html |access-date=September 11, 2020 |website=[[The Roanoke Times]]}}</ref> Ɗan'uwan Emelogu, Lindsey Hughey, ya buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji don Jihar Weber . <ref name="smu">{{Cite web |title=Ben Emelogu |url=https://smumustangs.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/ben-emelogu-ii/5004 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |publisher=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == tawagar kasar Najeriya == Ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya a AfroBasket 2021 a [[Kigali]], Rwanda. <ref name="today.ng"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] timvcnyi6t5t7ezkjveeeeifl5jvoql 0 81850 965376 578269 2026-10-09T18:32:38Z Hauwau sulaiman 22635 965376 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jamil Jan Kochai''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyu 1992) marubucin [[Pakistan]]" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghanistan ne wanda aka haife shi ne a Peshawar, Pakistan kuma yana zaune a Sacramento, California . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jamil Kochai – Texas Book Festival |url=https://www.texasbookfestival.org/ft_author/jamil-kochai/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.texasbookfestival.org |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705145749/https://www.texasbookfestival.org/ft_author/jamil-kochai/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya lashe lambar yabo ta O. Henry tare da littattafai biyu da aka buga na fiction.<ref name="3Q4: Jamil Jan Kochai">{{Cite web |title=3Q4: Jamil Jan Kochai |url=http://thesewaneereview.com/articles/3q4-jamil-jan-kochai |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Sewanee Review |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Jamil reading.webp|thumb|Jamil Jan Kochai]] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kochai a [[Pakistan]] kuma an kawo shi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tun yana jariri kuma an haife shi a California. Harshensa na farko shine Pashto kuma danginsa suna magana da [[Farisawa|Farisa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Saleem |first=Rabeea |date=2019-04-07 |title=INTERVIEW: 'I WANTED THE READER TO EXPERIENCE THE IMMENSITY |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474319 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Bayan [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], an zalunta shi, kuma yana da shekaru 12, iyalinsa suka yi tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]], wanda ya zama wahayi ga littafinsa na farko.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Day |first=Jeffrey |date=2019-11-14 |title=Tales of Afghanistan |url=https://lettersandscience.ucdavis.edu/alumni-profiles/tales-afghanistan-novel-jamil-kochai |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=UC Davis College of Letters and Science |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621025232/https://lettersandscience.ucdavis.edu/alumni-profiles/tales-afghanistan-novel-jamil-kochai |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Jamil reading.webp|thumb|Jamil Jan Kochai]] Yayinda yake girma a West Sacramento, California, malami a makarantar sakandare ta River City ya ƙarfafa shi ya dauki aji na rubuce-rubuce, ya kai shi cikin fiction, sannan ya ci gaba da rubutu yayin da yake aiki don samun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento, yana karatun Turanci.<ref name=":2"/> Daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro, na farko daga Jami'ar California, Davis a cikin 2017 sannan daga Iowa Writers' Workshop a cikin 2019, inda ya kasance Truman Capote Fellow . <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == Littafinsa na farko, wani labari mai taken ''99 Nights in Logar,'' an buga shi ta Viking Press a cikin 2019 kuma ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na 2020 PEN / Hemingway Award for Debut Novel kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen 2019 DSC Prize for South Asian Literature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-23 |title=Novelist Ruchika Tomar Wins 2020 PEN/Hemingway Award for Her Debut Novel 'A PRAYER FOR TRAVELERS' |url=https://pen.org/press-release/novelist-ruchika-tomar-wins-2020-pen-hemingway-award-for-her-debut-novel-a-prayer-for-travelers/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=PEN America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Maha |date=2019-11-08 |title=Sadia Abbas and Jamil Jan Kochai shortlisted for the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 2019 |url=https://cutacut.com/2019/11/08/sadia-abbas-and-jamil-jan-kochai-shortlisted-for-the-dsc-prize-for-south-asian-literature-2019/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=cutacut |language=en-US}}</ref> Farkon ya lashe lambar yabo ta John C. Zacharis Book Award daga Ploughshares . Dina Nayeri ta sake dubawa a matsayin "mai ban dariya" da "mai tsayi" a cikin The New York Times Book Review kuma ta kira shi "mai ban sha'awa da rashin tabbas" ta ''[[The Guardian]]'', da kuma "mai ban mamaki" ta Mohammed Hanif . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-27 |title=99 Nights in Logar by Jamil Jan Kochai – review |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/27/99-nights-in-logar-jamil-jan-kochai-review |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=99 Nights in Logar by Jamil Jan Kochai review – a journey to the heart of Afghanistan |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/mar/21/99-nights-in-logar-jamil-jan-kochai-review-afghanistan |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> An sanya masa suna littafi ne da ''BuzzFeed'', Time, The New Yorker, da ''New York,'' kuma Harper's Magazine sun rubuta cewa littafin "mai ban dariya" da "mai ban sha'awa" "yana motsawa da tarin tatsuniyoyi a cikin tatsuniyoyi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Obaro |first=Arianna Rebolini, Tomi |title=66 Books Coming In 2019 That You'll Want To Keep On Your Radar |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ariannarebolini/books-2019-rachel-cusk-ian-mcewan-most-anticipated |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kachka |first=Boris |date=2019-01-03 |title=8 New Books You Should Read This January |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/best-new-books-january-2019.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> Kochai ya bayyana cewa matani da wallafe-wallafen Islama sun kasance muhimmiyar tasiri a kan littafin.<ref name=":1"/> Ya aro daga tsarin The Arabian Nights . <ref name="3Q4: Jamil Jan Kochai"/> Wani bangare na littafin yana cikin Pashto ba tare da fassara ba, wanda ya ce saboda "yana so ya ɓata wannan ra'ayi cewa, don wannan labarin ya sami darajar, ana buƙatar a cinye shi ga masu karatun Ingilishi. "<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 2022, Kochai ya buga wani ɗan gajeren labari, littafinsa na biyu, mai suna The Haunting of Hajji Hotak and Other Stories from Penguin Random House . Wani mai bita ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tattaraccen tarin da aka kafa ta hanyar fahimtar rashin bambanci tsakanin mutum da siyasa".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shamima Noor |date=2023 |title=Review of ''The Haunting of Hajji Hotak and Other Stories'' |journal=[[Wasafiri]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=88–89 |doi=10.1080/02690055.2023.2133866}}</ref> A wata hira da The New Yorker, ya bayyana cewa labarin taken, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar bayan an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da taken daga The Onion, yana wakiltar jigogi da yawa a cikin tarin. A wata hira da ta gabata tare da The New Yorker, Kochai ya tattauna rubuta labarin da ya danganci wasan bidiyo da aka kafa a Afghanistan da ake kira Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain . An buga labaransa a cikin Ploughshares, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamil Jan Kochai {{!}} Ploughshares |url=https://www.pshares.org/authors/jamil-jan-kochai |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.pshares.org}}</ref> A Public Space, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nights in Logar : Magazine : A Public Space |url=https://apublicspace.org/magazine/detail/nights_in_logar |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=apublicspace.org}}</ref> da The Sewanee Review. <ref>{{Cite web |title=#34 - Jamil Jan Kochai |url=http://thesewaneereview.com/articles/corona-correspondences-34 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Sewanee Review |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai ==   === Littattafai === *   === Takaitaccen labari === ; Tarin abubuwa *   ; Labarai[ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha">Short stories unless otherwise noted.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" |Taken !Shekara !An buga shi da farko !An sake buga / an tattara !Bayani |- |Yin wasa da Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain |2020 |The New Yorker, Janairu 6, 2020 |Mafi kyawun Labaran Amurka na 2020 | |- |Hadarin aiki |2022 |{{Cite journal |last=Kochai, Jamil Jan |date=May 23, 2022 |title=Occupational hazards |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/23/occupational-hazards <!--|access-date=2023-06-21--> |journal=The New Yorker |volume=98 |issue=13 |pages=50–55}} | | |- |} - - - - ; Bayani {{Reflist|40em|group=lower-alpha}} == Dubi kuma == * Yakubu Geller == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochai, Jamil Jan}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 8wt9hljtajs2geyapmdv8gf53b5ig1b 0 81947 965613 904174 2026-10-10T05:27:33Z Nura Bello 24854 965613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Color_logo_of_the_International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |IITA |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1967 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Intergovernmental Organization|Ƙungiyar Gwamnati]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Binciken noma da ci gaba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |Samar da rayuwa mafi kyau ga manoma na karkara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kasancewa memba</div> | class="infobox-data" |CGIAR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Dukkanin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Darakta Janar</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Dr Simeon Ehui|Dokta Simeon Ehui]]<ref name="Saginga-DG"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="163">[http://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ "Saginga Nteranya, Director General"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007095239/https://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ |date=2022-10-07 }}. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="164">''[[IITA?action=edit&redlink=1|IITA]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="166">2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="167"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Babban kwayar halitta</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kwamitin Amintattun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[CGIAR]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.iita.org |} [[Fayil:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture logo.png|thumb|tambari mai nuni da.sauya aikin noma na africa]] [[Fayil:The main facade of IITA (INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE).jpg|thumb|hoton cobiyar noma ta africa]] '''Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya''' ('''IITA''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona da yawan aiki, rage haɗarin masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma samar da wadata daga aikin gona, tare da manyan burin rage yunwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) |url=https://www.ifpri.org/donor/international-institute-tropical-agriculture-iita |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=IFPRI : [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}</ref> Binciken ci gaba na IITA (R4D) yana mai da hankali kan magance bukatun ci gaban ƙasashe masu zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA |url=http://www.promusa.org/International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture+-+IITA |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=[[ProMusa]] is a project to improve the understanding of banana and to inform discussions on this atypical crop. |language=en}}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1967 kuma hedkwatar ta ke [[Ibadan]], [[Najeriya]], tare da tashoshin bincike da yawa da suka bazu a duk faɗin [[Afirka]].<ref name=":0" /> Kwamitin amintattu ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, wanda kasashe da yawa da kuma Kungiyar ba da shawara kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ke tallafawa. == Tarihi == An kafa IITA a cikin shekarar 1967 a [[Ibadan]] sakamakon sha'awar Ford da Rockefeller Foundations na kafa cibiyar inganta ingancin abinci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg |date=January 6, 2022 |title=The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-birth-of-international-agricultural-research-institutes-in-the-mid-20th-century/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=REsource |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta wanzu ne tare da aiwatar da doka ta 32. na shekarar 1967. Wani ɓangare na burin farko na cibiyar shine haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin noma mai amfani, zaɓin da kiwo na nau'ikan amfanin gona masu yawan amfanin gona waɗanda ke tsayayya da cututtuka da kwari, da ƙarfafa binciken noma a yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Cibiyar da farko ta kasance a kan ƙasa mai girman hekta 1000. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan shirin inganta hatsi, shirin inganta hatimi da legumes, tsarin noma, da kuma shirin inganta tushen da tuber. Tsarin inganta hatsi da [[Legum|legume]] ya kunshi shirin [[Waken suya|soya]], cowpea da tuber wanda ya hada da [[Doya|yam]] da [[Rogo|cassava]].<ref>Coker Onita. </ref> IITA ta shiga CGIAR a shekarar 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Warren C. |title=Partners against hunger : consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR) |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/568651468162563497/Partners-against-hunger-consultative-group-on-international-agricultural-research-CGIAR |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya kara kayayyakin itace kamar plantain da ayaba. == Haɗin gwiwa == A farkon shekara ta 2024 Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) ta horar da matasa a harkokin Aikin Goma wannan don karfafawa da haɓaka yawan aiki a Aikin Gora a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odifa |first=Damilola |date=2024-01-29 |title=IITA trains 1,918 youths in agribusiness |url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/iita-trains-1918-youths-in-agribusiness/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar Jigawa === Cibiyar ta haɗu da gwamnatin jigawa don sauya aikin gona a jihar Jigawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Jigawa, IITA partner to revolutionize agriculture {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/jigawa-iita-partner-to-revolutionize-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> An tanaje shi a Najeriya kuma a afirika hakan yasa komai ya zama daidai da sauran su dai. === Horarwa === Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin duniya]] don inganta aikin gona a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiyesimi |first=Feyishola |date=2024-05-26 |title=Nigeria forms partnership with World Bank, IITA to boost agric innovation |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-forms-partnership-with-world-bank-iita-to-boost-agric-innovation/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tashoshin == * [[Benin]] * [[Kamaru]] * DR Congo ([[Bukavu]]) * [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] * Ghana ([[Accra]]) * [[Ghana]] ([[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]) * [[Kenya]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] * [[Najeriya]] ([[Abuja]]) * [[Najeriya]] ([[Ibadan]]) - Hedikwatar * [[Najeriya]] ([[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) * [[Najeriya]] (Rivers) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] (Arusha) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ([[Dar es Salaam]]) * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambiya|Zambia]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kungiyar Noma ta Afirka|Kungiyar Aikin Gona ta Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.iita.org/ Shafin farko na IITA] * [http://www.humidtropics.org/ Shirin Binciken CGIAR na Humidtropics IITA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191256/http://www.humidtropics.org/ |date=2016-03-03 }} wanda aka adana 2016-03-03 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204234910/http://r4dreview.org/ Binciken IITA don ci gaban mujallar kan layi] {{CGIAR Centers}}{{Authority control}} f8ugdvhymd4hqns8sotuqwsbvivomwz 965614 965613 2026-10-10T05:29:25Z Nura Bello 24854 965614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Color_logo_of_the_International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |IITA |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1967 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Intergovernmental Organization|Ƙungiyar Gwamnati]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Binciken noma da ci gaba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |Samar da rayuwa mafi kyau ga manoma na karkara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kasancewa memba</div> | class="infobox-data" |CGIAR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Dukkanin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Darakta Janar</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Dr Simeon Ehui|Dokta Simeon Ehui]]<ref name="Saginga-DG"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="163">[http://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ "Saginga Nteranya, Director General"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007095239/https://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ |date=2022-10-07 }}. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="164">''[[IITA?action=edit&redlink=1|IITA]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="166">2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="167"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Babban kwayar halitta</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kwamitin Amintattun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[CGIAR]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.iita.org |} [[Fayil:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture logo.png|thumb|tambari mai nuni da.sauya aikin noma na africa]] [[Fayil:The main facade of IITA (INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE).jpg|thumb|hoton cobiyar noma ta africa]] '''Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya''' ('''IITA''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona da yawan aiki, rage haɗarin masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma samar da wadata daga aikin gona, tare da manyan burin rage yunwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) |url=https://www.ifpri.org/donor/international-institute-tropical-agriculture-iita |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=IFPRI : [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}</ref> Binciken ci gaba na IITA (R4D) yana mai da hankali kan magance bukatun ci gaban ƙasashe masu zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA |url=http://www.promusa.org/International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture+-+IITA |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=[[ProMusa]] is a project to improve the understanding of banana and to inform discussions on this atypical crop. |language=en}}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1967 kuma hedkwatar ta ke [[Ibadan]], [[Najeriya]], tare da tashoshin bincike da yawa da suka bazu a duk faɗin [[Afirka]].<ref name=":0" /> Kwamitin amintattu ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, wanda kasashe da yawa da kuma Kungiyar ba da shawara kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ke tallafawa. == Tarihi == An kafa IITA a cikin shekarar 1967 a [[Ibadan]] sakamakon sha'awar Ford da Rockefeller Foundations na kafa cibiyar inganta ingancin abinci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg |date=January 6, 2022 |title=The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-birth-of-international-agricultural-research-institutes-in-the-mid-20th-century/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=REsource |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta wanzu ne tare da aiwatar da doka ta 32. na shekarar 1967. Wani ɓangare na burin farko na cibiyar shine haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin noma mai amfani, zaɓin da kiwo na nau'ikan amfanin gona masu yawan amfanin gona waɗanda ke tsayayya da cututtuka da kwari, da ƙarfafa binciken noma a yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Cibiyar da farko ta kasance a kan ƙasa mai girman hekta 1000. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan shirin inganta hatsi, shirin inganta hatimi da legumes, tsarin noma, da kuma shirin inganta tushen da tuber. Tsarin inganta hatsi da [[Legum|legume]] ya kunshi shirin [[Waken suya|soya]], cowpea da tuber wanda ya hada da [[Doya|yam]] da [[Rogo|cassava]].<ref>Coker Onita. </ref> IITA ta shiga CGIAR a shekarar 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Warren C. |title=Partners against hunger : consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR) |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/568651468162563497/Partners-against-hunger-consultative-group-on-international-agricultural-research-CGIAR |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya kara kayayyakin itace kamar plantain da ayaba. == Haɗin gwiwa == A farkon shekarar ta 2024 Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) ta horar da matasa a harkokin Aikin Goma wannan don karfafawa da haɓaka yawan aiki a Aikin Gora a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odifa |first=Damilola |date=2024-01-29 |title=IITA trains 1,918 youths in agribusiness |url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/iita-trains-1918-youths-in-agribusiness/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar Jigawa === Cibiyar ta haɗu da gwamnatin jigawa don sauya aikin gona a jihar Jigawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Jigawa, IITA partner to revolutionize agriculture {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/jigawa-iita-partner-to-revolutionize-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> An tanaje shi a Najeriya kuma a afirika hakan yasa komai ya zama daidai da sauran su dai. === Horarwa === Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin duniya]] don inganta aikin gona a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiyesimi |first=Feyishola |date=2024-05-26 |title=Nigeria forms partnership with World Bank, IITA to boost agric innovation |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-forms-partnership-with-world-bank-iita-to-boost-agric-innovation/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tashoshin == * [[Benin]] * [[Kamaru]] * DR Congo ([[Bukavu]]) * [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] * Ghana ([[Accra]]) * [[Ghana]] ([[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]) * [[Kenya]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] * [[Najeriya]] ([[Abuja]]) * [[Najeriya]] ([[Ibadan]]) - Hedikwatar * [[Najeriya]] ([[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) * [[Najeriya]] (Rivers) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] (Arusha) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ([[Dar es Salaam]]) * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambiya|Zambia]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kungiyar Noma ta Afirka|Kungiyar Aikin Gona ta Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.iita.org/ Shafin farko na IITA] * [http://www.humidtropics.org/ Shirin Binciken CGIAR na Humidtropics IITA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191256/http://www.humidtropics.org/ |date=2016-03-03 }} wanda aka adana 2016-03-03 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204234910/http://r4dreview.org/ Binciken IITA don ci gaban mujallar kan layi] {{CGIAR Centers}}{{Authority control}} 5sdtv4levzi35r5d99lgc69w83dgdgx 965615 965614 2026-10-10T05:30:05Z Nura Bello 24854 965615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Color_logo_of_the_International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |IITA |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1967 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Intergovernmental Organization|Ƙungiyar Gwamnati]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Binciken noma da ci gaba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |Samar da rayuwa mafi kyau ga manoma na karkara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kasancewa memba</div> | class="infobox-data" |CGIAR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Dukkanin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Darakta Janar</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Dr Simeon Ehui|Dokta Simeon Ehui]]<ref name="Saginga-DG"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="163">[http://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ "Saginga Nteranya, Director General"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007095239/https://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ |date=2022-10-07 }}. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="164">''[[IITA?action=edit&redlink=1|IITA]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="166">2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="167"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Babban kwayar halitta</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kwamitin Amintattun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[CGIAR]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.iita.org |} [[Fayil:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture logo.png|thumb|tambari mai nuni da.sauya aikin noma na africa]] [[Fayil:The main facade of IITA (INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE).jpg|thumb|hoton cobiyar noma ta africa]] '''Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya''' ('''IITA''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona da yawan aiki, rage haɗarin masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma samar da wadata daga aikin gona, tare da manyan burin rage yunwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) |url=https://www.ifpri.org/donor/international-institute-tropical-agriculture-iita |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=IFPRI : [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}</ref> Binciken ci gaba na IITA (R4D) yana mai da hankali kan magance bukatun ci gaban ƙasashe masu zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA |url=http://www.promusa.org/International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture+-+IITA |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=[[ProMusa]] is a project to improve the understanding of banana and to inform discussions on this atypical crop. |language=en}}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1967 kuma hedkwatar ta ke [[Ibadan]], [[Najeriya]], tare da tashoshin bincike da yawa da suka bazu a duk faɗin [[Afirka]].<ref name=":0" /> Kwamitin amintattu ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, wanda kasashe da yawa da kuma Kungiyar ba da shawara kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ke tallafawa. == Tarihi == An kafa IITA a cikin shekarar 1967 a [[Ibadan]] sakamakon sha'awar Ford da Rockefeller Foundations na kafa cibiyar inganta ingancin abinci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg |date=January 6, 2022 |title=The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-birth-of-international-agricultural-research-institutes-in-the-mid-20th-century/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=REsource |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta wanzu ne tare da aiwatar da doka ta 32. na shekarar 1967. Wani ɓangare na burin farko na cibiyar shine haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin noma mai amfani, zaɓin da kiwo na nau'ikan amfanin gona masu yawan amfanin gona waɗanda ke tsayayya da cututtuka da kwari, da ƙarfafa binciken noma a yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Cibiyar da farko ta kasance a kan ƙasa mai girman hekta 1000. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan shirin inganta hatsi, shirin inganta hatimi da legumes, tsarin noma, da kuma shirin inganta tushen da tuber. Tsarin inganta hatsi da [[Legum|legume]] ya kunshi shirin [[Waken suya|soya]], cowpea da tuber wanda ya hada da [[Doya|yam]] da [[Rogo|cassava]].<ref>Coker Onita. </ref> IITA ta shiga CGIAR a shekarar 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Warren C. |title=Partners against hunger : consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR) |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/568651468162563497/Partners-against-hunger-consultative-group-on-international-agricultural-research-CGIAR |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya kara kayayyakin itace kamar plantain da ayaba. == Haɗin gwiwa == A farkon shekarar 2024 Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) ta horar da matasa a harkokin Aikin Goma wannan don karfafawa da haɓaka yawan aiki a Aikin Gora a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odifa |first=Damilola |date=2024-01-29 |title=IITA trains 1,918 youths in agribusiness |url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/iita-trains-1918-youths-in-agribusiness/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar Jigawa === Cibiyar ta haɗu da gwamnatin jigawa don sauya aikin gona a jihar Jigawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Jigawa, IITA partner to revolutionize agriculture {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/jigawa-iita-partner-to-revolutionize-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> An tanaje shi a Najeriya kuma a afirika hakan yasa komai ya zama daidai da sauran su dai. === Horarwa === Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin duniya]] don inganta aikin gona a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiyesimi |first=Feyishola |date=2024-05-26 |title=Nigeria forms partnership with World Bank, IITA to boost agric innovation |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-forms-partnership-with-world-bank-iita-to-boost-agric-innovation/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tashoshin == * [[Benin]] * [[Kamaru]] * DR Congo ([[Bukavu]]) * [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] * Ghana ([[Accra]]) * [[Ghana]] ([[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]) * [[Kenya]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] * [[Najeriya]] ([[Abuja]]) * [[Najeriya]] ([[Ibadan]]) - Hedikwatar * [[Najeriya]] ([[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) * [[Najeriya]] (Rivers) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] (Arusha) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ([[Dar es Salaam]]) * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambiya|Zambia]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kungiyar Noma ta Afirka|Kungiyar Aikin Gona ta Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.iita.org/ Shafin farko na IITA] * [http://www.humidtropics.org/ Shirin Binciken CGIAR na Humidtropics IITA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191256/http://www.humidtropics.org/ |date=2016-03-03 }} wanda aka adana 2016-03-03 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204234910/http://r4dreview.org/ Binciken IITA don ci gaban mujallar kan layi] {{CGIAR Centers}}{{Authority control}} i63muyqtwr4ugb1f698lg9jowvz70yr 965616 965615 2026-10-10T05:32:32Z Nura Bello 24854 965616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Color_logo_of_the_International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |IITA |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1967 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Intergovernmental Organization|Ƙungiyar Gwamnati]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Binciken noma da ci gaba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |Samar da rayuwa mafi kyau ga manoma na karkara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kasancewa memba</div> | class="infobox-data" |CGIAR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Dukkanin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Darakta Janar</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Dr Simeon Ehui|Dokta Simeon Ehui]]<ref name="Saginga-DG"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="163">[http://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ "Saginga Nteranya, Director General"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007095239/https://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ |date=2022-10-07 }}. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="164">''[[IITA?action=edit&redlink=1|IITA]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="166">2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="167"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Babban kwayar halitta</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kwamitin Amintattun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[CGIAR]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.iita.org |} [[Fayil:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture logo.png|thumb|tambari mai nuni da.sauya aikin noma na africa]] [[Fayil:The main facade of IITA (INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE).jpg|thumb|hoton cobiyar noma ta africa]] '''Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya''' ('''IITA''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona da yawan aiki, rage haɗarin masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma samar da wadata daga aikin gona, tare da manyan burin rage yunwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) |url=https://www.ifpri.org/donor/international-institute-tropical-agriculture-iita |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=IFPRI : [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}</ref> Binciken ci gaba na IITA (R4D) yana mai da hankali kan magance bukatun ci gaban ƙasashe masu zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA |url=http://www.promusa.org/International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture+-+IITA |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=[[ProMusa]] is a project to improve the understanding of banana and to inform discussions on this atypical crop. |language=en}}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1967 kuma hedkwatar ta ke [[Ibadan]], [[Najeriya]], tare da tashoshin bincike da yawa da suka bazu a duk faɗin [[Afirka]].<ref name=":0" /> Kwamitin amintattu ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, wanda kasashe da yawa da kuma Kungiyar ba da shawara kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ke tallafawa. == Tarihi == An kafa IITA a cikin shekarar 1967 a [[Ibadan]] sakamakon sha'awar Ford da Rockefeller Foundations na kafa cibiyar inganta ingancin abinci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg |date=January 6, 2022 |title=The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-birth-of-international-agricultural-research-institutes-in-the-mid-20th-century/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=REsource |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta wanzu ne tare da aiwatar da doka ta 32. na shekarar 1967. Wani ɓangare na burin farko na cibiyar shine haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin noma mai amfani, zaɓin da kiwo na nau'ikan amfanin gona masu yawan amfanin gona waɗanda ke tsayayya da cututtuka da kwari, da ƙarfafa binciken noma a yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Cibiyar da farko ta kasance a kan ƙasa mai girman hekta 1000. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan shirin inganta hatsi, shirin inganta hatimi da legumes, tsarin noma, da kuma shirin inganta tushen da tuber. Tsarin inganta hatsi da [[Legum|legume]] ya kunshi shirin [[Waken suya|soya]], cowpea da tuber wanda ya hada da [[Doya|yam]] da [[Rogo|cassava]].<ref>Coker Onita. </ref> IITA ta shiga CGIAR a shekarar 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Warren C. |title=Partners against hunger : consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR) |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/568651468162563497/Partners-against-hunger-consultative-group-on-international-agricultural-research-CGIAR |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya kara kayayyakin itace kamar plantain da ayaba. == Haɗin gwiwa == A farkon shekarar 2024 Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) ta horar da matasa a harkokin Aikin Gona wannan don karfafawa da haɓaka yawan aiki a Aikin Gora a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odifa |first=Damilola |date=2024-01-29 |title=IITA trains 1,918 youths in agribusiness |url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/iita-trains-1918-youths-in-agribusiness/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar Jigawa === Cibiyar ta haɗu da gwamnatin jigawa don sauya aikin gona a jihar Jigawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Jigawa, IITA partner to revolutionize agriculture {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/jigawa-iita-partner-to-revolutionize-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> An tanaje shi a Najeriya kuma a afirika hakan yasa komai ya zama daidai da sauran su dai. === Horarwa === Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin duniya]] don inganta aikin gona a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiyesimi |first=Feyishola |date=2024-05-26 |title=Nigeria forms partnership with World Bank, IITA to boost agric innovation |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-forms-partnership-with-world-bank-iita-to-boost-agric-innovation/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tashoshin == * [[Benin]] * [[Kamaru]] * DR Congo ([[Bukavu]]) * [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] * Ghana ([[Accra]]) * [[Ghana]] ([[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]) * [[Kenya]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] * [[Najeriya]] ([[Abuja]]) * [[Najeriya]] ([[Ibadan]]) - Hedikwatar * [[Najeriya]] ([[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) * [[Najeriya]] (Rivers) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] (Arusha) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ([[Dar es Salaam]]) * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambiya|Zambia]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kungiyar Noma ta Afirka|Kungiyar Aikin Gona ta Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.iita.org/ Shafin farko na IITA] * [http://www.humidtropics.org/ Shirin Binciken CGIAR na Humidtropics IITA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191256/http://www.humidtropics.org/ |date=2016-03-03 }} wanda aka adana 2016-03-03 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204234910/http://r4dreview.org/ Binciken IITA don ci gaban mujallar kan layi] {{CGIAR Centers}}{{Authority control}} 68s6lts1bhy3b48ozmizq3nkaplurn6 965617 965616 2026-10-10T05:33:40Z Nura Bello 24854 965617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Color_logo_of_the_International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |IITA |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1967 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Intergovernmental Organization|Ƙungiyar Gwamnati]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Binciken noma da ci gaba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Afirka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |Samar da rayuwa mafi kyau ga manoma na karkara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kasancewa memba</div> | class="infobox-data" |CGIAR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Dukkanin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Darakta Janar</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Dr Simeon Ehui|Dokta Simeon Ehui]]<ref name="Saginga-DG"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="163">[http://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ "Saginga Nteranya, Director General"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007095239/https://www.iita.org/iita-staff/sanginga-nteranya/ |date=2022-10-07 }}. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="164">''[[IITA?action=edit&redlink=1|IITA]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="166">2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="167"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Babban kwayar halitta</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kwamitin Amintattun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[CGIAR]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |http://www.iita.org |} [[Fayil:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture logo.png|thumb|tambari mai nuni da.sauya aikin noma na africa]] [[Fayil:The main facade of IITA (INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE).jpg|thumb|hoton cobiyar noma ta africa]] '''Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya''' ('''IITA''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta ke aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona da yawan aiki, rage haɗarin masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma samar da wadata daga aikin gona, tare da manyan burin rage yunwa, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) |url=https://www.ifpri.org/donor/international-institute-tropical-agriculture-iita |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=IFPRI : [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}</ref> Binciken ci gaba na IITA (R4D) yana mai da hankali kan magance bukatun ci gaban ƙasashe masu zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA |url=http://www.promusa.org/International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture+-+IITA |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=[[ProMusa]] is a project to improve the understanding of banana and to inform discussions on this atypical crop. |language=en}}</ref> An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1967 kuma hedkwatar ta ke [[Ibadan]], [[Najeriya]], tare da tashoshin bincike da yawa da suka bazu a duk faɗin [[Afirka]].<ref name=":0" /> Kwamitin amintattu ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, wanda kasashe da yawa da kuma Kungiyar ba da shawara kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ke tallafawa. == Tarihi == An kafa IITA a cikin shekarar 1967 a [[Ibadan]] sakamakon sha'awar Ford da Rockefeller Foundations na kafa cibiyar inganta ingancin abinci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg |date=January 6, 2022 |title=The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-birth-of-international-agricultural-research-institutes-in-the-mid-20th-century/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=REsource |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar ta wanzu ne tare da aiwatar da doka ta 32. na shekarar 1967. Wani ɓangare na burin farko na cibiyar shine haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin noma mai amfani, zaɓin da kiwo na nau'ikan amfanin gona masu yawan amfanin gona waɗanda ke tsayayya da cututtuka da kwari, da ƙarfafa binciken noma a yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Cibiyar da farko ta kasance a kan ƙasa mai girman hekta 1000. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan shirin inganta hatsi, shirin inganta hatimi da legumes, tsarin noma, da kuma shirin inganta tushen da tuber. Tsarin inganta hatsi da [[Legum|legume]] ya kunshi shirin [[Waken suya|soya]], cowpea da tuber wanda ya hada da [[Doya|yam]] da [[Rogo|cassava]].<ref>Coker Onita. </ref> IITA ta shiga CGIAR a shekarar 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Warren C. |title=Partners against hunger : consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR) |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/568651468162563497/Partners-against-hunger-consultative-group-on-international-agricultural-research-CGIAR |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya kara kayayyakin itace kamar plantain da ayaba. == Haɗin gwiwa == A farkon shekarar 2024 Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) ta horar da matasa a harkokin Aikin Gona wannan don karfafawa da haɓaka yawan aiki a Aikin Gona a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odifa |first=Damilola |date=2024-01-29 |title=IITA trains 1,918 youths in agribusiness |url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/iita-trains-1918-youths-in-agribusiness/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar Jigawa === Cibiyar ta haɗu da gwamnatin jigawa don sauya aikin gona a jihar Jigawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Jigawa, IITA partner to revolutionize agriculture {{!}} Western Post |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/jigawa-iita-partner-to-revolutionize-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> An tanaje shi a Najeriya kuma a afirika hakan yasa komai ya zama daidai da sauran su dai. === Horarwa === Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin duniya]] don inganta aikin gona a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiyesimi |first=Feyishola |date=2024-05-26 |title=Nigeria forms partnership with World Bank, IITA to boost agric innovation |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-forms-partnership-with-world-bank-iita-to-boost-agric-innovation/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tashoshin == * [[Benin]] * [[Kamaru]] * DR Congo ([[Bukavu]]) * [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] * Ghana ([[Accra]]) * [[Ghana]] ([[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]) * [[Kenya]] * [[Malawi]] * [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] * [[Najeriya]] ([[Abuja]]) * [[Najeriya]] ([[Ibadan]]) - Hedikwatar * [[Najeriya]] ([[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) * [[Najeriya]] (Rivers) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] (Arusha) * [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ([[Dar es Salaam]]) * [[Uganda]] * [[Zambiya|Zambia]] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kungiyar Noma ta Afirka|Kungiyar Aikin Gona ta Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.iita.org/ Shafin farko na IITA] * [http://www.humidtropics.org/ Shirin Binciken CGIAR na Humidtropics IITA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191256/http://www.humidtropics.org/ |date=2016-03-03 }} wanda aka adana 2016-03-03 a * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204234910/http://r4dreview.org/ Binciken IITA don ci gaban mujallar kan layi] {{CGIAR Centers}}{{Authority control}} 1t1m8isuwoxae2f3mn8h6f0rv5wx28o 0 83337 965235 964674 2026-10-09T12:00:48Z ~2026-54373-91 49821 /* Kasa da mako 2 ciki */ 965235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zubar da ciki na likita''', Ya kasance shi ne wanda aka sani da '''zubar da ciki na magani''' ko '''zubar da ciki ba na tiyata da likitoci keyi,''' yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake amfani da [[Ƙwaya|kwayoyi]] ( [[magani]] ) don kawo [[zubar da ciki]] . Zubar da ciki na likitanci madadin tiyata ne kamar zubar da ciki kamar vacuum aspiration ko dilation da curettage . <ref name="1st_Methods2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likitanci ya zama ruwan dare fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a mafi yawan wurare a fadin duniya.<ref name="Kapp 20092">{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Kapp N, von Hertzen H|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester}}</ref> <ref name="Guttmacher_2022-022">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2022/02/medication-abortion-now-accounts-more-half-all-us-abortions |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref>. An fi zubar da ciki na [[Likita|likitanci]] ta hanyar gudanar da haɗin magunguna guda biyu: mifepristone wanda ke biye da misoprostol . Wannan haɗin magunguna biyu ya fi tasiri fiye da sauran haɗin magunguna.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Lokacin da babu mifepristone, ana iya amfani da misoprostol kadai a wasu yanayi. <ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Langer BR, Peter C, Firtion C, David E, Haberstich R |date=2004 |title=Second and third medical termination of pregnancy with misoprostol without mifepristone |journal=Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=266–270 |doi=10.1159/000076709 |pmid=15067238 |s2cid=25706987}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a duk tsawon shekarun haihuwa, gami da na biyu da na uku na uku. <ref name="pmid35114381">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vlad S, Boucoiran I, St-Pierre ÉR, Ferreira E |date=June 2022 |title=Mifepristone-Misoprostol Use for Second- and Third-Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=683–689 |doi=10.1016/j.jogc.2021.12.010 |pmid=35114381 |s2cid=246505706}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitehouse K, Brant A, Fonhus MS, Lavelanet A, Ganatra B |date=2020 |title=Medical regimens for abortion at 12 weeks and above: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Contraception |volume=2 |pages=100037 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2020.100037 |pmc=7484538 |pmid=32954250}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J |date=October 2019 |title=Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=ED000142 |doi=10.1002/14651858.ED000142 |pmc=10284251 |pmid=31643080}}</ref> A Amurka, yawan mace-macen zubar da ciki na likitanci ya ragu da sau 14 idan aka kwatanta da yawan mace-macen haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma adadin manyan matsalolin da ke bukatar asibiti ko karin jini bai kai kashi 0.4 cikin dari ba. {{R|ANSIRH_2019-04|FDA_2018-12-31|C_2012-06-19|NYT_2022-08-07}} Za a iya gudanar da zubar da ciki na likitanci lafiya a gida, ba tare da taimako ba, a cikin uku na farko. <ref name="WHO362">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> A cikin uku na biyu da bayan haka, ana ba da shawarar shan magani na biyu a asibiti, ofishin mai bada sabis, ko wani wurin kula da lafiya. <ref name="WHO362" /> == Tsarin magunguna == [[Fayil:Abortion_pill.jpg|thumb|200 MG na mifepristone da 800&nbsp;μg misoprostol, tsarin da aka saba don zubar da ciki na farko na likita]] === Kasa da mako 2 === Don zubar da ciki na likitanci har zuwa ciki na tsawon makonni 12, adadin magungunan da aka ba da shawarar shine 200&nbsp;milligrams na mifepristone ta baki, bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta hanyar 800 micrograms na misoprostol a cikin kunci, a cikin farji, ko ƙarƙashin harshe. <ref name="WHO2018222">{{cite book|title=Abortion Care Guideline|date=2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=9789240039483|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039483}}</ref> Nasarar wannan haɗin maganin shine 96.6% ta hanyar ciki na makonni 10. <ref name="Chen Creinin 20152">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Creinin MD |date=July 2015 |title=Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897 |pmid=26241251 |s2cid=20800109}}</ref> Ya kamata a gudanar da Misoprostol 24 zuwa awanni 48 bayan mifepristone; shan misoprostol kafin awanni 24 su wuce yana rage yuwuwar samun nasara. <ref name="C_2012-06-19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Shannon C, Weaver MA, Winikoff B |date=January 2013 |title=First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011 |pmid=22898359}}</ref> Koyaya, wani bincike ya nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar magungunan biyu lokaci guda tare da kusan inganci iri ɗaya. <ref name="Creinin etal 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Schreiber CA, Bednarek P, Lintu H, Wagner MS, Meyn LA |date=April 2007 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b25p01k |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=885–894 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000258298.35143.d2 |pmid=17400850 |s2cid=43298827}}</ref> Don masu juna biyu bayan 9&nbsp;makonni, allurai biyu na misoprostol (magani na biyu) yana sa maganin ya fi tasiri. <ref name="Kapp etal 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapp N, Eckersberger E, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI |date=February 2019 |title=Medical abortion in the late first trimester: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2018.11.002 |pmc=6367561 |pmid=30444970}}</ref> Daga makonni 10 zuwa 11 na ciki, [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Ƙungiyar Zubar da ciki ta Ƙasa]] ta ba da shawarar kashi na biyu na misoprostol (800 micrograms) sa'o'i hudu bayan kashi na farko. <ref name="NAF_Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=NAF Clinical Policy Guidelines |url=https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/cpg/ |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=National Abortion Federation |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808041525/https://prochoice.org/providers/quality-standards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan mai haƙuri ya ɗauki [[mifepristone]], dole ne su kuma ba da misoprostol. Rashin shan misoprostol na iya haifar da ɗayan waɗannan sakamakon: za a iya ƙare tayin, amma ba a fitar da shi gaba ɗaya daga cikin mahaifa (wataƙila tare da zubar jini) kuma yana iya buƙatar aikin tiyata don cire tayin; ko kuma ana iya samun nasarar zubar da ciki da fitar da ciki; ko ciki na iya ci gaba da samun lafiyayyan tayin. Don waɗannan dalilai, yakamata a ɗauki misoprostol koyaushe bayan mifepristone. <ref name="pmid31809439">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Hou MY, Dalton L, Steward R, Chen MJ |date=January 2020 |title=Mifepristone Antagonization With Progesterone to Prevent Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=158–165 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003620 |pmid=31809439 |s2cid=208813409 |quote=Patients in early pregnancy who use only mifepristone may be at high risk of significant hemorrhage. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ciki ya ƙunshi tagwaye, ana iya ba da shawarar mafi girman adadin mifepristone. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sørensen EC, Iversen OE, Bjørge L |date=March 2005 |title=Failed medical termination of twin pregnancy with mifepristone: a case report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2005-03_71_3/page/231 |journal=Contraception |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.002 |pmid=15722075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki na likitanci da kai === A cikin uku na farko, zubar da ciki na likita da kansa yana samuwa ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka fi son shan magungunan zubar da ciki a gida ba tare da kulawar likita kai tsaye ba (sabanin zubar da ciki na likita wanda mai badawa ke gudanarwa inda majiyyaci ke shan maganin zubar da ciki na biyu a gaban wanda ya horar da shi. ma'aikacin lafiya). <ref name="WHO3622">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> Shaidu daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti sun nuna zubar da ciki na likita da kai yana da tasiri kamar zubar da ciki da aka gudanar; duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da cewa aminci daidai yake. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambir K, Kim C, Necastro KA, Ganatra B, Ngo TD |date=March 2020 |title=Self-administered versus provider-administered medical abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=3 |pages=CD013181 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013181.pub2 |pmc=7062143 |pmid=32150279}}</ref> <ref name="shm">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt-Hansen M, Pandey A, Lohr PA, Nevill M, Taylor P, Hasler E, Cameron S |date=April 2021 |title=Expulsion at home for early medical abortion: A systematic review with meta-analyses |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=727–735 |doi=10.1111/aogs.14025 |pmid=33063314 |s2cid=222819835 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don gudanar da magungunan biyu ya dogara da takamaiman magungunan da aka rubuta. Hanyar al'ada, don 200&nbsp;MG mifepristone allunan, shine:<ref name="shm" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol: Recommended regimen |url=https://www.ipas.org/clinical-update/english/recommendations-for-abortion-at-or-after-13-weeks-gestation/medical-abortion/mifepristone-and-misoprostol-recommended-regimen/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=[[Ipas (organization)|Ipas]]}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 2020 |title=Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 225 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e31–e47 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004082 |pmid=32804884}}</ref> # Ɗauki kwamfutar hannu na mifepristone da baki # Ɗaukar misoprostol tsakanin sa'o'i 24 zuwa 48 bayan mifepristone (umarnin da aka kawo tare da misoprostol za su ƙayyade yadda ake shan shi, kamar: tsakanin gumi da murfin ciki na kuncin baki, ko a ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji ta hanyar yin amfani da shi. suppository na farji) # Za a fitar da ciki ( [[amfrayo|embryo]] da [[placenta]] ) ta cikin farji a cikin sa'o'i 2 zuwa 24 bayan shan misoprostol, don haka majiyyaci ya kasance kusa da wuraren bayan gida a lokacin. Za a iya samun maƙarƙashiya, tashin zuciya da zubar jini yayin da ake fitar da ciki, da kuma bayan haka # Don guje wa kamuwa da cuta, majiyyaci bai kamata ya yi amfani da tampons ko yin jima'i ba har tsawon makonni 2 zuwa 3 # Ya kamata majiyyaci ya tuntuɓi mai ba da su kwanaki 7 zuwa 14 bayan gudanarwar mifepristone don tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ciki ya faru kuma don kimanta matakin jini. === Bayan sati 12 ciki === Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a cikin na biyu da na uku.<ref name="pmid35114381" /> <ref name="tapg2">{{Cite book|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems-2nd ed|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2012|isbn=9789241548434|location=Italy|pages=42}}</ref> <ref name="leon">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gómez Ponce de León R, Wing DA |date=April 2009 |title=Misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second and third trimester of pregnancy - a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.009 |pmid=19272495}}</ref> <ref name="mendil">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendilcioglu I, Simsek M, Seker PE, Erbay O, Zorlu CG, Trak B |date=November 2002 |title=Misoprostol in second and early third trimester for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-gynecology-obstetrics_2002-11_79_2/page/131 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=131–135 |doi=10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00224-2 |pmid=12427397 |s2cid=44373757}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar cewa zubar da ciki na likitanci da aka yi bayan makonni 12 na ciki, likita na gaba daya ko kwararren likita ne ya kula da shi (sabanin farkon watanni uku, inda majiyyaci zai iya shan magungunan a gida lafiya ba tare da kulawa ba). <ref name="WHO362" /><ref name="WHO2018222" /> Don zubar da ciki na likita bayan makonni 12 na ciki, WHO ta ba da shawarar 200&nbsp;MG na mifepristone ta baki ya biyo bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta maimaita allurai na 400&nbsp;μg misoprostol a ƙarƙashin harshe, a cikin kunci, ko a cikin farji. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Ya kamata a sha Misoprostol kowane sau 3&nbsp;Sa'o'i har sai an sami nasarar zubar da ciki, ma'anar lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol shine sa'o'i 6-8, kuma kusan 94% zai zubar da ciki cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan fara misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a samu mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da misoprostol duk da cewa za a tsawaita lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol idan aka kwatanta da tsarin yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perritt JB, Burke A, Edelman AB |date=September 2013 |title=Interruption of nonviable pregnancies of 24-28 weeks' gestation using medical methods: release date June 2013 SFP guideline #20133 |journal=Contraception |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.001 |pmid=23756114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Madadin haɗin magunguna === Haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol shine, ta zuwa yanzu, tsarin da aka fi ba da shawarar miyagun ƙwayoyi don zubar da ciki na likita, amma akwai sauran haɗin magunguna. Misoprostol kadai, ba tare da mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu yanayi don zubar da ciki na likita, har ma an nuna cewa ya yi nasara a cikin uku na biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=June 2013 |title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: Second-trimester abortion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2013-06_121_6/page/1394|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1394–1406 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc |pmid=23812485 |s2cid=205384119}}</ref> Misoprostol ya fi samuwa fiye da mifepristone, kuma ya fi sauƙi don adanawa da gudanarwa, don haka misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone na iya ba da shawara daga mai bada idan mifepristone ba ya samuwa.<ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270" /> Idan ana amfani da misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone ba, WHO ta ba da shawarar 800&nbsp;μg na misoprostol a cikin kunci, ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji.<ref name="WHO2018222" /> Nasarar misoprostol kadai don kawo karshen ciki (93%) kusan iri daya ne da hadewar mifepristone-misoprostol (96%). Duk da haka, 15% na matan da ke amfani da misoprostol kadai suna buƙatar hanyar bin tsarin tiyata, wanda ya fi mahimmanci fiye da haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Harrison MS, Weaver MA |date=January 2019 |title=Efficacy of Misoprostol Alone for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003017 |pmc=6309472 |pmid=30531568}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana iya haɗawa da [[letrozole]] ko [[methotrexate]] a cikin tsarin mifepristone-misoprostol don inganta sakamako a cikin farkon watanni uku.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhuo Y, Cainuo S, Chen Y, Sun B |date=May 2021 |title=The efficacy of letrozole supplementation for medical abortion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1501–1507 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2019.1638899 |pmid=31257957 |s2cid=195764644}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> Haɗin magungunan da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba don masu ciki na mahaifa shine [[methotrexate]] -misoprostol, wanda galibi ana keɓance shi don [[Ectopic ciki|ciki na ectopic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical abortion |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/medical-abortion/about/pac-20394687 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ana ba da Methotrexate ko dai ta baki ko a cikin tsoka, sannan a biyo bayan misoprostol na farji bayan kwanaki 3-5.<ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Haɗin methotrexate yana samuwa ta cikin kwanaki 63. WHO ta ba da izinin haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> amma yana bada shawarar haɗin mifepristone saboda [[methotrexate]] na iya zama [[teratogenic]] ga amfrayo a lokuta na zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol mafi inganci fiye da misoprostol kadai.<ref name=":0" /> === Contraindications === Contraindications zuwa mifepristone an gaji [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]], na kullum [[Rashin isasshen adrenal|adrenal gazawar]], da ectopic ciki. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20063">{{cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117164404/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2009|title=Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion|author=International Consensus Conference on Non-surgical (Medical) Abortion in Early First Trimester on Issues Related to Regimens and Service Delivery|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159484-4|location=Geneva}}</ref> <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |publisher=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society of Family Planning |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu suna la'akari da na'urar intrauterine a wurin don zama mai hanawa kuma. <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Wani rashin lafiyar da ya gabata ga mifepristone ko misoprostol shima sabani ne.<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> Yawancin karatu sun cire matan da ke da matsanancin matsalolin likita kamar cututtukan zuciya da hanta ko kuma anemia mai tsanani.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Ana buƙatar taka tsantsan a cikin yanayi da yawa da suka haɗa da:<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> * amfani da [[corticosteroid]] na dogon lokaci; * rashin zubar jini; * anemia mai tsanani A wasu lokuta, yana iya dacewa a tura mutanen da suka rigaya sun kamu da rashin lafiya zuwa ga mai ba da zubar da ciki na tushen asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiahi M, Davis A |date=December 2012 |title=First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: release date October 2012 SFP guideline #20122 |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=622–630 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.001 |pmid=23039921 |s2cid=21464833}}</ref> A madadin, wasu yanayi na likita na iya sa zubar da ciki na magani ya fi dacewa da zubar da ciki na tiyata kamar manyan [[Uterine fibroids|fibroids na mahaifa]], cututtukan mahaifa, ko tabo mai alaƙa da [[infibulation]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark K, Bragg B, Chawla K, Hladky K |date=November 2016 |title=Medical abortion in women with large uterine fibroids: a case series |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=572–574 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.016 |pmid=27471029}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldthwaite LM, Teal SB |date=October 2014 |title=Controversies in family planning: pregnancy termination in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities |journal=Contraception |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=460–463 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.007 |pmid=24958107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mistry H, Jha S |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083 |pmid=25960283 |s2cid=207523628}}</ref> == Tasiri mara kyau == Yawancin mata za su sami ciwon ciki da zubar jini fiye da lokacin haila.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Sauran illolin na iya haɗawa da tashin zuciya, amai, zazzabi, sanyi, zawo, ciwon kai, juwa, zafi ko walƙiya mai zafi. <ref name="Clev">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Medical Abortion: What Is It, Types, Risks & Recovery |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21899-medical-abortion |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farji, misoprostol yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarancin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Magungunan [[Magungunan anti-mai kumburi marasa steroidal|anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal]] irin su ibuprofen suna rage zafi tare da zubar da ciki na magani. === Alamomin da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa === * Zubar da jini mai nauyi (isasshen jini da za a jiƙa ta pads guda huɗu a cikin awanni 2) <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label">{{Cite web |title=Mifepristone Prescribing Information |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> * Ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, amai, zawo, zazzabi fiye da awanni 24 bayan shan mifepristone <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> * Zazzabi na {{Cvt|38|C|1}} ko sama sama da awanni 4 <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> Matsalolin da ke ƙarƙashin ciki na makonni 10 ba kasafai ba ne; bisa ga manyan bita guda biyu, zubar da jini da ake buƙatar ƙarin jini ya faru a cikin 0.03-0.6% na mata da kuma kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin 0.01-0.5%.<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Saboda cuta ba ta da wuya bayan magani zubar da ciki, [[Kwalejin Amirka na Obstetricians da Gynecologists|Kwalejin Ba'amurke na Amurka da 'yan wasan' ']], [[Ƙungiyar Tsarin Iyali|al'arin iyali]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Naf]] ba su bayar da shawarar amfani da maganin rigakafin yau da kullun ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Achilles SL, Reeves MF |date=April 2011 |title=Prevention of infection after induced abortion: release date October 2010: SFP guideline 20102 |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.006 |pmid=21397086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun mace-mace daga [[Cutar cututtuka masu guba|cutar sankarau mai guba]] [[Clostridium|ta clostridial]] sun faru bayan zubar da ciki na likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murray S, Wooltorton E |date=August 2005 |title=Septic shock after medical abortions with mifepristone (Mifeprex, RU 486) and misoprostol |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=485 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050980 |pmc=1188182 |pmid=16093445}}</ref> [[Bita na tsari]] na 2013 wanda ya haɗa da mata 45,000 waɗanda suka yi amfani da 200&nbsp;mg mifepristone tare da haɗin misoprostol ya gano cewa ƙasa da 0.4% yana da matsala mai tsanani da ke buƙatar asibiti (0.3%) da/ko ƙarin jini (0.1%).<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="NYT_2022-08-072">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2022 |title=Some Women 'Self-Manage' Abortions as Access Recedes - Information and medications needed to end a pregnancy are increasingly available outside the health care system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/health/abortion-self-managed-medication.html |quote=More than half a million women had medication abortions in 2020 in the United States, and fewer than half of 1 percent experience serious complications, studies show. Medical interventions like hospitalizations or blood transfusions were needed by fewer than 0.4 percent of patients, according to a 2013 review of dozens of studies involving tens of thousands of patients. |vauthors=Rabin RC |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Gudanar da zubar jini === Zubar da jinin al'ada gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali sama da makonni biyu bayan zubar da ciki na likitanci, amma a lokuta daban-daban hange na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 45. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20062">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ana iya yin la'akari da aikin tiyata na gaggawa ko na likita don tsawaita zubar jini dangane da yadda majiyyaci ke ji da kuma idan jinin yana da alama yana samun sauki. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa da 1% na mutanen da suka zubar da ciki dole ne su sami sabis na gaggawa don zubar da jini mai yawa, kuma kusan 0.1% na buƙatar [[Karan jini|ƙarin jini]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD |date=September 2000 |title=Randomized comparison of efficacy, acceptability and cost of medical versus surgical abortion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2000-09_62_3/page/117 |journal=Contraception |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00151-7 |pmid=11124358}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henshaw RC, Naji SA, Russell IT, Templeton AA |date=September 1993 |title=Comparison of medical abortion with surgical vacuum aspiration: women's preferences and acceptability of treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=307 |issue=6906 |pages=714–717 |doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6906.714 |pmc=1678709 |pmid=8401094}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peyron R, Aubény E, Targosz V, Silvestre L, Renault M, Elkik F, Leclerc P, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE |date=May 1993 |title=Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1993-05-27_328_21/page/1509 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=328 |issue=21 |pages=1509–1513 |doi=10.2307/2939250 |jstor=2939250 |pmid=8479487}}</ref> Za a fitar da ragowar [[Samfuran ciki|samfuran cikin ciki]] yayin zubar jini na farji na gaba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin aikin tiyata a kan buƙatar mace, idan zubar da jini ya yi nauyi ko tsawo, ko kuma ya haifar da [[Rashin jini|anemia]], ko kuma idan akwai shaidar [[endometritis]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000" /> === Tsaro === A duniya, mutanen da za su iya yin ciki suna fuskantar haɗari ga lafiyarsu saboda manyan ƙalubalen samun amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doran F, Nancarrow S |date=July 2015 |title=Barriers and facilitators of access to first-trimester abortion services for women in the developed world: a systematic review |journal=The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100862 |pmid=26106103}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzmán N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin Abdulhak A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da Costa Leite I, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, França EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpé FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, González-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Refaat A, Ronfani L, Roy N, Pimienta TG, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Sayinzoga F, Schneider IJ, Schumacher A, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, 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|pmc=4255481 |pmid=24797575}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF |date=April 2006 |title=WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-1-7-2006_367_9516/page/1066 |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9516 |pages=1066–1074 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68397-9 |pmid=16581405 |s2cid=2190885}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Bearak J, Singh S, Bankole A, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Rossier C, Gerdts C, Tunçalp Ö, Johnson BR, Johnston HB, Alkema L |date=July 2016 |title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30380-4 |pmc=5498988 |pmid=27179755}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan sakamako sun taso ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin zubar da ciki, tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa inganci, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turan JM, Budhwani H |date=January 2021 |title=Restrictive Abortion Laws Exacerbate Stigma, Resulting in Harm to Patients and Providers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305998 |pmc=7750605 |pmid=33326286}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bugu da kari, a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kudin shiga inda aka ba da izinin zubar da ciki bisa ka'ida, ana samun adadi mai yawa na zubar da ciki mara inganci. Kimanin mata miliyan 7 ne ke kwance a asibitoci a duk shekara a wadannan wuraren sakamakon matsalolin da ke tasowa daga zubar da ciki mara kyau. Zubar da ciki mara lafiya ana danganta shi da kashi 4.7% zuwa 13.2% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin kudaden da ake kashewa don magance matsalolinsa ya kai dala miliyan 553.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Vlassoff M, Shearer J, Walker D, Lucas H|title=Economic impact of unsafe abortion-related morbidity and mortality: evidence and estimation challenges.|publisher=Institute of Development Studies|year=2008|volume=59|location=Brighton, UK|pages=94}}</ref> Abubuwa da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da rashin ilimi game da zaɓin da ake da su, mabanbantan ra'ayoyin masu ba da lafiya game da zubar da ciki, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata don amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki, ƙarancin sirri da sirri, da ayyukan da suka gaza biyan buƙatu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Consequences of Unsafe Abortion|date=July 28, 2006|work=The Human Drama of Abortion|pages=33–44|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10|access-date=January 23, 2024|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10}}</ref> A Amurka, wani rahoton [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ya bayyana cewa daga cikin mata miliyan 3.7 da suka zubar da cikin da magani tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2018, 24 sun mutu bayan haka, 11 daga cikin wadanda suka mutu ba su da alaka da zubar da ciki, ciki har da shan kwayoyi, kisa, da kuma kashe kansa.<ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /><ref name="Kapp etal 2019" /> Lokacin da ba a la'akari da mutuwar mutane 11 da ba su da alaƙa, adadin mace-mace na zubar da ciki shine rabin adadin mace-macen zubar da ciki gaba ɗaya.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Ciki har da duk mace-mace a cikin binciken, bayanan sun nuna cewa yawan mace-mace na zubar da ciki na magani ya kusan daidai da zubar da ciki gaba daya, wanda ya kai sau 14 kasa da adadin mace-macen haihuwa na haihuwa, sannan kuma kasa da adadin mace-macen [[Penicillin]] da [[Sildenafil|Viagra]] . <ref name="ANSIRH_2019-04">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Analysis of Medication Abortion Risk and the FDA report - "Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018" |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mifepristone_safety_4-23-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health]] |quote=The mortality rate for women known to have had a live-born infant is 8.8 per 100,000 live births, which is about 14 times higher than the mortality rate associated with medication abortion. Other medications that are commonly prescribed or administered in outpatient settings also have risks, including a small risk of death. Penicillin causes a fatal anaphylactic reaction at a rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 patients administered the drug. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, which are used for erectile dysfunction and include Viagra, have a fatality rate of 4 deaths per 100,000 users. These risks are several times higher than the risk of death with medication abortion.}}</ref> <ref name="FDA_2018-12-31">{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2018 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/112118/download |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar WHO sun nuna cewa zubar da ciki na likita yana da aminci har ma a cikin na biyu da na uku na uku,<ref name="pmid35114381" /><ref name="tapg2" /><ref name="leon" /><ref name="mendil" /> amma damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka na shari'a yana canzawa akai-akai a Amurka da kuma a duniya. === Teratogenicity da ci gaba da ciki === Kafin shan magani don zubar da ciki, ya kamata a shawarci mutane game da yiwuwar illar misoprostol idan zubar da ciki bai yi nasara ba. Idan ciki ya ci gaba bayan yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol, an ba da shawarar a nemi kulawar likita don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan ciki, tare da cikakken tattaunawa game da haɗari da fa'idodi ga kowane. Babu wata shaida na mifepristone da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bernard N, Elefant E, Carlier P, Tebacher M, Barjhoux CE, Bos-Thompson MA, Amar E, Descotes J, Vial T |date=April 2013 |title=Continuation of pregnancy after first-trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study |journal=BJOG |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12147 |pmid=23346916 |s2cid=9691636}}</ref> amma misoprostol, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farkon watanni na farko, zai iya zama [[Ilimin ilimin taurari|teratogenic]] kuma ya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa kamar lahani na hannu, tare da ko ba tare da [[Moebius ciwo|ciwo na Möbius]] ba (shanyewar fuska). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yip SK, Tse AO, Haines CJ, Chung TK |date=February 2000 |title=Misoprostol's effect on uterine arterial blood flow and fetal heart rate in early pregnancy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2000-02_95_2/page/232 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=232–235 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00472-x |pmid=10674585 |s2cid=33217047}}</ref> == Ilimin harhada magunguna == Mifepristone yana toshe hormone progesterone, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=The Science Behind the "Abortion Pill" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/health-medicine/science-behind-abortion-pill-180963762/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934}}</ref> yana haifar da rufin mahaifa zuwa bakin ciki, yana hana amfrayo daga liƙawa zuwa bangon mahaifa don girma. Methotrexate, wanda ake amfani da shi a wasu lokuta maimakon mifepristone, yana dakatar da nama na cytotrophoblastic daga girma da zama mahaifa mai aiki, sashin da ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin mai tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/methotrexate |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Misoprostol, prostaglandin na roba, yana sa mahaifa ya yi karo da kuma fitar da tayin ta cikin farji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misoprostol |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/misoprostol |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Letrozole shine mai hana aromatase wanda ke hana haɓakar estrogen kuma yana ƙarfafa kwai. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da letrozole kafin misoprostol ko mifepristone don fara zubar da ciki na likita zai iya inganta ingantaccen magani kuma ya rage buƙatar ayyukan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> === Yaduwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" !Country !Percentage |- |Spain |25% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo; Datos definitivos correspondientes al año 2021 |url=https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad}}</ref> |- |Netherlands |34% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Jaarrapportage 2021 Wet afbreking zwangerschap - Bijlage |url=https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg (IGZ), Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS) |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194358/https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Italy |35% in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministero della Salute |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Relazione Ministro Salute attuazione Legge 194/78 tutela sociale maternità e interruzione volontaria di gravidanza - dati definitivi 2020 |url=https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_3236_allegato.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministero della Salute}}</ref> |- |Canada |37% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI) |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2021 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI)}}</ref> |- |Belgium |38% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Rapport à l'attention du Parlement 1 janvier 2020 – 31 décembre 2021 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse}}</ref> |- |Germany |39% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Schwangerschaftsabbrüche 2022 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Schwangerschaftsabbrueche/_inhalt.html |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)}}</ref> |- |New Zealand |46% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Health |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Abortive Services Aotearoa New Zealand: Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/abortion-services-aotearoa-new-zealand-annual-report-2022-oct22.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Health}}</ref> |- |United States |63% in 2023<ref name="Guttmacher_2024-03-19">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> |- |Portugal |68% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS) |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Relatório de Análise Preliminar dos Registos das Interrupções da Gravidez 2018-2021 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/documentos-e-publicacoes/interrupcoes-da-gravidez-por-opcao-da-mulher-registam-reducao-nos-ultimos-dez-anos-pdf.aspx |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS)}}</ref> |- |Slovenia |72% in 2019<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miani C |date=December 2021 |title=Medical abortion ratios and gender equality in Europe: an ecological correlation study |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1985814 |pmc=8567957 |pmid=34730066}}</ref> |- |France |76% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Interruptions volontaires de grossesse : la baisse des taux de recours se poursuit chez les plus jeunes en 2021 |url=https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Direction de la Recherche, des Études, de l'Évaluation et des Statistiques (DREES), Ministère de la Santé |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012103433/https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Switzerland |80% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS) |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Interruptions de grossesse en 2021 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/sante/etat-sante/reproductive/interruptions-grossesses.assetdetail.22986766.html |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS)}}</ref> |- |Denmark |83% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP) |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Dansk Kvalitetsdatabase for Tidlig Graviditet og Abort (TiGrAb). Årsrapport 2021/22,1. juli 2021 - 30. juni 2022 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP)}}</ref> |- |England and Wales |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2021/abortion-statistics-england-and-wales-2021 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities}}</ref> |- |Iceland |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Induced abortions in the Nordic countries 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/146285/Induced_abortions_in_Nordic_countries_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL)}}</ref> |- |Estonia |91% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database |date=June 13, 2022 |title=RK31: Abortion method by abortion type and health care provider's county (since 2020) |url=https://statistika.tai.ee/pxweb/en/Andmebaas/Andmebaas__01Rahvastik__03Abordid/RK31.px/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database}}</ref> |- |Norway |95% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Induced abortion in Norway – fact sheet |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/hn/health-registries/registry-of-pregnancy-termination/induced-abortion-in-norway/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Norway Institute of Public Health (NIPH)}}</ref> |- |Sweden |96% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Statistik om aborter 2021 |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/statistik/2022-6-8007.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Socialstyrelsen}}</ref> |- |Finland |98% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Raskaudenkeskeytykset 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/144588/Raskaudenkeskeytykset_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL), Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT)}}</ref> |- |Scotland |99% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Health Scotland |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Termination of pregnancy statistics, Year ending December 2021 |url=https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics-year-ending-december-2021/ |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Public Health Scotland}}</ref> |} Wani binciken [[Cibiyar Guttmacher]] na duk sanannun masu ba da zubar da ciki a Amurka ya gano cewa zubar da ciki na likita ya kai kashi 53% na duk zubar da ciki a cikin 2020. {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} Wannan ƙidayar ba ta haɗa da [[Zubar da kai|zubar da ciki da kai]] ba . {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} A asibitocin Planned Parenthood a Amurka, zubar da ciki na likita ya kai 32% na zubar da ciki na farko a cikin 2008, <ref name="Fjerstad 2009a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fjerstad M, Trussell J, Sivin I, Lichtenberg ES, Cullins V |date=July 2009 |title=Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-07-09_361_2/page/145 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=2 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809146 |pmc=3568698 |pmid=19587339}}</ref> 35% na duk zubar da ciki a 2010 da 43% na duk zubar da ciki a 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Abortion Pill Statistics: Medication Pregnancy Termination Rivals Surgery Rates In The United States |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/abortion-pill-statistics-medication-pregnancy-termination-rivals-surgery-rates-united-2439421 |access-date=April 19, 2018 |work=International Business Times |vauthors=Mindock C}}</ref> A cikin 2009, tsarin zubar da ciki na likita ta amfani da mifepristone a hade tare da analog na prostaglandin sune mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haifar da zubar da ciki na biyu a Kanada, yawancin Turai, China da Indiya;<ref name="Kapp 20092" /> ya bambanta da Amurka, inda 96% na zubar da ciki na biyu-trimester an yi ta tiyata ta hanyar [[dilation da fitarwa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Hammond C, Chasen ST|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Dilation and evacuation}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masu binciken Sweden sun fara gwada yiwuwar [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin 1965. A cikin 1968, likitan Sweden [[Lars Engström]] ya buga takarda kan gwaji na asibiti, wanda aka gudanar a asibitin mata na [[Asibitin Karolinska]] a Stockholm, na fili na F6103 akan matan Sweden masu ciki da nufin haifar da zubar da ciki. Ita ce gwajin asibiti na farko na kwayar zubar da ciki da za a gudanar a Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Ramsey M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9CzgEACAAJ|title=The Swedish Abortion Pill: Co-Producing Medical Abortion and Values, Ca. 1965-1992|date=2021|publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|isbn=978-91-513-1121-0}}</ref> Takardar, wanda aka fara mai suna ''The Swedish zubar da ciki Pill'', an sake masa suna zuwa ''The Swedish Postconception Pill'', saboda ƙananan adadin zubar da ciki da aka haifar da ya faru a cikin yawan mutanen da aka gwada. Bayan waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara ba tare da F6103, masu bincike guda ɗaya sun yi ƙoƙari su nemo kwayar zubar da ciki tare da [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandins]], suna yin amfani da yawan masana kimiyya na prostaglandin da ke aiki a Sweden a lokacin; Daga karshe an ba su [[Jerin wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Jiki ko Magunguna|lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physiology a shekarar 1982]] saboda aikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raju TN |date=November 1999 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1982: Sune Karl Bergström (b 1916); Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (b 1934); John Robert Vane (b 1927) |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9193 |pages=1914 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76884-7 |pmid=10584758 |s2cid=54236400}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita ya zama hanyar samun nasarar zubar da ciki tare da samun [[Prostaglandin analogues|prostaglandin analogs]] a cikin 1970s da antiprogestogen mifepristone (wanda aka fi sani da RU-486) <ref name="RU-486">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rowan A |date=2015 |title=Prosecuting Women for Self-Inducing Abortion: Counterproductive and Lacking Compassion |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |journal=Guttmacher Policy Review |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=70–76 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114230/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin 1980s.<ref name="Kapp 20092" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> An fara amincewa da Mifepristone don amfani a China da Faransa a 1988, a Burtaniya a 1991, a Sweden a 1992, a Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Jamus, Girka, Iceland, Isra'ila, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Rasha, Spain, da Switzerland a 1999, a Norway, Taiwan, Tunisia, da Amurka a 2000, da kuma a cikin ƙarin ƙasashe 70 daga 2001 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gynuity Health Projects |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Map of Mifepristone Approvals |url=https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529053718/https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Gynuity Health Projects}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, FDA ta Amurka ta amince da mifepristone don zubar da ciki ta hanyar kwanakin 49 na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Chen MJ |date=August 2016 |title=Medical abortion reporting of efficacy: the MARE guidelines |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.013 |pmid=27129936 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, FDA ta Amurka ta sabunta alamar mifepristone don tallafawa amfani ta cikin kwanaki 70 na ciki.<ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> == Samun damar zubar da ciki na likita == Duka kwayoyi{{Spaced en dash}}Mifepristone da misoprostol{{Spaced en dash}}Ba a rufe ta da haƙƙin mallaka na miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka ana samun su azaman [[Magani na gama-gari|magungunan gama-gari]] . === Samuwar ma'auni === Abubuwan da ake buƙata don takardar sayan magani sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe. Kasashe da yawa suna samar da magungunan zubar da ciki na likita [[Kan kanshi|akan kantuna]], ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, kamar China, Indiya, da sauransu. <ref name="OSCOTC">{{Cite web |last=Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group |title=Global Oral Contraception Availability |url=https://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html |publisher=}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar magani (Kanada, yawancin Yammacin Turai, Amurka, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar sayan magani amma basu da hankali game da aiwatar da wannan buƙatun (Rasha, Brazil, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> === Samun damar wayar tarho === [[Telehealth]] ya haɗa da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na likita wanda mutum zai iya yi a gida, ba tare da kai-tsaye zuwa asibiti ko ofisoshin samarwa ba. Mutanen da suka yi amfani da rahoton kiwon lafiya na wayar tarho sun gamsu da damar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ireland S, Belton S, Doran F |date=March 2020 |title='I didn't feel judged': exploring women's access to telemedicine abortion in rural Australia |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1071/HC19050 |pmid=32223850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich K, Kaller S, Raifman S, Grossman D |date=September 2019 |title=Women's Experiences Using Telemedicine to Attend Abortion Information Visits in Utah: A Qualitative Study |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.009 |pmid=31109883 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗanda zasu iya buƙatar sabis ɗin (waɗanda ke kurkuku, ba a gida, ko kuma masu ƙarancin kuɗi) galibi ana hana su shiga. <ref name="vox03">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The FDA made mail-order abortion pills legal. Access is still a nightmare. |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22968993/abortion-pills-mail-medication-fda-texas |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> === Clinic-zuwa asibiti === A cikin wannan ƙirar, mai bada sabis yana tattaunawa da majiyyaci da ke wani rukunin yanar gizo ta amfani da taron bidiyo na asibiti-zuwa asibiti don ba da zubar da ciki na magani. An gabatar da wannan ta [[Shirye-shiryen Iyaye|Planned Parenthood]] na Heartland a Iowa don ba da damar majiyyaci a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya don sadarwa ta ingantaccen bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya a wani wurin. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Improving Access to Abortion via Telehealth |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2019/05/improving-access-abortion-telehealth |access-date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu Shirye-shiryen Iyaye a cikin jihohi da yawa da sauran asibitocin da ke ba da kulawar zubar da ciki. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019" /> === Samun kai tsaye zuwa ga marasa lafiya === Tsarin kai tsaye-zuwa-haƙuri yana ba da damar zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da ziyarar asibiti ta cikin mutum ba. Maimakon ziyarar asibiti a cikin mutum, majiyyaci yana karɓar shawarwari da umarni daga mai ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar taron bidiyo. Mara lafiya na iya kasancewa a kowane wuri, gami da gidansu. Ana aika magungunan da ake buƙata don zubar da ciki kai tsaye zuwa ga majiyyaci. Wannan samfuri ne, da ake kira TelAbortion ko rashin gwajin magani zubar da ciki (tsohon zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da taɓawa ba), wanda Ayyukan Lafiya na Gynuity ke gwadawa da yin nazari, tare da izini na musamman daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telabortion Project |url=https://telabortion.org/about/ |access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref> An nuna wannan samfurin yana da aminci, inganci, inganci, kuma mai gamsarwa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond E, Chong E, Winikoff B, Platais I, Mary M, Lotarevich T, Castillo PW, Kaneshiro B, Tschann M, Fontanilla T, Baldwin M, Schnyer A, Coplon L, Mathieu N, Bednarek P, Keady M, Priegue E |date=September 2019 |title=TelAbortion: evaluation of a direct to patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.05.013 |pmid=31170384 |s2cid=174811252 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay UD, Koenig LR, Meckstroth KR |date=August 2021 |title=Safety and Efficacy of Telehealth Medication Abortions in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=e2122320 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22320 |pmc=8385590 |pmid=34427682}}</ref> Ana iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tantancewa ta wayar tarho. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Rounds KM, Creinin MD, Cansino C, Hou MY |date=August 2016 |title=Comparing office and telephone follow-up after medical abortion |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d2753qm |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.007 |pmid=27101901 |s2cid=27825883}}</ref> === Tasirin COVID-19 === Cutar ta COVID-19 ta kalubalanci masu tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya wanda ya haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye kan samun lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neill R, Hasan MZ, Das P, Venugopal V, Jain N, Arora D, Gupta S |date=May 2021 |title=Evidence of integrated health service delivery during COVID-19 in low and lower-middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e042872 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042872 |pmc=8098290 |pmid=33941625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDonnell S, McNamee E, Lindow SW, O'Connell MP |date=December 2020 |title=The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: A review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=255 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023 |pmc=7550066 |pmid=33142263}}</ref> Babban raguwar samuwa da isar da mahimmancin kula da lafiyar jima'i, gami da zubar da ciki mai aminci, a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da karuwar rikice-rikice da asarar rayuka yayin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N |date=July 2020 |title=Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e901–e908 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-1 |pmc=7217645 |pmid=32405459}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A |date=April 2020 |title=Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=46 |pages=73–76 |doi=10.1363/46e9020 |jstor=10.1363/46e9020 |pmid=32343244 |s2cid=216595145}}</ref> Masu ciki sun nemi samun zubar da ciki na likita fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a lokacin bala'in, kuma sun gwammace ikon yin zubar da ciki na likita a gida ta hanyar sabis na kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaderi K, Khodavirdilou R, Kalhor M, Behbahani BM, Keshavarz M, Bashtian MH, Dabir M, Irani M, Manouchehri E, Farahani MF, Mallah MA, Shamsabadi A |date=April 2023 |title=Abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/s12978-023-01582-3 |pmc=10098996 |pmid=37055839 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> <ref name="Boydell 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boydell N, Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron ST, Harden J |date=October 2021 |title=Women's experiences of a telemedicine abortion service (up to 12 weeks) implemented during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: a qualitative evaluation |journal=BJOG |volume=128 |issue=11 |pages=1752–1761 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.16813 |pmc=8441904 |pmid=34138505}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong E, Shochet T, Raymond E, Platais I, Anger HA, Raidoo S, Soon R, Grant MS, Haskell S, Tocce K, Baldwin MK, Boraas CM, Bednarek PH, Banks J, Coplon L, Thompson F, Priegue E, Winikoff B |date=July 2021 |title=Expansion of a direct-to-patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.03.019 |pmc=9748604 |pmid=33781762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aiken AR, Starling JE, Gomperts R, Tec M, Scott JG, Aiken CE |date=October 2020 |title=Demand for Self-Managed Online Telemedicine Abortion in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=835–837 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004081 |pmc=7505141 |pmid=32701762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romanis EC, Parsons JA |date=December 2020 |title=Legal and policy responses to the delivery of abortion care during COVID-19 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.13377 |pmc=9087790 |pmid=32931598}}</ref> <ref name="Reynolds-Wright etal 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Johnstone A, McCabe K, Evans E, Cameron S |date=October 2021 |title=Telemedicine medical abortion at home under 12 weeks' gestation: a prospective observational cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=246–251 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200976 |pmc=7868129 |pmid=33542062}}</ref> Bayanai sun nuna cewa karuwar amfani da telemedicine don ayyukan zubar da ciki a wannan lokacin ya kasance sakamakon tsoron COVID-19, rage ikon tafiya, umarnin zama a gida, babban ɓoyewa, da kwanciyar hankali na kulawar gida. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaller S, Muñoz MG, Sharma S, Tayel S, Ahlbach C, Cook C, Upadhyay UD |date=2021 |title=Abortion service availability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national census of abortion facilities in the U.S |journal=Contraception |volume=3 |pages=100067 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2021.100067 |pmc=8292833 |pmid=34308330}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter Erlank C, Lord J, Church K |date=October 2021 |title=Acceptability of no-test medical abortion provided via telemedicine during Covid-19: analysis of patient-reported outcomes |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200954 |pmid=33602718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan bayanan sun goyi bayan aminci da inganci na sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth, kuma sun nuna karuwar bukatar sa. Tsanani da adadin rikice-rikice bayan sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth ya yi ƙasa, yana kwatanta ƙimar rikicewar zubar da ciki na gabaɗaya, gami da waɗanda aka yi a cikin asibitoci ko wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011" /> === Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kowane kantin magani na iya cika takardun magani na mifepristone - kan layi ko [[Brick-da-turmi|bulo-da-turmi]] - wanda ya sami takaddun shaida na musamman. <ref>{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2021 |title=FDA relaxes restrictions on abortion pill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/16/1064951611/today-is-the-fda-s-deadline-to-complete-a-review-of-its-rules-for-abortion-pill |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> An aiwatar da wannan tsarin na ɗan lokaci a cikin Dec 2021, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala shi a cikin Janairu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=FDA finalizes rule expanding availability of abortion pills |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-03/fda-finalizes-rule-allowing-mail-order-abortion-pills |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Daga 2011 har zuwa 2021, ana buƙatar mace ta ziyarci [[mai ba da lafiya]] a cikin mutum (a asibiti ko ofis) kuma ta karɓi mifepristone kai tsaye daga mai badawa. <ref name="kff">{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2022 |title=The Availability and Use of Medication Abortion |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> FDA ta cire buƙatun ziyartar asibiti don karɓar maganin a cikin Disamba 2021, yayin [[Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka|bala'in COVID-19]] . A karkashin sabbin dokokin, ana iya samun takardar sayan magani ta hanyar wayar tarho (kiran waya ko taron bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya), sannan a cika shi a kowane kantin magani da aka tabbatar. <ref name="FDAQA">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Questions and Answers on Mifeprex |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone2">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="NYT 2020-04-282">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2020 |title=Abortion by Telemedicine: A Growing Option as Access to Clinics Wanes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/health/telabortion-abortion-telemedicine.html |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Belluck P}}</ref> A lokaci guda FDA ta cire abin da ake buƙata don ziyarar cikin mutum, sun ƙara da buƙatu cewa rarraba magunguna su kasance "sharaɗi", wanda ke buƙatar kantin magani ya sami izini na musamman don ba da magungunan.{{Spaced en dash}}bukatu da FDA ta gindaya akan magunguna 40 kawai daga cikin fiye da 19,000 da take gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2022 |title=The Abortion Pill Is Safer Than Tylenol and Almost Impossible to Get |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-02-17/abortion-pill-mifepristone-is-safer-than-tylenol-and-almost-impossible-to-get |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Bloomberg |vauthors=Koons C}}</ref> Magani na biyu da ake amfani da shi wajen zubar da ciki na likita, misoprostol, an fi amfani da shi don magance ciwon ciki, kuma ba a taɓa fuskantar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mifepristone ba, kuma koyaushe ana samun su daga kantin magani tare da takardar sayan magani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} FDA ba ta ba da izinin yin amfani da mifepristone don zubar da ciki na likita ba bayan kwanaki 70, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba, waɗanda ke ba da izinin zubar da ciki na likita a cikin na biyu trimester har ma da na uku trimester.<ref name="FDAQA" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref> Wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokokin da suka hana masu samar da bincike bincikar mace ta hanyar wayar tarho ko taron bidiyo, maimakon haka suna buƙatar matar ta kai ziyarar kai tsaye ga mai ba da magani don samun takardar sayan magani. <ref name="CNN_TEN2">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Governor signs bill criminalizing mail-in abortion drugs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/us/tennessee-abortion-pills-by-mail-bill/index.html |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Watts A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> A yawancin jihohi, ana iya aikawa da magungunan zubar da ciki daga kantin magani ga majiyyaci ta hanyar wasiku, amma wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakan, kuma suna buƙatar samun magungunan daga kantin magani ko mai badawa a cikin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> [[Fayil:2022.06.24_Roe_v_Wade_Overturned_-_SCOTUS,_Washington,_DC_USA_175_143208_(52170905969).jpg|thumb|Amincewa da Hoto: Ted Eytan - 2022.06.24 Roe v Wade Ya Juye - SCOTUS, Washington, DC Amurka 175 143208.]] Sha'awar magungunan zubar da ciki a Amurka ta kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin 2022, bayan da [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yi watsi da daftarin ''[[Dobbs v. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Mata ta Jackson|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organisation]]'' wanda zai soke hukuncin ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' na 1973 ta yanar gizo. <ref name="poliak">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poliak A, Satybaldiyeva N, Strathdee SA, Leas EC, Rao R, Smith D, Ayers JW |date=September 2022 |title=Internet Searches for Abortion Medications Following the Leaked Supreme Court of the United States Draft Ruling |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=182 |issue=9 |pages=1002–1004 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2998 |pmc=9244771 |pmid=35767270}}</ref> Sha'awa ta kasance mafi girma a jihohin da ke da ƙarin hani kan samun zubar da ciki. <ref name="poliak" /> Masu fafutukar [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|zabar zabi]] a Amurka sun binciko hanyoyin da za a samar da zubar da ciki na likita, musamman a jihohin da ke da iyaka, tare da amfani da albarkatun [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] don wannan dalili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=The Future of Abortion in a Post-Roe America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/roe-v-wade-overturn-abortion-rights/629366/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2022 |title=The activists championing DIY abortions for a post-Roe v Wade world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/07/abortion-pill-at-home-activists-future-roe-v-wade |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Need help getting an abortion? Social media flooded with resources after Roe reversal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2022/06/28/supreme-court-roe-abortion-help-funds-instagram-tiktok/7728639001/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossi P, O'Connor D |date=2023 |title=FDA preemption of conflicting state drug regulation and the looming battle over abortion medications |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=lsad005 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsad005 |pmc=10017072 |pmid=36938304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da takunkumin zubar da ciki da wasu jihohi suka sanya bayan hukuncin Dobbs na shari'a, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na sadarwa da suka shafi zubar da ciki na likita, irin su [[Shirin C|Plan C]] da [[Hai Jane|Hey Jane]], sun ga karuwar tambayoyi da amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker CN |date=August 2023 |title=History and Politics of Medication Abortion in the United States and the Rise of Telemedicine and Self-Managed Abortion |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1215/03616878-10449941 |pmid=36693178}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jenkins J, Woodside F, Lipinsky K, Simmonds K, Coplon L |date=November 2021 |title=Abortion With Pills: Review of Current Options in The United States |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=749–757 |doi=10.1111/jmwh.13291 |pmid=34699129}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard S, Krishna G |date=October 2022 |title=How the US scrapping of Roe v Wade threatens the global medical abortion revolution |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=379 |issue= |pages=o2349 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2349 |pmid=36261168}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Insurers Are Starting to Cover Telehealth Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/upshot/abortion-pills-telehealth-insurance.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=A Texas Republican Wants to Ban People From Reading About How to Get an Abortion Online |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/texas-abortion-websites-ban |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, Gwamna [[Mark Gordon]] na Wyoming ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta haramta amfani da kwayoyin zubar da ciki a cikin jihar, wanda ya zama jihar Amurka ta farko da ta haramta zubar da ciki daban-daban daga hana duk ayyukan zubar da ciki. Sabuwar dokar, wacce ta fara aiki a watan Yuli 2023, ta haramta "rubutun magani, rarrabawa, rarrabawa, siyarwa, ko amfani da kowane magani" don samun ko zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SF0109 - Prohibiting chemical abortions. |url=https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2023/SF0109 |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Wyoming Legislature}}</ref> Wadanda suka karya doka, ban da mai juna biyu, ana iya tuhumar su da aikata wani laifi kuma za su iya fuskantar tarar dala 9,000 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Wyoming Becomes First State to Outlaw Abortion Pills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/us/wyoming-abortion-pills-ban.html |access-date=March 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Chen DW, Belluck P}}</ref> Wasu jihohi goma sha hudu sun kafa dokar hana zubar da ciki bargo da suka hada da zubar da ciki na likitanci, duk da haka, kuma jihohi goma sha biyar sun riga sun takaita amfani da wadannan magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Medication Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/medication-abortion |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2024, wasu manyan sarƙoƙi na kantin magani, irin su [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]] da [[Walgreens]], sun karɓi takaddun shaida daga FDA don ba da mifepristone kuma suna shirin ba da shi don siyarwa a cikin jihohin da ke da doka. <ref name="CNN 20240301">{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=CVS, Walgreens say they'll start dispensing abortion pill mifepristone |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/health/cvs-walgreens-to-dispense-abortion-pill-mifepristone/index.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Tirrell M, Carvajal N}}</ref> A cikin waɗancan jihohin, matan da ke neman zubar da ciki za su ziyarci ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya don samun takardar magani, amma za su iya siyan maganin a wani kantin magani da aka ƙware, maimakon buƙatar jiki ta karɓi ta kai tsaye daga asibiti, asibiti, ko kiwon lafiya. mai bayarwa. <ref name="CNN 20240301" /> == Al'umma da al'adu == Hukumar ta WHO ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata dokoki da manufofi su goyi bayan samun damar mutane don samun kulawar da aka amince da su ta hanyar shaida, gami da zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical management of abortion|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2018|isbn=978-9241550406|pages=24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Human Rights and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> === Rigimar "juyawa". === Wasu kungiyoyin [[Motsin hana zubar da ciki|hana zubar da ciki]] suna da'awar cewa marasa lafiya da suka canza ra'ayinsu game da zubar da ciki bayan shan mifepristone na iya "juya" zubar da ciki ta hanyar gudanar da progesterone (kuma ba gudanar da misoprostol ba). <ref>{{cite news |date=April 4, 2018 |title=As controversial 'abortion reversal' laws increase, researcher says new data shows protocol can work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/03/as-controversial-abortion-reversal-laws-multiply-researcher-says-new-data-shows-it-can-work-critics-are-still-skeptical/ |access-date=April 23, 2018 |vauthors=Cha AE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=California Board of Nursing Sanctions Unproven Abortion 'Reversal' (Updated) - Rewire |url=https://rewire.news/article/2017/08/17/california-board-nursing-sanctions-unproven-abortion-reversal/ |access-date=November 23, 2017 |work=Rewire}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2022, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja ta kimiyya cewa za a iya juya tasirin mifepristone ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatti KZ, Nguyen AT, Stuart GS |date=March 2018 |title=Medical abortion reversal: science and politics meet |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=218 |issue=3 |pages=315.e1–315.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.555 |pmid=29141197 |s2cid=205373684}}</ref> <ref name="NPR 2019-12-052">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossman D, White K, Harris L, Reeves M, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B, Grimes DA |date=September 2015 |title=Continuing pregnancy after mifepristone and "reversal" of first-trimester medical abortion: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=206–211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.001 |pmid=26057457}}</ref> Duk da haka, jihohi da yawa a Amurka suna buƙatar masu samar da zubar da ciki ba na tiyata ba waɗanda ke amfani da mifepristone don gaya wa marasa lafiya cewa juyawa zaɓi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/counseling-and-waiting-periods-abortion |publisher=The Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin 2019, masu bincike sun ƙaddamar da ƙaramin gwaji na abin da ake kira tsarin "juyawa" ta amfani da mifepristone wanda ke biye da progesterone ko placebo. <ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Controversial 'Abortion Reversal' Regimen is Put to the Test |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/22/688783130/controversial-abortion-reversal-regimen-is-put-to-the-test |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=There's no proof "abortion reversals" are real. This study could end the debate |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |website=Vice |access-date=September 3, 2024 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704025003/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |url-status=dead }}</ref> An dakatar da binciken ne bayan da mata 12 suka yi rajista sannan uku sun samu mummunan zubar jini a cikin farji. Sakamakon ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani game da amfani da mifepristone ba tare da bin misoprostol ba. <ref name="NPR 2019-12-05">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> === Ilimin tattalin arziki === A cikin Amurka, a cikin 2009, farashin da aka caje don zubar da ciki na likita har zuwa makonni tara na ciki shine {{US$|490}}, kashi huɗu sama da $470 na al'ada da ake cajin [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin makonni goma. <ref name="Jones 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Kooistra K |date=March 2011 |title=Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-on-sexual-and-reproductive-health_2011-03_43_1/page/41 |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1363/4304111 |pmid=21388504 |s2cid=2045184}}</ref> A Amurka, a cikin 2008, kashi 57% na matan da suka zubar da ciki sun biya su [[Kudin aljihu|daga aljihu]] .<ref name="Jones 2011" /> A cikin Afrilu 2013, gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta fara aikin tantancewa don yanke shawarar ko za a lissafta mifepristone (RU486) da misoprostol akan [[Tsarin Amfanin Magunguna]] na ƙasar (PBS). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Abortion drugs closer to being subsidised but some states still lag |url=http://theconversation.com/abortion-drugs-closer-to-being-subsidised-but-some-states-still-lag-13772 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=[[The Conversation Australia]]}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2013, [[Ministan lafiya na Australia|Ministan Lafiya na Ostiraliya]] ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta amince da jerin sunayen mifepristone da misoprostol akan PBS don ƙarewar likita a farkon ciki daidai da shawarar [[Kwamitin Shawarar Amfanin Magunguna|Kwamitin Shawarwari na Amfanin Magunguna]] . <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |title=March 2013 PBAC Outcomes - Positive Recommendations |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/industry/listing/elements/pbac-meetings/pbac-outcomes/2013-03/positive-recommendations |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> Lissafi akan PBS sun fara a watan Agusta 2013. <ref name="RADAR">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Mifepristone (Mifepristone Linepharma) followed by misoprostol (GyMiso) for medical termination of pregnancy of up to 49 days' gestation |url=https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/mifepristone-mifepristone-linepharma-followed-by-misoprostol-gy-miso-for-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-of-up-to-49-days-gestation |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=RADAR Review |publisher=National Prescribing Service (NPS) MedicineWise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/10211K |access-date=June 14, 2023 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> == Manazarta == bv5zbaeb8y7j6z1w2j72jzrutgeyzlx 0 83432 965354 615247 2026-10-09T18:19:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Brandon Sampson.jpg|thumb|Brandon Sampson]] '''Brandon Sampson''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na ƙwallon ƙafa na Ottawa Blackjacks na Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kanada (CEBL). Ya buga wasan kwallon Kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU). == Ayyukan makarantar sakandare == An kira Sampson Louisiana Mr. Basketball a matsayin babban jami'in Madison Preparatory Academy a shekarar 2015 bayan ya samu maki 15.9, 2.9 rebounds da 2.2 assists a kowane wasa wajen jagorantar tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 12, 2015 |title=Brandon Sampson follows in Jarell Martin's footsteps, named LSWA Mr. Basketball |url=http://highschoolsports.nola.com/news/article/-7024055653025786388/brandon-sampson-follows-in-jarell-martins-footsteps-named-lswa-mr-basketball/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006193747/http://highschoolsports.nola.com/news/article/-7024055653025786388/brandon-sampson-follows-in-jarell-martins-footsteps-named-lswa-mr-basketball/ |archive-date=October 6, 2015 |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=[[The Times-Picayune]]}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu tare da kocin Steve Lavin a St. John's, amma ya sake buɗe alkawarinsa lokacin da aka kori Lavin a shekarar 2015. Daga karshe ya sanya hannu tare da garinsu LSU . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Sampson ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar LSU mai ɗaukar ma'aikata ga kocin Johnny Jones, wanda ya haɗa da 'yan wasan NBA na gaba Ben Simmons da Antonio Blakeney. Bayan wani abin takaici na sabon dan wasa, wanda ya ga Tigers ba su yi aiki a matsayin tawagar ba kuma minti na Sampson sun canza, ya sami ƙarin daidaito a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kakar shekarar 2016-17.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bewers |first=James |date=October 29, 2016 |title=With lessons learned from an inconsistent freshman year, LSU guard Brandon Sampson assumes a leadership role |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_879ba644-9d5d-11e6-b029-7b6d3426e893.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412051607/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_879ba644-9d5d-11e6-b029-7b6d3426e893.html |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami maki 11.6 da 3.1 a cikin minti 27.5 a kowane wasa, ya fara mafi yawan kakar. A matsayinsa na ƙarami a shekara mai zuwa, Sampson ya sha wahala mai tsanani a idon sa ya rasa wata daya na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=November 22, 2017 |title=LSU guard Brandon Sampson suffered severely sprained ankle, could be out a month |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_d7ec151a-cfb2-11e7-ad4a-87dc24c0074a.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa, Sampson yana da matsala tare da daidaito saboda tasirin raunin da ya faru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickey |first=Alex |date=January 22, 2018 |title=LSU basketball coach Will Wade challenges guard Brandon Sampson |url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/sports/college/lsu-basketball-coach-will-wade-challenges-guard-brandon-sampson/QVB9ExnrPsZHjKLleEFG1N/ |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=[[Dayton Daily News]] |archive-date=January 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002346/https://www.daytondailynews.com/sports/college/lsu-basketball-coach-will-wade-challenges-guard-brandon-sampson/QVB9ExnrPsZHjKLleEFG1N/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar, ya sami maki 7.7 a cikin minti 18.9 a kowane wasa. == Ayyukan sana'a == Bayan ƙaramin lokacinsa, Sampson ya bayyana don shirin NBA na shekara ta 2018, amma ba a zabe shi ba. Bayan ya buga wa Atlanta Hawks wasa a gasar NBA ta shekara ta 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pacleb |first=Zac |date=July 11, 2018 |title=After testing his luck, Ex-LSU guard Brandon Sampson's trying to make his mark in NBA Summer League |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_a9c57fea-855c-11e8-9bf9-67e003f9650f.html |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]]}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar baje kolin 10 tare da Houston Rockets, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar NBA G League, Rio Grande Valley Vipers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Feigen |first=Jonathan |date=October 9, 2018 |title=Rockets sign Brandon Sampson to an Exhibit 10 contract |url=https://www.chron.com/sports/rockets/article/Rockets-add-Brandon-Sampson-Angel-Rodriguez-to-G-13294434.php |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref> A wasanni 18 tare da Vipers, Sampson ya sami maki 17.6, 4.8 rebounds da 3.9 assists a kowane wasa. A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, na shekara ta 2018, Sampson ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar hanyoyi biyu tare da Chicago Bulls . A karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar, zai raba lokaci tare da ƙungiyar Bulls 'G League, Windy City Bulls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2018 |title=Bulls sign Brandon Sampson to two-way contract |url=https://www.nba.com/bulls/news/bulls-sign-brandon-sampson-two-way-contract |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> An sanya shi kuma ya fara Windy City a daren da ya biyo baya, inda ya zira kwallaye 17 kuma ya wuce don taimakawa 5 a cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2018 |title=Bulls Start Fast, Never Look Back In Win Over Blue |url=https://gleague.nba.com/games/20181228/WCBOKL/ |access-date=January 1, 2019 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Sampson daga baya ya fara bugawa NBA a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, na shekara ta 2019 tare da maki 5 da sakewa 2 da aka rubuta a cikin nasarar 105-89 a kan Miami Heat . A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 2019, an haɗa Sampson a cikin jerin sunayen sansanin horo na Rio Grande Valley Vipers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2019 |title=VIPERS FINALIZE TRAINING CAMP ROSTER |url=https://riograndevalley.gleague.nba.com/news/vipers-finalize-training-camp-roster |access-date=October 27, 2019 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Ya sami maki 27 a kakar wasa a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2020, tare da buga kwallaye biyar da taimakon biyu a nasarar da ya samu a kan South Bay Lakers. A wasanni 42, Sampson ya sami maki 13.2, 2.9 rebounds da 2.2 assists a kowane wasa. A cikin shekara ta 2020-21, Sampson ya buga wa Delaware Blue Coats, ya bayyana a wasanni 6 a cikin gajeren lokacin cutar. A ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba,na shekara ta 2021, Sampson ya shiga Iowa Wolves bayan kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Iowa Wolves Announce Training Camp Roster and Finalize Coaching Staff |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/iowa-wolves-announce-training-camp-roster-and-finalize-coaching-staff/n-5758384 |access-date=November 2, 2021 |website=OurSportsCentral.com}}</ref> A cikin wasanni 30, ya sami maki 14.4, 3.7 rebounds, da 2.0 assists.<ref name="Growlers2022">{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2022 |title=Growlers Sign Former Chicago Bulls Guard Brandon Sampson |url=https://www.cebl.ca/newfoundland-growlers-sign-former-chicago-bulls-guard-brandon-sampson |access-date=April 12, 2022 |website=CEBL.ca}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu,na shekara ta 2022, Sampson ya sanya hannu tare da Newfoundland Growlers na CEBL.<ref name="Growlers2022"/> === Komawa zuwa Iowa (2022-2023) === A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, na shekara ta 2022, an sanya sunan Sampson a cikin jerin sunayen dare na Iowa Wolves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Iowa Wolves Finalize Opening Night Roster |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/iowa-wolves-finalize-opening-night-roster/n-5895237 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=oursportscentral.com}}</ref> === Gidan Wisconsin (2023) === A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2023, an sayar da Sampson zuwa Wisconsin Herd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2023 |title=2022-23 NBA G League Transactions |url=https://gleague.nba.com/22-23-nba-g-league-transactions |access-date=March 3, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Hapoel Be'er Sheva (2023) === A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Sampson ya sanya hannu tare da Hapoel Be'er Sheva na Ligat HaAl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2023 |title=ברנדון סמפסון מצטרף |url=https://www.hb7.co.il/news?NewsId=15554 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |website=hb7.co.il |language=Hebrew |archive-date=August 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806182338/https://www.hb7.co.il/news?NewsId=15554 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{NBA player statistics legend}} === NBA === ==== Lokaci na yau da kullun ==== season| {{S-end} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8c2k4lfo5lg3mowcz1oeh513okayu6d 0 86078 965534 677528 2026-10-09T23:53:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965534 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Cheyanne Vlismas''' (an haife shie a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, a shekara ta 1995), wanda aka fi sani da '''Cheyanne Buys''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar Amurka wanda ke fafatawa a cikin ƙungiyar Strawweight na Ultimate Fighting Championship. == Tarihi == Vlismas ta fara horo a karate lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku sannan ta sauya zuwa taekwondo lokacin da take da shekaru goma, daga baya ta sami baƙar fata a cikin wasanni. Ta shiga MMA tana da shekaru goma sha biyar. Lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha bakwai, an kore ta daga makarantar sakandare saboda fada kuma iyalinta sun yanke shawarar barin ta fara horo na cikakken lokaci. Ta dauki gwagwarmayarta ta farko kwana hudu bayan ranar haihuwarta ta goma sha takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=Cheyanne Buys {{!}} UFC |url=https://www.ufc.com/athlete/cheyanne-buys |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=www.ufc.com |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce tsohuwar matar ɗan'uwan UFC, JP Buys . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-08 |title=Married LFA fighters Cheyanne and JP Buys work together to stay fight ready during pandemic {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/married-fighters-cheyanne-and-jp-buys-work-together-to-stay-fight-ready-during-pandemic |access-date=2021-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed == === Farkon aiki === Cheyanne ta fara bugawa MMA a LFA 35, inda ta fuskanci Karla Hernandez kuma ta ci gaba da kayar da ita ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na uku, ta sami nasarar farko a ƙarƙashin tutar Legacy Fighting Alliance a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-10 |title=LFA 35 Results & Highlights: Nick Newell Returns with a Vengeance {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/lfa-35-results-highlights-nick-newell-returns-with-a-vengeance |access-date=2021-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Vlismas ta fuskanci Helen Peralta a Invicta FC 29: Kaufman vs. Lehner, ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2018-05-04 |title=Invicta FC 29: Kaufman vs. Lehner Results and Recap |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2018/05/04/invicta-fc-29-kaufman-vs-lehner-results-recap/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Sa'an nan a EFC 74, Vlismas ta doke Karolina Wójcik ta hanyar yanke shawara, kafin ta ci gaba da kayar da Kanada Lindsey Garbatt a BTC 6 Night of Champions ta hanyar yanke hukunci ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Painter |first=Myles |date=2020-01-22 |title=Across the Pond Profile: Legacy Fighting Alliance fighter Cheyanne Buys {{!}} MMA UK |url=http://mmauk.net/2020/01/22/across-the-pond-profile-legacy-fighting-alliance-fighter-cheyanne-buys/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829195504/http://mmauk.net/2020/01/22/across-the-pond-profile-legacy-fighting-alliance-fighter-cheyanne-buys/ |archive-date=2021-08-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A bayyanarta ta biyu tare da Legacy Fighting Alliance a LFA 78, Vlismas ta fuskanci Rebecca Adney kuma ta kayar da ita ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Auger |first=Patrick |title=LFA 78 Results: Yanez slips by Estrada, Jose Johnson has a KOTY |url=https://thebodylockmma.com/lfa/lfa-78-yanez-vs-estrada-results/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=thebodylockmma.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An gayyaci Vlismas zuwa Dana White's Contender Series 30 a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, 2020 kuma ya fuskanci Hilarie Rose . Ta lashe gasar ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya, ta sami kwangilar UFC a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Dana White's Contender Series 29 results: Both Cosce brothers, two other fighters earn UFC contracts |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/08/dana-white-contender-series-29-results |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en}}</ref> === Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe === An shirya Vlismas don fuskantar Kay Hansen a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2021 a UFC a kan ESPN: Brunson vs. Holland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=2020-12-31 |title=Kay Hansen vs. Cheyanne Buys Added to UFC’s March 20 Card |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/12/31/kay-hansen-vs-cheyanne-buys-added-ufcs-march-20-card/ |access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}</ref> Koyaya, Hansen ya fice saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba kuma an maye gurbinsa a ranar 12 ga Maris da sabon mai gabatarwa [[Montserrat Ruiz]].<ref name="RuizIn">{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck and Damon Martin |date=2021-03-12 |title=With Kay Hansen out, Cheyanne Buys now meets fellow newcomer Montserrat Ruiz at UFC Vegas 22 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/3/12/22327493/with-kay-hansen-out-cheyanne-buys-now-meets-fellow-newcomer-montserrat-ruiz-at-ufc-vegas-22 |access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya, an kiyaye ta a matsayin kulle-kulle ga mafi yawan wasan.<ref name="Ruiz def. Buys">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=20 March 2021 |title=UFC Vegas 22 Results: Short Notice, No Problem as Montserrat Ruiz Tops Cheyanne Buys |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/03/20/ufc-vegas-22-results-montserrat-ruiz-vs-cheyanne-buys/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Vlismas ta fuskanci Gloria de Paula a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021 a UFC a kan ESPN: Hall vs. Strickland . Ta lashe gasar a zagaye na farko bayan ta kori Paula bayan ta tashi kuma ta gama ta da ƙasa da fam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Eddie |date=2021-07-31 |title=UFC Vegas 33 Results: Cheyanne Buys Head Kick Puts Down Gloria De Paula |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/07/31/ufc-vegas-33-results-cheyanne-buys-finishes-gloria-de-paula-via-tko/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan gwagwarmayar ta sami lambar yabo ta Performance of the Night . <ref name="UFConESPN28">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-01 |title=UFC on ESPN 28 bonuses: Melsik Baghdasaryan's head-kick statement worth $50,000 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-on-espn-28-bonuses-melsik-baghdasaryan-cheyanne-buys-jason-witt |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya Vlismas don fuskantar Lomaboon Lookmee a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2021 a UFC Fight Night 198 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |date=2021-08-24 |title=Cheyanne Buys vs. Loma Lookboonmee toegevoegd aan UFC evenement op 20 november |url=https://mmadna.nl/cheyanne-buys-vs-loma-lookboonmee-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-evenement-op-20-november/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=MMA DNA |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, Vlismas ta janye daga wasan saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba kuma Lupita Godinez ta maye gurbin ta.<ref name="Lookboonmee vs. Godinez">{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |date=2021-11-10 |title=BREAKING: Cheyanne Buys out, Loopy Godinez in, treft Loma Lookboonmee tijdens UFC FN 198 |url=https://mmadna.nl/breaking-cheyanne-buys-out-loopy-godinez-in-treft-loma-lookboonmee-tijdens-ufc-fn-198/ |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=MMA DNA |language=en-US}}</ref> Vlismas ya fuskanci [[Mallory Martin]], ya maye gurbin [[Montserrat Ruiz]], a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2021 a UFC a kan ESPN 31.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=With Montserrat Ruiz out, Cheyanne Buys steps in to face Mallory Martin at UFC on ESPN 31 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/11/montserrat-ruiz-out-cheyanne-buys-vs-mallory-martin-ufc-on-espn-31-fight-booking-women-mma |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Vlismas ya lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2021-12-04 |title=UFC Vegas 44: Speed, Striking of Cheyanne Vlismas Too Much for Mallory Martin |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/04/ufc-vegas-44-cheyanne-buys-vs-mallory-martin/ |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan gwagwarmayar ta sami lambar yabo ta Fight of the Night . <ref name="UFConESPN31">{{Cite web |last=Steven Marrocco |date=2021-12-05 |title=UFC Vegas 44 post-fight bonuses: Clay Guida picks up 10th performance check just shy of 40th birthday |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/12/5/22818237/ufc-vegas-44-post-fight-bonuses-clay-guida-picks-up-10th-performance-check-just-shy-of-40th-birthday |access-date=2021-12-05 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> An shirya Vlismas don fuskantar Tabatha Ricci a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2022 a UFC Fight Night 211. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |last2=Anderson |first2=Jay |last3=Anderson |first3=Alex Behunin and Jay |date=2022-06-07 |title=UFC: Tabatha Ricci to Face Cheyanne Vlismas on October 1 |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/06/07/ufc-tabatha-ricci-face-cheyanne-vilsmas-october-1/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Vlismas ta fice a ƙarshen watan Agusta saboda dalilai na sirri kuma an maye gurbin ta da tsohon mai kalubalantar gasar UFC Women's Strawweight Championship kuma Invicta FC Atomweight Champion [[Jessica Penne]].<ref name="PenneIn">{{Cite web |last=Farah Hannoun |date=2022-08-29 |title=With Cheyanne Vlismas out, Jessica Penne steps in to face Tabatha Ricci at UFC Fight Night 211 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/08/jessica-penne-vs-tabatha-ricci-ufc-fight-night-211-cheyanne-vlismas-out-women-mma-matchup-booking |access-date=2022-08-29 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref> Vlismas ya fuskanci Cory McKenna a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2022 a UFC Fight Night 216. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Drake Riggs |date=2022-10-04 |title=Cheyanne Vlismas vs. Cory McKenna set to battle at UFC Vegas 66 |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2022/10/4/23388310/cheyanne-vlismas-vs-cory-mckenna-set-to-battle-at-ufc-vegas-66-mma |access-date=2022-10-04 |publisher=mmamania.com}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-12-17 |title=UFC Vegas 66: Cory McKenna's Wrestling, Control Gives Her Edge Over Cheyanne Vlismas |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/12/17/ufc-vegas-66-cheyanne-vlismas-vs-cory-mckenna/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gasar zakarun Turai da nasarorin da aka samu == * '''Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe''' ** Ayyukan Dare (Wata lokaci) {{Small|vs. [[Gloria de Paula]]}} <ref name="UFConESPN28"/> ** Yakin Dare (Wani lokaci) {{Small|vs. [[Mallory Martin]]}} <ref name="UFConESPN31"/> * '''BTC Yaki da Ci gaba''' ** Gasar Cin Kofin Tsakanin BTC (Ɗaya lokaci) == Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane == {{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=|ko-wins=2|sub-wins=|dec-wins=5|ko-losses=|sub-losses=|dec-losses=3|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}}{{MMA record start}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|7–3 |[[Cory McKenna]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Cannonier vs. Strickland]] |{{dts|2022|December|17}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|7–2 |[[Mallory Martin]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ESPN: Font vs. Aldo]] |{{dts|2021|December|4}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{Small|Fight of the Night.}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 6–2 | [[Gloria de Paula]] | TKO (head kick and punches) | [[UFC on ESPN: Hall vs. Strickland]] | {{dts|2021|July|31}} | align=center| 1 | align=center| 1:00 | [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | {{Small|Performance of the Night.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|5–2 |[[Montserrat Ruiz]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ESPN: Brunson vs. Holland]] |{{dts|2021|March|20}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|5–1 |Hilarie Rose |Decision (unanimous) |[[Dana White's Contender Series Season 4#Week 3 - August 18|Dana White's Contender Series 30]] |{{dts|2020|August|25}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 4–1 |Rebecca Adney | Decision (unanimous) |[[Legacy Fighting Alliance in 2019#Legacy Fighting Alliance 78: Yanez vs. Estrada|LFA 78]] | {{dts|2019|November|15}} | align=center| 3 | align=center| 5:00 | [[Belton, Texas]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|3–1 |[[Lindsay Garbatt]] |Decision (unanimous) |BTC 6: Night of Champions |{{dts|2019|June|01}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Burlington, Ontario]], Canada |{{Small|Won the Interim BTC Strawweight Championship.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|2–1 |Karolina Wójcik |Decision (split) |EFC Worldwide 74 |{{dts|2018.10.06}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Johannesburg]], South Africa | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|1–1 |[[Helen Peralta]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 29: Kaufman vs. Lehner|Invicta FC 29: Kaufman vs. Lehner]] |{{dts|2018|May|4}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|1–0 |Karla Hernandez |TKO (elbows) |[[Legacy Fighting Alliance in 2018#Legacy Fighting Alliance 35: Newell vs. Luque|LFA 35]] |{{dts|2018|March|9}} |align=center|3 |align=center|4:22 |[[Houston, Texas]], United States | {{End}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Cheyanne Buys |url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Cheyanne-Buys-152049 |website=Sherdog}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mayakan UFC na yanzu * Jerin mata masu zane-zane == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Professional MMA record for Cheyanne VlismasdagaSherdog * Cheyanne VlismasaUFC [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ypmj9kt4f5bsgig2ssdpjy4jvk2z1n 0 87769 965422 660257 2026-10-09T20:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Camp_Iguana_Recreation_Yard_-a.jpg|thumb|Yankin shakatawa, sansanin Iguana]] [[Fayil:Camp_Iguana_showers.jpg|thumb|Camp Iguana ruwan sama da bayan gida]] [[Fayil:Camp Iguana living area -a.jpg|thumb|Hoton filin tattaunawa na Camp Iguana]] '''Camp Iguana''' wani karamin fili ne a cikin sansanin gidajan yari tsare-tsare a da yake ansanin Sojan Ruwa na kasar Amurka a Guantánamo Bay, Cuba . sansanin Iguana da farko yana da yara uku da aka tsare, wadanda masu magana da yawun sansanin suka yi iƙirarin cewa su ne kawai fursunoni a ƙarƙashin shekaru 16 (shekarun da DOD ta bayyana kananan yara). An rufe shi a cikin hunturu na shekara ta 2004 lokacin da aka mayar da su uku zuwa kasashensu. Lokacin da aka tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Tsaro a shekara ta 2005 ta hanyar umarnin kotu Kotun Gundumar Amurka Jed Rakoff don sakin asalin duk wadanda aka tsare, DOD ta yarda cewa ta tsare yara ashirin (a karkashin shekaru 18, zuwan kasa da kasa) a cikin ɓangaren manya na kurkuku. A shekara ta 2005 an sake buɗe sansanin Iguana don riƙe wasu daga cikin fursunoni 38 da aka rarraba a cikin Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki a matsayin "ba ma'aikatan abokan gaba ba". Waɗannan sun haɗa da Uighurs da yawa, waɗanda ba za su iya komawa China ba saboda babban haɗarin tsanantawa a can. Sun kasance masu jinkiri a sake zama yayin da kokarin diflomasiyya ya yi ƙoƙarin sanya su a wasu ƙasashe ban da ƙasarsu ta asali ko Amurka. == An yi amfani da shi ga matasa da aka tsare == [[Fayil:Camp_Iguana_dormitory.jpg|thumb|Gidan kwana, sansanin Iguana]] [[Fayil:Camp_Iguana_living_area.jpg|thumb|Yankin zama, sansanin Iguana]] Da farko a shekara ta 2002, Amurka ta yi amfani da sansanin Iguana don fursunoni na yara. Elaine Chao, a lokacin Sakataren Ayyuka na Amurka ya yi magana game da alhakin ba da [[Yara a cikin soja|yara sojoji]] magani na musamman, don samar musu da taimako don sake shiga cikin al'umma. Idan Amurkawa sun yi amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva a fagen fama, da sojojinsa za su sake nazarin fursunoni a Afghanistan da sauran wuraren kamawa. Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta ba da damar mutanen da aka kama a lokacin [[yaƙi]] zuwa "farin kotun budewa" don ƙaddamar da matsayinsu - ko ya kamata a dauke su fararen hula, POWs, ko mayakan abokan gaba. Masu sukar sun ce sake dubawa mai zurfi a farkon zai nuna cewa ba za a taɓa jigilar yara daga [[Afghanistan]] ba. Ofishin zartarwa na Gwamnatin Amurka ya yi iƙirarin a lokacin cewa mayakan abokan gaba sun wuce ikon kotunan Amurka. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yi watsi da kokarin zartarwa na kiyaye mayakan abokan gaba a waje da tsarin shari'a na Amurka; a cikin yanke shawara a shekara ta 2004, ta yanke hukuncin cewa duka fursunonin Amurka da na kasashen waje suna da damar kalubalantar tsare-tsaren su a gaban kotun da ba ta nuna bambanci. Ofishin zartarwa ya kafa Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki a cikin 2004 don kimanta ko wadanda aka tsare su ne mayakan abokan gaba. A cikin wata hira da BBC a shekara ta 2004, [[Mohammed Nimr al-Sammak|Naqibullah]], wani matashi dan Afghanistan, ya bayyana cewa ana bi da shi da mutunci, kuma yana samun ilimi, yayin da yake Camp Iguana . Wani sakon 2 ga Fabrairu 2004 ya taƙaita wani taro tsakanin Janar Geoffrey Miller, kwamandan sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay, da ma'aikatansa da Vincent Cassard na [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|ICRC]]. Geoffrey Miller ya ce:<blockquote>Har ila yau, CDR Timby yana cikin aiwatar da kammala rahoton daga isowa da tashiwar yara, sun nuna ci gaba mai ban mamaki. 2 daga cikin 3 sun zo nan tare da matsalolin tunani kuma sun bar nan ba tare da wani ba. Suna fatan sake fara rayuwa. Sun yi farin ciki sosai don komawa gida kuma suna cikin farin ciki."</blockquote>A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2005, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa an tsare wasu fursunoni a Guantanamo waɗanda aka fara tsare su a ƙasa da shekaru 18 (ma'anar ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙarami). Wani labarin ''[[New York Times]]'' da aka buga a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2005, ya ce akwai akalla wasu matasa shida, waɗanda aka tsare su a cikin yawan jama'a kuma aka bi da su a matsayin manya.Jami'an soja sun bayyana wannan kamar yadda suke cewa dole ne su kiyasta shekarun fursunoni."Ba su zo da takardar shaidar haihuwa ba, "in ji Col. Brad K. Blackner, babban jami'in harkokin jama'a a sansanin tsare-tsare. Col. David McWilliams, babban mai magana da yawun Amurka ta Kudu a Miami, wanda ke gudanar da aikin kurkuku, ya ce hukumomi sun amince da kimantawarsu. "Mun yi amfani da scans na ƙashi a wasu lokuta kuma an ƙayyade shekaru ta hanyar shaidar likita kamar yadda za mu iya, "in ji shi."Manyan jami'an soja sun bayyana wannan kamar yadda suke cewa dole ne su kiyasta shekarun fursunoni. Omar Khadr yana da shekaru 15 lokacin da aka kama shi. An ruwaito jami'an leken asiri na Amurka sun san shekarunsa da kuma asalinsa saboda shahararren mahaifinsa, Ahmed Khadr da kuma saboda babban ɗan'uwansa Abdurahman ya ba da hadin kai ga CIA a matsayin wakilin ɓoye a Guantanamo. Wani labarin ''Washington Post'' daga 29 ga Oktoba 2002 ya ruwaito:<blockquote>Ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni masu magana musamman shine Omar Khadr, wanda yake da shekaru goma sha shida yana ɗaya daga cikin fursuna mafi ƙanƙanta a hannun Amurka. Jami'an Amurka sun yi zargin cewa a ranar 27 ga Yuli ya kashe likitan Sojojin Musamman na Amurka, Sgt. Christopher Speer, a lokacin yakin gida-gida na sa'o'i hudu a ƙauyen Ayub Kheyl . An kama matashin da ya ji rauni, an kai shi Bagram, an kula da shi saboda raunukansa kuma an yi masa tambayoyi.</blockquote>Abdul Salam Mureef Ghaithan Al Shehri, ɗan ƙasar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] wanda yake da shekaru goma sha biyar lokacin da aka kama shi, ya yi bikin ranar haihuwarsa ta goma sha takwas a Guantanamo Bay, a ƙarshen Afrilu 2005. A cikin wata hira da aka watsa a BBC a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2005, Clive Stafford Smith ya ba da rahoton cewa ci gaba da tsare yara tsakanin 16 zuwa 18 a Guantanamo Bay ya haifar da zanga-zangar yajin aikin yunwa, wanda ya faru a lokacin rani na 2005. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar cewa tilasta ciyar da masu yajin aiki ya zama azabtarwa. A lokacin, Smith ya ce kusan matasa ashirin sun kasance a kurkuku a Guantanamo, wasu daga cikinsu ana tsare su a cikin dogon lokaci, tsare-tsare. Daraktan shari'a na Reprieve kuma sanannen lauyan kare hakkin dan adam na Burtaniya, yana wakiltar fursunoni 37 na Guantanamo. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 ma'aikatan kare hakkin dan adam na Afghanistan sun kalubalanci ƙididdigar binciken ƙashi na Amurka game da shekarun Mohammed Jawad, tsohon fursuna. Sun tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙuruciya 12 ko 13 lokacin da aka kama shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002. == Tsoffin fursunoni suna jiran sake zama == A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa ana sake buɗe sansanin Iguana don riƙe fursunoni waɗanda CSRTs suka kammala cewa ba su da "maƙiyan abokan gaba". Sauran wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin mayakan abokan gaba, ciki har da Sami Al Laithi, sun ci gaba da tsare su a sansanin Delta. A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2006 an kai Uighurs biyar, wadanda aka tsare a Camp Iguana, zuwa cibiyar 'yan gudun hijira a [[Albaniya|Albania]] kafin a sake duba takardun ''habeas corpus.'' An shirya wannan ne don Litinin bayan karshen mako. Wadannan biyar sun kasance daga cikin jimlar Uighurs 15 waɗanda aka ruwaito cewa ba su da niyyar kasancewa "maƙiyan abokan gaba". An tsare su a Guantanamo yayin da Amurka ke ƙoƙarin sanya su; suna tsoron komawa China saboda tsanantawa. A cikin wata hira ta tarho, Abu Baker Qassim, daya daga cikin Uighurs da aka aika zuwa Albania, ya ce Camp Iguana ya tsare mutane tara marasa laifi kafin tashi. Sauran maza huɗu marasa laifi sun kasance Rasha, [[Aljeriya]], [[Libya]], da kuma mutumin da aka haifa a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] ga 'yan gudun hijirar Uighur. A ranar 30 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Gregory Katsas ya gabatar da "sanarwa na matsayi" a kan sauran fursunonin Uyghur goma sha bakwai. Ya ce ba za a bi da su a matsayin mayakan abokan gaba ba. Lauyoyin su sun nuna cewa yawancin abokan cinikin su sun kasance a cikin kurkuku, wanda ake la'akari da hukunci mai tsanani. DOD ta ce za a tura dukkan Uyghurs zuwa sansanin Iguana don mafi kyawun yanayi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Mohammed Nimr al-Sammak|Asadullah Abdul Rahman]] * Muhammad Ismail Agha * [[Mohammed Nimr al-Sammak|Jerin fursunoni na Guantanamo Bay]] == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050509005128/http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAMR512011032003 "Amurka: Yara daga cikin wadanda aka gudanar a Guantánamo Bay"], sanarwar manema labarai ta [[Amnesty International]], 20 Nuwamba 2003 * [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/13/MNGNH509FC1.DTL "Yaro, mai shekaru 12, ya ba da labarin kwanaki a matsayin fursuna mai ta'addanci: Matashi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka tsare watanni 17, shekara guda a Guantanamo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418200011/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/13/MNGNH509FC1.DTL |date=2012-04-18 }}, ''San Francisco Chronicle,'' 12 Fabrairu 2005 * [https://www.theguardian.com/guantanamo/story/0,13743,1163435,00.html "Cuba? Yana da kyau, in ji yara maza da aka 'yantar daga sansanin kurkuku na Amurka"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 Yuni 2004 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051030074741/http://www.cageprisoners.com/articles.php?id=7880 "Yaran Guantanamo Bay"], 6 ga Yuni 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051128174816/http://melbourne.indymedia.org/news/2005/08/94832.php Clive Stafford Smith, "Yaran Guantanamo Bay"], ''Melbourne Indymedia'' 19 ga Agusta 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060312105323/http://www.zone-interdite.net/P/base.php?laenge=-4512&breite=1194&pos=download Kasuwanci na 3D na Kamfanin Delta tare da Kamfanin Iguana (daga aikin Art Zone * haramtacce)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060602091855/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article620704.ece "Yaran Guantanamo Bay"], The Independent, 28 ga Mayu 2006 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eviab193regkt6d7ci1wdy25tnvi8fu 0 88098 965717 718714 2026-10-10T09:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Verdaguer Ruiz''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Núm. 169: D’on ve la moda de vestir en roba interior? |url=https://beteve.cat/placa-tisner/num-169-moda-vestir-roba-interior/ |website=[[Betevé]]}}</ref> (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1983) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Mutanen Espanya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ayyukansa a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Catalan kamar 10,000 km (2014), Summer 1993 (2017), wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Goya don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako da ''Ɗaya ga Dukan'' (2020). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Goya don Mafi kyawun Actor saboda yadda ya nuna Ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Eugenio a cikin Jokes & Cigarettes (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2024 |title=‘Society of the Snow’ sweeps Spain’s 38th Goya Awards |url=https://efe.com/en/culture/2024-02-11/society-of-the-snow-sweeps-spains-38th-goya-awards/ |website=[[Agencia EFE]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya fara aikinsa a ƙananan matsayi a shirye-shirye daban-daban daga tashar talabijin ta Catalan TV3 kamar Plats Bruts (2001), El Cor de la Ciutat (2002-2003) da ''Ventdelplà'' (2005). A shekara ta 2006, ya zama wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na Alguna Pregunta Més? a matsayin mai ba da rahoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2014 |title=David Verdaguer es retroba amb l'Homo APM?, a l''APM? Extra' |url=http://www.emporda.info/oci/2016/04/08/david-verdaguer-retroba-lhomo-apm/309597.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=Empordà Info |language=Catalan}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, ya sami babban rawar sa ta farko a matsayin Santi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Zoo'', game da rayuwar ma'aikata a Zoo na Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2008 |title=Así es 'Zoo', la sustituta de 'Ventdelplà' en TV3 |url=http://www.formulatv.com/noticias/6567/asi-es-zoo-la-sustituta-de-ventdelpla-en-tv3/ |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=Fórmula TV |language=es}}</ref> Tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Polònia da ''Crackòvia'' yana yin ra'ayi na 'yan siyasa da wasanni da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2013 |title='Polònia' acapara l'audiència del dia a TV3 |url=http://www.ara.cat/media/Polonia-acapara-laudiencia-dia-TV3_0_844715630.html |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=Ara |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2014 |title='Crackòvia' vuelve el lunes con aire de informativo humorístico |url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/tele/crackovia-programa-informativo-humoristico-3575988 |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=El Periódico |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ya fito a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya 10,000 km tare da Natalia Tena, wanda Carlos Marqués-Marcet ya jagoranta, masu sukar sun yaba da aikinsa a fim din kuma ya haifar da gabatarwa ta farko ta Goya Award, don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actor, ya kuma lashe Kyautar Gaudí don Mafi Kyawu Actor a Matsayin Jagora kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Feroz don Mafi Kyau Actor a Fim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2014 |title=Natalia Tena y David Verdaguer, amor a '10.000 Km' |url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/natalia-tena-david-verdaguer-amor-10000-3263626 |access-date=August 10, 2021 |website=El Periódico |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Summer 1993 tare da Bruna Cusí da Laia Artigas, wanda Carla Simón ta jagoranta, fim ɗin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an zaba shi a shigarwar Mutanen Espanya don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje a 90th Academy Awards, kodayake ba a zaba shi ba. A 32nd Goya Awards, fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka uku daga cikin zabuka takwas kuma Verdaguer ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako. Ya yi aiki tare da Carlos Marqués-Marcet sau biyu, a cikin fina-finai Anchor da Hope (2017) da The Days to Come (2019). A cikin 2020, ya fito a cikin Uno para todos, inda ya sami gabatarwa ta uku ta Goya. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |{{Center|2014}} |10,000 km (10,000 km) |Sergi | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/cultura/cine/2014-03-25/10-000-km-gran-sorpresa-en-el-festival-de-malaga_106486/|website=[[El Confidencial]]|title='10.000 Km', gran sorpresa en el Festival de Málaga|date=25 March 2014|first=Juan M.|last=Fdez.}}</ref>}} |- |{{Center|2015}} |Abubuwan da ake buƙata don zama mutum na al'ada (Batuwan da za a kasance Mutum na al'adu) |Juan | | |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2016}} |''<nowiki><i id="mwcw">Mita 100</i></nowiki>'' (mita 100) |Mario | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cronista.com/espana/peliculas-series/netflix-la-pelicula-basada-en-un-hecho-real-que-dura-2-horas-y-no-querras-dejar-de-ver/|website=[[El Cronista]]|title=Netflix: la película basada en un hecho real que dura 2 horas y no querrás dejar de ver|date=30 December 2022}}</ref>}} |- |Kada ka zargi karma da abin da ya faru da kai ta hanyar gilipollas (''Kada ku zargi Karma da kasancewa wawa'') |Roberto | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|website=Aisge|url=https://www.aisge.es/estrenos-del-11-de-noviembre-no-culpes-al-karma-de-lo-que-te-pasa-por-gilipollas|date=8 November 2016|first=Alberto|last=Úbeda-Portugués|title=Los estrenos del 11 de noviembre. 'No culpes al karma de lo que te pasa por gilipollas'. Los vuelcos del corazón}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2017}} |Estiu 1993 (Summer 1993) |Esteve | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20170907/431094704331/estiu-1993-espana-oscar.html|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=7 September 2017|title=La conmovedora ‘Estiu 1993’ representará a España en los Oscar|first=Fernando|last=García}}</ref>}} |- |''Anchor da Bege'' |Roger | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-anchor-and-hope-review-20181114-story.html|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=14 November 2018|first=Gary|last=Goldestein|title=Review: Euro dramedy 'Anchor and Hope' is a messy look at the making of a modern family}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2019}} |''Ina barin shi a duk lokacin da nake so'' (''Zan iya barin duk lokacin da nake so'') |Bitrus | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aisge.es/los-estrenos-del-12-de-abril-lo-dejo-cuando-quiera|website=AISGE|date=9 April 2019|title=Los estrenos del 12 de abril. 'Lo dejo cuando quiera'|first=Alberto|last=Úbeda-Portugués}}</ref>}} |- |Matattu da za su zo (The Days to Come) |Lluís | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ara.cat/cultura/carlos-marques-marcet-estrena-pellicula-els-dies-que-vindran_1_2698921.html|website=[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]|date=10 January 2019|title=Carlos Marqués-Marcet i Lluís Miñarro estrenaran nous films al Festival de Rotterdam}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2020}} |''Ɗaya ga kowa'' (Daya ga Duk) |Aleix | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/ocio-y-cultura/2020/10/24/vega-valles-actriz-uno-para-todos-1401673.html|website=[[Heraldo de Aragón]]|title=Vega Vallés: el 'baby boom' de los actores aragoneses suma un nuevo talento|date=24 October 2010|first=Ana|last=Usieto}}</ref>}} |- |''Gida'' (Mazaunin) |Raúl | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/es/actualidad/cine/a31952177/hogar-javier-gutierrez-mario-casas-netflix/|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=27 March 2020|first=Rafael|last=Galán|title=Hogar, la crítica social de Javier Gutiérrez y Mario Casas en Netflix que da en el clavo}}</ref>}} |- |{{Center|2022}} |''Sarakuna da Santa'' (''Sarakuna Uku Masu Hikima da Santa'') |Gaspar | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20221117/reyes-contra-santa-pelicula/2409371.shtml|website=[[rtve.es]]|title= 'Reyes contra Santa': los verdaderos héroes de la infancia se pican y se unen en una gran aventura|date=17 November 2022|first=Esteban|last=Ramón}}</ref>}} |- |{{Center|2023}} |''Sanin wannan'' (Jokes & Cigarettes) |{{Interlanguage link|Eugenio (comedian)|es|Eugenio (humorista)}} | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/criticas/saben-aquell-critica-estreno-reparto-5185934/|website=[[Cinemanía]]|first=Rubén|last=Romero Santos|title=Crítica de 'Saben aquell': retrato del artista renuente|date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2024}} |''Gidan'' |José | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20240430/historias-gente-normal-haciendo-cosas-101746464|website=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|publisher=[[Prensa Ibérica]]|title=Historias de gente normal haciendo cosas normales: 'La casa' de Paco Roca se hace película|date=30 April 2024|first=Quim|last=Casas}}</ref>}} |- |El ''47'' (The 47) |Serra | |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aisge.es/los-estrenos-del-6-de-septiembre-el-47|title=Los estrenos del 6 de septiembre. 'El 47'. Derecho al respeto|date=1 September 2024|first=Alberto|last=Úbeda-Portugués}}</ref>}} |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Halinsa !Tashar !Bayani |- |2001 |''Rashin kwanon rufi'' | |TV3 |1 fitowar |- |2002–2003 |''Kwararrun Birni'' | |TV3 |Abubuwa 2 |- |2005 |''Ventdelplà'' | |TV3 |Abubuwa 3 |- |2008 |''Zoo'' |Santi Feliu |TV3 |Abubuwa 23 |- |2009 |''Ba ka shirya don TDT'' | |TV3 |Abubuwa 15 |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |''Barcelona, birni mai tsaka-tsaki'' |Oliver |TV3 |1 fitowar |- |''Iyalin Mai Tsarki'' |Jofre |TV3 |Abubuwa 13 |- |2011–2013 |''Pop mai sauri'' |Enric |TV3 |Abubuwa 25 |- |2012–2014 |''Crackòvia'' |Haruffa daban-daban |TV3 |Abubuwa 44 |- |2013–2014 |''Poland'' |Haruffa daban-daban |TV3 |Abubuwa 19 |- |2013–2016 |''Abubuwa masu girma'' |Ferrer |TV3 |Abubuwa 23 |- |2016 |''Ofishin Jakadancin'' |Romero |Antena 3 |Abubuwa 11 |- |2016–2017 |''Dare da rana'' |Pol Ambrós |TV3 |Abubuwa 26 |- |2019 |''Rayuwa Mai Kyau'' |Gustavo |#0 |Abubuwa 5 |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == [[Fayil:Goyas_2024_-_David_Verdaguer-2.jpg|thumb|Verdaguer yana riƙe da lambar yabo ta Goya don Mafi kyawun Actor don Jokes & Cigarettes .]] {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="3" |{{Center|2015}} |{{Sort|Feroz 02|[[2nd Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor | rowspan="3" |''Km 10,000''|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/vertele/videos/actualidad/isla-minima-feroz-acida-americana_1_7622682.html|website=Vertele!|via=[[eldiario.es]]|title='La isla mínima' gana los Feroz, en una gala ácida a la americana|date=26 January 2015|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Gaudi 07|[[7th Gaudí Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/cultura/cine-00128/noticia-10000-km-gran-triunfadora-vii-premis-gaudi-20150202112705.html|website=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|title=10.000 Km, la gran triunfadora de los VII Premis Gaudí|date=2 February 2015|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Goya 29|[[29th Goya Awards]]}} |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actor|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotogramas.es/premios-goya/a5392897/dani-rovira-mejor-actor-revelacion-por-ocho-apellidos-vascos/|website=[[Fotogramas]]|title=Dani Rovira, mejor actor revelación por 'Ocho apellidos vascos'|date=8 February 2015|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Center|2017}} |{{Sort|Gaudi 09|[[9th Gaudí Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Mita 100''|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eitb.eus/es/cultura/cine/detalle/4618549/karra-elejalde-galardonado-gaudi-al-actor-secundario/|website=[[EiTB]]|title=Karra Elejalde, galardonado con el audí al mejor actor secundario|date=29 January 2017|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="4" |{{Center|2018}} |{{Sort|Feroz 05|[[5th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako | rowspan="2" |''Lokacin bazara 1993''|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/palmares-los-premios-feroz-2018-98838/|website=[[Cinemanía]]|via=[[20minutos.es]]|title=Palmarés de los Premios Feroz 2018: 'Verano 1993' triunfa y se acerca a los Goya|date=23 January 2018|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Sort|Gaudi 10|[[10th Gaudí Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako|| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/a19457506/premios-gaudi-2018-ganadores-verano-1993/|website=[[Fotogramas]]|title=Premios Gaudí: 'Incierta Gloria' arrasa en estatuillas mientras 'Verano 1993' se corona como la Mejor Película catalana del año|date=29 January 2018|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor |''Anchor da Bege''|| {{Won}} |- |{{Sort|Goya 32|[[32nd Goya Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Lokacin bazara 1993''|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/premios-goya/a19458003/goya-2018-david-verdaguer/|website=[[Fotogramas]]|title=Goya 2018: David Verdaguer, mejor actor de reparto por 'Verano 1993'|date=4 February 2018|first=Philipp|last=Engel|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2020}} |{{Sort|Feroz 07|[[7th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor | rowspan="2" |''Kwanaki Masu Zuwa''|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/cine/2020/01/17/5e216a4e21efa0fe078b4575.html|title=Premios Feroz 2020: Lista completa de ganadores|date=17 January 2020|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Gaudi 12|[[12th Gaudí Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/cultura/noticias/karra-elejalde-gana-gaudi-mejor-actor-por-mientras-dure-guerra-20200120_597616|website=[[Cadena COPE]]|title=Karra Elejalde gana el Gaudí a mejor actor por "Mientras dure la guerra"|date=20 January 2020|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="3" |{{Center|2021}} |{{Sort|Feroz 08|[[8th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor | rowspan="3" |''Ɗaya ga Dukan''|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://woman.elperiodico.com/lifestyle/lista-completa-ganadores-premios-feroz-76800088|website=Woman|via=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|title=Lista completa de los ganadores a los Premios Feroz 2021|date=2 March 2021|first=Clara|last=Hernández|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Goya 35|[[35th Goya Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[eldiario.es]]|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/cine/premios-goya-2021-lista-completa-ganadores_1_7281576.html|title=Premios Goya 2021: consulta aquí la lista completa de ganadores|date=6 March 2021|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Gaudi 13|[[13th Gaudí Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/cine/2021/03/21/6057991bfc6c835c438b45c4.html|website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|date=21 March 2021|title='La vampira de Barcelona', Premio Gaudí a la mejor película|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Center|2023}} |{{Sort|Forque 29|[[29th Forqué Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Fim | rowspan="7" |''Abin takaici da Sigari''|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.larazon.es/cultura/lista-completa-ganadores-premios-forque-2023_20231217657e2dfff03b8e0001f2185e.html|website=[[La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]]|date=17 December 2023|first=Matías G.|last=Rebolledo|title=Lista completa de ganadores de los Premios Forqué 2023}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="6" |{{Center|2024}} |{{Sort|Feroz 11|[[11th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Fim|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.larazon.es/cultura/lista-completa-ganadores-premios-forque-2023_20231217657e2dfff03b8e0001f2185e.html|website=[[La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]]|date=17 December 2023|first=Matías G.|last=Rebolledo|title=Lista completa de ganadores de los Premios Forqué 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Gaudi 16|[[16th Gaudí Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.larazon.es/cataluna/premios-gaudi-2024-lista-completa-ganadores_2024020565c0c898327cdd0001afd630.html|website=[[La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]]|title=Premios Gaudí 2024: Lista completa de los ganadores|first=Jana|last=Oteo|date=5 February 2024}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|CEC 79|79th [[CEC Awards|CEC Medals]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kinotico.es/actualidad/2023-12-29/cerrar-ojos-victor-erice-mas-nominada-edicion-numero-79-medallas-cec|website=Kinótico|title=‘Cerrar los ojos’, de Víctor Erice, la más nominada en la edición número 79 de las Medallas CEC|date=29 December 2023}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Goya 38|[[38th Goya Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/premios-goya-2024-palmares-completo-todos-los-ganadores-gran-noche-la-sociedad-de-la-nieve-bayona-5216907/|website=[[Cinemanía]]|via=[[20minutos.es]]|title=Premios Goya 2024 {{!}} Palmarés completo: todos los ganadores de la gran noche de 'La sociedad de la nieve'|date=11 February 2024}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Actors and Actresses Union 32|[[32nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor na Fim a Matsayin Jagora|| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/cultura/cine-00128/noticia-malena-alterio-maribel-verdu-lola-duenas-quim-gutierrez-protagonistas-32-premios-ua-20240312042138.html|website=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]|title=Malena Alterio, Maribel Verdú, Lola Dueñas y Quim Gutiérrez, entre los protagonistas de los 32 Premios UA|date=12 March 2024}}</ref>}} |- |{{Sort|Platino 11|[[11th Platino Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Nom}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/premios-platino-2024-palmares-ganadores-sociedad-nieve-5238097/|website=[[Cinemanía]]|via=[[20minutos.es]]|title=Premios Platino 2024 {{!}} Palmarés completo: el triunfo de 'La sociedad de la nieve' y todos los ganadores de la noche|date=21 April 2024}}</ref>}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|1992631|David Verdaguer}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 1vbc9v10csv3qyi495hq86behv9tj2u 3 88158 965744 546751 2026-10-10T10:43:47Z M7 3588 M7 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Andrei Stroe]] to [[Tattaunawar user:SlartibartfastT]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Andrei Stroe|Andrei Stroe]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SlartibartfastT|SlartibartfastT]]" 546751 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Andrei Stroe! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Andrei Stroe|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) oqlzjm5speuuvri1sf6asyyhleypz5q 3 88826 965380 933435 2026-10-09T18:38:44Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Goge Shafi Kwallon Coba */ sabon sashe 965380 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muhdavdullahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muhdavdullahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Disamba 2024 (UTC) == Zaben UC4C 2025 == Assalam @[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]], Ina neman goyon bayanka (support) a zaben UC4C don zama daya daga cikin mamba na kwamitin UC4C. Ka yi (support) ga Uncle Bash007 a wannan shafin zaben: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/403 [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 06:21, 16 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) == Ƙirƙirar muƙalu marasa inganci == Ina janyo hankalin ka, da ka dakata da ƙirƙirar muƙala haka saboda rashin ingancin da suke da shi, muƙalolin da ka ƙirƙira suna cikin jerin waɗanda za'a iya gogewa a koda-yaushe matuƙar ba'a inganta su ba. Musamman tsarin rubutu da fassararsu. Na goge wasu a yanzu haka kuma zanci gaba da bibiyar sauran, matuƙar ba'a inganta su ba. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 09:58, 4 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 10:28, 5 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)Na Fahimta Kuma in sha Allahu zan gyara na gode == Bukatar Inganta Kirkirar Mukalu [[Lola Rae]] == Assalam, Wannan mukala da ke sama da ka kirkira tana da kura-kurai da yawa wanda na gyara kusan kowacce jimla tun daga farko har karshe. Saboda haka ina mai janyo hankalin ka da ka kula sannan nan gaba zan goge idan na ga gyararraki da yawa. Fatan za'a gyara Mu huta lafiya [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:26, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :ok na fahimta[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 18:23, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Fassara mara inganci (za'a goge) == Assalam wannan mukala [[Klinghammer's computus]] da ka fassara bata da cikakkiyar ma'ana sakamakon fassara mara inganchi. Saboda haka za'a goge ta [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 16:52, 6 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Za'a goge shafin [[Sabeen Mahmud]] [[user:Musa Vacho77]] == Za'a goge wannan shafin [[Sabeen Mahmud]] saboda fassara mara inganci kuma akwai kalmomin wani yare. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 12:46, 13 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Goge Shafi [[Kwallon Coba]] == Assalam, Za'a goge wannan shafin [[Kwallon Coba]] saboda akwai shafin a Hausa Wikipedia [[Kwanon Coba]], kuma kai ka kirkiri wancan shafin. Saboda haka za'a goge cikin gaggawa. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 18:38, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) d9yu8kazdjal0a593i34iylqtx7t0u0 0 92867 965541 961332 2026-10-10T00:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christina Hammer''' (an Haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 1990) yar damben Jamus ce. A matsayinta na ƙwararriyar, ta gudanar da gasar zakarun duniya da yawa a cikin nau'ikan nauyi biyu, gami da taken WBO na matsakaicin nauyi na mata daga shekara 2010 zuwa 2019, <ref name="Verona">{{Cite web |last=Songalia |first=Ryan |date=14 December 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Wants Claressa Shiels Fight: 'She's Not a ROle Model For the Sport Like I Am' |url=https://www.ringtv.com/524895-christina-hammer-wants-claressa-shields-fight-shes-not-a-role-model-for-the-sport-like-i-am/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2019 |title=Christina Hammer Vs. Claressa Shields April 13 On Showtime |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-april-13-on-showtime/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> ta zama ƙaramin ɗan dambe don lashe taken duniya na WBO; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liggero |first=Becky |date=3 April 2018 |title=Christina Hammer goes 'all the way up' with Lady Hammer Casino |url=https://calvinayre.com/2018/04/03/business/christina-hammer-goes-way-lady-hammer-casino-video/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=CalvinAyre.com}}</ref> taken mata na matsakaicin nauyi na WBC tsakanin 2016 da 2018; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Brian |date=12 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields vs. Christina Hammer middleweight unification fight set for April on Showtime |url=https://www.cbssports.com/boxing/news/claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-middleweight-unification-fight-set-for-april-on-showtime/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[CBS Sports]]}}</ref> da taken mata na babban matsakaicin nauyi na WBO a cikin 2013. <ref name="Undisputed">{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=26 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Christina Hammer set to square off Nov. 17 in Atlantic City |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/24797064/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-set-square-nov-17-atlantic-city |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ta kuma ƙalubalanci sau ɗaya don taken WBO mata mai matsakaicin nauyi a cikin 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=WBF Executive Committee Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news072814wbf-press-release.htm#.XHJYquj7SUk |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> da sau ɗaya don gasar zakarun matsakaicin nauyi na mata da [[Claressa Shields]] a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BoxRec: Bout |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/782880/2323790 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=boxrec.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pugmire |first=Lance |date=12 April 2019 |title=Claressa Shields focused on winning and dominating versus Christina Hammer |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/boxing/la-sp-claressa-shields-christina-hammer-fight-20190412-story.html |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="espn">{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=13 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields-Christina Hammer back on, to fight April 13 in Atlantic City |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/25982545/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-fight-back-held-april-13-atlantic-city |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[ESPN]] |quote="Hammer (24-0, 11 KOs), 28, a Kazakhstan native fighting out of Germany"}}</ref> Tun nasarar da Hammer ta samu a kan Zita Zatyko, ta samu nasarar lashe Gwarzon Shekara ta WBF da WBO; <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Female world champion Christina Hammer signs contract with Dmitriy Salita |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/female-world-champion-christina-hammer-signs-contract-with-dmitriy-salita/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043700/https://www.worldboxingnews.net/2017/12/18/female-world-champion-christina-hammer-signs-contract-with-dmitriy-salita/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=World Boxing News}}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta BDB's BDB's Female Boxer of Year; <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Claressa Shields |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2018/news121218claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer.htm |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> kuma WBO ta ba ta lambar lu'u-lu'u ta WBO don kyakkyawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=Christina Hammer and SoftSwiss launch an online casino in partnership with WBC |url=https://www.softswiss.com/company-news/christina-hammer-softswiss-launch-online-casino-partnership-wbc/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=SoftSwiss}}</ref> Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2019, Hammer yana cikin matsayi na biyu mafi kyawun matsakaicin nauyi na mata ta ''The Ring'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Doug |date=22 February 2019 |title=Ratings Update: Inaugural Ring Women's Title on the Line in Shields-Hammer Showdown |url=https://www.ringtv.com/554883-ratings-update-inaugural-ring-womens-title-on-the-line-in-shields-hammer-showdown/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> da BoxRec, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=Female Middleweight Rankings - BoxRec |url=http://boxrec.com/en/ratings?abc%5Bcountry%5D=&abc%5Bdivision%5D=Middleweight&abc%5Bsex%5D=F&abc%5Bstance%5D=&abc%5Bstatus%5D=a&r_go= |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[BoxRec]]}}</ref> da kuma mace ta bakwai mafi kyawun aiki, fam-for-pound, ta ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 August 2020 |title=Women's boxing pound-for-pound rankings: Did Katie Taylor do enough to take over the No. 1 spot? |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29738630/women-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-did-katie-taylor-do-enough-take-no-1-spot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902004027/https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29738630/women-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-did-katie-taylor-do-enough-take-no-1-spot |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> An san Hammer don salon wasan dambe na haƙuri da dabara, sawa abokan hamayyarta ƙasa da jabs da ƙarin haƙƙoƙin bin diddigi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=8 Badass Female Boxers You Need To Know |url=https://www.gq.com.au/fitness/sport/8-badass-female-boxers-you-need-to-know/image-gallery/ba717cff32055a45846abaa2bd51ea96 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[GQ]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=23 June 2018 |title=Claressa Shields recovers to beat Hanna Gabriels, confronts Christina Hammer |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/23880118/claressa-shields-recovers-first-round-knockdown-defeats-hanna-gabriels |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Tun Nuwamba 2021 Wasserman Boxing ne ya sanya hannu kuma Daniel Todorovic na O1NE Sport GmbH ne ke sarrafa ta. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Christina Hammer 16 Agusta 1990 a Nowodolinka, Kazakh SSR, kafin yin hijira tare da iyayenta zuwa Sontra, Jamus, a 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=27 February 2019 |title=Fiery Claressa Shields prods cool Christina Hammer before blockbuster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/feb/27/shields-hammer-undisputed-womens-boxing-unification-fight |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |quote="Hammer, the German émigrée from Kazakhstan"}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Steve |date=5 April 2019 |title=For Christina Hammer, fighting in ballyhooed bout was her destiny |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/26448244/for-christina-hammer-fighting-ballyhooed-bout-was-destiny |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[ESPN]] |quote="migrated from Kazakhstan"}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burnett |first=Gabrielle |date=22 February 2019 |title=Shields vs Hammer: All Eyes On Womens Boxing |url=https://www.myartmyrules.com/viewsfromringside/2018/1/28/its-our-time-to-shine |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=My Art My Rules}}</ref> Iyayenta sun bar Kazakhstan yayin da suke ganin kyakkyawar makoma ga dukan iyali a Jamus, tare da ingancin ilimi da ingancin rayuwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Michael |date=22 December 2017 |title=Please Allow Her To Introduce Herself: MEET CHRISTINA HAMMER |url=http://nyfights.com/fight-news-nyf/please-allow-introduce-meet-christina-hammer/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=NYFights}}</ref> yayin da Hammer yayi magana game da girma don kada ya daina. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Craig |date=10 August 2017 |title=Exclusive interview: Christina Hammer – 'Claressa Shields didn't impress me!' |url=http://fighttalk.net/index.php/2017/08/10/exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Fight Talk |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626053513/http://fighttalk.net/index.php/2017/08/10/exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Craig |date=10 August 2017 |title=Exclusive interview: Christina Hammer |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/news/166-exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043741/https://www.christinahammer.de/news/166-exclusive-interview-christina-hammer-claressa-shields-didnt-impress-me.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=FightTalk.net}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da sha'awar wasanni ta hanyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]], guje-guje, iyo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Struby |first=Tim |date=7 August 2017 |title=Meet Christina Hammer, The World Champion Boxer Who's Also a Lingerie Model |url=https://www.maxim.com/sports/christina-hammer-2017-8 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]}}</ref> kuma tana da shekaru 13, an gabatar da ita a wasan dambe bayan kawunta sun ba ta izinin raka su zuwa wuraren wasan dambe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Michael |date=14 May 2018 |title=A Deeper Look Into Christina Hammer |url=https://www.ringtv.com/535828-deeper-look-christina-hammer/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> Ta yi horo a Eschwege a karkashin Robert Staar, yayin da ta ci gaba da zama zakara na ƙarami bayan shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=For Christina Hammer now the adventure USA begins |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/boxerin-christina-hammer-aus-sontra-boxt-in-usa-9895217.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2018 |title=Christina Hammer |url=http://www.thebestofintima.com/en/magazine_detail/christina_hammer-3794.html |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=The Best of Intima}}</ref> Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, kocinta da mai horar da su, Dimitri Kirnos ya gano Hammer, inda ta ce: "Ko da yake na girma a cikin karamin gari, ina da shekaru 18 na yanke shawarar zama ƙwararren ɗan dambe kuma na ƙaura daga gida [...] Tabbas, ba shi da sauƙi a farko, amma na san zan iya yin hakan idan na cire shi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuchs |first=Klara |date=4 February 2017 |title=Boxing Champion Christina Hammer Interviewed |url=https://www.klarafuchs.com/2017/02/07/boxweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043933/https://www.klarafuchs.com/2017/02/07/boxweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-interview/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Klara Fuchs}}</ref> Lokacin da Hammer ke girma, ta sha'awar Gennady Golovkin da Wladimir Klitschko a matsayin 'yan wasa, yayin da ta bayyana cewa ita ma tana sha'awar "mata masu karfi kamar [[Jennifer Lopez]] wadanda suka gina daular kansu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Jill |date=6 April 2018 |title=Outside the Ring: Christina Hammer |url=http://www.boxing.com/outside_the_ring_christina_hammer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042725/http://www.boxing.com/outside_the_ring_christina_hammer.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Boxing.com}}</ref> == Amateur aiki == Hammer ta fafata a gasar dambe ta Eschwege a gasar Jamus da dama, inda ta doke zakaran kananan yara na Jamus a 2007, inda ta samu nasara baki daya kan tsohon zakaran Jamus Manon Rohrbach da shekaru 63.&nbsp;kg, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2007 |title=Action Day "Movement against Violent Violence in Motion" |url=http://www.freestyle-marburg.de/page:article:show:0000168483 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=FreeStyle |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043806/http://www.freestyle-marburg.de/page:article:show:0000168483 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma lashe Gasar Gasar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jamus ta Ƙasashen Duniya a Berlin ta hanyar kayar da Madelyn Cibis (BC Oberhavel) RSC-1 a 75&nbsp;kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2007 |title=Women's boxing DM for the 100th Neukölln club anniversary |url=http://www.boxen-hamburg.de/dmfrauen07.htm |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Boxing Hamburg}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2007 |title=The finals |url=http://boxclub-oberhavel.de/durchgeboxt-bis-ins-finale/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Märker}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2008, ta je Eichstätt inda ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Jamus, inda ta ci azurfa bayan ta doke Silke Huenecke 28–7 da Janine Hoffmann 19–12, duk da haka, da zarar ta je wasan karshe ta yi rashin nasara da maki daya a kan Nikolina Orlovic da ci 13–14. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2008 |title=German Womens Championships - Eichstaett |url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Nationalchamps/Germany2008w.html |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Amateur Boxing}}</ref> Hammer da farko ta gama aikinta na mai son tare da yin nasara 22 da rashin nasara 1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Christina Hammer - the youngest German boxing champion |url=https://rusdeutsch.eu/Nachrichten/3136 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Landsmannschaft of the Russian Germans}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2021, ta koma matsayin mai son da niyyar yin takara a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lubrich |first=Jörg |date=14 February 2021 |title=Amateur-Comeback von Christina Hammer - Dortmunderin steuert Olympia in Tokio an |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/boxen/amateur-comeback-von-christina-hammer-dortmunderin-steuert-olympia-in-tokio-an-75357748.bild.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214100306/https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/boxen/amateur-comeback-von-christina-hammer-dortmunderin-steuert-olympia-in-tokio-an-75357748.bild.html |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=bild.de |language=de}}</ref> Ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa gasar Olympics ta Tokyo. === Gasar Junior ta Ƙasashen Duniya === Hammer ta fafata a gasar dambe ta Eschwege a gasar wasannin Jamus da dama, inda ta doke zakaran kananan yara na Jamus na 2007, inda ta samu nasara baki daya kan tsohon zakaran Jamus Manon Rohrbach a kilogiram 63, kuma ta lashe Gasar Kananan Yara na Jamusawa a Berlin ta hanyar doke Madelyn Cibis (BC Oberhavel) RSC 3k4 a 7. A watan Agustan 2008, ta je Eichstätt inda ta fafata a Gasar Mata ta Jamus, inda ta ci azurfa bayan ta doke Silke Huenecke 28–7 da Janine Hoffmann 19–12, duk da haka, da zarar ta wuce zuwa wasan karshe ta yi rashin nasara da maki daya a kan Nikolina Orlovic da ci 13–14. Hammer da farko ta gama aikinta na mai son tare da samun nasara 22 da rashin nasara 1. A cikin Fabrairu 2021, ta koma matsayin mai son da niyyar yin takara a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo. Ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa gasar Olympics ta Tokyo.2007 * An ci Madelyn Cibis (Jamus) RSC–1 === Gasar cin kofin Jamus === '''2008''' * An ci Silke Huenecke (Jamus) (27–2) * An ci Janine Hoffmann (Jamus) (19–12) * Nikolina Orlovic ( [[Kroatiya|Craatia]] ) ya yi rashin nasara (13-14) == Sana'ar sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Bayan da ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar zakarun kasar Jamus, Hammer ta dan yi la'akari da fafatawa a gasar Olympics ta London 2012, amma burinta na zama zakara ya fi girma. <ref name="Olympics">{{Cite web |last=Karl |first=Fabian |date=18 February 2011 |title="MOST OF THE TIME I KNOCKED OUT" |url=http://www.pflichtlektuere.com/18/02/2011/die-meisten-hab-ich-halt-ausgeknockt/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Pflichtlektüre}}</ref> Hammer ta fara wasanta na farko a fagen ƙwararru tana da shekaru 19 a ranar 12 ga Satumbar 2009 a Gewerbehof Schlutius a [[Magdeburg]] da mayaƙin Jamus Melisa Koktar, wadda Hammer ta doke ta ta hanyar buga fasaha (TKO) a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="Record"/> A kan 24 Oktoba 2009 a Anhalt Arena a Dessau, Hammer ya lashe hudu zagaye baki daya yanke shawara a kan Czech jirgin saman soja Sarka Stoklaskova, wanda ya fadi zuwa 2-8 (1 KO) tare da asarar. <ref name="Record" /> Har zuwa 23 ga Oktoba 2010, ta ci gaba da samun karin fadace-fadace guda biyar a cikin watanni goma sha daya, inda ta doke Marija Pejakovic, Daniela Bickei, Patricia Braesick, Marie Riederer, da Mihaela Dragan duk ta hanyar knockout a cikin zagaye biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahly |first=Martin |date=28 September 2010 |title=With hammer to the world championship |url=https://www.wr.de/sport/lokalsport/dortmund/mit-hammer-zur-weltmeisterschaft-id3769668.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Westfälische Rundschau}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröder |first=Rene |date=19 October 2010 |title="The big step forward" |url=https://www.derwesten.de/sport/lokalsport/dortmund/der-grosse-schritt-nach-vorn-id3848977.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022003127/http://www.derwesten.de/sport/lokalsport/dortmund/Der-grosse-Schritt-nach-vorn-id3848977.html |archive-date=22 October 2010 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Derwesten.de}}</ref> ==== Hammer vs. Perozzi ==== A ranar 23 Oktoba 2010, Hammer ta haɓaka matakin gasarta kuma ta fuskanci Teresa Perozzi don matsayi na WBO na matsakaici a Erdgas Arena a Riesa, Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dechabert |first=Derek |date=18 January 2012 |title=Perozzi ready to defend title on home shores |url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20120118/SPORT/701189962&template=mobileart |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2010 |title=Teresa Perozzi Loses In Germany |url=http://bernews.com/2010/10/teresa-perozzi-loses-in-germany/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Bernews}}</ref> tare da yakin da aka nuna akan Sport1 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=Christina Strikes Hard |url=https://www.riesa.de/deu/_presse/presse_meldung.php?id=601 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044514/https://www.riesa.de/deu/_presse/presse_meldung.php?id=601 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Willkommen in der Sportstadt Riesa}}</ref> Southpaw Perozzi ya fara yakin ne ta hanyar amfani da matsa lamba mai yawa da kuma saita sauri wanda ya tilasta Hammer ya yi tunani game da tsaro fiye da yakin da ta yi a baya. <ref name="Record"/> Ayyukan ya kasance har ma da farko, duk da haka, Hammer ya fara zira kwallaye akai-akai ga shugaban Perozzi a cikin zagaye na gaba. <ref name="Record" /> Perozzi ta ci gaba da kokarin danna laifinta amma hakkin Hammer ya ba da mafi kyawun harbe-harbe a cikin fada wanda sau da yawa ya fi kusanci fiye da katin da aka nuna. <ref name="Record" /> Hammer ya yi nasara a yanke shawara guda goma zagaye na 98–92, 97–93, da 97–93 don zama zakaran damben duniya mafi karancin shekaru na Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Dan |date=4 January 2012 |title=A look back at Perozzi's climb to the top |url=http://bermudasun.bm/Content/SPORTS/Boxing/Article/A-look-back-at-Perozzi-s-climb-to-the-top/8/117/56053 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodyard |first=Eric |date=3 August 2017 |title=See how Claressa Shields compares to all-time greats of women's boxing |url=https://www.mlive.com/sports/flint/index.ssf/2017/08/see_how_claressa_shields_compa.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=MLive.com}}</ref> kuma dan dambe mafi karancin shekaru a tarihi don lashe taken WBO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Professional boxer Christina Hammer wants to contest show fights in the USA |url=http://www.lvz.de/Region/Doebeln/Profi-Boxerin-Christina-Hammer-will-Show-Kaempfe-in-den-USA-bestreiten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306134458/http://www.lvz.de/Region/Doebeln/Profi-Boxerin-Christina-Hammer-will-Show-Kaempfe-in-den-USA-bestreiten |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Leipziger Volkszeitung]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2010 |title=Draw for the "German Oak" |url=https://www.gnp1.de/allgemein/ergebnisse/news/unentschieden-fuer-die-deutsche-eiche/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=GNP1}}</ref> <ref name="Record" /> ==== Hammer vs. Kiss ==== A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2011, Hammer ta kara da matsayin WBF matsakaiciyar nauyi a cikin tarin bel ɗinta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Photos/Weights: Jan Zaveck 146, Paul Delgado 145 |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/photos-weights-jan-zaveck-146-paul-delgado-145--36065 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=BoxingScene}}</ref> a kan kati na Jan Zaveck tana kare kambunsa na IBF welterweight da Paul Delgado a filin wasanni na Stožice a [[Ljubljana|Ljubljana, Slovenia]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2010 |title=Christina Hammer will defend her belt in Ljubljana |url=http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Christina-Hammer-Boj-v-Ljubljane.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120202901/http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Christina-Hammer-Boj-v-Ljubljane.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=RusLife}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2010 |title=Will Christina Hammer become a two-time champion? |url=http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Ljubljana-Christina-Hammer-vs-Diana-Kiss.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045144/http://www.ruslife.eu/Sport/Boks/Kristina-Hammer-Ljubljana-Christina-Hammer-vs-Diana-Kiss.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=RusLife}}</ref> lokacin da Kiss ya yi ritaya a zagaye na takwas na kusurwoyi bakwai. <ref name="Record">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=Christina Hammer |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/biog/chammer.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Hammer ta fara da mugun nufi kuma yayi amfani da hannunta don sarrafa aikin. <ref name="Record" /> A kashi na biyu na fada Hammer ya kara matsi sannan Kiss ya fara zubar da jini daga hancinta. <ref name="Record" /> A lokacin hutun zagaye, Kiss ta nuna wa mai horar da ita cewa ba ta da niyyar ci gaba, <ref name="Record" /> don haka Hammer ya ci nasara ta TKO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=Maria Lindberg Meets Hungarian Diana Kiss in Hamburg on February 11 Over Six Rounds |url=https://www.mmanytt.se/nyheter/maria-lindberg-moter-ungerskan-diana-kiss-i-hamburg-11e-februari-over-sex-ronder/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=MMAnytt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=2011 World Boxing Federation Awards |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/wbfawards2011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121060253/http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/wbfawards2011.htm |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=World Boxing Federation}}</ref> ==== Hammer vs. Lindberg, Rayuwa ==== A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2011, a Zlatopramen Arena a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Hammer ta kare kambunta na WBO da WBF na matsakaicin nauyi a gasar zagaye na goma da WIBA da WIBF mai rike da kambun nauyi mai matsakaicin nauyi Maria Lindberg, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2011 |title=Christy Martin's back and a highly anticipated women's bout tonight! |url=https://girlboxing.org/2011/05/27/christy-martins-back-a-highly-anticipated-womens-bout-2night/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=GirlBoxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansson |first=Kent |date=30 December 2013 |title=Maria Lindberg leaves Malmö after hard 2013 |url=https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/sport/maria-lindberg-lamnar-malmo-efter-svart-2013/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Expressen]]}}</ref> wanda Hammer ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Konecny domine Bayram |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/news-13449-boxe-professionnelle-konecny-domine-bayram.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[French Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Christina Hammer defeats Maria Lindberg |url=http://womensboxingnow.blogspot.com/2011/05/christina-hammer-defeats-maria-lindberg.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Womens Boxing Now}}</ref> da haka WBF ya yi magana game da ''WBF.'' Jami'in maki 97-93, 97-93, da 98-92. <ref name="Record"/> A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2011, a Brandenburg Hall a [[Frankfurt]], Jamus, Hammer ya yi nasara a yanke shawara guda goma game da Vashon Living na Amurka, yana kare mata lakabin WBO da WBF. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Vashon Living - WBO female middleweight title |url=http://www.wbo-europe.com/video/christina-hammer-vs-vashon-living---wbo-female-middleweight-title-video/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Press Conference in Germany: Kentikian and Hammer on card |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2011/news101711kentikianhammer.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Rayuwa, wacce ke cikin babban rashi, ta kasance mai wayar hannu kuma tana da kuzari yayin da take ƙoƙarin kusantar ɓata da aiki a ciki, amma Hammer har yanzu tana iya amfani da damar da ta samu don sarrafa tafiyar. <ref name="Record" /> Hammer ya sauka daidai manyan manyan hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin na bakwai kuma Living ya bayyana ya gaji saboda bugun Hammer mai tsayi a zagayen rufewa. <ref name="Record" /> ==== Hammer vs. Tshabalala, Hernandez ==== A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2012, a Sportovní hala Vodova a Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech, Hammer ta kare kambunta na uku na WBF da WBO na matsakaicin nauyi, inda ta mamaye shari'ar don ci gaba da rike kambunta tare da yanke shawara baki daya kan Julie Tshabalala ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2012 |title=Konecny-Larbi; Hammer-Tshabalala Officials |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/konecny-larbi-hammer-tshabalala-officials/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref name="WBO">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2012 |title=Hammer Defeats Tshabalala |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/wbo-women/hammer-defeats-tshabalala/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> Hammer ya yi hasashen samun nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, tare da Tshabalala ya yi fafatawa a ciki don gujewa dogon zango da harbin kai tsaye daga Hammer, wanda ya daidaita da kyau kuma ya yi karo da ƙugiya da sama. <ref name="WBO" /> <ref name="Record"/> Tshabalala ta sami mafi kyawun lokacinta a zagaye shida da bakwai, kuma da alama tana kama iska ta biyu, amma Hammer ta dawo kan gaba a zagaye uku na ƙarshe, wanda ya sa Tshabalala ta rasa kuma ta biya kuɗin kurakuranta. <ref name="WBO" /> <ref name="Record" /> Alkalan Zoltan Enyedi, Manuel Oliver Palomo, da Andre Van Grootenbruel ne suka yi nasara a fafatawar 99–91, 100–90, da 100–90 duk sun goyi bayan mai kare WBF da zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na WBO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=(4/5/2012)Christina Hammer Vs. Queen Tshabalala |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/official-results/452012christina-hammer-vs-queen-tshabalala/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> Bayan Hammer ta doke Tshabalala, an sanar da cewa Hammer za ta kare sunanta a RWE Rhein-Ruhr Sporthalle a Muelheim, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Jamus a kan Yahaira Hernandez a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Clive |date=30 August 2012 |title=Hammer Out To Show She Is # 1 |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/articles/article0234.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2012 |title=Weltmeisterin Hammer will Titel verteidigen |url=https://www.fr.de/sport/sport-mix/weltmeisterin-hammer-will-titel-verteidigen-11356412.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Frankfurter Rundschau}}</ref> Hammer ya zo a 70.3 kilograms, yayin da Hernandez ya auna 'yan gram da yawa a cikin kayan farko, wanda manajanta, Daniel Born, ya yi aiki da ƙarfi kuma ya yanke ƙuƙwalwar ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya haifar da gyaran nauyin zuwa batu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Böttner |first=Gerd |date=6 September 2012 |title=Small weight problems |url=https://www.waz.de/sport/lokalsport/muelheim/kleine-gewichtsprobleme-id7067958.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung]]}}</ref> Hammer ya lashe nasara a zagaye goma a kan Yahaira Hernandez . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Dieter |date=11 September 2012 |title=Double world champion Christina Hammer still victorious |url=https://www.lokalkompass.de/muelheim/c-sport/doppelweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-weiterhin-siegreich_a208740 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=WVW/ORA Anzeigenblätter |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043845/https://www.lokalkompass.de/muelheim/c-sport/doppelweltmeisterin-christina-hammer-weiterhin-siegreich_a208740 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fifikon fasaha na Hammer ya bayyana duk da kokarin wasan da Hernandez ya yi, wanda aka buga a zagaye na huɗu, na tara, da na goma.<ref name="Record"/> Hernandez, wanda aka cire maki biyu don riƙewa da kuma 10-8 rasa zagaye saboda sau uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=World Champion Hammer defends titles confidently |url=https://www.wolfsburger-nachrichten.de/sport/mehr-sport/article150751633/Weltmeisterin-Hammer-verteidigt-Titel-souveraen.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[Braunschweiger Zeitung]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Christina Hammer Vs. Yahaira Hernandez |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/official-results/christina-hammer-vs-yahaira-hernandez/ |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, Hammer ta yi magana game da niyyarta ta kori Hernandez, amma ba za ta iya yin hakan ba, kodayake ta bayyana cewa tana farin ciki da aikinta.<ref name="Hernandez">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Christina Hammer Outclasses Yahaira Hernandez in Muelheim |url=http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Boxing_News/DHBpr0908cc12.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Doghouse Boxing |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043841/http://www.doghouseboxing.com/Boxing_News/DHBpr0908cc12.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hernandez ta yaba wa Hammer, inda ta bayyana cewa "Na yi mamakin tsananin Hammer, kuma ta buga da gaske.<ref name="Hernandez" /> === Super matsakaicin nauyi === ==== Hammer vs. Zatyko ==== A cikin Afrilu 2013, Hammer ta sanar da cewa za ta yi yaƙi da Zita Zatyko mai shekaru 32 da ba a ci nasara ba, wadda aka ɗauke ta a matsayin mafi kyawun ƴan damben mata a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Women's World Cup at next Klitschko fight |url=http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/sport/mehr-sport/Frauen-WM-bei-n%C3%A4chstem-Klitschko-Kampf-article1018184.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=[[General-Anzeiger]]}}</ref> akan 4 May 2013 don WBF da sarari WBO mata babban matsayi na matsakaicin nauyi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title=MESSAGE / 1066: Christina Hammer wants to become world champion of all classes (SB) |url=http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/sport/boxen/sbxm1066.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Elektronische Zeitung Schattenblick |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510100534/http://schattenblick.de/infopool/sport/boxen/sbxm1066.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title=Christina Hammer wants to conquer the next weight category |url=https://box-sport.de/news/christina-hammer-will-naechste-gewichtsklasse-erobern |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111400/https://box-sport.de/news/christina-hammer-will-naechste-gewichtsklasse-erobern |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxsport}}</ref> Daga cikin shirye-shiryen haduwar, Hammer ya bayyana cewa "Burina shi ne in zama zakara mafi kyau a damben boksin, fam-for-pound, da lashe gasar duniya ta biyu a azuzuwan nauyi biyu ta hanyar doke Zatyko zai zama wani mataki na cimma wannan burin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=WBF Title Bout: Zita Zatyko vs. Christina Hammer |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2013/news05032013-wbf-title-bout.htm |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Kwanan da aka saita don dawowa yana nufin Hammer zai yi yaƙi a kan katin Wladimir Klitschko yana kare WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO, ''Ring'', da lakabi masu nauyi na layi akan Francesco Pianeta a SAP Arena a Mannheim . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2013 |title=Klitschko vs. Pianeta official: On 4 May in Mannheim |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/klitschko-vs-pianeta-offiziell-am-4-mai-in-mannheim-25077 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044641/https://www.boxen.de/news/klitschko-vs-pianeta-offiziell-am-4-mai-in-mannheim-25077 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Christina Hammer: "I want to become world champion of all classes!" |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-ich-will-weltmeisterin-aller-klassen-werden-25674 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044734/https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-ich-will-weltmeisterin-aller-klassen-werden-25674 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=Women's World Cup at next Klitschko fight |url=https://www.nwzonline.de/boxen/frauen-wm-bei-naechstem-klitschko-kampf_a_3,0,3913411490.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043422/https://www.nwzonline.de/boxen/frauen-wm-bei-naechstem-klitschko-kampf_a_3,0,3913411490.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Nordwest-Zeitung}}</ref> Hammer ta taka rawar gani kuma ta yi amfani da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun dambenta don fitar da Zatyko mai nauyi. <ref name="Zatyko">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Hammer defeats Zatyko |url=https://www.boxingnews24.com/2013/05/hammer-defeats-zatyko/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044038/https://www.boxingnews24.com/2013/05/hammer-defeats-zatyko/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxing News 24}}</ref> A zagaye na hudu, Hammer ya zura kwallo a raga, kararrawa ce kawai ta ceci wadanda suka ji rauni, amma jarumi, Zatyko. <ref name="Zatyko" /> A zagaye na gaba Hammer ya ci gaba da kai harin, amma Zatyko ya shawo kan guguwar kuma bayan zagaye goma na manyan damben boksin, alkalan Patricia Morse Jarman, Zoltan Enyedi, da Oliver Brien sun zira kwallaye 100–89, 99–90, da 99–90 duk sun goyi bayan sabon zakaran matsakaicin nauyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bivins |first=Ryan |date=20 May 2013 |title=Boxing results and recaps, Apr. 28 - May 4: Lucas Browne, Srisaket Sor Rungvisai, Antonio Orozco, and Ramon de la Cruz Sena pull off career best wins |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2013/5/10/4320382/boxing-results-apr-28-may-4-browne-srisaket-orozco |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woolever |first=Phil |date=30 November 2017 |title=European Report: Christina Hammer and other notes |url=http://forum.ib.tv/forum/forum/boxing/4750-european-report-christina-hammer-and-other-notes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044516/http://forum.ib.tv/forum/forum/boxing/4750-european-report-christina-hammer-and-other-notes |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=European Report}}</ref> <ref name="Zatyko" /> === Komawa zuwa matsakaicin nauyi === ==== Hammer vs Lauren ==== An sanar da shi a kan 14 Yuni 2013, Hammer shine ya sauke karin fam biyar da rabi zuwa 157 kuma ya kalubalanci Mikaela Laurén daga Sweden a kan 13 Yuli 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Mikaela Laurén Meets Christina Hammer in Germany July 13th About the WBO Title |url=https://www.mmanytt.se/nyheter/mikaela-lauren-moter-christina-hammer-i-tyskland-13e-juli-om-wbo-titeln/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=MMAnytt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Stieglitz-Kiyota TODAY In Dresden, Germany |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/stieglitz-kiyota-hoy-en-dresden-alemania/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alfelt |first=Stefan |date=13 June 2013 |title=Stared each other out - then the kiss came |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/a/e1OWJM/stirrade-ut-varandra--sedan-kom-kyssen |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Aftonbladet]]}}</ref> a kan kariyar Robert Stieglitz na kare martabar WBO super-middleweight title da Yuzo Kiyotaes a Edennerbun [[Dresden|Dr.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Jan |date=13 July 2013 |title=Female boxer surprised opponent |url=https://www.bt.dk/boksning/se-billedet-kvindelig-bokser-overraskede-modstander |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[BT (tabloid)|BT]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2013 |title="Return of the Champions": Hammer meets Lauren |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/rueckkehr-der-champions-hammer-trifft-auf-lauren-27287 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043451/https://www.boxen.de/news/rueckkehr-der-champions-hammer-trifft-auf-lauren-27287 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=Press conference in Dresden: Kiyota announces Ko against Stieglitz |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/pressekonferenz-in-dresden-kiyota-kuendigt-k-o-gegen-stieglitz-an-27568 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044218/https://www.boxen.de/news/pressekonferenz-in-dresden-kiyota-kuendigt-k-o-gegen-stieglitz-an-27568 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> An yi yaƙin ne da wani ɓacin rai da abokin hamayyar Lauren ke sumbantar Hammer a nauyi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Two female boxers go from intense stare down to kissing |url=https://www.joe.ie/sport/picture-two-female-boxers-go-from-intense-stare-down-to-kissing-353942 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Joe.ie]]}}</ref> ko da yake Hammer ya yi dariya daga halin da ake ciki yana mai cewa "Ban taɓa ganin irin wannan abu ba. Ina fatan zan iya azabtar da ita kaɗan saboda sumba." Lauren ta ɗauki salo na musamman mai ban tsoro kuma ba ta taɓa ɓoye kanta ba, wanda musayar tashin hankali ta tashi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=Hammer stays cool in the fight |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/hammer-bleibt-kampf-cool-3007006.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> Yayin da ake gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin 'yan damben boksin na duniya guda biyu, a bayyane yake cewa Hammer ya kasance mafi kyawun mayaki a kusan kowane zagaye. <ref name="Lauren">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2013 |title=Hammer Retains WBF Crown, Thomas and Browning Draws |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2013/news071413fight-report-wbf-christina-hammer.htm |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Lauren ta yi ƙoƙarin yin duk abin da za ta iya don samun nasara, amma Hammer ya yi tasiri tare da haɗin kai mai wuyar gaske kuma da wuya ya bar abokin hamayyarta ya sami mafi kyawun musayar. <ref name="Lauren" /> Bayan zagaye goma masu nishadantarwa na dambe, alkalan Frank Michael Maass, Terry O'Connor, da Alejandro Lopez sun zira kwallaye 100–90, 99–91, da 98–92 duk sun goyi bayan zakara mai karewa, wanda ya inganta tarihinta mara tabo zuwa 15–0. <ref name="Lauren" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2013 |title=Love and blows: Knutsch attack in front of the ring |url=https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.christina-hammer-gegen-mikaela-lauren-liebe-und-hiebe-knutsch-attacke-vor-dem-ring.373be67d-d352-4eb4-870c-25344d657213.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Abendzeitung]]}}</ref> Yayin da Hammer ta yi nasarar kare kambun WBO ta biyar ta hanyar doke Lauren, Shugaban WBO Francisco Varcarcel ya ba ta lambar yabo ta WBO Diamond Ring saboda rawar da ta taka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Boxer Hammer defends world title against Swede Lauren |url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/sport/nach-kuss-attacke-boxerin-hammer-verteidigt-wm-titel-gegen-schwedin-lauren-6429368 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Berliner Kurier]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Hammer vs Toscano ==== Bayan dawowar matsakaicin nauyi na Hammer da Mikaela Laurén a watan Yuni 2013, Hammer yayi magana game da sha'awarta na yakar Nikki Adler na gaba a 168 fam, albeit uzuri a bangaren Adler, kazalika da yiwuwar fuskantar Cecilia Brækhus a wani nauyi . Hammer ya bayyana cewa duka mayakan biyu suna cikin ganinta yayin da yake furtawa "Ina so in zama mafi kyawun mata masu gwagwarmaya a kusa! Ina da mataki na zuwa super-middleweight kuma na nuna cewa zan iya yin nasara a fiye da ɗaya rabo amma yanzu na dawo a matsakaicin nauyi, kusa da nauyin nauyin Anne Sophie. Muna kama da girman girman kuma wannan yakin za a iya sanya shi Matsayin mata na matsakaicin nauyi tare da bugun farko a kan Carmen Garcia Toscano a Brandenburg Halle a Frankfurt. Dukansu Hammer da Garcia sun yi awo a daidai 72.5 kg. Toscano ta sami matsala wajen tunkarar Hammer saboda girman rashin girmanta kuma ta riga ta sami nasara mai tsanani a farkon matakin nan da nan. A tsakiyar zagayen, Toscano ya daina gujewa bugun Hammer kuma ya kasa kare kansa a kan igiyoyin, dalilin da ya sa alkalin wasa Ingo Barrabas ya shiga tsakani. Bayan fafatawar, Hammer ya bayyana cewa ƙwanƙwasa ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi a koyaushe, yayin da ya ce "Na yi nadama ga masu sauraro cewa abubuwa sun tafi da sauri. Har yanzu ina da burin da yawa kuma ina so in ga wasu abokan adawar masu matsakaicin nauyi tsaye a gabana. Gaba a bude take." ==== Hammer vs. Balogun ==== An sanar a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2014, cewa Hammer ta shirya yin kambun kambunta na bakwai a karawarta Jessica Balogun a ranar 1 ga Maris 2014, a GETEC Arena a Magdeburg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Jessica Balogun boxing against world champion Hammer |url=https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/sport/jessica-balogun-boxt-gegen-weltmeisterin-hammer_aid-25800295 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Aachener Zeitung]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrady |first=Jim |date=16 February 2014 |title=Under the Radar: Fights That Didn't Make the Big Headlines: March 1st 2014 |url=http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/02/26/under-the-radar-fights-that-didnt-make-the-big-headlines-march-1st-2014/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=The Boxing Tribune |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043409/http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/02/26/under-the-radar-fights-that-didnt-make-the-big-headlines-march-1st-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Balogun">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2014 |title=Christina Hammer to Defend her WBF Title |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news021414hammer.htm#.XHUO0uj7SUk |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> Balogun zai tashi daga kilo 147, amma ta dage cewa karin nauyin zai kara mata karfi ne kawai, cewa Hammer ba ta taba fuskantar kowa da salonta ba, tare da cike da kwarin gwiwa cewa tana da abin da zai haifar da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2014 |title=Brækhus ready for Balogun challenge |url=http://www.sauerlandpromotion.com/news/br-khus-ready-for-balogun-challenge/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Wilfried Sauerland|Sauerland Promotion]] |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044027/http://www.sauerlandpromotion.com/news/br-khus-ready-for-balogun-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Balogun" /> Yakin zai gudana ne a matsayin gwagwarmayar rashin kati zuwa yakin taken babban matsakaicin nauyi na WBO tsakanin Robert Stieglitz da Arthur Abraham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2014 |title=Stieglitz-Abraham III Presser |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/stieglitz-abraham-iii-presser/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043920/http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/stieglitz-abraham-iii-presser/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=23 February 2014 |title=Chavez vs Vera II, Burns vs Crawford, Stieglitz vs Abraham III, Boxcino 2014: Boxing TV schedule for Feb. 28-Mar. 1 |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2014/2/23/5437808/chavez-vs-vera-ii-burns-vs-crawford-stieglitz-vs-abraham-iii-boxcino |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> Hammer ta ji daɗin tsayin tsayin inci huɗu akan Balogun, yanayin da ta yi amfani da shi a lokacin yaƙin zagaye goma. <ref name="Digest">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=The Sweet Side of the Sweet Science - Women's Boxing Monthly Vol 11 |url=http://fitefansho.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-sweet-side-of-sweet-science-womens.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=KO Digest}}</ref> Hammer ta bayyana cikin annashuwa a duk lokacin da ta ajiye abokin hamayyarta mai tsananin caje a nesa ta hannun dama ta saukowa bisa ga so da naushi kai tsaye daga waje. <ref name="Digest" /> Balogun ya yi kokarin kai fadan cikin gida da Hammer, amma ya ci karo da sama-sama da ƙugiya lokacin da Hammer ta daidaita da dabarunta, wanda ya haifar da nasara mai ban sha'awa guda ɗaya da ci 100-90 a kan dukkan katinan alkalan guda uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrady |first=Jim |date=5 March 2014 |title=Hammer, Farias Remain Undefeated: Women's Boxing – The Weekly Wrap Up |url=http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/03/05/hammer-farias-remain-undefeated-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=The Boxing Tribune |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044028/http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/03/05/hammer-farias-remain-undefeated-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2014 |title=Boxing: Christina Hammer defends both world titles |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/boxen-christina-hammer-verteidigt-beide-wm-titel-3392452.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> Hammer ya yi magana sosai game da burin Balogun na yin fada, yayin da ya ce "Na nuna abin da zan iya yi, bai kawo min sauki ba. Amma na samu damar cin gajiyar karfina, musamman tsayina.", Balogun kuma ya yaba da kwarewar Hammer. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=3 March 2014 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Jessica Balogun - Challenger unsuccessful |url=http://www.boxwelt.com/2014/03/profiboxen/christina-hammer-vs-jessica-balogun-herausforderin-erfolglos/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=BoxWelt}}</ref> Tare da nasarar, Hammer ta inganta rikodin ta zuwa (17-0, 8 KOs), yayin da gaske tsaftace sashin matsakaicin nauyi. <ref name="Digest" /> SES Boxing ne ya haɓaka wasan da kuma watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kai tsaye a Jamus a ranar Sat.1, wanda ya kai 4.20 miliyan masu kallo yayin samun 23.9% na kasuwar kasuwa. === Mai matsakaicin nauyi === ==== Hammer vs. Mathis ==== A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2014, Hammer ya kasance a jerin sunayen Cecilia Brækhus a matsayin abokin hamayyar mai yiwuwa, tare da Alejandra Oliveras da Ivana Habazin, wanda Brækhus ya bayyana "[...] ita ma tana so na a cikin zobe. Ta ce ba za ta yi dambe a wajen Jamus ba, yanzu na yi dambe a Jamus, don haka watakila za ta fi sha'awar yanzu. " A watan Yuni 2014, an sanar da cewa Hammer zai fuskanci tsohon mahara duniya da kuma Turai zakaran Anne Sophie Mathis (27-3-0, 23 KOs) ga WBF da sarari WBO junior-tsakiya lakabi a kan 26 Yuli 2014 a Anhalt Arena a Dessau. A ranar 23 Yuni 2014, a SES Boxing Gala, Hammer ya yi magana game da kalubale na soyayya da kuma kafa sababbin ka'idoji a damben mata, yayin da yake magana game da Mathis "Ina so in saita sababbin ka'idoji a damben mata. Hammer ya koma sansanin horar da ita daga Jamus zuwa tsaunukan Tyrol, Ostiriya, na 'yan kwanaki don shiga horo mai tsayi tare da kocin Dimitri Kirnos a shirye-shiryen. A cikin ingantacciyar faɗa tsakanin Hammer da Mathis, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=27 July 2014 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Anne Sophie Mathis - Disqualification with question mark |url=http://www.boxwelt.com/2014/07/profiboxen/christina-hammer-vs-anne-sophie-mathis-disqualifikation-mit-fragezeichen/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=BoxWelt}}</ref> Hammer yana ƙunshe bayan an yi musanyar juna a zagaye na biyar, inda Mathis ya buga da dama da hannun dama zuwa Hammers na kunnen hagu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=The Sweet Side of the Sweet Science - Women's Boxing Monthly Vol 15 |url=http://fitefansho.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-01-03T09:37:00-05:00&max-results=20&reverse-paginate=true |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=KO Digest}}</ref> Ba zato ba tsammani, Hammer ya gangara kan zane yana ta faman dawowa da kafafunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Clive |date=27 July 2014 |title=Hammer Wins Third WBF World Title, In Third Weight Class |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0474.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043000/http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0474.htm |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]]}}</ref> Alkalin wasan da aka nada, Manfred Kuechler, ya kasa kirga Hammer wanda ya bukaci dakika 25 don ta mike da kyau daga zane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2015 |title=The Sweet Side of the Sweet Science — 2014 Year End Review & Awards |url=http://fitefansho.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-sweet-side-of-sweet-science-2014.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=KO Digest}}</ref> Madadin haka, Kuechler ya yanke hukuncin naushin da ya kayar da Hammer da bugun da ba bisa ka'ida ba a bayan kai kuma ya hana Mathis cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Scandal judgment about Christina Hammer a bright spot for German boxing? |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/skandal-urteil-um-christina-hammer-ein-lichtblick-fuer-den-deutschen-boxsport-32402 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044520/https://www.boxen.de/news/skandal-urteil-um-christina-hammer-ein-lichtblick-fuer-den-deutschen-boxsport-32402 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrady |first=Jim |date=29 July 2014 |title=Win, Lose, Draw…or None of the Above: Women's Boxing – The Weekly Wrap Up |url=http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/07/29/win-lose-drawor-none-of-the-above-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Boxing Tribune |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218141725/http://theboxingtribune.com/2014/07/29/win-lose-drawor-none-of-the-above-womens-boxing-the-weekly-wrap-up/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hammer ya lashe WBF da guraben taken WBO na ƙarami-tsakiya ta hanyar DQ mai gardama akan Mathis. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Persson |first=Per-Ake |date=26 July 2014 |title=Boytsov and Feigenbutz in Halle August 30 |url=http://www.sportenote.com/news_p.asp?id=8928&da=24 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport & Note}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=David A. |date=27 July 2014 |title=Celina Salazar's Costa Rican Getaway |url=http://www.uppercutmagazine.com/women-s-uppercut/celina-salazar-in-costa-rica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111425/http://www.uppercutmagazine.com/women-s-uppercut/celina-salazar-in-costa-rica |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Uppercut Magazine}}</ref> Saboda tsananin kitsewar Hammer, Mathis bisa doka ta yi amfani da hannunta na kyauta don kai hari a gefen kan Hammer, ta tura ta kan zane. Maimaita motsin jinkirin ya nuna cewa Hammer ne ya yi mugun laifi ta hanyar rike hannun hagu na Mathis kuma har yanzu an fidda shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Hammer-Mathis Verdict Changed To No-Contest By BDB |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/hammer-mathis-verdict-changed-no-contest-by-bdb--80453 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=BoxingScene}}</ref> Magoya bayan sun fusata kuma sun bayyana cewa an wawashe Mathis nasarar KO. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Update as of July 29, 2014: This fight has been declared a "No Contest". Mathis vs. Christina Hammer |url=https://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news072714mathis-gets-robbed.htm |access-date=2014-07-27 |publisher=[[Women Boxing Archive Network (WBAN)]]}}</ref> Ita kanta Mathis ta ji haushin rashin cancantar da aka yi mata, domin ta san cewa naushin da ta yi na doka ne. <ref name="Mathis">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2014 |title=Boxing: What an injustice for Anne-Sophie Mathis! |url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2014/07/27/quelle-injustice |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[L'Est Républicain]]}}</ref> "Abin kunya ne! Ban taba tunanin zai iya kawo karshen haka ba [...] A gare ni, na yi nasara a wannan yakin. Na ci nasara ta hanyar bugawa! Na fara ginawa kuma na ji cewa ba ta da numfashi. Ta yi amfani da zagaye hudu na farko ta rataye hannunta kuma ba a sanar da ita ba. [Rene Cordier] ya ci gaba da gaya mani: duk da haka ya buga da sauran hannun! Kuma a lokacin da na shiga kunnen ta [...] <ref name="Mathis" /> Hammer ya yi bikin lakabinta, duk da haka, ta yi baƙin ciki da sakamakon, inda ta ce: "Wannan wani abu ne marar adalci da aka yi da ita [...] amma ba zan iya barin irin wannan nasara a kaina ba - abu yana bukatar a daidaita shi. ", <ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Daniel |date=27 July 2014 |title=SES Boxing Gala in Dessau Stieglitz secures WBO Intercontinental belt |url=https://www.mz-web.de/dessau-rosslau/sport/ses-boxgala-in-dessau-stieglitz-1228948 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Mitteldeutsche Zeitung]]}}</ref> yayin da yake bayyana cewa ba ta so ta zama zakara ta hanyar rashin cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2014 |title=Boxer Christina Hammer wins the world title in the third weight class |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/christina-bietet-wiederholung-3734593.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2014, Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya ta ayyana wasan a matsayin 'babu gasa' kuma ta maido da taken WBF mai matsakaicin nauyi zuwa Mathis, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=World Boxing Federation Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=http://worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0475.htm |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]] |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063039/http://worldboxingfederation.net/yy-wbf-article0475.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Martin André, shugaban Hukumar Damben Damben Faransa, yana mai cewa zai kai ƙara ga WBO, don tabbatar da nasarar Mathis kuma WBF a shirye yake ta hana Faransawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Boxing: Anne-Sophie Mathis recovers her WBF belt |url=https://www.lorfm.com/actualites/sport/boxe-anne-sophie-mathis-recupere-sa-ceinture-wbf-851 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044121/https://www.lorfm.com/actualites/sport/boxe-anne-sophie-mathis-recupere-sa-ceinture-wbf-851 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Lor'FM}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Le comit? directeur |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/rubriques-153-le_comite_directeur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132918/http://ffboxe.com/rubriques-153-le_comite_directeur.html |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[French Boxing Federation]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2014, Hukumar ba da izini, ''Bund Deutscher Berufsboxer'' (BDB; Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Jamus), ta bi shawarar WBF kuma a hukumance ta canza sakamakon wasan zuwa 'ba-gasa'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=WBF Executive Committee Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=http://www.wbanmember.com/wbf-executive-committee-declares-mathis-vs-hammer-no-contest/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=History of Women's Boxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2014 |title=Mathis vs. Hammer: BDB mimics the WBF |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/news-19576-boxe-feminine-mathis-vs-hammer-la-bdb-imite-la-wbf.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Fédération française de boxe }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shugaban BDB Thomas Pütz ya nemi afuwar "mummunan matakin" kuma ya bayyana cewa za a gudanar da bincike kan lamarin da kuma sauraron Manfred Küchler don yanke shawara ko za a dakatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=German commission (BDB) changes result of female world championship Hammer vs. Mathis to "no contest" |url=http://www.wbanmember.com/german-commission-bdb-changes-result-of-female-world-championship-hammer-vs-mathis-to-no-contest/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=History of Women's Boxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=WBF Executive Committee Declares Mathis vs. Hammer No Contest |url=http://www.womenboxing.com/NEWS2014/news072814wbf-press-release.htm#.XHYZquj7SUl |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Women Boxing}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2014, bayan sake duba fafatawar, WBO ta amince da WBF da BDB kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin 'babu gasa' kuma ba ta ba da umarnin sake fafatawa ba tun da Hammer shi ne zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2014 |title=Mathis vs. Hammer: WBO follows BDB and WBF |url=http://www.ffboxe.com/news-19603-boxe-professionnelle-mathis-vs-hammer-la-wbo-suit-la-bdb-et-la-wbf.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[French Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Hammer vs. Reis, Lazar ==== A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2015, an sanar da cewa SES Boxing za ta gabatar da wasan dambe na 100th a ranar 7 ga Maris a Maritim Hotel a Magdeburg, tare da Hammer a cikin katin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=SES Boxing To Reach Promotional Milestone |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/inter-continental-news/ses-boxing-reach-promotional-milestone/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044524/http://www.wboboxing.com/news/inter-continental-news/ses-boxing-reach-promotional-milestone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Boxing in Magdeburg |url=https://www.magdeburg.de/Start/Kultur-Sport/Sportvereine/Boxen |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Magdeburg]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2015, an sanar da cewa Hammer za ta kare kambunta na takwas na WBO a otal din Maritim da ke Magdeburg a karo na 2 na duniya Kali Reis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2015 |title=Christina Hammer meets Kali Reis from the USA |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-trifft-auf-kali-reis-aus-den-usa-33492 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043106/https://www.boxen.de/news/christina-hammer-trifft-auf-kali-reis-aus-den-usa-33492 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Boesel, Hammer Open Workout |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/wbo-women/boesel-hammer-open-workout/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044558/http://www.wboboxing.com/news/wbo-women/boesel-hammer-open-workout/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2015, annobar mura a Jamus ta sa Hammer da wasu mayaka da dama soke yakin da suka shirya yi a Otal din Maritim a ranar 7 ga Maris, wanda daga baya aka canza zuwa 5 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title=Boxing World Championships in Jena: World Champion Hammer defends her title against Kali Reis on May 2nd |url=https://www.otz.de/web/zgt/sport/detail/-/specific/Box-WM-in-Jena-Weltmeisterin-Hammer-verteidigt-am-2-Mai-ihren-Titel-gegen-Kali-116792398 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Ostthüringer Zeitung }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2015 |title=The Flu Epidemic Is Now Also Brushing on SES Boxing |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/121-die-grippewelle-streift-nun-auch-ses-boxing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044147/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/121-die-grippewelle-streift-nun-auch-ses-boxing.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Showdown in Jena |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/122-showdown-in-jena.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043850/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/122-showdown-in-jena.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> A cikin ma'auni, Reiz, 29 a lokacin yakin, ya auna nauyin 155 da rabi, mafi nauyin da ta auna da kwarewa; Hammer, mai shekaru 24, ya zo da nauyi a 157 da fam uku cikin huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jelínek |first=Marek |date=2 May 2015 |title=Germany: Hammer vs Reis, Pejsar vs Schwarz, Sedláčková vs Kopinska and Polák vs Stahl! |url=https://www.proboxing.cz/nemecko-hammer-vs-reis-pejsar-vs-schwarz-sedlackova-vs-kopinska-a-polak-vs-stahl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044627/https://www.proboxing.cz/nemecko-hammer-vs-reis-pejsar-vs-schwarz-sedlackova-vs-kopinska-a-polak-vs-stahl/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Pro Boxing}}</ref> Bayan da aka auna, Hammer yayi magana game da al'ada na Reis na "[ci gaba] gaba, yana da m kuma yawanci yana so ya dauki yakin. Amma ba za ta yi nasara tare da ni ba, na fi kyau kuma ni lamba 1 [...] Ba ni da tausayi." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title="Eye-catcher" with strong arguments |url=https://www.volksstimme.de/sport/regionalsport/1469531_Hingucker-mit-starken-Argumenten.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Volksstimme (Saxony-Anhalt)|Volksstimme]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2015 |title=PK in the Zeiss Planetarium |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/124-pk-im-zeiss-planetarium.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111314/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/124-pk-im-zeiss-planetarium.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> Hammer ya mamaye Reis ta kowane fanni na zagaye tara, yana da sauri a ƙafafunta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2015 |title=Christina Hammer has defended world title |url=https://www.werra-rundschau.de/sport/lokalsport/neun-souveraene-runden-4965778.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Werra-Rundschau}}</ref> Kuma ta yi amfani da damarta mafi girma, wanda aka gina tare da jagorar hagu mai ban tsoro, wanda ta ajiye abokin hamayyarta a nesa, yana kasancewa babban fa'ida bayan zagaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Big Win in Jena |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/125-haushoher-sieg-in-jena.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043408/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/125-haushoher-sieg-in-jena.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> Koyaya, kafin ƙarshen zagaye na goma, ƙugiya ta dama daga Reis ta bugi haikalin Hammer kuma ta gangara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2015 |title=Bösel and Hammer defend their titles in Jena |url=https://www.jenaer-nachrichten.de/stadtleben/1802-b%C3%B6sel-und-hammer-verteidigen-in-jena-ihre-titel |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Jenaer Nachrichten}}</ref> Hammer ya zo ƙafafunta da sauri, yana kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, tare da Jose Ignacio Martinez Antunez, Frank Michael Maass, da Matteo Montella sun zira kwallaye 98–91 don tabbatar da Hammer nasarar yanke shawara baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title=Professional boxer Hammer remains world champion |url=https://www.rotenburger-rundschau.de/sport/mehr-sport/profiboxerin-hammer-bleibt-weltmeisterin-zr-4963955.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Rotenburger Rundschau |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043432/https://www.rotenburger-rundschau.de/sport/mehr-sport/profiboxerin-hammer-bleibt-weltmeisterin-zr-4963955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan yakin, na bugun ta, Hammer ya ce: "Haka yake a cikin dambe, dakika daya na rashin hankali, kuma ya ƙare. Za ku iya koya daga gare ta kawai." <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Successful title defense for Dominic Bösel and Christina Hammer! |url=https://www.boxen.de/news/erfolgreiche-titelverteidigungen-fuer-dominic-boesel-und-christina-hammer-34010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044231/https://www.boxen.de/news/erfolgreiche-titelverteidigungen-fuer-dominic-boesel-und-christina-hammer-34010 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen.de}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2016, a Dortmund Sportsman of the Year awards, Hammer yayi magana game da niyyarta na yin gwagwarmaya don taken WBC, da kuma yiwuwar matsawa zuwa babban matsakaicin nauyi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2016 |title=Christina Hammer Dortmund's Athlete of the Year |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/129-christina-hammer-dortmunds-sportlerin-des-jahres.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043339/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/129-christina-hammer-dortmunds-sportlerin-des-jahres.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> tare da daidaitawa a cikin Yuni 2016 cewa Hammer zai sami fafatawar zagaye takwas kuma a cikin Oktoba na yaƙin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thust |first=Sonja |date=9 June 2016 |title=Hammer hits Petko |url=https://www.boxen1.com/hammer-schlaegt-bei-petko-ein-12124/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=Hammer Hits Petko |url=https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/133-hammer-schl%C3%A4gt-bei-petko-ein.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044331/https://www.christinahammer.de/en/news/133-hammer-schl%C3%A4gt-bei-petko-ein.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport Events Steinforth}}</ref> Melinda Lazar 'yar kasar Hungary ta zama 'yar takara na gaba don kalubalantar Hammer, wanda, a ranar 20 ga Yuni, an tabbatar da shi a taron Ballhaus a [[München|Munich]] a ranar 15 ga Yuli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2016 |title=Hammer climbs into the ring for Petko's boxing stable |url=https://box-sport.de/news/hammer-steigt-fuer-petkos-boxtstall-ring |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043433/https://box-sport.de/news/hammer-steigt-fuer-petkos-boxtstall-ring |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Box Sport}}</ref> Wannan zai sa Hammer ta fara fafatawa a fage da kuma faɗan farko cikin watanni goma sha huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Warmbrunn |first=Benedikt |date=17 July 2016 |title=Ballerina im Ring |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/boxen-ballerina-im-ring-1.3082801 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]}}</ref> Lazar ya riga ya aika da Hammer zuwa zane a zagaye na biyu, ko da yake in ba haka ba Lazar ya yi gwagwarmaya da mafi kyawun fasaha, mafi girman iyaka da ƙarfin Hammer, wanda ya motsa ta cikin zoben a hankali da kyan gani, amma a ƙarshe Lazar ya kasa ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=Christina Hammer |url=https://www.anita.com/de/unternehmen/news-events/news/christina-hammer-fight-15-7.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Anita}}</ref> A zagaye na shida, kocin Lazar ya jefa a cikin tawul don kare mayaƙinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Comeback succeeded - Hammer wins prematurely |url=https://www.gnp1.de/boxen/allgemein/news/comeback-geglueckt-hammer-siegt-vorzeitig/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=GNP1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=Ballhaus Forum, Munich, Bayern, Germany |url=http://womenboxing.com/fightresults2016/fightaugust2016.htm |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Womens Boxing Now}}</ref> Da yake magana bayan fadan, Hammer ya ce, "Ba wai babban abokin adawar ba ne, amma komai yana tafiya yadda aka tsara a gare ni, kuma yanzu zai iya tashi ne kawai kuma yanzu ina so in yi fada da Nikki Adler na sake zama zakara a duniya." <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Petko's Fight Night: "The Lion" bites through |url=https://www.ran.de/boxen/news/petkos-fight-night-der-loewe-beisst-sich-durch-111611 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Ran}}</ref> === Haɗin kai zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na duniya === ==== Hammer vs. Reis II ==== ==== Hammer vs Lindberg II, Ankrah ==== A 27 Fabrairu 2017, an sanar da cewa Hammer zai rematch Maria Lindberg (15-2-2, 8 KO) don yin ta farko tsaron gida na biyu da WBO da WBC unified middleweight titles, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2017 |title=Boxing: Christina Hammer climbs in the opening act of Marco Huck in the ring |url=https://www.rtl.de/cms/boxen-christina-hammer-steigt-im-vorprogramm-von-marco-huck-in-den-ring-4092791.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044330/https://www.rtl.de/cms/boxen-christina-hammer-steigt-im-vorprogramm-von-marco-huck-in-den-ring-4092791.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL]]}}</ref> a kan undercard na Marco Huck 's tsaron ya IBO da kuma m WBC cruiserweight sunayen sarauta da Mairis Briedis a yammacin [[Dortmund]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=26 March 2017 |title=Huck vs Briedis, more: Boxing fight times and TV schedule for April 1 |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/3/26/15064160/huck-vs-briedis-more-boxing-fight-times-and-tv-schedule-for-april-1 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> A cikin ganawar, Lindberg ya bayyana cewa "Hammer yana da wuyar yin dambe. Amma ni dan dambe ne fiye da 2011 kuma ina tsammanin zan sami dama mai kyau a kan ta. Wannan ita ce dama ta karshe na samun babban kambu kuma a shirye nake in yi amfani da shi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=27 February 2017 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Maria Lindberg - April 1 Dortmund |url=http://boxenplus.de/christina-hammer-vs-maria-lindberg-1-april-dortmund/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=BOXENPlus |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111444/http://boxenplus.de/christina-hammer-vs-maria-lindberg-1-april-dortmund/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da Hammer kuma ya lura cewa Lindberg hakika abokin hamayya ne mai tsauri "[...] Kuma ba shakka na san cewa ba zan iya dogara ga goyon bayan masu sauraro kawai ba. Zan yi aiki tukuru ba kamar da ba kuma in shirya don shiga cikin zobe. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thust |first=Ebby |date=24 March 2017 |title=Boxing World Cup: double hammer on April 1 in Dortmund |url=https://www.boxen1.com/box-wm-doppel-hammer-am-1-april-in-dortmund-18755/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=BOXENPlus}}</ref> A cikin ma'auni, Lindberg, 29 a lokacin yakin, ya auna nauyin 154 da kwata kwata, mafi nauyin da ta auna tun 2015; Hammer, mai shekaru 24, ya zo da nauyi a 158 da fam uku cikin huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Hammer and Lindburg Weigh In |url=http://fightnewsasia.com/hammer-lindberg-weigh/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Fight News Asia |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306061309/http://fightnewsasia.com/hammer-lindberg-weigh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hammer ba shi da wata matsala ko kaɗan game da Lindberg, tare da fitar da ɗan gajeren abokin hamayyarta daga kewayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Passehl |first=Johannes |date=2 April 2017 |title=Christina Hammer vs Maria Lindberg - full fight |url=http://www.boxwelt.com/2017/04/profiboxen/christina-hammer-vs-maria-lindberg-full-fight/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=BoxWelt}}</ref> A gaban taron mutane 17,000 da suka halarta, Lindberg kawai ba zai iya wucewa ta Hammer's sting jab da haɗin gwiwar da ta haɗa a bayansu ba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Maria Lindberg gets heavy title match |url=https://www.fightermag.se/2017/03/24/maria-lindberg-far-tung-titelmatch/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Fighter Magazine}}</ref> a ƙarshe ta yi asarar duk zagaye goma akan duk katunan maki uku, <ref>{{Cite web |last=L. Stumberg |first=Patrick |date=1 April 2017 |title=Mairis Briedis dominates Marco Huck for WBC and IBO titles |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/4/1/15150576/mairis-briedis-dominates-marco-huck-for-wbc-and-ibo-titles |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> tare da alkalan Massimo Barrovecchio, Guido Cavalleri, da Eddie Pappo000 da suka ci nasara a wasan da suka yi nasara. Zakaran WBC. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay |first=Phil |date=2 April 2017 |title=Briedis dominates Huck, claims unified cruiserweight title |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/briedis-dominates-huck-claims-unified-cruiserweight-title/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=World Boxing News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=There was no sign of Huck's dreaded explosiveness |url=https://www.welt.de/sport/boxen/article163330321/Von-Hucks-gefuerchteter-Explosivitaet-war-nichts-zu-sehen.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Die Welt]]}}</ref> A cikin hirar bayan yakin, Lindberg ya bayyana cewa, "Hammer yana da wuyar yin dambe [...] Na yi ƙoƙari na shiga wurinta amma bai yi nasara ba kuma bai yi kyau ba lokacin da na sami kwanyar ta a tsakiyar hanci na, ina tunanin yana cikin zagaye na hudu. Daya ba shi da sha'awar shiga bugun jini yana sauyawa tare da karyewar hanci. Ya yi zafi sosai a lokacin sauran wasan. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Broken nose in 40-year gift: "She balded me" |url=https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/sport/bruten-nasa-i-40-arspresent-hon-skallade-mig/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Expressen]]}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, Hammer ya yi magana game da yadda faɗa a garinsu na Westfalenhalle ya kasance mafarkin gaskiya, yayin da ta bayyana cewa tana son cimma burinta na gaba kuma ta tafi Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulze |first=Thomas |date=4 April 2017 |title="The nose is already through" |url=https://rp-online.de/sport/boxen/christina-hammer-die-nase-ist-schon-mal-durch_aid-21053641 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Rheinische Post]]}}</ref> A taron manema labarai na gaba, Manajan Hammer Harald Pia ya sanar da cewa za a yi jerin gwano na gaba na Hammer a Amurka, wanda a karshe za a yi karo da zakaran Olympic [[Claressa Shields]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=Christina Hammer defends World Cup belt and paves way for America |url=https://www.boxen1.com/christina-hammer-verteidigt-wm-guertel-und-ebnet-weg-fuer-amerika-19047/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen1}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2017, Pia ya ruwaito cewa Hammer yana da tayin kankare don faɗuwa huɗu a Amurka, duk ana watsa su ta HBO ko Showtime . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kürthy |first=Stephan |date=31 October 2017 |title=Hammer Deal for Christina Hammer |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/christina-hammer/will-die-usa-erobern-53714458.bild.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Bild]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017, Hammer ta riƙe kambunta na WBO da WBC na matsakaicin nauyi tare da nasara zagaye na huɗu a kan Gifty Amanua Ankrah a SportScheck Allwetteranlage a Munich. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=Hammer behauptet Titel gegen Ankrah |url=https://www.sport.de/news/ne2960686/hammer-behauptet-titel-gegen-ankrah/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Sport.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Boxing: Hammer claims title against Ankrah |url=https://www.eurosport.de/boxen/boxen-hammer-behauptet-titel-gegen-ankrah_sto6399153/story.shtml |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Eurosport]]}}</ref> Game da haduwarta da Ankrah, Hammer ya ce: "[...] Dole ne in doke [Ankrah], mataki-mataki, fada da fada [...] Na yi shiri sosai, na san abin da zan yi, ina cikin yankina a cikin zobe, na ji dadi a can." <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Boxing: Before USA Fights: Hammer wants to defend title in Munich |url=https://de.sports.yahoo.com/news/boxen-usa-fights-hammer-will-103619520.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Spox }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hammer ya tsaida Ankrah da mugun hali a ƙarshen zagaye na huɗu, wanda ya aika da ita zuwa zane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2017 |title=Hammer still WBC champ after stunning KO |url=https://fightnews.com/hammer-still-wbc-champ-stunning-ko/8171 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Fight News |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111600/https://fightnews.com/hammer-still-wbc-champ-stunning-ko/8171 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ankrah ta tashi tana kokarin ci gaba da fafatawa, amma kafafunta na rawa, alkalin wasa Juergen Langos ya dakatar da wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=Hammer defeated Ankrah in defense of his medium titles |url=http://notifight.com/hammer-derroto-ankrah-en-defensa-de-sus-titulos-medianos/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=NotiFight |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306060935/http://notifight.com/hammer-derroto-ankrah-en-defensa-de-sus-titulos-medianos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin hirar da aka yi da shi bayan fafatawar, Hammer ya yaba wa taurin Ankrah inda ya bayyana cewa, “[Ankrah] ’yar dambe ce mai tsananin tsauri, ban taba jin wani kai da ya fi nata ba. Hannayena sun yi zafi, gwaji ne mai kyau da dumi-duminsu ga tafiyata zuwa Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2017 |title=Christina Hammer won a very important victory by defeating the hard Ghanaian Gifty Amanua Ankrah |url=http://www.mobzillahosting.com/box/box/christina-hammer-consiguio-una-victoria-muy-importante-al-derrotar-a-la-dura-ghanes-gifty-amanua-ankrah/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Box Wordpress |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111315/http://www.mobzillahosting.com/box/box/christina-hammer-consiguio-una-victoria-muy-importante-al-derrotar-a-la-dura-ghanes-gifty-amanua-ankrah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Hammer vs Nelson ==== A kan 14 Disamba 2017, ''The Ring'' ya ruwaito cewa Hammer zai sa ta US halarta a karon a kan 12 Janairu, da Lisa Noel Garland (15-9, 8 KOs), tare da yakin da ya faru a Juya Stone Resort &amp;amp; Casino, a Verona, New York, <ref name="Verona"/> tare da Hammer furtawa: "The US halarta a karon yana da matukar muhimmanci a gare ni; Ina so in nuna na farko da yawa a cikin akwatin na mace. take, ya kasance burina koyaushe in yi yaƙi a Amurka [...] Ina so in yi yaƙi da Cornejo da Garkuwa a nan gaba na horar da ni sosai kuma a shirye nake in yi yaƙi da kowa. <ref name="Verona" /> A ranar 18 ga Disamba 2017, Dmitriy Salita ya sanar da Hammer zuwa kwangilar haɓakar gwagwarmaya da yawa tare da Salita Promotions, tare da Hammer ta fara halarta ta Amurka 12 Janairu 2018 a Turning Stone Resort Casino a Verona, New York . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Salita Promotions Signs Women's Superstar Christina Hammer to Multi-Fight Promotional Contract |url=http://www.salitapromotions.com/salita-promotions-signs-womens-superstar-christina-hammer-multi-fight-promotional-contract/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043232/http://www.salitapromotions.com/salita-promotions-signs-womens-superstar-christina-hammer-multi-fight-promotional-contract/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[Salita Promotions]]}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2018, ''The Ring'' ya ruwaito cewa Hammer ya kamata ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin katin [[Claressa Shields]] vs Tori Nelson a ranar 12 ga Janairu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=8 November 2017 |title=Claressa Shields to make first title defense against Tori Nelson |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/21341225/unified-women-super-middleweight-world-titleholder-claressa-shields-make-first-defense-tori-nelson |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> duk da haka, saboda jinkirin aikinta ta hanyar, Hammer za ta jira zuwa bazara don halarta ta farko a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lik |first=Vladimir |date=12 January 2018 |title=Claressa Shields Dominates Tori Nelson, Targets Christina Hammer |url=https://www.ringtv.com/526014-claressa-shields-dominates-tori-nelson-targets-christina-hammer/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> A kan 24 Afrilu 2018, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta sanar da cewa an saita Hammer don kare matsayinta na WBO da WBC na matsakaicin nauyi a kan tsohon zakara Tori Nelson a Detroit Masonic Temple a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], a kan 22 Yuni, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armen Graham |first=Bryan |date=24 April 2018 |title=Claressa Shields to face Hanna Gabriels in bold middleweight takeover bid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/24/claressa-shields-hanna-gabriels-fight-christina-hammer |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orban |first=Jonny |date=25 April 2018 |title="Time To Shine" - Hammer meets Nelson/Shields box for middleweight world cup |url=https://www.boxen1.com/time-to-shine-hammer-trifft-auf-nelson-shields-boxt-um-mittelgewichts-wm-27946/ |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Boxen1}}</ref> tare da yakin da aka nuna akan Showtime. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Tori Nelson on June 22 on Showtime |url=https://www.boxingnews24.com/2018/06/christina-hammer-vs-tori-nelson-title-fight-added-to-june-22-showtime-boxing-special-edition-headlined-by-claressa-shields-vs-hanna-gabriels/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Boxing News 24}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar, Hammer ta bayyana cewa ta kashe yawancin sansaninta a Tyrol, Ostiriya, don yin horo mai tsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen Nelson. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Michael |date=24 May 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Counts Down To June 22 Fight on Salita Card in Detroit |url=http://nyfights.com/boxing-press-releases/christina-hammer-counts-june-22-fight-salita-card-detroit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174854/https://nyfights.com/boxing-press-releases/christina-hammer-counts-june-22-fight-salita-card-detroit/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=NYFights}}</ref> A ma'auni na hukuma, kwana ɗaya kafin yaƙin, Hammer ya ba da ma'auni a 159.5&nbsp;lbs, yayin da Nelson ya auna 157.5&nbsp;lbs <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |title=WBO Unified Female Champion Christina Hammer And Tori Nelson Weigh In Result |url=http://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/wbo-unified-female-champion-christina-hammer-tori-nelson-weigh-result/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Organisation]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hammer da wayo ya yi amfani da tsayinta kuma ya kai ga fa'ida ta hanyar kiyaye yaƙin a dogon zango amma yana shiga ciki sau da yawa ya isa ya lashe yawancin musayar. Yawanci mafi kyawun jab ta saukowa da mita, kuma tare da karfi fiye da fadace-fadacen da suka gabata, kuma hannun dama ta haɗe da isasshen tasiri don yin ma'ana amma bai isa ya ɗaga Nelson ba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Idec |first=Keith |date=22 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Handles Tori Nelson Easily, Retains Titles |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/christina-hammer-handles-tori-nelson-results--129358 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=BoxingScene}}</ref> a ƙarshe ya haifar da alkalai Katealia Chambers, Benoit Roussel, da Pasquale Procopio sun zira kwallaye 99-91, 99-900 na WBC da kuma kare WBC duka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thust |first=Ebby |date=23 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer dominates Tori Nelson |url=https://www.boxen1.com/christina-hammer-dominiert-tori-nelson-29617/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=BOXENPlus}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=26 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Christina Hammer set to square off Nov. 17 in Atlantic City |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/24797064/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-set-square-nov-17-atlantic-city |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryder |first=Rob |date=22 June 2018 |title=Hammer dominates Nelson |url=https://fightnews.com/hammer-dominates-nelson/24078 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Fight News |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093952/https://fightnews.com/hammer-dominates-nelson/24078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nasarar da Hammer ta yi wa Nelson ya sa ta zama gwarzon Jamus na farko da ya samu nasarar kare kambun duniya a Amurka tun lokacin da Max Schmeling ya yi nasarar kare kambunsa na nauyi a kan Young Stribling a filin wasa na Municipal, [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], a 1931. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Armen Graham |first=Bryan |date=27 February 2019 |title=Fiery Claressa Shields prods cool Christina Hammer before blockbuster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/feb/27/shields-hammer-undisputed-womens-boxing-unification-fight |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lik |first=Vladimir |date=3 July 2018 |title=Christina Hammer First German to Defend World Title in U.S. Since Max Schmeling |url=https://www.ringtv.com/538692-christina-hammer-first-german-to-defend-world-title-in-u-s-since-max-schmeling/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> A kididdiga magana, bisa ga ''The Ring'', Hammer ya fi kyau: Matsakaicin 46.6 punches a kowane zagaye, yayin da yake iyakance Nelson zuwa 31.8, ta yi nasara 103-56 gaba ɗaya, 44-18 jabs da 59-38 iko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Lee |date=28 June 2018 |title=The Travelin' Man Returns to Detroit: Part Two |url=https://www.ringtv.com/538396-the-travelin-man-returns-to-detroit-part-two/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> Ƙididdiga masu daidaito sun kasance ƙananan (22% gaba ɗaya, 19% jabs, 26% iko) amma ƙwarewar tsaronta ta iyakance Nelson zuwa kawai 18% gabaɗaya, 16% jabs da 19% iko. Hakanan tare da yaƙin da ke hannun riga, Hammer ya yi ƙasa daga naushi 53 a zagaye tara zuwa 36 a cikin 10th. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=23 June 2018 |title=Claressa Shields recovers to beat Hanna Gabriels, confronts Christina Hammer |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/23880118/claressa-shields-recovers-first-round-knockdown-defeats-hanna-gabriels |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A cikin hirar bayan yakin, Hammer ya yi magana game da ƙoƙarin samun bugun bugun, ko da yake ya yaba wa taurin Nelson, ko da yake ta ci gaba da cewa: "Ina fatan gaske don yin yaƙi [Garkuwa]. Za ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi yaƙi da ni a ciki amma ƙafata da isar da ni za su haifar da bambanci [...] Zai kasance mafi girman yakin mata har abada. Ina so in yi yaƙi da ita a wani wuri mai tsaka tsaki. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=Hammer Wants Shields In "Biggest Women's Fight Ever" |url=http://www.fightsports.tv/hammer-fight-with-shields-is-biggest-womens-fight-ever/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Fight Sports}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2018, Dan Rafael na ''ESPN'' ya bayyana cewa Hammer da Garkuwa, duka suna cin nasara, za su yi yaƙi don kambun matsakaicin nauyi mara nauyi a wannan faɗuwar akan Showtime. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=24 April 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Hanna Gabriels to meet for vacant middleweight belts |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/23302728/super-middleweight-titlist-claressa-shields-drop-middleweight-division-face-unified-junior-middleweight-world-titleholder-hanna-gabriels-june-22 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> === Zakaran matsakaicin nauyi mara gardama === ==== Guduma vs Garkuwa ==== Daga Maris 2017 har zuwa ƙarshen Agusta 2018, duka sansanonin Hammer da Garkuwa sun kasance cikin tattaunawa mai zurfi game da babban yaƙin da za a yi a ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Erdman |first=Corey |date=2 March 2017 |title=Claressa Shields vs. Christina Hammer Talks Have Begun |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-talks-begun--114161 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Boxing Scene}}</ref> A kan 25 Satumba 2018, ''The Ring'' ya sanar da cewa Hammer da Garkuwa za su yi yaƙi don gasar zakarun matsakaicin nauyi a Adrian Phillips Theater a Boardwalk Hall a Atlantic City, New Jersey, a ranar 17 Nuwamba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coppinger |first=Mike |date=25 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields-Christina Hammer Unification Title Fight Set for Nov. 17 on Showtime |url=https://www.ringtv.com/544174-claressa-shields-christina-hammer-unification-title-fight-set-for-nov-17-on-showtime/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> tare da mai nasara ya zama mace ta biyu na shekarun belt hudu don rike duk lakabi a cikin rukuni ɗaya. <ref name="Undisputed"/> Daga cikin sanarwar, Hammer ya ce: "Ni ne mafi kyawun matsakaicin nauyi a duniya kuma zan bayyana wannan batu sosai lokacin da muka shiga cikin zobe. Ya kasance mafarki na don yin yaki a cikin yakin mata mafi girma a kowane lokaci kuma in tayar da damben mata zuwa wani lokaci mai girma. Zan yi ''kambin'' Sarauniyar matsakaicin nauyi maras tabbas [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Claressa Shields, Christina Hammer to meet in massive women's boxing title fight |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-meet-011937795.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Yahoo Sports]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don jinkirta yakinta da Garkuwan don gasar da ba a taba yi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=2 October 2018 |title=Christina Hammer postpones title fight vs. Claressa Shields |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/24864480/christina-hammer-postpones-fight-vs-claressa-shields-cites-medical-condition |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba WBC ta bayyana cewa Hammer ta sha fama da ciwon narkewar abinci, wanda hakan ya sa ta rashin dacewa a likitance ta yin dambe don nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2018 |title=Closing of WBC 56th convention |url=https://wbcboxing.com/en/clausura-de-la-convencion-56-del-wbc/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Council]]}}</ref> WBC mai suna Hammer zakara a lokacin hutu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Fasten Your Belt! WBC fight fiesta finale in November |url=https://wbcboxing.com/en/fasten-your-belt-wbc-fight-fiesta-finale-in-november/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Council]]}}</ref> yayin da Garkuwa za su yi yaƙi don neman kujerar a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba da Hannah Rankin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Shields: Rankin Won't Stop My Path to Undisputed |url=https://www.matchroomboxing.com/news/shields-rankin-wont-stop-path-undisputed/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Matchroom Sport]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Daldeep |date=15 November 2018 |title=Hannah Rankin ready to face Olympic champion Claressa Shields in Kansas |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/46213367 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Hammer zai yi yaƙi da Elene Sikmashvili a Dandalin Waƙoƙin Verti a Friedrichshain a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, kamar yadda Hammer ke son yin dambe a Jamus kafin yaƙar Garkuwan wani lokaci a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2019 |title=Christina Hammer boxing for the World Cup fight warm |url=https://sportfrauen.net/default/christina-hammer-boxt-sich-fur-den-wm-kampf-warm |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Sportfrauen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Elene Sikmashvili boxing in Berlin 9 February 2019 |url=http://news-dg.de/christina-hammer-vs-elene-sikmashvili-boxen-in-berlin-9-februar-2019/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=News DG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043322/http://news-dg.de/christina-hammer-vs-elene-sikmashvili-boxen-in-berlin-9-februar-2019/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yaƙin zagaye na takwas ya yanke shawarar buga wasan fasaha a zagaye na biyu bayan daƙiƙa talatin da biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Christina "Lady" Hammer wins against rival Elene Sikmashvili - Title defense against Claressa Shields follows in 2019 |url=https://ugj.biz/christina-lady-hammer-gewinnt-gegen-rivalin-elene-sikmashvili-titelverteidigung-gegen-claressa-shields-folgt-2019/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Unternehmensgruppe Jäger}}</ref> tare da Hammer ya dakatar da Sikmashvili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2019 |title=As Expected, Christina Hammer Makes Quick Work of Elene Sikmashvili |url=http://www.womenofboxing.com/as-expected-christina-hammer-makes-quick-work-of-elene-sikmashvili/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Women of Boxing}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Hammer da Garkuwa za su hadu don gasar zakarun da ba a saba da su ba a ranar 13 ga Afrilu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adrian Phillips da ke Boardwalk Hall a Atlantic City, New Jersey, tare da taken mata na matsakaicin nauyi ''na Ring'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafael |first=Dan |date=13 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields-Christina Hammer back on, to fight April 13 in Atlantic City |url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/25982545/claressa-shields-christina-hammer-fight-back-held-april-13-atlantic-city |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Francisco |date=13 February 2019 |title=Claressa Shields vs. Christina Hammer Showdown Will Finally Happen on April 13 |url=https://www.ringtv.com/554437-claressa-shields-vs-christina-hammer-showdown-will-finally-happen-on-april-13/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar, Hammer ta bayyana cewa ta kashe yawancin sansaninta a Seefeld a Tyrol, Ostiriya, don shiga cikin horo mai tsayi a shirye-shiryen Garkuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=Christina Hammer vs. Claressa Shields in Another Boxing 1st on Showtime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/02/26/arts/ap-box-shields-hammer.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> An gudanar da taron manema labarai na hukuma a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, tare da Hammer yana yin la'akari da babban hadarin da zai zo daga Jamus zuwa Amurka, yayin da yake cewa: "[...] Na yi imanin cewa mafi kyawun ya kamata ya yi yaki mafi kyau kuma na yi abin da ya kamata don haka ya faru. Wannan yakin na iya zama mai canza wasa don wasanmu. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Scott |date=26 February 2019 |title=Shields vs Hammer: Press conference quotes |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2019/2/26/18242185/shields-vs-hammer-press-conference-quotes |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Bad Left Hook}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2019, Hammer ta yi asarar kambun WBC da WBO ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya a ƙoƙarinta na zama zakaran matsakaicin nauyi na mata da ba a gardama. Dukkan alkalai ukun ne suka yi nasara da ci 98–92 don goyon bayan Garkuwan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Claressa Shields dominates Christina Hammer to become undisputed women's middleweight champion |url=https://www.cbssports.com/boxing/news/claressa-shields-dominates-christina-hammer-to-become-undisputed-womens-middleweight-champion/amp/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=www.cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> Hammer ya zauna a [[Dortmund|Dortmund, Jamus]], tun 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröer |first=Patrick |date=5 March 2014 |title=World Champion Hammer: climbs back into the ring |url=https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/sport/dortmund/weltmeisterin-hammer-steigt-wieder-in-den-ring-86168.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Ruhr Nachrichten]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2012, Hammer ta sami takardar shedar samun nasarar Abitur, wanda ya ba ta damar yin karatun kimiyyar wasanni a Jami'ar Gudanar da Aiwatarwa da ke Unna . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baum |first=Clive |date=25 July 2012 |title=Paul Williams, Christina Hammer, Amir Mansour... |url=http://www.worldboxingfederation.net/articles/article0225.htm |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[World Boxing Federation]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Christina Hammer - the youngest German boxing champion |url=http://daz.asia/blog/christina-hammer-die-juengste-deutsche-boxweltmeisterin/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Daz}}</ref> A yayin da take karatun zango na shida a Jami'ar Hagen, a shekarar 2016, ta bayyana cewa tana matukar kokari wajen kammala karatunta yayin wasan dambe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröer |first=Patrick |date=9 November 2016 |title=Hammer is making his way to America |url=https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/sport/dortmund/hammer-bahnt-sich-den-weg-nach-amerika-82905.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Ruhr Nachrichten]]}}</ref> Ita jakadiyar alama ce ta layin rigar Anita, wanda a wasu lokuta tana ƙididdigewa, <ref name="maxim">{{Cite web |last=Struby |first=Tim |date=21 September 2017 |title=Meet Christina Hammer, The World Champion Boxer Who's Also a Lingerie Model |url=https://www.maxim.com/sports/christina-hammer-2017-8 |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2015 |title=New testimonial for Anita active - Christina Hammer |url=https://www.anita.com/ch/unternehmen/news-events/news/christina-hammer.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Derwesten.de}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa wani ɓangare na Movement130, wanda ke ƙarfafa mata na kowane nau'i, girma, da salon rayuwa don rungumi nasu kyan gani na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruth Weber |first=Carol |date=5 February 2018 |title=Christina Hammer Shines as World Champion Boxer and Lingerie Model |url=https://medium.com/@carolruthweber/christina-hammer-shines-as-world-champion-boxer-and-lingerie-model-6a7ac9c6df78 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Christina Hammer da SOFTSWISS sun ƙaddamar da sabis na iGaming tare da haɗin gwiwar WBC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=Сhristina hammer and Softswiss launch iGaming service in partnership with WBC |url=https://5star.media/2017/11/24/christina-hammer-softswiss-launch-online-casino-partnership-wbc/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=5star.media |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524200523/https://5star.media/2017/11/24/christina-hammer-softswiss-launch-online-casino-partnership-wbc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Fightclubcasino is rebrending of ladyhammercasino |url=https://ratemycasino.ca/reviews/fightclubcasino/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Ratemycasino }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hammer shi ne majiɓincin Vive Žene, wurin da 'yan gudun hijirar, 'yan mata masu barazana, da kuma matasa mata a Ossenbrink a Herdecke, tare da Ofishin Daidaitawar Dortmund yana nuna cewa "'yar damben mace tana da hakkin ya bayyana iko da iko." [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Semme |first=Elisabeth |date=4 April 2016 |title=Refuge for traumatized women in Herdecke |url=https://www.derwesten.de/staedte/nachrichten-aus-wetter-und-herdecke/zuflucht-fuer-traumatisierte-frauen-in-herdecke-id11701239.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042719/https://www.derwesten.de/staedte/nachrichten-aus-wetter-und-herdecke/zuflucht-fuer-traumatisierte-frauen-in-herdecke-id11701239.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Derwesten.de}}</ref> Yayin da ta zama 'yar dambe ta farko da ta mallaki gidan caca ta kan layi, ta ba da gudummawar kashi 5% na kuɗin shiga gidan caca ta kan layi ga Kulawar Dambe ta Duniya da kuma Asusun Taimakawa Jose Sulaiman don 'yan damben boksin, wanda ta zama jakadan WBC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=Exclusive Interview with Christina Hammer, Lady Hammer Casino' Ambassador |url=https://canadianbitcoincasinos.com/exclusive-interview-with-christina-hammer-lady-hammer-casino/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Bitcoin Casino Canada }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda ta ce: "My Casino za ta yi amfani da shahararsa kuma a matsayin dandamali don ayyuka masu kyau. Ina sha'awar aikin WBC na musamman ga 'ya'yan su don kula da duniya. dawo." <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Christina Hammer using casino platform for global good |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/christina-hammer-using-casino-platform-for-global-good/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=World Boxing News}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes |- |30 |{{yes2}}Win |28–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|RUS}} Luiza Davydova |UD |8 |7 May 2022 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} Sartory Sale Koln, [[Cologne]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |29 |{{yes2}}Win |27–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|BRA}} Daniele Bastieri |TKO |1 (8) |3 Dec 2021 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} Harzlandhalle, [[Ilsenburg]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |28 |{{yes2}}Win |26–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|FIN}} Sanna Turunen |KO |7 (10), {{Small|0:40}} |20 Dec 2020 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} Motorworld, [[Cologne]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[Women's International Boxing Federation|WIBF]] super-middleweight title}} |- |27 |{{yes2}}Win |25–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|KEN}} Florence Muthoni |UD |8 |8 Feb 2020 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|{{flagicon|GER}} [[EWS Arena]], [[Göppingen]], Germany}} | |- |26 |{{no2}}Loss |24–1 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Claressa Shields]] |UD |10 |13 Apr 2019 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} {{Small|[[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], US}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Lost WBO female middleweight title;<br>For [[List of WBA female world champions#Middleweight|WBA]], WBC, [[List of IBF female world champions#Middleweight|IBF]], and inaugural [[list of The Ring female world champions#Middleweight|''The Ring'' female middleweight titles]]}} |- |25 |{{yes2}}Win |24–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GEO}} Elene Sikmashvili |TKO |2 (8), {{Small|0:35}} |9 Feb 2019 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Verti Music Hall, [[Friedrichshain]], Germany}} | |- |24 |{{yes2}}Win |23–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Tori Nelson]] |UD |10 |22 Jun 2018 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} {{Small|[[Detroit Masonic Temple]], [[Detroit, Michigan]], US}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC and WBO female middleweight titles}} |- |23 |{{yes2}}Win |22–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GHA}} Gifty Amanua Ankrah |KO |4 (10), {{Small|1:59}} |4 Nov 2017 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|SportScheck Allwetteranlage, Munich, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC and WBO female middleweight titles}} |- |22 |{{yes2}}Win |21–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Maria Lindberg]] |UD |10 |1 Apr 2017 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Westfalenhallen]], [[Dortmund]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC and WBO female middleweight titles}} |- |21 |{{yes2}}Win |20–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kali Reis]] |UD |10 |5 Nov 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Ballhaus Forum, Munich, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO female middleweight title;<br>Won [[List of WBC female world champions#Middleweight|WBC female middleweight title]]}} |- |20 |{{yes2}}Win |19–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} Melinda Lazar |TKO |6 (8), {{Small|1:25}} |15 Jul 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Ballhaus Forum, [[Munich]], Germany}} | |- |19 |{{yes2}}Win |18–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kali Reis]] |UD |10 |2 May 2015 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Sparkassen-Arena]], [[Jena]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO female middleweight title}} |- |18 | style="background:#DDD" |{{Abbr|NC|No contest}} |17–0 {{Small|(1)}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Sophie Mathis]] |NC |5 (10), {{Small|0:25}} |26 Jul 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Anhalt Arena, Dessau, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|For WBF and vacant [[list of WBO female world champions#Junior middleweight|WBO female light-middleweight titles]];<br>Originally DQ win for Hammer due to rabbit punches; later ruled a NC}} |- |17 |{{yes2}}Win |17–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Jessica Balogun]] |UD |10 |1 Mar 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Bordelandhalle, Magdeburg, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |16 |{{yes2}}Win |16–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|MEX}} Carmen Garcia Toscano |TKO |1 (10), {{Small|1:42}} |6 Dec 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Brandenburg Halle, Frankfurt, Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |15 |{{yes2}}Win |15–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Mikaela Laurén]] |UD |10 |13 Jul 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[EnergieVerbund Arena]], [[Dresden]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |14 |{{yes2}}Win |14–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} Zita Zatyko |UD |10 |4 May 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[SAP Arena]], [[Mannheim]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won WBF and vacant [[list of WBO female world champions#Super middleweight|WBO female super-middleweight titles]]}} |- |13 |{{yes2}}Win |13–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|DOM}} Yahaira Hernandez |UD |10 |7 Sep 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Innogy Sporthalle|RWE Rhein-Ruhr Sporthalle]], [[Mülheim]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |12 |{{yes2}}Win |12–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|RSA}} Julie Tshabalala |UD |10 |5 Apr 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} {{Small|[[Sportovní hala Vodova]], [[Brno]], Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |11 |{{yes2}}Win |11–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|USA}} Vashon Living |UD |10 |21 Oct 2011 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Brandenburg Halle, [[Frankfurt]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |10 |{{yes2}}Win |10–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Maria Lindberg]] |UD |10 |27 May 2011 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} {{Small|[[Zlatopramen Arena]], [[Ústí nad Labem]], Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBO and WBF female middleweight titles}} |- |9 |{{yes2}}Win |9–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} Diana Kiss |{{Abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}} |7 (10), {{Small|2:00}} |18 Feb 2011 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} {{Small|Stožice Sports Park, Ljubljana, Slovenia}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant WBF female middleweight title}} |- |8 |{{yes2}}Win |8–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|BER}} [[Teresa Perozzi]] |UD |10 |23 Oct 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Sachsen Arena|Erdgas Arena]], [[Riesa]], Germany}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[list of WBO female world champions#Middleweight|WBO female middleweight title]]}} |- |7 |{{yes2}}Win |7–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|ROM}} Mihaela Dragan |TKO |2 (6) |4 Sep 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} {{Small|[[Stožice Sports Park]], Ljubljana, Slovenia}} | |- |6 |{{yes2}}Win |6–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Marie Riederer |{{Abbr|KO|Knockout}} |5 (6), {{Small|1:23}} |4 Jun 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Landesgartenschau, [[Aschersleben]], Germany}} | |- |5 |{{yes2}}Win |5–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Patricia Braesick |TKO |2 (6), {{Small|1:01}} |17 Apr 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[GETEC Arena|Bordelandhalle]], Magdeburg, Germany}} | |- |4 |{{yes2}}Win |4–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SER}} Daniela Bickei |TKO |4 (6) |9 Apr 2010 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} {{Small|[[Tivoli Hall]], [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia}} | |- |3 |{{yes2}}Win |3–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|SER}} Marija Pejakovic |TKO |4 (4) |15 Nov 2009 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|EKZ Arena, [[Niederschöneweide|Schöneweide]], Germany}} | |- |2 |{{yes2}}Win |2–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|CZ}} Sarka Stoklaskova |{{Abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}} |4 |24 Oct 2009 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|[[Anhalt Arena]], [[Dessau]], Germany}} | |- |1 |{{yes2}}Win |1–0 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Melisa Koktar |{{Abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}} |2 (4) |12 Sep 2009 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|GER}} {{Small|Gewerbehof Schlutius, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7l9d24q31cnnuxyyezpgmod0lieqmdb 0 94700 965431 592689 2026-10-09T21:03:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Caoimhe Butterly''' ƴar ƙasar Ireland ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, malama ce mai yin fim kuma mai warkarwa wadda ta shafe sama da shekaru ashirin tana aiki a cikin yanayin jin kai da Adalci na zamantakewa a Haiti, Guatemala, Mexico, Falasdinu, Iraki, Lebanon da kuma al'ummomin 'yan gudun hijira a Turai. Ita 'yar gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya ce wacce ta yi aiki tare da mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau a Zimbabwe, marasa gida a New York, da kuma Zapatistas a Mexico da kuma kwanan nan a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Haiti. A shekara ta 2002, a lokacin wani hari na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila a Jenin, wani sojan Isra'ila ya harbe ta. Ta kwashe kwanaki 16 a cikin fili inda aka kewaye [[Yasser Arafat]] a Ramallah . Mujallar Time ta ba ta suna a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan Turai na Shekara a shekara ta 2003 kuma a shekarar 2016 ta lashe lambar yabo ta Irish Council for Civil Liberties Human Rights Film saboda yadda ta dauki nauyin rikicin' yan gudun hijira. Butterly mai zaman lafiya ne kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Solidarity ta Duniya (ISM), ƙungiyar da ke neman hanyoyin da ba su da tashin hankali ga [[wiktionary:intifada|intifada]] mai makamai ta hanyar tattara jama'ar farar hula ta duniya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caoimhe Butterly a Dublin ga wani likitan iyali. Ayyukan mahaifinta a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya tura iyalin daga Ireland zuwa Zimbabwe lokacin da take yarinya. Ta girma a Kanada, Mauritius, da Zimbabwe saboda aikin mahaifinta tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ta yi aiki a cikin New York Catholic Worker Movement, sannan ta koma Latin Amurka inda ta yi shekaru uku tana zaune tare da al'ummomin asali a Guatemala da Chiapas, Mexico. Ta kuma zauna a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin a West Bank na shekara guda. Ta ziyarci Iraki a lokuta da yawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers: Caoimhe Butterly |url=http://www.solasbhride.ie/feile-bhride/2004/afri-conference.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118180933/http://solasbhride.ie/feile-bhride/2004/afri-conference.htm |archive-date=18 November 2007 |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=Solasbhride.ie}}</ref> ta ziyarci Lebanon, inda ta nuna rashin amincewa da ziyarar [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Burtaniya]] [[Tony Blair]] zuwa kasar bayan ya ba da izinin aika da bama-bamai na Amurka zuwa Isra'ila ta hanyar Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na 2006. An haifi Butterly a cikin al'adun tauhidin 'yanci, wanda, in ji ta, "ya yi mata wahayi sosai" don shiga aikin kare hakkin dan adam Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sa kai a asibitocin cutar kanjamau a Zimbabwe a matsayin matashiya. A lokacin da take ƙarama, ta ce, ta haɓaka zurfin aikin. "Na ji bukatar kusan wani mataki mai raɗaɗi na buƙatar tsayayya da rashin adalci a duk wani mahallin da suke karya. " Ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 18, tana son tafiya, sannan bayan makarantar sakandare ta tafi New York, inda ta kwashe shekara guda tana aiki a gidan Ma'aikacin Katolika na birnin, wanda Dorothy Day da Peter Maurin suka kafa a 1933.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornell |first=Tom |title=A Brief Introduction to the Catholic Worker Movement |url=http://www.catholicworker.org/historytext.cfm?Number=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314165158/http://www.catholicworker.org/historytext.cfm?Number=4 |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |website=The Catholic Worker Movement}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin kai da gwagwarmaya == Bayan New York, a cikin 1998, ta koma Latin Amurka inda ta shafe shekaru uku tana zaune tare da 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'ummomin Zapatista a Guatemala da Chipas, Mexico. Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira da al'ummomin da suka rasa muhallinsu a Yammacin Kogin Yamma, Gaza, Iraki da Lebanon, wanda ya haɗa da aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa EMT tare da ayyukan motar asibiti. A shekara ta 2001 ta yi azumi na kwanaki 10 a gaban ofisoshin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Irish, don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar da Gwamnatin Ireland ta yanke na ba da damar Jiragen yaki na Amurka su cika man fetur a Filin jirgin saman Shannon a kan hanyarsu zuwa Afghanistan. An kama ta yayin da take ƙoƙarin toshe titin jirgin sama.<ref> name="courage">{{Cite journal |last=Barlow |first=Katie |date=27 November 2002 |title=Courage under fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,848369,00.html |journal=The Guardian |location=London |issue=27 November |access-date=16 April 2008}}</ref> === Siege na Arafat fili === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, ta kwashe kwanaki 16 tare da wasu masu sa kai a cikin gidan Muqaata da aka kewaye a Ramallah, don nuna hadin kai ga [[Falasdinawa]] da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da Kasancewar sojojin Isra'ila a yankin. Daga baya ta ji rauni a lokacin da sojoji suka kai hari sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin. === Abin da ya faru a Jenin === A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2002, yayin aikin soja na Isra'ila a Jenin, Butterly, mai shekaru 24, wani sojan Isra'ila ya harbe shi kuma ya ji rauni a cinya. Ta kasance tana ƙoƙarin jagorantar ƙungiyar yara Palasdinawa zuwa aminci.<ref name="courage">{{Cite journal |last=Barlow |first=Katie |date=27 November 2002 |title=Courage under fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,848369,00.html |journal=The Guardian |location=London |issue=27 November |access-date=16 April 2008}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarlow2002">Barlow, Katie (27 November 2002). [https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,848369,00.html "Courage under fire"]. ''The Guardian'' (27 November). London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin wata hira a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', 'yar jarida [[Katie Barlow]] ta ba da rahoton cewa an yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don saduwa da Butterly ta hanyar hotunan da ta ke toshe tankuna na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila yayin da suke harbi a kanta, da kuma labarun matsayinta a cikin layin wuta tsakanin sojoji da yara Palasdinawa, yayin da IDF ta yi barazanar "yinta zama jarumi".<ref name="courage"/> A cikin rahoton, Barlow ya bayyana yadda Butterly ya gudu kai tsaye, duk da ci gaba da wuta, zuwa ga wani yaro dan Palasdinawa mai nakasa wanda wani dan bindiga na Isra'ila ya harbe shi. Daga baya motar asibiti ta [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Crescent]] ta isa wurin kuma a cikin ci gaba da harbi, likitocin sun shigar da yaron cikin motar, masu harbi sun sami damar harbi ta taga na asibiti, suna fashe gilashi a duk yaron, kuma kusan kashe mai daukar hoto na gida wanda ke yin fim. Yaron zai tsira, amma ya gurgunta daga wuyansa zuwa ƙasa. Bayan an harbe shi, Butterly, wanda ya kwashe fiye da shekara guda yana tsaye a kan hanyar tankuna da sojoji na Isra'ila, ya ki barin: "Ba zan tafi ko'ina ba. Ina zama har sai wannan aikin ya ƙare. Ina da damar kasancewa a nan, alhakin kasancewa a nan. Hakanan duk wanda ya san abin da ke faruwa a nan. " === Yaƙin Iraki === Kafin harin ak003 na Iraki, Butterly ya yi kamfen na adawa da matakin gwamnatin Ireland na barin sojojin Amurka su yi amfani da filin jirgin sama na Shannon. Da farko ta kasance mai sanya hannu kan matakin Pitstop Plowshares wanda ya lalata wani jirgin yakin Amurka a Shannon a watan Fabrairun 2003, amma daga karshe ta yanke shawarar kada ta shiga cikin sha'awar tafiya zuwa Iraki tare da hadin kai da fararen hula a can. A taron Belfast na 2003 tsakanin shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] da Firayim Minista Tony Blair na Biritaniya, Butterly an kama shi tare da jan shi da gashinta saboda shafa jan jam a garkuwar tarzoma na 'yan sanda biyu. "Babu wani aiki mai kyau," in ji ta. "Lokaci ya yi da za mu sake mai da hankali kan abin da ke faruwa a Bagadaza." === Kasancewa a Beirut === Bayan Yaƙin 2006 a Lebanon, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya tafi tafi tafiyar siyasa zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya don ganawa da shugabannin yankin. Jin fushi game da Firayim Ministan Burtaniya yana ƙaruwa a Lebanon, dangane da matsayinsa a lokacin yakin, kin amincewarsa da yin kira ga tsagaita wuta nan da nan da kuma daidaita manufofinsa tare da na Shugaba George W. Bush na Amurka don tallafawa aikin soja na Isra'ila. Butterly ya katse taron manema labarai na Blair tare da Firayim Minista na Lebanon Fouad Siniora, yana zargin Blair da hannu a harin bam na Isra'ila na baya-bayan nan na Lebanon. "Wannan ziyarar zagi ce", "Jin kunya a gare ku Tony Blair" Butterly ya yi ihu yayin da Siniora da Blair suka yi magana a ofishin Siniora. Ta riƙe wata alama da ke cewa "Boycott Isra'ila apartheid" a gaban kyamarorin talabijin na kai tsaye, har sai masu tsaron da ke riƙe da ita da makamai da kafafu sun dauke ta. Blair da Siniora sun tsaya a hankali yayin da ta yi ihu. === Abin da ya faru na Iain Hook === A shekara ta 2005, ta ba da shaida a rubuce a cikin Bincike da aka yi game da kisan gillar manajan aikin agaji na UNRWA Iain Hook da wani dan bindigar sojan Isra'ila ya yi. An kuma harbe Butterly a ƙafa a lokacin wannan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=13 December 2005 |title=UN relief worker 'refused flak jacket' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/suffolk/4524962.stm |journal=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2008}}</ref> === Rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Gaza === Butterly yana cikin jirgin ruwa wanda ke kawo kayan agaji zuwa Gaza a lokacin harin jirgin ruwa na Gaza a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2010. Bayan girgizar kasa ta 2010 a Haiti, ta yi aiki tare da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na wayar hannu da ayyukan zamantakewar kwakwalwa a can. Daga baya ta koma matakin ilimi na uku a farkon shekarunta na 30, ta kammala Masters in Development Studies <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caoimhe Butterly Interview |url=https://www.podomatic.com/podcasts/kimmagedsc/episodes/2014-11-04T07_22_00-08_00 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=Podomatic}}</ref> da kuma Systemic Pschotherapy . == Ayyukan yanzu == Bayan shekaru 15 yana aiki tare da ayyukan jin kai da haƙƙin mallaka a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Butterly ya koma Ireland. Tana zaune ne a Dublin, kodayake tana ci gaba da aiki tare da shirye-shiryen tallafin zamantakewar al'umma da ke da alamun rauni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Insight Matters - #5 {{!}} Caoimhe Butterly on International Women's Day |url=https://www.podcasts.com/insight-matters-bbe6f36a1/episode/5-Caoimhe-Butterly-on-International-Womens-Day-55c2 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=www.podcasts.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209223619/https://www.podcasts.com/insight-matters-bbe6f36a1/episode/5-Caoimhe-Butterly-on-International-Womens-Day-55c2 |archive-date=2019-12-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da kuma Bincike da Ceto tare da 'yan gudun hijira a Girka, Calais, Italiya, Lebanon da Tsakiyar Bahar Rum. Ta kuma ba da laccoci da aiki a cikin mahimman Ilimi na Ci Gaban kuma tana rubutu don wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Connecting the Personal and the Political: Feminist Perspectives on Development Education {{!}} Development Education Review |url=https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-29/connecting-personal-and-political-feminist-perspectives-development-education |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=www.developmenteducationreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Finding 'Refuge' on Mediterranean Crisis' Ground Zero |url=https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2016/09/19/video-finding-refuge-on-mediterranean-crisis-ground-zero |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=Refugees |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Voices |first=Pingback: #IamSyrian Showcases the Many Achievements of Syrians Around the World · Global |date=2015-10-06 |title=Steps on the Journey · Global Voices |url=https://globalvoices.org/2015/10/06/steps-on-the-journey/ |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ehbzflf7ljsia0d3c5j8a7c3xfiy1wp 0 96617 965239 894672 2026-10-09T12:39:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Barbara Kanam Mutund''' (an Haife shi 27 Satumban shekarar1973), wacce aka sani da ƙwararriya da '''Barbara Kanam''', mawaƙiyar Kongo ce-mawaƙiya, furodusa, ɗan gidan talabijin, mai ba da agaji, kuma ɗan siyasa a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Asusun Tallafawa Al'adu na [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramazani |last2=Mavambu |last3=Ngusu |date=11 July 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam: Zoom sur une femme battante et independante au FPC |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: Focus on a fighter and independent woman at the FPC |url=https://congoprofond.net/barbara-kanam-zoom-sur-une-femme-battante-et-independante-au-fpc/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Congoprofond.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2023 |title=Nouveau Directeur Général adjoint au Fonds de Promotion Culturel, Didier Masela: ''Nous œuvrerons pour un modus operandi privilégiant le dialogue et l'unité pour le progrès de notre structure'' |trans-title=New Deputy Director General of the Cultural Promotion Fund, Didier Masela: ''We will work for a modus operandi favoring dialogue and unity for the progress of our structure'' |url=https://www.laprosperite.cd/nouveau-directeur-general-adjoint-au-fonds-de-promotion-culturel-didier-masela-nous-oeuvrerons-pour-un-modus-operandi-privilegiant-le-dialogue-et-lunite-pour-le-prog/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=La Prospéríté |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> An lura da ita ga launi na launi da soprano, ana ɗaukar Kanam ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin ƙarni na 21 na Kongo da mashahuriyar kiɗan Afirka . <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Massamba |first=Alain-Patrick |date=13 December 2024 |title=PORTRAIT: Barbara Kanam, une chanteuse attachée aux droits de la femme |trans-title=PORTRAIT: Barbara Kanam, a singer committed to women's rights |url=https://lasemaineafricaine.info/portrait-barbara-kanam-une-chanteuse-attachee-aux-droits-de-la-femme/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[La Semaine Africaine]] |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndungidi |first=Patrick |date=8 July 2019 |title=Interview. Barbara Kanam: "En tant que musicienne, je me suis toujours proposée de vulgariser et défendre les droits des femmes" |trans-title=Interview. Barbara Kanam: "As a musician, I have always set out to popularize and defend women's rights" |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/interview-barbara-kanam-en-tant-que-musicienne-je-me-suis-toujours-proposee-de-vulgariser-et |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=13 July 2016 |title=Plébiscitée "Femme de l'année'", Barbara Kanam dédie le trophée à Maman Olive Lembe, Antoinette Sassou, Jeanine Mabunda… |trans-title=Voted ''Woman of the Year'', Barbara Kanam dedicates the trophy to Maman Olive Lembe, Antoinette Sassou, Jeanine Mabunda... |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-19064_plebiscitee_femme_de_l_annee_barbara_kanam_dedie_le_trophee_a_maman_olive_lembe_antoinette_sassou_jeanine_mabunda.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=La Prospérité |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Ta yi waƙa a cikin [[Faransanci]], [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], Lingala, da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=28 September 2017 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Née un certain 27 septembre - Gros plan sur Barbara Kanam, la Diva Africaine! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Born on September 27 - Close-up on Barbara Kanam, the African Diva! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201709290672.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Laprosperiteonline.net/ |language=Fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=29 September 2016 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Née le 27 septembre 1973 - A 43 ans d'âge, Barbara Kanam fait la fierté de l'Afrique! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Born September 27, 1973 - At 43 years old, Barbara Kanam is the pride of Africa! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201609290882.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Laprosperiteonline.net/ |language=Fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> sau da yawa tana magana akan jigogi kamar zaman lafiya, [[So|soyayya]], [[farin ciki]], da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|yancin mata]] a cikin waƙoƙinta. <ref name=":15" /> An haife ta a [[Bukavu]], ta sami suna bayan mawaƙin reggae na Ivory Coast Alpha Blondy da furodusa Dodo Koné suka hange ta, wanda ya fitar da album ɗinta na farko a 1999, ''Mokili'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Kanam, La Diva Congolaise - CongoleseMusic.com |url=https://www.congolesemusic.com/person/barbara-kanam/ |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Congolese Music}}</ref> Bisharar kundin waƙar -influenced gubar guda "Mokili Ekoleka" ya sami Kanam bayyanar talabijin a Koras Awards . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MusicMe: Biographie de Barbara Kanam |url=https://www.musicme.com/#/Barbara-Kanam/biographie/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=musicMe |language=fr |publication-place=Boulogne-billancourt, Île-de-France, France}}</ref> Kundin ɗakin studio na biyu na Kanam, ''Téti'', wanda aka saki a cikin 2003, ta lashe lambar yabo ta 2003 Kora Awards . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Angel |date=7 December 2003 |title=2003 Kora All African Music Awards, Winners Announced |url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2003/12/07/2003-kora-all-african-music-awards-winners-announced/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=World Music Central |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330212536/https://worldmusiccentral.org/2003/12/07/2003-kora-all-african-music-awards-winners-announced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Téti'' ta lashe lambar yabo da yawa, ciki har da Mafi kyawun Mace na Afirka ta Tsakiya a Kunde d'Or da Tamani d'O don Mafi kyawun bege na mata a 2004, sannan ta sami lambar yabo ta Black Music Awards biyu a jere a 2005 don Wahayin Shekara da Mafi kyawun Bidiyo don "Bibi Madeleine: L'argent appelle l'argent" a cikin 2005 <ref name=":2" /> Ya rabu da alamar rikodin Koné a cikin 2008, Kanam ya kafa Kanam Music. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Barbara Kanam sort un nouveau single |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/barbara-kanam-sort-un-nouveau-single |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr}}</ref> Ta saki albam dinta na uku, ''Karibu'', a watan Janairun 2010 kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta Okapi don Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Mata a shekara mai zuwa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2010 |title=Barbara Kanam lance "Karibu" |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/lartiste/2010/01/20/barbara-kanam-lance-karibu |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2012 |title=La chanteuse Barbara Kanam à Paris pour finaliser son single African girl |trans-title=Singer Barbara Kanam in Paris to finalize her single African girl |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2012/05/31/la-chanteuse-barbara-kanam-paris-pour-finaliser-son-single-african-girl |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> A watan Yulin 2015, album dinta na hudu, ''Zawadi'', ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Ndule don Mafi kyawun Muryar Mata da Kyautar Kiɗa na Afroca don Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Mata. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Diasso |first=Alain |date=13 November 2015 |title=Production: Barbara Kanam amène "Zawadi" au Roméo Golf |trans-title=Production: Barbara Kanam brings "Zawadi" to Roméo Golf |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/production-barbara-kanam-amene-zawadi-au-romeo-golf-41584 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=French |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Yunduka |first=Karim |date=4 December 2020 |title=Musique: Barbara Kanam fait sensation avec "Atcha" |trans-title=Music: Barbara Kanam causes a sensation with "Atcha" |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/musique-barbara-kanam-fait-sensation-avec-atcha-122209 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chale |date=6 November 2009 |title=Barbara Kanam - Museke African artistes |url=http://www.museke.com/BarbaraKanam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426185028/http://www.museke.com/BarbaraKanam |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |website=Museke |publisher=fie.nipa Cooperative}}</ref> Album dinta na biyar, ''Transfiguration'', wanda aka fara a ranar 23 Disamba 2023. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 December 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam dévoile son album "Transfiguration" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam unveils her album "Transfiguration" |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-devoile-son-album-transfiguration/151817/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Baya ga kiɗa, Kanam ta mallaki Kanam Luxury, wani otal a [[Kinshasa]] wanda ya kware a samfuran samfuranta, gami da layin Barbara Luxury champagne. <ref name=":10"/> <ref name=":2"/> == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1973–1998: Yaro, ilimi da kiɗa na halarta === An haifi Barbara Kanam Mutund a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1973 a [[Bukavu]], Zaire (yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jumhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kwango]] ), a cikin dangi na matsakaicin matsakaici a matsayin ɗayan yara goma sha biyu. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Barbara Kanam, La Diva Congolaise - CongoleseMusic.com |url=https://www.congolesemusic.com/person/barbara-kanam/ |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Congolese Music}}</ref> <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=Foko |first=Michel Tagne |date=12 December 2013 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Barbara Kanam, "La diva congolaise", se confie |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Barbara Kanam, "The Congolese diva", confides |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201312120517.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Camer.be/ |language=Fr}}</ref> Mahaifinta, babban jami'in Lunda, ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar Manaja na Otal din Sheraton da ke [[Lubumbashi]], yayin da mahaifiyarta ta fito daga kabilar Bemba . <ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=29 September 2016 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Née le 27 septembre 1973 - A 43 ans d'âge, Barbara Kanam fait la fierté de l'Afrique! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Born September 27, 1973 - At 43 years old, Barbara Kanam is the pride of Africa! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201609290882.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Laprosperiteonline.net/ |language=Fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":16"/> <ref name=":23"/> Bayan ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a makarantar masu zaman kansu ta Belgium ta Kolwezi, ta tafi karatun kasuwanci na kasa da kasa a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1991. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Kongo |first=Robert |date=6 August 2014 |title=Barbara Kanam: "C'est avec plaisir et passion que je chante" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: "It is with pleasure and passion that I sing" |url=https://www.congoforum.be/fr/2014/08/barbara-kanam-cest-avec-plaisir-et-passion-que-je-chante/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Le Potentiel]] |language=fr-FR |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219103044/https://www.congoforum.be/fr/2014/08/barbara-kanam-cest-avec-plaisir-et-passion-que-je-chante/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Kongo |first=Robert |date=6 August 2014 |title=Interview: Barbara Kanam, "C'est avec plaisir et passion que je chante" |trans-title=Interview: Barbara Kanam, "It is with pleasure and passion that I sing" |url=https://www.universrumbacongolaise.com/interviews/barbara-kanam-chante-avec-plaisir-passion/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Universrumbacongolaise.com |publisher=[[Le Potentiel]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name=":122" /> Yayin da take [[Pretoria]], ta shiga cikin cocin Ikklesiyoyin bishara na gida, wanda ya ba da bayyanar ta ta farko ga kiɗa. Halartan coci a kai a kai, ta ɗauki hankalin ikilisiyar da kuma limamin cocin, wanda ya gayyace ta ta yi ja-gora da kuma rera waƙa a ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci. <ref name=":23" /> A cikin wata hira da ''Le Potentiel'', Kanam ya bayyana cewa "Ta hanyar wannan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ne na gane cewa ina da kyautar kiɗa". <ref name=":18" /> <ref name=":19" /> Sha'awar kiɗan da ta yi girma ya tilasta mata yin watsi da karatun kasuwancinta na duniya, maimakon neman ilimin tauhidi da kiɗa a Makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Rhema da Kwalejin Psalmody a [[Johannesburg]] . <ref name=":23" /> Sai dai kuma saboda rashin aikin da mahaifinta ya yi, sai matsalar kudi ta ‘yan uwa ta shiga tabarbarewa, wanda hakan ya sa Kanam ke fuskantar kalubale wajen biyan kudin makaranta. <ref name=":23" /> Ta haka ne ta nemi aikin yi don ciyar da iyalinta yayin da ta kammala karatunta na jami'a. <ref name=":23" /> A matsayin wani nau'i na biki don samun nasarar karatunta, ta sayi guitar a matsayin kyauta ta taya kanta, wanda ta koya wa kanta yin wasa kuma ta fara tsara kiɗanta. <ref name=":23" /> When she returned to Lubumbashi during academic recess, she confided her musical aspirations to her father, who vehemently disapproved.<ref name=":23"/> Discontent with her choice, he asserted that she should no longer return to Pretoria.<ref name=":23" /> Concerned about the potential challenges she might face at the University of Lubumbashi, Kanam consented to take a sabbatical year. During this time in Lubumbashi, she found work in the import-export sector to assist her family.<ref name=":23" /> In the early 1990s, Kanam began to perform in [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Central Africa]]. In 1993, she developed an acoustic setlist for a "One Woman Acoustic Show" and traveled across the region, staging performances in major cities such as [[Kinshasa]] and Lubumbashi.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 September 2012 |title=Barbara Kanam: La nouvelle diva africaine |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: The new African diva |url=https://www.newmorning.com/20120922-2590-barbara-kanam.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=New Morning |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":23" /> A cikin 1995, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast, inda ta zama ɗan soloist a ƙungiyar mawakan cocinta, La Réconciliation de Mel Eg Théodore. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=MusicMe: Biographie de Barbara Kanam |url=https://www.musicme.com/#/Barbara-Kanam/biographie/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=musicMe |language=French |publication-place=Boulogne-billancourt, Île-de-France, France}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavaine |first=Bertrand |date=2015-10-29 |title=Barbara Kanam, une touche de glamour au Congo |trans-title=Barbara Kanam, a touch of glamor in Congo |url=https://musique.rfi.fr/actu-musique/musique-africaine/album/20151029-barbara-kanam-zawadi |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=RFI Musique |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 1977, yayin da take wasa a Hotel Ivoire, Alpha Blondy da manajansa, Koné Dodo sun hange ta. <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Ramazani |last2=Mavambu |last3=Ngusu |date=11 July 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam: Zoom sur une femme battante et independante au FPC |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: Focus on a fighter and independent woman at the FPC |url=https://congoprofond.net/barbara-kanam-zoom-sur-une-femme-battante-et-independante-au-fpc/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Congoprofond.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name=":23" /> A cikin wata hira da ''Le Potentiel'', Kanam ya bayyana cewa Koné Dodo ya ƙarfafa ta da ta ci gaba da aikin kiɗa. <ref name=":18"/> <ref name=":19"/> Duk da cewa suna son sanya mata hannu, iyayen Kanam sun dage cewa ta kammala karatun ta kafin ta ci gaba da sana’ar waka. Daga baya waccan shekarar, daga ƙarshe ta sami BTS International Commerce daga Jami'ar Tertiaire et Technologique a Abidjan. <ref name=":23" /> === 1999–2008: ''Mokili'' da ''Téti'' === A cikin 1999, Kanam ta fito da kundi na farko na studio, ''Mokili'', wanda Koné Dodo ya shirya. Kundin ya kunshi wakar mai taken "Mokili Ekoleka" mai tasirin bishara kuma ta samu lambar yabo ta Kora, inda ta fara fitowa a talabijin, inda ta gabatar da kundinta a wurin bikin karramawar. <ref name=":23"/> A shekara ta 2000, Kanam ta huta daga yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta koma [[Faris|Paris]] saboda ciki. Bayan hutun shekaru biyu, ta ci gaba da aikin waƙar tare da fitar da kundi na biyu na studio, ''Téti'', akan 1 Janairu 2003. <ref name=":23" /> Rikodin, wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 12, Kiki Productions da Nouvelle JAT Music ne suka shirya shi, alamar Koné Dodo. <ref name=":42" /> ''Téti'' ta samu gagarumar nasara a kasuwar Burkinabè, musamman a [[Ouagadougou]], inda ta sami wasan kwaikwayo ta gidan rediyon Télévision du Burkina na tsawon watanni biyar. <ref name=":42" /> Waƙar da ta fito, "Bibi Madeleine: L'Argent appelle l'argent", ta yi biyayya ga kakarta kuma ta gwada Pamelo Mounk'a ta 1985 ta buga "L'argent appelle l'argent". <ref name=":23" /> An yi muhawarar waƙar a cikin nau'i biyu - ɗaya yana nuna Edgar Yonkeu kuma wani tare da Awilo Longomba . <ref name=":23" /> A cikin Afrilu 2003, An zaɓi Kanam a lokacin bugu na 3 na Kundé d'Or kuma daga baya ya yi a [[:fr:Palais_des_sports_de_Ouaga_2000|Palais des Sports de Ouaga 2000]] don inganta ''Téti'' . Bugu da ƙari, ta yi farin ciki da mataki a Fadar Al'adu na Abidjan, ta raba dandalin tare da [[:fr:Aïcha_Koné|Aicha Koné]], Tiane, [[:fr:Mawa_Traoré|Mawa Traoré]], [[:fr:Joelle_Séka|Joelle Séka]], Tigress Sidonie, da [[:fr:Chantal_Taiba|Chantal Taïba]] don kara tallafawa ''Téti'' . Ta koma Burkina Faso don halartar bikin Wuïré daga 29 ga Oktoba zuwa 1 ga Nuwamba a Sashen Imasgo . Nasarar da Kanam ta samu tare da ''Téti'' ya sa ta samu lambar yabo ta Kora don ƙwararrun Mawaƙin Mata na Afirka a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2003 a Cibiyar Taro ta Sandton a Sandton . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Angel |date=7 December 2003 |title=2003 Kora All African Music Awards, Winners Announced |url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2003/12/07/2003-kora-all-african-music-awards-winners-announced/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330212536/https://worldmusiccentral.org/2003/12/07/2003-kora-all-african-music-awards-winners-announced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2004, Kanam ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun mace a Afirka ta Tsakiya a Kunde d'Or a [[Burkina Faso]] . Ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Fadar Al'adu a Abidjan, tare da Coumba Gawlo, Chantal Taïba, da Tigress Sidonie. An sake fitar da sigar "Bibi Madeleine: L'argent appelle l'argent", wanda aka rubuta tare da Awilo Longomba da Edgar Yonkeu, a cikin 2005. <ref name=":12"/> Ya sami karbuwa sosai a duk faɗin Afirka, [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], da ƴan gudun hijira na Afirka na Turai, musamman a [[Faransa]], inda ya sami Kanam lambar yabo ta Baƙar fata guda biyu a jere don Mafi kyawun Bidiyo da Wahayin Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 September 2012 |title=Barbara Kanam: La nouvelle diva africaine |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: The new African diva |url=https://www.newmorning.com/20120922-2590-barbara-kanam.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=New Morning |language=fr}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta haɗu tare da Fally Ipupa akan waƙar "100% Love" daga kundin sa ''Droit Chemin'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Fally Ipupa - Biographie, discographie et fiche artiste |url=https://musique.rfi.fr/artiste/musique-africaine/fally-ipupa |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adjuvant |first=Kribios-Kauta |date=11 June 2024 |title=Droit Chemin, le grand succès et le couronnement de Fally Ipupa à la tête de la 5ème Génération de la musique congolaise |trans-title=Droit Chemin, the great success and the coronation of Fally Ipupa at the head of the 5th Generation of Congolese music |url=https://www.kribiosuniversal.com/post/droit-chemin-le-grand-succes-et-le-couronnement-de-fally-ipupa-a-la-tete-de-la-5eme-generation-de-la-musique-congolaise- |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Kribios Universal |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fally Ipupa - Droit Chemin - 100% Love |url=https://www.universrumbacongolaise.com/produit/fally-ipupa-droit-chemin-100-love-feat-barbara-kanam/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Universrumbacongolaise.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === 2009-2014: ''Karibu'' da "Afrika Dakatar da Ebola" === A cikin 2008, Kanam ta ƙare kwangilarta da Koné Dodo kuma ta kafa lakabin rikodin nata, Kanam Music. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Barbara Kanam sort un nouveau single |trans-title=Barbara Kanam releases a new single |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/barbara-kanam-sort-un-nouveau-single |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr}}</ref> Ta fara aiki a kan albam dinta na uku, ''Karibu'' ( [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] don "maraba") a cikin [[Faris|Paris]] a wannan shekarar. Daga baya, ta koma Ivory Coast a watan Yuli 2009 don mai da hankali kan ''Karibu'' . An gudanar da wani taron da kamfanin King Production record label a [[Abidjan]] ya shirya, wanda ya hada da 'yan jarida kusan talatin don yada albam din na gabatowa. Daga nan sai ta koma [[Lubumbashi]] a watan Nuwamba don kula da yadda ake shirya faifan wakokin ''Karibu'' kuma ta gudanar da kide-kide da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2009 |title=Barbara Kanam |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/lartiste/2009/01/11/barbara-kanam |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Kanam Music ya fito a hukumance a watan Janairu 2010. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2010 |title=Barbara Kanam lance "Karibu" |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/lartiste/2010/01/20/barbara-kanam-lance-karibu |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masela |first=Nioni |date=21 July 2016 |title=Interview. Barbara Kanam: "Je pense que je réponds à une demande" |trans-title=Interview. Barbara Kanam: "I think I'm responding to a demand" |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/interview-barbara-kanam-je-pense-que-je-reponds-une-demande-53969 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr}}</ref> Yana haɗa rumba na Kongo kuma yana fasalta Fally Ipupa akan waƙar "Noir & Blanc". <ref name=":62" /> <ref name=":52" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanam Barbara: Chanteur/euse, Acteur/trice, Producteur/trice, Compositeur |url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=32701 |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Africultures |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Karibu'' ya samu gagarumar nasara, inda 'yan jarida da masu watsa shirye-shirye irin su [[:fr:Claudy_Siar|Claudy Siar]] da [[:fr:Robert_Brazza|Yves Robert Brazza Kambala]] suka ayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun fitowar shekarar. Kanam ya zama “mai ɗaukar nauyi” ga mawakan Afirka mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsala |first=Boni |title=ACTU DE STARS: Barbara Kanam en pleine promotion de son album "Karibu" |url=http://abidjantv.net/affiche.php?id=152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001233555/http://abidjantv.net/affiche.php?id=152 |archive-date=1 October 2009 |website=Abidjan TV |language=fr}}</ref> Daga baya Kanam ya yi a Venus Hotel a Kinshasa a lokacin bugu na 2 na Ndule Awards <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2010 |title=Ndule Awards: jour j-1 |trans-title=Ndule Awards: day d-1 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/en-bref/2010/02/26/ndule-awards-jour-j-1 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Mata a bugu na 3 na MTV Africa Music Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2010 |title=Barbara Kanam parle de sa nomination au MTV Awards |trans-title=Barbara Kanam talks about her MTV Awards nomination |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/regions/kinshasa/2010/12/04/barbara-kanam-parle-de-sa-nomination-au-mtv-awards |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Ta kuma yi wasa a dandalin Obelisk da ke [[Dakar]] a matsayin wani bangare na bugu na 3 na bikin baƙar fata na duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2010 |title=Festival mondial des arts nègres: Barbara Kanam et Lexxus Légal se produisent ce mardi soir |trans-title=World Festival of Negro Arts: Barbara Kanam and Lexxus Légal perform this Tuesday evening |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/en-bref/2010/12/28/festival-mondial-des-arts-negres-barbara-kanam-et-lexxus-legal-se-produisent-ce-mardi-soir |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2014, an nuna Kanam a kan "Afrika Dakatar da Ebola", waƙar da ke haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|cutar zazzabin Ebola]] a Afirka. Waƙar ta ƙunshi mawaƙa [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Amadou &amp;amp; Mariam, Salif Keita, [[Oumou Sangaré]], Kandia Kouyaté, Mory Kanté, [[:fr:Sia_Tolno|Sia Tolno]], da rap ɗin Didier Awadi, Marcus, da Mokobé Traoré . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Bindika |first=Rosalie |date=28 October 2014 |title=Ébola: des artistes musiciens africains se mobilisent contre l'épidémie |trans-title=Ebola: African musical artists mobilize against the epidemic |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/ebola-des-artistes-musiciens-africains-se-mobilisent-contre-lepidemie-22461 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":142">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Vidéos: les artistes africains chantent contre Ebola |trans-title=Videos: African artists sing against Ebola |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20141027-ebola-chanteurs-africains-artistes-clips-liberia-guinee-senegal-videos-mobilisation |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[France 24]] |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2014 |title=Africa Stop Ebola: des artistes africains se mobilisent contre Ebola |trans-title=Africa Stop Ebola: African artists mobilize against Ebola |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/41169/culture/africa-stop-ebola-des-artistes-africains-se-mobilisent-contre-ebola/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> Ya haɗa da umarni daga masana kan yadda ake mutunta kiyaye lafiya da tsafta. <ref name=":132" /> <ref name=":142" /> === 2015-yanzu: ''Zawadi'', sakewa na tsaye, da ''Sauyi'' === Kanam ta fara yin rikodin album ɗinta na huɗu na studio, Zawadi, a cikin 2014. Ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi da La Prospérité cewa " Zawadi " kalmar Swahili ce don "kyauta" kuma tana wakiltar wata baiwar Allah mai tamani da aka yi a duniya. Kundin ya ƙunshi raye-rayen choreographed da aka sani da "danse du président".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diala |first=J. |date=17 December 2014 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Sur le marché du disque - "Zawadi", Barbara Kanam prête pour la sauce! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: On the record market - "Zawadi", Barbara Kanam ready for the sauce! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201412180983.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=La Prospérité |location=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo |language=French}}</ref> Yayin da yake aiki akan Zawadi, Kanam ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na juri a gasar kiɗa ta Jeunes Talents kuma daga baya ya zagaya birnin Paris don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar rarrabawa don fitar da kundin na gaba. Kundin ya fito da lambobi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2015, kuma akan ƙaramin diski a ranar 12 ga Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=J. |date=19 December 2014 |title=Sur le marché du disque: "Zawadi", Barbara Kanam prête pour la sauce |trans-title=On the music market: "Zawadi", Barbara Kanam ready to spice things up |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sur-le-march%C3%A9-du-disque-%C2%ABzawadi-%C2%BB-barbara-kanam-pr%C3%AAte-pour-la-sauce |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104101332/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sur-le-march%C3%A9-du-disque-%C2%ABzawadi-%C2%BB-barbara-kanam-pr%C3%AAte-pour-la-sauce |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kundin ya haɗu da rumba na Kongo kuma ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bana C4 da mawaƙin zouk Marvin.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Diasso |first=Alain |date=13 November 2015 |title=Production: Barbara Kanam amène "Zawadi" au Roméo Golf |trans-title=Production: Barbara Kanam brings "Zawadi" to Roméo Golf |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/production-barbara-kanam-amene-zawadi-au-romeo-golf-41584 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=French |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kanam ta bayyana Zawadi a matsayin albam din ta na “fitacciyar nasara”, mai fasaha da murya fiye da tarihinta na baya.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2015 |title=Barbara Kanam présente son nouvel album le 28 novembre |trans-title=Barbara Kanam presents her new album on November 28 |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/barbara-kanam-pr%C3%A9sente-son-nouvel-album-le-28-novembre |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Music In Africa |language=fr |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104101330/https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/barbara-kanam-pr%C3%A9sente-son-nouvel-album-le-28-novembre |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta goyi bayan kundin tare da kide kide a filin wasan Golf na Roméo a Kinshasa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2015 |title=Musique: "Zawadi" le nouvel album de la diva Barbara Kanam |trans-title="Zawadi" the new album from diva Barbara Kanam |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-12825_zawadi_le_nouvel_album_de_la_diva_barbara_kanam.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":72" /> A watan Agustan 2016, Kanam ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyawun ƴan wasan Afirka mata a lokacin bugu na biyu na lambar yabo ta Afroca Music Awards a Brazzaville.<ref name=":82" /> Komawa a Kinshasa, ta yi hira da La Prospérité inda ta nuna godiyarta ga mutanen da suka tallafa mata a tsawon shekaru 15 da ta yi a fagen kiɗa.<ref name=":92">{{Cite news |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=19 August 2016 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Barbara Kanam - Meilleure artiste féminine africaine |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Barbara Kanam - Best African female artist |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201608190538.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=La Prospérité |location=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo |language=French}}</ref> Zawadi ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta musamman na Jury a bugu na 11 na Canal d'Or, wanda aka gudanar a Palais des Congrès de Yaoundé a gaban uwargidan shugaban kasar Kamaru, Chantal Biya.<ref name=":92" /> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=13 March 2017 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Prix spécial Canal d'Or 2017 - Barbara Kanam honorée au Cameroun ! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Canal d'Or Special Prize 2017 - Barbara Kanam honored in Cameroon! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201703130187.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=La Prospérité |location=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 March 2017 |title=Ferre Gola et Barbara Kanam gagnants au Canal 2'or 2017 |trans-title=Ferre Gola et Barbara Kanam gagnants au Canal 2’or 2017 |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/ferre-gola-barbara-kanam-gagnants-canal-2or-2017/4553/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2017, Kanam ta bayyana waƙarta mai zuwa "Mela Mayi" zuwa ''Forum des As'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 June 2017 |title=Barbara Kanam prépare son prochain single "Mela Mayi" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam prepares her next single "Mela Mayi" |url=https://mbote.cd/celebrites/barbara-kanam-prepare-prochain-single-mela-mayi/6662/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Da farko an yi rikodin a cikin 2016, an raba teaser na bidiyon kiɗan akan [[YouTube]] a watan Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 November 2017 |title=Barbara Kanam annonce un nouveau clip |trans-title=Barbara Kanam announces a new music video |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-annonce-nouveau-clip/9725/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da bidiyon a hukumance a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2017, wanda ke nuna rawar gani mai cike da kuzari. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 August 2017 |title=Découvrez le clip générique "Mela mayi" de Barbara Kanam |trans-title=Discover the generic music video "Mela mayi" by Barbara Kanam |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/decouvrez-clip-generique-mela-mayi-de-barbara-kanam/8258/ |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Don tallafa wa "Mela Mayi", Kanam ta gudanar da wani taron kide-kide na musamman a SHOWBUZZ a Kinshasa a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2017 kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Mata na Afirka ta Tsakiya a Kyautar Masana'antar Kiɗa ta Afirka. A cikin Maris 2018, Kanam ya ƙaddamar da waƙar "Lisanga Ya Ba Mbanda", murfin Rumba na Kongo na M'bilia Bel ta buga daga 1980s. Da yake magana da ''La Prospérité'', ta raba, ".....Na biya harajin da ya dace da rayuwa ga mahaifiyar Mbilia Bel, [[Cleopatra]] ". <ref name=":152" /> A ranar 23 ga Disamba 2019, ta gabatar da waƙar rawa mai taken "Bouger", sannan ta fito da "Flèche" akan 14 Maris 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 February 2020 |title=Barbara Kanam annonce la sortie d'un single intitulé "Flèche" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam announces the release of a single entitled "Flèche" |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-annonce-la-sortie-dun-single-intitule-fleche/25642/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Ballad soyayyarta "Atcha", hadewar rumba na Kongo da aka rera a cikin Swahili, Lingala, da Faransanci, an sake shi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020 kuma ta sami yabo sosai a Kinshasa. <ref name=":162">{{Cite web |last=Mpiutu |first=Miguel Jegou |date=4 October 2020 |title=Barbara Kanam annonce la sortie de son nouveau single "Atcha" en octobre |trans-title=Barbara Kanam announces the release of her new single "Atcha" in October |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-annonce-la-sortie-de-son-nouveau-single-atcha-en-octobre/53588/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mpiutu |first=Miguel Jegou |date=11 October 2020 |title=Découvrez le nouveau single "Atcha" de Barbara Kanam |trans-title=Discover the new single "Atcha" by Barbara Kanam |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/decouvrez-le-nouveau-single-atcha-de-barbara-kanam/54327/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Don tunawa da sakin, ta shirya wani taron VIP a Village Chez Ntemba, dake 10 Avenue Du Port, [[Gombe, Kinshasa]] a yammacin ranar. <ref name=":162" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 October 2020 |title=Barbara Kanam en concert au village Chez Ntemba ce week-end |trans-title=Barbara Kanam in concert at the village Chez Ntemba this weekend |url=https://mbote.cd/evenements/barbara-kanam-en-concert-au-village-chez-ntemba-ce-week-end/54004/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Bayan kammala wannan shekara, ta shiga bikin Mondial de Musique des Femmes na 10 a [[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada, a ranar 26-27 ga Satumba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mpiutu |first=Miguel Jegou |date=14 September 2020 |title=Festival mondial de musique des femmes: Barbara Kanam invitée parmi les 20 autres chanteuses |trans-title=World Women's Music Festival: Barbara Kanam invited among 20 other singers |url=https://mbote.cd/actualites/festival-mondial-de-musique-des-femmes-barbara-kanam-invitee-parmi-les-20-autres-chanteuses/51136/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> kuma a ranar 19 ga Disamba, an ba ta lambar yabo ta CANA 2020 a bugu na biyu na CANA ( ''Célébration des Artistes Nationaux de l'Anée'' ), ta sami lambar yabo ta [[Burkina Faso]] sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mpiutu |first=Miguel Jegou |date=19 December 2020 |title=Barbara Kanam reçoit le prix Cana 2020 |trans-title=Barbara Kanam receives the 2020 Cana Prize |url=https://mbote.cd/celebrites/barbara-kanam-recoit-le-prix-cana-2020/57386/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Le prix "Cana 2020" décerné à l'artiste musicienne Barbara Kanam au Burkina Faso |trans-title=The "Cana 2020" prize awarded to the musical artist Barbara Kanam in Burkina Faso |url=https://acp.cd/culture/le-prix-cana-2020-decerne-a-lartiste-musicienne-barbara-kanam-au-burkina-faso/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mafuta |first=Masand |date=23 December 2020 |title=Musique: Barbara Kanam remporte le prix "Cana 2020" au Burkina Faso |trans-title=Music: Barbara Kanam wins the "Cana 2020" prize in Burkina Faso |url=https://culturecongo.com/musique-barbara-kanam-remporte-le-prix-cana-2020-au-burkina-faso/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=CultureCongo |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ta biyo bayan guda ɗaya "Amour Invincible" akan 9 Disamba 2021 da "Oxygen" akan 31 Disamba 2022. <ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam témoigne sa gratitude à Dieu dans son nouveau single "Uzima" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam Shows Gratitude to God in New Single "Uzima" |url=https://acp.cd/culture/barbara-kanam-temoigne-sa-gratitude-a-dieu-dans-son-nouveau-single-uzima/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 March 2023 |title=Oxygène: le tube de Barbara Kanam qui pulvérise ses records de vues sur YouTube |trans-title=Oxygène: Barbara Kanam's hit that smashes its viewing records on YouTube |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/oxygene-le-tube-de-barbara-kanam-qui-pulverise-ses-records-de-vues-sur-youtube/128148/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta fito da waƙar rumba ta Kongo mai suna "Consommation", wanda Kanam Music ya shirya kuma Virgin Music Africa ta rarraba, tare da faifan bidiyon kiɗan da ke nuna Kanam na rawa da shiga cikin wani yanayi na kusanci da wani mutum. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 February 2023 |title="Consommation", le nouveau clip de Barbara Kanam est disponible |trans-title="Consommation", Barbara Kanam's new video is available |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/consommation-le-nouveau-clip-de-barbara-kanam-est-disponible/127723/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutombo |first=Onassis |date=18 December 2022 |title=La Diva Barbara Kanam sort deux singles, "Consommation" et "Oxygène" |trans-title=Diva Barbara Kanam releases two singles, "Consommation" and "Oxygène" |url=https://arts.cd/la-diva-barbara-kanam-sort-deux-singles-consommation-et-oxygene/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Arts.cd |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A cikin makonni biyu, waƙar ta tara sama da ra'ayoyin [[YouTube]] miliyan ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 March 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam réalise 1 million des vues sur YouTube avec le clip "Consommation" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam achieves 1 million views on YouTube with the clip "Consommation" |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-realise-1-million-des-vues-sur-youtube-avec-le-clip-consommation/129057/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2023, ta fito da waƙa mai jigo ta ruhaniya "Uzima" (Swahili don "rayuwa"), tana nuna godiya ga Allah, <ref name=":102" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 March 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam: Le nouveau single "Uzima" arrive très prochainement |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: The new single "Uzima" is coming very soon |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-le-nouveau-single-uzima-arrive-tres-prochainement/129326/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> kuma a ranar 25 ga Mayu, ta haɗu da Félix Wazekwa 's "Jalousie XL" daga kundin sa na biyu ''Article 23'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 May 2023 |title=Felix Wazekwa dévoile le clip "Jalousie XL" en featuring avec Barbara Kanam |trans-title=Felix Wazekwa unveils the clip "Jalousie XL" featuring Barbara Kanam |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/felix-wazekwa-ddevoile-le-clip-jalousie-xl-en-featuring-avec-barbara-kanam/134964/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2023, Kanam ya fito da "Isolé", yana nuna [[Fabregas (mawaki)|Fabregas Le Métis Noir]], wanda Kanam Music ya shirya kuma Universal Music Africa da Virgin Music Africa suka rarraba. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 June 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam dévoile le titre "Isolée" en featuring avec Fabregas le Metis Noir |trans-title=Barbara Kanam unveils the title "Isolée" featuring Fabregas le Metis Noir |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-ddevoile-le-titre-isolee-en-featuring-avec-fabregas-le-metis-noir/135741/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Disamba 2023, Kanam ta fito da kundi na studio na biyar ''Transfiguration'', hadewar rumba na Kongo da ndombolo . <ref name=":4"/> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 December 2023 |title=Découvrez la chanson "Réalité d'amour" de Barbara Kanam en featuring avec Ferre Gola |trans-title=Discover the song "Réalité d'amour" by Barbara Kanam featuring Ferre Gola |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/decouvrez-la-chanson-realite-damour-de-barbara-kanam-en-featuring-avec-ferre-gola/151873/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 December 2023 |title=Barbara Kanam fait appel à Koffi Olomide dans la chanson "Me voici" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam calls on Koffi Olomide in the song "Me voici" |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/barbara-kanam-fait-appel-a-koffi-olomide-dans-la-chanson-me-voici/152072/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kanam Music ne ya samar da shi kuma an rarraba shi ta hanyar Universal Music Africa da Virgin Music Africa, kundin waƙa 14 ya haɗa da waƙar da ta gabata "Isolée" da haɗin gwiwa tare da Ferré Gola, Koffi Olomide, Héritier Watanabe, Fabregas Le Métis Noir, Roga Roga, Ariel Shaney, Mimie, da Coco Argentée . <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adjuvant |first=Kribios-Kauta |date=16 December 2023 |title=Transfiguration: Voici à quoi ressemble le nouvel album de Barbara Kanam |trans-title=Transfiguration: This is what Barbara Kanam's new album looks like |url=https://www.kribiosuniversal.com/post/transfiguration-voici-a-quoi-ressemble-le-nouvel-album-de-barbara-kanam |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Kribios Universal |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":9" /> == Talabijin da ayyukan siyasa == A cikin 2013, Kanam ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin horarwa don nunin ''Mafi Kyau'' a Kinshasa. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Kribios-Kauta |first=Adjuvant |date=1 October 2022 |title=Guitariste, compositrice et chanteuse... 6 choses à savoir sur Barbara Kanam |trans-title=Guitarist, composer and singer... 6 things to know about Barbara Kanam |url=https://www.kribiosuniversal.com/post/guitariste-compositrice-et-chanteuse...-6-choses-a-savoir-sur-barbara-kanam |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Kribios Universal |language=fr}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta halarci lokacin kaddamar da ''Talent Africa'' a [[Yamoussoukro]], Ivory Coast. <ref name=":22" /> A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2023, Shugaba [[Félix Tshisekedi|Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo]], ya ba da wata doka ta nada Kanam a matsayin Babban Darakta (DG) na Asusun Tallafawa Al'adu (FPC). <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":28"/> Kanam yana da alhakin kula da ingantawa da bunkasa fannin al'adu a cikin kasar. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":28" /> == Ayyukan agaji, aikin jin kai, da girmamawa == Kanam ta kafa gidauniyar Kanam, wadda ta ke jagoranta, a matsayin wani dandali na magance matsalolin da suka shafi karfafa mata da kuma [[Kare yara|kula da yara]] . <ref name=":22"/> <ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Ndungidi |first=Patrick |date=9 July 2019 |title=Barbara Kanam: "je me suis toujours proposé de promouvoir et défendre les droits des femmes" |trans-title=Barbara Kanam: "I have always proposed to promote and defend women's rights" |url=https://africanshapers.com/barbara-kanam-je-me-suis-toujours-proposee-de-promouvoir-et-defendre-les-droits-des-femmes/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=African Shapers |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ita ce kuma majibincin kungiyar yaki da cutar daji ta yara (GFAOP). <ref name=":22" /> A cikin Oktoba 2012, ta ba da gudummawa ga aikin zaman lafiya - taken kiɗan "Dakata à la Guerre à l'Est!" alongside Innoss'B, Fally Ipupa, Papa Wemba, Tshala Muana, Simaro Lutumba, Félix Wazekwa, Bill Clinton Kalonji, Marie Misamu, Meje 30 (also known as MJ30), King Kester Emeneya, Koffi Olomide, JB Mpiana, Werrason Kuturu, da M'bilia Bel . <ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Mitari |first=Jean |date=26 November 2012 |title=La guerre à l'Est de la RDC : Les artistes congolais se mobilisent |trans-title=War in Eastern DRC: Congolese artists mobilize |url=https://www.jambonews.net/actualites/20121126-la-guerre-a-lest-de-la-rdc-les-artistes-congolais-se-mobilisent/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Jambo News |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2013 |title=Des chanteurs contre la guerre en RDC |trans-title=Singers against the war in the DRC |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/lu-sur-le-web/2013/03/06/des-chanteurs-contre-la-guerre-en-rdc-rfi |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangré |first=Habibou |date=6 March 2013 |title=Des chanteurs contre la guerre en RDC |trans-title=Singers against the war in the DRC |url=https://musique.rfi.fr/actu-musique/musique-africaine/20130306-chanteurs-guerre-rdc-olomide-ipupa-papa-wamba |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[Radio France Internationale]] |language=fr}}</ref> Aikin, wanda Jakadan zaman lafiya Odiane Lokako da mataimakinsa Patrick Muyaya Katembwe suka shirya, sun yi Allah wadai da tawaye na Movement 23 ga Maris a Arewacin Kivu kuma ya ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya. <ref name=":22"/> <ref name=":25" /> A cikin 2013, Kanam ya haɗa kai da Asalfo akan wani aiki da ke da nufin inganta ilimi ga yara marasa galihu. <ref name=":22" /> A shekara ta gaba, ta shiga cikin shirin "Dakatar da cutar Ebola", tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Tiken Jah Fakoly]], Amadou &amp;amp; Mariam, Salif Keita, [[Oumou Sangaré]], Kandia Kouyaté, Mory Kanté, Sia Tolno, da raps Didier Awadi, Marcus, da Mokobé Traoré da yaki da cutar Ebola . <ref name=":132"/> <ref name=":142"/> A cikin 2019, an karrama ta da digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Florida saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a cikin al'umma, ta zama mawaƙin Kongo tilo da ta sami wannan karramawar. <ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Kitsita |first=Jephthah |date=25 March 2019 |title=RDC: L'artiste Barbara Kanam élevée au rang de "docteur honoris Causa" |trans-title=DRC: Artist Barbara Kanam elevated to the rank of "doctor honoris causa" |url=https://7sur7.cd/rdc-lartiste-barbara-kanam-elevee-au-rang-de-docteur-honoris-causa |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=7sur7.cd |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Aloterembi |first=Daniel |date=25 March 2019 |title=L'artiste musicienne Barbara Kanam élevée au rang de 'docteur honoris causa' |trans-title=Musician Barbara Kanam awarded "honoris causa doctor" |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-49213_l_artiste_musicienne_barbara_kanam_elevee_au_rang_de_docteur_honoris_causa.html |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2019 |title=RDC-Musique: Barbara Kanam élevée au rang de docteur honoris causa! |trans-title=DRC-Music: Barbara Kanam elevated to the rank of doctor honoris causa! |url=https://scooprdc.net/2019/03/25/rdc-musique-barbara-kanam-elevee-au-rang-de-docteur-honoris-causa/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Scoop RDC |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ta kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Observatoire Africain de la sanction positive et les valeurs de paix (OASP), tare da lakabin mace mai daraja. <ref name=":26" /> <ref name=":27" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=La chanteuse Barbara Kanam "docteur honoris causa" de l'université de Floride aux Etats-Unis |trans-title=Singer Barbara Kanam awarded "honorary doctorate" by the University of Florida in the United States |url=https://www.latempete.info/?p=35144 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Latempete.info |language=fr-FR |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319120912/https://www.latempete.info/%3Fp%3D35144/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A waccan shekarar, Chantal Safou, ministar jinsi, iyali, da yara, ta naɗa Kanam a matsayin Gwarzon Ƙarfafa yancin Mata. <ref name=":24"/> A cikin 2022, Hukumar Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ta nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Fatan Alheri don Inganta Ayyukan Yanayi a DRC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Changement climatique: Barbara Kanam Mutund, ambassadrice du PNUD en RDC |trans-title=Climate change: Barbara Kanam Mutund, UNDP ambassador in the DRC |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/05/26/emissions/magazine-un/changement-climatique-barbara-kanam-mutund-ambassadrice-du-pnud-en |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=27 March 2024 |title=Barbara Kanam Docteur Honoris Causa, Ambassadrice du PNUD: Voici le brillant parcours de celle qui va promouvoir la Culture Co |trans-title=Barbara Kanam Doctor Honoris Causa, UNDP Ambassador: Here is the brilliant career of the woman who will promote Congolese Culture |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Kanam&action=edit&wvprov=sticky-header |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Foxtime.cd |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Waƙoƙi == === Albums === * ''Mokili'' (1999) * ''Téti'' (2003) * ''Karibu'' (2010) * ''Zawadi'' (2015) * ''Transfiguration'' (2023) == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Event !Prize !Recipient !Result !Ref. |- |2003 |Kora Awards |Most Promising African Female Artist |Herself |{{Won}} | |- |2004 |Kunde d'Or |Best Female of Central Africa |Herself |{{Won}} | |- |2004 |Tamani d'Or |Best Female Hope |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enyimo |first=Martin |last2=Nsimba |first2=Patou |date=15 November 2008 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Barbara Kanam à Kinshasa pour réaliser des images de son prochain opus "Karibu" |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Barbara Kanam in Kinshasa to take pictures of her next opus "Karibu" |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200811170466.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Le Potentiel]] |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2009 |title=Barbara Kanam et "Karibu" pour le 25 Juin |trans-title=Barbara Kanam and "Karibu" for June 25 |url=https://news.abidjan.net/articles/333272/barbara-kanam-et-karibu-pour-le-25-juin |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=News.abidjan.net |language=fr |publication-place=Abidjan, Ivory Coast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220055617/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/333272/barbara-kanam-et-karibu-pour-le-25-juin |archive-date=20 December 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2005 |Black Music Awards |Best Video |"Bibi Madeleine: L'argent appelle l'argent" <small>(Awilo Longomba)</small> |{{Won}} |<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12"/> |- |2005 |Black Music Awards |Revelation of the Year |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref name=":12" /> |- |2010 |MTV Africa Music Awards |Best Female |Herself |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2013 |title=EXCLUSIVITÉ: Barbara Kanam '' La diva congolaise '', se confie… |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE: Barbara Kanam ''The Congolese diva'', confides... |url=https://www.ivoirebusiness.net/articles/exclusivit%C3%A9%C2%A0-barbara-kanam-%E2%80%98%E2%80%99-la-diva-congolaise-%E2%80%98%E2%80%99-se-confie%E2%80%A6 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Ivoirebusiness.net |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2010 |Ndule Awards |Best Female Voice of the Year |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref name=":12" /> |- |2010 |Ndule Awards |Best Female Artist of the Diaspora |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref name=":12" /> |- |2010 |Okapi Awards |Best Female Voice |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2010 |title=Ndule Awards: jour j-1 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/en-bref/2010/02/26/ndule-awards-jour-j-1 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> |- |2011 |Okapi Awards |Best Female Artist |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref name=":14"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitsita |first=Jephthah |date=25 March 2019 |title=RDC: L'artiste Barbara Kanam élevée au rang de "docteur honoris Causa" |trans-title=DRC: Artist Barbara Kanam elevated to the rank of "doctor honoris causa" |url=https://7sur7.cd/rdc-lartiste-barbara-kanam-elevee-au-rang-de-docteur-honoris-causa |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=7sur7.cd |language=fr}}</ref> |- |2012 |Poro Awards |Best Video |"Jardin d'Amour" |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kianimi |first=Patrick |date=12 May 2012 |title=Poro Awards: Fally Ipupa et Barbara Kanam primés DakarMusique.com, la capitale de la musique sénégalaise |trans-title=Poro Awards: Fally Ipupa and Barbara Kanam awarded |url=https://dakarmusique.com/poro-awards-fally-ipupa-et-barbara-kanam-primes/page/2/?et_blog |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=DakarMusique.com |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2013 |Poro Awards |Best Female Artist |Herself |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kianimi |first=Patrick |date=29 October 2013 |title=Poro Music Awards: Barbara Kanam, Werrason et Fally Ipupa nominés |trans-title=Poro Music Awards: Barbara Kanam, Werrason and Fally Ipupa nominated |url=https://www.lecourrierdekinshasa.com/node/4360 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Lecourrierdekinshasa.com |language=fr}}</ref> |- |2015 |Ndule Awards |Best Female Voice |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 February 2016 |title=Barbara Kanam plébiscitée meilleure chanteuse, 2015 |trans-title=Barbara Kanam voted best singer, 2015 |url=https://culturecongo.com/barbara-kanam-plebiscitee-meilleure-chanteuse-2015/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=CultureCongo |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=28 December 2015 |title=Congo-Kinshasa : 7ème édition Ndule awards – Voici les meilleurs de la musique congolaise en 2015 ! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: 7th edition Ndule awards – Here are the best of Congolese music in 2015! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201512281092.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=La Prospérité |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> |- |2016 |Afroca Music Awards |Best Female Artist |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref name=":14" /> |- |2017 |Canal 2'Or |Special Prize |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngon |first=Otric |date=5 March 2017 |title=Cameroun - Canal 2'Or acte 11: Voici la liste des vainqueurs de l'édition 2017, avec "Coller la petite" de Franko comme chanson de l'année |trans-title=Cameroon - Canal 2'Or act 11: Here is the list of winners of the 2017 edition, with "Coller la petite" by Franko as song of the year |url=https://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-canal-2or-acte-11-voici-la-liste-des-vainqueurs-de-ledition-2017-avec-283467.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Cameroon-info.net |language=fr |publication-place=Yaoundé, Cameroon }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2017 |title=Cameroun: Les grands vainqueurs du Canal 2'Or 2017 (résultat complet) |trans-title=Cameroon: The big winners of Canal 2'Or 2017 (complete results) |url=https://www.lebledparle.com/cameroun-les-grands-vainqueurs-du-canal-2-or-resultats-complets/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Lebledparle |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 March 2017 |title=Ferre Gola et Barbara Kanam gagnants au Canal 2'or 2017 |trans-title=Ferre Gola and Barbara Kanam winners at Canal 2'or 2017 |url=https://mbote.cd/musiques/ferre-gola-barbara-kanam-gagnants-canal-2or-2017/4553/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=13 March 2017 |title=Prix spécial Canal d'Or 2017: Barbara Kanam honorée au Cameroun! |trans-title=Canal d'Or Special Prize 2017: Barbara Kanam honored in Cameroon! |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/publireportage-reportage-24667_prix_special_canal_d_or_2017_barbara_kanam_honoree_au_cameroun.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=La Prospérité |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> |- |2018 |African Music Industry Awards |Best Female Artist of Central Africa |Herself |{{Nom}} | |- |2019 |Trophée Mwasi Ya Talo |Honorary Award |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzumea |first=Dorcas |date=3 November 2019 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: "Mwasi Ya Talo" 1ère édition - L'agence SD Magistral remettra des trophées aux femmes de valeur |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: "Mwasi Ya Talo" 1st edition - SD Magistral agency will award trophies to women of value |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201911040373.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=La Prospérité |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trophée Mwasi Ya Talo 1ière Edition |url=https://sdmagistral.com/index.php/galeries/trophee-mwasi-ya-talo-1iere-edition |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Sdmagistral.com |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219193858/https://sdmagistral.com/index.php/galeries/trophee-mwasi-ya-talo-1iere-edition |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2020 |CANA |Honorary Award |Herself |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mpiutu |first=Miguel Jegou |date=19 December 2020 |title=Barbara Kanam reçoit le prix Cana 2020 |trans-title=Barbara Kanam receives the 2020 Cana Prize |url=https://mbote.cd/celebrites/barbara-kanam-recoit-le-prix-cana-2020/57386/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Le prix "Cana 2020" décerné à l'artiste musicienne Barbara Kanam au Burkina Faso |trans-title=The "Cana 2020" prize awarded to the musical artist Barbara Kanam in Burkina Faso |url=https://acp.cd/culture/le-prix-cana-2020-decerne-a-lartiste-musicienne-barbara-kanam-au-burkina-faso/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mafuta |first=Masand |date=23 December 2020 |title=Musique: Barbara Kanam remporte le prix "Cana 2020" au Burkina Faso |trans-title=Music: Barbara Kanam wins the "Cana 2020" prize in Burkina Faso |url=https://culturecongo.com/musique-barbara-kanam-remporte-le-prix-cana-2020-au-burkina-faso/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=CultureCongo |language=fr-FR}}</ref> |- |2024 |Mundi Music Awards |Best Choreographer Artist |"Isolée" <small>(with</small> <small>[[Fabregas (mawaki)|Fabregas Le Métis Noir]])</small> |{{Nom}} |<ref name=":202">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Mundi Music Awards: WINNERS |url=https://www.mundimusicawards.com/winners |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Mundi Music Awards |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116200618/https://www.mundimusicawards.com/winners |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Magana == {{reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://barbarakanam.skyrock.com/ Barbara Kanam Skyrock Music Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707040047/http://barbarakanam.skyrock.com/ |date=2009-07-07 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100219074713/http://www.topvisages.net/entrevue/14-02-10.php TopVisages shafi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nx4wapvsxqdhc8rw1s3s2jna3pv520u 0 97059 965532 658588 2026-10-09T23:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cheikh Tidiane Sy''' (an haife shi 11 Janairu 1938)<ref>https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-samsung&sxsrf=AB5stBiTAd9O_aN1Zr6G_x07fJd2nQqIOg:1689460297885&q=Cheikh+Tidiane+Sy+11+janvier+1938&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5mauH4pGAAxVQR_EDHbvqDmQQ0pQJegQICBAB&biw=412&bih=652&dpr=2.63</ref> ɗan siyasan Senegal ne kuma jami'i. A lokacin shugabancin Abdoulaye Wade, ya zama ministan shari'a daga 2005 zuwa 2008, ministan cikin gida daga 2008 zuwa Oktoba 2009, sannan ya zama ministan shari'a sau ɗaya, daga 2010 zuwa 2012. ==Rayuwar farko== Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar Arewa da Faidherbe lycée a Saint-Louis, Sy ya kasance shugaban makaranta a Popenguine daga 1957 zuwa 1959. Daga Yuli 1959 har zuwa Agusta 1961, ya kasance shugaban Babban Ofishin Kula da Karkara a Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare da Ci Gaba. Daga Satumba 1961 zuwa Disamba 1965, ya sake maimaita karatunsa, a Faransa, a Collège coopératif kan rue Las Cases a Paris, a Makaranta don Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and in the Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences a Sorbonne. Ya sami difloma daga Collège coopératif na Paris, difloma daga Makarantar Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, Bachelor's in arts (Turanci), da digiri na uku daga École pratique des haute études tare da kasida mai suna "Moorish Traditionalism and Rural Modernization in Senegal: Gudunmawa ga Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ƙarƙashin da Ƙarfafawa na Islama.<ref>http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1/SET=2/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1 {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga Disamba 1965 zuwa Yuni 1966, Sy ya kasance farfesa a fannin zamantakewar ci gaba kuma darektan nazari a École nationale d'économie appliquée a Dakar, Senegal. Daga Yuli 1966 zuwa Yuli 1968, ya kasance abokin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Daga Yuli 1968 zuwa Yuni 1970, ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan al'adu na ofishin jakadancin Senegal a Burtaniya. Daga Yuli 1970 zuwa Maris 1972, ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Kungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka a Accra, Ghana. ==Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa== =====UNESCO===== Sy ya shiga UNESCO a Paris. Daga Afrilu 1972 zuwa Fabrairu 1975, yana cikin kodinetan shirye-shirye na sashin ilimi mai zurfi. Daga Oktoba 1974 zuwa Fabrairu 1975, ya kasance babban darekta na yankin Afirka na aikin Bellagio don manyan makarantu da ci gaba. Daga Fabrairu 1975 zuwa Yuni 1975, ya kasance mai kula da shirye-shirye na sashin ma'aikatan ilimi. Daga watan Yuni 1975 zuwa Janairu 1978, ya kasance mai kula da shirye-shirye a fannin siyasa, ilimi, da tsare-tsare na UNESCO/Bankin Duniya. Daga Janairu 1978 zuwa Yuli 1978, Sy ya kasance mai ba da shawara a USAID da ke Washington DC kan shirin raya yankin Sahel. A cikin Yuli 1978, Sy ya koma Senegal don ya zama darakta na École nationale d'économie appliquée (ENEA) a Daker. Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa watan Yunin 1988. Ya bar Senegal a watan Yulin 1988 ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasashen waje ga Mobutu Sese Seko, shugaban kasar Zaire. Daga Janairu 1990 har zuwa Mayu 1995, Sy ya kasance babban mashawarci a ACG Africa, Senegal (siyasa da tsare-tsare). Sannan ya kasance babban mashawarci a AMEX International, Washington DC (dimokiradiyya da mulki) kuma babban mashawarci a rukunin IMD, Alexandria VA (kimanin ayyukan da horar da kwararru) har zuwa Nuwamba. ====Majalisar Dinkin Duniya==== Sy yana aiki da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga Mayu 1995 zuwa Nuwamba 1995 a matsayin shugaban kula da harkokin siyasa da jin kai na yankin arewa maso gabas, a cikin tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Bosnia-Herzegovina. Sannan, har zuwa watan Agustan 1996, ya kasance mataimakin daraktan harkokin jama'a da na siyasa. Tsakanin Satumba na 1996 zuwa Fabrairu 1997, ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na wakilin musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Burundi. Tsakanin Janairu 1997 zuwa Mayu 2000, Sy da kansa shi ne Wakilin Musamman a Burundi. Daga watan Yuni 2000 zuwa Yuni 2001, ya kasance Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar kuma Shugaban Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. =====Senegal===== A shekara ta 2000, Abdoulaye Wade, abokin Sy, ya gaji Abdou Diouf a matsayin shugaban kasar Senegal. Daga Oktoba 2001 har zuwa Nuwamba 2002, Sy ya kasance shugaban hukumar gudanarwa na Banque Internationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie du Sénégal (BICIS). Daga Yuni 2002 har zuwa Agusta 2003, ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Yankin Saint-Louis. Daga 27 ga Agusta 2003 zuwa 18 ga Mayu 2005, ya kasance karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa. Tun daga ranar 18 ga Mayun 2005, ya kasance karamin ministan shari'a a gwamnatocin Firayim Minista Macky Sall sannan kuma ministan cikin gida a gwamnatin Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré. Bayan haka, ya kasance karamin ministan cikin gida a gwamnatin Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye. Bécaye Diop ya maye gurbinsa a cikin wannan rawar a cikin Oktoba 2009. An nada Sy a matsayin shugaban hukumar gudanarwa na Société africaine de raffinage a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2009.<ref>http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200911180314.html</ref> An sake nada shi a matsayin Ministan Shari’a a watan Yunin 2010. An cire shi daga wadannan mukaman a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2011 sannan aka sake nada shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu, ya ci gaba da zama a kan karagar mulki har Abdoulaye Wade ya sha kaye a zaben shugaban kasa na 2012. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1938]] bwsl81oagmc4ixa3us13rm6yhgukj4z 0 98816 965529 853739 2026-10-09T23:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charles Okocha''' (An haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan [[Yuli|Yulin]] shekara ta 1976), wanda aka fi sani da '''Igwe 2Pac''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Okocha {{!}} Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2281113/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wangethi |first=Isaac |date=2022-04-14 |title=Actor Charles Okocha’s biography: age, family, net worth, house |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1463735-actor-charles-okocha-biography-age-family-net-worth-house/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> An san shi da taka rawar mummunan yaro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=My mum wants me to act as pastor, not just bad boy — Charles Okocha |url=https://punchng.com/my-mum-wants-me-to-act-as-pastor-not-just-bad-boy-charles-okocha/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Okocha na ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara ga "Kalubalen Idea", wanda Cibiyar Billionaires ta [[Najeriya]] ta fara.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Charles Okocha, others to mentor youths in ‘Idea Challenge’ |url=https://punchng.com/charles-okocha-others-to-mentor-youths-in-idea-challenge/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar Vskit Voice a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2019-11-07 |title=Charles Okocha a.ka ‘Igwe 2pac’ wins Vskit Voice to Fame crown |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/11/charles-okocha-a-ka-igwe-2pac-wins-vskit-voice-to-fame-crown/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Okocha a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]] . Iyalinsa sun koma Surulere, Jihar Legas, lokacin da yake matashi, inda ya kammala karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a Amurka.<ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wangethi |first=Isaac |date=2022-04-14 |title=Actor Charles Okocha’s biography: age, family, net worth, house |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1463735-actor-charles-okocha-biography-age-family-net-worth-house/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Okocha ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2001 tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin Wasted Years, fim din da [[Teco Benson]] ya jagoranta, inda ya sami laƙabi "Igwe 2Pac. " Tun daga lokacin ya fito a fina-finai da yawa kuma an san shi da zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. <ref>name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Kamilu Lekan |date=2022-09-13 |title=Actor ‘Charles Okocha’: Biography, Career, Net Worth, Baby Mamas & Children, Source of income, Achievements and Controversy |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/09/14/actor-charles-okocha-biography-career-net-worth-baby-mamas-and-children-source-of-income-achievements-and-controversy/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin 2019, an yi zargin cewa wani dan sanda ya harbe shi a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] kuma an yi masa tiyata ta gaggawa a Amurka a sakamakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2019-06-25 |title=Actor Charles Okocha expresses gratitude after successful surgery in U.S |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/actor-charles-okocha-expresses-gratitude-after-successful-surgery-in-u-s/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jannah |first=Chijioke |date=2017-08-18 |title=Popular Nollywood actor, Charles Okocha, narrates how he survived 6 gunshots in Asaba |url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/08/18/popular-nollywood-actor-narrates-survived-6-gunshots-asaba/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Mimi Okocha a shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daramola |first=Ibukunoluwa |date=2024-11-11 |title=Charles Okocha opens up about his reasons for getting married |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/charles-okocha-opens-up-about-his-reasons-for-getting-married/n1wb9pb |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Blessing |first=Enenaite |date=2024-11-19 |title="She's gonna laugh forever": Charles Okocha makes lifetime promise to his wife |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1626021-charles-okocha-lifetime-commitment-wife-she-married-phenomenal-noisemaker/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> Yana da 'ya'ya uku daga dangantakar da ta gabata.<ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wangethi |first=Isaac |date=2022-04-14 |title=Actor Charles Okocha’s biography: age, family, net worth, house |url=https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/biographies/1463735-actor-charles-okocha-biography-age-family-net-worth-house/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref><ref>name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Balogun |first=Kamilu Lekan |date=2022-09-13 |title=Actor ‘Charles Okocha’: Biography, Career, Net Worth, Baby Mamas & Children, Source of income, Achievements and Controversy |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/09/14/actor-charles-okocha-biography-career-net-worth-baby-mamas-and-children-source-of-income-achievements-and-controversy/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rikici == Wani bidiyon da ke yawo a kan layi ya fusata magoya bayansa. Inda aka zargi dan wasan kwaikwayo da lalata motar abokinsa yayin da yake jan 'yarsa zuwa mota.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-22 |title=Viral video: My daughter's image at stake - Actor Charles Okocha |url=https://punchng.com/viral-video-my-daughters-image-at-stake-actor-charles-okocha/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Okocha ya share iska kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shirin wani abu ne a fim. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g9ovyvp89mftc9ilsrbor6kxznycnc3 0 100038 965713 864733 2026-10-10T09:04:12Z PJ Geest 17703 Replace raster graph with SVG reconstruction: Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.svg 965713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FatehMilitia.jpg|thumb| Falasdinawa Fedayeen a [[Fatah|tattakin]] Fatah a [[Beirut|Beirut, Lebanon]] a 1979.]] [[Fayil:Parade_of_Palestinian_Mujahideen_(12).jpg|thumb| Dakarun soji na [[Hamas]] na Al-Qassam Brigades suna fareti a 2011.]] [[Fayil:George_Habash.jpg|thumb| Mutumin da ya kafa PFLP George Habash, wanda ya jagoranci sace jiragen sama hudu na Yammacin Turai zuwa [[Jodan|Jordan]], wanda ya kai ga zubar da jinin ''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-September-political-organization-Palestine Black Satumba] .'']] [[Fayil:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Qalandiya_Rioters_Use_Ambulance_for_Cover_While_Hurling_Rocks.jpg|thumb| Falasdinawa a Qalandiya suna jifa da duwatsu daga bayan [[Ambulance|motar daukar marasa lafiya]] .]] [[Fayil:Autobus_v_Haifě.jpg|thumb| Wata [[Bus|motar bas]] da ta lalata bayan wani harin bam da aka kai a Haifa na kasar Isra'ila. Intifada ta biyu (2000 – 2005) ta ga karuwar tashin hankalin siyasar Falasdinawa, gami da yawan hare-haren kunar bakin wake kan Yahudawa.]] [[Fayil:Beersheva_kindergarten_after_rocket_attack_from_Gaza.jpg|thumb| Wani aji na kindergarten a Beer Sheba, Isra'ila biyo bayan harba makamin BM-21 Grad daga Gaza.]] [[Fayil:Gaza_envelope_after_coordinated_surprise_offensive_on_Israel,_October_2023_(KBG_GPO09).jpg|thumb| Zubar da jini na wani [[gida]] a cikin kibbutz bayan kisan kiyashin Nahal Oz.]] [[Fayil:Bloody_child's_shoe_after_rocket_fired_from_Gaza_hit_Israel.jpg|thumb| Takalmin yara mai zubar da jini bayan harin roka da Falasdinawan suka kai kan wata cibiyar kasuwanci a Isra'ila.]] [[Fayil:Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.svg|thumb| Wa'adin galibin Yahudawa 'yan Isra'ila da Falasdinawa da aka kashe a Isra'ila da Falasdinu a tsakanin 2008 zuwa 6 ga Oktoba, 2023, kwana guda gabanin kisan kiyashin na ranar 7 ga Oktoba - kisan kiyashi mafi muni da aka yi wa Yahudawa tun bayan kawo karshen [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] .]] '''Rikicin siyasar Falasdinawa''' na nufin tashin hankali ko [[ta'addanci]] wanda wasu [[Falasdinawa]] ke da alhakinsa da nufin cimma burin da ke da alaƙa da rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (1948-). <ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist2">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2014 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102210429/http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=New Zealand Police}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of organisations recognized as terrorist groups |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205010122/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=europa.eu}}</ref> Manufofin da ake zargin Falasdinawa na tashe-tashen hankulan siyasar Falasdinu sun hada da wargaza [[Isra'ila|kasar Isra'ila]] a halin yanzu da kuma amincewa da duk wata kasa ta Falasdinu a cikin abin da ake la'akari da iyakokin 1967 . == Dubawa == Kungiyoyin Falasdinawan da ke shiga tashin hankalin siyasa sun hada da [[Hamas]], PLO, PFLP da Jihad Islama ta Falasdinu, <ref name="PIJCFR">{{Cite web |last=Holly Fletcher |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Palestinian Islamic Jihad |url=http://www.cfr.org/israel/palestinian-islamic-jihad/p15984#p1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511152402/http://www.cfr.org/israel/palestinian-islamic-jihad/p15984#p1 |archive-date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=2012-05-09 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> galibinsu gwamnatoci da dama sun ayyana su a matsayin kungiyoyin ta'addanci, musamman na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (US), [[Kanada|Canada]], <ref name="A" /> [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] (UK), <ref name="A" /> [[Japan]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MoFA Japan |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223183108/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2011 |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=mofa.go.jp |quote="In accordance with the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law, it has frozen the assets of a total of 472 terrorists and terrorist organizations, including [[Al-Qaeda]] and [[Taliban]] members, such as Usama bin Laden and Mullah Mohammed Omar, as well as those of Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigade, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, and Sendero Luminoso (as of the end of February 2005)."}}</ref> [[New Zealand]] <ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2014 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102210429/http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=New Zealand Police}}</ref> da [[Tarayyar Turai]] (U). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council decision of 21 December 2005 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025231/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |access-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of organisations recognized as terrorist groups |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205010122/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=europa.eu}}</ref> == Makasudi == Maƙasudin tashin hankalin siyasar Falasɗinawa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga [[Yahudawa]], [[Lebanon|Labanon]], [[Misra|Masarawa]], 'yan Jordan da [[Amurkawa|Amurkawa ba]] . == Hanyoyin == Irin wannan tashin hankalin sau da yawa yana bayyana kansa a matsayin kisan kiyashi ta hanyar harin kunar bakin wake, harbe-harben jama'a, sace-sacen jiragen sama da hare-haren wuce gona da iri, wadanda suka saba a cikin Intifada ta biyu (Satumba 28, 2000 - Fabrairu 8, 2005). Mummunan ta'addanci da kungiyoyin ta'addanci na Palasdinawa suka aikata shi ne kisan gillar da aka yi a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2023. == Kididdiga == Alkaluman gwamnati sun nuna cewa akalla ‘yan Isra’ila 3,500 ne aka kashe a hare-haren ta’addanci masu alaka da Falasdinu tun bayan sake kafuwar Isra’ila a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism deaths in Israel-1920-1999 |url=https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/FOREIGNPOLICY/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Terrorism%20deaths%20in%20Israel%20-%201920-1999.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405090415/https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/FOREIGNPOLICY/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Terrorism%20deaths%20in%20Israel%20-%201920-1999.aspx |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, 59% Falasdinawa sun yi imanin cewa harin ta'addanci a kan Yahudawan Isra'ila ya dace. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Public Opinion Poll No (84) |url=http://pcpsr.org/en/node/912 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802113920/http://pcpsr.org/en/node/912 |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research |language=en}}</ref> == Sukar == Halaccin tashin hankalin siyasar Falasdinawa ya dade yana zama batun takaddama saboda tsaka-tsaki na hadadden geopolitico - abubuwan [[Yahudawa|tarihi]], yawan shigar da maganganun antisemitic da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa. == Jerin da aka zaba na harin kunar bakin wake == === 1989 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref. |- | An kai harin kunar bakin wake 405 a Tel Aviv Jerusalem | 6 ga Yuli, 1989 | Kusa da Kiryat Yearim | 16 | 17 | Kungiyar Jihadin Islama ta Falasdinu (PIJ) ce ta aiwatar. | |} === 1993 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Mehola Junction Bom ya tashi | Afrilu 16, 1993 | Mehola junction | 1 | 10 | Alhakin da Hamas ke da'awar, wanda PIJ ta yi. | |- | Motar Beit El bam | Oktoba 4, 1993 | Kusa da Beit El | babu | 29 | Sulayman Zidan dan kungiyar Hamas ne ke da alhakin hakan. | <ref name="Matthew Levitt">{{Cite journal |last=Levitt, Matthew |year=2004 |title=Hamas from Cradle to Grave |journal=Middle East Quarterly |pages=3–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives - Philly.com |url=http://articles.philly.com/keyword/bloodshed/featured/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070545/http://articles.philly.com/keyword/bloodshed/featured/2 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 July 2017 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> |} === 1994 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Afula Bus ta kai harin kunar bakin wake | Afrilu 6, 1994 | Afula | 8 | 40 | Alhakin da Hamas ke da'awar, wanda PIJ ta yi. | |- | Tashar motar Hadera ta kai harin kunar bakin wake | Afrilu 13, 1994 | Hadra | 5 | 30 | Alhakin da Hamas ke da'awar, wanda PIJ ta yi. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide and Car Bomb Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (September 1993) |url=http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=4965 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201184713/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=4965 |archive-date=2006-12-01 |access-date=2007-04-18}}</ref> |- | Harin bam a Titin Dizengoff | Oktoba 19, 1994 | [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] | 22 | 50 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks |first=Michael |last2=Hauser |first2=Emily L. |date=1994-10-20 |title=Bomb Rips Apart Israeli Bus, Kills 22 in Bold Terrorist Attack : Mideast: Deadliest assault in 16 years stuns Jewish state. Hamas claims responsibility and threatens to strike again. Officials vow crackdown on Palestinian extremists. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-20-mn-52434-story.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Netzarim Junction bama-bamai da keke | Nuwamba 11, 1994 | Netzarim | 3 | 11 | Alhakin da Hamas ke da'awar, wanda PIJ ta yi. | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=List of Islamic Suicide Bombings in Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/list-of-islamic-suicide-bombings-in-israel-2 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (Sept 1993) |url=https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/suicide-and-other-bombing-attacks-since-the-declaration-of-principles}}</ref> |- | Bam din bas na Kudus | 25 ga Disamba, 1994 | [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] | 0 | 13 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Bomber Injured 13 in Jerusalem |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/26/suicide-bomber-injures-13-in-jerusalem/0be195f1-b89f-4bd6-b0db-30d50077bcb0/ |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> |} === 1995 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Kisan gillar Beit Lid | 22 ga Janairu, 1995 | Junction Beit Lid | 21 | 69 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | <ref name=":0"/> |- | Kfar Darom bas ya kai hari | Afrilu 9, 1995 | Kusa da Kfar Darom | 8 | 52 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | <ref name=":0" /> |- | Ramat Gan bas 20 bam | 24 ga Yuli, 1995 | Ramat Gan | 6 | 30 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | |- | Ramat Eshkol bam ya tashi | 21 ga Agusta, 1995 | [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] | 4 | 100+ | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | |} === 1996 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Bas na farko na Kudus 18 na kunar bakin wake | Fabrairu 25, 1996 | Tashar Bus ta Tsakiyar [[Jerusalem|Kudus]] | 26 | 48 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref name=":0"/> |- | Tashar bas ta Ashkelon ta kai harin bam | Fabrairu 25, 1996 | Ashqelon | 2 | 80+ | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | |- | Bas na Kudus na biyu 18 na kunar bakin wake | Maris 3, 1996 | Jaffa Street, Jerusalem | 19 | 7 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | |- | Cibiyar Dizengoff ta kai harin kunar bakin wake | Maris 4, 1996 | Tel Aviv | 13 | 130 | Alhakin da Hamas ke da'awar, wanda PIJ ta yi. | |} === 1997 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Café Apropo bam | 21 ga Maris, 1997 | [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] | 3 | 47 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199703210142 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199703210142 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- | Netzarim bam | Afrilu 1, 1997 | Netzarim | 0 | 0 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199704010002 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199704010002 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- | Kfar Darom bam | Afrilu 1, 1997 | Kfar Darom | 0 | 5 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199704010003 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199704010003 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- | Farko Mahane Yahuda Kasuwar | 30 ga Yuli, 1997 | Babban kasuwar [[Jerusalem|Kudus]] | 16 | 170 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199707300002 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199707300002 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- | Ben Yehuda Street Bomb | 4 ga Satumba, 1997 | [[Jerusalem]] Ben Yehuda Street | 5 | 192 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199709040001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199709040001 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |} === 1998 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Bam ya tashi a makarantar Kfar Darom | Oktoba 29, 1998 | Zirin Gaza | 1 | 3 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 199810290001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199810290001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- | Harin bam na Kudus | Nuwamba 6, 1998 | [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] | 2 | 20 | Wasu 'yan kunar bakin wake biyu na PIJ ne suka kai harin. | |} === 1999 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Tashin bas 960 | 5 ga Satumba, 1999 | Tveria | 0 | 1 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN - Explosions rock Mideast peace efforts on heels of accord - September 5, 1999 |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9909/05/mideast.03/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |- | Tashin Bam ta Haifa ta tsakiya | 5 ga Satumba, 1999 | Haifa | 0 | 0 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref name="mef1999"></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN - Explosions rock Mideast peace efforts on heels of accord - September 5, 1999 |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9909/05/mideast.03/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |} === 2000 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Bam na Gaza | Oktoba 26, 2000 | Zirin Gaza | 0 | 1 | Matashin dan kunar bakin wake akan [[Keke|babur]] . Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | |- | 2000 Mahane Yahuda Kasuwar Harin | Nuwamba 2, 2000 | [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] | 2 | 9 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200011020006 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200011020006 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref>    |- | Mehola bam | Disamba 22, 2000 | Mehola Junction | 0 | 3 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli, Palestinian negotiators to meet with Clinton today |url=http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/12/23/mideast/index.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |} === 2001 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Date !Location !Dead !Injured !Notes !Ref. |- |Netanya centre bombing |January 1, 2001 |Netanya |0 |60 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Timeline - National Counterterrorism Center |url=https://www.dni.gov/nctc/timeline.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.dni.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN Transcript - Breaking News: 3 Large Explosions in Israeli Coastal City of Netanya; 8 Reportedly Injured - January 1, 2001 |url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0101/01/bn.01.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |- |Netanya bombing attack |January 8, 2001 |Netanya |0 |24 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200101080001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200101080001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Mei Ami junction bombing |March 1, 2001 |Vadi Ara |1 |9 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200103020004 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200103020004 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=CBSNews com staff CBSNews com |date=2001-03-01 |title=Israel Bombing Rattles Nerves - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-bombing-rattles-nerves/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2001 Netanya bombing |March 4, 2001 |Netanya |3 |60 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives: Jerusalem Post |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/69228544.html?dids=69228544:69228544&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107211929/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/69228544.html?dids=69228544:69228544&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |archive-date=7 November 2012 |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> |- |Egged bus 6 bombing |March 27, 2001 |French Hill, Jerusalem |0 |28 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 28, 2001 |title=Bombs in Israel leave 4 dead, scores injured |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/03/28/bombs-in-israel-leave-4-dead-scores-injured/f9e84da0-2f70-402b-9b79-c02c8c42bcd1/ |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200103270009 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200103270009 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Mifgash Shalom attack |March 28, 2001 |Kfar Saba |2 |4 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perry |first=Walter |last2=Berrebi |first2=Claude |last3=Brown |first3=Ryan |last4=Hollywood |first4=John |last5=Jaycocks |first5=Amber |last6=Roshan |first6=Parisa |last7=Sullivan |first7=Thomas |last8=Miyashiro |first8=Lisa |date=2013 |title=Predicting Suicide Attacks |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/MG1200/MG1246/RAND_MG1246.pdf |journal=Naval Research Laboratory |publisher=RAND Homeland Security and Defense Center |pages=67}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200103280006 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200103280006 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Neve Yamin Gas Station Suicide Bombing (near Kfar Saba) |url=https://www.osenlaw.com/content/neve-yamin-gas-station-suicide-bombing-near-kfar-saba |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.osenlaw.com}}</ref> |- |Kfar Saba bombing |April 22, 2001 |Kfar Saba |1 |50 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KJMNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cXADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5295,3182674&dq=bombing&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200104220003 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200104220003 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Or Yehuda bombing |April 23, 2001 |Near Ben Gurion Airport |0 |8 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three bombings rock Mideast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/23/mideast.explosions/index.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |- |Nablus school bus bombing |April 29, 2001 |Nablus |0 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing |May 18, 2001 |Netanya |5 |100 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Hadera bus station suicide bombing |May 25, 2001 |Central bus station, Hadera |0 |65 |Two Palestinians within a car bomb. Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="hrw2002a" /> |- |Gaza Strip suicide bombing |May 29, 2001 |Gaza Strip |0 |0 |Perpetrators unknown. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200105290008 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200105290008 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing |June 1, 2001 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |21 |100+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications |url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021154/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=24 July 2017 |website=www.ict.org.il}}</ref> |- |Dugit bombing |June 22, 2001 |[[Zirin Gaza|Gaza Strip]] |2 |0 |Car explosion. Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="hrw2002a" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200106220001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200106220001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Kissufim bombing |July 9, 2001 |A crossing point at the southern Gaza Strip |0 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Attacks since start of Al Aqsa intifada - June 21, 2002 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/06/20/terror.attacks.chronology/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |- |Binyamina train station suicide bombing |July 16, 2001 |Binyamina |2 |11 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-17 |title=Suicide Bomber Kills 2 Israeli Soldiers; 3rd Is Badly Wounded - New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/world/suicide-bomber-kills-2-israeli-soldiers-3rd-is-badly-wounded.html |access-date=2012-06-13 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |- |Moshav Beka'ot bombing |August 8, 2001 |Northern Jordan Valley |0 |1 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="terrorisminfo">{{Cite web |title=Suicide bombing terrorism during the current Israeli-Palestinian confrontation |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/pdf/PDF_19279_2.pdf |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.terrorism-info.org.il}}</ref> |- |Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing |August 9, 2001 |[[Jerusalem]] |16 |130 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and PIJ. | |- |Wall Street Cafe bombing |August 12, 2001 |Kiryat Motzkin |0 |21 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200108120015 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200108120015 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TheMarker.com Staff |date=August 12, 2001 |title=About 15 wounded in blast at Kiryat Motzkin's Wall Street cafe |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/1516101/about-15-wounded-in-blast-at-kiryat-motzkins-wall-street-cafe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011155742/http://www.thestreet.com/story/1516101/about-15-wounded-in-blast-at-kiryat-motzkins-wall-street-cafe.html |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |access-date=September 9, 2011 |publisher=TheStreet}}</ref> |- |Hanevi'im street bombing |September 4, 2001 |[[Jerusalem]] |0 |21 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Jerusalem car bombings |September 4, 2001 |[[Jerusalem]] |0 |23 |Car bombs involved, perpetrators unknown. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippine Daily Inquirer - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MahjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hiUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1737,30771557&dq=jerusalem&hl=en}}</ref> <ref name="embassydeclaration">{{Cite web |title=Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (Sept 1993) |url=https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/FOREIGNPOLICY/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Suicide%20and%20Other%20Bombing%20Attacks%20in%20Israel%20Since.aspx |access-date=2025-05-15 |archive-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113063603/https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/FOREIGNPOLICY/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Suicide%20and%20Other%20Bombing%20Attacks%20in%20Israel%20Since.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Nahariya train station suicide bombing |September 9, 2001 |Nahariya Railway Station |3 |94 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerusalem Post's coverage of the terror attack on Nahariya's Railway Station |url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2001_09_09.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021220085140/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2001_09_09.html |archive-date=2002-12-20}}</ref> |- |Beit Lid junction bombing |September 9, 2001 |Near Netanya |0 |11 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Pictures - MIDEAST |url=https://pictures.reuters.com/archive/MIDEAST-RP2DRIEBIHAA.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=pictures.reuters.com}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz Shluhot bombing |October 7, 2001 |Kibbutz Shluhot |1 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200110070001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200110070001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz Be'eri suicide bombing |October 17, 2001 |Kibbutz Be'eri |0 |2 |Responsibility claimed by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200110170001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200110170001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Erez Crossing attack |November 26, 2001 |Erez Crossing |0 |2 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="cnnalaqsachron">{{Cite web |title=Attacks since start of Al Aqsa intifada |url=https://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/06/20/terror.attacks.chronology/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |- |First Camp 80 junction bus 823 bus bombing |November 29, 2001 |Haifa |3 |9 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas, carried out with the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Islamic Jihad, Fatah take responsibility for bus bombing |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/islamic-jihad-fatah-take-responsibility-for-bus-bombing-1.75877 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Haaretz]] |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102113653/http://www.haaretz.com/news/islamic-jihad-fatah-take-responsibility-for-bus-bombing-1.75877 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Blade">{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2001 |title=Suicide bomber kills 3 Israelis ahead of Bush-Sharon Meeting |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=75JKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zwMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6563,4859776 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=The Blade |via=Google News Archive}}</ref> |- |Ben Yehuda Street bombing |December 1, 2001 |[[Jerusalem]] |11 |188 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing |December 2, 2001 |Haifa |15 |40 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Hilton Mamilla bombing |December 5, 2001 |Mamilla, [[Jerusalem]] |0 |11 |Carried out by the Hamas and PIJ. |<ref name="terrorisminfo" /> |- |Check Post Junction bus bombing |December 9, 2001 |Haifa |0 |30 |An unexploded bomb was also found nearby. |<ref name="cnnalaqsachron" /> |- |Neve Dekalim bombing |December 12, 2001 |Neve Dekalim |0 |4 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2001 |title=Israeli jets hit Palestinian targets after fatal terror attacks - December 12, 2001 |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-544481#! |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=en.globes.co.il}}</ref> |} === 2002 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Date !Location !Dead !Injured !Notes !Ref. |- |Tel Aviv outdoor mall bombing |January 25, 2002 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |0 |25 |Double suicide attack carried out by the [[Fatah]] and PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Point Pleasant Register - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zb1BAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yKkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5460,987522 |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> |- |2002 Hadera attack |January 17, 2002 |Hadera |6 |33 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-18 |title=Bat mitzvah massacre in Israel leaves seven dead |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/bat-mitzvah-massacre-in-israel-leaves-seven-dead-5362530.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Gunman kills 6 Israelis; jets fire missiles in response - January 18, 2002 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/01/17/mideast.death/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402063819/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/01/17/mideast.death/index.html |archive-date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref> |- |Jaffa Street bombing |January 27, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |1 |100+ |Responsibility claimed by the Fatah. | |- |Tayibe bombing |January 30, 2002 |Tayibe |0 |2 |Responsibility claimed by the Fatah. | |- |Karnei Shomron Mall suicide bombing |February 16, 2002 |Karnei Shomron |3 |30 |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP. | |- |Hadera suicide bombing attack |February 17, 2002 |Hadera |0 |4 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200202170001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200202170001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Maale Adumim - Jerusalem road bombing |February 18, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |1 |1 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. | |- |Kissufim bombing |February 18, 2002 |Kissufim Crossing |3 |3 |Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades suspected. | |- |Mehola bombing |February 19, 2002 |Mehola |0 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200202190002 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200202190002 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Efrat supermarket bombing attack |February 22, 2002 |Efrat |0 |1 |Suicide bombing at a supermarket. | |- |Maccabim bombing |February 27, 2002 |Maccabim |0 |2 |Perpetrators unknown. | |- |Modi'in bombing |February 28, 2002 |Modi'in Illit |0 |0 |Perpetrators unknown. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200202280001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200202280001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan |first=Uri |date=2002-02-28 |title=WEST BANK FEMME FATALE: LUNATIC BOMBER BLOWS SELF UP |url=https://nypost.com/2002/02/28/west-bank-femme-fatale-lunatic-bomber-blows-self-up/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=NYpost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre |March 2, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |11 |50+ |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. | |- |2nd Egged bus 823 bombing |March 5, 2002 |Afula |1 |5 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="embassydeclaration"/> |- |Ariel hotel lobby bombing |March 7, 2002 |Ariel |0 |15 |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Café Moment bombing |March 9, 2002 |Rehavia, Jerusalem |11 |54 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Egged bus 22 bombing |March 17, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |0 |25 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |3rd Egged bus 823 bombing |March 20, 2002 |Vadi Ara |7 |30+ |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |King George Street bombing |March 21, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |3 |42+ |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. | |- |Jenin bombing |March 22, 2002 |Jenin |0 |1 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200203220001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200203220001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Jerusalem bombing |March 26, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |0 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200203260001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200203260001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Passover massacre |March 27, 2002 |Netanya |30 |140 |Suicide bombing at a Passover Seder in the Park Hotel. Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Point Pleasant Register - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zb1BAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yKkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5460,987522 |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> |- |Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing |March 29, 2002 |Kiryat Yovel |2 |28 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Allenby Street coffee shop bombing |March 30, 2002 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |1 |30+ |Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades claimed responsibility. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Matza restaurant suicide bombing |March 31, 2002 |Haifa |16 |31 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli man succumbs to wounds sustained in 2002 Hamas suicide bombing - Haaretz - Israel News |url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077927.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415134709/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077927.html |archive-date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2009-04-12}}</ref> |- |Efrat Medical Center |March 31, 2002 |Efrat |0 |4 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Jerusalem Roadblock bombing |April 1, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |1 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Yagur Junction bombing |April 10, 2002 |Yagur |8 |19 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |2002 Mahane Yehuda Market bombing |April 12, 2002 |[[Jerusalem]] |6 |112 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200204120005 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200204120005 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Gush Katif bombing |April 19, 2002 |Gush Katif |0 |2 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200204190001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200204190001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Rishon LeZion bombing |May 7, 2002 |Rishon LeZion |16 |55 |Responsibility claimed by the [[Hamas]]. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Netanya Market bombing |May 19, 2002 |Netanya |3 |59 |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Suicide bomber kills 3 Israelis, injures 56 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/05/19/mideast.blast/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209223315/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/05/19/mideast.blast/index.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=December 16, 2014}}</ref> |- |Afula road bombing |May 20, 2002 |Afula |0 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Rothschild Street bombing |May 22, 2002 |Rishon Lezion |3 |40 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200205220001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200205220001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref><ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Pi Glilot bombing |May 23, 2002 |North of Tel Aviv |0 |0 |Explosion of a bomb placed under a fuel truck. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Studio 49 Disco bombing |May 24, 2002 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |0 |2 |A security guard tried to stop a person with a car bomb, which exploded and injured innocents, responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Petah Tikva Mall bombing |May 27, 2002 |Petah Tikva |2 |37 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Megiddo Junction bus bombing |June 5, 2002 |Megiddo Junction |17 |38 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |2002 Herzliya shawarma restaurant bombing |June 11, 2002 |Herzliya |1 |15 |Perpetrators unknown. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Kafr Salem bombing |June 17, 2002 |Kafr Salem |0 |0 |Perpetrators unknown. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200206170004 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200206170004 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |- |Patt Junction Bus Bombing |June 18, 2002 |Jerusalem |19 |74+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |2002 French Hill Junction massacre |June 19, 2002 |French Hill, [[Jerusalem]] |6 |35 |Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades claimed responsibility. | |- |Immanuel bus attack |July 16, 2002 |Emmanuel-Bnei Brak bus 189 |9 |20 |Bombing and mass shooting, responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-07-16 |title=Terrorist Attack on Bus at Emmanuel |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Terrorist%20attack%20on%20bus%20at%20Emmanuel%20-%20July%2016-%20200 |access-date=2008-10-25 |publisher=Israel Foreign Ministry}}</ref> |- |Neve Shaanan Street bombing |July 17, 2002 |Southern Tel Aviv |5 |40 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. | |- |Nevi'im Street bombing |July 30, 2002 |Jerusalem |0 |5 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. | |- |Hebrew University massacre |July 31, 2002 |Hebrew University, [[Jerusalem]] |9 |80 |American and French casualties included, responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Meron Junction Bus 361 attack |August 4, 2002 |Meron Junction |9 |38 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |First Umm al-Fahm bombing |August 5, 2002 |Umm al-Fahm Junction, Wadi Ara |0 |1 |Bombing in a taxi. | |- |Second Umm al-Fahm bombing |September 18, 2002 |Umm al-Fahm Junction, Wadi Ara |1 |3 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. | |- |Allenby Street bus bombing |September 19, 2002 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |6 |70+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Geha road bombing |October 10, 2002 |Bar-Ilan interchange, Geha road |1 |12 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims">{{Cite web |title=Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000 |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/general/victims-of-palestinian-violence-and-terrorism |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.gov.il}}</ref> |- |Karkur junction suicide bombing |October 21, 2002 |Karkur Junction |14 |40+ |Two suicide bombers deployed a booby-trapped jeep with 100 [[Kilogram|kg]] TNT, responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Sonol gas station bombing |October 27, 2002 |Ariel |3 |18+ |Victims killed while trying to prevent the Palestinian from setting off the bomb, responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Three killed in Ariel suicide bombing; Hamas claims attack – Haaretz Daily Newspaper &#124; Israel News |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/three-killed-in-ariel-suicide-bombing-hamas-claims-attack-1.30152 |access-date=January 27, 2024 |website=haaretz.com |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100929/http://www.haaretz.com/news/three-killed-in-ariel-suicide-bombing-hamas-claims-attack-1.30152 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kfar Saba shopping mall bombing |November 4, 2002 |Kfar Saba |2 |70+ |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Kiryat Menachem bus bombing |November 21, 2002 |Kiryat Menachem, [[Jerusalem]] |11 |50+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |Erez Crossing bombing |November 22, 2022 |Erez Crossing |2 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200211220001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200211220001 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.start.umd.edu}}</ref> |} === 2003 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Date !Location !Dead !Injured !Notes !Ref. |- |Tel-Aviv central bus station massacre |January 5, 2003 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |23 |120+ |Carried out the [[Fatah]], Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and PIJ. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide bombings kill 23 in Tel Aviv |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/01/05/israel.explosions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213183335/https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/01/05/israel.explosions/ |archive-date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> |- |Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing |March 5, 2003 |Carmeliya neighborhood, Haifa |17 |53 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims"/> |- |London Cafe bombing |March 30, 2003 |Netanya |0 |26 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. | |- |Kfar Saba train station bombing |April 24, 2003 |Kfar Saba |1 |24 |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP and Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Mike's Place suicide bombing |April 30, 2003 |Mike's Place pub, [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |3 |50+ |Carried out by the Hamas, Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and a British Pakistani Muslim. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Gross square attack |May 17, 2003 |Gross square, Hebron |2 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Jerusalem bombings on 18 May 2003 |May 18, 2003 |[[Jerusalem]] |7 |20 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=CNN.com – At least seven dead in terror attack in Jerusalem – May. 18, 2003 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/18/mideast.violence/ |access-date=January 27, 2024 |website=cnn.com}}</ref> |- |Third Kfar Darom bombing |May 19, 2003 |Gaza Strip |0 |3 |A suicide bomber blew himself up next to a military [[Jeep Willys|jeep]], responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Afula mall bombing |May 19, 2003 |Afula shopping center |3 |70 |Responsibility claimed by the Fatah and PIJ. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Davidka Square bus bombing |June 11, 2003 |Downtown Jerusalem |17 |100+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Sdei Trumot bombing |June 19, 2003 |Moshav Sdei Trumot |1 |0 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Kfar Yavetz bombing |July 7, 2003 |Kfar Yavetz |1 |3 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Ariel bus station bombing |August 12, 2003 |Ariel |1 |2 |Victims were waiting at a bus station. | |- |Rosh HaAyin bombing |August 12, 2003 |Rosh HaAyin |1 |0 |Suicide bombing at a supermarket. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing |August 19, 2003 |Shmuel Hanavi, [[Jerusalem]] |23 |130+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Tzrifin bus stop attack |September 9, 2003 |Tzrifin |9 |30 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Café Hillel bombing |September 9, 2003 |[[Jerusalem]] |7 |50+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. |<ref name="victims" /> |- |Maxim restaurant suicide bombing |October 4, 2003 |Haifa |21 |60 |Responsibility claimed by the PIJ. | |- |Tulkarem bombing |October 9, 2003 |Tulkarem |0 |3 |Responsibility claimed by the Fatah. | |- |Azzoun bombing |November 3, 2003 |Azzoun |0 |0 |Perpetrators unknown. | |- |Geha Interchange bus stop bombing |December 25, 2003 |Geha Junction |4 |20+ |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP. |<ref name="victims" /> |} === 2004 === {| class="wikitable" !Name !Date !Location !Dead !Injured !Notes !Ref |- |Third Erez Crossing attack |January 14, 2004 |Gaza Strip |4 |10 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade. | |- |Gaza Street bus bombing |January 29, 2004 |Rehavia, Jerusalem |11 |50+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas and Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade. | |- |Liberty Bell Park bus bombing |February 22, 2004 |Liberty Bell Garden, Jerusalem |8 |60 |Responsibility claimed by the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade. | |- |Fourth Erez Crossing attack |March 6, 2004 |Gaza Strip |2 |20 |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas, Fatah and PIJ. |<ref name="embassydeclaration"/> |- |2004 Ashdod Port massacre |March 14, 2004 |Port of Ashdod |10 |16 |Double suicide bombing, carried out by the Hamas and Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade. | |- |Fifth Erez Crossing attack |April 17, 2004 |Gaza Strip |1 |3 |Perpetrators unknown. |<ref name="embassydeclaration" /> |- |Beka'ot checkpoint bombing |May 22, 2004 |Beka'ot checkpoint, Jordan Valley |0 |1 |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP. | <ref name="imfa" /> |- |Beersheba bus bombings |August 31, 2004 |Downtown Beersheba on buses 7 and 12 |16 |100+ |Responsibility claimed by the Hamas. | |- |2004 Sinai bombings |October 7, 2004 |Sinai peninsula, [[Misra|Egypt]] |34 |171 |Suicide bombing at two Sinai holiday resorts, where 31 died at the Taba Hilton and 3 at the Ras a-Satan. Among the dead were 12 Israelis, while over 120 were wounded. | |- |Carmel Market bombing |November 1, 2004 |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |3 |30 |Responsibility claimed by the PFLP. |<ref name="imfa">{{Cite web |title=Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (Sept 1993) |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Suicide%20and%20Other%20Bombing%20Attacks%20in%20Israel%20Since |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207044618/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Suicide%20and%20Other%20Bombing%20Attacks%20in%20Israel%20Since |archive-date=2017-12-07 |access-date=2008-02-04 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> |- |} === 2005 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | An kai hari kan iyakar Karni | Janairu 13, 2005 | Karni crossing, Gaza Strip | 6 | 5 | Kungiyoyin Hamas, Fatah, Al-Aqsa Brigades da kuma Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) ne suka gudanar da shi tare. | |- | Bom na Stage Club | Fabrairu 25, 2005 | Tel Aviv Sea promenade | 5 | 50+ | Dakarun Shahidai na Al-Aqsa da [[Hezbollah|Hizbullah]] ne suka aiwatar. | |- | Harin kunar bakin wake na HaSharon Mall na farko | Yuli 12, 2005 | Netanya | 5 | 90+ | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | |- | Bam Kasuwar Hadera | Oktoba 26, 2005 | Hadra | 7 | 55 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | |- | Harin kunar bakin wake na HaSharon Mall na biyu | Disamba 5, 2005 | Netanya | 5 | 40+ | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | |- |} === 2006 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Farkon harin bam a gidan abinci na Rosh Ha'ir | Janairu 19, 2006 | Kusa da Tel Aviv tsohuwar tashar bas ta tsakiya | 0 | 32 | Alhakin da PIJ ta yi iƙirari. | |- | Wani harin bom | Maris 30, 2006 | Kudumim | 4 | 0 | Nauyin da Birged Shahidai Al-Aqsa ke da'awar. | |- | Harin bam a gidan abinci na Rosh Ha'ir na biyu | Afrilu 17, 2006 | Kusa da Tel Aviv tsohuwar tashar bas ta tsakiya | 11 | 68 | Alhakin da PIJ da Brigades na Shahidai Al-Aqsa ke da'awar. | |} === 2007 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Harin bam a gidan burodin Eilat | Janairu 29, 2007 | Eilat | 3 | 2 | Alhakin da PIJ da Brigades na Shahidai Al-Aqsa suka yi iƙirarin. | |} === 2008 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | 2008 Dimona kunar bakin wake | Fabrairu 4, 2008 | Dimona | 1 | 9 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toronto |first=Nathan W. |date=2008-04-20 |title=Where Have All the Bombers Gone? |url=https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=1031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923120712/https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=1031 |archive-date=2016-09-23 |access-date=2016-09-23 |website=Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya}}</ref> |- | Kerem Shalom ya kai harin kunar bakin wake | Afrilu 19, 2008 | Kerem Shalom kan iyaka, zirin Gaza | 0 | 13 | Alhakin da Hamas ta dauka. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide bombing attack at Kerem Shalom, 13 soldiers wounded |url=https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/suicide-bombing-attack-at-kerem-shalom-13-soldiers-wounded |access-date=19 September 2023 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | Ma'ale Adumim ya yi yunkurin tayar da bam | Oktoba 11, 2015 | [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] | 0 | 1 | Kai hari kadai-kerkeci | |} === 2016 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | 2016 bam na bas Jerusalem | Afrilu 18, 2016 | [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] | 0 | 20 | 'Yan kungiyar Hamas sun shiga hannu. | |} === 2024 === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Matattu ! An ji rauni ! Bayanan kula ! Ref |- | 2024 Bom Titin Lehi | 18 ga Agusta, 2024 | [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] | 1 | 1 | Alhakin da Hamas da PIJ suka yi ikirarin. | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas claims Tel Aviv bomb explosion as suicide attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg58zqgle9ro |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Magana == {{reflist|2}} fhi48yx7krxrx6om0rl8b0cvop5iqnf 0 103904 965494 652186 2026-10-09T21:46:26Z Hafsat bello shaiskawa 49851 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 965494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} oda a majalisa (wanda ake wa lakabi da OIC a wasu kasashe) wani nau'in kayan aiki ne na doka da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, yawanci shugaban kasa ko wakilansu, ke bayarwa bisa shawarar majalisar ministoci ko majalisar ministoci. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin a ƙasashe da yawa na Commonwealth, tare da makamantan kayan aikin kuma ana samun su a cikin ƙasashe masu tsarin gwamnati na Westminster. Ko da yake ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ya bambanta ta ƙasa, oda a cikin majalisa galibi suna ba da izinin zartarwa don yanke shawara ko ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun ba tare da kafa sabuwar doka ba. <ref>Cabinet Manual. Cabinet Office. 14 December 2010. pp. 19, 44–45.</ref> ==Nau'i, amfani da kalmomi== Akwai manyan nau'ikan oda guda biyu a majalisa: umarni a majalisa wanda sarki a majalisa ke aiwatar da ikon sarauta, da umarni a majalisa bisa ga dokar majalisa.<ref>Cabinet Manual. Cabinet Office. 14 December 2010. pp. 19, 44–45.</ref> A cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], sarki ne ke yin umarni a hukumance tare da shawarar majalisar masu zaman kansu (King-in-Council ko Sarauniya-in-Council). A Kanada, ana yin odar tarayya a cikin majalisa da sunan Gwamna Janar ta Majalisar Kula da Sirrin Sarki na Kanada; Umarnin-a-majalisa na Laftanar-Gwamnan-in-Council ne ta Majalisar Zartarwa ta lardin. A wasu wurare da sunan gwamna ta majalisar zartarwa (Gwamnan Majalisa, Gwamna-Janar-Majalisa, da sauransu). A [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]], umarni a cikin majalisa, wanda Majalisar Zartarwa ta aiwatar, ana buƙatar aiwatar da shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke. Baya ga ayyukan majalisa, umarni a majalisa shine babbar hanyar da gwamnati ke aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen da ke bukatar karfin doka<ref>"Orders in Council". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 19 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</ref> ==Umurnin zartarwa= umurnin majalisa da aka yi a karkashin ikon sarauta ba ya dogara da kowace ka'ida ta ikonta, kodayake wani aikin majalisa na iya canza wannan.<ref>Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985] 374 at 399, per Lord Fraser of Tullybelton</ref> Wannan nau'in ya zama ƙasa da gama gari tare da wucewar lokaci, yayin da ƙa'idodi suka mamaye wuraren da a da ke zama wani ɓangare na ikon sarauta. Batutuwan da har yanzu suna cikin haƙƙin sarauta kuma saboda haka ana tsara su ta hanyar (masu hakki) a cikin majalisa sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da majalisar dokoki, sharuɗɗan sarauta, da gudanar da mulkin Birtaniyya na ketare. Ana iya amfani da odar Biritaniya a cikin majalisa lokaci-lokaci don sauya hukunce-hukuncen kotu yadda ya kamata ko tilasta dokar Birtaniyya da ta shafi yankunan Biritaniya na ketare ba tare da shigar da majalisar dokoki kamar yankin Caribbean ba (Abolition of Death Penalty for Kisa) Order 1991. [mai ban sha'awa - tattauna] A cikin Ƙasar Ingila kanta, za a iya yanke hukuncin kotu a hukumance a hukumance ko kuma ta hanyar wani hukunci na kotu. ==Umarni na doka== A cikin wannan lamari na biyu, ana yin oda a majalisa a ƙarƙashin ikon da doka ta ba da ita kuma yawanci tana ƙarƙashin tsarin majalisa.A cikin Burtaniya, idan an zartar da dokar iyaye bayan 1 ga Janairu 1948, <ref>The Cabinet Manual (PDF). October 2021</ref> lokacin da Dokar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Dokokin 1946 ta fara aiki, irin waɗannan umarni a majalisa nau'i ne na kayan aiki na doka<ref>Form and character of statutory instruments". Erskine May. Retrieved 24 March 2025.</ref> ] Kamar duk kayan aiki na doka, ana iya buƙatar kawai a gabatar da su a gaban majalisun biyu, ko kuma a soke su bisa ga wani kuduri na ko dai majalisar wakilai (Majalisar Wakilai a Burtaniya da Kanada ko Majalisar Wakilai a sauran dauloli) ko kuma na babba (Majalisar Iyayengiji a Burtaniya ko Majalisar Dattijai a wasu dauloli) ('tsari mara kyau, ko kuduri na biyu ya amince da shi, ko kuma wani kuduri na biyu) tsari'). Wannan ya ce, an tsawaita amfani da oda a majalisa kwanan nan, kamar yadda dokar Scotland ta 1998 ta tanadi cewa za a iya gabatar da daftarin oda a majalisar a gaban majalisar dokokin Scotland a wasu yanayi kamar yadda za a gabatar da su a gaban Majalisar Westminster. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ana aiwatar da dokar da aka gabatar a gaban Majalisar Welsh ta hanyar oda a cikin majalisa bayan bin ƙa'idar ƙuduri mai inganci. 9tol3q1e12immuk22ypad9cps3m6xlq 0 103994 965757 878354 2026-10-10T11:43:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360696244|Juniorate]]" 965757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Brown_habit_black_veil_white_wimpole.jpg|thumb| Matasa]] '''Juniorate''' wani kwas ne na falsafa na tsawon shekaru uku a makarantar sakandare ga 'yan takara da ke shirin zama firist ko kuma mai kula da mata . A wannan lokacin, za su ƙara shiga tsakani kuma za su yanke shawara ko wannan ita ce hanyar da suke sha'awar bi. == Don zama Firist == * Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] . * Dole ne ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 25. * Ana buƙatar a yi masa baftisma . * Tabbatarwa ya zama dole. * Dole ne a [[Matsayin aure|yi aure]] . * Bai kamata ya sake [[Saki|aure]] ba ko kuma ya soke auren idan aka rabu. * Dole ne shekaru biyu su shude bayan zama gwauruwa domin a ba da lokaci don yin makoki kafin a yi alkawuran firistoci. ''(Madina) '' === Matakan Samuwa === * Tsarin lokaci * Makarantar Sakandare * Novitiate * Matasa * Alkawuran Addini * Tsarin aiki mai gudana == Makarantar Sakandare == Makaranta ita ce inda ake ilmantar da firistoci da mata masu ibada ko kuma a tsara su su zama masu hidima na Allah masu inganci don su iya jagorantar coci. Nazarin tauhidi ne mafi girma kuma ana buƙata. Lokacin da mutum ke neman shiga makarantar hadisai, dole ne ya sami shawarwari daga membobin cocin domin ƙarfafa tarihin aikinsa da ƙwarewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na gidajen ibada. Taron karawa juna sani yana ɗaukar shekaru uku zuwa huɗu kafin a kammala shi, ya danganta da darussan da aka ɗauka yayin samun digiri na farko . '''Ma'aikatar Aiwatarwa, Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ilimi, Jagorancin Kirista da Gudanarwa, Hulɗar Al'adu, da Addini''' wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri ne da ake da su. Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin hanyoyin ƙwararru, amma '''ba a buƙatar su ba''' ; akwai wasu da yawa. Idan ana maganar neman shiga makarantar hauza, buƙatun sun ba da shawarar yin nazarin wani nau'in azuzuwan tauhidi ko [[Falsafa|falsafa.]] == Don zama Nun == * Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] * Bai kamata a sami yara masu dogaro da kai ba. * Kada ku ci bashi . * Dole ne ya zama mara aure. * Dole ne ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 40. * Dole ne ya kasance mai lafiya ta jiki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ta hankali]] . * Ba a buƙatar digirin jami'a; duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa suna ba da shawarar cewa mai nema dole ne ya sami aƙalla digiri na farko kafin ya yi rajista. ''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara)'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Stages of Formation |url=https://www.ssvmusa.org/Vocations/Stages.of.Formation.shtm#Postulancy |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ssvmusa.org}}</ref> === Matakan Samuwa === * Tsarin lokaci * Novitiate * Matasa * Alkawuran Addini * Sana'a ta Dindindin * Tsarin aiki mai gudana ''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara) <ref name=":1" />'' == Tsarin Katolika == Shin tsarin da cocin Katolika ke shirya mutum ya shiga cikin firistoci ko 'yan'uwa mata ne? Manyan fannoni guda huɗu da dole ne su nemi tsari bayan kafa makarantar hauza su ne: * Ɗan Adam * ruhaniya * Mai hankali * Kiwo == Manazarta == jjvc0z2nfcypof31s8i5855vv4h99cx 965758 965757 2026-10-10T11:44:28Z Arcdanumma047 38699 965758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Brown_habit_black_veil_white_wimpole.jpg|thumb| Matasa]] '''Juniorate''' wani kwas ne na falsafa na tsawon shekaru uku a makarantar sakandare ga 'yan takara da ke shirin zama firist ko kuma mai kula da mata . A wannan lokacin, za su ƙara shiga tsakani kuma za su yanke shawara ko wannan ita ce hanyar da suke sha'awar bi. == Don zama Firist == * Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] . * Dole ne ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 25. * Ana buƙatar a yi masa baftisma . * Tabbatarwa ya zama dole. * Dole ne a [[Matsayin aure|yi aure]] . * Bai kamata ya sake [[Saki|aure]] ba ko kuma ya soke auren idan aka rabu. * Dole ne shekaru biyu su shude bayan zama gwauruwa domin a ba da lokaci don yin makoki kafin a yi alkawuran firistoci. ''(Madina) '' === Matakan Samuwa === * Tsarin lokaci * Makarantar Sakandare * Novitiate * Matasa * Alkawuran Addini * Tsarin aiki mai gudana == Makarantar Sakandare == Makaranta ita ce inda ake ilmantar da firistoci da mata masu ibada ko kuma a tsara su su zama masu hidima na Allah masu inganci don su iya jagorantar coci. Nazarin tauhidi ne mafi girma kuma ana buƙata. Lokacin da mutum ke neman shiga makarantar hadisai, dole ne ya sami shawarwari daga membobin cocin domin ƙarfafa tarihin aikinsa da ƙwarewarsa a fannoni daban-daban na gidajen ibada. Taron karawa juna sani yana ɗaukar shekaru uku zuwa huɗu kafin a kammala shi, ya danganta da darussan da aka ɗauka yayin samun digiri na farko . '''Ma'aikatar Aiwatarwa, Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ilimi, Jagorancin Kirista da Gudanarwa, Hulɗar Al'adu, da Addini''' wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri ne da ake da su. Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin hanyoyin ƙwararru, amma '''ba a buƙatar su ba''' ; akwai wasu da yawa. Idan ana maganar neman shiga makarantar hauza, buƙatun sun ba da shawarar yin nazarin wani nau'in azuzuwan tauhidi ko [[Falsafa|falsafa.]] == Don zama Nun == * Dole ne ya zama mai bin darikar [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] * Bai kamata a sami yara masu dogaro da kai ba. * Kada ku ci bashi . * Dole ne ya zama mara aure. * Dole ne ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 40. * Dole ne ya kasance mai lafiya ta jiki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ta hankali]] . * Ba a buƙatar digirin jami'a; duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa suna ba da shawarar cewa mai nema dole ne ya sami aƙalla digiri na farko kafin ya yi rajista. ''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara)'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Stages of Formation |url=https://www.ssvmusa.org/Vocations/Stages.of.Formation.shtm#Postulancy |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.ssvmusa.org}}</ref> === Matakan Samuwa === * Tsarin lokaci * Novitiate * Matasa * Alkawuran Addini * Sana'a ta Dindindin * Tsarin aiki mai gudana ''(Bayin Ubangiji da Budurwar Matara) <ref name=":1" />'' == Tsarin Katolika == Shin tsarin da cocin Katolika ke shirya mutum ya shiga cikin firistoci ko 'yan'uwa mata ne? Manyan fannoni guda huɗu da dole ne su nemi tsari bayan kafa makarantar hauza su ne: * Ɗan Adam * ruhaniya * Mai hankali * Kiwo == Manazarta == 26kpbmeoq0w8063saij5qj7ihm5k1s8 0 104217 965274 653288 2026-10-09T15:09:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernard Gilbert Molewa''' (15 Satumba 1921 - 20??) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya wakilci jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|majalisar dokokin ƙasar]] daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 2004,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13429370/south-africa-campaign-and-election-report-april-26- |title=South Africa: Campaign and Election Report April 26–29, 1994 |publisher=[[International Republican Institute]] |year=1994 |access-date=13 April 2023 |via=Yumpu}}</ref> inda ya samu aka zaɓe a shekarun 1994 da 1999..<ref name=":02">{{cite magazine |date=11 June 1999 |title=General Notice: Notice 1319 of 1999 – Electoral Commission: Representatives Elected to the Various Legislatures |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/za/1999/za-government-gazette-dated-1999-06-11-no-20203.pdf |magazine=[[Government Gazette of South Africa]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=[[Government of South Africa]] |volume=408 |issue=20203 |pages= |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> An haifi Molewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 1921..<ref name=":02"/> Ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC kafin gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta haramta ta a shekarar 1960. Bayan gabatar da Dokar Ilimi ta Bantu a shekarar 1955, shi, tare da David Bopape da sauransu, ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kafa "kulob ɗin al'adu" na ANC, wanda aka tsara don ƙara yawan albarkatun ƙasa na tsarin ilimin baƙar fata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=G. |last2=Mati |first2=S. |last3=Seabe |first3=D. |last4=Peires |first4=J. |last5=Webb |first5=D. |last6=Dumisa |first6=S. |last7=Sausi |first7=K. |last8=Mbenga |first8=B. |last9=Manson |first9=A. |last10=Pophiwa |first10=N. |date=2015-08-25 |title=The liberation struggle and liberation heritage sites in South Africa |url=https://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/2491 |journal=Human Sciences Research Council |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519211749/https://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/2491 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Molewa ya tafi gudun hijira tare da ANC a farkon shekarun 1960. <ref name=":0" /> Ya rasu..<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernard Gilbert Molewa |url=https://www.identitynumber.org/death-notices-results.php?surname=MOLEWA |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=Identity Number}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] m7ofx846yk0cae9xhiayrnvwwykx69q 2 104765 965495 655560 2026-10-09T21:50:20Z Nura Bello 24854 965495 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Cmrd Nura Bello Daraja kaset Gusau Daga Jihar Zamfara. k9jopzqz1xqan5i3sfvkb7kgpayhbtl 0 105268 965719 883965 2026-10-10T09:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Webster''' (1 Disamba 1944 - 1 Mayu 1989) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu malami ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|masanin ilimin ɗan adam]] a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], inda ya kasance babban malami a lokacin da aka kashe shi. Webster ya kasance memba na kafa [[Detainees' Parents' Support Committee|Kwamitin Tallafawa Iyaye na tsare]] (DPSC) a cikin shekarar 1981, memba na Five Freedoms Forum, kuma mai himma a cikin United Democratic Front. Webster ya kasance mamba mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyar magoya bayan [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]] kuma ya taimaka wajen haɗakarwa da shirya mawakan Afirka ta Kudu lokacin gwagwarmaya a shekarun 1980. Ya kasance mai binciken al'adun gargajiya na dogon lokaci kuma aikinsa a kusa da Kosi Bay a kan iyakar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] ya haifar da wallafe-wallafen ilimi da yawa da ake bita. Jami'an tsaron mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ne suka kashe Webster a wajen gidansa a ranar 1 ga watan Mayun 1989. == Shekarun farko == An haifi David Joseph Webster a cikin shekarar 1944 a Arewacin Rhodesia, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hakar ma'adinai a Copperbelt. Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Rhodes]] a Grahamstown, inda ya shiga harkokin siyasa na ɗalibai. <ref name="sah">{{Cite web |title=David Joseph Webster |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/david-joseph-webster |access-date=23 July 2013 |publisher=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, Webster ya fara koyar da ilimin sanin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Witwatersrand (Wits). An rubuta takardar shaidar digirinsa a kan wani batu na al'ada na ilimin halin ɗan adam ('yan uwantaka), amma an mayar da hankali kan filin fashe na siyasa, wato ma'aikatan ƙaura daga Mozambique. A cikin shekarar 1976, ya koyar a shekaru biyu tare da Peter Worsley a Jami'ar Manchester.<ref name="sah"/> Webster ya kasance mai fafutuka a harkar siyasa na yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata, musamman a shekarun 1980 na kwamitin tallafawa iyayen da ake tsare da su, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarar a saki fursunonin siyasa da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari’a ba a Afirka ta Kudu. Abokin aikinsa [[Eddie Webster (sociologists)|Eddie Webster]], masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne a Cibiyar Kudancin Cibiyar Nazarin Rashin daidaito, Wits. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=G. |date=2021-03-08 |title=Eddie Webster: advancing democracy through labour activism |url=https://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/15862 |journal=HSRC Repository |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523043356/https://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/15862 |archive-date=2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-07-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff - Wits University |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/scis/people/staff/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.wits.ac.za |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023194809/https://www.wits.ac.za/scis/people/staff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kisa == An harbe Webster a kofar gidansa da ke lamba 13 Eleanor Street a Troyeville, Johannesburg, ta hanyar masu kisan gilla a ma'aikacin Ofishin Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a, wata hukuma ce ta ɓoye na ƙasar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata.<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/1997-11-21-the-night-ferdi-barnard-told-me-he-killed "The night Ferdi Barnard told me he killed"], Nov 21 1997, Mail & Guardian</ref> Dubban mutane ne suka halarci jana'izar Webster a St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/07/thousands-at-funeral-in-s-africa/84bb4068-83b2-4453-991d-a6f93f404130/|title=Thousands at Funeral in S. Africa|first=Allister|last=Sparks|date=7 May 1989|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> An biya tawagar da aka kashe R40,000 (a lokacin, kwatankwacin dalar Amurka 8,000) don kashe shi. Ferdi Barnard, mutumin da ya ja bindigar da aka yi amfani da shi, an yi masa shari’a kuma aka same shi da laifi a shekarar 1998; An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai guda biyu tare da shekaru 63 saboda wasu laifuka da suka haɗa da kisan Webster.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ferdi-barnard-found-guilty-killing-webster "Ferdi Barnard is found guilty of killing Webster"], sahistory.org.za</ref> An saki Barnard daga gidan yari a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, 2019, bayan da Ministan Shari’a da Ma’aikatan Gyaran Jiki Michael Masutha ya amince da sakin sa a watan Maris 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-02 |title=Ferdi Barnard: Apartheid-era hitman released from prison |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ferdi-barnard-apartheid-era-hitman-released-prison/ |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=The South African |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815093942/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ferdi-barnard-apartheid-era-hitman-released-prison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ko da yake an saki Barnard, ba a sassauta hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai da aka yanke masa ba. Don haka, zai ci gaba da cika sauran hukumcin da aka yanke masa a cikin al’umma, kuma ofishin kula da gyaran al’umma zai kula da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jenni |date=7 March 2019 |title=Parole approved for apartheid hitman Ferdi Barnard |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/parole-approved-for-apartheid-hitman-ferdi-barnard-20190307 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=News24}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dr Webster ya kasance memba na kungiyar magoya bayan [[Orlando Pirates FC|Orlando Pirates]]. Mambobin ƙungiyar magoya bayan ƙungiyar sun kafa jami’an tsaro a kusa da akwatin gawar sa a wajen jana’izar sa. == Martaba == Gidan da ke Troyeville inda Webster ya zauna tare da abokin aikinsa Maggie Friedman an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin gado. A wurin da aka kashe shi a wajen David Webster House akwai wani mosaic wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin "An kashe shi a nan don yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya rayu don adalci, zaman lafiya da abota".<ref name="now">{{cite news|title=Webster's house now a heritage site|url=http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/webster-s-house-now-a-heritage-site-1.1346639|accessdate=20 July 2013|newspaper=The Star|date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Wani wurin shakatawa na kusa a titin Clarence (wanda ake kira Bloemenhof Park) an sake masa suna [[David Webster Park]] a bikin cika shekaru 20 da mutuwarsa.<ref name="now"/> Akwai kuma wani mosaic a wurin shakatawa na [[Jacob Ramaboya]] daga Spaza Gallery wanda ke tunawa da rayuwarsa.<ref name="sah"/> A cikin shekarar 1992, Jami'ar Witwatersrand ta ba da lambar yabo ta Hall of Residence Webster. '''Gidan zama na David Webster''' yanzu yana gida ga ɗaliban Jami'ar Wits kusan 400. == Ayyukan da aka wallafa == {{refbegin}} *{{citation|editor1-last=Webster|editor1-first= D |editor2-last= Hammond-Took|editor2-first= W D |date= 1975|title=Agnates and affines: studies in African marriage, manners and land allocation|location=Johannesburg|publisher= Witwatersrand University Press. }} *Webster, D 1984. ''The reproduction of labour power and the struggle for survival in Soweto.'' (Carnegie Conference paper no.20) Rondebosch: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. {{ISBN|0-7992-0694-6}}. * {{cite book | last1=Webster | first1=D. | last2=Friedman | first2=M. | publisher=Ravan Press |location=Braamfontein | title=Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989 | via=Southern African Research Service | year=1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGtdHwAACAAJ }} (Published posthumously) * {{cite journal | last=Webster | first=David | title=Abafazi Bathonga Bafihlakala | journal=African Studies | publisher=Taylor and Francis| volume=50 | issue=1 | year=1991 | issn=0002-0184 | doi=10.1080/00020189108707744 | pages=243–271}} (Published posthumously) {{refend}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Kara karantawa === {{Refbegin}} *Frederikse, J 1998. ''David Webster.'' Cape Town : Maskew Miller Longman. {{ISBN|0-636-02255-2}}. *Stiff, P 2001. ''Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s.'' Alberton (South Africa): Galago. {{ISBN|1-919854-01-0}}. {{Refend}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/webster-d.htm Short Biography] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060405124158/http://sunsite.wits.ac.za/ag/html/new_144.htm Abun 'labarai' na kayan tarihi mai ɗauke da hoton David Webster kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi akan fastocin da aka yi amfani da su wajen jana'izar sa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202300/http://disa.nu.ac.za/articledisplaypage.asp?articletitle=Why+did+they+kill+David+Webster%3F&filename=GRMay89 Labari a cikin ''Tushen Tushen'' vol.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202300/http://disa.nu.ac.za/articledisplaypage.asp?articletitle=Why+did+they+kill+David+Webster%3F&filename=GRMay89 10, no.2, Mayu 1989, "Me ya sa suka kashe David Webster", ciki har da hotunan David Webster, na makoki a wurin jana'izar, da wajen St Mary's Cathedral a Johannesburg.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219234135/http://www.csvr.org.za/articles/artwebst.htm Tribobi da Lloyd Vogelman] * [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/pdfs/transformation/tran009/tran009007.pdf Tribute daga Edward (Eddie) Webster, abokin aiki a 'Wits', wanda aka buga a ''Canji'', juzu'i na 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506065102/http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/pdfs/transformation/tran009/tran009007.pdf |date=2022-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218130333/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2004/02/15/news/gauteng/njhb09.asp Shafin jarida mai dauke da hotunan wurin da aka yi kisan, da kuma hoton David Webster na rubuta bayanan filin] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jjrnzgff4ubdwmth47kyabbe4es65c4 0 105590 965311 849544 2026-10-09T17:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kudin kasa na [[Najeriya]] ko kuma kawai bashin kasa na [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] shine jimlar kuɗin da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] ke bin masu bashi, na cikin gida da na waje. Bashin kasa ya kunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu: bashin da jama'a ke riƙewa da bashin da asusun gwamnati ke riƙewa. Bishirin da jama'a ke riƙewa ya haɗa da kadarorin Baitulmalin da masu saka hannun jari ke riƙewa a waje da gwamnatin tarayya, kamar mutane, kamfanoni, [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]], da gwamnatocin kasashen waje, jihohi da kananan hukumomi. Kudin da asusun gwamnati ke riƙewa ya haɗa da kadarorin Baitulmalin da ba za a iya tallatawa ba a cikin asusun shirye-shiryen da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa, kamar Asusun Amincewa na Inshora na [[Najeriya]]. Ana auna bashin ƙasa a matsayin darajar fuska na tsaron ajiyar kuɗi a wani lokaci.<ref name="CEIC">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria National Government Debt, 2006 – 2023 |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/national-government-debt |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=CEIC Data}}</ref> Kudin kasa na [[Najeriya]] yana ƙarƙashin iyakar doka, wanda aka sani da Rufin bashin, wanda [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya]] ta ƙayyade. Rufin bashin shine matsakaicin adadin bashin da gwamnatin tarayya za ta iya samu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESTABLISHMENT FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE FISCAL RESPONSILIBILITY COMMISSION |url=http://lawsofnigeria.placng.org/laws/fiscal%20responsibility.pdf |access-date=2 December 2023 |publisher=PLAC NG}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2023, an saita rufin bashin a kashi 40% na GDP.<ref name="Premium Times Nigeria i035">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria raises borrowing limit to 40% of GDP |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/442595-nigeria-raises-borrowing-limit-to-40-of-gdp.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> kudin kasa na Najeriya ya karu a tsawon lokaci saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar kashe kudade na gwamnati, kudaden shiga, ci gaban tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi, musayar kudi, da kudaden shiga.{{Sfn|Yusuf|Mohd|2021}} Ana amfani da rabo na bashin zuwa babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) sau da yawa a matsayin mai nuna alamar dorewa da biyan bashin ƙasa.{{Sfn|Yusuf|Mohd|2021}} Rashin bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya canza a cikin shekaru, ya kai kashi 75% a cikin 1991, biyo bayan [[Nigerian Structural Adjustment Program|Shirin Gyara Tsarin Najeriya]], da kuma raguwar kashi 7.3% a cikin 2008, bayan sauya bashin Paris Club.<ref name="Central Bank of Nigeria l506">{{Cite web |title=Central Bank of Nigeria :: Sources of External Debt |url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Paymentsystem/SourceExDebt.asp |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Central Bank of Nigeria}}</ref><ref name="World Economics i352">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.worldeconomics.com/GrossDomesticProduct/Debt-to-GDP-Ratio/Nigeria.aspx |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=World Economics}}</ref> Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2023, rabo na bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya kasance 38.79%, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaicin 56.3% na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="World Economics i352" /><ref name="Statista 2023 k261">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Nigeria: national debt in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) 2028 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/383195/national-debt-of-nigeria-in-relation-to-gross-domestic-product-gdp/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Statista}}</ref> Kudin kasa na Najeriya yana da tasiri ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na kasar, da kuma alakar da take da ita da wasu kasashe da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.{{Sfn|Yusuf|Mohd|2021}} Gudanar da bashin kasa shine alhakin Ofishin Gudanar da Biyan (DMO), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2000 a matsayin hukuma mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette |url=https://oagf.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Financial-Regulations-and-Rules.pdf |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=oagf.gov.ng}}</ref> Manufar DMO ita ce daidaita ayyukan bashi na gwamnati, ba da shawara kan manufofin bashi da dabarun, kula da amintaccen bayanan bashin ƙasa, da inganta ci gaban kasuwar bashin cikin gida.<ref name="Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 s711">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=National Debt Management Framework (2018 |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/publications/other-publications/national-debt-management-framework/2706-national-debt-management-framework-2018-2022 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Debt Management Office Nigeria}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafin samun 'yancin kai === Tarihin Najeriya na bashin jama'a ya samo asali ne daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da kasar ke ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Burtaniya]]. Misali na farko da aka rubuta na rance na jama'a ta [[Najeriya]] ya kasance a cikin 1923-1924.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Wannan tsari na kudi ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 5.7, yana ɗauke da riba ta shekara-shekara ta 2.5 bisa dari, kuma an tsara shi don biyan kuɗi a cikin shekaru 20.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} A cikin 1927, Ma'aikatar Kare Najeriya ta ba da wani rancen fam miliyan 1 daga Bankin Ingila, a wannan lokacin don tallafawa gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Legas-Port Harcourt. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tabbatar da rancen, kuma an biya shi a shekarar 1938.{{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}} Ci gaba zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930, Najeriya ta sami ƙarin rancen fam miliyan 4.89 a ƙarshen 1936, wanda ya haifar da yawan bashin jama'a na ƙasar ya kai kusan fam miliyan 9.89. Daga baya, daga 1946 zuwa 1948, Najeriya ta sami ƙarin fam miliyan 5.74, ta kara daɗa jimlar bashin ƙasar zuwa fam miliyan 21.24 a ƙarshen shekara ta 1952.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} A shekara ta 1958, Ma'aikatar Kare Najeriya ta ba da rancen fam miliyan 28 daga [[Bankin Duniya]] don sake ginawa da ci gaba (IBRD), wanda aka fi sani da Bankin Duniya. Kudin shine rancen farko na Bankin Duniya ga Najeriya, kuma an yi amfani da shi don tallafawa fadada madatsar ruwan Kainji da [[Ughelli Power Station|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli]]. An biya rancen a shekarar 1978.{{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}} Yayin da mulkin mallaka ya zo kusa, jimlar bashin Najeriya ya tsaya kusan fam miliyan 17. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da sauye-sauyen dabarun zuwa ga samar da kudade na ciki, Najeriya ta nemi tallafin kudi daga Paris Club of Creditors . <ref name="Central Bank of Nigeria l506"/> Wannan rancen da ya biyo baya ya kai kusan dala miliyan 31, yana ɗauke da riba na kashi 3.5 cikin dari a kowace shekara da kuma lokacin biyan kuɗi wanda ya kai shekaru ashirin. {{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}}{{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}} === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Bayan Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Burtaniya a shekarar 1960, kasar ta ci gaba da aro daga tushe daban-daban, na cikin gida da na waje, don tallafawa bukatun ci gabanta.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}}{{Sfn|Ogunyemi|2011}} Babban tushen rance na waje shine Bankin Duniya, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya (IDA), Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF), [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]] (AfDB), Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEC), da masu ba da bashi na biyu, kamar Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, da China. Babban tushen rance na cikin gida shine Babban Bankin Najeriya, [[Nigerian Industrial Development Bank|Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya]] (NIDB), Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya (NACB), da Bankin Kasuwanci da Masana'antar Najeriya (NBCI). {{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}}{{Sfn|Ogunyemi|2011}} Bashin kasa na Najeriya ya karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, bashin kasashen waje na Najeriya kadai ya tashi zuwa dala biliyan 14.8, tare da kusan dala biliyan 6.3 da ake bin Paris Club of Creditors.<ref name="Central Bank of Nigeria l506"/> Wannan kuma ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] (1967-1970), rikicin man fetur na 1973, Rikicin makamashi na 1979, girgizar farashin man fetur ta biyu, shirye-shiryen gyaran tsarin (SAPs), yawan man fetur a shekarun 1980, raguwar darajar Naira ta 1986, da faduwar farashin man fetura a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Rashin bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya tashi daga 5.6% a 1960 zuwa 75% a 1991, ya kai saman US $ 35.9 biliyan.{{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}} Lokacin tsakanin 1986 da 1993 ya ga karuwar bashin kasashen waje na Najeriya, wanda ke nuna farkon kalubalen da ke ci gaba a yau.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Masana tattalin arziki sun nuna 1985 a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci lokacin da jimlar bashin kasashen waje na Najeriya ya kai kusan dala biliyan 19.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Kudin kasa na Najeriya ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar [[Democratization of Nigeria|Dimokuradiyya na Najeriya]] a cikin 1999, shirin Kasashen Talakawa (HIPC), Shirin Taimako na Biyu Kasuwanci (MDRI), taimakon bashin Paris Club, Shirin Bayyanawa na Masana'antu (EITI), Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Najeriya (NSIA), da kuma Asusun Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}} A ƙarshen shekara ta 2004, bashin waje na gwamnatin Najeriya ya karu zuwa kusan dala biliyan 36.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} A shekara ta 2005, Najeriya ta fuskanci yanayin bashi mara dorewa, tare da jimlar kudaden shiga kusan dala biliyan 9 da kuma bashin bashin kusan dala biliya 36.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Wani canji ya fito ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 2005 ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi tare da Paris Club of Creditors da Landan, wanda ya ba Najeriya damar sayen kusan dala biliyan 30 na bashin waje na dala biliyan 32 ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na dala biliyar 12.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], a cikin jawabinsa na kasafin kuɗi na shekara ta 2001, ya nuna nauyin bashin Najeriya, wanda, bayan shawarwari, ya haifar da biyan bashin dala biliyan daya na shekara ta 2001.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Yarjejeniyar tarihi a karkashin Shugaba Obasanjo ta cire Najeriya daga jerin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Duk da wannan yarjejeniya, bashin cikin gida, wanda aka kiyasta a kusa da tiriliyan N1.52 a wannan lokacin, bai ga raguwa sosai ba.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Rashin bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya fadi daga 75% a 1991 zuwa 7.3% a 2008, ya kai kasa da dala biliyan 20.6.{{Sfn|Oyovbaire|2000}} Kudin kasa na Najeriya ya sake karuwa a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020, saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar su man fetur na 2010, annobar COVID-19, zanga-zangar End SARS, [[2021 Nigerian economic crisis|Rikicin tattalin arzikin Najeriya na 2021]], haramcin Twitter na Najeriya na 2021, da kuma [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023]].{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, bashin cikin gida na Najeriya ya karu zuwa N4.8 tiriliyan (kimanin dala biliyan 30). {{Sfn|Ogunyemi|2011}} Wannan bashin yana da abubuwa da yawa: Kudin Gwamnatin Tarayya (N3.06 tiriliyan), Kudin Baitulmalin Najeriya (N1.44 tiriliyan) da Kudin Baul (kimanin N372.9 biliyan). Sabanin haka, an kiyasta bashin waje ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 4.1.{{Sfn|Ogunyemi|2011}} A cikin 2018, an kiyasta yawan bashin gwamnatin Najeriya da GDP a yankin 24.1%.[1] Sa'an nan kuma ya tashi daga 7.3% a 2008 zuwa 38.4% a watan Yunin 2023.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}}<ref name="CEIC"/> Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar bashin Najeriya, gami da dogaro da basussukan waje don tallafawa aikin, karuwar ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke haifar da kudaden albashi mafi girma, da saka hannun jari mara kyau saboda manufofin tattalin arziki marasa inganci.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Nauyin bashin jama'a a Najeriya ya ƙunshi manyan tushe guda biyu: bashin cikin gida ko na cikin gida da bashin waje ko na waje.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} [[Ofishin Kula da Bashi (Najeriya)|Ofishin Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi]] (DMO), wanda Dokar Gudanar da Bawan Kuɗi (Gidauniyar) ta kafa, 2003, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaitawa da sarrafa hannun jarin bashin ƙasar, na ciki da na waje.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} == Rubuce-rubucen bashin == Biyan kasa na Najeriya ya kunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu: bashin cikin gida da bashin waje.{{Sfn|Okeowo|Atiku|Olaleye|Agunloye|2019}} Biyan cikin gida shine bashin da gwamnatin tarayya ke bin masu ba da bashi a cikin ƙasar, kamar Babban Bankin Najeriya, bankunan kasuwanci, asusun fansho, kamfanonin inshora, da sauran cibiyoyin kuɗi.<ref name="Delta State University v296">{{Cite web |title=EXTERNAL DEBT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.delsu.edu.ng/clt/EXTERNAL%20DEBT%20AND%20ECONOMIC%20GROWTH%20IN%20NIGERIA.pdf |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Delta State University}}</ref><ref name="Central Bank of Nigeria v296">{{Cite web |title=Movement in Foreign Reserves |url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/IntOps/Reserve.asp?MoveDate=12/4/2023%205:58:24%20PM |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Central Bank of Nigeria}}</ref> Bishirin waje shine bashin da gwamnatin tarayya ke bin masu ba da bashi a waje da kasar, kamar cibiyoyin da suka hada da juna, gwamnatocin biyu, da masu ba da rance masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Delta State University v296" /> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2023, jimlar bashin kasa na Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 113.4, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 70.3 (61.95%) bashin cikin gida ne kuma dala biliyan 43.2 (38.05%) bashin waje ne.<ref name="Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 v191">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=Nigeria's Total Public Debt as at June 30, 2023 |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/debt-profile/total-public-debt/4404-nigeria-s-total-public-debt-as-at-june-30-2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Debt Management Office Nigeria}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Fakoyejo 2023 e789">{{Cite web |last=Fakoyejo |first=Olalekan |date=15 September 2023 |title=DMO report shows Nigeria's total public debt hits N87.38trn, up 75.29% |url=https://www.thecable.ng/dmo-report-shows-nigerias-total-public-debt-hits-n87-38trn-up-75-29 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=TheCable}}</ref> Biyan cikin gida yafi kunshe da Bills na Baitulmalin Najeriya (NTBs), Bonds na Baul na Najeriya (N TBs), Federal Government of Nigeria Savings Bond (FGNSB), [[Sukuk Bond]] (Bundar Musulunci), da [[Green Bond]] (Bandalin muhalli). Bashin waje yafi kunshe da rance daga Bankin Duniya, IDA, IMF, AfDB, EEC, da masu ba da bashi na biyu. <ref name="Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 v191" /> <ref name="CEIC"/> == Gudanar da bashin == Gudanar da bashin kasa na Najeriya alhakin Ofishin Gudanar da Biyanci (DMO), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2000 a matsayin hukuma mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Kudi.<ref name="About DMO 2023 m904">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=About DMO |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/about-dmo |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=About DMO}}</ref> Manufar DMO ita ce daidaita ayyukan bashi na gwamnati, ba da shawara kan manufofin bashi da dabarun, kula da amintaccen bayanan bashin ƙasa, da inganta ci gaban kasuwar bashin cikin gida.<ref name="About DMO 2023 m904" /> DMO tana aiki ne a karkashin jagorancin [[National Economic Council (Nigeria)|Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa]] (NEC), wanda shine mafi girman hukumar samar da manufofin tattalin arziki a kasar, wanda [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya]] ke jagoranta. NEC ta amince da shirin bashi na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin tarayya, wanda ke ƙayyade adadin, tushe, sharuɗɗa, da manufofin bashi na kowace shekara ta kasafin kuɗi. NEC kuma ta amince da dabarun kula da bashin matsakaici (MTDS), wanda shine shirin shekaru hudu wanda ke tsara manufofi, manufofi da dabarun sarrafa bashin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debt Management Strategy |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/debt-management-strategy |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Debt Management Office}}</ref> DMO tana aiwatar da shirin bashi na shekara-shekara da MTDS daidai da Dokar Hakkin Kudi ta 2007, wanda ke ba da tsarin doka don gudanar da kasafin kudi da lissafi a kasar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa rance na gwamnatin tarayya zai kasance don kashe kuɗi da ci gaban ɗan adam kawai, kuma cewa rabo daga bashin zuwa GDP ba zai wuce 40%. Dokar ta kuma buƙaci DMO ta gabatar da rahotanni na kwata-kwata da na shekara-shekara game da bashin ƙasa ga [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]], [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya]], da jama'a.<ref name="Admin 2022 b185">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=CSJ |date=4 April 2022 |title=Fiscal Responsibility Act – Centre for Social Justice |url=https://csj-ng.org/publication/fiscal-responsibility-act-2/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Centre for Social Justice}}</ref> DMO tana aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban wajen gudanar da bashin kasa, kamar Ma'aikatar Kudi, Babban Bankin Najeriya, Ofishin Babban Mai Ba da Bayani na Tarayyar, Ofishin Mai Bincike-Janar na Tarayya (An ba da Gudanar da Haraji da Hukumar Haraji, Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayyar), Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kasa, Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kasuwancin Najeriya, da Kungiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nigeria Har ila yau, DMO tana aiki tare da kungiyoyi da abokan hulɗa daban-daban na kasa da kasa wajen gudanar da bashin kasa, kamar Bankin Duniya, IDA, IMF, AfDB, EEC, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD), Sakatariyar Commonwealth, Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD), Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da Tattarin Arziki ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (WAIFEM), da Cibiyar Afirka ta Yammacin Turai da Ci Gaban Afirka (AFRODAD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Partners |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/international-partners |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Debt Management Office }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tsayawa da bashin == Tsayawa da bashin kasa na Najeriya shine ikon kasar don biyan bashin da take da shi a yanzu da kuma nan gaba ba tare da lalata ci gaban tattalin arziki ba, ci gaban zamantakewa, da kare muhalli. Rashin dorewar bashin kasa ya dogara da dalilai daban-daban, kamar girman, tsari, da abun da ke cikin bashin, matakin da ci gaban GDP, ma'aunin kasafin kudi da tattara kudaden shiga, canjin musayar da hauhawar farashi, yawan riba da sabis na bashi, girgizar waje da na cikin gida, da kuma tsarin da kuma yanayin manufofi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debt Sustainability Analysis |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/debt-sustainability-analysis |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Debt Management Office}}</ref> DMO tana gudanar da bincike na yau da kullun na ci gaba da bashi (DSA) don tantance ci gaba da bashin kasa da kuma gano haɗari da rauni. DMO tana amfani da kayan aiki da hanyoyin daban-daban don DSA, kamar Tsarin Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi (DSF) don ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi, waɗanda Bankin Duniya da IMF suka haɓaka, kayan aikin Binciken Gudanar da Kasuwanci (DeMPA), wanda Bankin Duniya ya haɓaka, da kuma Tsarin Gudanarwa na Tsakanin Lokaci (MTDS), wanda Banken Duniya da IMF ya haɓaka.<ref name="Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 s410">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=DMO 2020 Annual Report |url=https://www.dmo.gov.ng/publications/reports/dmo-annual-report-statement-of-accounts/3976-dmo-2020-annual-report |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Debt Management Office Nigeria}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> DMO ta buga sakamakon DSA a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara da kuma shafin yanar gizon. DMO kuma tana raba sakamakon DSA tare da hukumomi da masu ruwa da tsaki, kamar NEC, Ma'aikatar Kudi, Babban Bankin Najeriya, Majalisar Dokoki, da jama'a. DMO tana amfani da sakamakon DSA don sanar da dabarun gudanar da bashin ta da kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan manufofin bashi da dabarun ta.<ref name="Debt Management Office Nigeria 2023 s410"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qtva5xb8n558ui8owma7we8554d50aj 0 105905 965536 661718 2026-10-09T23:57:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chiedu John Ebie''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1970) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, lauya, mai ba da shawara kan mai da iskar gas, kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati. Ya rike matsayi a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ebie a [[Ibadan]], Jihar Oyo, Najeriya, ga Farfesa John C. Ebie da Mrs. Eunice Ebie . Ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a Birnin Benin, Jihar Edo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NewsWireNGR |date=2024-12-11 |title=Chiedu J. Ebie: Biography, Education, Career, and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/12/11/chiedu-j-ebie-biography-education-career-and-more/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624214333/https://newswirengr.com/2024/12/11/chiedu-j-ebie-biography-education-career-and-more/ |archive-date=2026-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NDDC - Official Website |url=https://www.nddc.gov.ng/WhoWeAre/BoardDetails/11 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=nddc.gov.ng |language=en}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sojan Sama, Jos. A shekara ta 1991, ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a daga Jami'ar Benin kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekara ta 1992.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekugo |first=Ngozi |date=2023-08-29 |title=Profile: Chiedu Ebie, the lawyer set to lead NDDC as Chairman |url=https://nairametrics.com/2023/08/29/profile-chiedu-ebie-the-lawyer-set-to-lead-nddc-as-chairman/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Odu |first=Frederick |date=2019-07-08 |title=PROFILE OF THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVT OF DELTA STATE, SSG, MR CHIEDU EBIE |url=https://gallantreporters.com/2019/07/08/profile-of-the-secretary-to-the-govt-of-delta-state-ssg-mr-chiedu-ebie/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Gallant Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu, ya sami difloma a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar London a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Ebie ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan ilimi na asali da na sakandare a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] daga 2015 zuwa 2019, <ref name=":0"/> aiwatar da sauye-sauye a ci gaban malamai, sabunta tsarin karatu, da manufofin ilimi.<ref name=":1"/> Daga 2019 zuwa 2021, ya kasance sakatare ga Gwamnatin [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a karkashin Gwamna [[Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi|Ifeanyi Okowa]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Okowa appoints SSG, Chief of Staff |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/332752-gov-okowa-appoints-ssg-chief-of-staff.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> yana daidaita ayyukan jihar da shugabancin kwamitocin kan kula da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma martani na COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vanguard |date=2019-05-31 |title=Breaking: Okowa appoints Ebie as SSG |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/breaking-okowa-appoints-ebie-as-ssg/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebie is New Delta SSG as Okowa Makes First Appointments – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/01/ebie-is-new-delta-ssg-as-okowa-makes-first-appointments/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogannah |first=Austyn |date=2019-06-03 |title=Ebie: A reformer takes charge of Okowa’s ‘engine room’ |url=https://www.thecable.ng/ebie-a-reformer-takes-charge-of-okowas-engine-room/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19: Delta enhances capacity with additional 100-bed facility |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/coronavirus/392606-covid-19-delta-enhances-capacity-with-additional-100-bed-facility.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu|Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya nada shi shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na [[Hukumar Raya Neja Delta|Hukumar Raya]] [[Neja Delta|Delta na Nijar]] (NDDC), wanda aka ba shi aikin kula da ayyukan ci gaba da shirye-shirye a yankin Nijar Delta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2023-09-09 |title=Chiedu Ebie: A technocrat takes on the NDDC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/chiedu-ebie-a-technocrat-takes-on-the-nddc/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeez |first=Kareem |date=2024-09-30 |title=Youth group applauds Tinubu for appointing Ebie as NDDC chairman |url=https://guardian.ng/news/youth-group-applauds-tinubu-for-appointing-ebie-as-nddc-chairman/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=2023-08-30 |title=Tinubu Names Chiedu Ebie Chairman Of New 17-man Board For NDDC |url=https://www.arise.tv/tinubu-names-chiedu-ebie-chairman-of-new-17-man-board-for-nddc/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Arise News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-09-02 |title=NDDC: Ebie’s appointment one of Tinubu's best decisions - Oil Producing Communities |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/nddc-ebies-appointment-one-of-tinubus-best-decisions-oil-producing-communities/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kwarewar Ebie ta bangaren masu zaman kansu ta haɗa da matsayi a cikin aikin shari'a da shawarwari. Ya kasance abokin tarayya a Punuka Attorneys & Solicitors . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=NewsWireNGR |date=2024-12-11 |title=Chiedu J. Ebie: Biography, Education, Career, and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/12/11/chiedu-j-ebie-biography-education-career-and-more/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624214333/https://newswirengr.com/2024/12/11/chiedu-j-ebie-biography-education-career-and-more/ |archive-date=2026-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2023-09-09 |title=Chiedu Ebie: A technocrat takes on the NDDC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/chiedu-ebie-a-technocrat-takes-on-the-nddc/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeduyite |first=Okiki |date=2023-08-29 |title=Eight things to know about new NDDC boss |url=https://punchng.com/eight-things-to-know-about-new-nddc-boss/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Manajan Abokin Hulɗa a Cranston Pitt Oil & Gas Consultancy, ya mai da hankali kan isar da mafita ga ƙalubalen da ke cikin sashin mai da gas. <ref name=":0" /> == Ƙalubalen Shari'a == Bayan nadin da aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban [[Hukumar Raya Neja Delta|NDDC]], wani rukuni na mazaunan Neja Delta sun shigar da kara da zargin keta dokar NDDC. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Deborah |date=2024-09-24 |title=Court to rule on NDDC chairman removal suit October 31 |url=https://punchng.com/court-adjourns-judgment-on-nddc-chairmans-removal/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Babban Kotun Tarayya a Abuja ta yi watsi da karar, ta yanke hukunci a madadin masu amsawa, gami da Ebie da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2024-10-31 |title=Court dismisses suit against Tinubu over appointment of NDDC board chair |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/750782-court-dismisses-suit-against-tinubu-over-appointment-of-nddc-board-chair.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyero |first=Kayode |date=2024-10-31 |title=Court Dismisses Suit Seeking To Remove Ebie As NDDC Chair |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/10/31/court-dismisses-suit-seeking-to-nullify-tinubus-appointment-of-ebie-as-nddc-chair/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Dismisses Suit Against Tinubu Over Appointment of NDDC Board Chair – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/10/31/court-dismisses-suit-against-tinubu-over-appointment-of-nddc-board-chair/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0lfq7auz7dumn623k8t1e86wa8xt2vl 0 106782 965493 667293 2026-10-09T21:45:02Z Hafsat bello shaiskawa 49851 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 965493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka''' (UAT) ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>'We are the new political home for all South Africans' – fledgling political party UAT says service delivery is its apex priority". 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</ref> An kafa shi a watan Nuwamba 2022 ta gungun mutane da suka balle daga Jam'iyyar National Congress (ANC). UAT ta ta'allaka ne akan Afirkanci, Pan-Africanism, da zamantakewa. Bayan babban zaben Afirka ta Kudu na 2024, shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya sanar da cewa UAT ta shiga gwamnatin hadin kan kasa (GNU). Duk da haka, UAT ta fice daga GNU bayan ba ta sami wani mukami a majalisar ministocin ba.<ref name=":0">Ludidi, Velani. "United Africans Transformation withdraws from GNU after not getting positions". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 2024-07-12.</ref> == Tarihi == === Samuwar === Wonder Mahlatsi, tsohon mamba kuma dan kasuwa ne ya kafa jam'iyyar. An ƙaddamar da jam'iyyar a watan Nuwamba 2022 a Johannesburg. An soki UAT saboda rashin aiwatar da manufofinta da kuma yadda take ganin dama ta balle daga ANC. Haka kuma wasu na nuna shakku kan salon shugabanci da kuma rashin fayyace irin yadda jam’iyyar ke tafiyar da harkokinta na harkokin kudi da yanke shawara.<ref>Dube, Aaron. "This party wants to unite Africans". Daily Sun. Retrieved 2024-06-02.</ref> Shiga Gwamnatin Hadin Kan Kasa A cikin watan Yuni na 2024, shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya bayyana cewa UAT ta shiga gwamnatin hadin kan kasa (GNU), da aka kafa bayan da ANC ta rasa rinjayen majalisar a karon farko cikin shekaru 30.[8] GNU na da nufin hada jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban don tabbatar da dorewar gwamnati inda babu wata jam'iyya da ke da cikakken rinjaye. A watan Yulin 2024, Mahlatsi ya ce, "ya ba mu mamaki da jin shugaban jamhuriyar yana sanar da cewa UAT wani bangare ne na GNU," yana mai nuni da cewa ba a kammala ka'idojin shigar ta GNU ba har zuwa lokacin da shugaban kasar ya bayyana cewa ya shiga.<ref>UAT withdraws from GNU after not getting positions". Daily Maverick. 12 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024</ref> A cikin wannan sanarwa, Mahlatsi ya sanar da janyewar UAT daga GNU saboda zargin ficewa daga matakai masu mahimmanci da kuma tattaunawar rashin imani, bayan da ba ta sami mukaman ministoci ko mukamai na shugaba a cikin kwamitin majalisar ba. Ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa ga jam’iyyar ANC, yana mai jaddada bukatar gudanar da gudanar da adalci da hada kai. === Tsarin halin yanzu da abun da ke ciki === UAT tana da kwamitin tsakiya karkashin jagorancin Mahlatsi a matsayin shugaban kasa, tare da babban sakatare da sauran masu rike da mukamai. Jam'iyyar dai tana da 'yar karamar jam'iyyar a wasu larduna, mafi yawan goyon bayanta na fitowa ne daga lardunan Gauteng da KwaZulu-Natal. UAT ba ta bayyana manufofin ketare ba amma ta nuna goyon baya ga hadin kan Afirka da hadin kai da sauran kasashen Afirka. Akidar UAT ta ta'allaka ne a kan Afirkanci, Afirka ta Tsakiya, da zamantakewa. Manufofinsa sun mayar da hankali kan ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, gyara ƙasa, da adalci na zamantakewa.<ref><nowiki>https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/stares-as-faithful-members-of-the-united-africans-transformation-picket-outside-palm-ridge-court-7b67f766-1975-4923-889d-9493aa907e4f</nowiki></ref> == Sakamakon zabe == UAT ta fafata a zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] a 2019 da na kasa a 2024. A babban zaben 2024, jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 1 a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa da kujera 1 a Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Limpopo.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 1r7bqtlzb76ume5kq063tkr4yg5edq6 0 107418 965377 906596 2026-10-09T18:34:11Z Hauwau sulaiman 22635 965377 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mary Lou <ref name="FictionDB">{{Cite web |title=Mary Mackey Book List - Fiction DB |url=https://www.fictiondb.com/author/mary-mackey~4773.htm |access-date=August 3, 2019 |website=FictionDB}}</ref> Mackey''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945 <ref name="FictionDB" />) marubuci ce ta Amurka, mawaki, kuma masanin kimiyya. Ita ce marubuciyar tarin shayari guda takwas da litattafai goma sha huɗu, gami da A Grand Passion da The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring, litattafan tarihi guda huɗu waɗanda suka ɗauki al'adun duniya, al'adun Allah-bauta na Neolithic Turai. A shekara ta 2012, tarin waƙoƙinta na shida, Sugar Zone, ya lashe lambar yabo ta PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles Literary Award . Wani tarin, The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: New and Selected Poems 1974 zuwa 2018, ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2018 Women's Spirituality Book Award daga Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California; da kuma lambar yabo ta shekarar 2019 Eric Hoffer Small Press Award don mafi kyawun littafin da aka buga ta ƙaramin manema labarai.<ref name="womenrisingconference.org">{{Cite web |title=Women's Spirituality Book Awards |url=http://womenrisingconference.org/index.php/wse-book-awards/ |website=womenrisingconference.org |access-date=2025-07-24 |archive-date=2025-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714205928/http://womenrisingconference.org/index.php/wse-book-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littafinta na farko, Immersion (Shameless Hussy Press, 1972), shi ne littafi na farko da aka buga ta hanyar jaridar mata ta Wave ta biyu. Tsawon damuwa da batutuwan muhalli, Mackey yana rubutu akai-akai game da gandun daji na [[Costa Rica]] da Amazon na [[Brazil]]. A farkon shekarun 1970s, a matsayin Farfesa na Turanci da Marubuta-In-Residence a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento, ta taimaka wajen kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata na CSUS da Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Sashen Turanci na CSUS. Daga 1989-1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar reshen West Coast na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka inda ta shiga cikin tsaron kasar da kasa na PEN na marubutan da aka tsananta. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mary Mackey a Indianapolis, Indiana . Mahaifinta likita ne. Mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan sunadarai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Mead Johnson a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Mackey ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Harvard ''Magna cum laude'' tare da babban digiri a Turanci. Yayinda take can, ta zo ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifin ethnobotany na zamani, Richard Evans Schultes, wanda ta danganta da sha'awar rayuwarta a cikin botany da muhalli, jigogi waɗanda galibi suna bayyana a cikin litattafantafai da shayari. A lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin, ta zauna a tashoshin filin a cikin gandun daji na Costa Rica.<ref name="Contemporary" /> Bayan ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Littattafan Kwatanta daga Jami'ar Michigan, ta koma California don zama Farfesa na Turanci da Mawallafi a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento (CSUS). Ta auri Angus Wright, <ref name="Contemporary" /> Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Muhalli na CSUS, tare da wanda take tafiya akai-akai zuwa Brazil. <ref name="Omnidawn">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2009 |title=Poetry Feature: Mary Mackey |url=http://omnidawn.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/poetry-feature-mary-mackey/ |website=Omnidawn Publishing Blog |publisher=Omnidawn Publishing}}</ref> Mackey na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata na CSUS . Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Rubuce-rubuce ta CSUS tare da mawaki Dennis Schmitz da marubucin Richard Bankowsky . A shekara ta 1978 Mackey ya kafa The Feminist Writers' Guild tare da mawaƙa Adrienne Rich da [[Susan Griffin]], marubuciya [[Charlene Spretnak]], da marubuciya Valerie Miner . <ref name="Feminists" /> Daga 1989-1992, Mackey ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na West Coast Branch na PEN American Center wanda ya haɗa kanta a cikin tsaron kasa da kasa na PEN na marubutan da aka tsananta.<ref name="Feminists" /> Mackey ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Jihar California a 2008. Ya zuwa 2020, ta ci gaba da rubuta litattafai da shayari.<ref name="MaryMackeyBooks">{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://marymackey.com/books/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=Mary Mackey, author}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mackey shine marubucin litattafai goma sha huɗu da tarin shayari takwas. An san ta da tarihin tarihinta, musamman ga The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring, jerin da aka kafa a Neolithic Turai wanda Mackey ya dogara da binciken masanin binciken kimiyya Marija Gimbutas. Har ila yau, an san ta da waƙoƙinta na waƙoƙi wanda Wendell Berry, Jane Hirshfield, Maxine Hong Kingston, Dennis Nurkse, Ron Hansen, Dennis Schmitz, da Marge Piercy suka yaba da shi saboda kyakkyawa, daidaito, asali, da kuma kewayon..<ref name="Omnidawn"/><ref name="MarshHawkPress">{{Cite web |last=Mackey |first=Mary |date=2018 |title=Fever and Jungles: On Becoming A Poet |url=https://marshhawkpress.org/mary-mackey/ |website=Marsh Hawk Press |publisher=Marsh Hawk Press, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeppa |first=Mary |date=November 2006 |title=Breaking the Fever, poems by Mary Mackey |url=http://www.sacramentopoetrycenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/PN200611.pdf |journal=Poetry Now |location=Sacramento, California |publisher=Sacramento Poetry Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelly-Dewitt |first=Susan |date=2007 |title=Dreams of the Baby Boomers |journal=Poetry Flash |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25–26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=Carl |date=March 2007 |title=Hallucinations |journal=Small Press Review |location=Paradise, California |volume=39}}. Note that Frith’s review erroneously gave the title of Mackey’s collection ''Breaking The Fever'' as ''Breaking The Fire''. ''Small Press Review'' published a correction notice in its next issue.</ref> Littafinta na farko, Immersion (Shameless Hussy Press, 1972) an kafa shi ne a cikin gandun daji na Costa Rica . Yana ɗaukar a matsayin batunsa ilimin muhalli da mata, kuma an yi imanin cewa shi ne littafi na farko na mata wanda aka buga ta hanyar jaridar mata ta Amurka ta biyu. [bayanin 1] McCarthy's List wani labari ne mai ban dariya wanda aka kafa a Indianapolis a cikin shekarun 1950. ''Sarauniyar Sojan Ƙarshe'' ta sake ba da labari game da Inanna, allahiyar Sumerian na soyayya ta jima'i, haihuwa, da yaƙi. An kafa A Grand Passion da The Kindness of Strangers a Turai kuma suna ɗaukar al'ummomi uku da ke cikin zane-zane a matsayin batun su. Hudu daga cikin litattafan Mackey (The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring) sun hada da ''Jerin Waƙoƙin Duniya''. An kafa su a Turai a zamanin Neolithic, suna magance gwagwarmaya tsakanin al'adun allahiya masu bauta da duniya da mamaye makiyaya. Mackey's Season of Shadows an saita shi a Harvard a ƙarshen 60s kuma yana hulɗa da batutuwan siyasa daban-daban kamar su Civil Rights Movement da zanga-zangar adawa da shigar Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam. A cikin shekara ta 2003 da 2004, a cikin tashi daga salon da jigogi na baya, Mackey ta zaɓi rubuta The Stand-In da Sweet Revenge a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens". Dukansu litattafai ne masu ban dariya da aka kafa a Los Angeles. Ta rubuta litattafai biyu na yakin basasa, The Notorious Mrs. Winston da The Widow's War, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Andy |date=7 September 2009 |title=Mary Mackey on Writing Historical Fiction |url=http://www.redroom.com/blog/andyross/mary-mackey-writing-historical-fiction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908012724/http://www.redroom.com/blog/andyross/mary-mackey-writing-historical-fiction |archive-date=8 September 2012 |website=Red Room}}</ref> waɗanda aka saita a Indiana da Kansas, bi da bi. Waƙoƙin Mackey suna da wuyar rarraba su. Masu sukar sun kira shi "mai tsananin gaske," "mai ban sha'awa," "mafi girman gaske," da kuma "mai lalata," kuma sun lura da ita "rashin fahimta" wanda shine "ci gaba da lalata hankali. " A cikin magana game da tarin Mackey Breaking The Fever, mawaki Jane Hirshfield ya lura: "Waƙoƙin da ke cikin Breaking the Fever yana ba da gaskiya da siyasa, wahayi da yawa da kuma tunaninsa suna nunawa a kan Oner Keon mai ji, ainihin ya rubuta, ana kiransa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Mackey: Breaking the Fever |url=http://www.marshhawkpress.org/Mackey.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203064950/http://www.marshhawkpress.org/Mackey.htm |archive-date=3 December 2006}}</ref> A cikin 2011, Marsh Hawk Press ta buga tarin waƙoƙin Mackey na shida, Sugar Zone wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles ta 2012. Tarin ta na takwas, The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: New and Selected Poems 1974 zuwa 2018, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata daga Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California; da kuma lambar yabo ta Eric Hoffer Small Press don mafi kyawun littafin da aka buga ta ƙaramin manema labarai.<ref name="womenrisingconference.org"/> Mackey ta ce yawancin waƙoƙinta sun samo asali ne ''''Rage zazzabi'''' mai tsanani da ta fuskanta a lokuta da yawa da kuma ayyukan marubuta da mawaƙa na Brazil, suna lura da cewa sau da yawa suna "haɗe Portuguese da Ingilishi a matsayin abin da za su iya haifar da sararin samaniya wanda ke tsakanin harsuna biyu. A cikin 2014 Marsh Hawk ya buga sabon tarin Mackey Travelers With No Tickety ko's ya ce: "Yana da za a iya yin amfani da ita" Mary Mackey mai suna neman zaɓar hotuna da ita: Mary ''PANK'', Mary Mary Mary Mary Pkey mai suna suna suna suna da kuma zaɓar hoton, Mary Mary Panking, Mary Maryy, Mary Mary Playing, Mary Pank. Mary Mary Maryyy, Mary Punking, Maryy suna suna suna nan gaba da zabary.<ref name="Omnidawn"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Joan |date=29 November 2011 |title=The Sugar Zone Is Bittersweet |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-sugar-zone-is-bitters_b_1117904 |website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Joan |date=5 August 2019 |title=[REVIEW] The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams by Mary Mackey |url=https://pankmagazine.com/2019/08/05/review-jaguars-prowl-dreams-mary-mackey/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=PANK |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820133822/https://pankmagazine.com/2019/08/05/review-jaguars-prowl-dreams-mary-mackey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana adana takardun wallafe-wallafen Mary Mackey a cikin ɗakin karatu na musamman na Sophia Smith, Kwalejin Smith, Northampton, MA. Tarin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na ƙananan litattafan waka na jarida waɗanda mawaƙa na Arewacin California suka rubuta an adana su a cikin Smith College Mortimer Rare Book Room. === Littattafai === * Immersion, San Lorenzo, CA: Shameless Hussy Press (1972) * ''Jerin McCarthy'', New York, NY: Doubleday (1979) * ''Sarauniyar Sojan Ƙarshe'', New York, NY: Putnam (1983) * A Grand Passion, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (1986) * ''Alherin Baƙi'', New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (1988) * ''Lokacin Inuwa'', New York, NY: Littattafan Bantam (1991) * ''Shekarar dawakai suka zo'', San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco (1993) * ''Dawakai A Ƙofar'', San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco (1996) * ''Wutar bazara'', New York, NY: Penguin (1998) * The Stand-In (a karkashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens"), New York, NY: Kensington Books (2003) * Sweet Revenge (a karkashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens"), New York, NY: Kensington Books (2004) * The Notorious Mrs. Winston, New York, NY: Littattafan Berkley (2007) * ''Yaƙin Gwauruwa'', New York, NY: Littattafan Berkley (2009) * Garin Kasusuwa: Sabalah's Tale, New York, NY: Lowenstein Associates (2016) === Tarin waƙoƙi === * Split Ends, Berkeley, CA: Ariel Press (1974) * ''Ɗaya daga cikin dare'' ya tsaya, Emeryville, CA: Effie's Press (1976) * Skin Deep, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]: Gallimaufry Press (1978) * The Dear Dance of Eros, Seattle WA: Fjord Press (1987) * Rashin zazzabi, New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2006) * ''Yankin sukari'', New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2011) * Matafiya Ba tare da Tikiti ba Home, New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2014) * Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkinmu: Sabbin da Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2019 (Tare da Gabatarwa ta D. Nurske), New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2018) === Sauran ayyukan === * ''Shiru'' (ainihin allo). Fim din da John Korty ya shirya (1974) * ''Jerin McCarthy'' (zane-zane, daidaitawa da littafin Mackey). Warner Brothers (1980) * Good Behavior (ainihin rubutun tare da Ray Fox), (1982) * The Spy (ainihin rubutun, ɗan gajeren batu, wanda aka rubuta tare da Renée de Palma). Fim din da de Palma ya shirya (2000) * ''Creativity: Inda Waƙoƙi suka fara,'' New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2022) == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * An zaɓi Stand In don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim a bikin Fim na Mata na Birnin Mala'iku na 2023 a Los Angeles. * Creativity: Inda aka fara waƙoƙi don lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta 42 ta Arewacin California Book Award (NCBA) a cikin Creative Nonfiction na 2022. * 2022 City of Angels Kyautar Bikin Fim na Mata don Mafi Kyawun Fim na Fim don Lokaci''Lokaci na Lokaci'' * Eric Hoffer Small Press Award for The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: Sabbin da Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2018''Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkinmu: Sabbin Waƙoƙi da Zaɓaɓɓu 1974 zuwa 2018'' * ''2012 PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles Award for Literary Excellence for Sugar Zone.'' * Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken Nazarin California Kyautar Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata don Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkanmu: Sabbin da Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2018, 2018 <ref name="womenrisingconference.org"/> * Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken Nazarin California Kyautar Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata don Ƙauyen Ƙasusuwa: Sabalah's Tale, 2018 <ref name="womenrisingconference.org" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] rn5vfvehgnyrik6maynucol0f3uimfe 0 107667 965433 952402 2026-10-09T21:09:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Carbfix''' kamfani ne na Icelandic wanda aka kafa a cikin ₂. Ya haɓaka hanyar adana CO₂ har abada ta hanyar narkar da shi cikin ruwa da kuma yin allurarsa a cikin duwatsu. Da zarar a cikin ƙasa, CO₂ da aka yi amfani da shi yana amsawa tare da dutsen mai masaukin da ke samar da ma'adanai na carbonate, don haka yana ba da ajiya na dindindin na CO2 da ake amfani da shi <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first=Sandra Ó. |last2=Sigfússon |first2=Bergur |last3=Marieni |first3=Chiara |last4=Goldberg |first4=David |last5=Gislason |first5=Sigurður R. |last6=Oelkers |first6=Eric H. |date=2020-01-20 |title=Carbon dioxide storage through mineral carbonation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-019-0011-8 |journal=Nature Reviews Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=90–102 |bibcode=2020NRvEE...1...90S |doi=10.1038/s43017-019-0011-8 |issn=2662-138X}}</ref> Kimanin tan 200 na CO ₂ an yi musu allura a cikin basalts na ƙasa a cikin allurar matukin jirgi na farko a SW-Iceland a cikin 2012. Sakamakon binciken da aka buga a 2016 ya nuna cewa 95% na CO ₂ da aka yi wa allurar an ƙarfafa shi cikin ƙididdiga a cikin shekaru 2, ta amfani da ton 25 na ruwa na _ruwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matter |first=Juerg M. |last2=Stute |first2=Martin |last3=Snæbjörnsdottir |first3=Sandra Ó. |last4=Oelkers |first4=Eric H. |last5=Gislason |first5=Sigurdur R. |last6=Aradottir |first6=Edda S. |last7=Sigfusson |first7=Bergur |last8=Gunnarsson |first8=Ingvi |last9=Sigurdardottir |first9=Holmfridur |last10=Gunnlaugsson |first10=Einar |last11=Axelsson |first11=Gudni |last12=Alfredsson |first12=Helgi A. |last13=Wolff-Boenisch |first13=Domenik |last14=Mesfin |first14=Kiflom |last15=Taya |first15=Diana Fernandez de la Reguera |date=2016-06-10 |title=Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad8132 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=352 |issue=6291 |pages=1312–1314 |bibcode=2016Sci...352.1312M |doi=10.1126/science.aad8132 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27284192}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toor |first=Amar |date=2016-06-10 |title=Scientists turn carbon dioxide into stone to combat global warming |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/10/11901368/carbon-dioxide-capture-storage-stone-climate-change-study |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Page |first=Michael |date=2016-06-09 |title=CO2 injected deep underground turns to rock – and stays there |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2093272-co2-injected-deep-underground-turns-to-rock-and-stays-there/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2014, ana amfani da wannan fasaha don fitar da iskar wutar lantarki ta Hellisheiɗi Geothermal Power Plant. H ₂ S da CO ₂ ana ɗaukar su tare daga rafi na tashar wutar lantarki kuma ana adana su ta dindindin kuma amintacciya ta wurin ma'adinan carbon na cikin-wuri a wurin reinjection na Húsmúli. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sigfússon |first=Bergur |last2=Arnarson |first2=Magnús Þór |last3=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first3=Sandra Ósk |last4=Karlsdóttir |first4=Marta Rós |last5=Aradóttir |first5=Edda Sif |last6=Gunnarsson |first6=Ingvi |date=July 2018 |title=Reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide at Hellisheidi power plant in 2014-2017 and the role of CarbFix in achieving the 2040 Iceland climate goals |journal=Energy Procedia |language=en |volume=146 |pages=135–145 |bibcode=2018EnPro.146..135S |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin yana ɗaukar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na iskar CO ₂ (12,000 tCO ₂ / y) da 60% na iskar H ₂ S (6,000 thH ₂ S / y) daga tashar wutar lantarki. Aikin Silverstone yana da nufin tura cikakken sikelin CO ₂ kama, allura, da ma'ajiyar ma'adinai a Hellisheiɗi Geothermal Power Plant daga 2025 zuwa gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Silverstone |url=https://www.carbfix.com/project-silverstone |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.carbfix.com |language=en}}</ref> Carbfix a halin yanzu yana aiki da shafukan allura guda huɗu a Iceland dangane da Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant: Nesjavellir Geothermal power Plant, Orca kai tsaye air capture plant kusa da Hellishe iði da kuma cikin CO₂ Seastone project a Helguvík (duba babi "Yanayin yanzu"). == Tarihi == Shugaban Iceland na lokacin, Dokta Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, Einar Gunnlaugsson ne suka kafa Carbfix a Reykjavík Energy, Wallace S. Broecker a Jami'ar Columbia, Eric H. Oelkers a CNRS [[Toulouse]] (Faransa), da Sigurður Reynir Gíslason a Jami'an Iceland don iyakance hayakin gas a Iceland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gíslason |first=Sigurður R. |last2=Sigurðardóttir |first2=Holmfriður |last3=Aradóttir |first3=Edda Sif |last4=Oelkers |first4=Eric H. |date=July 2018 |title=A brief history of CarbFix: Challenges and victories of the project's pilot phase |journal=Energy Procedia |volume=146 |pages=103–114 |bibcode=2018EnPro.146..103G |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Reykjavik Energy ta samar da kudade na farko don Carbfix. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka sun ba da ƙarin kuɗi. Baya ga gano sabuwar hanyar ajiyar carbon dioxide ta dindindin, wani burin aikin shine horar da masana kimiyya. == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == [[Fayil:CarbFix_core.png|right|thumb|Hoton calcite da aka kafa a cikin basalt saboda hulɗar ruwa da dutse mai caji a shafin Carbfix]] Ana narkar da CO₂ da aka kama a cikin ruwa, ko dai kafin ko a lokacin allura a cikin mafic ko ultramafic formations, kamar basalts. Za'a iya bayyana rushewar CO₂ a cikin ruwa kamar haka: CO₂ (g) + H₂ (l) H₂ (aq) Sanya H₃+ (aq) + HCO₃- (aq) Sashin 2H₃+ (aq) + CO₃- (aq) Ta hanyar narkar da CO ₂ a cikin ruwa nan take solubility tarko samu, wanda shi ne na biyu mafi amintacce tsarin tarko na CO ₂ ajiya: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=S.M. |last2=Cook |first2=P. |last3=Anderson |first3=J. |last4=Bachu |first4=S. |last5=Nimir |first5=H.B. |last6=Basu |first6=B. |last7=Bradshaw |first7=J. |last8=Deguchi |first8=G. |last9=Gale |first9=J. |date=January 2005 |title=Underground Geological Storage, IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Chapter 5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264453028 |website=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press Cambridge, U.K.}}</ref> Babu CO ₂ kumfa ne ba a cikin CO ₂ - caja ruwa, wanda shi ne ya ci gaba da denser fiye da ruwan da yake ba a cikin samuwar, sabõda haka, CO ₂ - cajin ruwa yana da maimakon yanayin nutsewa zuwa sama zuwa sama. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sigfusson |first=Bergur |last2=Gislason |first2=Sigurdur R. |last3=Matter |first3=Juerg M. |last4=Stute |first4=Martin |last5=Gunnlaugsson |first5=Einar |last6=Gunnarsson |first6=Ingvi |last7=Aradottir |first7=Edda S. |last8=Sigurdardottir |first8=Holmfridur |last9=Mesfin |first9=Kiflom |last10=Alfredsson |first10=Helgi A. |last11=Wolff-Boenisch |first11=Domenik |last12=Arnarsson |first12=Magnus T. |last13=Oelkers |first13=Eric H. |date=June 2015 |title=Solving the carbon-dioxide buoyancy challenge: The design and field testing of a dissolved CO2 injection system |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.022 |journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control |volume=37 |pages=213–219 |doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.022 |issn=1750-5836}}</ref> Ruwan da aka caje CO ₂ yana da acidic, yawanci yana da pH na 3-5 dangane da matsa lamba na CO ₂, abun da ke ciki na ruwa, da zafin jiki na tsarin. Ruwan da aka caje CO ₂ yana amsawa tare da duwatsun ƙasa kuma yana narkar da cations kamar Calcium, Magnesium, da Iron. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gislason |first=Sigurdur R. |last2=Oelkers |first2=Eric H. |date=2014-04-25 |title=Carbon Storage in Basalt |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1250828 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6182 |pages=373–374 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..373G |doi=10.1126/science.1250828 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24763582 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rushewar ma'adinan silicate mai cation; alal misali, rushewar pyroxene, ma'adinai na yau da kullum a basalt da peridotite, za'a iya bayyana kamar: 2H₃O⁺ + (Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO₃ = Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺ + H₄SiO₄ + H₂O Cations na iya amsawa tare da narkewar CO2 don samar da ma'adanai na carbonate, kamar su Calcite (CaCO3), Magnesite (MgCO3), da Siderite (FeCO3), wani martani wanda za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka: Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Fe²⁺ (aq) + CO₃- (aq) → CaCO₃ (s), MgCO₃ (es), FeCO₃ (os) Tsarin dutse na Ultramafic da mafic sun fi dacewa saboda babban halayensu da yalwarsu a cikin cations na ƙarfe. Matsayin da aka saki cations ya samar da ma'adanai ya dogara da kashi, pH da zafin jiki.<ref name=":2"/> == Ayyuka == Bincike da yin allurar ruwan carbonated a matsin lamba a cikin duwatsu na basaltic a Hellisheiði an kiyasta ya kai kasa da $ 25 a kowace tan na carbon dioxide da aka tsare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnarsson |first=Ingvi |last2=Aradóttir |first2=Edda S. |last3=Oelkers |first3=Eric H. |last4=Clark |first4=Deirdre E. |last5=Arnarson |first5=Magnús Þór |last6=Sigfússon |first6=Bergur |last7=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first7=Sandra Ó. |last8=Matter |first8=Juerg M. |last9=Stute |first9=Martin |last10=Júliusson |first10=Bjarni M. |last11=Gíslason |first11=Sigurður R. |date=December 2018 |title=The rapid and cost-effective capture and subsurface mineral storage of carbon and sulfur at the CarbFix2 site |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/425577/1/Gunnarsson_et_al._IJGGC_manuscript_revised.pdf |journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control |volume=79 |pages=117–126 |bibcode=2018IJGGC..79..117G |doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.08.014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya fara allurar carbon a cikin 2012.<ref name="Matter">{{Cite journal |last=Matter |first=Juerg M. |last2=Stute |first2=Martin |last3=Snæbjörnsdottir |first3=Sandra O. |last4=Oelkers |first4=Eric H. |last5=Gislason |first5=Sigurdur R. |last6=Aradottir |first6=Edda S. |last7=Sigfusson |first7=Bergur |last8=Gunnarsson |first8=Ingvi |last9=Sigurdardottir |first9=Holmfridur |last10=Gunlaugsson |first10=Einar |last11=Axelsson |first11=Gudni |last12=Alfredsson |first12=Helgi A. |last13=Wolff-Boenisch |first13=Domenik |last14=Mesfin |first14=Kiflom |last15=Fernandez de la Reguera Taya |first15=Diana |date=June 10, 2016 |title=Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-06-10_352_6291/page/1312 |journal=Science |volume=352 |issue=6291 |pages=1312–1314 |bibcode=2016Sci...352.1312M |doi=10.1126/science.aad8132 |pmid=27284192 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="co2starts" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-19 |title=Carbfix project – from gas to rock - GREBE Project |url=http://grebeproject.eu/2017/02/09/carbfix-project-gas-rock/ |access-date=2017-12-04 |website=GREBE project, European Union |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sigfusson |first=Bergur |last2=Gíslason |first2=Sigurður R. |last3=Matter |first3=Juerg M. |last4=Stute |first4=Martin |last5=Gunnlaugsson |first5=Einar |last6=Gunnarsson |first6=Ingvi |last7=Aradóttir |first7=Edda S. |last8=Sigurðardóttir |first8=Holmfriður |last9=Mesfin |first9=Kiflom |last10=Alfredsson |first10=Helgi A. |last11=Wolff-Beonisch |first11=Domenik |last12=Arnarsson |first12=Magnus T. |last13=Oelkers |first13=Eric H. |date=June 2015 |title=Solving the carbon-dioxide buoyancy challenge: The design and field testing of a dissolved {{CO2}} injection system |journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control |volume=37 |pages=213–219 |doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Jami'ar Iceland, Jami'ar Columbia, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, EU, kudaden Nordic da Reykjavik Energy ne suka samar da kudade. Wadannan hanyoyin samar da kudade sun hada da shirin bincike da kirkire-kirkire na Horizon na Tarayyar Turai a karkashin yarjejeniyar tallafi No. 764760 da 764810. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta hanyar ayyukan CarbFix (EC hadin gwiwa 283148), Min-GRO (MC-RTN-35488), Delta-Min (PITN-GA-2008-215360), da CO-REACT (EC Project 317235). Asusun Nordic 11029-NORDICCS; Asusun Binciken Geothermal na Iceland (09-02-001) ga S.R.G. da Reykjavik Energy; da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin lambar yabo DE-FE0004847. Kudin yana kusa da US $ ₂ a kowace tan na CO2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This startup has unlocked a novel way to capture carbon—by turning the dirty gas into rocks |url=https://fortune.com/2021/03/06/carbon-capture-storage-rocks-net-zero-carbfix-startup-iceland/ |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙalubalen == Reinjection na ruwa mai zafi daga Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant ya fara ne a filin reinjection na Húsmúli, a watan Satumbar 2011. Gudanar da shafin sakewa ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai mahimmanci wanda aka ji a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-13 |title=Vatnsdæling veldur skjálftum [English: Water pumping causes tremor] |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/vatnsdaeling-veldur-skjalftum/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=RÚV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Juncu |first=D. |last2=Árnadóttir |first2=Th. |last3=Geirsson |first3=H. |last4=Guðmundsson |first4=G.B. |last5=Lund |first5=B. |last6=Gunnarsson |first6=G. |last7=Hooper |first7=A. |last8=Hreinsdóttir |first8=S. |last9=Michalczewska |first9=K. |date=February 2020 |title=Injection-induced surface deformation and seismicity at the Hellisheidi geothermal field, Iceland |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.019 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=391 |pages=106337 |bibcode=2020JVGR..39106337J |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.019 |issn=0377-0273}}</ref> An magance wannan matsala ta hanyar gabatar da sabon aikin aiki inda ake ɗaukar matakan rigakafi don rage wannan haɗarin, gami da daidaita yawan allurar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorsteinsson |first=H. |last2=Gunnarsson |first2=G. |date=January 2014 |title=Induced seismicity-stakeholder engagement in Iceland |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289289177 |website=GRC Trans. 38, 879–882}}</ref> Aiwatar da aikin ya haifar da raguwar yawan abubuwan da suka faru na girgizar kasa na shekara-shekara mafi girma fiye da girman 2 a yankin daga 96 a 2011 zuwa ɗaya a cikin 2018, wanda aka ɗauka mai gamsarwa kuma yana nuna cewa ayyukan yanzu suna cikin iyakokin tsari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pind Aradóttir |first=Edda Sif |last2=Hjálmarsson |first2=Eiríkur |date=July 2018 |title=CarbFix – public engagement and transparency |journal=Energy Procedia |volume=146 |pages=115–120 |bibcode=2018EnPro.146..115P |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.015 |issn=1876-6102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Carbfix started injection of CO₂ captured from the Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant and dissolved in condensate from the plant’s turbines into one of the existing reinjection wells in the Húsmúli reinjection field in April 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first=Sandra Ó. |last2=Tómasdóttir |first2=Sigrún |last3=Sigfússon |first3=Bergur |last4=Aradóttir |first4=Edda Sif |last5=Gunnarsson |first5=Gunnar |last6=Niemi |first6=Auli |last7=Basirat |first7=Farzad |last8=Dessirier |first8=Benoît |last9=Gislason |first9=Sigurdur R. |last10=Oelkers |first10=Eric H. |last11=Franzson |first11=Hjalti |date=July 2018 |title=The geology and hydrology of the CarbFix2 site, SW-Iceland |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.019 |journal=Energy Procedia |volume=146 |pages=146–157 |bibcode=2018EnPro.146..146S |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.019 |issn=1876-6102}}</ref> No increased seismicity was noted after the injection of CO₂ started implying that seismicity is not induced by the injection of the condensate-dissolved CO₂. == Matsayi na yanzu == [[Fayil:Hellisheidi_Geothermal_Power_Plant.png|thumb|Gidan wutar lantarki na Hellisheiði shine shafin yanar gizon Carbfix na asali, wanda ya yi amfani da kimanin tan ₂ na CO2 a cikin ƙasa kuma ya gyara shi a matsayin ma'adanai na carbonate.]] Carbfix a halin yanzu yana aiki da shafukan allura guda huɗu a Iceland tare da jaddada allurar CO₂ da aka kama daga tushen CO₂, CO₂ da ake kamawa kuma a kai shi wurin allurar, da CO₂ da ke kamawa kai tsaye daga yanayi ta amfani da fasahar kama iska kai tsaye (DAC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carbfix |url=https://carbfix.com/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=carbfix.com |language=en}}</ref> === Maɓallin kamawa da ajiyar ma'adanai na CO₂ === Carbfix tun watan Yuni 2014 ya kama kuma ya yi allurar CO ₂ da hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) daga Gidan Wuta na Hellisheiɗi Geothermal Power Plant. Ana narkar da iskar gas ɗin a cikin narkar da injin turbines na masana'antar wutar lantarki a cikin wani hasumiya na gogewa na musamman da aka ƙera kuma ana allurar da su zuwa zurfin mita 750 a ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa cikin duwatsun basaltic. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratouis |first=Thomas M.P. |last2=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first2=Sandra Ó. |last3=Voigt |first3=Martin J. |last4=Sigfússon |first4=Bergur |last5=Gunnarsson |first5=Gunnar |last6=Aradóttir |first6=Edda S. |last7=Hjörleifsdóttir |first7=Vala |date=February 2022 |title=Carbfix 2: A transport model of long-term CO2 and H2S injection into basaltic rocks at Hellisheidi, SW-Iceland |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103586 |journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control |volume=114 |pages=103586 |doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103586 |issn=1750-5836 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A halin yanzu kusan 68% na H ₂ S da 34% na CO ₂ daga hayakin [[shuka]] ana kama su da allura, wanda ya kai kimanin tan 12,000 na CO ₂ a kowace shekara, kuma kusan tan 5,000 na H ₂ S a kowace shekara. <ref name=":1" /> Sakamako ya nuna cewa sama da 60% na CO ₂ da aka yi wa allurar an sanya ma'adinai a cikin watanni 4 na allura, kuma sama da 85% na allurar H ₂ S a cikin watanni 4 na allura. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Deirdre E. |last2=Oelkers |first2=Eric H. |last3=Gunnarsson |first3=Ingvi |last4=Sigfússon |first4=Bergur |last5=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first5=Sandra Ó. |last6=Aradóttir |first6=Edda S. |last7=Gíslason |first7=Sigurður R. |date=June 2020 |title=CarbFix2: CO2 and H2S mineralization during 3.5 years of continuous injection into basaltic rocks at more than 250 °C |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.03.039 |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=279 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2020.03.039 |issn=0016-7037 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Carbfix a halin yanzu yana aiki a kan fadada ayyukan a Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant ta hanyar aikin Asusun Innovation na EU Silverstone, yana da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki ta geothermal daga ₂ ta hanyar kama sama da 95% na CO₂ da 99% na H₂ daga hayakin shuka. Wannan yana da asusun har zuwa tan 40,000 na CO₂ kuma har zuwa tan 12,000 na H2S a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silverstone: mimicking nature's way to transform CO2 into stone - European Commission |url=https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/featured-projects/silverstone-mimicking-natures-way-transform-co2-stone_en |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=cinea.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Carbfix tun daga farkon ₂ ya fara kamawa da allurar CO₂ da H2S daga Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant a SW-Iceland a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin GECO na Turai Horizon 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geothermal Emission Control {{!}} GECO Project {{!}} Fact Sheet {{!}} H2020 |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/818169 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=CORDIS {{!}} European Commission |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da wannan hanyar kamar yadda yake a Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant, amma tare da ingantaccen kammalawa na hasumiyar tsaftacewa. Ana narkar da iskar gas a cikin kwantar da hankali daga turbines na shuka kuma ana yin allurar a cikin basaltic a ƙasa da 900 m.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galeczka |first=Iwona Monika |last2=Stefánsson |first2=Andri |last3=Kleine |first3=Barbara I. |last4=Gunnarsson-Robin |first4=Jóhann |last5=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first5=Sandra Ósk |last6=Sigfússon |first6=Bergur |last7=Gunnarsdóttir |first7=Sveinborg Hlíf |last8=Weisenberger |first8=Tobias B. |last9=Oelkers |first9=Eric H. |date=March 2022 |title=A pre-injection assessment of CO2 and H2S mineralization reactions at the Nesjavellir (Iceland) geothermal storage site |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103610 |journal=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control |volume=115 |pages=103610 |doi=10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103610 |issn=1750-5836 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Injection da ajiyar ma'adanai na CO₂ da aka kama daga sararin samaniya ta amfani da fasahar kama iska kai tsaye === An yi allurar CO₂ ta farko a duniya da aka kama daga yanayi a Hellisheiði a SW-Iceland a cikin ₂, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin CarbFix₂ na Turai H2020. An kama CO2 ta amfani da na'urar Direct Air Capture (DAC) wanda kamfanin Swiss green-tech Climeworks ya kirkira. Daga nan sai a narke CO2 a cikin ruwa kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin basaltic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upscaling and optimizing subsurface, in situ carbon mineralization as an economically viable industrial option {{!}} CarbFix2 Project {{!}} Fact Sheet {{!}} H2020 |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/764760 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=CORDIS {{!}} European Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gutknecht |first=Valentin |last2=Snæbjörnsdóttir |first2=Sandra Ósk |last3=Sigfússon |first3=Bergur |last4=Aradóttir |first4=Edda Sif |last5=Charles |first5=Louise |date=July 2018 |title=Creating a carbon dioxide removal solution by combining rapid mineralization of CO2 with direct air capture |journal=Energy Procedia |volume=146 |pages=129–134 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.017 |issn=1876-6102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin ₂, an ba da izinin DAC na kasuwanci na farko a duniya tare da masana'antar ajiya, [[Cibiyar Orca|Orca]], a Hellisheiði tare da haɗin gwiwar Climeworks da Carbfix. Shuka tana da ikon kama har zuwa tan 3,600 na CO2 kai tsaye daga yanayi wanda aka yi amfani da shi cikin basalts don adana ma'adanai na dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orca is Climeworks' new large-scale carbon dioxide removal plant |url=https://climeworks.com/plant-orca |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Climeworks |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024 Climeworks da Carbfix suna ba da izini ga masana'antar Mammoth DAC, tare da damar kama har zuwa tan 36,000 a kowace shekara wanda za a yi allurar a cikin basalt don ajiyar ma'adinai na dindindin a Geothermal Park a Hellisheiði . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammoth: our newest direct air capture and storage facility |url=https://climeworks.com/plant-mammoth |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Climeworks |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Calma |first=Justine |date=2022-06-29 |title=Construction begins on "Mammoth" direct air capture plant |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/29/23188164/mammoth-direct-air-capture-plant-climeworks-groundbreaking-iceland |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> === Kama CO₂, sufuri da adanawa === An fara nuna jigilar CO₂ a kan iyaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin DemoUpCarma a watan Agusta ₂.<sup about="#mwt1<sub id=" mwau8="">2" [./Carbfix#cite_note-35 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] Ofisoshin Tarayyar [[Switzerland]] ne suka ba da kuɗin aikin kuma ETH ce ta jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=About DemoUpCARMA |url=https://demoupcarma.ethz.ch/en/project/about/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becattini |first=Viola |last2=Wiemer |first2=Stefan |last3=Mazzotti |first3=Marco |date=April 2024 |title=Accelerating the climate transition through scientist-led CO2 management pilot projects |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44286-024-00056-y |journal=Nature Chemical Engineering |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=267–269 |doi=10.1038/s44286-024-00056-y |issn=2948-1198}}</ref> An kama CO2 daga wani masana'antar inganta gas a Bern, Switzerland, kuma an kai shi Iceland inda aka fara yin allurar a shafin Hellisheiði. Shafin allurar DemoUpCarma na yanzu yana cikin Helguvík, Iceland, inda aka haɗa CO2 tare da ruwan teku a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin R&D CO2Seastone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CO2-Seastone |url=https://www.carbfix.com/co2-seastone |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.carbfix.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, an ba Carbfix kyautar tallafin bincike mafi girma da aka ba wani kamfani na Icelandic, lokacin da aka zaba shi don tallafin Asusun Innovation na EU na Yuro miliyan 15 don aikin Coda Terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coda Terminal |url=https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/if_pf_2022_coda_en.pdf |access-date=2024-05-29 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415171247/https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/if_pf_2022_coda_en.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carbfix's Coda Terminal awarded large EU grant |url=https://www.carbfix.com/awarded-large-eu-grant |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.carbfix.com}}</ref> Za a haɓaka tashar ta Coda a Straumsvík, SW-Iceland a matsayin tashar jigilar carbon ta farko da tashar ajiya a Iceland. CO₂ za a kama shi a wuraren masana'antu a cikin N-Europe, yana mai da hankali kan sashin da ba a iya jurewa ba, sannan a tura shi zuwa Terminal inda za a sauke shi a cikin tankunan da ke bakin teku don ajiya na wucin gadi. Daga nan za a jefa CO₂ cikin hanyar sadarwa na rijiyoyin allura da ke kusa inda za a narkar da shi cikin ruwa yayin allura a cikin tudun basaltic. Za a haɓaka ayyukan a cikin matakan da suka kai har zuwa ton miliyan 3 na CO₂ a kowace shekara daga 2031. [1] Don kwatanta, CO - watsi da Iceland, wata ƙasa da wasu mutane 400,000, ya bambanta tsakanin 3,340,000 tonnes (3,290,000 long tons; 3,680,000 short tons) (2020) da 3,810,000 tonnes (3,750,000 long tons; 4,200,000 short tons) (2008) a cikin lokacin 2007-2023. [2] Bangaren makamashi na Iceland yana cikin mafi ƙarancin iskar carbon da aka samar a kowace naúrar wutar lantarki da ake samarwa saboda yawan shigar wutar lantarki da makamashin ƙasa. Koyaya, amfani da wutar lantarki na kowane mutum yana da girma da ban mamaki saboda yawan buƙatun makamashi na smelts na aluminium na Iceland. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p1yc6x0w626t0ecx8v1qa5xndqchy4v 0 109876 965427 700521 2026-10-09T20:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Montana_Köppen.png|right|thumb|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen a Montana.]] Canjin yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri ga jihar '''[[Montana]].''' ta Amurka. Canjin yanayi a Montana yana haifar da raƙuman zafi na yau da kullun, dusar ƙanƙara ta baya ta narke a cikin bazara, da kuma yawan itatuwa masu mutuwa saboda fari da gobarar daji. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, canjin yanayi a Montana zai iya tasiri ga wadatar ruwa, amfanin gona, kuma ya haifar da haɗari mafi girma ga gobarar daji. Jihohi da kananan hukumomi a Montana sun aiwatar da matakan doka don magance canjin yanayi, gami da karɓar fayilolin makamashi mai sabuntawa da haɓaka shirye-shiryen matakan yanayi. == Tasirin == [[Fayil:Aircraft_drops_fire_retardant_on_the_2021_Richard_Spring_Fire_in_Montana,_photo_by_Phil_Millette,_FWS.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin sama ya sauke mai hana wuta a kan gobarar Richard Spring ta Shekarar 2021]] [[Fayil:20210717-APHIS-LSC-0404_(51341776925).jpg|left|thumb|fari, Malta, Yulin shekarar 2021]] === Ma'adanai na ruwa === [[Fayil:Montana_drought,_aerial_view,_cattle_ranch_in_Fallon_County,_MT._June_2021_(cropped).jpg|thumb|fari, ranch na shanu a Fallon County, Yunin shekarar 2021]] A cewar [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]], tasirin canjin yanayi akan tsarin ruwa na yankin [[Montana]] na iya rage wadatar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Canjin yanayi a Jihohin tsaunuka [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ta tsara shi don haifar da raguwar dusar ƙanƙara, ƙarin [[Winter flooding|Ambaliyar hunturu]], da rage ruwan sama na rani. Wadannan yanayin yanayi na iya kara gasa don [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]. Montana jiha ce ta ruwa, kuma saboda haka, tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] wanda ke tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa na Montana ya wuce iyakar jihar. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111201230001/http://deq.mt.gov/ClimateChange/NaturalResources/Water/Water.mcpx Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli, Montana], ta ƙaddara cewa canjin yanayi zai shafi mahimman albarkatun ruwa a Montana kamar yadda [[ingancin ruwa]] da tsarin halittu na iya lalacewa lokacin da ake ɗaukar gurbataccen abu da laka ta hanyar bazara a lokutan da ba na halitta ba.<ref>Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Climate Change. {{Cite web |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Water |url=http://deq.mt.gov/ClimateChange/NaturalResources/Water/water.mcpx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201230001/http://deq.mt.gov/ClimateChange/NaturalResources/Water/Water.mcpx |archive-date=2011-12-01 |access-date=2011-11-30}}</ref> [[Fayil:Wind_turbines_near_near_Fairfield,_Montana,_May_2022_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Turbines na iska kusa da Fairfield, Mayun shekarar 2022]] Wani rahoto daga Jami'ar Lethbridge ya gano cewa canjin yanayi na iya canza kwararar rafi da yawan samar da ruwa ta hanyar saukar da dusar ƙanƙara, wanda zai iya haifar da ajiyar ajiya a cikin bazara da kuma haɗari mai haɗari a lokacin rani, yana sa raƙuman ruwa masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Robert P. |last2=Bryne |first2=James M. |last3=Johnson |first3=Daniel L. |last4=Letts |first4=Matthew G. |last5=Kienzie |first5=Stefan W. |date=2010 |title=Modelling Climate Change Impacts on Spring Runoff for the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Alberta I: Model Development, Calibration and Historical Analysis |journal=Canadian Water Resources Journal |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=17–34 |doi=10.4296/cwrj3601017 |s2cid=109993368 |doi-access=}}</ref> [[Fayil:Drought_on_a_Montana_cattle_ranch,_May_2022.jpg|thumb|fari a cikin ranch na shanu, Mayu 2022]] The Montana Wildlife Conservation Society ya damu da cewa ruwan dumi na iya canza alamu na wasu nau'o'in kamar na asalin bull trout, wanda ke buƙatar ruwa mai sanyi fiye da sauran kifi kuma zai sami mawuyacin lokaci don tsira idan ruwa ya yi zafi. === Abubuwan da ke cikin gandun daji === [[Fayil:Bennett_000169_172466_517720_4578_(35949064464).jpg|left|thumb|Gidan hasken rana, Polebridge]] dazuzzuka na Montana suna rufe har zuwa tan miliyan 23.1 na kwatankwacin carbon dioxide a kowace shekara - kusan kashi 62 cikin dari na yawan hayaki na jihar. Har ila yau, jihar ta ƙunshi kadada miliyan 8.9 da aka yi la'akari da ya dace da gandun daji tare da yiwuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa har zuwa tan miliyan 15. Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan gandun daji na Montana na iya haifar da [[Ra'ayin canjin yanayi|ra'ayoyi]]: zaton canji zuwa 'dried' hazo da yanayin zafin jiki, za'a iya rage ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar gandun daji masu tsawo na Montana ko ma kawar da shi gaba ɗaya. === Aikin noma === [[Fayil:Barren_wheatfield,_Malta,_Montana,_July_2021.jpg|left|thumb|Yankin alkama mara amfani, Malta, Yuli 2021]] [[Fayil:Mitch_Konen,_Zach_Ducheneaux._Fairfield,_Montana.jpg|left|thumb|Mitch Konen na Montana Grain Growers Association yana magana game da fari, Mayu 2022]] [[Tasirin sauyin yanayi kan noma|Tasirin canjin yanayi akan aikin gona]] ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna. Aikin noma na Montana bazai canza sosai a cikin gajeren lokaci ba, bisa ga Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC. Misali, yanayin zafi yana rage amfanin alkama, amma za a sami mafi girman carbon dioxide, wanda yake da kyau.<ref name="EPA">{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2017 |title=What Climate Change Means for Montana |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-mt.pdf |access-date=21 April 2024 |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Lokacin hunturu mai zafi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye biyu a kowace shekara amma kuma yana iya kara girma na ciyawa da kwari.<ref name="EPA" /> Har yanzu akwai matsalolin da Montana za ta fuskanta saboda yanayin zafi. Wadannan sun hada da rage amfanin gona da ke buƙatar yanayi mai sanyi, gabatar da cututtuka da kwari waɗanda ke fitowa daga yanayin zafi, da kuma guguwa da fari masu tsanani.<ref name="DEQ">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change - Impacts |url=http://www.mtclimatechange.us/background-impacts.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011401/http://www.mtclimatechange.us/background-impacts.cfm |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=21 April 2024 |publisher=Montana Department of Environmental Quality}}</ref> Game da samar da shanu, a cikin yanayin zafi shanu za su ci kadan kuma su yi girma a hankali.<ref name="EPA"/> Har ila yau, dabbobi suna fuskantar damuwa game da zafi da yaduwar kwayar cuta. === Lafiyar ɗan adam === [[Fayil:20170921-FSA-UNK-0010_(36583423523).jpg|thumb|Gurɓataccen hayaƙi daga gobarar daji, 2017]] [[Fayil:Deerfire_high_res.jpg|thumb|Wutar daji, Kogin Bitterroot, 2000]] An riga an rubuta mummunan [[Illar sauyin yanayi kan lafiyar dan adam|Tasirin kiwon lafiya daga canjin yanayi]], kuma ana sa ran zai karu a cikin karni na ashirin da daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-28 |title=Health &#124; Climate Change&nbsp;— Health and Environmental Effects &#124; U.S. EPA |url=http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/health.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707174129/http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/health.html |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Epa.gov}}</ref> Montanans za su fuskanci tasirin kiwon lafiya daga karuwar yanayin zafi da raguwar kwararar ruwa wanda yayi kama da na wasu sassan kasar. Ragewar kwararar bazara zai haifar da tarin gurbataccen abubuwa ciki har da karafa masu guba, ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref name="CHGE" /> Yanayin zafi mafi girma da karuwar gobarar daji za su shafi ingancin iska, karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na asma, da huhu da cututtukan zuciya.<ref name="CHGE" /> A matsakaici, canjin yanayi ya riga ya tsawaita lokacin rashin lafiyan da kwanaki 20 a kowace shekara tun daga Shekarar 1950.<ref name="CHGE" /> == Daidaitawa da ragewa == === Sabuntawa === [[Fayil:Solar-powered_pump,_Arbuckle_Ranch,_Alzada,_Montana_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Fumbar wutar lantarki, Arbuckle Ranch, AlzadaHawan sama]] A watan Afrilu, Shekara ta 2005, Montana ta kafa [[Renewable energy portfolio|Fayil ɗin]] makamashi mai sabuntawa wanda ke buƙatar duk kayan aikin jama'a su sami akalla 15% na wutar lantarki daga albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa ta hanyar shekara ta 2015.<ref name="bare_url">{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Renewable Energy |url=http://deq.mt.gov/energy/renewable/default.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani ɓangare na shirin ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa na Montana shine don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara ta hanyar buƙatar masu amfani da jama'a don siyan ƙididdigar makamashi masu sabuntawa da wutar lantarki da kamfanonin samar da makamashi na al'umma suka samar. Daga shekara ta 2010 zuwa shekarar 2014, kamfanonin masu amfani da jama'a a Montana dole ne su sayi MW 50 daga waɗannan kamfanonin masu aiki na yankunan karkara. Farawa a cikin Shekara ta 2015, wannan adadi zai karu zuwa 75 MW. Duk wani kamfani mai amfani da ke aiki da mutane sama da 5,000 ana buƙatar ƙirƙirar ma'auni mai sabuntawa wanda ke inganta ci gaban makamashi mai sabunta, tare da takamaiman jaddada ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Wind Facts &#124; Community wind energy development by National Wind |url=http://www.nationalwind.com/montana_wind_facts |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Nationalwind.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu, makamashi mai sabuntawa na Montana ya samo asali ne daga makamashi na iska, makamashin geothermal da makamashi. Montana tana ba da tallafin haraji da shirye-shiryen rance ga mutane da kamfanoni don inganta ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa a kowane mataki a bangaren masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-18 |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Tax Incentives |url=http://deq.mt.gov/Energy/Renewable/TaxIncentRenew.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov |archive-date=2012-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101171448/http://deq.mt.gov/Energy/Renewable/TaxIncentRenew.mcpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan dokar inganta makamashi mai sabuntawa ta haɗa da ƙarfafa samarwa, tallafin amfani da rance, shirin wutar lantarki mai kore, cire harajin dukiya, da rage harajin samarwa. A shekara ta 2009, Montana ta sami dala miliyan 10.3 a cikin kudaden Dokar Maidowa ta Tarayya don inganta ingancin makamashi na gine-ginen jihohi da fadada amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa da kayan aikin sake amfani a jihar. Za a kuma yi amfani da kudaden don tallafi don ƙarfafa amfani da sabbin fasahohin makamashi masu tsabta waɗanda suka shiga cikin matakin samarwa amma ba a san su sosai ba ko kuma an yi amfani da su a jihar. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Montana (DEQ) za ta kuma ba da rance mai ƙarancin riba ga masu amfani, kasuwanci, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don shigar da tsarin makamashi daban-daban, gami da iska, hasken rana, geothermal, ruwa da biomass.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=News: NewsDetail |url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/m/news_detail.html?news_id=12626 |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=.eere.energy.gov}}</ref> '''Iska''' [[Fayil:Hutterite_colony_in_Martinsdale_Montana_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Turbines na iska, Martinsdale]] Montana tana cikin manyan jihohi biyar a cikin ƙasar don damar samar da wutar lantarki ta iska. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, Montana ta samar da 820,924 MWh na wutar lantarki da iska ta samar, wanda ke wakiltar fiye da kashi uku cikin dari na duk wutar lantarki da aka samar a Montana a wannan shekarar.<ref name="bare_url"/> Montana ta kasance ta farko a cikin al'umma don saurin iska na aji 3 da sama, tare da mafi yawan wuraren iska da ke cikin yankunan da ke da ƙarancin jama'a, kusa da al'ummomin da ke son ci gaban makamashi na iska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-28 |title=Montana Department of Commerce&nbsp;— Wind Energy |url=http://commerce.mt.gov/Energy/windenergy.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Commerce.mt.gov |archive-date=2010-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701110843/http://commerce.mt.gov/Energy/windenergy.mcpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta Montana tana kula da bayanan saka idanu daga wuraren da iska ke amfani da su yanzu kuma tana ba da wannan bayanan ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar damar saka hannun jari na makamashi a jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Historical Energy Statistics |url=http://www.deq.mt.gov/Energy/HistoricalEnergy/default.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov |archive-date=2012-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101171451/http://deq.mt.gov/Energy/HistoricalEnergy/default.mcpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sashen Inganta Makamashi da Ci Gaban "yana sauƙaƙa ƙungiyar aiki ta iska da watsawa wacce ta ƙunshi masana'antu, gwamnati, malamai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Kungiyar tana haɗuwa a kwata-kwata tun watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 kuma tana taruwa don gano cikas ga watsawa da ci gaban iska da haɓaka dabarun shawo kan waɗannan cikas".<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Department of Commerce&nbsp;— Wind & Transmission Working Group |url=http://www.commerce.mt.gov/Energy/workinggroup.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Commerce.mt.gov |archive-date=2011-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201162201/http://commerce.mt.gov/Energy/workinggroup.mcpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban gonakin iska a Montana a halin yanzu sun haɗa da gonar iska ta Glacier kusa da Shelby, gonar iska na Judith Gap a cikin Wheatland County, gonar iskar Diamond Willow kusa da Baker, MT, da Horseshoe Bend Wind Park kusa da Great Falls.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Department of Commerce&nbsp;— Energy Accomplishments |url=http://www.commerce.mt.gov/Energy/energyaccomplishments.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Commerce.mt.gov |archive-date=2012-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101162138/http://commerce.mt.gov/Energy/energyaccomplishments.mcpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana samun taswirar wutar lantarki ta iska dalla-dalla a shafin yanar gizon MDEQ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-23 |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Wind Power Map |url=http://deq.mt.gov/energy/renewable/windweb/WindPowerMap.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Geothermal''' A watan Mayu, shekara ta 2005, [[Montana|Jihar Montana]], Ma'aikatar Makamashi (DOE) da Sage Resources na Missoula, Montana sun kafa Shirin Geothermal na Montana. Har yanzu ana kimanta yiwuwar Montana don ci gaban makamashi mai zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Geothermal Energy Program |url=http://deq.mt.gov/energy/geothermal/default.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov |archive-date=2012-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101192321/http://deq.mt.gov/Energy/geothermal/default.mcpx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirin DOE na Geopowering the West ya nuna cewa Montana tana da fiye da murabba'in kilomita 25,000 na manyan shafuka da yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=EERE: Geothermal Technologies Program Home Page |url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/index.html |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=.eere.energy.gov}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Montana tana da shafuka 15 masu zafi da ke kusa da White Sulphur Springs, Helena, Ennis, Bozeman, Butte da Boulder, da kuma fiye da 50 da aka tsara wuraren geothermal na yanayin zafi daban-daban a duk fadin jihar. Jimlar sanannun shafuka ashirin da bakwai suna da yanayin zafi daga 110 ° F zuwa sama da 149 ° F, kuma kimantawar zafin jiki na yanzu don tafkuna masu zurfi sama da 350 ° F. Taswirar ma'amala da ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da manyan shafukan geothermal na Montana yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon MDEQ.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Sites |url=http://deq.mt.gov/energy/geothermal/sites.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Rana''' [[Fayil:Solar_installation,_Glacier_National_Park.jpg|left|thumb|Tsayar da hasken rana, Gidan shakatawa na Glacier]] A halin yanzu, yawancin ayyukan Hasken rana na Montana ana gudanar da su a cikin gidaje ko ƙananan birni a cikin gidajen, ranches, makarantu, gine-ginen al'umma da kasuwanni. Ana ci gaba da bincike kan yiwuwar manyan wuraren samar da makamashi na hasken rana a Montana. Gabashin Montana yana karɓar matsakaicin shekara-shekara na awanni 5 na cikakken rana, kuma yammacin Montana yana karbar matsakaicin sa'o'i 4.2 na shekara-sheko. Saboda haka, Montana tana da isasshen albarkatun hasken rana don tallafawa ci gaban hasken rana a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Solar |url=http://www.montanagreenpower.org/solar/index.php |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=MontanaGreenPower.com |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011857/http://www.montanagreenpower.org/solar/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jihar Montana a halin yanzu tana ba da tallafin haraji da yawa da shirye-shiryen rance masu juyawa don ƙarfafa ayyukan ci gaban hasken rana. Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai game da waɗannan shirye-shiryen a shafin yanar gizon MDEQ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-16 |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Solar/Geothermal Energy |url=http://deq.mt.gov/Energy/Renewable/SolarGeothermal.mcpx |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Karamar hukuma === [[Fayil:Missoula_(MT,_USA),_Tesla_Supercharger_--_2022_--_194228.jpg|thumb|Tsayar da Tesla Supercharger, 2022]] A cikin shekara ta 2007, Montana ta buga cikakken shirin Canjin Yanayi kuma ta zama jihar Amurka ta bakwai da ta shiga Yammacin Yanayi (WCI). Ba da daɗewa ba, gwamnatoci da yawa a duk faɗin jihar sun fara haɓaka manufofin canjin yanayi na al'ada da ƙa'idodin fitar da iskar gas don aiwatarwa a matakin gida. Ka'idodin da aka buga a cikin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi na cikin gida galibi an tsara su ne bayan cikakken shirin Canjin Yanayi na Montana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-13 |title=Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) - Action Plan |url=http://deq.mt.gov/ClimateChange/plan.mcpx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101173315/http://deq.mt.gov/ClimateChange/Plan.mcpx |archive-date=2012-01-01 |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Deq.mt.gov}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Helena ta ba da shirin aikin yanayi na al'umma. A cikin Shekara ta 2011, Bozeman ya fitar da shirin aikin yanayi na karshe da kuma Missoula County. Bugu da ƙari, Jami'ar Jihar Montana da Jami'ar Montana sun kuma ba da shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi ga al'ummomin harabar.<ref>Montana State University Climate Change Action Plan {{Cite web |title=MSU Sustainability - Climate Action Plan |url=http://www.montana.edu/sustainability/cap.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315040533/http://www.montana.edu/sustainability/cap.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2011-12-01}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, Clark Fork Coalition na Missoula County ya fara aiwatar da haɓaka dabarun matakin yanayi.<ref>Clark Fork Coalition Climate Change Action Plan {{Cite web |title=Community Action: ClimateWise |url=http://www.clarkfork.org/climate-action-in-the-clark-fork/climatewise.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126182437/http://www.clarkfork.org/climate-action-in-the-clark-fork/climatewise.html |archive-date=2011-11-26 |access-date=2011-12-01}}</ref> A cikin Shekarar 2018, Ƙabilun Salish da Kootenai sun fara cikakken tsarin tsara sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camel |first=Keya |title=Climate Change Advisory Committee (CCAC) |url=http://csktclimate.org/index.php/about/climate-change-advisory-committee-ccac |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=CSKT Climate Change |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129135247/http://csktclimate.org/index.php/about/climate-change-advisory-committee-ccac |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018, Birnin Red Lodge ya karɓi Shirin Kare Makamashi don rage hayakin gas zuwa 50% na matakan a shekarar 2016 ta hanyar shekarar 2040. <ref>City of Red Lodge Energy Conservation Plan {{Cite web |title=City of Red Lodge website |url=http://cityofredlodge.net/energy-conservation-plan/ }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Otter Creek === ==== Tarihi ==== A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, gwamnatin tarayya ta sayi babban yanki na dukiya da ke kusa da Yellowstone National Park don hana ci gaba da ma'adinin zinariya a ƙasar.<ref name="ottercreek">{{Cite web |title=Otter Creek background&nbsp;— Montana Environmental Information Center |url=http://meic.org/mining/coal-mining/otter-creek-coal-tracts-1/otter-creek-background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124195328/http://meic.org/mining/coal-mining/otter-creek-coal-tracts-1/otter-creek-background |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Meic.org}}</ref> A sakamakon ma'amala da ƙasa, Montana ta tsaya don rasa kudaden shiga masu yawa daga hakar ma'adinai, kuma ta nemi a biya jihar don asarar.<ref name="ottercreek" /> Bayan wani lokaci na tattaunawa, gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da canja wurin mallakarta a cikin Otter Creek coal tract zuwa jihar.<ref name="ottercreek" /> Yankin suna cikin kudu maso gabashin Montana, a cikin wani yanki mai wadata da kwal amma galibi ba a inganta shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otter Creek Fact Sheet-draft |url=http://meic.org/files/energy/dirty-coal/Otter%20Creek/Otter%20Creek%20Fact%20Sheet-preview.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124180252/http://meic.org/files/energy/dirty-coal/Otter%20Creek/Otter%20Creek%20Fact%20Sheet-preview.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref> A lokacin sayarwa, an kewaye Tracts da tsarin allon lissafi na dukiya mai zaman kanta mallakar babban kamfanin ƙasa; Great Northern Properties . <ref name="ottercreek" /> Shekaru da yawa bayan Montana ta mallaki Tracts, Babban Masarautar Arewa ta sayar da sha'awarta a cikin kadarorin da ke kewaye da Arch Coal, Inc., na biyu mafi girma da aka haɓaka a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name="ottercreek" /> A shekara ta 2009, [[Montana State Land Board|Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Jihar Montana]], hukumar da ke da alhakin yanke shawarar yadda za a gudanar da ƙasashen jihar Montana, ta kada kuri'a don neman tayin daga kamfanonin ci gaba da ke sha'awar [[Otter Creek (Montana)|Otter Creek]] Tracts.<ref name="ottercreek"/> Bayan lokacin tayin farko ya ƙare ba tare da wani tayin da aka karɓa ba, Hukumar Land ta saukar da farashin kowace tan kuma ta sake gabatar da Tracts don tayin. Arch Coal shine kadai mai neman takardar shaidar Otter Creek Tracts <ref name="ottercreek" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Hukumar Land ta kada kuri'a 3-2 don karɓar tayin Arch Coal don Takardun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MIKE DENNISON Missoulian State Bureau |date=2010-03-18 |title=Land Board approves $86M Otter Creek coal deal; Missoula protesters arrested |url=http://missoulian.com/news/local/article_3fc5a006-32b4-11df-8cc5-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Missoulian.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723121032/https://missoulian.com/news/local/article_3fc5a006-32b4-11df-8cc5-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=2025-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Shari'a ==== A cikin cimma shawarar da ta yanke na hayar Tracts, ba a buƙatar Hukumar Land ba, a ƙarƙashin dokar jihar, don yin la'akari da duk wani tasirin muhalli ko sakamakon da zai haifar da ma'adinin da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=77-1-121. Environmental review compliance&nbsp;— exemptions |url=http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/77/1/77-1-121.htm |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Data.opi.mt.gov |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003152503/http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/77/1/77-1-121.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan da Hukumar Land ta amince da hayar, Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Arewa da sauran kungiyoyin kiyayewa sun shigar da kara a Gundumar Shari'a ta goma sha shida a Broadus, Montana. Kungiyoyin sun yi jayayya a cikin takardun kotu cewa Hukumar Land ba ta yi la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi da sabon ma'adinin zai samu ba kuma Hukumar Land ba za ta yi laʼakari da madadin guda ɗaya ga cikakken ci gaban ma'adinai ba, kamar yadda [[Montana Environmental Policy Act|Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Montana]] ta buƙaci.<ref name="vsBLC" /> Montana ta tura kotun don ta watsar da karar, tana jayayya cewa ba ta da matsayin doka don kalubalantar shawarar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Montana, cewa Dokar Manufofin Muhalli taontana ba ta shafi yanke shawara na Hukumar Kula da Kasa ba, kuma cewa dokar da ta ba Hukumar Kula da Ƙasa damar kada ta yi la'akari da duk wani tasirin muhalli ya kasance na tsarin mulki.<ref name="dismiss">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://meic.org/mining/coal-mining/otter-creek-coal-tracts-1/2010-12-29%20Order%20denying%20Mot%20to%20Dismiss.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126103416/http://meic.org/mining/coal-mining/otter-creek-coal-tracts-1/2010-12-29%20Order%20denying%20Mot%20to%20Dismiss.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-26 |access-date=2011-12-01}}</ref> Bayan sauraron gardama game da batutuwan, kotun ta musanta watsi da karar Montana kuma ta ba da damar shari'ar ta ci gaba da cancanta.<ref name="dismiss"/> Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, har yanzu ana shari'ar a Gundumar Shari'a ta goma sha shida. === Shari'a === ==== Shari'ar amincewa da canjin yanayi ==== A watan Mayu, Shekara ta 2011, iyaye da yawa sun shigar da kara a madadin kananan yaransu a Kotun Koli ta Montana. Iyaye sun yi jayayya cewa yanayin ya kasance hanyar jama'a da Montana ke [[Koyarwar amincewar jama'a|amincewa]] da ita don amfanin 'yan ƙasar Montana, kuma jihar tana da aiki mai kyau don kare wannan hanyar daga lahani kamar canjin yanayi.<ref name="docket" /> Takardar da aka shigar a Kotun Koli ta Montana ta lissafa tasirin da ya shafi sauyin yanayi da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin jihar kuma ta yi jayayya cewa waɗannan canje-canjen sun shafi "amin jama'a".<ref name="docket" /> Da farko, jihar ba ta amsa karar da iyaye suka shigar ba.<ref name="missoulian">{{Cite web |last=GWEN FLORIO of the Missoulian |date=2011-05-18 |title=Montana Supreme Court orders state to respond to children's climate change lawsuit |url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/article_88abd69a-8151-11e0-8164-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Missoulian.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812172509/https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/article_88abd69a-8151-11e0-8164-001cc4c03286.html |archive-date=2025-08-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta Montana duk da haka, ta umarci ofishin Babban Lauyan jihar da ya amsa karar.<ref name="missoulian" /> Lokacin da ofishin Babban Lauyan jihar ya amsa, ba su kai farmaki ga cancantar gardamar iyaye ba amma sun kalubalanci matsayin shari'ar.<ref name="flatheadbeacon">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Montana AG Seeks Rejection of Climate Change Lawsuit |url=http://www.flatheadbeacon.com/articles/article/montana_ag_seeks_rejection_of_climate_change_lawsuit/23362/ |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=Flathead Beacon}}</ref> Iyayen sun shigar da kararsu a karkashin "mahimmanci na asali" na Kotun Koli ta Montana, maimakon daukaka kara. ikon asali na Kotun Koli ta Montana ya iyakance ta Tsarin Mulki na Montana.<ref name="docket" /> Ofishin Babban Lauyan ya yi jayayya cewa iyaye sun kasa tabbatar da cewa shari'ar ta fada cikin iyakokin ikon asalin Kotun Koli kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa Babban Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar don goyon bayan al'ada, tsarin kotu na ƙasa.<ref name="flatheadbeacon" /> Kotun Koli ta amince da ofishin Babban Lauyan kuma ta watsar da karar don ikon asali.<ref name="BDC">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-16 |title=Montana court denies climate petition&nbsp;— The Bozeman Daily Chronicle: Environment |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/environment/article_849868a6-977d-11e0-80bb-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=2011-12-06 |publisher=The Bozeman Daily Chronicle}}</ref> Kotun ta bayyana cewa rikitarwa na shari'ar da adadin ƙudurin gaskiya da za a yi sun fi dacewa da ƙananan kotun bincike, maimakon babban kotun jihar.<ref name="BDC" /> ==== ''An gudanar da shi a kan Montana'' ==== [[Fayil:Held_v_Montana_plaintiffs,_Our_Children's_Trust.jpg|thumb|Masu shigar da kara a Held v Montana]] Held v. [[Montana]] ita ce karar farko ta tsarin mulki da za a yi Shari'a a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Matasan mazauna Montana goma sha shida ne suka gabatar da karar a watan Maris na shekarar 2020, sannan masu shekaru 2 zuwa 18. Masu shigar da dama sun yi jayayya cewa goyon bayan jihar ga masana'antar man fetur ya kara tsananta [[tasirin canjin yanayi]] a rayuwarsu, don haka sun musanta haƙƙinsu ga "yanayi mai tsabta da lafiya a Montana don tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba" kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Montana ya buƙaci. A cikin shari'ar, da aka gudanar a watan Yunin Shekarar 2023, masu shigar da kara sun kalubalanci dokar da ta hana jihar yin la'akari da hayakin gas a matsayin wani abu yayin yanke shawara ko bayar da izini ga ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2023, alƙalin kotun shari'a ya yanke hukunci a cikin goyon bayan matasa masu shigar da kara, kodayake jihar ta nuna cewa za ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Kotun Koli ta Montana ta ji muhawara ta baki a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2024, alƙalai bakwai da ke karɓar shari'ar a ƙarƙashin shawara. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, Shekara ta 2024, Kotun Koli ta Montana ta amince da hukuncin kotun gundumar. === Dokoki === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, 'yan majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican sun zartar da doka - watakila dokar hana yanayi mafi tsananin yaki da yanayi a kasar - wanda ya hana hukumomin jihohi la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi yayin la'akari leken izini ga ayyukan kamar Ma'adinan kwal da tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name="InsideClimateNews_20230516" /> Dokar jihar da ta yi shekaru goma ta riga ta hana jihar yin la'akari da "ainihin ko yiwuwar tasirin da ke cikin yanki, ƙasa, ko duniya a yanayi". == Dubi kuma == * Motocin lantarki a Montana == Manazarta == {{United States topic|prefix=Climate change in}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * - wannan babi na Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa ya rufe Montana, Wyoming, Dakota ta Kudu, Dakota ta Arewa, da Nebraska  {{Montana}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] siylul5utdtlrce4f7j4zzbcdk8o671 0 112400 965424 952926 2026-10-09T20:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965424 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Canjin [[Shekarar yarda|shekarun]] yarda''' ya ƙunshi ƙoƙari daban-daban don gyara dokokin shekarun yarda. Shekarar yarda tana nufin shekarun da mutum zai iya yarda da [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]] bisa doka. Ana aiwatar da shekarun izini don kare waɗanda aka ɗauka matasa ko marasa girma don samun damar yarda. Sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar yawanci sun haɗa da ɗagawa, saukarwa, ko soke shekarun yarda, yin amfani da (ko ba yin amfani da) keɓancewar kusa da shekaru ba, canza hukunci, ko canza yadda ake nazarin shari'o'i a kotu. Wani batun da ya shafi shi ne ko a tilasta shekarun yarda a kan dangantakar [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]] wanda ya bambanta da waɗanda aka tilasta akan dangantakar ɗan kishili. Ƙoƙarin da aka shirya sun kasance daga tattaunawar ilimi zuwa korafe-korafe na siyasa. == Tarihi == Gratian, lauya ne a karni na 12, ya bayyana cewa mata da maza ba za su iya yarda da yin riƙo ba kafin shekaru 7 kuma ba za a iya yin aure ba kafin shekaru 12 ga mata da shekaru 14 ga maza. A wannan lokacin, shekarun yarda don aure kusan shekaru 12 ne ga mata kuma kimanin shekaru 14 ga maza, a yawancin ƙasashen Turai. A yau shekarun yarda don jima'i yawanci ana saita tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa shekaru 18, a kasashen Yamma. == Gabashin Turai == === Rasha === '''Kafin 1922''' Kafin 1830, shekarun yarda don aure shekaru 15 ne ga maza da shekaru 13 ga mata <ref name="persee.fr">{{Cite journal |last=Troitskaia |first=Irina |year=2004 |title=Peasant Marriage in 19th century Russia |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_1634-2941_2004_num_59_6_18495#:~:text=Until%201830%2C%20the%20minimum%20age,an%20old%20age(21%3E. |journal=Population |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=721–764 |doi=10.2307/3654894 |jstor=3654894 |ref=page 731 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> (ko da yake an fi son shekaru 15 ga mata, har ya zama an rubuta shi cikin Dokar Dokar 1649). An yi auren matasa don tsabtar kai. Dukkanin mata da namiji suna buƙatar izinin iyayensu don yin aure saboda ba su kai shekara 20 ba, shekarun mafi girma. A cikin 1830, an ɗaga shekarun yarda don aure zuwa shekaru 18 ga maza da shekaru 16 ga mata.<ref name="persee.fr" /> Matsakaicin shekarun aure ga mata ya kasance kusan shekaru 19. '''Bayan 1991''' Rasha a cikin 1998 ta rage shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 14, <ref>{{Cite web |title=25 июня 1998 года N 92-ФЗ |url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_19123/#p29}}</ref> amma a cikin 2003, ta ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16, tare da kusanci da shekarun da aka kara ga waɗanda ke da shekaru 14 da 15 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=8 декабря 2003 года N 162-ФЗ |url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_45408/#p243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter Graff |date=June 28–29, 2002 |title=Russia – Age of Consent |url=https://www.ageofconsent.com/russia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121103/https://www.ageofconsent.com/russia.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2011 |publisher=Reuters (via Age of Consent)}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an kara wani bayanin da ya keɓe mutumin da ya yi jima'i da ɗan shekara 14 ko 15 a karon farko idan ya auri wanda aka azabtar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=27 июля 2009 года N 215-ФЗ |url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_89971}}</ref> == Yammacin Turai == === Ƙasar Ingila ===   A cikin 1275, gwamnatin Ingila ta sanya shekarun yarda a shekaru 12 ga mata a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar fyade kuma an kirkiro dokar 1576 tare da hukunci mai tsanani wanda aka sanya shekarun yarda da shekaru 10 ga mata.<ref name="stephen_robertson">{{Cite web |last=Robertson, Stephen |title=Age of Consent Laws |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/teaching-modules/230.html |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=Children & Youth in History |publisher=[[Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media|Center for History and New Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Age of Consent – Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society |url=https://www.faqs.org/childhood/A-Ar/Age-of-Consent.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331025532/https://www.faqs.org/childhood/A-Ar/Age-of-Consent.html |archive-date=March 31, 2015 |access-date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=Faqs.org}}</ref> Mai shari'a Sir Matthew Hale ya bayyana cewa duka dokokin fyade sun kasance masu inganci a lokaci guda.<ref name="stephen_robertson" /> An kafa shekarun yarda don aure (dangantaka ta jima'i) a shekaru 12 ga budurwa (mata) da shekaru 14 ga matasa (yara), a karkashin dokar Ingila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dahl |first=Gordon B. |year=2010 |title=Early Teen Marriage and Future Poverty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_demography_2010-08_47_3/page/689 |journal=Demography |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=689–718 |doi=10.1353/dem.0.0120 |pmc=3000061 |pmid=20879684 |ref=The minimum age requirements of 12 and 14 were eventually written into English civil law.}}</ref> An sanya shekarun mafi rinjaye a shekaru 21, matasa maza da matasa mata suna buƙatar izinin iyaye don yin aure. A shekara ta 1875, Dokar Laifin Mutane ta ɗaga shi zuwa 13 a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Biritaniya da Ireland]]. Dokar Kwaskwarimar Shari'a ta 1885 ta ɗaga shi zuwa 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David Swarbrick |title=Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 (-) |url=https://www.swarb.co.uk/acts/1885Criminal_Law_AmendmentAct.shtml |access-date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=swarb.co.uk}}</ref> A cikin 1917, lissafin da ya ɗaga shekarun yarda a Burtaniya da Ireland daga 16 zuwa 17 an kayar da shi da kuri'a ɗaya kawai. A Arewacin Ireland a cikin 1950, majalisar dokoki ta Arewacin Ireland ta zartar da dokar da ake kira Dokar Yara da Matasa a cikin 1950 wanda ya ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 17.<ref name="order_2007" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Draft Sexual Offenses (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldmerit/109/10907.htm |access-date=September 5, 2017 |website=parliament.uk}}</ref> Shekarar yarda a Arewacin Ireland daga baya aka rage shi zuwa 16, ta hanyar Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (Northern Ireland) ta 2008. A cikin 1929, an ɗaga shekarun yarda don aure (dangantaka na jima'i) zuwa shekaru 16 ga duka, mata da maza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The law of marriage |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/lawofmarriage-/ |website=www.parliament.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1970, an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa shekaru 18, wanda ya sa ya zama doka ga maza da mata masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa su yi aure ba tare da yardar iyaye ba. === The Faransa === In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament, a petition to decriminalize all consensual relations between adults and children/teenagers below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michel Foucault}}</ref> In 1978, the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault, later published again under the title The Danger of Child Sexuality. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor Jean Danet, novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem and feminist Simone de Beauvoir had all signed the petition. === Netherlands === Tsakanin 1990 da 2002, Netherlands ta yi aiki da abin da ya kasance a zahiri shekaru na yarda na 12, dangane da cancanta. Dokar da ta dace, ta zartar a watan Nuwamba 1990, ta ba da izinin jima'i ga matasa tsakanin 12 zuwa 16, amma ta ba da damar ƙalubalen iyaye bisa ga rushewar ikon iyaye ko cin zarafin yara, wanda Majalisar Kare Yara za ta ji. A shekara ta 1979, Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Dutch ta goyi bayan wata takarda da ba ta yi nasara ba don rage shekarun yarda zuwa 12. === Norway === A cikin 2023, Norway ta ba da shawarar rage shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 15. Koyaya, an watsar da shi bayan zargi da Ikilisiyar Norway. == Afirka == === Kenya === A [[Kenya]], an yi muhawara don rage shekarun yarda daga 18 zuwa 16, a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 2006. == Arewacin Amurka == === Kanada === {{Authority control}}A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da shawarar lissafin da za a kara shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16 (a cikin shekara ta 1890, an ɗaga shi daga 12 zuwa 14), yayin da yake samar da keɓewar kusan shekaru don jima'i tsakanin yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa 15 da abokan tarayya ƙasa da shekaru 5, da kuma ci gaba da sashi na kusa da shekaru don jimaʼi tsakanin yara 12 zuwa 13 da abokan tarayya kasa da shekaru 2 da haihuwa. Har ila yau, shirin yana riƙe da bambanci na wucin gadi ga auren da suka riga sun kasance na yara masu shekaru 14 da 15 ga manya, amma ya hana sababbin aure kamar waɗannan a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2006 |title=Age of Consent FAQ |url=https://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/20060623/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110604132949/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Specials/20060623/age_consent_faq_060623/ |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |access-date=January 28, 2020 |website=CTV.ca}}</ref> Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2008. === Amurka === {{Reflist}} '''Karni na 18''' Shekarar yarda da ake tambaya tana da alaƙa da dokar fyade ba dokar aure ba kamar yadda wani lokacin ba a fahimta ba. A karkashin dokar Ingila shekarun yarda, wani ɓangare na dokar fyade, yana da shekaru 10 ko 12 kuma an bayyana fyade a matsayin jima'i da mace ba tare da son zuciyarta ba. Don hukunta mutum da fyade, dole ne a tabbatar da karfi da rashin yarda, sai dai a yanayin yarinya da ba ta kai shekarun yarda ba. Dokar Ingilishi ta kasance a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Amurka kuma Delaware da sauran jihohi sun karbe ta a cikin 1776. '''Karni na 19 da 20''' A Delaware, shekarun yarda ya kasance shekaru 10 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da aka saukar da shi zuwa shekaru 7. A karkashin dokar 1871, an ba wa mutum hukuncin kisa saboda jima'i da yarinya kasa da shekarun yarda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindenmuth |first=Janet |title=The age of consent and rape reform in Delaware |url=https://blogs.lawlib.widener.edu/delaware/2014/07/07/the-age-of-consent-and-rape-reform-in-delaware/ |access-date=September 16, 2020 |website=[[Widener University Delaware Law School|Widener Law Delaware Library]] |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803085906/https://blogs.lawlib.widener.edu/delaware/2014/07/07/the-age-of-consent-and-rape-reform-in-delaware/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1880, jihohi 37 suna da shekarun yarda na shekaru 10, jihohi 10 suna da shekarun amincewa a shekaru 12, kuma Delaware ta ci gaba da shekarun yarda da shekaru 7.<ref name="cyh_table">{{Cite web |title=Age of Consent Laws [Table] |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180109155442/https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/24 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Children & Youth in History |publisher=[[Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media]] |quote=Compiled from a combination of historical and contemporary sources, annotated by Stephen Robertson}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, "motsi na tsarkakewa na zamantakewa" wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin sake fasalin mata na Kirista sun fara ba da shawarar ɗaga shekarun yarda zuwa 16, tare da burin ɗaga shi zuwa ƙarshe zuwa 18 ko 21.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Raising the Age of Sexual Consent Taught Women About the Vote |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-raising-age-sexual-consent-taught-women-about-vote-180975658/}}</ref> A shekara ta 1920, jihohi 26 suna da shekarun yarda a 16, jihohi 21 suna da shekarun amincewa a 18, kuma jihar daya (Georgia) tana da shekarun yarda da 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Campaign to Raise the Age of Consent 1885–1914 |url=https://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/teacher/aoc.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116221629/https://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/teacher/aoc.htm |archive-date=November 16, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |website=Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000}}</ref> An sayi Alaska daga Rasha a 1867 kuma ta zama jihar ta 49 ta Amurka a 1959. Shekarar yarda ta kasance shekaru 16. [[Hawaii]] ta kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1893, kuma daga baya ta kasance Yankin Amurka; ta zama jihar Amurka ta 50 a shekarar 1959. Shekarar yarda ta kasance shekaru 14. Georgia da Hawaii dukansu sun ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16, a cikin 1995 da 2001 bi da bi. Colorado ta rage shekarun yarda daga 18 zuwa 15 saboda an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa 18 a shekarar 1970. '''Yanzu''' Ya zuwa 16 ga Oktoba, 2020, shekarun yarda a kowace jiha a Amurka ko dai shekaru 16, 17, ko 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Age of Consent across the United States |url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/states |access-date=August 1, 2018 |website=AgeOfConsent.net}}</ref> ==== Alabama ==== A cikin 2012, Wakilin Jihar Alabama Mac McCutcheon ya dauki nauyin lissafin don kara shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Lawmaker Pushes Bill To Raise Age Of Consent In Alabama |url=https://whnt.com/2012/04/30/lawmaker-pushes-bill-to-raise-age-of-consent-in-alabama/}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2023, shekarun yarda a Alabama ya kasance 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-State Marriage "Age of Consent" Laws |url=https://family.findlaw.com/marriage/state-by-state-marriage-age-of-consent-laws.html |access-date=August 1, 2018 |website=FindLaw.com}}</ref> ==== Hawaii ==== A shekara ta 2001, majalisar dokoki a Hawaii ta kada kuri'a don kara shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16. ==== Georgia ==== A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, an gabatar da lissafi a gaban Babban Taron Georgia (Amurka) don kara shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2005 |title=hb722.html |url=https://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804092842/https://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb722.htm |archive-date=August 4, 2009 |access-date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=Legis.state.ga.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia General Assembly – HB 722 |url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722045004/https://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2005_06/search/hb722.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |access-date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=Legis.ga.gov}}</ref> Kudin ya gaza, duk da haka. Georgia ita ce jihar da ta fi tsayayya da haɓaka shekarun yarda a farkon shekarun 1900. Shekarar yarda ta Georgia ta kasance shekaru 10 har zuwa 1918, a wannan lokacin an ɗaga shekarun yarda zuwa 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackwell |first=Alice Stone |date=January 20, 2019 |title=The Woman Citizen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtMRAQAAMAAJ&q=1918+georgia+age+of+consent&pg=PA336 |publisher=Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission |via=Google Books}}</ref> Bayan da aka kara shekarun yarda a 1918, Georgia ita ce kadai jiha a Amurka da ke da shekarun yarda kasa da 16.<ref name="cyh_table2">{{Cite web |title=Age of Consent Laws [Table] |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180109155442/https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/24 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Children & Youth in History |publisher=[[Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media]] |quote=Compiled from a combination of historical and contemporary sources, annotated by Stephen Robertson}}</ref> Shekarar yarda ta Georgia ta kasance a 14 har zuwa 1995, lokacin da lissafin da Sanata Steve Langford ya gabatar don sanya shekarun yarda 16 ya wuce. A shekara ta 2006, biyo bayan shari'ar Genarlow Wilson (Wilson v. State), an rage mummunan cin zarafin yara zuwa laifi tare da matsakaicin shekara guda a kurkuku idan mai laifin bai kai shekara 19, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance ko dai shekaru 14 ko 15, kuma mai laifin ba ya wuce watanni 48 fiye da wanda aka azabta. (Kundin Shari'a na Georgia, 16-6-4). A baya, mummunar cin zarafin yara (a kowane shekaru) ya kai shekaru 5-20 a kurkuku ba tare da la'akari da bambancin shekaru tsakanin wanda aka azabtar da mai laifi ba. ==== Kentucky ==== A karkashin dokar Kentucky, mutumin da ke da shekaru goma sha shida ko sama da haka na iya yarda da yin jima'i tare da mutumin da bai wuce shekaru goma ba fiye da ƙarami, amma in ba haka ba a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha takwas ana zaton ba zai iya yarda da jima'i ba.<ref name="kyconsent">{{Cite web |title=KRS Sec. 510.020 Lack of consent. |url=https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=47632 |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=Kentucky State Legislature}}</ref> Koyaya, inda mutum yake cikin matsayi na iko akan ƙarami kamar malami, kocin ko dangi, duk abin da bambancin shekaru, ƙarami ƙasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana ɗaukarsa ba zai iya yarda ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRS Sec. 510.110 (1)(d), Sexual abuse in the first degree. |url=https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=47887 |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=Kentucky State Legislature}}, {{Cite web |title=KRS Sec. 532.045 Persons prohibited from probation or postincarceration supervision. |url=https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=43497 |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=Kentucky State Legislature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Consent LawsKentucky |url=https://apps.rainn.org/policy/policy-crime-definitions-export.cfm?state=Kentucky&group=9 |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=RAINN}}</ref><ref name="kyconsent" /> ==== Missouri ==== A shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da lissafi a majalisar dokokin [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] don kara shekarun yarda daga 17 zuwa 18. Wakilin Stanley Cox ne ya dauki nauyin lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2008 |title=Missouri House bill would raise age of consent to 18 |url=https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/missouri-house-bill-would-raise-age-of-consent-to/article_2c40dc57-535f-53eb-bae8-cff0d618ab5e.html |website=Joplin Globe |access-date=August 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505212115/https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/missouri-house-bill-would-raise-age-of-consent-to/article_2c40dc57-535f-53eb-bae8-cff0d618ab5e.html |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kudin bai zama doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HB 2095 - Sexual Misconduct Involving a Child |url=https://house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills081/bills/HB2095.HTM |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=house.mo.gov |publisher=Missouri House of Representatives}}</ref> ==== Kudancin Carolina ==== A Kudancin Carolina a cikin 2007, an gabatar da lissafi a gaban majalisa don haɓaka shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Meredith |title=South Carolina lawmakers propose raising age of consent |url=https://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5431721.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064058/https://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5431721.html |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |access-date=January 20, 2019 |website=www.wrdw.com}}</ref> Ba ta yi nasara ba. ==== Wisconsin ==== Kafin 1981, Wisconsin tana da bambanci ga dokar da ta ba da izinin manya waɗanda ke da laifin jima'i da yara 15 ko sama da haka su yi amfani da su a matsayin kariya cewa wanda aka azabtar ya fahimci yanayin aikin jima'i, amma akwai yiwuwar karyatawa a Wisconsin cewa yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ba su da ikon samun yardar jima'i; amma, kamar yadda aka bayyana, wanda ake tuhuma a kotun shari'a zai iya jayayya da shi idan ƙaramin shekaru 15 ko sama. A cikin 1981, an rage shekarun yarda daga 18 zuwa 16 a Wisconsin; amma, a lokaci guda, an sanya shi laifi na atomatik don yin jima'i da duk wanda bai kai shekara 16 ba. Sanarwar da aka ba wa dan shekara 15 ba ta da wata kariya da wanda ake tuhuma zai iya amfani da ita a kotu. A shekara ta 1983, an ɗaga shekarun yarda a Wisconsin daga 16 zuwa 18; a ƙarƙashin sabuwar doka, jima'i tare da ƙarami 16 ko sama da haka yana ɗauke da ƙaramin hukunci na laifin Class A. An haɗa izinin aure a cikin doka ga babba wanda ya auri ƙarami 16 ko sama da haka, amma ba a haɗa wani bambancin kusa da shekaru ba. ==== Oklahoma ==== A cikin 2025, majalisar dokoki ta Oklahoma ta kafa HB 1003, lissafin don haɓaka shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Hamilton's Bill Raising Age of Consent Becomes Law |url=https://www.poncacitynow.com/local/hamiltons-bill-raising-age-of-consent-becomes-law |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Ponca City Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kudancin Amurka == === Peru === Shekarar yarda a Peru ta karu daga 14 zuwa 18 a shekara ta 2006 yayin da zaɓen ya kusanci, amma a shekara ta 2007, sabon Majalisa na Peru ya kada kuri'a don dawo da shekaru zuwa 14 ba tare da la'akari da jinsi da / ko yanayin jima'i ba. Koyaya, bayan adawa mai ƙarfi na jama'a, an ɗaga dokar zuwa 18 a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2007, ta hanyar kuri'un 74 zuwa sifili (22 abstentions). <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2007 |title=Pleno Reconsidero Exoneracion de Sedunda Votacion a Proyecto Sobre Libertad Sexual |trans-title=House Reconsidered and Excluded Second Vote for Project on Sexual Freedom |url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/Prensa/heraldo.nsf/CNnoticiasanteriores/fc34916372aa85c9052573070053ab5a?OpenDocument |access-date=September 2, 2010 |publisher=El Heraldo |language=es}}</ref> An mayar da shi zuwa 14 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2013 |title=Demanda de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por diez mil seiscientos nueve ciudadanos contra el artículo 1° de la Ley N° 28704 que modifica el artículo 173°, inciso 3° del Código Penal, sobre delito de violación sexual contra víctima entre 14 y 18 años de edad |url=https://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00008-2012-AI.pdf |language=es}}</ref> == Asiya == === Indiya === Har zuwa shekara ta 2012, an saita shekarun yarda a Indiya a 16, a karkashin Sashe na 375 na IPC (Indian Penal Code), wanda ya bayyana cewa, yarda ba shi da mahimmanci [...] '''Na shida''. Tare da ko ba tare da yardarta ba, lokacin da ba ta kai shekara goma sha shida. " A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Dokar POCSO ta fara aiki, wanda ya kafa sabon ƙofar, a 18. Bayan wannan, an yi muhawara da yawa game da dawo da shekarun yarda zuwa 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=18 or 16? Why is there a debate on the age of consent in India? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/debate-age-of-consent-in-india-law-commission-reduce-age-pocso-act-child-rights-activists-13181302.html/amp |archive-date= |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Tattaunawar da ta fito ne daga 'yan siyasa, manyan kotuna, da kuma mambobin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament must examine age of consent issue, says Chief Justice of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-must-examine-age-of-consent-issue-says-chief-justice-of-india/article66248216.ece/ |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reduce Age Of Consent From 18 To 16, High Court Urges Centre |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/reduce-age-of-consent-from-18-to-16-high-court-urges-centre-4167087 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Age of consent should be lowered to 16, observes Madras High Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/age-of-consent-should-be-lowered-to-16-observes-madras-high-court/story-4FQHihCkyLQaeFXYnDe7rL.html}}</ref> === Iraki === Majalisar dokokin Iraqi ta yi ƙoƙari ta rage shekarun yarda a Iraki zuwa 9 a cikin 2024. Koyaya, an sake fasalin lissafin a watan Janairun 2025 wanda ya sake dawo da sassan gyare-gyaren da ya gabata wanda ya riƙe shekarun yarda a 18 biyo bayan zanga-zangar a Iraki tare da martani daga kungiyoyin farar hula na duniya da na gida, yana riƙe da tsohon shekarun yarda. == A Yamma == === Jima'i na maza === '''Ƙasar Ingila''' Shekarar yarda da namiji a Ƙasar Ingila an saita ta a 21 a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 1967, an saukar da ita zuwa 18 a cikin Dokar Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta 1994, sannan a ƙarshe an saukar da ta daidai zuwa 16 a Ingila da Wales da Scotland a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima-Jima'i (Gwamma) ta 2000. A shekara ta 1970, an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa shekaru 18. Wasu masu lalata da yara da masu goyon bayansu sun yi kira da a soke shekarun yarda don ba da damar yara da manya su yi jima'i. Kungiyoyin da suka gabata da ke ba da shawara ga wannan sun haɗa da NAMBLA a Amurka da Vereniging Martijn a Netherlands. Philip Jenkins ya ce a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, akwai jinƙai mai yawa tsakanin kungiyoyin masu gwagwarmayar luwadi don rage shekarun yarda ga duk ayyukan jima'i tare da yawancin wallafe-wallafen luwadi da ke tattauna saukar da shi ga yara maza. Wadannan tashin hankali da adawa sun ci gaba tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya har zuwa shekarun 1980; duk da haka, tun daga shekarun 1970s, kungiyoyin 'yanci na' yan luwadi da ke inganta goyon baya na gaba game da shekarun yarda suna fadawa cikin raguwa. A shekara ta 1971, an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa shekaru 18, sai dai a Mississippi (21), Alabama (19), da Nebraska (19). == Rashin amincewa da shekaru == {{Sexual ethics}}A {asar Amirka, jihohi da yawa sun amince da keɓe masu shekaru. Waɗannan dokokin, waɗanda aka fi sani da "Dokokin Romeo da Juliet", sun ba da cewa mutum zai iya yin jima'i bisa doka tare da ƙarami muddin ba su wuce adadin shekarun da aka ba su ba, gabaɗaya shekaru huɗu ko ƙasa da hakan.[1][2]. Wasu dokokin Romeo da Juliet (kamar doka a Michigan)[3] ba sa yin doka ga mutumin da bai kai shekarun izinin yin jima'i da wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan lokaci ba, amma yana iya keɓance babban abokin tarayya daga rajistar masu laifin jima'i. An zartar da dokokin Romeo da Juliet a 2007 a Connecticut da Indiana.<ref name="stateline">{{Cite web |last=John Gramlich |date=July 16, 2007 |title=New laws take 'Romeo' into account |url=https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2007/07/16/new-laws-take-romeo-into-account |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024022131/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2007/07/16/new-laws-take-romeo-into-account |archive-date=October 24, 2015 |access-date=August 18, 2011 |website=Stateline.org}}</ref> A Indiana, canji a cikin doka ya haramta jima'i tsakanin matasa idan kotun ta same su a cikin "dangantaka" tare da bambancin shekaru na shekaru hudu ko ƙasa <ref name="stateline" /> kuma wasu jihohi sun karɓi irin wannan gyare-gyare. Michigan ta wuce Dokar Romeo da Juliet a cikin 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaren |first=Noël |date=April 20, 2011 |title=Understanding the Romeo & Juliet Law |url=https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=608159 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032345/https://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=608159 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=August 18, 2011 |website=Upper Michigan's Source}}</ref> Wadannan gyare-gyare sun kasance masu kawo rigima. A Texas, Gwamna Rick Perry ya soke dokokin Romeo da Juliet waɗanda majalisar dokoki ta zartar a shekara ta 2009, amma ya sanya hannu kan ɗaya a shekara ta 2011 don fara aiki a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. <ref name="DBSDFW">{{Cite web |last=Andrea Lucia |date=June 4, 2011 |title='Romeo And Juliet' Law Changes Statutory Rape Definition |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/romeo-and-juliet-law-changes-statutory-rape-definition/ |access-date=August 18, 2011 |website=CBS DFW}}</ref> Dokar Romeo da Juliet ta 2011 ta kasa wucewa a majalisar dokokin Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hannah Hess |date=March 3, 2011 |title="Romeo and Juliet" law fails in Illinois House |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/illinois/article_4f499524-45db-11e0-a79a-00127992bc8b.html |access-date=August 18, 2011 |website=STL Today}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin shari'ar Jihar v. Limon, an gano dokar Romeo da Juliet ta Kansas ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ware halayyar jima'i. Wasu ƙasashe ban da Amurka suma suna da dokokin Romeo da Juliet. An kalubalanci dokar Ireland ta 2006 saboda tana bi da 'yan mata daban da maza.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Romeo and Juliet' laws contested |url=https://www.ireland.com/news/romeo-and-juliet-laws-contested/601105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321024739/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/romeo-and-juliet-laws-contested-1.874880 |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |access-date=August 18, 2011 |website=Irish Times}}</ref> == Gudanar da lalata da yara == == Dubi kuma == {{Pedophilia|state=expanded}} * Rabin shekarunta da bakwai * Ilimin jima'i * Yarjejeniyar jima'i a cikin doka * Ilimi na jima'i == Manazarta == {{Youth empowerment}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ir5ci8shcp3j3w4ygog0itawgkdt6fe 0 112793 965297 929308 2026-10-09T16:41:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Binciken Tasirin Yanayi na [[Arctic]]''' (ACIA) wani bincike ne wanda ke kwatanta canjin yanayi da ke gudana a cikin Arctic da sakamakonsa: [[Canjin yanayi|hauhawar yanayin zafi]], asarar kankara ta teku, narkewar kankara ta Greenland, da kuma tasirin da yawa akan yanayin halittu, dabbobi, da mutane. ACIA ita ce ta farko da aka yi bincike sosai, an yi amfani da ita sosai, kuma ta sake nazarin kimantawar canjin yanayi na Arctic da tasirinsa ga yankin da kuma duniya. Kwamitin Arctic na kasa da kasa da kwamitin kimiyyar Arctic na kasa sun jagoranci aikin. Masana kimiyya ɗari uku sun shiga cikin binciken a tsawon shekaru uku. An saki rahoton kira mai shafi 140 ''Tasirin Warming Arctic'' a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2004, kuma rahoton kimiyya daga baya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic Climate Impact Assessment |url=http://amap.no/acia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214135239/http://amap.no/acia/ |archive-date=2010-12-14 |access-date=2006-02-23}}</ref> Sakatariyar ACIA tana cikin Cibiyar Bincike ta Arctic ta Duniya a Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks . == Nazarin da ya biyo baya == AState na Rahoton Arctic na shekara ta 2006 ta Hukumar Kula da Oceanic da Yanayi ta Kasa (NOAA) ta sabunta wasu bayanan rahoton ACIA. Binciken da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton NOAA ya nuna tabbaci mai gamsarwa game da lokaci mai ɗorewa na yanayin zafi a cikin Arctic, wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar ci gaba da raguwa a cikin kankara na teku, wanda aka lura a duka mafi girman hunturu da mafi ƙarancin bazara, da kuma canje-canje masu yawa a cikin ciyayi na Arctic. Yanayin dumama yana da ɗan sauƙi ta hanyar sauyawa a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya na yanayin ƙasa da salinity na teku da zafin jiki. Duk da yake har yanzu akwai babban yanki zuwa yanki da sauye-sauye na shekaru da yawa a cikin yanayin Arctic, girman sararin samaniya na canje-canje na baya-bayan nan a cikin zafin iska, kankara na teku, da ciyayi sun fi girma fiye da yadda aka lura a karni na 20. Rahoton NOAA ya kasance bita ne game da yanayin muhalli a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata dangane da waɗanda ke ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, wanda ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ashirin ta duniya suka gudanar waɗanda suka haɓaka yarjejeniya game da abubuwan da ke cikin bayanai da amintacce. A matsayin aikin bin shekara-shekara ga rahoton 2006, ''Katin Rahoton Arctic'' na NOAA yana gabatar da sabuntawa na shekara-sheko, bayanan da aka sake dubawa game da abubuwan da aka lura da kwanan nan game da yanayin muhalli a cikin Arctic dangane da tarihin tarihi. Ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 shi ne cewa dawowa ga yanayin Arctic na baya ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan ƙaddamarwa ta goyi bayan yanayin zafi a duk faɗin Arctic na Kanada da Greenland; raguwar kankara na teku na rani; rikodin dusar ƙanƙara yana raguwa; kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin Arewacin Hemisphere. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, rahoton Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya, Arctic Climate Impact Science - An Update Since ACIA was kaddamar a taron Majalisar Arctic. Ya samar da babban bita, sabuntawa na kimiyyar tasirin yanayi na Arctic tun daga 2005 ACIA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommerkorn |first=M. |last2=O’Brien-Malone, M. |date=2008-04-24 |title=Climate change hitting Arctic faster, harder |url=http://panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/europe/what_we_do/arctic/index.cfm?uNewsID=131801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930230014/http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/europe/what_we_do/arctic/index.cfm?uNewsID=131801 |archive-date=30 September 2008 |access-date=2008-09-23 |publisher=panda.org}}</ref> === Binciken Biodiversity na Arctic === ACIA ta yi kira ga ingantaccen damar saka idanu da fahimtar canje-canje a cikin Arctic da kuma ingantawa da inganta sa ido kan halittu na Arctic na dogon lokaci. Dangane da wannan shawarar, kungiyar kare halittu da fauna ta Arctic Council (CAFF) <ref>{{Cite web |title=caff.is |url=http://www.caff.is |access-date=2010-01-01 |publisher=caff.is}}</ref> ta fara aiki a kan Binciken Biodiversity na Arctic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=caff.is |url=http://www.caff.is/aba |access-date=2010-01-01 |publisher=caff.is}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kammala shi a cikin shekara ta 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Arctic Biodiversity Assessment |url=https://www.ipbes.net/policy-support/assessments/arctic-biodiversity-assessment |website=www.ipbes.net |publisher=IPBES secretariat |language=en}}</ref> === Shirin Kula da Biodiversity na Circumpolar === A ci gaba da mayar da martani ga kiran ACIA don inganta saka idanu, CAFF ta kafa Shirin Kula da Biodiversity na Circumpolar (CBMP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=cbmp |url=http://www.cbmp.is |access-date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Cbmp.is }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> CBMP cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kasa da kasa ta masana kimiyya, hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kungiyoyin kiyayewa da ke ƙoƙarin haɗa kokarin su don saka idanu kan albarkatun rayuwa na Arctic. An yi niyyar CBMP don inganta ganowa da sauri, sadarwa, da amsawa dangane da mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi bambancin halittu da matsin lamba da ke shafar duniya ta kewaye. == Dubi kuma == * [[Canjin yanayi a Kanada]] * [[Sauyin yanayi na Arctic|Yanayin yanayi na Arctic]] * Haɗin gwiwar Arctic da siyasa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hfvzau5lylw0co8ek1o3es8emnfww6v 0 115388 965623 777068 2026-10-10T05:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Crissy Haslam''' (''née'' '''Garrett''', an haife ta a watan Nuwamba 1958) 'yar agajin Amurka ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan yara da ilimi. Ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban [[Tennessee]] daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2019 kuma mijinta, Bill Haslam, ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Tennessee na lokaci guda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Building on experience as Knoxville's mayor, 'optimistic and enthusiastic' Haslam begins leading sta |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/local/building-on-experience-as-knoxvilles-mayor-optimistic-and-enthusiastic-haslam-begins-leading-sta-ep--358160581.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=knoxnews.com |language=en |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918004410/http://www.knoxnews.com/news/local/building-on-experience-as-knoxvilles-mayor-optimistic-and-enthusiastic-haslam-begins-leading-sta-ep--358160581.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Haslam Crissy Garrett a watan Nuwamba 1958 a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]], ɗiya ga Chris da Ed Garrett. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://crissyhaslam.weebly.com/biography.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Crissy HaslamFIRST LADY OF TENNESSEE}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin kuruciyarta, dangin Haslam sun ƙaura zuwa Memphis, Tennessee, inda ta halarci Makarantar Episcopal ta Saint Mary. A cikin shekara ta 1980, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Emory tare da manyan kantunan kuɗi da tallace-tallace. Ta koma Knoxville, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darektan shiga Jami'ar Tennessee. A shekarar 1985, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Crissy Haslam |url=https://www.nga.org/governor-spouse/crissy-haslam/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=National Governors Association}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-05 |title=Crissy Haslam Biography - Wife of Governor Bill Haslam |url=https://biographytree.com/biography/crissy-haslam-biography-wife-governor-bill-haslam/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=BiographyTree |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Uwargidan Shugaban Tennessee (2011-2019) == Lokacin da aka rantsar da mijin Haslam, Bill, a matsayin gwamnan jihar Tennessee a shekarar 2011, ta zama uwargidan shugaban ƙasa. Ayyukan Haslam a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa sun mayar da hankali ne wajen karfafa gwiwar iyaye su kara tsunduma cikin ilimin yara da kuma iya karatu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About Crissy |url=https://www.tn.gov/former-firstlady-haslam/about-crissy.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=tn.gov |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402153245/https://www.tn.gov/former-firstlady-haslam/about-crissy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, 2012, Haslam ta ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Littafin Iyali na Read20, wanda ke da burin haɓaka karatun yara. Shirin ya ƙarfafa iyaye su yi karatu tare da 'ya'yansu na akalla minti 20 a rana. Haslam ya kasance mai goyon bayan Dolly Parton's Imagination Library, da kuma faɗaɗa koƙarin ƙungiyar. <ref name=":2"/> Baya ga ƙungiyar Read20 Book Club, Haslam ta kaddamar da Read20 Book Patrol, wanda shiri ne na karatun da ke karfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin yara, iyalai, da al'ummomi, tare da jami'an tsaro na gida. An tsara shirin don yin aiki a matsayin shirin mai ba da littafi don al'ummomin masu ƙaramin karfi a cikin [[Tennessee]] <ref name=":2"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Crissy Haslam ta auri Bill Haslam a shekarar 1981 a Knoxville. Suna da 'ya'ya uku da jikoki bakwai. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Haslam ta yi hidima kuma ta ba da kanta ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma, irin su Love Kitchen, mai ba da abinci ga matalautan Knoxville da mazauna gida. <ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 98c5f2ir4jlchym055ikr1h0h0jp5ug 0 116409 965525 909356 2026-10-09T23:02:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Archbishop '''Charles Agyinasare''' (English pronunciation: / ɑdʒɪnəsɑ:ri / born 22 March 1962) is a [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] pastor who founded the Word Miracle Church International,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Perez Chapel International |url=http://www.perezchapel.org/about/ |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=perezchapel. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722094415/https://www.perezchapel.org/about/ |archive-date=22 July 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Word Miracle Church International Changes Its Name |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Word-Miracle-Church-International-changes-its-name-276602 |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=GhanaWeb. |publisher=}}</ref> later Perez Chapel International, a Pentecostal-Charismatic ministry in Ghana. He is the founder of Precious TV,<ref name="Precious TV">{{Cite web |title=Precious TV: About Us |url=http://precioustelevision.tv/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125031116/http://precioustelevision.tv/about/ |archive-date=25 January 2016 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Precious Television}}</ref> Chancellor of the [[Kwalejin Jami'ar Perez|Perez University College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript of President JD Mahama's Remarks- Investiture and Graduation Ceremony, Pan African Christian University College Saturday February 27, 2016 |url=http://www.presidency.gov.gh/node/1144 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816210843/http://www.presidency.gov.gh/node/1144 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=The Presidency of the Republic of Ghana |ref=www.presidency.gov.gh}}</ref> and author of several books on Christianity.<ref name="Books">{{Cite web |title=Rev Charles Agyinasare |url=http://azaliabooks.com/index.php?route=product/author/info&author_id=26&limit=25 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=Azalia Books |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105617/http://azaliabooks.com/index.php?route=product/author/info&author_id=26&limit=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Archbishop Charles Agyinasare Charles Yewuraekow Agyinasore a Achiase a Yankin Gabas Ghana a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1962. Daga baya ya koma [[Accra]] a yankin Greater Accra don halartar makaranta. Ya kasance dalibi na baya na Weija Barracks Primary, Armed Forces Experimental School da Nsawam St. Martins . <ref name="myjoyonline">{{Cite web |last=Edwin Appiah |date=13 April 2013 |title=Bola Ray's Personality Profile with Archbishop Charles Agyinasare: The listening experience |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/events/201306/107835.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085017/http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/events/201306/107835.php |archive-date=2015-04-13 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |publisher=Myjoyonline}}</ref> A can, ya kasance "masu cin zarafin mata a kwaleji" wanda ya shiga cikin abin da ya kira "zunubi, farin ciki, maye da jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi" da kuma "rayuwa ta shan sigari, rashin jin daɗi, bin 'yan mata, amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi masu wuya, dare-club, da kuma tsayawa tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na sihiri".<ref name="Agyinasare's Life">{{Cite journal |last=Asamoah-Gyadu |first=John |date=2005 |title=Anointing Through the Screen: Neo-Pentecostalism and Televised Christianity in Ghana |url=https://www.academia.edu/4395837 |journal=Studies in World Christianity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=9–28 |doi=10.3366/swc.2005.11.1.9 |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> Daga baya aka kore shi daga St. Martin. A shekara ta 1980, an gayyaci Agyinasare zuwa Cocin Fentikos, inda, yana da shekaru 18, ya tuba zuwa [[Kiristanci]], an fitar da shi daga rayuwarsa ta lalata, kuma ya shiga Cocin Fintikos.<ref name="Agyinasare's Life" /> A cikin 2011 Agyinasare ya yi sanarwa ta doka game da canza sunan zuwa Charles Agyinasore . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Agyinasare's Name Change |url=http://www.perezchapel.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Change-Of-Name.pdf |access-date=29 August 2015 |website=Perezchapel.org |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071050/http://www.perezchapel.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Change-Of-Name.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1984, Enoch Agbodzo ya naɗa Agyinasare a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. A shekara ta 1986, ya yi tafiya zuwa Najeriya don nazarin shirin yaƙi a karkashin jagorancin Benson Idahosa a Benin City, Najeriya. A halin yanzu (2015) babban fasto ne na Perez Dome, wanda ke da ɗakin taro mai kujeru 14,000, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature: Adom Praiz 2013: The Perez Dome is looking for a challenge {{!}} Ghana News24 |url=http://www.ghananews24.com/news/feature-adom-praiz-2013-the-perez-dome-is-looking-for-a-challenge |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=Ghana News 24. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin babban ɗakin taro a Ghana. Shugaban Ghana, [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]], a ziyarar ya bayyana wurin ibada a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na Ghana". <ref>{{Cite web |title='Curses will chase you all your life' - Agyinasare to armed robbers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Curses-will-chase-you-all-your-life-Agyinasare-to-armed-robbers-631238 |access-date=2018-03-20 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> == Tasirin == A shekara ta 2007 Agyinasare ya sami lambar yabo ta kasa - memba na Order of the Volta (MV) - daga tsohon Shugaban Jamhuriyar [[Ghana]] [[John Kufuor|John Agyekum Kufuor]], saboda nasarorin da ya samu wajen kare kyawawan Afirka a matsayin shugaban addini.<ref name="MV2">{{Cite web |title=76 Nominated for National Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/138662/1/76-nominated-for-national-awards.html |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=Modern Ghana |publisher=myjoyonline}}</ref><ref name="MV Nominees2">{{Cite web |title=Government Nominates 76 For National Awards |url=http://ama.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=nws&read=5921 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=AMA Ghana District |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Farfesa Clifton Clarke ya ba Agyinasare lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Duniya daga Jami'ar Regent, Amurka don nuna godiya ga kokarin da ya yi na tayar da shugabannin a duk faɗin duniya da kuma tasirinsa a duk faɗakarwar duniya.<ref name="GLA2">{{Cite web |title=Bishop Agyinasare Honoured With Global Leadership Award |url=http://m.starrfmonline.com/1.4672161 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website= |publisher=StarrFM Online |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224941/http://m.starrfmonline.com/1.4672161 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba shi sanarwa daga Jihar Texas kuma ɗan ƙasa ne mai daraja na Texas. An ce Agyinasare shine dan Ghana na 20 mafi tasiri bisa ga wani zabe a Ghana wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.facebook.com/Archbishop.Charles.Agyinasare?mibextid=LQQJ4d] * [http://www.perezchapel.org Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Perez Chapel] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 2y4x3ryhem8449mcr22t35cub6i3nmm 0 119020 965710 727265 2026-10-10T08:48:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Bankole Adeleye''' (an haife shi 16 Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan dambe ne na Biritaniya. A matakin yanki, ya rike kambun [[Damben nauyi|babban nauyi]] na Burtaniya a 2025; kuma an ƙalubalanci sau ɗaya don taken Commonwealth a 2023. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Adeleye a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1996 a birnin Landan na kasar Ingila, Adeleye da ne ga iyayen Najeriya da suka fito daga [[Ikole]] a [[Ekiti|jihar Ekiti]], Najeriya. <ref name="University">{{Cite web |last=Adeoye |first=Adewale |date=July 12, 2020 |title=23-year old Ekiti Boy Looks Up To World Heavy Weight Champion By Adewale Adeoye |url=https://newspotng.com/122408-2/ |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Newspot Nigeria}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}</ref> Iyayen Adeleye ba su taɓa fatan ya shiga wasan damben ƙwararru ba har sai ya kammala karatunsa na gaba . <ref name="University" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=Tony |date=April 17, 2020 |title=23-year old Ekiti Boy Looks Up To World Heavy Weight Champion By Adewale Adeoye |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/boxing/david-adeleye-interview-tyson-fury-heavyweight-boxing-news-a4416226.html |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Adeleye ya girma, ya sha'awar Lennox Lewis, [[Muhammad Ali]] da Roy Jones Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagioff |first=Jonathan |date=April 16, 2020 |title=One To Watch: David Adeleye |url=https://www.proboxing-fans.com/one-to-watch-david-adeleye/ |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Pro Boxing Fans}}</ref> == Amateur aiki == Adeleye ya fara dambe ne a kungiyar matasa ta Dale, yana dan shekara 14, karkashin jagorancin Gary McGuiness. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- staff --> |date=May 26, 2013 |title=English Junior & Youth National Championships |url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Nationalchamps/England2013j.html |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Amateur Boxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Craig |date=January 18, 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: David Adeleye – "Life: Bigger Than Boxing…" |url=https://boxing-social.com/interviews/exclusive-david-adeleye-life-bigger-boxing/ |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Boxing Social}}</ref> zama zakara na Junior ABA a cikin 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- staff --> |date=July 12, 2019 |title=David Adeleye Enters The Heavyweight Mix With Frank Warren |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/david-adeleye-enters-heavyweight-mix-with-frank-warren--140790 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Boxing Scene}}</ref> ya lashe Babban ABA Novices a 2017 kafin ya lashe taken Senior [[British Universities and Colleges Sport|ABA]] a 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- staff --> |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Knock-out success for student boxer |url=https://www.wlv.ac.uk/news-and-events/latest-news/2018/february-2018/knock-out-success-for-student-boxer.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117205208/https://www.wlv.ac.uk/news-and-events/latest-news/2018/february-2018/knock-out-success-for-student-boxer.php |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuli 2019, an tabbatar da cewa Adeleye ya zama ƙwararre a ƙarƙashin tutar Frank Warren 's Queensberry Promotions. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- staff --> |date=July 12, 2019 |title=ADELEYE ADDED TO THE HEAVYWEIGHT MIX |url=https://www.frankwarren.com/adeleye-added-to-the-heavyweight-mix/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123201015/https://www.frankwarren.com/adeleye-added-to-the-heavyweight-mix/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Queensberry Promotions}}</ref> Adeleye ya fara wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a kan 21 Disamba 2019, akan katin shaidar Daniel Dubois a kan Kyotaro Fujimoto don buƙatun WBC Azurfa mai nauyi a filin Copper Box Arena a London. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- staff --> |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Heavyweight hopeful David Adeleye discusses Daniel Dubois sparring sessions |url=https://www.britishboxingnews.co.uk/blogs/heavyweight-hopeful-david-adeleye-discusses-daniel-dubois-sparring-sessions |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=British Boxing News}}</ref> Alkalin wasa, Mark Bates, ya dakatar da ci gaba yayin da Adeleye ya doke dan wasan Lithunaian Dmitrij Kalinovskij ta hanyar buga fasaha (TKO) a zagaye na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foster |first=Elliot |date=December 21, 2019 |title=David Adeleye Begins Pro Career With First-Round Stoppage |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/david-adeleye-begins-pro-career-with-first-round-stoppage--145336 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=Boxing Scene}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2020, Adeleye ya dawo tare da buga zagaye na biyu akan Matt Gordon a BT Sport Studio a London. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mole |first=Dan |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Gordon Hoping For Home Comforts |url=https://www.intuboxing.com/latest-boxing-news/Gordon-Hoping-For-Home-Comforts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206005232/https://www.intuboxing.com/latest-boxing-news/Gordon-Hoping-For-Home-Comforts |archive-date=6 December 2020 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=IntuBoxing}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- staff --> |date=July 10, 2020 |title=David Adeleye-Matthew Gordon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/calendar/2020-07 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Yaƙi na uku na Adeleye shine komawa BT Sport Studio a ranar 29 ga Agusta a kan Phil Williams, wanda Adeleye ya tsaya a zagaye na uku, inda ya samu nasarar lashe wasansa na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishabh |date=August 30, 2020 |title=KNOCKOUT! David Adeleye Crushes Phil Williams in the Third Round |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/boxing-news-knockout-david-adeleye-crushes-phil-williams-in-the-third-round/ |access-date=November 28, 2020 |website=EssentiallySports}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 1ntxwqdri3snacfqmyy14f334yozaj1 0 119862 965251 788889 2026-10-09T13:31:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 13 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mawakin Amurka [[Cassie (album)|''Cassie'']]_Ventura" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cassie Ventura">Cassie Ventura, wanda aka fi sani da Cassie, ya fitar da kundi daya na studio, Mixtape daya, mutane goma sha uku (ciki har da uku a matsayin mai zane-zane) da bidiyon kiɗa guda goma sha ɗaya. Ta rubuta waƙarta ta farko, "Kiss Me", tare da Ryan Leslie don ranar haihuwar mahaifiyarta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005. Leslie ta sanya hannu kan Ventura zuwa NextSelection, ta rubuta kuma ta samar da waƙarta ta farko, "Me & U", a wannan shekarar. Ba da daɗewa ba waƙar ta fara yaduwa bayan an samo ta a shafinta Mai suna My Space kuma ta zama kulob din da aka buga a kasar Jamus. A halin yanzu, [[Sean Combs|Diddy]] ya haɗu da Leslie don fitar da kundi na farko na Ventura mai suna Cassie a watan Agustan shekara 2006, ta hanyar Bad Boy da Atlantic Records.<ref name="CassieBio">{{Cite web |title=Cassie |url=http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/singer_300/343_cassie.html |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=[[AskMen|AskMen.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2006 |title=Player Watch - Diddy and Mario's Leading Lady |url=http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/8602 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418234731/http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/8602 |archive-date=April 18, 2006 |publisher=[[SOHH]]}}</ref> Kundin ya fara ne a lamba ta huɗu a kan <nowiki><i id="mwJg">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 na Amurka kuma an tsara shine a cikin saman arba'in a cikin UK Albums Chart, inda daga baya ya sami takardar shaidar azurfa daga Masana'antar Phonographic ta kasar Burtaniya. "Me & U" ya kai saman goma na kasashe da yawa, ciki har da lamba ta uku a kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 kuma ya kwashe makonni bakwai a saman sashin Airplay na Amurka, an tabbatar da shi Platinum ta hanyar Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Amurka yana sayar da sama da miliyan ɗaya na sauke dijital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Blige rules the airwaves |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-01-02-airplay-main_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215140035/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-01-02-airplay-main_x.htm |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Sakamakon "Long Way 2 Go" shine na karshe na kundin kuma duk da rashin nasara a Amurka, ya ci gaba da kaiwa saman cikin manyan kasashe arba'in daban-daban. A shekara ta 2007, Ventura ta ba da gudummawa kwarai tare da "Is It You" zuwa Mataki na 2: The Streets soundtrack, kuma tana fitowa a cikin fim din. A wannan lokacin, an nuna ta a kan Leslie ta "Addiction" daga kundi na farko. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Ventura ta fitar da jerin waƙoƙi masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka kasa jagorantar aikin cikakken lokaci na biyu, gami da "Official Girl", wanda ke nuna Lil Wayne shekarar (2008), "Must Be Love", wanda ke dauke da [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]] (2009), da kuma "Let's Get Crazy", wanda ke monisa Akon (2009), yayin da waƙoƙoƙi da yawa daga zaman rikodin aikin suka [[Music leak|ɓace]] a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2013 |title=Exclusive Q&A: Cassie Talks 'RockaByeBaby,' Diddy's Influence, & Finding Her Freedom |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/04/08/exclusive-qa-cassie-talks-rockabyebaby-diddys-influence-finding-her-freedom/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=[[Rap-Up]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208062951/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/04/08/exclusive-qa-cassie-talks-rockabyebaby-diddys-influence-finding-her-freedom/ |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RABBInterv2">{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2013 |title=Conversations with Cassie |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/cassie-rock-a-bye-baby |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 30, 2008 |title=Cassie's unreleased classic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/dec/30/cassie-unreleased-album |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2011, an nuna ta a kan ''Bad Boy Presents: The Preview'' mixtape tare da sabbin waƙoƙi guda biyu, "Radio", tare da Fabolous, da "Make You a Believer", tare da [[Jadakiss]], yana sanar da sakin sabon "King of Hearts" a shekara mai zuwa, ta hanyar Interscope Records (daga baya an haɗa shi a kan ''[[Bad Boy 20th Anniversary Box Set Edition]]''). <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2011 |title=New Music: Cassie f/ Fabolous - 'Radio' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/09/03/new-music-cassie-f-fabolous-radio/ |website=Rap-Up |access-date=November 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215035032/http://www.rap-up.com/2011/09/03/new-music-cassie-f-fabolous-radio/ |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Ventura kuma ta saki waƙar haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Nicki Minaj]], "The Boys", tsakanin bayyanar baƙi tare da wasu masu fasaha, da kuma wani tallace-tallace guda, "Balcony", wanda ke nuna Young Jeezy, bayan ta bayyana cewa tana aiki a kan mixtape. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Ventura ta fitar da mixtape ta farko ''RockaByeBaby'' zuwa karɓar karɓa mai kyau da yabo mai mahimmanci, wanda aka gabatar da bidiyon farko na "Numb", wanda ke nuna Rick Ross, da "Paradise", wanda ke dauke da [[Wiz Khalifa]], yayin da take da'awar har yanzu tana aiki a kan kundi na biyu a lokaci guda.<ref name="RABBInterv">{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2013 |title=Conversations with Cassie |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/cassie-rock-a-bye-baby |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2013 |title=Interview: Cassie Talks Working in a Boys Club, Her "RockaByeBaby" Mixtape, and Unreleased Music With Kanye and Pharrell |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/04/interview-cassie-talks-rockabyebaby-mixtape-and-more/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta ba da gudummawa tare da waƙa, "Indo", ga kundin rikodin rikodin Solange Knowles ''Saint Heron'' . <ref name="StHeron">{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2013 |title=New Music: Cassie - 'Indo' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/11/11/new-music-cassie-indo/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206081931/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/11/11/new-music-cassie-indo/ |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2016, an saki "Joint (No Sleep) " a matsayin wani ɓangare na Honey 3: Dare to Dance soundtrack bayan an jefa Ventura a cikin jagorancin fim din. <ref name="Honey3">{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2016 |title=Honey 3: Dare to Dance (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/honey-3-dare-to-dance-original/1147396105 |access-date=September 2, 2016 |publisher=Itunes.apple.com (United States)}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, ta sanar da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tare da Epic Records da Bad Boy tare da sakin guda daya da ake kira "Love a Loser".<ref name="LAL">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Cassie – "Love A Loser" (Feat. G-Eazy) |url=http://www.stereogum.com/1955880/cassie-love-a-loser-feat-g-eazy/music/ |access-date=August 4, 2017 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref> An bi shi da "Don't Play It Safe", wanda Kaytranada ya samar kuma an saita shi don gaba da aikin da su biyun suka yi.<ref name="DPIS">{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Video: Cassie - 'Don't Play It Safe' |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2018/01/09/video-cassie-dont-play-it-safe/ |access-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101180307/https://www.rap-up.com/2018/01/09/video-cassie-dont-play-it-safe/ |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin rani na 2019, Cassie ta bayyana ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta cewa za ta sauke waƙoƙi ne kawai a kan dandamali masu gudana a cikin 'yan makonni, wanda aka kira Free Friday's, wanda ya kafa jerin waƙoƙe don bikin ƙaddamar da sabon lakabin Ventura Music mai zaman kansa. Ta ce, "#FreeFridays motsa jiki ne a cikin 'yanci wanda nake fatan duk ku ji daɗi kuma za ku ci gaba da jin daɗi. "<ref name="freefridays">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2019 |title=Cassie on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B07mCLVHY1K/ |access-date=November 1, 2019 |publisher=Instagram}}</ref><ref name="freefridays2">{{Cite web |title=Cassie - Free Fridays on Genius |url=https://genius.com/albums/Cassie/Free-fridays |access-date=November 1, 2019 |publisher=Genius.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cassie Ventura Fine, Musician And Model On Being Newly Married, A Mama-To-Be And Her Heartfelt Advice To Her Unborn Daughter |url=https://blog.hatchcollection.com/cassie-ventura-fine-musician-and-model-on-being-newly-married-a-mama-to-be-and-her-heartfelt-advice-to-her-unborn-daughter/ |access-date=November 1, 2019 |publisher=Hatch Blog}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin 'yan wasa na gabatarwa, yana nuna shekarar da aka saki da sunan kundin ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"Sound of Love" <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2011 |title=iTunes — Music — Sound of Love (feat. Cassie) - Single by DJ Komori |url=https://music.apple.com/jp/album/sound-love-feat-cassie-single/463707861?l=en |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Itunes.apple.com (Japan)}}</ref> (DJ Komori tare da Cassie) <br />{{Small|(DJ Komori featuring Cassie)}} | rowspan="3" |2011 |''R&B Hits na Musamman Vol.4'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ka sanya ka a Believer" (tare da Jadakiss) <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2011 |title=iTunes — Music — Make You a Believer (feat. Jadakiss) - Single by Cassie |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/make-you-believer-feat-jadakiss/469416407 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Itunes.apple.com (United States)}}</ref><br />{{Small|(featuring [[Jadakiss]])}} | rowspan="2" |''Bad Boy Presents: The Preview'' |- ! scope="row" |"Radio" (tare da Fabolous) <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2011 |title=iTunes — Music — Radio (feat. Fabolous) - Single by Cassie |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/radio-feat-fabolous-single/469416321 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Itunes.apple.com (United States)}}</ref><br />{{Small|(featuring Fabolous)}} |- ! scope="row" |"Babygirl" (N.O.R.E. tare da Cassie) <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2012 |title=iTunes — Music — Babygirl (feat. Cassie) - Single by N.O.R.E |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/babygirl-feat-cassie-single/524175859 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Itunes.apple.com (United States)}}</ref><br />{{Small|([[N.O.R.E.]] featuring Cassie)}} | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Rashin Steroids'' |- ! scope="row" |"Balcony" (tare da Young Jeezy) <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2012 |title=iTunes — Music — Balcony (feat. Young Jeezy) - Single by Cassie |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/balcony-feat-young-jeezy-single/1444998457 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Itunes.apple.com (United States)}}</ref><br />{{Small|(featuring [[Young Jeezy]])}} | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Moments" (tare da The Code) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moments |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6CBRAamDGogWbCQCiPqBIS |access-date=June 24, 2019 |website=[[Spotify]].com}}</ref><br /> | rowspan="8" |2019 | rowspan="8" |''Lissafin Wasanni na Jumma'a kyauta''{{Efn|The songs were available on streaming platforms as a playlist and were not released for sale.<ref name="freefridays"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cassieventura.co/freefridaysplaylists|title=Free Friday's Playlist - Cassie|publisher=Cassie's Official Website|access-date=November 1, 2019|archive-date=November 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101174100/https://www.cassieventura.co/freefridaysplaylists|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="freefridays2"/>}} |- ! scope="row" |"Gafãwa" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Excuses |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3uGeouTAVexN15nLNhnx1J |access-date=June 28, 2019 |website=Spotify.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Hungary"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungover |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1Z6w6tFlxMkrafyZBhZJRz |access-date=June 28, 2019 |website=Spotify.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Kada ku bari ku tafi" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't Let Go – Single by Cassie |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dont-let-go-single/1472444562 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Music.apple.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Yana magana game da" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaking Of |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5XqU4hKzkKYvHNX1ANk4Jl |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Spotify.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Rollercoaster" (tare da Ro James) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rollercoaster (feat. Ro James) - Single by Cassie & Ro James |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rollercoaster-feat-ro-james-single/1470333706 |access-date=August 25, 2019 |website=Music.apple.com}}</ref><br />{{Small|(featuring [[Ro James]])}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ka koya mini"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teach Me - Single by Cassie |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teach-me-single/1474000052 |access-date=August 25, 2019 |website=Music.apple.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Abubuwa masu sauki" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simple Things - Single by Cassie |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/simple-things-single/1475725706 |access-date=August 25, 2019 |website=Music.apple.com}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin bidiyon kiɗa, yana nuna shekarar da aka saki, sauran masu fasaha da daraktoci ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Sauran masu zane-zane ! scope="col" style="width:17em;" |Darakta (s) ! scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! colspan="5" scope="col" |A matsayin jagora mai zane |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |"Ni da U" | rowspan="3" |2006| rowspan="4" {{N/a|None}} |Ray Kay |<ref name="RayKay">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Q & A with Director and Photographer Ray Kay |url=http://effusiveplastic.com/wp-images/Curious_Artist_RayKay.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062340/http://effusiveplastic.com/wp-images/Curious_Artist_RayKay.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |publisher=Effusiveplastic.com}}</ref> |- |Ƙananan X{{Efn|Little X's video version was not officially released.}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2011 |title=The 100 Best Music Videos of the 2000s |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/12/the-100-best-music-videos-of-the-2000s/cassie-me-and-u-myspace-version |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Complex}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Hanyar Tsawon Hanya 2 Go" |Erik White |<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2006 |title=Cassie - Long Way To Go |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/cassie/107400/long-way-to-go.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107001858/http://www.mtv.com/videos/cassie/107400/long-way-to-go.jhtml#artist=2335742 |archive-date=November 7, 2008 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=[[MTV.com]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Shin Kai ne" | rowspan="2" |2008 |Jon M. Chu |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2008 |title=Features - Step Up 2 The Streets - An Interview with Cassie Ventura |url=http://www.blackfilm.com/20080208/features/cassieventura.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617134229/http://www.blackfilm.com/20080208/features/cassieventura.shtml |archive-date=June 17, 2008 |publisher=blackfilm.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Yarinya ta hukuma" |Lil Wayne |Chris Robinson |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |date=June 19, 2008 |title=Cassie Snags The In-Demand Lil Wayne For 'Official Girl' Video - With A Little Help From Diddy |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589688/cassie-snags-indemand-lil-wayne-official-girl-video.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905092949/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589688/cassie-snags-indemand-lil-wayne-official-girl-video.jhtml |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=MTV.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ya kamata ya zama soyayya" |2009 |Puff Daddy |Bernard Gourley |<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2009 |title=New Video: Cassie, 'Must Be Love,' Featuring Diddy |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2293951/new-video-cassie-must-be-love-featuring-diddy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215063556/http://www.mtv.com/news/2293951/new-video-cassie-must-be-love-featuring-diddy/ |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=MTV.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Sarkin Zuciya" | rowspan="3" |2012| rowspan="2" {{N/a|None}} |Christopher Sims |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Sims - About |url=http://www.simsdirector.com/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116112153/http://www.simsdirector.com/biography |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |publisher=Simsdirector.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Sarkin Zuciya" <small> (R3hab Remix) </small> |Julien Bachelet |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2012 |title=Cassie - "King of Hearts" (R3hab Remix) Music Video |url=http://soulculture.com/music-blog/musicvids/cassie-king-of-hearts-r3hab-remix-music-video/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207104410/http://soulculture.com/music-blog/musicvids/cassie-king-of-hearts-r3hab-remix-music-video/ |archive-date=2016-02-07 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Soulculture.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Yara maza" |Nicki Minaj |Colin Tilley |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2012 |title=Behind the Video: Nicki Minaj f/ Cassie - 'The Boys' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/10/03/behind-the-video-nicki-minaj-f-cassie-the-boys/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075234/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/10/03/behind-the-video-nicki-minaj-f-cassie-the-boys/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Numb" | rowspan="4" |2013 |Rick Ross | rowspan="2" |Alex Nazari |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Video: Cassie f/ Rick Ross - 'Numb' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/04/02/video-cassie-f-rick-ross-numb/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206102834/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/04/02/video-cassie-f-rick-ross-numb/ |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Aljanna" |Wiz Khalifa |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2013 |title=Video: Cassie f/ Wiz Khalifa - 'Paradise' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/04/09/video-cassie-f-wiz-khalifa-paradise/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210737/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/04/09/video-cassie-f-wiz-khalifa-paradise/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Na san abin da kuke so" | rowspan="1" {{N/a|None}} |Chris Latouche, Jay-Ohh |<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2013 |title=Video: Cassie - 'I Know What You Want' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/09/05/video-cassie-i-know-what-you-want/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002117/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/09/05/video-cassie-i-know-what-you-want/ |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ina son shi" |Abin mamaki |Chris Latouche |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2013 |title=Behind the Video: Cassie f/ Fabolous - 'I Love It' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/05/20/behind-the-video-cassie-f-fabolous-i-love-it/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207104044/http://www.rap-up.com/2013/05/20/behind-the-video-cassie-f-fabolous-i-love-it/ |archive-date=February 7, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ƙaunar Mai Rashin Nasara" |2017 |G-Eazy |Harrison Boyce |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2017 |title=Video: Cassie feat. G-Eazy – 'Love a Loser' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/10/10/video-cassie-g-eazy-love-a-loser/ |website=Rap-Up |access-date=November 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014235556/https://www.rap-up.com/2017/10/10/video-cassie-g-eazy-love-a-loser/ |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Kada ku yi wasa lafiya" |2018| rowspan="1" {{N/a|None}} |Rayuwa Garland |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosten Burks |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Video: Cassie – "Don't Play It Safe" |url=https://www.spin.com/2018/01/cassie-dont-play-it-safe-video/ |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" scope="col" |Bayyanar baƙi |- ! scope="row" |"Aboki ne kawai 2002" |2002 | rowspan="2" |Mario |Diane Martel |<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Happy Birthday, Cassie! |url=http://theboombox.com/happy-birthday-cassie/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Theboombox.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"A nan Na sake zuwa" |2005 |Ray Kay |<ref name="RayKay" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Ƙarfi Ƙarfi" | rowspan="2" |2007 |[[Kanye West]] |Hype Williams |<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2007 |title=Kanye West's 'Stronger' Video: Japanese Motorcycle Gangs, Mad Scientists — And Cassie |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1562919/kanye-premieres-stronger-video-nyc.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815232654/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1562919/kanye-premieres-stronger-video-nyc.jhtml |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=MTV.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Roc Boys (Kuma Mai Nasara shine)..." |Jay-Z |Chris Robinson |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2007 |title=Video: Jay-Z - 'Roc Boys (And The Winner Is)...' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2007/11/06/video-jay-z-roc-boys-and-the-winner-is/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107193235/http://www.rap-up.com/2007/11/06/video-jay-z-roc-boys-and-the-winner-is/ |archive-date=November 7, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Crawl" |2009 |Chris Brown |Joseph Kahn |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2009 |title=Chris Brown's 'Crawl' Video Makes A 'Big Statement,' Director Says |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1625049/chris-browns-crawl-video-makes-big-statement-director.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171824/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1625049/chris-browns-crawl-video-makes-big-statement-director.jhtml |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=MTV.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ciroc Star" | rowspan="2" |2010 |Chester Faransanci, Diddy, Jadakiss, Clinton Sparks<br /> |Talabijin mai ban sha'awa |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2010 |title=The Ciroc Boys Are In The Building In New Chester French Video |url=http://www.vibe.com/2010/01/ciroc-boys-are-building-new-chester-french-video/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Vibe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"B.M.F. (Blowin' Money Fast) " |Rick Ross, Styles PHanyoyin P |Parris |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2014 |title=Magnum Opus: The Making of Rick Ross' "B.M.F. (Blowin' Money Fast)" f/ Styles P |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2014/11/magnum-opus-the-making-of-rick-ross-bmf-f-styles-p |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Complex |archive-date=February 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207120042/http://www.complex.com/music/2014/11/magnum-opus-the-making-of-rick-ross-bmf-f-styles-p |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Roll Up" |2011 |Wiz Khalifa |Jake Davis |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2011 |title=First Look: Wiz Khalifa Falls For Cassie in 'Roll Up' Video |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/02/10/first-look-wiz-khalifa-falls-for-cassie-in-roll-up-video/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141105/http://www.rap-up.com/2011/02/10/first-look-wiz-khalifa-falls-for-cassie-in-roll-up-video/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Mai Kira" <small> (Remix) </small> |2012 |Faransanci Montana, Diddy, Rick Ross, Charlie Rock<br /> |Colin Tilley |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2012 |title=Video: French Montana f/ Diddy & Rick Ross - 'Shot Caller (Remix)' |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/02/21/video-french-montana-f-diddy-rick-ross-shot-caller-remix/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |website=Rap-Up |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140939/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/02/21/video-french-montana-f-diddy-rick-ross-shot-caller-remix/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ni ɗan Coke ne" <small> (Remix) </small> |2013 |[Hasiya] An yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi amfani da su<br /> |Talabijin mai ban sha'awa |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2013 |title=New Video: Chinx Drugz Feat. French Montana, Rick Ross & Diddy "I'm A Cokeboy (Remix)" |url=http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/chinx-drugz-ft-french-montana-rick-ross-diddy-cassie-im-a-cokeboy-video/ |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=MissInfo.tv |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200015/http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/chinx-drugz-ft-french-montana-rick-ross-diddy-cassie-im-a-cokeboy-video/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ba na Kai ba" |2015 |Keke Palmer |Mia Swier, Jim Swaffield | |- ! scope="row" |"#Wheresthelove" |2016 |Black Eyed Peas, Duniya |Michael Jurkovac |<ref name="BEP">{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2016 |title=Black Eyed Peas Reunite for "#WHERESTHELOVE" Launching Appeal to Stop Shootings and Violence |url=http://iamangelfoundation.org/black-eyed-peas-reunite-for-wheresthelove-campaign-against-violence/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913202445/http://iamangelfoundation.org/black-eyed-peas-reunite-for-wheresthelove-campaign-against-violence/ |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=iamangelfoundation.org}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Corazon" |2022 |Ilham, Faransanci Montana |Karrueche Tran, Robert Hanaford |<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2022 |title=ilham - corazon ft. French Montana |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o8y6SaA6d0 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Mai sihiri" |2023 |Chris Brown, Jack Harlow |Cameron Dean |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2023 |title=Chris Brown Drops 'Psychic' Video With Jack Harlow And Cassie |url=https://www.rap-up.com/2023/02/20/chris-brown-psychic-video-jack-harlow-cassie/ |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=Rap-Up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220194318/https://www.rap-up.com/2023/02/20/chris-brown-psychic-video-jack-harlow-cassie/ |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == <references /> ed530k0zfshurp8yr8pazhqolb0i41x 0 121123 965368 789016 2026-10-09T18:27:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brentford Football Club''' ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a yankin Brentford, kudancin [[Landan|London]], kasar [[Ingila]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], babbar kungiyar [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]]. An kafa kulob din da ake kira "The Bees", a 1889 kuma ya buga wasannin gida a Griffin Park daga 1904 kafin ya koma Filin wasa na Brentford Community a 2020. Brentford da farko ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kafin su shiga London League a 1896 kuma sun gama a matsayin masu cin gaba a Division na biyu sannan kuma Division na farko don lashe zaben a cikin Southern League a 1898. Sun lashe Kudancin Kudancin a 1900-01 kuma an zabe su a cikin Kungiyar kwallon kafa a 1920. Kungiyar Brentford ta lashe lambar yabo ta Kudu ta Uku a 1932-33 da kuma lambar yabo ta biyu a 1934-35. Kungiyar ta ji daɗin samun nasara a saman jirgin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila, ta kai matsayi na biyar a cikin Sashen Farko, a cikin 1935-36, mafi girman wasan da suka taɓa yi, kafin sauye-sauye uku sun bar su a cikin Sashe na huɗu a shekarar 1962. Sun lashe gasar zakarun hudu a 1962-63, amma an sake su a 1966 kuma a 1973 bayan sun sami ci gaba a 1971-72. Kungiyar Brentford ya shafe shekaru 14 a cikin Sashe na Uku bayan ya sami ci gaba a 1977-78 kuma ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Uku a 1991-92, kodayake an sake sake shi a 1993. An sake komawa Brentford zuwa matsayi na huɗu a shekarar 1998 kuma sun sami ci gaba a matsayin zakara a yakin 1998-99. An sake komawa kulob din a shekara ta 2007 kuma ya sami ci gaba a matsayin zakara na League Two a 2008-09 sannan aka ci gaba daga League One a 2013-14. Sun yi kamfen din da ba su yi nasara ba a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 2015 da 2020. Kungiyar Brentford suna da mummunar rikodin a wasan karshe, sun kammala a matsayin masu cin gaba a gasar cin kofin Associate Members ' Cup / Football League Trophy na karshe (1985, 2001 da 2011) kuma sun rasa wasan karshe na wasanni hudu (a 1997 na biyu na karshe, 2002 na biyu na biyu na ƙarshe, 2013 na League One da 2020 Championship na karshe). Koyaya, Brentford ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2021 don a inganta shi zuwa matakin mafi girma a karo na farko tun lokacin 1946-47. Manyan abokan hamayyarsu sune 'yan kungiyar Fulham da kuma Queens Park Rangers na Yammacin London. Suna da alaƙa da kulob din Mata na Brentford Women . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Brentford_FC_League_Performance.svg|thumb|Matsayi na Brentford tun daga kakar 1920-21 na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa.]] === 1889-1920: Kafawa da farkon shekarun === A shekara ta 1889, garin Brentford, Middlesex ya kasance gidan Brentford Rowing Club da Boston Park [[Kurket|Cricket]] Club.{{Sfn|White|1989}} Kokarin kafa kungiyoyin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] da rugby a garin ya fadi a kan hanya har sai an bude sabon filin shakatawa a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1889.{{Sfn|White|1989}} Kwanaki bakwai da suka gabata, an gudanar da wani taro a mashaya na Oxford & Cambridge kusa da Kew Bridge, a lokacin da aka yi ƙoƙari tsakanin mambobin kulob din motsa jiki da na wasan kurket don yanke shawarar yadda za a yi amfani da filin shakatawa.{{Sfn|White|1989}} A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1889, mambobin kulob din jirgin ruwa sun sake haduwa a mashaya na Oxford & Cambridge kuma an zabe shi cewa sabon kulob din zai buga kwallon kafa, za a kira shi "Brentford Football Club".{{Sfn|White|1989}} A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1889, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brett |first=Ciaran |title=Match report from Brentford FC's first ever fixture |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/125-years-ago-today.........._61046 |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=brentfordfc.com}}</ref> kulob din ya shirya wasan motsa jiki na farko kuma a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba an buga wasan farko na kulob din da Kew, wanda ya haifar da 1-1 draw.{{Sfn|White|1989}} A kakar 1892-93 kungiyar Brentford ta shiga gasar a karo na farko - West London Alliance . {{Sfn|White|1989}}{{Sfn|White|1989}} Shekarar 1894-95 ita ce lokacin da kulob din Brentford ta fara samun laƙabi, The Bees . Wani rukuni na mutane daga Kwalejin Borough Road sun zo wasan don tallafawa abokinsu Joseph Gettins wanda ke buga kungiyar Brentford wasa a lokacin. Sun yi ihu a makarantarsu, 'Buck up Bs!' amma kafofin watsa labarai sun ji shi ba daidai ba ne kamar 'Buck Up bees!', kuma sunan ya makale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title=Brentford |url=https://premierskillsenglish.britishcouncil.org/clubs/brentford |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=premierskillsenglish.britishcouncil.org |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213025946/https://premierskillsenglish.britishcouncil.org/clubs/brentford |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Vince |title=THE BEES. THE HISTORY OF BRENTFORD – Part One {{!}} Read The League |url=https://readtheleague.com/if-you-know-your-history/the-bees-the-history-of-brentford-part-one |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 1915, Kudancin Kudancin ya soke gasar ta tsawon lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]].{{Sfn|White|1989}} Brentford ta yi gasa a cikin London Combination a lokacin yakin.{{Sfn|White|1989}} An kashe tawagar ta hanyar kiran 'yan wasa don hidima ko aikin yaƙi.{{Sfn|White|1989}} Brentford ya lashe lambar yabo ta London Combination a 1918-19, maki hudu a gaban masu kalubalantar kungiyar [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].{{Sfn|White|1989}} Brentford ya ƙi damar neman zabe a gasar kwallon kafa ta 1919-20 kuma a maimakon haka ya nemi zaben zuwa Kungiyar Kudancin ta Farko, wanda aka ba shi, ya kammala a matsayi na 15.{{Sfn|White|1989}} === 1920-1954: Kafawa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa da shekaru masu daraja === A watan Mayu 1920, an zabi kungiyar Brentford da wasu kungiyoyi 20 na Kudancin Kudancin a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a matsayin mambobin da suka kafa Kungiyar ta Uku don kakar 1920-21.{{Sfn|White|1989}} An sanya hannu kan sabbin 'yan wasa 11 kuma wasan farko na Bees na gasar kwallon kafa ya faru ne a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 1920 a Exeter City's St James Park, wanda ya haifar da shan kashi 3-0. {{Sfn|White|1989}}{{Sfn|Haynes|1998}} Duk da kwallaye 18 daga Harry King, rashin kwallaye daga wasu wurare a gefe ya jagoranci Brentford zuwa matsayi na 21, amma an sake zabarsa kulob din a cikin league ba tare da zuwa zabe ba.{{Sfn|White|1989}}{{Sfn|White|1989}} === 2014-yanzu: Hawan zuwa Premier League === [[Fayil:Brentford_Community_Stadium_2020.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar ta tashi daga Griffin Park zuwa Filin wasa na Brentford Community a watan Agustan 2020. <ref name="NewHome">{{Cite web |title=Brentford FC move in to new home |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/brentford-fc-move-in-to-new-home/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=brentfordfc.com}}</ref>]] A kakar wasa ta farko a matakin na biyu tun 1993, Brentford ta kammala a matsayi na 5 amma ta sha kashi a hannun [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] a Wasanni kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brentford results for the 2014–2015 season |url=http://www.statto.com/football/teams/brentford/2014-2015/results |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129082700/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/brentford/2014-2015/results |archive-date=29 November 2016 |access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> A karkashin Dean Smith, Brentford ya zama kungiyar da aka kafa a gasar zakarun Turai. Wanda ya gaji Smith, [[Thomas Frank]], ya dauki Brentford zuwa wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2020 bayan ya kammala na uku a gasar, amma ya rasa 2-1 ga abokan hamayyar West London Fulham . A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2020, kulob din ya tashi daga Griffin Park (gidansa na shekaru 116) kuma ya shiga Filin wasa na Brentford Community, filin wasa mai iya ɗaukar mutane 17,250. <ref name="NewHome2">{{Cite web |title=Brentford FC move in to new home |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/brentford-fc-move-in-to-new-home/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=brentfordfc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101111742/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/brentford-fc-move-in-to-new-home/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Far is it Between Griffin Park, London and Brentford Community Stadium |url=https://www.freemaptools.com/how-far-is-it-between-griffin-park_-london-and-brentford-community-stadium.htm |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref> Brentford a ƙarshe ya karya la'anar wasan kwaikwayo bayan da ya rasa 9 daga cikin 9 na yakin neman zabe wanda a lokacin rikodin ƙasa ne kuma ya fi kyau a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a wannan shekarar, ya sami ci gaba zuwa Premier League tare da nasarar 2-0 a kan Swansea City a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun 2021. Kungiyar Brentford sun taka leda a saman rukuni na Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila a karo na farko a cikin shekaru 74. Frank ya jagoranci kungiyarsa zuwa matsayi na 13, 9, 16 da 10 a cikin kamfen din farko na Brentford na Premier League, kafin ya bar kulob din a watan Yunin 2025 don gudanar da Tottenham Hotspur. An sanar da Keith Andrews a matsayin magajinsa daga baya a wannan watan. == Dalilan yanzu da na baya == * Hanyar Clifden (1889-1891) {{Sfn|Haynes|1998}} * Benn's Field (1891-1895) {{Sfn|Haynes|1998}} * Filin Shotter (1895-1898) {{Sfn|Haynes|1998}} * Hanyar Hanyar (1898-1900) {{Sfn|Haynes|1998}} * Hanyar York (1900-1904) {{Sfn|Haynes|1998}} * Griffin Park (1904-2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The last night at Griffin Park |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/september/griffin-park-floodlight-gallery/ |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Gtech Community Stadium (2020-yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brentford 1 Wycombe Wanderers 1 (Brentford win 4–2 on penalties) |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/september/match-report-for-brentford-vs-wycombe-wanderers-on-06-sep-20/ |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} emdd3lc207pnirmas8jv6t50mxroyd6 0 121598 965741 873602 2026-10-10T10:34:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Didymo_sign_on_gate.JPG|right|thumb|Alamar bayanai ta didymo a ƙofar a Canterbury, New Zealand.]] A shekara ta 2004 an gano '''''Didymosphenia geminata''''', wani diatom da aka fi sani da didymo ko dutse, <ref name="dpiw-tassie">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-04 |title=DPIPWE - Didymo (Rock Snot) |url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter,nsf/WebPages/CART-6R6923?open |access-date=2013-12-01 |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment(Dpiw.tas.gov.au)}}</ref> an gano shi a New Zealand, karo na farko da aka gano shi a Kudancin Hemisphere. Don hana yaduwarsa, an ayyana dukan tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand a matsayin yanki mai sarrafawa a cikin Disamba 2005. Duk abubuwa, kamar jiragen ruwa, kayan kamun kifi, tufafi, da motoci, waɗanda ke cikin rafi, kogi ko tafkin, dole ne a tsaftace su kafin su shiga wata hanyar ruwa. Biosecurity New Zealand da ke aiki tare da Muhalli Southland, AgriQuality da Kifi da Game New Zealand sun ƙaddamar da babban gangamin wayar da kan jama'a don ƙarfafa masu amfani da kogin su tsaftace kayan aikin su bayan amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da abin ya shafa. Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara sosai, tare da 99% na masu amfani da ruwa da aka bincika a cikin 2008 a cikin Kudancin Island suna sane da didymo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Didymo Stakeholder Update - 31 October 2008 |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/update-31-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212200059/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/update-31-10-08 |archive-date=2013-02-12 |access-date=2013-12-01 |publisher=MAF Biosecurity New Zealand www.biosecurity.govt.nz}}</ref> == Sakamakon da ba daidai ba == Didymo na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kwarin da ke zama tushen abinci ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa. Yana iya samar da manyan algal blooms. Yana sanya gadajen ƙorafi su zama slim, wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga masu yin iyo. Didymo blooms kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga: samar da wutar lantarki, ban ruwa da amfani da ruwa na nishaɗi.<ref name="dpiw-tassie"/> Didymo yana toshe matattarar ruwan sha na gida.<ref name="crux1">{{Cite web |title=Fix sorted for slime in Wānaka water |url=https://crux.org.nz/crux-news/fix-sorted-for-slime-in-wanaka-water/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Crux |language=en-NZ}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Yaduwa == A cikin Oktoban 2004, an sami wani girma mai ban mamaki a cikin ƙananan kogin Waiau a Southland. Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa ta gano algae a matsayin Didymosphenia geminata kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ita ce ganowar farko ta New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incursion Chronology 2004 |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/incursion#2004 |access-date=2010-07-25 |publisher=MAF Biosecurity New Zealand www.biosecurity.govt.nz |archive-date=2010-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624063810/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/incursion#2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2005, an gano yawan mutanen didymo a cikin kogin Hāwea, Buller, Ōreti da Upper Clutha. Ana gudanar da gwajin iyakancewa a magudanar ruwa ta Arewa Island da sauran tsarin kogin Kudancin Tsibirin don gano yadda didymo ya yadu a New Zealand. A cikin Oktoba 2007, an gano matattun ƙwayoyin didymo a cikin samfuran ruwa na yau da kullun daga kogin Whanganui, Tongariro, Whakapapa, da rafin Mangatepopo a tsakiyar Tsibirin Arewa, tare da MAF da ake zargin ƙarin gurɓatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2007 |title=Fears didymo is spreading |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1423255 |access-date=2007-10-31 |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220114/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1423255 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2009, an gano didymo a cikin Upper Rangitata River a Canterbury. Kogin Rangitata na Upper an san shi da ɗayan mahimman wuraren zama na kogin don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan bakin gaba, wrybill da sararin samaniya mai haɗari ga galaxias mai tsayi. In February 2010, didymo was detected in the Waimakariri River. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an gano didymo a cikin Kogin Riuwaka, Kogin Pearse da Kogin Maruia a yankin Nelson-Tasman a saman Tsibirin Kudancin. == Hana yaduwar == MAF Biosecurity New Zealand ta ba da shawarar hanyoyin da ke biyowa don hana yaduwar didymo a New Zealand: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Didymo Cleaning Methods |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/cleaning |access-date=2010-07-25 |publisher=MAF Biosecurity New Zealand www.biosecurity.govt.nz |archive-date=2010-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721031409/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/didymo/cleaning |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Bincike''': Kafin barin kogin, cire duk ƙullun algae a bayyane kuma ku nemi kumburi na ɓoye. Bar su a wurin. Idan kun sami dunƙule daga baya kada ku wanke su cikin magudanar ruwa, ku bi su da hanyoyin da aka yarda da su a ƙasa, bushe su kuma saka su a cikin kwandon shara. '''Tsabtace''': Tsabtacewa da kuma share duk abubuwa na akalla minti daya a cikin ruwa mai zafi (60 ° C), mafita ta 2% na bleach na gida ko mafita ta 5% na gishiri, mai tsabtace hannu ko wanki. Dry: Idan tsaftacewa ba ta da amfani (misali dabbobi, dabbobi), bayan abu ya bushe gaba ɗaya jira ƙarin awanni 48 kafin tuntuɓar ko amfani a kowane hanyar dake ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Stirrai da suke mamaye a New Zealand|Dabbobi masu mamayewa a New Zealand]] * Karewa a New Zealand == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.mpi.govt.nz/outdoor-activities/boating-and-watersports-tips-to-prevent-spread-of-pests/check-clean-dry/] a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Farko * [http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/biosecurity/didymo/ Shafin Didymo] a [[Ma'aikatar Karewa (New Zealand)|Ma'aikatar Karewa]] 73jpp9t4278ugdpk7dmbnn7eex6ify2 0 121721 965312 741037 2026-10-09T17:23:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Blaccent (a portmanteau na baki da accent; kuma wani lokacin da aka rubuta shi a matsayin blackcent) kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita, a ko'ina, don bayyana accent da ke da alaƙa da Afirka-Amurka Vernacular English (AAVE). Ana amfani dashi akai-akai don bayyana sau da yawa ana amfani da AAVE ta mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba, wanda masu sukar ke ɗaukarsa nau'i ne na al'adu. A cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020, ya zama sananne tare da mutanen da ba su da baki, kamar rapper Iggy Azalea da actress Awkwafina . == Ma'ana da suka == Kalmar ''baƙar fata'' hoto ce ta kalmomin ''baki'' da ''lafazi'' . Ana iya amfani da shi don kwatanta duk wani lafazin da ke da alaƙa da amfani da [[Turanci na Afirka da Amurka|Ingilishi na Ba-Amurke]] (AAVE), amma an fi amfani da shi don kwatanta wani lafazin ƙirƙira ko abin da aka shafa da waɗanda ba Ba-Amurke ba ke amfani da su a ƙoƙarin yin koyi da salon magana na AAVE. <ref name="AwkExp">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=What a 'blaccent' is, and why it's wrong |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/entertainment/blaccent-explainer-cec/index.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> <ref name="Rose">{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Steve |date=August 2, 2021 |title=Is Zola's use of a 'blaccent' parody or appropriation? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/aug/02/zola-movie-blaccent-parody-or-appropriation |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Amfani na farko na kalmar ''baƙar fata'' don bayyana lafuzzan Ba-Amurke gabaɗaya ya bayyana akan dandalin tattaunawa akan layi a cikin 2003, kodayake ya zama mafi alaƙa da kwaikwayon baƙar fata na AAVE ta 2010s. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2019 |title=blaccent Meaning & Origin |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/blaccent/ |access-date=January 10, 2025 |website=[[Dictionary.com]]}}</ref> Soki-burutsu sau da yawa suna kallon su a matsayin wani nau'i na dacewa da al'adu kuma yana tasowa daga amfani da su don sanya masu amfani da su suyi sanyi, yawanci don samun kuɗi. <ref name="Rodrigo">{{Cite web |last=Greenfield |first=Beth |date=August 6, 2021 |title=When non-Black celebrities like Olivia Rodrigo speak with a 'blaccent,' is it appropriation? Experts explain. |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/non-black-celebrities-olivia-rodrigo-blaccent-appropriation-135706807.html |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref> Marubucin Ba’amurke Mikki Kendall ya bayyana cewa baƙar magana “ƙarya ce masu nuna wariyar launin fata da masu amfani da al’adu suna amfani da shi lokacin da suka kwaikwayi baƙar fata” duk da cewa Ba-Amurkawa ba duka suna raba lafazi ɗaya ba. <ref name="AwkExp"/> Ba'amurke mai fafutuka Bree Newsome ta yi watsi da maganganun banza a matsayin wani nau'i na minstrelsy, musamman saboda watsi da masu amfani da su a kan suna son "nisanta kansu daga baƙar fata", yayin da farfesa Danielle Bainbridge ta kwatanta shi da abin da ta kira "vocal blackface ". <ref name="AwkExp" /> Ga ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya rubuta cewa ra'ayin baƙar fata baƙar fata ya bambanta da na baƙar fata saboda yuwuwar nuna wariyar harshe ga ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe. <ref name="JustFor">{{Cite web |last=McWhorter, John |author-link=John McWhorter |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Black English Doesn't Have to Be Just for Black People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/29/opinion/black-english-white-people.html |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == A cikin nishadi == Ga ''Journal of the American Musicological Society'', Matthew D. Morrison ya rubuta cewa stereotypical yare amfani a cikin Thomas D. Rice ta 19th karni na blackface wasanni na waƙar " Jump Jim Crow " a matsayin halin Jim Crow yayi aiki a matsayin precursor ga m. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrison |first=Matthew D. |date=2019 |title=Race, Blacksound, and the (Re)Making of Musicological Discourse |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26908096 |journal=[[Journal of the American Musicological Society]] |volume=72 |issue=3 |page=800 |issn=0003-0139 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |quote=... the 'blackened' (stereotyped) dialect in the lyric—a precursor to what might be referred to in popular culture today as a feigned 'blaccent.'}}</ref> Blaccents sun kasance sananne a cikin nishaɗin Amurka tun daga 1920s bisa ga Bainbridge, wanda ya nuna jerin shirye-shiryen rediyo ''Amos 'n' Andy'', wanda ya nuna fararen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna wasa baƙar fata, da nasarar [[Elvis Presley]] bayan rikodin waƙar " Hound Dog " a 1956 a matsayin misalan farko na baƙar fata a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka. Mawallafin Carvell Wallace ya rubuta a cikin 2016 cewa ɓangarorin sun kasance "suna da zurfi sosai a cikin tarihin dutse wanda yawanci ba mu lura da shi ba", yana ambaton Presley, Roger Daltrey, Mick Jagger, [[Janis Joplin]], Joe Cocker, da Sting a matsayin misalai. <ref name="CarvellMTV">{{Cite web |last=Wallace, Carvell |author-link=Carvell Wallace |date=June 10, 2016 |title=Stolen Language: The Strange Case Of Meghan Trainor's Blaccent |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2891156/stolen-language-the-strange-case-of-meghan-trainors-blaccent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042808/http://www.mtv.com/news/2891156/stolen-language-the-strange-case-of-meghan-trainors-blaccent/ |archive-date=February 27, 2020 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> Ga ''Vulture'', Lauren Michele Jackson kuma ta rubuta cewa an yi amfani da baƙar fata "ban da ainihin salon magana na baƙar fata" "tun lokacin da Amurka ke da al'adar wasan kwaikwayo don kiran kanta". <ref name="VultOwn">{{Cite web |last=[[Lauren Michele Jackson|Jackson, Lauren Michele]] |date=August 24, 2018 |title=Who Really Owns the 'Blaccent'? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/08/awkwafina-blaccent-cultural-appropriation.html |access-date=January 10, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> <ref name="Rodrigo"/> [[Fayil:Iggy_Azalea_(20541251350).jpg|thumb|Kalmar ''blaccent'' ta kasance tana da alaƙa da mawakiyar Australiya Iggy Azalea ( ''hoton'' ) wanda ya fara a cikin 2015 saboda muryarta ta rapping, wacce ta kwaikwayi tsarin AAVE.]] A cikin 2015, rapper Hauwa'u ta yi amfani da kalmar "baƙar fata" don kwatanta muryar rapping Iggy Azalea, wani farar fata na Australiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stutz |first=Colin |date=January 27, 2015 |title=Jill Scott & Eve Weigh In on Iggy Azalea's 'Blaccent' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/jill-scott-eve-weigh-in-on-iggy-azalea-blaccent-6450997/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar "baƙar fata" akai-akai don bayyanawa da kuma sukar salon rapping na Azalea. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ledbetter |first=Carly |date=March 1, 2016 |title=Iggy Azalea Swears She's 'Not Trying To Sound Black' When She Raps |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/iggy-azalea-not-trying-to-sound-black-elle-canada_n_56d60264e4b0871f60ed03e9 |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dozier |first=Rob |date=March 18, 2020 |title=When White Kids Grow Up on the Black Internet |url=https://www.papermag.com/billie-eilish-black-internet-culture |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenard |first=Patti Tamara |last2=Balint |first2=Peter |date=2020 |title=What is (the wrong of) cultural appropriation? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26931326 |journal=[[Ethnicities (journal)|Ethnicities]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=345 |issn=1468-7968 |access-date=August 8, 2025}}</ref> Ƙididdigar 2015 na zane-zane na Azalea ta masana ilimin harsuna Maeve Eberhardt da Kara Freeman da aka buga a cikin ''Journal of Sociolinguistics'' sun kammala cewa nasarar Azalea saboda amfani da "overzealous" na AAVE a cikin kiɗan ta, ciki har da ta hanyar rashin copula akai-akai a cikin kiɗan ta, da kuma sauran amfani da baƙar fata a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwjQ">kiɗan</i></nowiki> ta monogal . dogara ga rabo da farar gata . <ref name="WaPoMastered">{{Cite web |last=Guo |first=Jeff |date=January 4, 2016 |title=How Iggy Azalea mastered her 'blaccent' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/04/how-a-white-australian-rapper-mastered-her-blaccent/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eberhardt |first=Maeve |last2=Freeman |first2=Kara |date=June 2015 |title='First things first, I'm the realest': Linguistic appropriation, white privilege, and the hip‐hop persona of Iggy Azalea |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/josl.12128 |journal=Journal of Sociolinguistics |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=303–327 |doi=10.1111/josl.12128 |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref> Kristen S. He of ''Vice'' ya rubuta a cikin 2017 cewa Azalea ya "sharatar da mu don jin baƙar fata a matsayin duka rashin gaskiya da kuma m". <ref name="ViceWhite">{{Cite web |last=He |first=Kristen S. |date=October 19, 2017 |title=The Death and Rebirth of Problematic White Girl Rap |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-death-and-rebirth-of-problematic-white-girl-rap/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> Bhad Bhabie first rose to fame due to her blaccent on a viral 2016 episode of the talk show ''Dr. Phil'' and for her saying the phrase, "Catch me outside, how 'bout that?"<ref name="ViceWhite"/> A 2016 MTV.com op-ed by Wallace accused Meghan Trainor of using a blaccent on her song "No", with Sean L. Maloney writing for ''Nashville Scene'' the year prior that she "loves slathering her faux-Southern blaccent all over every song".<ref name="CarvellMTV"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Sean L. |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Thoughts on Meghan Trainor's regressive selfish-empowerment |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/thoughts-on-meghan-trainors-regressive-selfish-empowerment/article_ae4e56ea-ecda-5ad7-9e92-2db0c837279b.html |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Nashville Scene]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Trainor later stated that her voice was derived from her father being "very soulful" and "think[ing] he's [[James Brown]] sometimes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=July 14, 2016 |title=Billboard Cover: Pop-Star-Next-Door Meghan Trainor on Why She Still Doesn't 'Feel Famous' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/features/meghan-trainor-billboard-cover-story-on-fame-being-a-role-model-writing-hits-thank-you-album-7438214/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Social media users accused Ariana Grande of using a blaccent in a 2018 interview for ''Billboard'', in which she described a photo of herself as a baby by saying, "Bitch, that's my cookie, that's my juice, okay? Carry on. Thank you, next."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Sabrina |date=December 12, 2018 |title=People are accusing Ariana Grande of cultural appropriation |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/ariana-grande-blaccent-thank-u-next-video-accent-cultural-appropriation-billboard-interview-a8675596.html |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maskell |first=Emily |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Ariana Grande finally addresses her mysterious, viral 'voice change' video |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/06/19/ariana-grande-voice-change/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[PinkNews]]}}</ref> YouTuber Lilly Singh faced criticisms of cultural appropriation, partially based on her alleged use of a blaccent, in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silman |first=Anna |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Lilly Singh vs. the Late-Night Jimmys |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/11/lilly-singh-vs-the-late-night-jimmys.html |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Cut (publication)|The Cut]]}}</ref> For ''The Cut'', Lauren Levy wrote in 2019 that a crop of influencers, including Lil Tay, Bhad Bhabie, and Woah Vicky, had become known for being "white but speak[ing] in blaccent", among other attributes, in order to become "living, breathing memes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Lauren |date=August 10, 2023 |title=The Making and Marketing of a 9-Year-Old Meme Machine |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/who-was-lil-tay.html |access-date=August 8, 2025 |website=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Awkwafina.png|left|thumb|'Yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawakiyar Amurka [[Awkwafina]] ( ''hoton'' ) ta zama babban jigo na zarge-zarge a farkon 2020s akan kafofin watsa labarun saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin fina-finan 2018 ''Crazy Rich Asians'' and ''Ocean's 8'' ]] [[Awkwafina]], yar wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma mawakiyar Asiya, ta fuskanci suka a karshen 2010s da farkon 2020s saboda zarginta da yin amfani da batsa a cikin barkwanci, kiɗanta, kamar a cikin waƙarta na 2012 "My Vag", da kuma a cikin ayyukanta na fina-finai, musamman halinta na Peik Lin a cikin fim din 2018, ''mai arziki a cikin 2018, Crazy Beauty'' yana amfani da <nowiki><i id="mw4g">al'ada</i></nowiki> . a cikin ''Ocean's 8'', musamman a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Glenn |date=February 5, 2022 |title=Awkwafina Addresses Criticism Over Her 'Blaccent,' Announces Twitter Exit: 'I Will Always Listen' |url=https://people.com/movies/awkwafina-addresses-criticism-blaccent/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> A cewar Jackson, Awkwafina ya yi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin ''Crazy Rich Asians'' ya sake farfado da amfani da kalmar kanta a cikin 2018, wanda "ba a taɓa ganin shi ba tun lokacin da Iggy Azalea zai iya yin ikirarin waƙar bazara". <ref name="VultOwn"/> A cikin wata hira da 2021 da ta yi da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters game da furucinta, ta bayyana cewa "ta kasance a bude ga tattaunawar" kuma "dan kadan ne mai fasali da yawa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Starkey |first=Adam |date=September 20, 2021 |title=Awkwafina on Blaccent controversy: 'I'm open to the conversation' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/awkwafina-on-blaccent-controversy-3050292 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta fuskanci koma baya a waccan shekarar saboda wata hira da ta yi da ''Vice'' game da ƙin yin lafazin rawar da ta taka, wanda masu amfani da Twitter suka soki a matsayin wanda ya saba wa amfani da baƙar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Abbey |date=February 5, 2022 |title=Awkwafina Addresses Blaccent, AAVE and Cultural Appropriation Criticisms |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/awkwafina-responds-aave-blaccent-cultural-appropriation-criticism-controversy-1235087734/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Tamantha |date=August 17, 2021 |title=Black Twitter reacts to Awkwafina's 'blaccent' after she says she refuses to use Asian accents |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2021-08-17/46868/black-twitter-reacts-to-awkwafinas-blaccent-after-she-says-she-refuses-to-use-asian-accents |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Revolt (TV network)|Revolt]]}}</ref> Ta buga wani uzuri a cikin 2022, inda ta danganta "Ba'amurkenta" ga abokan karatunta tun tana yarinya, fina-finai da talabijin da ta kalli tana girma, da kuma son kiɗan hip hop . Masu suka da masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta sun soki kalaman nata da cewa ba ta neman uzuri kan wannan bakar magana kuma nan da nan ta sanar da ficewa daga Twitter. <ref name="AwkExp"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Complex |first=Valerie |date=February 6, 2022 |title=Awkwafina Addresses 'Blaccent' And AAVE Criticism; Leaves Twitter |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/awkwafina-addresses-blaccent-aave-criticism-1234927325/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Nardos Haile na ''Salon'' ta rubuta cewa furucinta ya kasance "kauri" da "marasa kyau" kuma cikin zolaya ya kira ta "Sarauniyar baƙar fata". <ref name="SalJT">{{Cite web |last=Haile |first=Nardos |date=October 29, 2023 |title=Why do celebrities like Justin Timberlake exploit Blackness to get ahead? |url=https://www.salon.com/2023/10/29/blackness-exploitation-cultural-appropriation/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |website=[[Salon.com|Salon]]}}</ref> Sauran wadanda ba baƙar fata ba su ma sun ba da hujjar yin amfani da baƙar fata a farkon 2020s, ciki har da mawaƙa Olivia Rodrigo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Chet Hanks, da YouTuber Bretman Rock . <ref name="Rodrigo"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spearman |first=Kahron |date=December 3, 2020 |title=Black folks flame Chet Hanks on Clubhouse for his Jamaican 'blaccent' |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/chet-hanks-clubhouse-jamaican-blaccent/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Stixx |date=February 27, 2023 |title=Here's the Real Reason Bretman Rock Doesn't Want To Be "Tied to the Beauty Community" |url=https://hypebae.com/2023/2/bretman-rock-beauty-influencer-racism-tik-tok-twitter |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Hypebeast (company)|Hypebae]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin 2020 ''Zola'' tauraruwar Riley Keough a matsayin Stefani, mai tsiri wanda ke magana a fili. <ref name="Rose"/> Daraktanta, Janicza Bravo, ya bayyana ɓatacciyar hali kamar yadda da gangan ya sa halin ya zama kamar "minstrel". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Debanjali |date=July 9, 2021 |title=A'ziah 'Zola' King says Riley Keough's extreme 'blaccent' in 'Zola' isn't exaggerated: 'That was the reality' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/aziah-zola-king-riley-keough-blaccent-in-zola-2021-7 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> A cikin tarihin [[Britney Spears]] na 2023 ''The Woman in Me'', ta bayyana wani misali da tsohon saurayinta, [[Justin Timberlake]], yayi magana da bakin ciki ga mawaki Ginuwine ta hanyar cewa "fo shiz" kuma ta kira shi "homie". Wani faifan bidiyo na Michelle Williams da ke karanta sashe na sigar littafin mai jiwuwa na memoir ya shiga yanar gizo ba da jimawa ba bayan fitowar ta kuma ya haifar da tattaunawa ta kan layi game da amfani da batsa don samun riba ta kasuwanci. <ref name="SalJT"/> An kwatanta ɗan wasan barkwanci Matt Rife, duka biyu ta ''Vox'' a cikin 2023 da ta McWhorter na ''The New York Times'' a cikin 2024, kamar yadda yake amfani da baƙar fata a yawancin ayyukan wasan barkwanci nasa. <ref name="JustFor"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Aja |date=November 29, 2023 |title=What Matt Rife’s baffling Netflix special tells us about comedy |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/23980945/who-is-matt-rife-netflix-special-natural-selection-backlash-controversy-tiktok |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> == A siyasa == A lokacin yakin neman zabenta na shugaban kasa a Amurka a shekarar 2008, [[Hillary Clinton]] ta sha suka a kafafen yada labarai saboda abin da masu suka suka bayyana a matsayinta na sanya "blackcent" ko "black-cent" lokacin da take magana da masu sauraren bakaken fata, musamman yayin da take magana a Cocin Baptist na farko bakar fata a tarihi a Selma, Alabama a cikin Maris 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowling |first=Tim |date=May 1, 2007 |title=The mystery of Hillary Clinton's changing accent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/02/hillaryclinton.uselections2008 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Gregory |date=March 18, 2007 |title=The accent is on being all things to all people |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-mar-18-op-rodriguez18-story.html |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammons |first=Jane |date=July 29, 2008 |title=Politics With Drawl |url=https://www.cjr.org/essay/politics_with_drawl_1.php |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, kafofin watsa labaru masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ciki har da Fox News, ''Washington Examiner'', Newsmax, da Daily Wire, sun zargi wakilin Amurka [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] da yin tasiri a cikin wani baƙar fata yayin jawabin da akasari baƙar fata masu sauraro a babban taron kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Al Sharpton, National Action Network . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Page, Clarence |author-link=Clarence Page |date=April 12, 2019 |title=Is our 'blaccent' and use of code-switching really that offensive? Right-wing critics think so |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/04/12/is-our-blaccent-and-use-of-code-switching-really-that-offensive-right-wing-critics-think-so/ |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Ocasio-Cortez tweeted cewa ta " girma a cikin wani yanayi na harshe dabam dabam & dole ne ya koyi kewaya aji enviros a makaranta / aiki" a mayar da martani ga zargin, ya kara da, "Ni daga Bronx . Ina aiki & magana kamar shi ", duk da cewa ta zahiri ta tashi a cikin babba-aji al'umma na Yorktown Heights . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |date=April 6, 2019 |title=AOC responds to claims she adopted fake accent to speak to African American audience |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/aoc-accent-fake-southern-twitter-speech-nan-al-sharpton-ocasio-cortez-a8858171.html |access-date=August 5, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] abtpelz4zkd5gx0o0vguaq4upuoow3d 0 122846 965430 959268 2026-10-09T21:03:10Z Hamza DK 12444 965430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joy Grant-Ekong''' wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Grant-Ekong#cite_note-thisdaylive.com-1 </ref> ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Grant-Ekong#cite_note-2 </ref> darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Grant-Ekong#cite_note-3 </ref>[3] wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama [4] da One Too Many [4] [5][6][7] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma Wale Adenuga Productions a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qncctueyfw2snnxgry1e0kckg9w0ut9 965432 965430 2026-10-09T21:03:33Z Hamza DK 12444 965432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joy Grant-Ekong''' wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Grant-Ekong#cite_note-thisdaylive.com-1 </ref> ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Grant-Ekong#cite_note-2 </ref> darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Grant-Ekong#cite_note-3 </ref> wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama [4] da One Too Many [4] [5][6][7] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma Wale Adenuga Productions a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 34jm1uw3lvjg9l9y722xbybd6s3s682 0 123500 965725 790385 2026-10-10T09:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dedric A. Carter''' masanin kimiyya ne kuma mai bincike na Amurka. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisa na kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci, da ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma babban jami'in kirkire-kire a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=Dedric Carter named vice chancellor for innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development and chief innovation officer {{!}} UNC-Chapel Hill |url=https://www.unc.edu/posts/2023/06/14/dedric-carter-named-vice-chancellor-for-innovation-entrepreneurship-and-economic-development-and-chief-innovation-officer/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=MIT Corporation elects 10 term members, two life members |url=https://news.mit.edu/2024/mit-corporation-elects-10-term-members-two-life-members-0531 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref> Kafin rawar da ya taka a UNC-Chapel Hill, Carter ya rike mukamai da yawa a Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis, wanda ya kai ga matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban majalisa na kirkire-kirkire da babban jami'in kasuwanci.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Dedric Carter, WashU's innovation chief and chair of Missouri Technology Corp., hired for new role in North Carolina |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/inno/stories/news/2023/06/14/dedric-carter-washu-mtc-north-carolina.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga dabarun dabarun a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka, inda ya kasance co-kafa shirin NSF Innovation Corps (I-Corps).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-20 |title=Scientists Learn How to Turn Innovations into Jobs |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/scientists-learn-turn-innovations-jobs-113051336.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625065954/https://www.yahoo.com/news/scientists-learn-turn-innovations-jobs-113051336.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Liang |first=Clivia |date=2021-01-29 |title=Missouri Technology Corp. names Wash U administrator Carter new board chair |url=https://www.missouribusinessalert.com/news/business/missouri-technology-corp-names-wash-u-administrator-carter-new-board-chair/article_73c37e52-792d-5db1-95b4-21c87aed2787.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Missouri Business Alert |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="cbsnews.com">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-18 |title=UM To Play Leading Role In NSF Innovation Corps - CBS Detroit |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/detroit/news/um-to-play-leading-role-in-nsf-innovation-corps/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Carter ta sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=New Administrative Duties for Six African Americans at Colleges and Universities |url=https://jbhe.com/2023/07/new-administrative-duties-for-six-african-americans-at-colleges-and-universities/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta MIT Sloan . <ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a tsarin bayanai daga Jami'ar Nova Southeastern . <ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki da MIT === Da farko a cikin aikinsa, Carter ya kasance mai ba da shawara a [[Fasahar bayanai|Masana'antar fasahar bayanai]].<ref name=":1"/> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin dean na injiniya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, inda ya kasance babban darakta na farko na Ofishin Injiniya na MIT.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mataimakin dean don ci gaba da dabarun dabarun, ya taimaka wajen gabatar da MIT TechTV, dandalin raba bidiyo na yanar gizo ga al'ummar jami'a. === Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa === Carter ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga dabarun dabarun a Ofishin Darakta a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka (NSF) . Ya kasance co-kafa shirin NSF Innovation Corps (I-Corps), wanda aka kirkira don horar da masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi don kasuwanci da binciken su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> An tsara shirin I-Corps don koyar da masu bincike da NSF ta tallafawa yadda za a motsa ayyukansu daga bincike na asali zuwa aikace-aikace masu amfani tare da darajar kasuwa. <ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref name=":2"/> === Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis === Carter ya shiga Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis (WashU) a shekarar 2013.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Missouri Technology Corp. names new chairman |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2021/01/26/missouri-technology-corp-names-new-chairman.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> A cikin shekaru goma da ya yi, ya rike mukamai da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UNC names new leader to drive commercial efforts for $1B research portfolio |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/news/2023/11/01/dedric-carter-innovate-carolina-unc-research.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> An nada shi a sabon matsayin da aka kirkira na mataimakin shugaban kasa da mataimakin mataimakin sakatare na kirkire-kirkire da kasuwanci a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2014-05-08 |title=Dedric Carter appointed as vice chancellor at WUSTL |url=https://www.stlamerican.com/business/people-on-the-move/dedric-carter-appointed-as-vice-chancellor-at-wustl/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=St. Louis American |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kasa na ayyukan da canja wurin fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fiorentino |first=Anna |date=2008-07-06 |title=Live (or not) from MIT, it's TechTV |url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/07/06/live_or_not_from_mit_its_techtv/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=Boston.com}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Carter ya yi magana a lokacin da aka kafa tashar Metrolink a St. Louis a kan titin Boyle . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> An zabi Carter a matsayin NACUBO (National Association of College and University Business Officers) Fellow a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2021, an nada Carter zuwa wani sabon mukamin da aka kirkira, mataimakin shugaban kasa na kirkire-kirkire da kuma babban jami'in kasuwanci.<ref name=":5"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> Baya ga matsayinsa na gudanarwa, Carter ya kasance farfesa a [[McKelvey School of Engineering|Makarantar Injiniya ta McKelvey]] da [[Olin Business School|Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Olin]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Missouri Technology Corp. names new chairman |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2021/01/26/missouri-technology-corp-names-new-chairman.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Dedric Carter, WashU's innovation chief and chair of Missouri Technology Corp., hired for new role in North Carolina |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/inno/stories/news/2023/06/14/dedric-carter-washu-mtc-north-carolina.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> Ya shiga cikin aikin WashU wanda ke da niyyar samar da shawarwarin manufofin jama'a don magance gibin kudade ga 'yan tsiraru da' yan kasuwa mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2014-05-08 |title=Dedric Carter appointed as vice chancellor at WUSTL |url=https://www.stlamerican.com/business/people-on-the-move/dedric-carter-appointed-as-vice-chancellor-at-wustl/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=St. Louis American |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance babban mai bincike a kan tallafin NSF na dala miliyan 5 ga Missouri Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (MoLSAMP), ƙungiyar da ke cikin jihar da nufin ninka yawan digiri na STEM da aka ba wa 'yan tsiraru marasa wakilci. === Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina a Chapel Hill === A watan Yunin 2023, an nada Carter a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci, da ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma babban jami'in kirkire-karkire a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill (UNC) , ya fara rawar a watan Oktoba 2023.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> Matsayin ya ba shi aikin juya fayil ɗin bincike na jami'a zuwa damar kasuwanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fiorentino |first=Anna |date=2008-07-06 |title=Live (or not) from MIT, it's TechTV |url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/07/06/live_or_not_from_mit_its_techtv/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=Boston.com}}</ref><ref name=":9"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> Yana jagorantar Innovate Carolina, shirin jami'ar don juya bincike zuwa ayyukan kasuwanci, kuma yana kula da Innovate Carolina Junction, cibiyar kirkire-kirkire da ke cikin garin Chapel Hill.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fiorentino |first=Anna |date=2008-07-06 |title=Live (or not) from MIT, it's TechTV |url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/07/06/live_or_not_from_mit_its_techtv/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=Boston.com}}</ref> Carter ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai magana da yawun Innovate Carolina's 2025 Celebration of Inventorship . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> Carter ya taɓa aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kamfanin Missouri Technology Corporation . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching out to bring MIT opportunities to kids |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2006/03/reaching-out-to-bring-mit-opportunities.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}</ref> An kuma yi masa tambayoyi a cikin fitowar farko ta Entrepreneur Quarterly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fiorentino |first=Anna |date=2008-07-06 |title=Live (or not) from MIT, it's TechTV |url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/07/06/live_or_not_from_mit_its_techtv/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=Boston.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7f7h1cmdli4je3nbney7iq36mbx191g 3 126465 965236 965147 2026-10-09T12:13:24Z Uskeone 40867 /* Rashin Shahara akan makarantun firamare */ Mayarwa 965236 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uskeone! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uskeone|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC) == Rashin Shahara akan makarantun firamare == Barka da ƙoƙari, ina fatan kana jin daɗin bada gudummawa a Wikipedia kuma ba zaka gajiya ba. Ina son sanar da kai, Primary schools ba'a masu maƙala sai dai idan akwai muhimman abubuwa da makarantar ke da shi, kamar ace ita ce makaranta ta farko da aka fara samarwa a wuri, ko ta yaye tsaffin ɗalibai wanda sun zama shugabannin ƙasa yanzu da sauran su. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 10:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :Na gode sosai [[User:Uskeone|Uskeone]] ([[User talk:Uskeone|talk]]) 12:13, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ihi2ibwhz7eeycrnzwytkq82m2c8euk 0 130539 965591 767838 2026-10-10T04:20:31Z BnHamid 12586 965591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Raymond Novak''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1977) masanin dabarun siyasa ne na Kanada, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin [[Shugaban Ma'aikatan Firayim Minista (Kanada)|Shugaban Ma'aikata]] na hudu na [[Stephen Harper]] a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2013, bayan korar Nigel Wright. Shi ne mutum na 14 da ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata tun lokacin da aka kirkiro mukamin. Ya yi aiki a cikin rawar har zuwa Nuwamba 4, 2015 bayan shan kashi na gwamnatin Harper. Ya yi karatu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Western Ontario da Jami'ar Calgary, [1] Novak ya fara shiga siyasa a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a ofisoshin Preston Manning da Rob Anders. Daga baya ya zama mai bincike ga National Citizens Coalition yayin da Stephen Harper ke jagorantar kungiyar.[1] Lokacin da Harper ya koma Stornoway, Novak ya zauna kyauta a ciki wani ɗaki sama da garage na gidan hukuma.[2][1][1] Ray Novak ya yi aiki a [[Ofishin Firayim Minista (Kanada)|Ofishin Firayim Minista]] tun lokacin da Harper ya shiga a shekara ta 2006, yana taka rawa da yawa. Abokai ne na sirri tare da Kory Teneycke da Jenni Byrne, dukansu masu ba da shawara ne ga Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]]. Wadannan uku sun hadu yayin da suke aiki ga Jam'iyyar Reform Party of Canada a lokacin Zaben tarayya na Kanada na 1997. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0dg0ubbn6ue03rt07tu7bwtorh8wi6x 0 132367 965560 771933 2026-10-10T04:03:33Z BnHamid 12586 965560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ingrid Ann Simler, Lady Simler''', [[Order of the British Empire|DBE]], PC (an haife ta 17 Satumba 1963) ita ce Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ƙasar Ingila . Ta kasance a baya alƙali na Kotun daukaka kara ta Ingila da Wales . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior judiciary |url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/senior-judiciary-list/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary}}</ref> == Ayyuka == An haife ta ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Henrietta Barnett, Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge da Jami'ar Amsterdam . A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a nada Simler a Kotun daukaka kara, nadin da ta dauka a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior judiciary |url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/senior-judiciary-list/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary}}</ref> Simler ta kasance shugabar Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Bambanci na Majalisar Lauyoyi, [undefined] kuma a ranar da aka sanar da nadin ta a benci na Babban Kotun a shekarar 2013 ta kasance shugaban ɗakunan ta. [1] Ita ce shugabar kwamitin daidaito, bambancin da hadawa na Haikali na ciki. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2023, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ba da sanarwar cewa Simler zai zama Mai Shari'a na [[Kotun Koli na Ƙasar Ingila|Kotun Koli ta Ƙasar Ingila]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior judiciary |url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/senior-judiciary-list/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary}}</ref> An rantsar da ita a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior judiciary |url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/senior-judiciary-list/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, an nada Simler a matsayin Baƙo na Kwalejin St Hugh, Oxford, wanda ya gaji Simon Brown, Baron Brown na Eaton-under-Heywood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior judiciary |url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/senior-judiciary-list/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta auri John Bernstein a shekarar 1991, kuma tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mata biyu. == Jerin shari'o'in da aka yanke hukunci == * ''Mercer v Alternative Future Group Ltd'' [2024] UKSC 12 * ''Kostal UK Ltd v Dunkley'' [2018] ICR 768 (EAT) * ''Don Mata Scotland Ltd v Ministocin Scotland'' [2025] UKSC 4 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cu33szkukxkfbx6dm6rhql3ju5a9lkt 0 132923 965581 773133 2026-10-10T04:14:55Z BnHamid 12586 965581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jamia-e-Imania ko '''Kwalejin Larabci ta Imania''' (Urdu) [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasa]] ce a Varanasi, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Indiya]] . Cikakken sunanta shine '''Majma-ul-Uloom, Jamia-e-Imania''' . <ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |last=Chandra, Swati |date=5 February 2012 |title=Desired literacy rate still eludes Kashi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Desired-literacy-rate-still-eludes-Kashi/articleshow/11770040.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/varanasi/31026483_1_primary-schools-government-schools-literacy-rate |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> An kafa Jamia-e-Imania a matsayin Cibiyar Nazarin [[Addini]] ta [[Shi'a|Shia]] don fadada karatun Islama da ilimi mafi girma na addini a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1866/1283 (A.H.) a birnin [[Banaras]]" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Banaras">Banaras (Varanasi) [[Indiya]]. [[Mawlawi|Moulvi]] Khursheed Ali Khan ne ya kafa shi, bisa ga shawarar ''Qazi Maulana'' Syed Bande Ali Khan na karshe Qaazi-ul-Quzaat (babban mai shari'a na Islama) na Banaras. Ya samar da ƙasa don wannan dalili kuma an kammala ginin a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa a cikin 1870/1287 (A.H.). Jamia-e-Imania ita ce cibiyar ilimi ta farko kuma mafi tsufa ta [[Shi'a|Musulmai Shia]] a cikin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]]. Cibiyar ilimi ce, ba riba ba, mai ba da agaji da ke ba da gudummawa ga al'umma a kai a kai sama da ƙarni daya da rabi. Ya samar da adadi mai yawa na malaman [[addini]], masu wa'azi, furofesoshi, marubutan, masu magana (Khatibs), mawaƙa (shears) da masu gwagwarmayar addini. Akwai wani lokaci na shekaru 30/40 a lokacin da ya sha wahala daga yanayi mara kyau da yawa kuma ya ga wasu koma baya amma Maulana Syed Mohammad Husaini ya sake kafa shi kuma ya sake farfado da shi a 1983 kuma nan da nan ya koma matsayinsa na baya tare da kokarinsa kuma a halin yanzu yana kan hanyar ci gaba cikin sauri a karkashin jagorancin dansa Maulana Syad Mohammad Zafar Al-Husaini wanda shine Babban iko kuma yana riƙe da matsayi mafi girma a wannan kwalejin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Jamia-e-Imania |url=http://www.imania.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=35 |access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * Haqnuma (Wani ɗan littafin da Jamia-e-Imania ta buga a hukumance a kan Platinum Jubilee na Mehfil-e-Husaini a cikin 2009). * Wasiyyatnamah wanda ya kafa Late Moulvi Khursheed Ali Khan ya rubuta. * Waqnamah wanda Muradan Bibi ya rubuta. * Khursheed-e-Khawar (wanda Maulana Syed Saeed Akhtar Rizvi ya rubuta). * Matla-e-Anwaar (wanda Maulana Syed Murtaza Husain Sadrul-Afazil ya rubuta). * Waqf (dukiyar da aka bayar) rikodin Shia na tsakiya Waqf Board of U.P. Government, Lucknow. * Takardun da ba a buga ba na Laburaren Imania da bayanan Waqf na Jamia-e-Imania, Banaras. * Rubuce-rubucen cibiyar ilimi na kotun Banaras da VDA. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.imania.info/ Shafin yanar gizon Jamia-e-Imania] kaexitagkcbqw8ck5d7p1qsupgfliaw 0 133641 965290 774547 2026-10-09T16:29:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 23 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''William Hunt "Bill" Gross''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma manajan asusun ritaya, wanda ya kafa Pacific Investment Management Co. PIMCO kamfani ne na saka hannun jari na duniya mai fa'ida. Gross ya gudanar da Asusun Komawa na Jimlar Dala biliyan 270 (PTTRX), kafin ya tafi Janus Capital Group (yanzu Janus Henderson ) a watan Satumba na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gross ya yi ritaya daga gudanar da asusun a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gross a Middletown, Ohio, ɗan Shirley ( née Tait), mai gyaran gida, da kuma Sewell Mark Gross, babban jami'in tallace-tallace na AK Steel Holding . Wani ɓangare na iyalinsa asalinsa daga [[Winnipeg]], [[Kanada]] ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An rene shi a matsayin ɗan Presbyterian . Ya ƙaura tare da iyayensa zuwa [[San Francisco]] a 1954. <ref name="tfs" /> Gross ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Duke a 1966 a matsayin Angier B. Duke Scholar, kuma yana da digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. A Duke, ya shiga Phi Kappa Psi . Daga nan ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa daga 1966 zuwa 1969 a matsayin mataimakin babban injiniya a cikin jirgin ruwan USS <nowiki><i id="mwSg">Diachenko</i></nowiki>, inda ya jagoranci nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na SEAL zuwa wuraren saukar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Vietnam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya bar rundunar sojojin ruwa a 1970 da Tet combat da kuma ribbons na aiki na Vietnam. Gross ya sami digiri na MBA daga UCLA Anderson School of Management a 1971. Gross ya buga wasan blackjack na ɗan lokaci a Las Vegas, Nevada, kuma ya ce yana amfani da hanyoyin caca da yawa don yaɗa haɗari da ƙididdige damar da zai samu a yanke shawara kan saka hannun jari. A shekarar 2019, Gross ya bayyana cewa yana da [[Ciwon Asperger|cutar Asperger]] . == Sana'ar saka hannun jari == Gross mai riƙe da takardar shedar CFA ne, wanda ya sami takardar shaidarsa yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan saka hannun jari na Pacific Mutual Life tsakanin 1971 da 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mujallar Fortune ta yi wa Gross lakabi da "Bond King" a shekarar 2002, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gross ya gudanar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun haɗin gwiwa a duniya, inda ya fi mai da hankali kan takardun lamuni da saka hannun jari na kuɗi mai araha. Jaridar ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' ta kira shi "fitaccen mai zuba jari a fannin jinginar gida" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> ya kafa Pacific Investment Management (PIMCO) tare da kuma kula da asusun PIMCO (wanda a da shine babban asusun jinginar gida mafi girma a duniya tare da kadarori kusan dala biliyan 293) da kuma wasu ƙananan asusu har zuwa lokacin da ya bar aiki a watan Satumba na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A Pimco, Gross ya fi kowa iko da kuɗin jinginar gida a duniya, kuma ya shawarci Ma'aikatar Kuɗi game da rawar da jinginar gida mai ƙarancin daraja ke takawa a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2008. Da yake naɗa Gross Manajan Asusun na Shekarun Goma don samun kuɗin shiga mai ƙayyadadden lokaci a 2010, Morningstar ya ce: "Babu wani manajan asusun da ya fi Bill Gross kuɗi ga mutane." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An san shi da haɓaka ribar da ke cikin asusunsa ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da suka samo asali masu rikitarwa dangane da hannun jari, shaidu, lamuni, da kuɗaɗe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ben Trosky, wanda ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya gudanar da kasuwancin jinginar gida mai yawan riba na Pimco daga shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, ya shaida wa Barron cewa Gross "ɗan kasuwa ne mai kyau, manazarci mai kyau, kuma mai sayarwa mai kyau, wanda zai iya rarraba ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi da sauƙin samu". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gross ya sami damar yin nasara a kasuwa a mafi yawan aikinsa ta hanyar amfani da abin da ya shafi tabbas, da kuma sanin abin da ya shafi rashin tabbas, a cewar wani labari ''na Fortune'' na 2002, "The Bond King". Tabbacin mai zuba jari kamar Gross ya haɗa da masu canji, kamar ƙimar bashi, yawan riba, lokacin balaguro, da tsawon lokaci, ma'aunin haɗari. Tsawon lokacin haɗin gwiwa, farashinsa yana canzawa sosai lokacin da farashin ya canza, tare da masu zuba jari masu hankali suna zaɓar tsawon lokaci na ɗan gajeren lokaci don iyakance canjin farashi wanda canje-canjen ƙimar riba ke haifarwa. Gross ya yi amfani da rashin tabbas ta hanyar yin hasashen ilimi - amma daidai - kan alkiblar ƙimar riba, hauhawar farashi da sauran masu canji da ke shafar haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaridar Financial Times ta rubuta a watan Maris na 2019: "Sa hannun jari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi shine babban abin kirkire-kirkire na Gross. A tarihi, kamfanonin inshora da asusun fansho su ne manyan masu siyan takardun lamuni. Ba kasafai suke ciniki ba - a zahiri ana ajiye takardun lamuni a cikin rumbun ajiya, kuma siyarwar tana nufin aika su ta hanyar aika su ga mai siye - kuma suna jin daɗin kyakkyawar alaƙa da Wall Street. A gefe guda kuma, Pimco, yana ciniki a cikin da kuma fita daga mukamai, ya faɗaɗa sosai zuwa sabbin wurare masu zafi kamar takardun lamuni da kasuwannin da ke tasowa, kuma ya yi amfani da ƙarfinsa mai yawa don cudgel bankuna don ba su mafi kyawun tayi." Bayan rugujewar Wall Street a shekarar 2008, Gross ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu kuɗi mafi tasiri a ƙasar, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan dabarun gwamnatin Obama (Shirin Zuba Jari na Jama'a da Masu Zaman Kansu, ko PPIP) don ɗaukar masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen ceto bankunan ƙasar da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da tattalin arziki. An ruwaito cewa ficewar babban jami'in gudanarwa na Pimco Mohamed El-Erian ta faru ne sakamakon rikici da Gross. <ref name="Walton2016">{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Justin |date=11 March 2016 |title=Mohamed El-Erian Vs. Bill Gross: The Two Bond Kings (C, JNS) |url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/031116/mohamed-elerian-vs-bill-gross-two-bond-kings-c-jns.asp |access-date=24 June 2018 |website=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> Gross da kansa ya bar aiki a ƙarshen kaka na 2014, kuma a watan Oktoba na 2015 ya kai ƙarar Pimco da kamfanin Allianz na iyaye kan "ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli", yana mai iƙirarin cewa "masu son iko, kwadayi, da sha'awar inganta matsayin kuɗi da sunansu sun tilasta masa yin hakan ta hanyar cin zarafin masu zuba jari da ladabi," yana kiransu da "halaye marasa kyau, rashin gaskiya, da rashin ɗa'a". Pimco ya zauna da Gross a watan Maris na 2017 kan rahoton dala miliyan 81, wanda duk Gross ya yi alƙawarin bayar da gudummawa ga agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarun 1990s ya rubuta littattafai biyu masu shahara kan zuba jari, ''Bill Gross on Investing'' da ''Everything You've Heard About Investing is Wrong!'' A watan Satumba na 2008, ta hanyar riƙe manyan mukamai a cikin takardun jinginar gida na Fannie Mae da Freddie Mac da hukumomin gwamnati suka tallafa musu, asusun Gross ya tara dala biliyan 1.7 bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta karɓe Fannie Mae da Freddie Mac . Ya sanar da yin ritaya daga Janus Henderson Investors da kuma kula da asusun a watan Fabrairun 2019. Ya ce a lokacin zai mayar da hankali kan kula da kadarorinsa na kashin kansa da kuma gidauniyar agaji mai zaman kanta, Gidauniyar Iyali ta William, Jeff da Jennifer Gross, wacce ke da kadarorin dala miliyan 390. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Fayil:1869_24c_United_States_stamps_with_inverted_centre.jpg|thumb|Bango guda huɗu na tambarin Amurka na 1869 24c tare da tsakiya mai juyi daga tarin kuɗi (wanda aka nuna an juye) ]] Gross ya yi aure sau uku. A shekarar 1968, ya auri Pamela Roberts. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Jeff da Jennifer. Daga baya suka sake. A shekarar 1985, ya auri Sue J. Frank ; suna da ɗa ɗaya, Nick . A shekarar 2018, sun shiga cikin wani saki mai cike da cece-kuce. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Dukansu suna da gidaje a Laguna Beach, California. Gross ta auri tsohuwar ƙwararren wasan tennis Amy Schwartz a watan Afrilun 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=Bill Gross and Amy Schwartz tie the knot |url=https://www.stunewslaguna.com/ |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=www.stunewslaguna.com}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Gross ta hanyar wani abokinta a shekarar 2017, kuma yanzu suna zaune tare a cikin wani gidan da ya saya mata a bakin teku na Laguna Beach, wanda ta ƙawata shi da taken "soyayya". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidan mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 10,000, shi ne gida na uku mafi tsada da aka sayar a shekarar 2018 a Orange County, California, akan dala miliyan 32. Gidan yana da faɗin ƙafa 190 na gaban teku, tare da wani wurin shiga na sirri da bakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Gross ya shirya bikin cika shekaru 50 da haihuwa ga Schwartz a gidan a watan Satumba na 2019, wanda ya ƙunshi mawaƙiya, marubuci kuma mai guitar Kenny Loggins . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Schwartz ya yaba wa Gross da sabunta sha'awarta ga golf, wanda suke yawan wasa tare. An gano cewa Gross yana da cutar Asperger kuma yana ganin hakan ya sa shi "mai saka hannun jari mafi kyau". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gross fitaccen mai tara tambari ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2005, ya zama mutum na uku (bayan Robert Zoellner a shekarun 1990 da Benjamin K. Miller kafin 1925) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> don samar da cikakken tarin tambarin aika wasiku na Amurka na ƙarni na 19. A watan Oktoba na 2005, ya sayi a gwanjon kan dala miliyan 2.97 wani babban farantin faranti na sanannen tambarin aika wasiku na Amurka na 1918 mai suna " Inverted Jenny ", wanda ke ɗauke da zane na jirgin sama na Curtiss JN-4 mai hawa biyu da aka buga a juye. Daga nan ya sayar da tubalin faranti na Inverted Jenny ga Donald Sundman, shugaban Kamfanin Mystic Stamp, dillalin tambari, don samun 1-cent " Z Grill " na 1868 wanda ke nuna Benjamin Franklin (ɗaya daga cikin biyu kacal da aka sani yana wanzuwa), don haka ya kammala tarin Gross na ƙarni na 19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Za a yi gwanjon tarinsa a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa tare da bayar da kuɗin da aka samu ga agaji. Gwanjon da aka yi a baya na tarin tambarin Gross na Burtaniya, Burtaniya, Yammacin Turai, Scandinavia, Jihohin Confederate, Switzerland da Hawaii sun samar da ribar da ta kai dala miliyan 26. An shirya fara gwanjon abin da ya rage na tarin tambarin Gross - tambarin Amurka da murfinta - tare da sayar da Taskar Tambarin Amurka a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2018, Gross ya ci gaba da ficewa daga kasuwa a hukumance lokacin da Siegel Auction Galleries ya sayar da kayansa guda 106 a otal ɗin Lotte New York Palace da ke birnin New York. Sayarwar ta samar da dala miliyan 10, wanda ya karya tarihin dala miliyan 9.1 na gwanjon tambari na kwana ɗaya da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Ci gaba da al'adarsa, Gross ya shaida wa Barron's cewa ribar da aka samu daga sabuwar siyarwar za ta je ga Doctors Without Borders da New York Times Neediest Cases, tare da ƙarin ƙungiyoyin agaji da za a sanar daga baya. Gross sananne ne a matsayin ɗan wasan golf mai sha'awar wasan golf. A cikin gabatarwar littafin tsohon ɗan jarida David Rynnecki na 2007, "Deals on the Green", Gross ya rubuta cewa golf shine, "wasan da ya fi ban haushi da abin tsoro da aka taɓa yi - yana ɗaga ka da kuma ɓata maka rai cikin mintuna kaɗan. Ina son golf. A'a, na tsane shi." Ya buga wasa mai ban mamaki tare da Tiger Woods da sauran ƙwararru a AT&T Pro-Am a Pebble Beach, amma ya rubuta cewa ko da wasa da Woods da samun kofunan gasa, "ba zai iya kwatantawa da farin cikin wannan lokacin ba, farin cikin nasara, kuma eh, azabar rashin ƙafa uku". A shekarar 2014, an ruwaito Gross a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "masu zuba jari masu shahara waɗanda suka rungumi tunani mai zurfi ". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da cewa shi ɗan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ne mai rijista, Gross ya bayar da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa na [[Barack Obama]] da kuma Kwamitin Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisar dattawa na Democrat a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2020, Gross da Schwartz sun kai ƙarar maƙwabcinsu Mark Towfiq da ke Laguna Beach, suna zarginsa da yin sha'awarsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da sanya kyamarori a gidansu da kuma "halayen kallonsu". A cikin buƙatar umarnin hana su na ɗan lokaci, Gross ya ce ya ji "an kama shi a gidana", kuma ya ƙara da cewa, "Da alama wanda ake ƙara Towfiq yana da sha'awar musamman ba kawai ga Mista Gross ba har ma da Ms. Schwartz, musamman lokacin da ma'auratan ke iyo don haka suna sanye da ƙananan tufafi, idan akwai,." Karar ta zargi Towfiq da laifin kutse cikin sirri, da sauran dalilan da suka sa ake ɗaukar mataki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A wani ƙara da aka shigar bayan ƙarar Gross da Schwartz, Towfiq ya zargi ma'auratan da cin zarafinsa ta hanyar kunna jigon " Gillgan's Island " da babbar murya ta amfani da lasifika a waje. A cewar Towfiq, cin zarafin ya fara ne bayan ya yi korafi game da wani babban mutum-mutumin Dale Chihuly da ke kan ciyawar Gross wanda ya ce ya toshe masa kallon duk da cewa an sanya sassaken a bango, wanda bai toshe kallon ba. A cikin kare kansa, Gross ya ce yin taken daga " Gillgan's Island " ba an yi nufin cin zarafi ba ne, amma waƙar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare shi, yayin da Schwartz ya yi jayayya cewa zane-zanen da ake magana a kai suna da ma'ana sosai a gare ta har ta yi addu'a a gare ta. Kotun Koli ta Orange County a ƙarshe ta umarci Gross da Schwartz kada su kunna kiɗa a waje alhali ba su, kansu, a waje. == Arziki da taimakon jama'a == A shekarar 2005, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 23.5 ga Jami'ar Duke, wanda aka ware dala miliyan 20 daga ciki don tallafin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 9.1 ga Doctors Without Borders/ Médecins Sans Frontières wanda ya samu daga gwanjon da aka yi a Shreves Philatelic Galleries na tarin kayansa na Burtaniya. Tsawon shekaru, Gross ya zama babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Doctors Without Borders a tarihi akan kimanin dala miliyan 25. An sayar da tarin tambarinsa na Scandinavian da [[Finland]] ta gidan gwanjon Spink a watan Mayun 2008 don bayar da gudummawa ga Aikin Kauyukan Jeffrey Sachs Millennium a Jami'ar Columbia. Gross ya kuma bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian don lafiyar mata da dala miliyan 10 ga [[Jami'ar California, Irvine]] don ba da tallafin cibiyar bincike ta ƙwayoyin halitta a makarantar likitanci . <ref name="Bharath">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2016 |title=UCI nursing will benefit from record $40 million gift |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/nursing-699540-uci-gross.html |access-date=2017-02-23 |website=Ocregister.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cedars-Sinai (Los Angeles) don sabuwar Cibiyar Tiyata da Tsarin Aiki ta Sue da Bill, wacce aka bude a lokacin bazara na 2013. Haka kuma a shekarar 2013, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Mercy Ships . An tsara wannan ne don gina sabon jirgin asibiti, ''Global Mercy'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> don shiga cikin jirgin asibiti na yanzu, ''Africa Mercy'', wajen isar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga talakawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 40 ga [[Jami'ar California, Irvine]] don kafa makarantar koyon aikin jinya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Bharath"/> An sanya wa gidan tarihin William H. Gross Stamp Gallery na Smithsonian National Postal Museum, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan babban mai taimakonsa, shi ne babban gidan tarihin da aka keɓe wa ayyukan agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gross ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 8 a shekarar 2009 ga Gidan Tarihin Wasiku na Ƙasa don ƙirƙirar gidan tarihin da ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 12,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin gudummawar sun fito ne daga kuɗin da Gross ya samu daga sayar da tarin yaƙin basasa da tarihin gidan tarihin Amurka ta Arewa maso Yammacin Birtaniya. Gross ya kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta William, Jeff da Jennifer Gross a shekarar 2018 tare da ɗansa da 'yarsa daga matarsa ta farko don daidaita ayyukansa na agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidauniyar tana ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan 20 a kowace shekara, kuma tana ba da fiye da dala miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2020 don ayyukan agajin cutar coronavirus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Jeff |date=4 February 2019 |title=Once the 'Bond King,' Bill Gross Is Retiring, His Star Dimmed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/business/bond-king-bill-gross-retirement.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2020, Gross ya sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title='Bond King' Bill Gross leaves Pimco, joins Janus |url=https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=Daily Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214114105/https://www.dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/wires/business/bond-king-bill-gross-leaves-pimco-joins-janus/ |archive-date=2019-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Littattafai da ayyuka == *   *   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8p8bdmj8jq2k1sjnrsbxpirrjuexlmu 0 134169 965565 775568 2026-10-10T04:05:59Z BnHamid 12586 965565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Venetia Kotta''' (Pontic: Βενετία Κώττα; 1897 or 1901 – 1945) was a Greek archaeologist, museum curator, and Byzantine historian from Sampsunta in the former [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman Empire]].{{R|ae}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Venetia Kotta a shekara ta 1897 ko 1901 a Sampsunta, sannan wani ɓangare na Daular Ottoman . <ref name="pro-istorimata">{{Cite journal |last=Kokkinidou |first=Dimitra |year=2016 |title=Από την ιστορία των πρώτων Ελληνίδων Αρχαιολόγων |trans-title=From the History of the First Greek Archaeologists |url=https://www.academia.edu/29847580 |journal=Pro-Istorimata |language=greek |volume=7 |pages=31–39 |issn=2241-2921}}</ref> Iyayenta sun kasance daga cikin 'yan tsirarun da ke magana da Helenanci a yankin Pontus.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1944 |title=Archeion Thrakēs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3g_AQAAIAAJ |journal=Hetaireia Thrakikōn Meletōn |language=Greek |volume=11–12}}</ref> Kotta ta kammala karatun sakandare a Rasha. Daga baya, ta gudanar da makarantar 'yan mata ga Helenawa na Romania a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] . A cikin shekarun 1920, ta tafi jami'o'i a [[Athens]] da Paris. Ta yi karatun Byzantines a karkashin Gabriel Millet kuma ta sami PhD yayin da take halartar makaranta a Paris.{{R|pro-istorimata}} == Ayyuka == A cikin 1933, Kotta ya nemi aiki a Jami'ar Thessaloniki, da nufin koyar da darasi game da rayuwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu a zamanin Byzantine. An ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen ta, watakila bisa ga jinsi.{{R|pro-istorimata}} A farkon shekarun 1900, kodayake kimiyya a Girka ta mamaye maza ne, wasu mata sun shiga aiki a matsayin masu binciken tarihi. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tsakanin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|WWI]] da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|WWII]], an nada mata biyu a cikin sabis na binciken archaeological na Girka.{{Efn|[[Semni Karouzou]] and Eirini Varoucha, who worked as excavators}} Mai fafutuka na zamani [[Avra Theodoropoulou]] ya kira gabatarwa a matsayin "nasara ta mata".<ref name="Nikolaidou and Kokkinidou">{{Cite book|edition=Marie Louise Stig}}</ref> Bayan Firayim Minista mai iko Ioannis Metaxas ya zo mulki a 1936, an zartar da doka wacce ta hana mata shiga aikin Archaeological. Mata da suka riga sun yi aiki a can za su iya ci gaba da aiki, amma ba za su iya zama daraktocin gidajen tarihi ko shirye-shiryen archaeological ba. Babu wata mata da ta shiga Sabis har sai an soke dokar a shekarar 1955, tare da banbanci biyu.[1] {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7u93hmaoyjsk4ahztiaehd4anvn7h0h 965566 965565 2026-10-10T04:06:22Z BnHamid 12586 965566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Venetia Kotta''' (Pontic: Βενετία Κώττα; 1897 or 1901 – 1945) was a Greek archaeologist, museum curator, and Byzantine historian from Sampsunta in the former [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman Empire]].{{R|ae}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Venetia Kotta a shekara ta 1897 ko 1901 a Sampsunta, sannan wani ɓangare na Daular Ottoman . <ref name="pro-istorimata">{{Cite journal |last=Kokkinidou |first=Dimitra |year=2016 |title=Από την ιστορία των πρώτων Ελληνίδων Αρχαιολόγων |trans-title=From the History of the First Greek Archaeologists |url=https://www.academia.edu/29847580 |journal=Pro-Istorimata |language=greek |volume=7 |pages=31–39 |issn=2241-2921}}</ref> Iyayenta sun kasance daga cikin 'yan tsirarun da ke magana da Helenanci a yankin Pontus.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1944 |title=Archeion Thrakēs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3g_AQAAIAAJ |journal=Hetaireia Thrakikōn Meletōn |language=Greek |volume=11–12}}</ref> Kotta ta kammala karatun sakandare a Rasha. Daga baya, ta gudanar da makarantar 'yan mata ga Helenawa na Romania a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] . A cikin shekarun 1920, ta tafi jami'o'i a [[Athens]] da Paris. Ta yi karatun Byzantines a karkashin Gabriel Millet kuma ta sami PhD yayin da take halartar makaranta a Paris.{{R|pro-istorimata}} == Ayyuka == A cikin 1933, Kotta ya nemi aiki a Jami'ar Thessaloniki, da nufin koyar da darasi game da rayuwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu a zamanin Byzantine. An ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen ta, watakila bisa ga jinsi.{{R|pro-istorimata}} A farkon shekarun 1900, kodayake kimiyya a Girka ta mamaye maza ne, wasu mata sun shiga aiki a matsayin masu binciken tarihi. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tsakanin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|WWI]] da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|WWII]], an nada mata biyu a cikin sabis na binciken archaeological na Girka.{{Efn|[[Semni Karouzou]] and Eirini Varoucha, who worked as excavators}} Mai fafutuka na zamani [[Avra Theodoropoulou]] ya kira gabatarwa a matsayin "nasara ta mata".<ref name="Nikolaidou and Kokkinidou">{{Cite book|edition=Marie Louise Stig}}</ref> Bayan Firayim Minista mai iko Ioannis Metaxas ya zo mulki a 1936, an zartar da doka wacce ta hana mata shiga aikin Archaeological. Mata da suka riga sun yi aiki a can za su iya ci gaba da aiki, amma ba za su iya zama daraktocin gidajen tarihi ko shirye-shiryen archaeological ba. Babu wata mata da ta shiga Sabis har sai an soke dokar a shekarar 1955, tare da banbanci biyu.[1] ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0y0tea7d5sn68b8bicy5pu0y9trexe5 0 135902 965587 778730 2026-10-10T04:17:50Z BnHamid 12586 965587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Athanasios''' "'''Thanos'''" '''Plevris''' (Greek; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1977) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma ɗan marubucin Konstantinos Plevris wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiya a ƙarƙashin majalisar Kyriakos Mitsotakis daga 2021 zuwa 2023. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jewish community seeks apology from newly appointed minister |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1167192/jewish-community-seeks-apology-from-newly-appointed-minister/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |publisher=eKathimerini.com |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Ministan Shige da Fice da Gida. Sau da yawa ana bayyana Plevris a matsayin murya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma Islamophobic a siyasar Girka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukala |first=Salomi |date=2021-06-08 |title='We need to talk about the hegemony of the left': The normalisation of extreme right discourse in Greece |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |issn=1569-2159 |s2cid=233973202 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasilopoulou |first=Sofia |last2=Halikiopoulou |first2=Daphne |date=2013-12-01 |title=In the Shadow of Grexit: The Greek Election of 17 June 2012 |journal=South European Society and Politics |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=523–542 |doi=10.1080/13608746.2013.779784 |issn=1360-8746 |s2cid=154539450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An fara zabarsa a majalisar dokokin Hellenic tare da kungiyar Popular Orthodox Rally mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Zaben majalisar dokoki na 2007. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukala |first=Salomi |date=2021-06-08 |title='We need to talk about the hegemony of the left': The normalisation of extreme right discourse in Greece |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |issn=1569-2159 |s2cid=233973202 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Daga baya aka zabe shi a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a watan Yunin 2009, kafin ya koma majalisar dokokin kasa a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasilopoulou |first=Sofia |last2=Halikiopoulou |first2=Daphne |date=2013-12-01 |title=In the Shadow of Grexit: The Greek Election of 17 June 2012 |journal=South European Society and Politics |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=523–542 |doi=10.1080/13608746.2013.779784 |issn=1360-8746 |s2cid=154539450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da Popular Orthodox Rally ya kasa kaiwa ga Ƙofar zaɓe na 3% a Zaben Mayu 2012, Plevris ya shiga New Democracy kuma ya zama mataimakin jam'iyyar na farko bayan zaben da aka gudanar a watan da ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Bayan 'yan watanni bayan an zabe shi a [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Majalisar birni]] Athens a watan Mayu 2014, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukala |first=Salomi |date=2021-06-08 |title='We need to talk about the hegemony of the left': The normalisation of extreme right discourse in Greece |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |issn=1569-2159 |s2cid=233973202 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> an rantsar da shi a matsayin memba na majalisa a karo na uku a watan Nuwamba 2014, ya maye gurbin [[Dimitris Avramopoulos]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasilopoulou |first=Sofia |last2=Halikiopoulou |first2=Daphne |date=2013-12-01 |title=In the Shadow of Grexit: The Greek Election of 17 June 2012 |journal=South European Society and Politics |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=523–542 |doi=10.1080/13608746.2013.779784 |issn=1360-8746 |s2cid=154539450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda ya yi murabus don ya yi aiki a Hukumar Tarayyar Turai. Plevris ya kasa sake zabarsa a zaben Janairu da Satumba 2015, amma ya koma majalisa a Zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiya a cikin Ma'aikatar Kyriakos Mitsotakis daga 2021 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukala |first=Salomi |date=2021-06-08 |title='We need to talk about the hegemony of the left': The normalisation of extreme right discourse in Greece |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |issn=1569-2159 |s2cid=233973202 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan Shige da Fice da Gida a watan Yunin 2025.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasilopoulou |first=Sofia |last2=Halikiopoulou |first2=Daphne |date=2013-12-01 |title=In the Shadow of Grexit: The Greek Election of 17 June 2012 |journal=South European Society and Politics |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=523–542 |doi=10.1080/13608746.2013.779784 |issn=1360-8746 |s2cid=154539450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rashin jituwa == An gan shi a matsayin mutum mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a siyasar Girka kuma an bayyana wasu ra'ayoyinsa a matsayin masu tsattsa ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata.[1][2] A cikin shekarun 1990s a lokacin shekarunsa na ilimi ya kasance yana shiga cikin zanga-zangar kishin kasa kuma a akalla an kama shi a kan kyamara yana ƙone tutar Turkiyya tare da magoya bayan jam'iyyar neo-Nazi Golden Dawn . [3] === Shige da fice === Plevris ya kuma ba da shawarar yin amfani da karfi mai kisa a matsayin mai hana Shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2013 |title=Θ. Πλεύρης: Ζητούσε νεκρούς μετανάστες στη φύλαξη των συνόρων |url=https://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/story/386341/th-pleyris-zitoyse-nekroys-metanastes-sti-fylaxi-ton-synoron |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=Newsbomb |language=el}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a hana baƙi samun abinci, ruwa da kiwon lafiya, don yin yanayin rayuwarsu a Girka ba shi da kyau fiye da waɗanda ke cikin ƙasarsu. A watan Yulin 2025, Plevris yana daga cikin jami'an Turai da yawa da Gwamnatin Tsaro ta Kasa a gabashin Libya ta ayyana "mutumin da ba a yarda da shi ba bayan shi da jami'an da aka ambata sun gudanar da wani taro da jami'in Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa da ke [[Tripoli]] don tattauna ƙaura.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boukala |first=Salomi |date=2021-06-08 |title='We need to talk about the hegemony of the left': The normalisation of extreme right discourse in Greece |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1075/jlp.19053.bou |issn=1569-2159 |s2cid=233973202 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] befqjy77u2cuzlkhyi3rzr8oxedn5tv 0 136058 965255 884179 2026-10-09T13:57:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Befaqul Madarisiddinia Bangladesh (Larabci: وفاق المدارس الدينية بنغلاديش) Hukumar Kula da Madrasa ta Qawmi ce da gwamnati ta amince da ita a Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Qawmi Madrasa Dawra-e Hadith Act'2018|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-1263.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Ministry of Law}}</ref> Shi ne sabon sabon allo na ilimi Madrasa na Qawmi a Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The new Qawmi Board is coming under the leadership of Farid Uddin Masood|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/national/news/148741|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}</ref> An kafa hukumar ne a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2016 karkashin jagorancin Farid Uddin Masood kuma aka kaddamar da ita a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=New Qawmi Board|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/news/152871|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}</ref> Akwai madrasa sama da 800 a karkashin wannan hukumar.<ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == An gudanar da majalisa ta farko a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2021 a Dhaka. A wannan zaman, an sake zabar Farid Uddin Masood a matsayin shugaban kasa. An nada mutane hudu - Asad Al Hussaini, Shamsul Huda Khan, Mujibur Rahman, da Delwar Hussain Saifi - a matsayin masu ba da shawara ga hukumar. An zabi Yahya Mahmud da Abul Kashem a matsayin manyan mataimakan shugaban kasa. An nada mutane shida - Mushtaq Ahmed, Abdul Baten Faridi, Hifzur Rahman Khan, Mumtazul Karim, Shamsul Haque, da Hussain Ahmed - a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. An sake nada Mohammad Ali a matsayin Sakatare Janar. Bugu da ƙari, an nada mutane huɗu a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=3 October 2021 |title=Farid Uddin Masud, President of the Religious Madrasa Education Board |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2021-10-03/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%8A%E0%A6%A6 |work=[[Somoy TV]] |access-date=2026-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305062645/https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2021-10-03/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%8A%E0%A6%A6 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kungiyoyin Deobandi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g4f6c1v33u600bhega3mj6iv685nz7j 0 136545 965590 779811 2026-10-10T04:19:59Z BnHamid 12586 965590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hamdullah Nomani''' shine magajin garin [[Kabul]] tun daga ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Govt officials appointed by the Taliban so far |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/366885-govt-officials-appointed-by-the-taliban-so-far |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Geo News]]}}</ref> wanda ya maye gurbin Mohammad Daud Sultanzoy. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lami |first=Shaista |date=2021-08-24 |title=Kabul Mayor Keeps City Running After Taliban Takeover |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_kabul-mayor-keeps-city-running-after-taliban-takeover/6209937.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=[[Voice of America|VOA]]}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a wannan matsayi a lokacin mulkin Musulunci na Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muzaffar |first=Maroosha |date=2021-09-23 |title=Why Kabul’s ‘ex’ mayor is still coming in to work every day, even after the Taliban replaced him |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/why-kabul-ex-mayor-still-102033291.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[The Independent (newspaper)|The Independent]] |language=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hamdullah Nomani a kusa da 1968 a ƙauyen Sipayaw, Gundumar Andar, Lardin Ghazni . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lami |first=Shaista |date=2021-08-24 |title=Kabul Mayor Keeps City Running After Taliban Takeover |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_kabul-mayor-keeps-city-running-after-taliban-takeover/6209937.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=[[Voice of America|VOA]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Nomani ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi Mafi Girma kuma memba na Majalisar Jagora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Govt officials appointed by the Taliban so far |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/366885-govt-officials-appointed-by-the-taliban-so-far |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Geo News]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, Nomani ta umarci mata Ma'aikatan gwamnati su zauna a gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Govt officials appointed by the Taliban so far |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/366885-govt-officials-appointed-by-the-taliban-so-far |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Geo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muzaffar |first=Maroosha |date=2021-09-23 |title=Why Kabul’s ‘ex’ mayor is still coming in to work every day, even after the Taliban replaced him |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/why-kabul-ex-mayor-still-102033291.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[The Independent (newspaper)|The Independent]] |language=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9how7pdesiycv4p01c1vepzjmx1wzzf 0 136906 965575 780391 2026-10-10T04:11:12Z BnHamid 12586 965575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenan Bargan''' (Girkanci: Κενάνργ Μπακάν Kenán Mpargkán, an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Νεοκλέους |first=Σάββα |date=2020-07-19 |title=Έρχεται σήμερα Κύπρο από την Ελλάδα για το πέσιμο των υπογραφών – Σημαντική ενίσχυση για την επίθεση |url=https://themasports.tothemaonline.com/erchetai-simera-kypro-apo-tin-ellada-gia-to-pesimo-ton-ypografon-simantiki-enischysi-gia-tin-epithesi/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=Thema Sports |language=el}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bargan ne a Xanthi, Thrace ga iyayen [[Musulmi]] na Pomak . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Gaskiya === A shekara ta 2010 yana da shekaru 21 Bargan ya fara babban aikinsa na farko zuwa Veria. Bargan ya kasance a Veria na tsawon shekaru 5 kuma ya buga shekaru 4 a Superleague tare da su. === AEL === Bargan ya bar Veria kuma ya koma AEL Kalloni duk da haka ya zauna a can na watanni 6 kawai yana buga wasanni 13 kuma ya zira kwallaye 2 === Panionios === Daga nan sai Bargan ya koma Panionios kuma an ba shi lambar 10 jersey. Har ila yau ya zauna na watanni 6 kawai amma ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin gudu na Panionios zuwa matsayi na 5 kuma ya buga wasanni 15 ga Panionios. === Aris === Bargan ya nemi a sake shi daga kwangilarsa a Panionios kuma an ba shi saki. Bayan makonni na tattaunawa tare da Aris a ranar da aka ƙayyade canja wurin Bargan ya yi babban aikinsa kuma ya koma Aris.[undefined] A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2016, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kan Asteras Tripolis a gasar cin Kofin Girka . A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar a kan AEL Kalloni . A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba ya sake zira kwallaye a wasan da ya yi da Panelefsiniakos . A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba Bargan ya zira kwallaye a wasan sa na 4 a jere a nasarar 3-2 a kan Trikala . A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017 ya sake buga kwallo a kan Acharnaikos . A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2017, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru 2.[1] A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2018, ya dakatar da kwangilarsa ta hanyar yardar juna.[2] === AEL Kalloni === A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2018, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da AEL . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Νεοκλέους |first=Σάββα |date=2020-07-19 |title=Έρχεται σήμερα Κύπρο από την Ελλάδα για το πέσιμο των υπογραφών – Σημαντική ενίσχυση για την επίθεση |url=https://themasports.tothemaonline.com/erchetai-simera-kypro-apo-tin-ellada-gia-to-pesimo-ton-ypografon-simantiki-enischysi-gia-tin-epithesi/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=Thema Sports |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2018, ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 4-1 a gida a kan Irodotos don Kofin Girka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Νεοκλέους |first=Σάββα |date=2020-07-19 |title=Έρχεται σήμερα Κύπρο από την Ελλάδα για το πέσιμο των υπογραφών – Σημαντική ενίσχυση για την επίθεση |url=https://themasports.tothemaonline.com/erchetai-simera-kypro-apo-tin-ellada-gia-to-pesimo-ton-ypografon-simantiki-enischysi-gia-tin-epithesi/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=Thema Sports |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Disamba 2018, ya kasance MVP na nasarar da aka yi a gida 4-2 a kan Panionios, inda ya zira kwallaye daya kuma ya ba da taimako biyu. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7cp5rznqarhw9mhe52xaxxhfzk3kmrb 0 137239 965573 781120 2026-10-10T04:10:10Z BnHamid 12586 965573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hsing Yun''' ( Chinese ; 19 ga Agusta 1927 - 5 ga Fabrairu 2023) ya kasance malamin addinin Buddha na kasar Sin, malami, kuma mai taimakon jama'a wanda ke zaune a Taiwan. Shi ne wanda ya kafa tsarin addinin Buddha na Fo Guang Shan, sannan kuma kungiyar Buddha ta kasa da kasa mai suna Light International Association. An dauke Hsing Yun a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan addinin Buddha na dan Adam kuma daya daga cikin malaman addinin Buddha na zamani na Taiwan . A Taiwan, an fi saninsa da daya daga cikin " Sarakunan Sama Hudu " na addinin Buddha na Taiwan, tare da wadanda suka yi zamani da shi: Jagora Sheng-yen na Dutsen Drum, Jagora Cheng Yen na Tzu Chi da Jagora Wei Chueh na Chung Tai Shan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hsing Yun Lee Kuo-shen ( pinyin : Lǐ Guóshēn ) a shekarar 1927 a ƙauyen Jiangdu ( Yangzhou na zamani), Lardin Jiangsu a Jamhuriyar China . Farkon bayyanar Hsing Yun ga addinin Buddha ya fito ne daga kakarsa, mai bin addinin Buddha kuma mai tunani. Kafin rayuwar sufaye, ya raka mahaifiyarsa zuwa Nanjing don neman mahaifinsa da ya ɓace amma ba su yi nasara ba. [1] A shekarar 1938 ya shiga rayuwar sufaye yana da shekaru 12, inda ya naɗa shi sabon shiga a Haikalin Qixia a ƙarƙashin Zhikai, inda ya sami sabon shiga Jinjue. Ya sami umarnin upasampadā vinaya a ƙarƙashin Ruoshun a wannan haikalin a shekarar 1941 kuma ya sami sunan dharma Wuche. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya ɗauki cikakkun ƙa'idodi, Hsing Yun ya fara samun wahayi daga salon zamani na addinin Buddha a shekarar 1945 yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Buddha ta Jiaoshan. A can ya koyi game da kiran malamin addinin Buddha Taixu na yin gyara a cikin addinin Buddha da Sangha. A wani lokaci, ya ɗauki sunan "Hsing Yun" - " nebula " a cikin Sinanci - don nuna sabuwar falsafarsa. Ya gudu daga babban yankin China zuwa Taiwan a shekarar 1949 bayan nasarar kwaminisanci a yakin basasa amma an kama shi tare da wasu malaman addinin Buddha da dama. An saki Hsing Yun da sauran bayan kwanaki 23, sannan ya shafe shekaru da yawa masu zuwa yana haɓaka manyan mabiya da kafa gidajen ibada da yawa. A shekarar 1966, Hsing Yun ya sayi wasu filaye a Kaohsiung kuma ya fara gina babban gidan ibada. Bayan kammala wani ɓangare, an buɗe haikalin a shekarar 1967 kuma daga baya zai zama hedikwatar ƙungiyar addinin Buddha ta Fo Guang Shan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin addinin Buddha na Fo Guang Shan na Hsing Yun yana goyon bayan addinin Buddha na "Humanistic", <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma Hsing Yun da kansa shine babban malamin addinin har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a shekarar 1985. Bayan murabus dinsa, Hsing Yun ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Buddha (BLIA) a matsayin ƙungiyar addinin Buddha ta Humanistic. <ref name=":1" /> Daga ƙarshe Fo Guang Shan ya girma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a zamantakewa a Taiwan; ƙungiyar ta kafa makarantu da kwalejoji da dama, kuma tana gudanar da gidajen marayu, gidaje ga tsofaffi, da shirye-shiryen gyaran miyagun ƙwayoyi a gidajen yari. Fo Guang Shan ya kuma shiga cikin wasu ayyukan agaji na ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=59 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=1996-4617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fo Guang Shan ya shigo [[Sin|babban yankin kasar Sin]] a farkon karni na 21, inda ya fi mai da hankali kan sadaka da farfado da al'adun kasar Sin maimakon yada addinin Buddha domin gujewa rikici da gwamnatin kasar Sin, wadda ke adawa da yin wa'azi. Kasancewar Fo Guang Shan a kasar Sin ya karu a karkashin shugabancin babban sakataren kasar [[Xi Jinping]] bayan ya fara wani shiri na farfado da addinan gargajiya na kasar Sin. A cewar Hsing Yun, burinsa a babban yankin kasar Sin shi ne yin aiki tare da gwamnatin babban yankin don sake gina al'adun kasar Sin bayan lalata [[Cultural Revolution|juyin juya halin al'adu]], maimakon inganta addinin Buddha a babban yankin. Hedikwatar Fo Guang Shan da ke [[Kaohsiung]] a halin yanzu ita ce babbar gidan ibada na addinin Buddha a Taiwan. Baya ga haka, wannan otal ɗin yana da hanyar sadarwa ta rassa sama da 300 a duk faɗin Taiwan, <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=59 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=1996-4617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma rassa da dama a duk duniya a aƙalla ƙasashe hamsin, ciki har da Amurka, Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Brazil. == Siyasa == [[Fayil:Hsing_Yun_and_President_Ma_Ying-jeou_20100814.jpg|thumb|Hsing Yun tare da Shugaba Ma Ying-jeou a shekarar 2010; Hsing Yun ya kasance mai goyon bayan Kuomintang kuma ya ba Ma goyon bayansa a zaben shugaban kasa na 2008.]] A Taiwan, Hsing Yun ya shahara saboda ayyukansa a harkokin siyasa, musamman a matsayin mai goyon bayan manufofin China ɗaya tilo da kuma dokokin gwamnati da Kuomintang ke tallafawa, kuma an soki shi saboda ra'ayoyinsa daga waɗanda ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Taiwan da kuma manyan addinai, a matsayin siyasa a bayyane kuma "ta yi nisa da damuwar al'adun sufaye". A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2008, Hsing Yun ta goyi bayan ɗan takarar Kuomintang Ma Ying-jeou a bainar jama'a. A lokacin taron Buddha na duniya na biyu a 2009, Hsing Yun ta yi ikirarin cewa babu "'yan Taiwan" kuma Taiwan "'yan China ne". <ref name="loa" /> A lokacin yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2016, Hsing Yun ta yi tsokaci mai yawa lokacin da ya kwatanta 'yar takarar DPP Tsai Ing-wen da allahiyar China Mazu, yana mai cewa waɗannan halaye za su taimaka wa Tsai ta zama shugabar ƙasa, wanda daga ƙarshe ta zama shugaba. Domin kawar da jita-jitar sauya shekar jam'iyya, Hsing Yun ya bai wa dan takarar KMT Hung Hsiu-chu goyon bayansa a bainar jama'a, wanda daga karshe ya janye daga takarar. Duk da goyon bayansa ga Kuomintang, an san Hsing Yun a matsayin wanda 'yan siyasa na jam'iyyun biyu suka girmama. Ya ƙarfafa sulhu tsakanin China da Dalai Lama, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> amma ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don guje wa haifar da rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da ƙungiyarsa da gwamnatin China. == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2011, Hsing Yun ya sami ƙaramin [[Bugun jini|bugun jini na ischemic]], na biyu a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> A cikin tsufansa, Hsing Yun ya fara fama da matsalolin lafiya da dama, ciki har da ciwon suga da kuma makanta. [[Fayil:Hsi_Lai_Temple_Great_Hero_Hall_following_Hsing_Yun_death.jpg|right|thumb|Bagadin tunawa ga Hsing Yun a Haikalin Hsi Lai bayan mutuwarsa]] Hsing Yun ya mutu a gidansa da ke gidan sufi na Fo Guang Shan a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2023, bayan shekaru da dama yana fama da rashin lafiya. Yana da shekaru 95 (97 bisa ga lissafin shekarun Gabashin Asiya ), kuma ya shafe shekaru 85 na rayuwarsa a matsayin mai bautar gumaka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Washegari aka sanya gawarsa a wurin zama a cikin wani akwati mai kama da kumfa a siffar Parinirvana Stupa a Kushinagar, Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> An sanya gawarsa a kan wani dandali a cikin Gine-ginen Girgije inda ya kwanta na tsawon kwanaki bakwai yayin da baƙi ke yi masa gaisuwa. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j1ubkae66hzzj8zmw1t3t8fext0oeyq 965574 965573 2026-10-10T04:10:39Z BnHamid 12586 /* Rashin lafiya da mutuwa */ 965574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hsing Yun''' ( Chinese ; 19 ga Agusta 1927 - 5 ga Fabrairu 2023) ya kasance malamin addinin Buddha na kasar Sin, malami, kuma mai taimakon jama'a wanda ke zaune a Taiwan. Shi ne wanda ya kafa tsarin addinin Buddha na Fo Guang Shan, sannan kuma kungiyar Buddha ta kasa da kasa mai suna Light International Association. An dauke Hsing Yun a matsayin babban mai goyon bayan addinin Buddha na dan Adam kuma daya daga cikin malaman addinin Buddha na zamani na Taiwan . A Taiwan, an fi saninsa da daya daga cikin " Sarakunan Sama Hudu " na addinin Buddha na Taiwan, tare da wadanda suka yi zamani da shi: Jagora Sheng-yen na Dutsen Drum, Jagora Cheng Yen na Tzu Chi da Jagora Wei Chueh na Chung Tai Shan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hsing Yun Lee Kuo-shen ( pinyin : Lǐ Guóshēn ) a shekarar 1927 a ƙauyen Jiangdu ( Yangzhou na zamani), Lardin Jiangsu a Jamhuriyar China . Farkon bayyanar Hsing Yun ga addinin Buddha ya fito ne daga kakarsa, mai bin addinin Buddha kuma mai tunani. Kafin rayuwar sufaye, ya raka mahaifiyarsa zuwa Nanjing don neman mahaifinsa da ya ɓace amma ba su yi nasara ba. [1] A shekarar 1938 ya shiga rayuwar sufaye yana da shekaru 12, inda ya naɗa shi sabon shiga a Haikalin Qixia a ƙarƙashin Zhikai, inda ya sami sabon shiga Jinjue. Ya sami umarnin upasampadā vinaya a ƙarƙashin Ruoshun a wannan haikalin a shekarar 1941 kuma ya sami sunan dharma Wuche. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya ɗauki cikakkun ƙa'idodi, Hsing Yun ya fara samun wahayi daga salon zamani na addinin Buddha a shekarar 1945 yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Buddha ta Jiaoshan. A can ya koyi game da kiran malamin addinin Buddha Taixu na yin gyara a cikin addinin Buddha da Sangha. A wani lokaci, ya ɗauki sunan "Hsing Yun" - " nebula " a cikin Sinanci - don nuna sabuwar falsafarsa. Ya gudu daga babban yankin China zuwa Taiwan a shekarar 1949 bayan nasarar kwaminisanci a yakin basasa amma an kama shi tare da wasu malaman addinin Buddha da dama. An saki Hsing Yun da sauran bayan kwanaki 23, sannan ya shafe shekaru da yawa masu zuwa yana haɓaka manyan mabiya da kafa gidajen ibada da yawa. A shekarar 1966, Hsing Yun ya sayi wasu filaye a Kaohsiung kuma ya fara gina babban gidan ibada. Bayan kammala wani ɓangare, an buɗe haikalin a shekarar 1967 kuma daga baya zai zama hedikwatar ƙungiyar addinin Buddha ta Fo Guang Shan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin addinin Buddha na Fo Guang Shan na Hsing Yun yana goyon bayan addinin Buddha na "Humanistic", <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma Hsing Yun da kansa shine babban malamin addinin har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a shekarar 1985. Bayan murabus dinsa, Hsing Yun ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Buddha (BLIA) a matsayin ƙungiyar addinin Buddha ta Humanistic. <ref name=":1" /> Daga ƙarshe Fo Guang Shan ya girma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a zamantakewa a Taiwan; ƙungiyar ta kafa makarantu da kwalejoji da dama, kuma tana gudanar da gidajen marayu, gidaje ga tsofaffi, da shirye-shiryen gyaran miyagun ƙwayoyi a gidajen yari. Fo Guang Shan ya kuma shiga cikin wasu ayyukan agaji na ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=59 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=1996-4617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fo Guang Shan ya shigo [[Sin|babban yankin kasar Sin]] a farkon karni na 21, inda ya fi mai da hankali kan sadaka da farfado da al'adun kasar Sin maimakon yada addinin Buddha domin gujewa rikici da gwamnatin kasar Sin, wadda ke adawa da yin wa'azi. Kasancewar Fo Guang Shan a kasar Sin ya karu a karkashin shugabancin babban sakataren kasar [[Xi Jinping]] bayan ya fara wani shiri na farfado da addinan gargajiya na kasar Sin. A cewar Hsing Yun, burinsa a babban yankin kasar Sin shi ne yin aiki tare da gwamnatin babban yankin don sake gina al'adun kasar Sin bayan lalata [[Cultural Revolution|juyin juya halin al'adu]], maimakon inganta addinin Buddha a babban yankin. Hedikwatar Fo Guang Shan da ke [[Kaohsiung]] a halin yanzu ita ce babbar gidan ibada na addinin Buddha a Taiwan. Baya ga haka, wannan otal ɗin yana da hanyar sadarwa ta rassa sama da 300 a duk faɗin Taiwan, <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Schak |first=David |last2=Hsiao |first2=Hsin-Huang Michael |date=1 June 2005 |title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups |journal=China Perspectives |language=en |volume=2005 |issue=59 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803 |issn=1996-4617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma rassa da dama a duk duniya a aƙalla ƙasashe hamsin, ciki har da Amurka, Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Brazil. == Siyasa == [[Fayil:Hsing_Yun_and_President_Ma_Ying-jeou_20100814.jpg|thumb|Hsing Yun tare da Shugaba Ma Ying-jeou a shekarar 2010; Hsing Yun ya kasance mai goyon bayan Kuomintang kuma ya ba Ma goyon bayansa a zaben shugaban kasa na 2008.]] A Taiwan, Hsing Yun ya shahara saboda ayyukansa a harkokin siyasa, musamman a matsayin mai goyon bayan manufofin China ɗaya tilo da kuma dokokin gwamnati da Kuomintang ke tallafawa, kuma an soki shi saboda ra'ayoyinsa daga waɗanda ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Taiwan da kuma manyan addinai, a matsayin siyasa a bayyane kuma "ta yi nisa da damuwar al'adun sufaye". A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2008, Hsing Yun ta goyi bayan ɗan takarar Kuomintang Ma Ying-jeou a bainar jama'a. A lokacin taron Buddha na duniya na biyu a 2009, Hsing Yun ta yi ikirarin cewa babu "'yan Taiwan" kuma Taiwan "'yan China ne". <ref name="loa" /> A lokacin yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2016, Hsing Yun ta yi tsokaci mai yawa lokacin da ya kwatanta 'yar takarar DPP Tsai Ing-wen da allahiyar China Mazu, yana mai cewa waɗannan halaye za su taimaka wa Tsai ta zama shugabar ƙasa, wanda daga ƙarshe ta zama shugaba. Domin kawar da jita-jitar sauya shekar jam'iyya, Hsing Yun ya bai wa dan takarar KMT Hung Hsiu-chu goyon bayansa a bainar jama'a, wanda daga karshe ya janye daga takarar. Duk da goyon bayansa ga Kuomintang, an san Hsing Yun a matsayin wanda 'yan siyasa na jam'iyyun biyu suka girmama. Ya ƙarfafa sulhu tsakanin China da Dalai Lama, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> amma ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don guje wa haifar da rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da ƙungiyarsa da gwamnatin China. == Rashin lafiya da mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2011, Hsing Yun ya sami ƙaramin [[Bugun jini|bugun jini na ischemic]], na biyu a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> A cikin tsufansa, Hsing Yun ya fara fama da matsalolin lafiya da dama, ciki har da ciwon suga da kuma makanta. [[Fayil:Hsi_Lai_Temple_Great_Hero_Hall_following_Hsing_Yun_death.jpg|right|thumb|Bagadin tunawa ga Hsing Yun a Haikalin Hsi Lai bayan mutuwarsa]] Hsing Yun ya mutu a gidansa da ke gidan sufi na Fo Guang Shan a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2023, bayan shekaru da dama yana fama da rashin lafiya. Yana da shekaru 95 (97 bisa ga lissafin shekarun Gabashin Asiya ), kuma ya shafe shekaru 85 na rayuwarsa a matsayin mai bautar gumaka. Washegari aka sanya gawarsa a wurin zama a cikin wani akwati mai kama da kumfa a siffar Parinirvana Stupa a Kushinagar, Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Come to Taiwan, Return with good memories |url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw}}</ref> An sanya gawarsa a kan wani dandali a cikin Gine-ginen Girgije inda ya kwanta na tsawon kwanaki bakwai yayin da baƙi ke yi masa gaisuwa. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lndinggqgrbw9mw1ecv36rotxcc5qul 0 143472 965605 956963 2026-10-10T05:05:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Constance Winifred Mark''', [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], BEM (wanda aka haifa a '''McDonald''', wanda a da ake '''kira Goodridge''' ; 21 ga Disamba 1923 - 3 ga Yuni 2007) ta kasance mai shirya al'umma kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a 'yar asalin Jamaica. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar lafiya a Sabis na 'Yankuna na Taimako a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Bayan ta koma Ingila a farkon shekarun 1950, ta zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin West Indians a London, bayan an hana ta lambar yabo ta Burtaniya Empire . Ta yi aiki don samun yabo ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata waɗanda aka yi watsi da su saboda ayyukansu kuma ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar tunawa da [[Mary Seacole]] don kawo yabo ga nasarorin da ma'aikaciyar jinya 'yar Jamaica ta samu. == Tarihin Rayuwar sa. == An haifi Constance Winifred McDonald a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1923 a Rollington Town, [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica, ga Mary Rosannah (née Fyfe) da Ernest Lynas McDonald. {{Sfn|Busby|2007}} {{Sfn|Jamaica Registrar General's Department|1924}} A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, an san ta da "Winnie" amma a lokacin rayuwarta ta gaba an san ta da "Connie". {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|1989}} Ta fito daga kabilu daban-daban, asalinta ya haɗa da kakar uba daga Jamaica da kaka daga [[Scotland]], da kuma kaka ta uwa daga zuriyar Lebanon da kuma kaka ta uba wacce ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Indiya]] . Duk da bambancin zuri'arta, iyalan sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin 'yan Birtaniya, galibi saboda Jamaica mallakar Birtaniya ce a lokacin. {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} Ta girma a Kingston kuma ta halarci Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Wolmer . {{Sfn|Busby|2007}} == Sana'a == A shekarar 1943, an ɗauki McDonald aiki don shiga Sabis na Ƙasashen Taimako (ATS) saboda ƙwarewarta ta kula da lissafin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Busby|2007}} {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} Ta yi aiki a Asibitin Soja na Burtaniya da ke Kingston, a matsayin sakatariyar lafiya, tana rubuta rahotannin raunin da ta samu a yaƙi. {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Windrush |date=10 May 2013 |title=Connie Mark |url=https://windrushfoundation.com/profiles/connie-mark/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Windrush Foundation}}</ref> Bayan kammala watanni 6 na hidima, an ɗaukaka ta zuwa Kofur {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|2008}} kuma ta nemi ƙarin albashinta kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokokin Sojojin Burtaniya. Ofishin Yaƙi ya ƙi buƙatarta, yana mai cewa sojojin ATS ba su cancanci ƙarin ba. {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} Watanni shida bayan haka, an ɗaukaka McDonald zuwa cikakken Kofur {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|2008}} kuma har yanzu an ƙi ƙarin albashinta. McDonald ya ɗauki manufar a matsayin wariyar launin fata, yana jin cewa yayin da take cikin rundunar sojojin Burtaniya ta Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) ya kamata a yi mata mu'amala kamar sauran ma'aikata. {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} Ta ce, "Mu 'yan kasar Birtaniya ne! Ingila ita ce ƙasarmu ta asali. An rene mu ne don girmama dangin sarki . " Ta yi fafutuka don, amma ba ta karɓi abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin albashin baya ba. {{Sfn|Busby|2007}} {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} Bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, babban jami'in McDonald ya nemi ta karɓi lambar yabo ta British Empire Medal, amma an ƙi amincewa da ita. Ta yi imanin cewa musantawar ta faru ne saboda ta ƙi tsaftace gidajen jami'an Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Connie Mark |url=https://www.neversuchinnocence.com/connie-mark-second-world-war |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Never Such Innocence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213224610/https://www.neversuchinnocence.com/connie-mark-second-world-war |archive-date=13 December 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} A shekarar 1949, lokacin da aka haɗa ATS cikin Rundunar Sojojin Mata ta Royal, ta yi rajista don ƙarin aiki. {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|2008}} {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|1949}} A shekarar 1952, ta auri ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Jamaica Stanley Goodridge, kuma daga baya suka haifi 'ya mace, Amru Elizabeth. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Stanley ya sami kwangilar buga wasan kurket a Durham kuma ya koma Ingila. Bayan kammala shekaru goma na hidima tare da RAMC, McDonald-Goodridge ya haɗu da mijinta da 'yarsu a Ingila, inda ta haifi ɗansu na biyu, Stanley, a shekarar 1957. {{Sfn|Busby|2007}} Da zarar iyalin sun zauna a Birtaniya, McDonald-Goodridge ta koma aikinta na sakatariyar lafiya. Ta kuma shiga ayyukan agaji, hidimar al'umma da ayyukan ilimi. [1] [1] The Goodridges sun rabu kuma ta auri Michael Mark. [1] Ta shiga ƙungiyar tsoffin ma'aikatan soja ta Yammacin Indiya kuma ta matsa musu lamba su ƙara mata a matsayin ƙungiyar, ta ci gaba da fafutukarta don a amince da gudummawar mata ga yaƙin. [1] A shekarar 1980, Mark ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna Abokan Mary Seacole, wacce daga baya aka sake mata suna Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Mary Seacole. {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|1993}} {{Sfn|''Itz Caribbean''|2008}} A lokacin bikin cika shekaru 100 da mutuwar Seacole, an gudanar da wani taron tunawa a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1981 kuma tun daga lokacin, Ƙungiyar Tunawa ta ci gaba da kula da wurin kabari. {{Sfn|Robinson|2005}} A shekarar 1989, lokacin da ake shirye-shiryen bikin gudummawar sojoji maza da mata a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da barkewar yakin, Mark ya fara fafutukar ganin an hada 'yan asalin Indiya da mata. A wata hira da Jacqui Harper ta yi da shirin [[BBC]] na ''Hear-Say'', Mark ta bayyana takaicinta cewa ba a san hidimar 'yan Birtaniya bakar fata ba. Ta nemi tallafi daga [[Greater London Arts Council|Majalisar Fasaha ta Landan]] kuma ta shirya wani baje kolin hotuna da ta samu damar tattarawa daga ma'aikatan soja da kuma rumbun adana kayan tarihi na Gidan Tarihin Yaƙin Daular don bikin cika shekaru hamsin. {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} {{Sfn|National Health Service Foundation Trust|2014}} A shekarar 1992, Mark ya sami lambar yabo ta Daular Burtaniya saboda aikin da ta yi a lokacin yaƙin. {{Sfn|Bourne|2012}} {{Sfn|''The Daily Gleaner''|1993}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 8mrd2f3su2nxvurinkljs5qpwa9bxpl 0 144249 965715 806384 2026-10-10T09:04:22Z PJ Geest 17703 Replace raster graph with SVG reconstruction: Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.svg 965715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin Gaza''' [ h ] rikici ne na makamai a [[Zirin Gaza]] da [[Isra'ila]], wanda aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikicin Isra'ila-Palasdinawa da Gaza-Isra'ila wanda ba a warware shi ba. Yaƙin ya fara ne a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2023, lokacin da ƙungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa [[Hamas]] ta jagoranci wani hari na bazata kan Isra'ila, inda aka kashe 'yan Isra'ila 1,195 da 'yan ƙasashen waje kuma aka yi garkuwa da 251. Tun lokacin da aka fara harin Isra'ila da ya biyo baya, an kashe [[Falasdinawa]] sama da 72,000 a Gaza. Wani bincike a cikin ''The Lancet'' ya kammala da cewa ba a ƙidaya adadin waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon raunin da ya faru ba kuma ya lura da yiwuwar adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya fi yawa idan aka haɗa da mutuwar "ba a kaikaice". Wani ra'ayi na ilimi ya kammala da cewa Isra'ila tana aikata [[kisan kare dangi a Gaza]] . {{Efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="genocide_other_experts"/><ref name="genocide_int_law_scholars"/><ref name="Brookings"/><ref name="MESB-2024"/><ref name="un_coi_cnn" />}} Isra'ila da wasu ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], sun ƙi amincewa da wannan ra'ayi. Bayan hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Isra'ila ta ƙaddamar da hare-haren bama-bamai sannan daga baya ta mamaye Gaza a ranar 27 ga Oktoba bayan ta share 'yan bindiga daga yankinta. Sojojin Isra'ila sun ƙaddamar da hare-hare da dama, ciki har da harin Rafah, yaƙe-yaƙe uku da aka yi a kusa da Khan Yunis, da kuma killace arewacin Gaza, wanda ya ƙare a harin 2025 a birnin Gaza . Sun kashe shugabannin Hamas a ciki da wajen Gaza. An wargaza yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta 2023, kuma yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta biyu a watan Janairun 2025 ta ƙare da harin ba zato ba tsammani da Isra'ila ta kai a watan Maris. An fara aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta uku a ranar 10 ga Oktoba bayan Isra'ila da Hamas sun amince su ɗauki mataki na ɗaya daga cikin shirin zaman lafiya da Amurka ke marawa baya . [1] [2] Yaƙin ya haifar da rikicin jin kai a Gaza . Tsauraran matakan killace yankin Isra'ila sun katse muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa, wanda ya haifar da mummunan matsalar yunwa da kuma wani ɓangare na yunwa . An lalata kusan kashi 90% na kayayyakin more rayuwa na fararen hula na Gaza kuma an lalata muhimman ayyuka, ciki har da ruwa, wutar lantarki, da tsaftar muhalli; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=UN says 70% of Gaza's water production disrupted as Israel blocks 'dual-use' repair item |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/un-says-70-of-gazas-water-production-disrupted-as-israel-blocks-dual-use-repair-item/3807039 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref> manyan sassa ba za a iya zama a cikinsu ba, tare da lalata yawancin asibitoci, wuraren addini da al'adu, da wuraren ilimi . 'Yan jaridar Gaza, ma'aikatan lafiya, ma'aikatan agaji da sauran membobin ƙungiyoyin farar hula an tsare su, an azabtar da su, kuma an kashe su. Isra'ila ta tsare dubban Falasdinawa daga Gaza da Yammacin Kogin Jordan tun farkon yaƙin. Kusan dukkan yankunan 2.3 na yankin{{Spaces}}An [[Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa|tilasta wa Falasdinawa miliyan ɗaya gudun hijira]] . Sama da Isra'ilawa 100,000 ne aka kora daga gidajensu a lokacin da rikicin ya yi tsanani. Rana ta farko ita ce mafi muni a tarihin Isra'ila, kuma yaƙin shine mafi muni ga Falasdinawa a cikin rikicin da ya fi girma. A watan Satumba na 2025, Kwamitin Bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yankin Falasdinawa da aka Mamaye ya kammala da cewa an aikata hudu daga cikin ayyukan kisan kare dangi guda biyar kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Kisan Kare Dangi ta ayyana a Gaza tun daga ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023. [1] Kotun Duniya tana duba wata shari'a da ke zargin Isra'ila da kisan kare dangi. [2] Masana da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma bayyana cewa Isra'ila da Hamas sun aikata wasu laifukan yaki . Kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na Falasdinawa da kuma sojojin Isra'ila sun aikata azabtarwa da cin zarafin mata . [3] Isra'ila ta sami tallafin soja da diflomasiyya mai yawa daga Amurka . Yaƙin ya yi ta yaɗuwa a yankuna daban-daban, inda ƙungiyoyin " Axis of Resistance " a ƙasashen Larabawa da dama da Iran suka fafata da Amurka da Isra'ila, ciki har da [[Yaƙin Iran da Isra'ila|Yaƙin Kwanaki Goma Sha Biyu]] a 2025, da kuma Yaƙin Iran na 2026. Shekara guda da aka shafe ana kai hare-hare tsakanin Isra'ila da [[Hezbollah]] ya haifar da mamayar Isra'ila a Lebanon da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan Isra'ila a Siriya, wanda ya taimaka wajen rugujewar gwamnatin Assad . Yaƙin yana ci gaba da haifar da mummunan sakamako a yankuna da na duniya, tare da manyan zanga-zanga a duk duniya da kuma ƙaruwar nuna wariyar Yahudawa da wariyar launin fata ga Falasɗinawa . == Sunaye == Kungiyoyin fafutuka na Falasdinu suna kiran wannan rikici a matsayin "yakin Ambaliyar Al-Aqsa" ( Arabic ), dangane da Operation al-Aqsa Ambaliyar . Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta kira shi da "Yaƙin Takobin ƙarfe" ( Hebrew ) [ j ] har zuwa Oktoba 2025, lokacin da ta fara amfani da "Yaƙin Fansa". cikin Isra'ila, ana kiranta da "Yaƙin Simchat Torah" saboda harin Hamas ya fara ne a ranar hutun Yahudawa na Simchat Torah . Kafafen watsa labarai sun yi ta bayyana shi a matsayin "Yaƙin Isra'ila da Hamas", "yaƙin Gaza", "Yaƙin Oktoba 7", da kuma " Nakba ta biyu". == Bayani == [[Fayil:Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.svg|alt=A bar chart from 2008 to before October 2023. 6,407 Palestinians have been killed during this time frame, while a smaller 308 Israelis have been killed.|thumb|Mutuwar Isra'ila da Falasdinawa kafin harin da Hamas ta jagoranta a kan Isra'ila a shekarar 2023. Yawancin waɗannan mutuwar fararen hula ne. ]] Yaƙin Gaza wani ɓangare ne na rikicin Isra'ila da Falasɗinawa . A [[Yakin Falasdinu na 1948|yakin Falasɗinawa na 1948]], Falasɗinawa sama da 700,000 sun gudu ko kuma an kore su kuma an kafa [[Isra'ila|ƙasar Isra'ila]] a kan mafi yawan abin da ya zama Falasɗinawa ta Dole, ban da yankuna biyu da aka raba waɗanda aka fi sani da [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin Jordan]] da Zirin Gaza. Bayan Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida na 1967, Isra'ila ta mamaye [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|yankunan Falasɗinawa]] biyu. A lokacin da ke tafe, [[Falasdinawa|Falasɗinawa]] sun yi zanga-zanga biyu masu farin jini kan mamayar Isra'ila : Intifadas na Farko da na Biyu a 1987 da 2000, tare da ƙarshen ƙarshen, inda Isra'ila ta janye kai tsaye daga Gaza a 2005. Tun daga shekarar 2007, yankin Gaza yana karkashin ikon [[Hamas]], wata kungiyar masu fafutukar Islama, yayin da Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Falasdinawa]] . Bayan kwace iko da Hamas, Isra'ila ta sanya shinge wanda ya lalata tattalin arzikin Gaza sosai. Isra'ila ta ba da hujjar toshewar ta hanyar ambaton matsalolin tsaro, amma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya sun siffanta ta a matsayin hukunci na gama gari . Zuwa shekarar 2023, UNRWA ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 81% na mutane suna rayuwa kasa da matakin talauci, inda kashi 63% ke fama da rashin abinci kuma suna dogaro da taimakon kasa da kasa. Tun daga shekarar 2007, Isra'ila da Hamas, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin mayaƙan Falasɗinawa da ke Gaza, sun shiga rikici, ciki har da yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu, a tsakanin 2008-2009, 2012, 2014, da 2021. Idan aka haɗa su, waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun kashe kimanin Falasɗinawa 6,400 da Isra'ilawa 300. A tsakanin 2018-2019, an gudanar da manyan zanga-zanga a kusa da kan iyakar Gaza da Isra'ila don neman 'yancin komawa gida . Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila (IDF) ta danne zanga-zangar da ƙarfi, inda ta kashe ɗaruruwa kuma ta raunata dubban Falasɗinawa da harbin bindiga. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wani ɗan gajeren rikici na 2021, reshen soja na Hamas, Al-Qassam Brigade, ya fara shirin kai hari kan Isra'ila, wanda ya zama hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba. A cewar jami'an diflomasiyya, Hamas ta sha nanata cewa a cikin watanni kafin Oktoba 2023 cewa ba ta son wani ƙarin ƙaruwar soji a Gaza domin zai ƙara ta'azzara matsalar jin kai. Jami'an Hamas sun bayyana cewa harin martani ne ga mamayar Isra'ila, toshe hanyar Zirin Gaza, lalata [[Masallacin Ƙudus|Masallacin Al-Aqsa]], cin zarafin mazauna Isra'ila kan Falasdinawa, takunkumi kan motsin Falasdinawa, da kuma daure dubban Falasdinawa, waɗanda Hamas ta nemi sakinsu ta hanyar garkuwa da Isra'ila. Masu sharhi da yawa sun gano cewa yanayin mamayar Isra'ila a matsayin sanadin yakin. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da dama, ciki har da [[Amnesty International]], B'Tselem da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] sun kwatanta mamayar Isra'ila da wariyar launin fata, kodayake magoya bayan Isra'ila suna musanta wannan halayyar. An soki gwamnatin [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]] a cikin Isra'ila saboda ba wa mazauna Gaza izinin aiki, da sauƙaƙe canja wurin kuɗi ga Hamas da kuma neman kwanciyar hankali. An soki waɗannan ayyukan da cewa sun yi hannun riga da hare-haren da aka kai a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023. A lokacin harin, Isra'ila da Saudiyya suna gudanar da tattaunawa don daidaita dangantaka . Shugabannin Hamas kamar [[Ismail Haniyeh]] sun ambaci katse wannan "jirgin daidaita al'amura" a matsayin dalilin kai hare-haren ranar 7 ga Oktoba. == Yaƙi a Isra'ila da Gaza == === Harin da Hamas ta jagoranta a kan Isra'ila a ranar 7 ga Oktoba === <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Palestinian_invasion_of_Israel_(Operation_Al-Aqsa_Flood,_map,_Oct_7,_2023).svg|167x167px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden">[[File:October_2023_Gaza−Israel_conflict_(7–_8_October).svg|194x194px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:86px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Gaza_envelope_after_coordinated_surprise_offensive_on_Israel,_October_2023_(KBG_GPO09).jpg|130x130px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:86px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Fires_in_Israel_and_the_Gaza_strip_-_7_October_2023_(53245908850).jpg|154x154px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden">[[File:نمایی_از_راهروی_ساختمان_بیمارستان_اشکلون_در_جنوب_اسرائیل_که_هدف_راکت_گروه_حماس_قرار_گرفته.png|288x288px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"> '''Daga sama zuwa agogo''' : </div></div></div></div>A safiyar ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2023, [1] a lokacin hutun Yahudawa na Simchat Torah da Shemini Atzeret a ranar Asabar, [2] Hamas ta sanar da fara " Operation Al-Aqsa Ambaliyar Ruwa ", inda ta harba rokoki tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 5,000 daga Zirin Gaza zuwa Isra'ila cikin mintuna 20, inda ta kashe akalla mutane biyar. [3] [4] [5] Da yamma, Hamas ta sake harba rokoki 150. [4] A lokaci guda, kimanin mayakan Hamas 3,000 [6] sun kutsa kai Isra'ila daga Gaza ta amfani da manyan motoci, babura, bulldozers, jiragen ruwa masu sauri, da kuma paragliders. [7] [1] [8] Sun kwace wuraren bincike a Kerem Shalom da Erez, kuma sun ƙirƙiri ramuka a shingen kan iyaka a wasu wurare biyar. [9] Mayakan sa kai sun yi wa fararen hula kisan gilla a wasu wurare na kibbutzim, inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane suka kuma kona gidaje. A wani kisan gilla da aka yi a wani bikin kiɗa na waje kusa da Re'im, akalla mutane 325 aka kashe, tare da jikkata wasu da dama ko kuma aka yi garkuwa da su. Jimilla, an yi garkuwa da mutane 251, galibinsu fararen hula, ciki har da yara, tsofaffi, da sojoji. An ruwaito cewa mayakan Hamas sun yi wa mutane kisan gilla, azabtarwa, da cin zarafin mata da jinsi . Harin ya ba wa 'yan ƙasar Isra'ila mamaki ƙwarai. An bayyana hare-haren da aka kai a ranar 7 ga Oktoba a matsayin "gazawar leƙen asiri ta tsawon shekaru" da kuma " gazawar tunani " daga gwamnatin Isra'ila. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa jami'an leƙen asiri na Isra'ila sun gano motsin Hamas mara kyau a ranar da ta gabata, amma ba a ɗaga matakin faɗakarwa na sojoji ba kuma ba a sanar da shugabannin siyasa ba. ''Jaridar Economist'' ta lura cewa "harin ya fi duk sauran kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen hular Isra'ila muni", kuma "karo na ƙarshe kafin 7 ga Oktoba da aka kashe Yahudawa da yawa a rana ɗaya shine lokacin [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] ." A cewar jami'an Hamas da masu sa ido na waje, harin wani ƙoƙari ne da aka tsara don ƙirƙirar yanayin yaƙi na "ɗorewa" da kuma farfaɗo da manufar Falasɗinu. === Matakin farko na yaƙin Isra'ila (Oktoba 2023) === <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Palestinians_injured_by_an_Israeli_airstrike_in_Deir_el-Balah,_Gaza_Strip.jpg|288x288px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Injured_Palestinians_including_children_receive_treatment_at_Al-Aqsa_Martyrs_Hospital_after_Israeli_airstrike_of_the_Nuseirat_refugee_camp,_Gaza_Strip.jpg|142x142px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden">[[File:A_Palestinian_refugee_carries_his_injured_grandchildren_from_the_Israeli_bombing_of_Nuseirat_Camp,_Gaza_Strip.jpg|142x142px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_29.jpg|138x138px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Continued_Israeli_airstrike_of_the_Gaza_Strip.jpg|146x146px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"> '''Daga sama zuwa agogo''' : </div></div></div></div>Rundunar IDF ta fara kai harin martani na Isra'ila awanni da dama bayan mamayar da Hamas ta jagoranta. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na farko da aka aika don tallafawa sojoji sun isa yankunan Isra'ila da ke kewaye da Zirin Gaza awa daya bayan fara fadan. Ma'aikatansu sun fuskanci matsaloli wajen tantance wuraren da mayaka masu kai hari suka mamaye, da kuma bambance tsakanin fararen hular Isra'ila, sojojin IDF, da mayakan Falasdinawa da ke kasa. <ref name="Zitun-2023" /> Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na watan Yunin 2024 da kuma wani bincike ''na Haaretz'' na watan Yulin 2024 ya nuna cewa rundunar IDF ta ba da umarnin amfani da Umarnin Hannibal, inda ta kashe fararen hula da sojoji da ba a san adadinsu ba na Isra'ila. A wani shiri da aka watsa ta talabijin, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Firayim Ministan Isra'ila, ya sanar da cewa kasar na cikin yaki. Ya yi barazanar "mayar da dukkan wuraren da Hamas ta shirya ta kuma boye su zama biranen da suka lalace", ya kira Gaza "birnin mugunta", kuma ya bukaci mazaunanta da su fice. Cikin dare daya, Majalisar Tsaron Isra'ila ta kada kuri'ar daukar mataki don kawo "lalata karfin soja da na gwamnati na [[Hamas]] da Jihadin Musulunci na Falasdinu ". Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Isra'ila, wanda ke samar da kashi 80% na wutar lantarki a Gaza, ya yanke wutar lantarki ga yankin. IDF ta ayyana "tsarin shiri don yaki", ta tattara dubban sojoji masu ajiyar kaya, <ref name="Gritten-2023" /> ta kuma ayyana dokar ta-baci ga yankunan da ke cikin {{Convert|80|km|mi}} na Gaza. Yayin da Filin Jirgin Sama na Ben Gurion da Filin Jirgin Sama na Ramon ke ci gaba da aiki, kamfanonin jiragen sama da dama sun soke tashin jiragen. A ranar 9 ko 10 ga Oktoba, Hamas ta yi tayin sakin dukkan fararen hula da aka yi garkuwa da su a Gaza idan Isra'ila ta dakatar da shirin mamaye yankin Gaza, amma gwamnatin Isra'ila ta yi watsi da tayin.   Bayan harin ba zato ba tsammani, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Isra'ila ta kai hare- ''haren'' sama da suka ce sun kai wa Hamas hari, ta amfani da manhajar [[Kirkirar Basira|Habsora]] ("The Linjila"). Waɗannan hare-haren sama sun kashe, a matsakaici, mutane 350 a kowace rana a cikin kwanaki 20 na farko. Isra'ila ta ceto mutane biyu da aka yi garkuwa da su kafin ta ayyana dokar yaƙi a karon farko tun bayan Yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, Ministan Tsaro Gallant ya sanar da "kamewa gaba ɗaya" a Zirin Gaza, tare da katse wutar lantarki da kuma toshe hanyoyin shigar abinci da mai. Gallant ya ja da baya sakamakon matsin lamba daga Shugaban Amurka [[Joe Biden]], kuma an cimma yarjejeniya bayan kwana goma don ba da damar kai agaji zuwa Gaza. Tawagar agaji ta farko ta shiga Gaza a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, yayin da man fetur bai iso ba sai a watan Nuwamba. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, IDF ta umarci dukkan fararen hula a [[birnin Gaza]] da su ƙaura zuwa yankunan kudu da Wadi Gaza cikin awanni 24. Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Hamas ta shaida wa mazauna arewacin Gaza da su yi watsi da waɗannan umarnin. An yi Allah wadai da umarnin Isra'ila a matsayin "abin ƙyama" kuma "ba zai yiwu ba", kuma an yi kira da a janye shi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na umarnin, IDF ta tsara lokacin hutu na awanni shida a ranar 13 ga Oktoba ga 'yan gudun hijira su gudu zuwa kudu ta hanyoyi da aka ƙayyade. Wani fashewa a kan ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin aminci ya kashe Falasdinawa 70. Isra'ila da Hamas sun zargi juna da kai harin. IDF ta ce Hamas ta kafa shingen hanya don hana mazauna Gaza ƙaura. Jami'an Isra'ila, gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati sun yi Allah wadai da zargin amfani da asibitoci da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam da Hamas ta yi, wanda Hamas ta yi jayayya a kai. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Isra'ila ta kai hare-hare a yankunan kudancin Gaza. Da yamma, wani fashewa ya faru a wurin ajiye motoci na Asibitin Baptist na Al-Ahli Arabi da ke tsakiyar birnin Gaza, inda ya kashe daruruwan mutane. Rikicin da ke ci gaba da faruwa ya hana yin nazari mai zaman kansa a wurin. IDF ta musanta kalaman Falasdinawa cewa harin sama na Isra'ila ne, wanda ya bayyana cewa fashewar ta faru ne sakamakon rashin nasarar harba rokoki da kungiyar Jihadin Musulunci ta Falasdinu ta yi, wadda ta musanta duk wani hannu a ciki. === Mamaya ta farko da kuma tsagaita wuta ta farko (Oktoba-Nuwamba 2023) === <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden">[[File:SoI-War_23-10-29_IDF_01-11.jpg|288x288px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden">[[File:SoI-War_23-11-01_IDF_13-08.jpg|133x133px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Merkava_Mk_IV_in_Gazan_street_during_Operation_Swords_of_Iron.jpg|151x151px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"> Sojojin Isra'ila yayin farmakin ƙasa a Gaza</div></div></div></div>A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, bayan ta gina rundunar mamaya mai sojoji sama da 100,000, rundunar IDF ta ƙaddamar da wani babban farmaki a sassan arewacin Gaza. Jiragen saman Isra'ila sun kai hari kan yankin da ke kewaye da asibitin al-Quds, inda ake kyautata zaton fararen hula kusan 14,000 ne ke mafaka. <ref name="Jackson-2023" /> Washegari, rundunar IDF ta kai hari kan sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jabalia, inda ta kashe 50 tare da raunata Falasdinawa 150. Isra'ila ta ce harin ya kashe wani babban kwamandan Hamas, wanda Hamas ta musanta kasancewarsa, da kuma 'yan bindiga da dama. Wannan harin ya sa aka kira jakadu da dama. {{External media|float=left|video1=[https://www.irishtimes.com/video/world/middle-east/2023/11/04/gazan-child-speaks-of-having-to-carry-decapitated-body-after-israeli-strike-on-jabalia/ Gazan child speaks of having to carry a decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia] (via ''[[The Irish Times]]'')}} A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, Isra'ila ta kai hari kan wani gini mai hawa shida a tsakiyar Gaza, inda ta kashe akalla fararen hula 106, ciki har da yara 54, a cikin abin da Human Rights Watch ta kira "laifi na yaƙi da ke bayyana". A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, rukunin farko na waɗanda aka kora sun bar Gaza zuwa Masar. An kwashe mutane 500, waɗanda suka haɗa da waɗanda suka ji rauni sosai da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje, tsawon kwanaki da dama. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, Isra'ila da Hamas sun cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta wucin gadi, wadda ta tanadi dakatar da tashin hankali na kwanaki huɗu a lokacin yaƙi, sakin mutane 50 da aka yi garkuwa da su a Gaza, <ref name="Al Jazeera-20231122" /> da kuma sakin mata da yara Falasɗinawa kimanin 150 da Isra'ila ta tsare. <ref name="Burke-2023" /> [[Fayil:Release_of_hostages_during_Iron_Swords_war,_November_2023._IV.jpg|thumb|Hamas ta saki wani yaro ɗan shekara 13 da Isra'ila ta yi garkuwa da shi a lokacin tsagaita wuta na farko, 26 Nuwamba 2023]] Bayan gabatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da Qatar ta shiga tsakani a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2023, fada ya tsaya cak a Gaza. Hamas ta musanya wasu fursunoni da fursunonin Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ke tsare da su. Isra'ila ta kama kusan Falasdinawa da yawa kamar yadda ta saki a lokacin yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta. Musayar fursunoni ta ci gaba har zuwa 28 ga Nuwamba, lokacin da Isra'ila da Hamas suka zargi juna da karya yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, a cikin "yarjejeniyar mintuna na ƙarshe", Hamas ta saki mutane takwas da aka yi garkuwa da su a madadin sakin Falasdinawa 30 da aka tsare da kuma tsawaita yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta kwana ɗaya. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙare a ranar 1 ga Disamba, yayin da Isra'ila da Hamas suka zargi juna da rashin amincewa kan tsawaita yarjejeniyar. === Sake barkewar rikici (Disamba 2023 - Janairu 2024) === Isra'ila ta ɗauki tsarin layin wutar lantarki don ba da umarnin kwashe mutane a cikin Gaza daidai. An soki shi a matsayin mai rikitarwa kuma ba za a iya samunsa ba, saboda rashin wutar lantarki da haɗin intanet a Gaza. Wasu umarnin kwashe mutane ba su da tabbas ko kuma sun saba wa juna, kuma Isra'ila wani lokacin tana kai hari kan yankunan da ta gaya wa mutane su ƙaura zuwa. Masana shari'a sun kira waɗannan gargaɗin ba su da inganci. Amnesty International ta gano babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Hamas na kai hari a wuraren da aka kai wasu hare-hare, kuma ta nemi a bincika su a matsayin yiwuwar laifukan yaƙi. A ranar 6 ga Disamba, an kashe [[Refaat Alareer]], wani fitaccen marubuci a Gaza, sakamakon wani harin sama da Isra'ila ta kai, bayan haka aka yaɗa waƙarsa " Idan Dole Na Mutu " sosai. [[Fayil:An_aerial_photo_of_displaced_Palestinians_waiting_in_northern_Nuseirat_to_return_to_their_homes_in_Gaza.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na Falasdinawa da suka rasa matsuguni suna jira a arewacin Nuseirat don komawa gidajensu a Gaza]] Zuwa watan Disamba, sojojin IDF sun isa cibiyoyin [[Khan Yunis]], Jabalia, da Shuja'iyya . Harin bam mai tsanani ya tura fararen hula Falasdinawa zuwa kudu zuwa Rafah. Tsakanin 7 da 10 ga Disamba, Isra'ila ta tsare mutane sama da 150 ; a cewar Isra'ila, sun mika wuya ''gaba daya'', amma wasu wallafe-wallafe da dama sun yi jayayya kan wannan labarin. A ranar 15 ga Disamba, IDF ta kashe wasu Isra'ila uku da aka yi garkuwa da su a wani harin wuta mai kama da juna. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2024, Isra'ila ta janye daga unguwannin da ke Arewacin Gaza. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, Ministan Tsaron Isra'ila Yoav Gallant ya ce fada mafi tsanani a arewacin Zirin Gaza ya ƙare, kuma wani sabon matakin yaƙi mai ƙarfi zai fara. Nan da ranar 18 ga Janairu, IDF, wacce a baya ta bayyana cewa an "ruguza ikon Hamas a Arewacin Gaza", ta ba da rahoton cewa Hamas ta sake gina ƙarfin yaƙinta a Arewacin Gaza. A ranar 22 ga Janairu, sojojin IDF 24 sun mutu a rana mafi muni ga IDF tun lokacin da aka fara mamayar. Daga cikin wadannan, 21 sun mutu lokacin da mayakan Falasdinawa suka harba wani RPG a kan wani tanki, wanda ya sa gine-ginen da ke kusa suka ruguje. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe Hind Rajab, wata yarinya 'yar shekara biyar, da kuma 'yan uwanta shida lokacin da motar da suke tuka ta buge da tankin Isra'ila da bindiga mai sarrafa kanta; an kuma kashe ma'aikatan ceto biyu da ke kokarin dawo da Rajab. [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Crescent]] ta fitar da sautin wayar Rajab da ma'aikatan ceto, wanda ya haifar da fushin duniya game da mutuwarta. === Ginawa don harin Rafah (Fabrairu-Afrilu 2024) === [[Fayil:An_aerial_view_showing_destruction_in_Rafah_after_Israeli_forces_withdrawal_and_as_the_ceasefire_took_hold,_Gaza_Strip.jpg|thumb|An nuna yadda aka lalata birnin Rafah bayan janyewar sojojin Isra'ila da kuma lokacin da aka fara tsagaita wuta a zirin Gaza.]] [[Fayil:Palestinians_during_the_Flour_massacre.png|thumb|Hoton da aka ɗauka daga sama na kisan kiyashin Flour da wani jirgin Isra'ila mara matuki ya kama, Fabrairu 2024]] Tsakanin Fabrairu da Mayu 2024, shirye-shiryen mamaye Rafah ya zama babban jigon jawabin da jami'an Isra'ila ke yi a bainar jama'a. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, Isra'ila ta gudanar da aikin ceto mutane a Rafah tare da wani harin bam . Kayayyakin abinci sun zama matsala. A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, harsasai na Isra'ila sun lalata wani ayarin motocin UNRWA mai alama, wanda ya tilasta wa UNRWA dakatar da ayyukanta na kusan makonni uku, wanda ya shafi mutane 200,000. A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, sojojin Isra'ila sun bude wuta kan Falasdinawa da suka mamaye manyan motocin agaji a kudu maso yammacin birnin Gaza, inda suka kashe 100 tare da raunata 750. Wasu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa sun fada cikin firgici yayin da manyan motoci suka mamaye su. Wadanda suka tsira sun bayyana shi a matsayin wani harin kwanton bauna da gangan. A ranar 1 ga Maris, Amurka ta sanar da cewa za ta fara jigilar kayan agajin abinci zuwa Gaza ta jirgin sama. Wasu kwararru sun kira wannan shiri mai inganci, suna cewa ba zai rage matsalar abinci ba. A lokacin jawabinsa na Ranar Tarayyar Turai, Biden ya sanar da cewa za a gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta wucin gadi a gabar tekun Gaza domin isar da kayan agaji. An sake kai hari a Asibitin Al-Shifa, wanda a da aka yi wa kawanya a watan Nuwamba na 2023, tsakanin 18 ga Maris da 1 ga Afrilu. Sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe Faiq al-Mabhouh, wanda suka ce shi ne shugaban hukumar tsaro ta cikin gida ta Hamas. Hamas ta ce al-Mabhouh ne ke kula da jami'an tsaro na farar hula kuma yana shirya isar da kayan agaji zuwa arewacin Gaza. IDF ta ce ta kashe 'yan bindiga 200 a fadan asibiti, ciki har da manyan shugabannin Hamas, yayin da kuma ta kama 'yan bindiga 500 da aka tabbatar; an yi jayayya kan wannan labarin. Wadanda suka tsira sun musanta cewa 'yan bindiga sun shirya a harabar asibitin. An zargi sojojin Isra'ila da barin asibitin da bango da aka lalata da kuma bakar firam, da kuma kashe Falasdinawa 400. Wani kuduri da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar a watan Maris, wanda ya bukaci a tsagaita wuta nan take a Gaza saboda watan Ramadan , ya gamu da suka daga IDF. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, an kashe ma'aikatan agaji na kasa da kasa bakwai daga World Central Kitchen (WCK) a wani harin sama da Isra'ila ta kai a kudancin Deir al-Balah . WCK, wadanda suka ce motocinsu an yi musu alama a fili kuma Isra'ila ta san wurin da suke, daga baya suka janye daga Gaza tare da ANERA da Project HOPE . <ref name="Magdy-2024" /> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Isra'ila ta bude Erez Crossing a karon farko tun 7 ga Oktoba bayan matsin lambar Amurka. Kafin ranar 6 ga Maris, Isra'ila ta kammala sabuwar hanyar gabas zuwa yamma a Gaza. An yi niyyar tattara sojoji da kayayyaki, don haɗa da kare wuraren IDF a titunan al-Rashid da Salah al-Din, da kuma hana mutanen da ke kudancin Gaza komawa arewa. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, Isra'ila ta janye daga kudancin Zirin Gaza, inda rundunar sojoji ɗaya kawai ta rage a Netzarim Corridor a arewa. Falasdinawan da suka kora suka fara dawowa. Isra'ila ta shirya fara kai hare-haren ƙasa a Rafah a tsakiyar watan Afrilu, amma an dage don la'akari da martanin da za ta mayar kan hare-haren Iran a kan Isra'ila . A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, Isra'ila ta tsananta hare-haren da take kai wa Rafah kafin barazanar mamaye ta. === Farkon harin Rafah (Mayu-Yuli 2024) === [[Fayil:An_aerial_view_of_Al-Mawasi_area_where_displaced_Palestinians_live_in_tents,_Gaza_Strip.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na yankin Al-Mawasi inda Falasdinawa da suka rasa matsuguni ke zaune a cikin tanti, Zirin Gaza]] A ranar 6 ga Mayu, IDF ta umarci fararen hula 100,000 a gabashin Rafah da su ƙaura zuwa Al-Mawasi, yammacin Khan Yunis. Daga baya a wannan rana, Hamas ta sanar da cewa ta amince da sharuɗɗan tsagaita wuta da Masar da Qatar suka shiga tsakani. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da tsagaita wuta na makonni 6 da musayar fursunoni. Duk da haka, Isra'ila ta ƙi amincewa da wannan yarjejeniyar, tana mai cewa za ta ci gaba da tattaunawa yayin da aikin soja a kan Rafah ke ci gaba da "matsin lamba ga Hamas". A ranar 31 ga Mayu, Amurka ta sanar da tsarin tsagaita wuta . A wannan rana, rundunar IDF ta shiga wajen Rafah, ta kwace iko da gefen Gaza na Rafah Crossing zuwa Masar washegari. Zuwa ranar 15 ga Mayu, an kiyasta cewa mutane 600,000 sun tsere daga Rafah, wasu kuma 100,000 daga arewa, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [[Fayil:IDF_Rafah_May_2024_(1).png|thumb|Tankunan yaƙi na Merkava na Isra'ila a Mahadar Iyakar Rafah]] A ranar 24 ga Mayu, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ce manyan motocin agaji 906 ne kawai suka isa Gaza tun lokacin da Isra'ila ta fara aikin Rafah. Isra'ila ta jefa bam a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Tel al-Sultan da ke Rafah a ranar 26 ga Mayu, inda ta kashe akalla mutane 45, wadanda ake zargin sun hada da manyan jami'an Hamas biyu. Wannan ya haifar da rikici tsakanin sojojin Masar da Isra'ila a kan iyakar Gaza inda aka kashe wani soja na Masar. Kasa da sa'o'i 48 bayan haka, an jefa bam a wani yankin da aka kwashe mutane, sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Al-Mawasi, wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 21. <ref name="Amnesty International-2024" /> IDF ta musanta hannu a lamarin. A ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, Isra'ila ta kai hari kan wata makaranta a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nuseirat, inda ta kashe mutane da dama. Bayan kwana biyu, Isra'ila ta kai hari kan sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Nuseirat, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar ceto mutane hudu da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma mutuwar Falasdinawa 274. A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, sojojin Isra'ila sun sake mamaye unguwar al-Shuja'iyya . A cewar Middle East Monitor da ReliefWeb, tsakanin 4 ga watan Yuli zuwa 10 ga watan Agusta, Isra'ila ta kai hari kan makarantu 21 a Gaza, inda ta kashe mutane 274. === Rafah, Khan Yunis, da kuma harin bam na gama gari (Yuli–Satumba 2024) === <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""><div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da kisan fararen hula Falasdinawa tsakanin Nuwamba 2023 da Afrilu 2024. <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1">[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo "Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead women and children – UN"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="axios20241108">{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=8 November 2024 |title=Nearly 70% of verified deaths in Gaza are women and children, UN report finds |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/11/08/un-report-70-gaza-dead |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref></div> # <span class="l-label">Yara (44.0%)</span> # <span class="l-label">Mata (26.0%)</span> # <span class="l-label">Maza (30.0%)</span> </div><div aria-hidden="true" class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#888;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"><div class="pie25" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000" title="Children (44.0%)"></div><div class="pie25" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.192turn)" title="Children (44.0%)"></div><div class="pie25" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.439turn)" title="Women (26.0%)"></div><div class="pie25" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.451turn)" title="Women (26.0%)"></div><div class="pie25" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.699turn)" title="Men (30.0%)"></div><div class="pie25" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.75turn)" title="Men (30.0%)"></div><div class="smooth-pie-border"></div></div></div></div></div>A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli, rundunar IDF ta sake kai hari a karo na biyu kan Khan Yunis . Isra'ila ta ba da umarnin kwashe mutanen gabashin Khan Yunis; Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Gaza ta ce an kashe mutane 73 a ranar farko ta harin. <ref name="Al-Mughrabi-2024" /> Bidiyon wani jirgin saman Isra'ila mara matuki ya nuna yadda aka lalata Babban Masallacin da ke Khan Yunis. Yaƙi na uku, wanda ya ɗauki tsawon wata guda, ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta lokacin da rundunar IDF ta janye rundunarta ta 98 daga Khan Yunis da Deir el-Balah, tana mai cewa ta kashe sama da 'yan bindigar Falasɗinawa 250. A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, akalla mutane 90 ne suka mutu sannan 300 suka jikkata a wani hari da Isra'ila ta kai kan Al-Mawasi, kuma an kashe mutane 22 a wani harin da Isra'ila ta kai kan mutanen da suka taru don yin sallah a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Al-Shati . A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, akalla Falasdinawa 80 ne suka mutu a hare-haren sama da Isra'ila ta kai kan makarantar Al-Tabaeen . Hukumar IDF ta ce ta kashe 'yan bindiga 200 kuma ta gano makamai da dama a Tel al-Sultan. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, wani makami mai linzami da Isra'ila ta harba a wani sansanin tanti a Al-Mawasi ya kashe mutane 19 zuwa 40. === Ci gaba da ayyukan a duk faɗin Gaza (Oktoba-Disamba 2024) === A watan Oktoba, hare-haren sama da Isra'ila ta kai kan masallacin Shuhada al-Aqsa da ke Deir el-Balah da kuma wata makaranta a tsakiyar Gaza sun kashe akalla Falasdinawa 26 tare da raunata sama da 93. Wani hari da Isra'ila ta kai kan makarantar Rufaida, wacce ke aiki a matsayin mafaka ga mutanen da suka rasa matsuguni a Deir el-Balah, ya kashe akalla mutane 28 tare da raunata 54. A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, rundunar IDF ta fara kewaye sansanin Jabalia, inda ta kashe 'yan bindiga da fararen hula da dama a hare-haren sama da fadace-fadace a kan tituna. Ayyukan rundunar IDF a Jabalia sun ci gaba har zuwa sauran watan Oktoba. A cikin wannan watan da Nuwamba, hare-haren da aka kai a Jabalia sun kashe daruruwan mutane. An zargi rundunar IDF da hana isar da kayan agaji zuwa yankin Gaza ta hanyar barin 'yan daba su kai hari kan ayarin motocin agaji. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yi wa manyan motocin abinci 98 cikin 109 da ke dauke da kayan agaji na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga mahadar Kerem Shalom fashi a yankunan Gaza da Isra'ila ke iko da su . <ref name="washingtonpost20241118" /> An zargi kabilar Abu Shabab, wacce ke adawa da Hamas, da kai hare-haren. A ranar 1 ga Disamba, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dakatar da jigilar kayan agaji ta hanyar mahadar, tana zargin Isra'ila da gazawa wajen "tabbatar da yanayi mai kyau don isar da kayan agaji." A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, sojojin ƙasa na IDF sun kashe Yahya Sinwar a wani harbi a Tal as-Sultan . Biden ya yi kira ga Isra'ila da ta kawo ƙarshen yaƙin bayan mutuwar Sinwar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24zjej1yi4toste6g8mhn4ni6ggeked 0 144599 965507 951692 2026-10-09T22:32:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine J. Price''' Masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce ta Burtaniya kuma masanin kimiyya. Ita Farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar kwakwalwa kuma darakta a Cibiyar Amincewa ta Wellcome don Neuroimaging a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Cathy Price |url=https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/Price/ |website=Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging |publisher=University College London}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Catherine Price {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Catherine-Price-25287/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=royalsociety.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Babban burinta na bincike shine samar da samfurin tushen jijiyoyin [[Harshe (yare)|harshe]] <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Price CJ |date=October 2000 |title=The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=335–59 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730335.x |pmc=1468137 |pmid=11117622}}</ref> wanda ke hasashen da kuma bayyana matsalolin magana da harshe da kuma murmurewar su bayan lalacewar kwakwalwa (stroke ko neurosurgery). <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCL Language Research Team |url=https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/team/language-team/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Wellcome Trust}}</ref> == Ilimi == Farashin ta sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1984, kuma ta PhD a shekarar 1990, duka daga Kwalejin Birkbeck.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Cathy Price |url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=CJPRI95 |website=UCL IRIS}}</ref> Farfesa Kia Nobre, wanda ya zabi Farashi don lambar yabo ta 5th Suffrage don Kimiyya ta Rayuwa, ya ce: "Ta yi fure ta hanyar rami na duniya mai ban sha'awa tare da kalmomi masu tausayi, ayyukan karimci, sadaukarwar kimiyya da tsauraran ra'ayi, fassarar gaskiya na bincike zuwa amfanin asibiti, da jin dadi. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2018-06-07 |title=Leading UCL neuroscientist honoured for brain imaging research |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2018/jun/leading-ucl-neuroscientist-honoured-brain-imaging-research |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=UCL News |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925043740/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2018/jun/leading-ucl-neuroscientist-honoured-brain-imaging-research |url-status=dead }}</ref> Farashin da farko an horar da shi a matsayin masanin ilimin kwakwalwa wanda ke nazarin karatu da ganewar abu a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da lalacewar kwakwalwa. A shekara ta 1991, ta shiga kwamitin binciken likitanci (MRC) na cyclotron a farkon taswirar kwakwalwar mutum kuma ta yi amfani da binciken PET don samar da sabon fahimta game da aikin jikin karatu, fahimtar magana, samar da magana da ma'ana. == Bincike da aiki == A cikin 1995, Price ya koma Kwalejin Jami'ar London ta amfani da MRI scanning don nuna yadda ƙwarewar harshe da IQ ke nunawa a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa. Misali, ta hanyar hada bayanai na tsari da na aiki daga mahalarta masu lafiya, Farashin ya nuna tasirin da ilmantarwa ke da shi akan tsarin kwakwalwa. An kwatanta wannan a cikin jerin takardun yanayi 3 waɗanda ke taswirar canje-canjen kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da (i) koyon yare na biyu, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mechelli |first=A. |last2=Crinion |first2=J. |last3=Noppeney |first3=U. |last4=O'Doherty |first4=John |last5=Ashburner |first5=John |last6=Frackowiak |first6=Richard S. |last7=Price |first7=Cathy J. |display-authors=3 |year=2004 |title=Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7010 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/431757a |pmid=15483594 |s2cid=4338340 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> (ii) koyon karatu a cikin balaga <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carreiras |last2=Seghier |first2=M. |last3=Baquero |first3=S. |last4=Estévez |first4=Adelina |last5=Lozano |first5=Alfonso |last6=Devlin |first6=Joseph T. |last7=Price |first7=Cathy J. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=An anatomical signature for literacy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-10-15_461_7266/page/983 |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7266 |pages=983–986 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..983C |doi=10.1038/nature08461 |pmid=19829380 |s2cid=205218359}}</ref> da (iii) canje-canje na halitta a cikin IQ na magana da ba na magana ba a cikin kwakwalwar matasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramsden |first=S. |last2=Richardson |first2=F. |last3=Josse |first3=G. |last4=Thomas |first4=Michael S.C. |last5=Ellis |first5=Caroline |last6=Shakeshaft |first6=Clare |last7=Seghier |first7=Mohamed L. |last8=Price |first8=Cathy J. |display-authors=3 |year=2011 |title=Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-11-03_479_7371/page/n130 |journal=Nature |volume=479 |issue=7371 |pages=113–116 |bibcode=2011Natur.479..113R |doi=10.1038/nature10514 |pmc=3672949 |pmid=22012265}}</ref> Farashin ya yi ikirarin ra'ayi guda biyu. Sabanin ra'ayoyin gargajiya, ka'idar ta "cognitive ontologies" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Cathy J. |last2=Friston |first2=Karl J. |date=2005 |title=Functional ontologies for cognition: The systematic definition of structure and function |journal=Cognitive Neuropsychology |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=262–275 |doi=10.1080/02643290442000095 |pmid=21038249 |s2cid=1735090}}</ref> ta yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani sassan kwakwalwar ɗan adam da aka keɓe don sarrafa harshe. Maimakon haka, ƙwarewa ga kowane nau'in sarrafa harshe yana fitowa ta hanyar magana tsakanin haɗuwa ta musamman na yankuna waɗanda kowannensu ke da hannu a wasu ayyukan da ba na harshe ba. Sake bayyana abubuwan aiki na harshe, dangane da tsarin jijiyoyin da ke tattare da su, Farashin ya ba mu damar samar da samfuran fahimta waɗanda suke da amfani da ilimin lissafi da kuma amfani da asibiti.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=C.J. |date=2018 |title=The evolution of cognitive models: From neuropsychology to neuroimaging and back. |journal=Cortex |volume=107 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.020 |pmc=5924872 |pmid=29373117}}</ref> Ka'idar ta ta "rashin hankali" ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana iya tallafawa aikin harshe iri ɗaya ta hanyoyi daban-daban na jijiyoyi, kuma fahimtar lokacin da kuma dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da hanyoyi daban-ара na jijiyoyi yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda marasa lafiya ke dawo da harshe bayan lalacewar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=C.J. |last2=Friston |first2=Karl J. |date=2002 |title=Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy. |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=P416-421 |doi=10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01976-9 |pmid=12413574 |s2cid=12073657}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2012, Price ta mayar da hankalinta ga haɓaka kayan aiki don hango hasashen sakamakon harshe da murmurewa bayan bugun jini (bincike na PLORAS). [1] Don wannan dalili, tana ƙirƙirar bayanan da ke ba da sauƙin samun dama ga tushen bayanai da yawa (halayyar, yawan jama'a, tsarin kwakwalwa da aiki) daga dubban waɗanda suka tsira daga bugun jini. Tsinkaya ga sababbin marasa lafiya sun dogara ne akan yadda aka lura da wasu da ke da irin wannan lalacewar kwakwalwa da yawan jama'a don murmurewa daga alamun iri ɗaya. Ana iya amfani da wannan bayanan, da ka'idar lalacewar fahimta, don bayyana farfadowa dangane da matakin da marasa lafiya suka adana hanyoyin jijiyoyin da ake buƙata don samar da magana da harshe (Seghier da Price, 2018). [2] A watan Maris na 2020, h-index dinta ya kai 86 daga jimlar takardu 322, tare da fiye da 24,000 citations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathy J. Price |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Cathy-J.-Price/143953636 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Semantic Scholar}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Ɗaliban Minnie Mitchel Goodall (1989) <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |title=Prof. Catherine Price |url=https://www.academia-net.org/profil/prof-catherine-price/1216966 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=AcademiaNet }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Babban Binciken Bincike na Wellcome Trust (1997) <ref name="WellcomeTrust" /> * Kungiyar don Kwararrun Mutum Taswirar Farko na Bincike (2001). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Career Investigator Award 2001: Cathy Price |url=https://www.humanbrainmapping.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=3319&activateFull=true |website=Organization for Human Brain Mapping}}</ref> * Kyautar Zaɓin Edita na Zuciya (2006) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Brain Mapping |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/10970193/homepage/editorschoice.html |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Wiley Online Library |doi=10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0193}}</ref> * Kyautar Justine da Yves Sergent (2008) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justine & Yves Sergent Fund |url=https://justine-yves-sergent.org/en/awardees/ |access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> * Kyautar Gidauniyar Ipsen Neuropsychology (2012) <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2012-12-03 |title=The 21st Jean-Louis Signoret Neuropsychology Prize of the Fondation Ipsen has been awarded to Cathy Price (University College London, London, UK) |url=https://www.ipsen.com/press-releases/the-21th-jean-louis-signoret-neuropsychology-prize-of-the-fondation-ipsen-has-been-awarded-to-cathy-price-university-college-london-london-uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018144931/https://www.ipsen.com/press-releases/the-21th-jean-louis-signoret-neuropsychology-prize-of-the-fondation-ipsen-has-been-awarded-to-cathy-price-university-college-london-london-uk/ |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Ipsen}}</ref> * Wellcome Trust Babban Binciken Bincike (2012) <ref name="WellcomeTrust">{{Cite web |title=Funded People and Projects - Grant Funding |url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/grant-funding/funded-people-and-projects |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Wellcome Trust |format=xls}}</ref> * Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (FMedSci) (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences 2014: Cathy Price |url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Catherine-Price-0009186 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> * Wellcome Trust Babban Binciken Bincike (2017 <ref name="Wellcome Trust">{{Cite web |title=Explaining Language Outcome and Recovery After Stroke (ELORAS) |url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/grant-funding/people-and-projects/grants-awarded/explaining-language-outcome-recovery-after-stroke |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Wellcome Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319153135/https://wellcome.ac.uk/grant-funding/people-and-projects/grants-awarded/explaining-language-outcome-recovery-after-stroke |archive-date=2020-03-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kyautar Zaɓe ta 5 don Kimiyya ta Rayuwa (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Leading female scientists awarded Suffrage Science heirlooms |url=https://lms.mrc.ac.uk/suffrage-science-life-sciences-2018/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=London Institute of Medical Sciences}}</ref> * Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) (2020) <ref name=":0"/> * Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya (FBA) (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Record number of women elected to the British Academy |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/news/record-number-of-women-elected-to-the-british-academy/ |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=The British Academy |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nqq32oxzam44pr2p4a99ciawytjywa5 0 145936 965518 811177 2026-10-09T22:48:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Celia Hunter''' (Janairu 13, 1919 - Disamba 1, 2001) 'Yar Amurka ce mai kare muhalli kuma mai fafutukar kare [[Daji|hamada]] a jiharta ta [[Alaska]] . An ba ta kyautar mafi girma daga [[Cibiyar Sierra|Sierra Club]], The John Muir Award, a shekarar 1991. Ƙungiyar Wilderness, The Robert Marshall Award, ta ba ta kyautar mafi girma a shekarar 1998. <ref name="ACF">{{Cite web |title=Celia Hunter, 1919-2001 |url=https://alaskaconservation.org/about/people/history-founders/celia-hunter/ |access-date=November 15, 2020 |publisher=[[Alaska Conservation Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Kaye">{{Cite journal |last=Kaye |first=Roger |date=2020 |title=The Legacy and Lessons of Celia Hunter |url=https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2020-Conservation-History-journal.pdf |journal=Conservation History |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=41–44}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Celia M. Hunter a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1919, a Arlington, [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] kuma an rene ta a Quaker a wani ƙaramin gona a lokacin [[Great Depression|Babban Bala'in Tattalin Arziki]] . <ref name="WC">{{Cite web |title=Celia Hunter |url=https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/people/celia-hunter.php |access-date=March 30, 2024 |website=Wilderness Connect |language=en}}</ref> Celia ta kammala karatun sakandare a 1936. Ta nemi karatun kwaleji shekaru da yawa bayan haka, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin ilimin tsirrai a 1964 tare da ƙaramar a fannin tattalin arziki da [[ilimin ɗan adam]] daga Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks. <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=Celia M. Hunter |url=https://cafriseabove.org/celia-m-hunter/ |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=CAF Rise Above Squadron}}</ref> Madadin haka, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Kamfanin Weyerhaeuser Timber. A kan hanyarta ta zuwa aiki, ta wuce filin jirgin sama na Everett. Darasin jirgin farko da ta fara yi shine mako bayan cikarta shekaru 21, kuma a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara tuƙi da jiragen sama waɗanda ke buƙatar jigilar kaya a cikin gida ga sojoji. <ref name="CAF" /> <ref name="WASP">{{Cite web |last=Lauria-Blum |first=Julia |title=Celia Hunter's Remarkable Legacy |url=https://www.waspmuseum.org/avenger-news/celia-hunters-remarkable-legacy-by-julia-lauria-blum/ |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=National WASP WWII Museum}}</ref> Ba ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin mai kare muhalli ba, tana mai cewa: "Ba na tsammanin 'mai ra'ayin mazan jiya' ya wanzu a cikin ƙamus na a wancan lokacin [...] Muna neman kasada ne kawai!" <ref name="ACF"/> [[Fayil:Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots_who_got_their_first_aeronautical_training_through_the_Civilian_Pilot_Training_Program.JPG|thumb|Mata Mata matukan jirgin sama]] == Sana'a == === Aikin soja a matsayin matukin jirgi === Hunter ta yi horo a matsayin matukin jirgi kuma daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], inda ta zama memba na Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama, wanda aka fi sani da WASPs, kuma ta kammala karatunta da aji 43-W5. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parrish |first=Nancy |title=Wings Across America |url=http://www.wingsacrossamerica.us/wasp/roster/roster.pdf |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=WASP Roster |publisher=Wings Across America}}</ref> Hunter ta tashi da jiragen sama daga masana'antu zuwa cibiyoyin horarwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a faɗin Amurka. Ta kammala kowace haɓakawa cikin nasara har sai da ta cancanci tashi da jiragen yaƙi mafi inganci a cikin sojojin Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celia Hunter |url=https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=626 |access-date=November 15, 2020 |website=WW2DB}}</ref> <ref name="WASP"/> Sashen Jiragen Ruwa na Amurka ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai kamata a bar mata su yi jigilar jiragen yaƙi na soja zuwa arewa fiye da Great Falls, Montana ba . "Mun yi jigilar su daga masana'antu a faɗin Amurka, amma 'yi haƙuri, 'yan mata, ku miƙa su ga mazan da ke nan' kuma sun sami damar tashi da su a kan hanyar Northwest Staging ta hanyar [[Edmonton]], Fort Nelson, Watson Lake, da Whitehorse zuwa Fairbanks ," Hunter ya shaida wa ɗaliban Kwalejin Linfield a lokacin wani jawabi a shekarar 1997. <ref name="CAF"/> <ref name="WASP"/> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Hunter da abokin aikinsa na WASP Ginny Hill Wood sun yi tafiya zuwa Fairbanks. Sun yi yarjejeniya da wani matukin jirgi na Alaska, wanda yake [[Seattle]], don ya tashi da jiragensa biyu zuwa Fairbanks. Tafiyar daga Seattle zuwa Fairbanks ta ɗauki kwanaki 27. <ref name="ACF"/> Kafin su tafi Fairbanks, Hunter da Wood sun yi zangon karatu a makaranta a Sweden, sannan suka yi watanni 10 suna kekuna a duk faɗin Turai, wanda har yanzu yana fama da barnar da yaƙin ya yi. Don komawa Amurka, sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ruwa a kan tekun Atlantika a kan wata motar tanka. "Mun sayi keken motar jeep kuma muka tuka ta zuwa Seattle, amma muka ga Amurka ta yi arziki fiye da yadda muke so [don haka muka] koma Alaska," in ji Woods a tafiyarta ta komawa Alaska. <ref name="CAF"/> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2024)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Matan biyu sun isa Fairbanks a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1947, a tsakiyar guguwar dusar ƙanƙara mai kauri. Zafin ya kusan {{Convert|-50|°F|°C}} kuma jirgin sama ɗaya tilo da aka tsara ba zai iya tashi a cikin wannan yanayin zafi ba. Ganin cewa sun makale, Hunter da Wood sun sami aiki a wani kamfanin tafiye-tafiye na farko. Hunter ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hidimar jirgin sama a tafiye-tafiyen yawon buɗe ido na farko zuwa Kotzebue da Nome kuma ya shirya rangadin yawon buɗe ido na farko a Fairbanks. A kaka ta 1947, Hunter ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Stockholm a wani kwas na musamman da aka tsara don ɗaliban GI na Amurka. Bayan zangon karatu a [[Sweden]], Hunter da Wood sun yi watanni goma suna kekuna a Turai da yaƙi ya daidaita kuma daga ƙarshe suka yi tafiya a kan manyan motoci zuwa Amurka, inda suka koma [[Alaska]] . <ref name="CAF"/> <ref name="Kaye"/> === Sansanin Denali === [[Fayil:Mount_Mc_Kinley_6193_m_(Denali_=_Indian_for_"the_Great")_from_the_Denali_Visitors_Center_in_August_2006_by_my_son_Bas_on_his_second_trip_to_Alaska_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dutsen Denali]] Hunter da Wood, tare da mijin Wood, sun yanke shawarar fara sansanin Denali, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://campdenali.com/about/history |publisher=Camp Denali |access-date=2026-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318010714/https://campdenali.com/about/history |archive-date=2026-03-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda aka tsara ya zama kamar tsarin bukkoki a Turai, tare da masauki mai sauƙi tare da ayyukan waje. <ref name="Alaska-Magazine">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Mutanen uku sun gabatar da da'awar Wurin Ciniki da Masana'antu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje a kan iyakar yammacin Denali National Park, tare da kallon Denali, kuma an buɗe shi a 1952. <ref name="ACF"/> Falsafar gudanarwarsu da aka bayyana ita ce "ƙirƙirar yanayi inda baƙi, ma'aikata, har ma da baƙi na yau da kullun za su san abubuwan al'ajabi na duniyar halitta da ta kewaye mu." An sayar da sansanin Denali a shekarar 1975 kuma yanzu yana cikin wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Denali . Su ukun sun sami kansu suna ƙara shiga cikin al'amuran Alaska. Lokacin da Hunter da Wood suka fara isa Alaska, yanki ne mai mutane kusan 180,000. "Suna shawagi a kan daji na Alaska, duk faɗin ƙasar ba shi da matsala, ba tare da iyakokin da ɗan adam ya yi ba. 'Yan Alaska sun ɗauka cewa haka zai kasance koyaushe, kuma sun yi tsayin daka wajen ware wasu filaye don kare su." [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] kin7wbm2jqo4zx70vjlk793nf63qfjf 0 145984 965571 811297 2026-10-10T04:09:03Z BnHamid 12586 965571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hanniel Jamin''' mawaƙiya ce ta ƙasar [[Ghana]], samfurin, mai rawa kuma mai riƙe da taken kyakkyawa wacce aka naɗa ta Miss Universe Ghana a shekarar 2013, kuma ta wakilci Ghana a gasar Miss Universe 2013. == Rayuwa ta farko == Jamin Model ne, Singer, kuma mai zane-zane mai zuwa. Ta kammala karatu daga daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i a Ghana. [1] == Miss Universe Ghana 2013 == Hanniel Jamin ta lashe kambin Miss Universe Ghana 2013 a ƙarshen wasan da aka gudanar a Otal din La Palm Royal a Accra a ranar Jumma'a 24 ga Mayu, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanniel Jamin crowned Miss Universe Ghana 2013 |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/hanniel-jamin-crowned-miss-universe-ghana-2013/}}</ref> == Miss Universe 2013 == Jamin ta wakilci [[Ghana]] a Miss Universe 2013 a [[Moscow]], [[Rasha]] a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2013, inda ta yi gasa don cin nasarar Olivia Culpo amma ta kasa shiga wasan kusa da na karshe. == Garkuwa da mutane == A ranar Talata, 3 ga Satumba, 2013, an sace Jamin a Accra na sa'o'i da yawa. Daga baya aka sake ta amma an sace kayanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Miss Universe Ghana kidnapped |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=284973}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kvqf1fo4hdxg870ldnblomfp2szsos5 0 147529 965733 826369 2026-10-10T10:10:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ukrainian_correction_in_Kyiv.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Change in a graffiti in [[Kiev|Kyiv]] from Russian to Ukrainian spelling of a pun. The original Russian {{Lang|ru|"не парковать"}} ("do not park") was first changed to {{Lang|ru|не панковать}} ("do not [[wiktionary:punk|punk]]", meaning "do not [[wiktionary:mess around|mess around]]"), later changed to Ukrainian "не панкувати".]] '''Derussification a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]''' (Ukrainian) tsari ne na cire tasirin Rasha daga ƙasar Ukraine ta bayan Soviet. Wannan derussification ya fara ne bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1991 kuma ya kara tsanantawa tare da rushewar abubuwan tunawa ga Lenin a lokacin Euromaidan a 2014 da kuma ci gaba da tsarin tsarin decommunization a Ukraine. Yaƙin Russo-Ukrainian ya ba da ƙarfi ga tsari. Tare da decommunization, an bayyana derussification a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka hada da tsarin mulkin mallaka a Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Ready, Set, Go Decolonization! How New Law Changes Public Spaces of Ukraine |url=https://ti-ukraine.org/en/blogs/ready-set-go-decolonization-how-new-law-changes-public-spaces-of-ukraine/}}</ref> Shirin ya bayyana kansa a cikin sake sunan sunayen sunayen da aka sanya wa sunayen 'yan kasar [[Rasha]] da al'adu, ko waɗanda aka yi imanin suna nuna Rasha da ra'ayi na duniya na Rasha, ko kuma suna da alaƙa da Rasha. Har ila yau, wani ɓangare na tsari shine rushe abubuwa na mulkin Rasha (misali, takardu, alamomi, abubuwan tunawa, busts, da bangarori). Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2022, bisa ga binciken da kungiyar zamantakewar al'umma ta yi, kashi 76% na Ukrainians suna goyon bayan shirin sake sunan tituna da sauran abubuwa waɗanda sunayensu ke da alaƙa da Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=76% of Ukrainians support renaming streets and other objects related to Russia |url=https://nikopol.city/articles/205714/-76-ukrainciv-pidtrimuyut-perejmenuvannya-nazv-vulic-ta-inshih-obyektiv-povyazanih-z-rosiyeyu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426182504/https://nikopol.city/articles/205714/-76-ukrainciv-pidtrimuyut-perejmenuvannya-nazv-vulic-ta-inshih-obyektiv-povyazanih-z-rosiyeyu |archive-date=2022-04-26 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Nikopol.City |language=uk}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Eighth National Poll: Ukraine in War Conditions (April 6, 2022) |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/vosmoy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_ukraina_v_usloviyah_voyny_6_aprelya_2022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416030558/https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/vosmoy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_ukraina_v_usloviyah_voyny_6_aprelya_2022.html |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |language=uk}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin ya fara ne tare da [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|rushewar Tarayyar Soviet]], amma tunda batun decommunization ya kasance babbar matsala, derussification ya sami kulawa kaɗan, bayan 2014, matakai biyu sun haɗu sosai kuma da farko sun faru ne mafi yawa a hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Kamar yadda aka kusan kammala tsarin decommunization a Ukraine a shekarar 2022, tsarin derussification ya kara karfi bayan mamayar Rasha a Ukraine. A cikin ƙauyuka da garuruwa, an canza sunayen tituna kuma an rushe abubuwan tunawa na Soviet-Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Derusification of consciousness or Ukrainian narration of urban space |url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2022/04/21/161239/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422135532/https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2022/04/21/161239/ |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Історична правда}}</ref> Ba wai kawai gine-ginen gine-gine ba, har ma da sunayen tituna da suka shafi Rasha sun kasance masu rushewa. An yi canje-canje a [[Lviv]], [[Dnipro]], [[Kiev|Kyiv]] da [[Kharkiv]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=In the Dnipro, about 30 streets were renamed, the names of which were associated with Russia |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3463471-u-dnipri-perejmenuvali-blizko-30-vulic-nazvi-akih-buli-povazani-z-rf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421120455/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3463471-u-dnipri-perejmenuvali-blizko-30-vulic-nazvi-akih-buli-povazani-z-rf.html |archive-date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=www.ukrinform.ua |language=uk}}</ref> [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] ya zama birni na farko a Ukraine da ya kasance gaba ɗaya ba tare da sunayen wurare na Rasha ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Without Marshal Zhukov and Moscow streets. A new wave of decommunization and derussification has begun in Ukraine. |url=https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/events/dekomunizaciya-ta-derusifikaciya-v-ukrajini-zminyuyut-nazvi-vulic-i-znosyat-pam-yatniki-video-50236164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422154923/https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/events/dekomunizaciya-ta-derusifikaciya-v-ukrajini-zminyuyut-nazvi-vulic-i-znosyat-pam-yatniki-video-50236164.html |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=nv.ua |language=uk}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, birnin [[Kiev|Kyiv]] ya gudanar da shawarwari na lantarki don zaɓar sunayen Ukrainian waɗanda za a sake sunan tituna da murabba'in da ke ɗauke da sunayen Rasha. Ukrainians miliyan 6.5 sun shiga cikin shawarwarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Понад 6,5 мільйонів голосів громадяни України віддали в рейтинговому електронному голосуванні щодо перейменувань міських об'єктів, назви яких пов'язані з російською федерацією та її сателітами |url=https://kmr.gov.ua/uk/content/ponad-65-milyoniv-golosiv-gromadyany-ukrayiny-viddaly-v-reytyngovomu-elektronnomu |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=KYIV CITY COUNCIL |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622031458/https://kmr.gov.ua/uk/content/ponad-65-milyoniv-golosiv-gromadyany-ukrayiny-viddaly-v-reytyngovomu-elektronnomu |archive-date=2022-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manufofin da aka kafa == === Inganta harshen Ukrainian === * A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2016, Ministan Infrastructure na Ukraine Volodymyr Omelyan ya umarci ma'aikatansa da su hau Filin jirgin saman Boryspil da sauran filayen jirgin sama a Ukraine na harshen Rasha da sunayen kwaminisanci. A cewar Omelyan, duk bayanan da ke kan allon talla na lantarki da alamomi ko sanarwar masu magana da babbar murya dole ne su kasance a cikin Ukrainian da Ingilishi kawai. "Wannan ba kawai tambaya ce ta amfani da harshen jihar ba - tambaya ce ta girmama kai", in ji Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=Аеропорти України дерусифікують |trans-title=UKRAINE'S AIRPORTS ARE DE-RUSSIFIED |url=https://umoloda.kyiv.ua/number/0/2006/104738 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=umoloda.kyiv.ua |language=uk}}</ref> * A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2017, "Dokokin sanya kafofin watsa labarai na talla a birnin Kyiv" da Majalisar Birnin Kyiv ta karɓa sun fara aiki. Daga yanzu zuwa gaba, duk tallace-tallace a babban birnin dole ne ya kasance a cikin Ukrainian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=Набуло чинності рішення Київради про україномовну рекламу в столиці |trans-title=The decision of the Kyiv City Council on Ukrainian-language advertising in the capital came into force |url=http://language-policy.info/2017/05/nabulo-chynnosti-rishennya-kyjivrady-pro-ukrajinomovnu-reklamu-v-stolytsi/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Портал мовної політики |language=uk}}</ref> * A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2017, Majalisar Birnin Kyiv ta yanke shawara "A kan matakai don tabbatar da manufofin harshe na yanki a cikin birnin Kyiv" kuma ta tabbatar da cewa a cikin birnin Kiev Ukrainian shine harshen aiki, adana rikodin da takardun dukkan hukumomin gwamnati, kamfanoni, cibiyoyi da kungiyoyin mallakar al'umma, da kuma harshen sanarwar hukuma da saƙonni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2017 |title=Заходи щодо забезпечення регіональної мовної політики в місті Києві. Інфографіка |trans-title=Measures to ensure the regional language policy in the city of Kyiv. Infographics |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-other_news/2352574-zahodi-sodo-zabezpecenna-regionalnoi-movnoi-politiki-v-misti-kievi-infografika.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.ukrinform.ua |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Новини – Деснянська районна в місті Києві державна адміністрація |trans-title=Measures to ensure the regional language policy in the city of Kyiv |url=https://desn.kyivcity.gov.ua/news/7875.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=desn.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> * A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Majalisar Zhytomyr Oblast ta yanke shawara kan de-Russification na bangaren sabis a yankin. A cikin yanke shawara "A kan shawo kan sakamakon mamayar Soviet a cikin yanayin harshe na yankin Zhytomyr", an ba da shawarar yin amfani da Ukrainian a matsayin harshen aiki, adana rikodin da kuma takardun hukumomin gwamnati, kamfanoni, cibiyoyi da kungiyoyin mallakar al'umma. Bugu da kari, tallace-tallace, alamomi, sanarwa da sauran nau'ikan sauti, hoto, samfuran tallace-bambancen bidiyo da alamun farashi dole ne su kasance a cikin harshen Ukrainian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Житомирська обласна рада прийняла рішення про дерусифікацію сфери... |trans-title=The Zhytomyr Oblast Council adopted a decision on the de-Russification of the service sector in the region |url=http://language-policy.info/2017/11/zhytomyrska-oblasna-rada-pryjnyala-rishennya-pro-derusyfikatsiyu-sfery-posluh-v-oblasti/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Портал мовної політики |language=uk}}</ref> * A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2017, Majalisar Birnin Cherkasy ta yanke shawara "A kan matakan tabbatar da manufofin harshe na yanki a birnin Cherkasy", bisa ga abin da Ukrainian shine babban harshe a duk fannoni na rayuwa a cikin birni. menu na gidajen cin abinci, tallace-tallace, alamomi da posters dole ne su kasance a cikin Ukrainian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-29 |title=Ресторани і магазини у Черкасах мають перейти на українську мову |trans-title=Restaurants and shops in Cherkasy should switch to the Ukrainian language |url=http://language-policy.info/2017/12/restorany-i-mahazyny-u-cherkasah-mayut-perejty-na-ukrajinsku-movu/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Портал мовної політики |language=uk}}</ref> * A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2018, zaman majalisar birni ta Kropyvnytskyi ya amince da daftarin yanke shawara "A kan matakan tabbatar da manufofin harshe na yanki". Shawarwarin ya bayyana cewa a yankin birnin, duk sunayen cibiyoyi, kamfanoni, kungiyoyi, alamomi, posters, sanarwar jama'a, tallace-tallace dole ne su kasance kawai a cikin harshen Ukrainian. Bugu da kari, duk wuraren abinci dole ne su sami menu a cikin harshen ƙasa, wanda dole ne su ba da kyauta ga baƙi da farko. Dole ne ma'aikata suyi magana da abokan ciniki da farko a cikin Ukrainian kuma su sauya zuwa wani harshe ne kawai a buƙatar masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2018 |title=У Кропивницькому зобов'язали робити рекламу українською |trans-title=Kropyvnytskyi obliged to advertise in Ukrainian |url=https://language-policy.info/2018/02/u-kropyvnytskomu-zobov-yazaly-robyty-reklamu-ukrajinskoyu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052818/http://language-policy.info/2018/02/u-kropyvnytskomu-zobov-yazaly-robyty-reklamu-ukrajinskoyu/ |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=language-policy.info}}</ref> * A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Majalisar Birnin Lviv ta amince da ƙuduri "A kan tsara harshen sabis ga 'yan ƙasa a fannin samar da sabis, kasuwanci da samar da bayanai game da kayayyaki da ayyuka a birnin Lviv". Ƙudurin ya ba da shawarar cibiyoyin abinci da sabis don samar da sabis a cikin Ukrainian da Ingilishi. Takardar ta kuma tabbatar da cewa duk alamomi, posters, sanarwa da alamun farashi a Lviv za su kasance a cikin harshen jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2018 |title=У Львові зобов'язали підприємців вести діяльність українською мовою |trans-title=In Lviv, entrepreneurs were obliged to conduct their activities in the Ukrainian language |url=http://language-policy.info/2018/02/u-lvovi-zobov-yazaly-pidpryjemtsiv-vesty-diyalnist-ukrajinskoyu-movoyu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052835/http://language-policy.info/2018/02/u-lvovi-zobov-yazaly-pidpryjemtsiv-vesty-diyalnist-ukrajinskoyu-movoyu/ |archive-date=24 February 2018 |website=language-policy.info}}</ref> * A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2018, Shugaban Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko ya sanya hannu kan Dokar "A kan matakai na gaggawa don karfafa matsayin jihar na harshen Ukrainian da inganta kirkirar sararin al'adu na Ukraine. " Dokar da nufin tabbatar da bin ka'idojin kundin tsarin mulki game da ci gaba da aiki na harshen Ukrainiyanci a matsayin harshen jihar a duk fannoni na rayuwar jama'a a duk yankin Ukraine, karfafa rawar da take takawa a cikin al'ummar Ukraine a matsayin hanyar karfafa hadin kan jihar, tare da la'adun kasa, tare da kula da al'adun al'adun Turai, tare da kuma kula da al-harun kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2018 |title=Президент підписав Указ "Про невідкладні заходи щодо зміцнення державного статусу української мови та сприяння створенню єдиного культурного простору України" |trans-title=The President signed the Decree "On urgent measures to strengthen the state status of the Ukrainian language and promote the creation of a unified cultural space of Ukraine" |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/news/prezident-pidpisav-ukaz-pro-nevidkladni-zahodi-shodo-zmicnen-47870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604062433/http://www.president.gov.ua/news/prezident-pidpisav-ukaz-pro-nevidkladni-zahodi-shodo-zmicnen-47870 |archive-date=4 June 2018 |website=www.president.gov.ua}}</ref> * A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2018, wakilai 261 na Verkhovna Rada sun kada kuri'a don daftarin dokar kan tallafawa aikin yaren Ukrainian a matsayin harshen jihar (No. 5670-d) a karatun farko. Shirye-shiryen dokar don karatun na biyu ya ɗauki kimanin watanni huɗu. A wannan lokacin, Kwamitin Verkhovna Rada kan Al'adu da Ruhaniya ya yi aiki da gyare-gyare sama da dubu biyu waɗanda suka fito daga mataimakan mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Депутати підтримали в першому читанні громадський законопроект про мову (№5670-д) |trans-title=Deputies supported the public bill on language (No. 5670-d) in the first reading |url=http://language-policy.info/2018/10/deputaty-pidtrymaly-v-pershomu-chytanni-hromadskyj-zakonoproekt-pro-movu-5670-d/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007063111/http://language-policy.info/2018/10/deputaty-pidtrymaly-v-pershomu-chytanni-hromadskyj-zakonoproekt-pro-movu-5670-d/ |archive-date=7 October 2018 |website=language-policy.info}}</ref> * A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2019, Verkhovna Rada ta amince da dokar On tallafawa aikin yaren Ukrainian a matsayin harshen Jiha a karatun na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Павло |first=Волошин |date=2019-04-25 |title=Верховна Рада ухвалила закон "Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної" |trans-title=The Verkhovna Rada adopted the law "On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language" |url=https://uprom.info/news/other/verkhovna-rada-ukhvalyla-zakon-pro-zabezpechennia-funktsionuvannia-ukrainskoi-movy-iak-derzhavnoi/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Національний Промисловий Портал |language=uk |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201125013/https://uprom.info/news/other/verkhovna-rada-ukhvalyla-zakon-pro-zabezpechennia-funktsionuvannia-ukrainskoi-movy-iak-derzhavnoi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2019, Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine ta ki amincewa da kudurin da ya hana sanya hannu kan dokar da aka karɓa a baya game da aikin harshen Ukrainian a matsayin harshen jihar. Shugaban Verkhovna Rada [[Andriy Parubiy]] ya sanya hannu kan dokar kan aiki da harshen Ukrainian a matsayin harshen jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Парубій підписав мовний закон |trans-title=Parubiy signed the language law |url=https://espreso.tv/news/2019/05/14/parubiy_pidpysav_movnyy_zakon |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=espreso.tv |language=uk}}</ref> * A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2019, Shugaba Petro Poroshenko ya sanya hannu kan Dokar On tallafawa aikin yaren Ukrainian a matsayin harshen Jiha kuma washegari Voice of Ukraine ta buga dokar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Порошенко підписав закон про мову – Новинарня |trans-title=Poroshenko signed the law on language |url=https://novynarnia.com/2019/05/15/poroshenko-pidpisav-zakon-pro-movu/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=novynarnia.com |language=uk}}</ref> Dokar ta fara aiki cikin watanni 2 daga ranar bugawa. == Manazarta == qc9r5skx5d4egnjm4szvvd8vesb19me 0 147555 965389 915946 2026-10-09T19:00:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bryson Green''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Arizona Cardinals na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma State Cowboys da Wisconsin Badgers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Green ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Allen a Allen, Texas . An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar taurari huɗu kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma State Cowboys . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Levenson |first=Marshall |title=Cowboys Land Massive Pair of Commitments In The Green Twins |url=https://www.si.com/college/oklahomastate/recruiting/blaine-green-bryson-green-oklahoma-state-commitment |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Oklahoma State Cowboys on SI |publisher=SI.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Jihar Oklahoma === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a 2021, Green ya bayyana a wasanni 12 tare da farawa shida, inda ya zira kwallaye 12 don yadudduka 139 da kuma touchdowns biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruhl |first=Dean |title=Flurry of Cowboys enter transfer portal, WRs Stephon Johnson Jr. and Bryson Green among them |url=https://tulsaworld.com/sports/college/osu/flurry-of-cowboys-enter-transfer-portal-wrs-stephon-johnson-jr-and-bryson-green-among-them/article_d94016a0-8c4f-11ed-8fac-875db00a7b20.html |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Tulsa World}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin mako na 2 na kakar 2022 ya yi rikodin liyafa biyar don yadudduka 83 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Jihar Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bryson Green's flea-flicker TD lifts OSU Cowboys past Arizona State |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/cowboys/2022/09/11/oklahoma-state-football-bryson-green-flea-flicker-td-lifts-osu-cowboys-past-arizona-state/69482328007/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> A cikin mako na 6, Green ya rubuta liyafa biyar don yadudduka 115 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara da Texas Tech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma State football: Bryson Green, OSU Cowboys' redshirt tracker |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/cowboys/2022/10/12/oklahoma-state-football-bryson-green-osu-cowboys-redshirt-tracker/69555821007/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> A cikin mako na 8, ya samu karbuwa biyar don yadudduka 133 da kuma touchdown a cikin nasara a kan Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma State football: Bryson Green makes winning TD vs. Texas |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/cowboys/2022/10/23/oklahoma-state-football-bryson-green-makes-winning-touchdown-catch-vs-texas/69582879007/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Green ya gama kakar 2022 tare da liyafa 36 don yadudduka 584 da kuma touchdown biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Temple |first=Jesse |title=Wisconsin football media day takeaways: How will Bryson Green fit into crowded WR corps? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4740999/2023/08/01/wisconsin-football-bryson-green-depth-chart/ |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> Bayan kakar, ya shigar da sunansa a cikin Tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samra |first=Steve |title=Oklahoma State wide receiver Bryson Green entering NCAA Transfer Portal |url=https://www.on3.com/transfer-portal/news/oklahoma-state-wide-receiver-bryson-green-entering-ncaa-transfer-portal-cowboys-big-12-college-football/ |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=On3.com}}</ref> === Wisconsin === Green ya sauya don ya buga wa Wisconsin Badgers wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potrykus |first=Jeff |title=Wisconsin adds another offensive weapon from the transfer portal as former Oklahoma State WR Bryson Green plans to join the Badgers |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/college/uw/2023/01/14/former-oklahoma-state-receiver-bryson-green-join-wisconsin-badgers-football-luke-fickell-phil-longo/69808021007/ |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref> A lokacin da ya yi shekaru biyu tare da Badgers daga 2023 zuwa 2024, ya yi rikodin liyafa 49 don yadudduka 699 da kuma touchdown hudu a wasanni 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bryson Green |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/bryson-green-1.html |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Sports Reference}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 3/8|weight=211|dash=4.54|ten split=1.58|twenty split=2.55|shuttle=4.36|cone drill=6.98|vertical=39.0|broad ft=10|broad in=11|bench=18|arm span=33 3/8|hand span=10 1/4|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1053332&DraftYear=2025 |title=Bryson Green College Football Profile |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=May 6, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ras.football/ras-information/?PlayerID=27688&ovl=Wisconsin |title=Bryson Green RAS |website=RAS.Football |access-date=May 6, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}Bayan da ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2025, Green ya sanya hannu tare da Arizona Cardinals a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenney |first=Ben |title=Wisconsin wide receiver signs with Cardinals as undrafted free agent |url=https://badgerswire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/badgers/football/2025/04/27/wisconsin-football-bryson-green-free-agent-sign/83310626007/ |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Badgers Wire}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke jerin sunayen karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban |first=Darren |title=Bam Knight Surprise, Nolen On PUP As Cardinals Make Final Cuts To Get To 53-Man Roster |url=https://www.azcardinals.com/news/cardinals-make-final-cuts-to-get-to-53-man-roster-bam-knight-walter-nolen-will-hernandez |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=AZCardinals.com}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, an sake sanya hannu kan Green zuwa tawagar horar da tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban |first=Darren |title=Cardinals Open Practice Window For First-Round Pick Walter Nolen III |url=https://www.azcardinals.com/news/cardinals-open-practice-window-for-first-round-pick-walter-nolen-iii |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=azcardinals.com}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba. A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, an sake sanya hannu kan Green zuwa tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban |first=Darren |title=Cardinals Open Practice Window For L.J. Collier |url=https://www.azcardinals.com/news/cardinals-open-practice-window-for-l-j-collier |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=AZCardinals.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gershman, Zach |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Cardinals Sign 4 To 'Futures' Contracts |url=https://www.azcardinals.com/news/cardinals-sign-4-to-futures-contracts |website=AZCardinals.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Green ɗan tagwaye ne na mai karɓar bakuncin Jihar Oklahoma, Blaine Green . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet 103 Incorporated, Oklahoma State football's young WRs who lived, learned together |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/cowboys/2022/08/14/oklahoma-state-football-2022-osu-cowboys-wide-receiver-depth-chart/65402557007/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Mahaifinsa Bryan ya taka leda a matsayin mai gudu a Minnesota Golden Gophers, kuma ɗayan ɗan'uwansa Seth ya taka leda ne a matsayin mai tsaron gida a Minnesota.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potrykus |first=Jeff |title=Bryson Green's long road to Wisconsin started in enemy territory – Minnesota. |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/college/uw/2023/08/09/wisconsin-transfer-wide-receiver-bryson-green-has-minnesota-ties/70557444007/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.azcardinals.com/team/players-roster/bryson-green/ Tarihin Arizona Cardinals] * [https://okstate.com/sports/football/roster/bryson-green/10283 Labaran Cowboys na Jihar Oklahoma] * [https://uwbadgers.com/sports/football/roster/bryson-green/13010 Labaran Wisconsin Badgers] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] 0a77zwjngafjmlxzwgdt0yq1m10a4en 3 147622 965542 818816 2026-10-10T00:58:43Z Oshwah 39948 Oshwah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Bwoart]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Renamed user dfdaece3ba3e0bd0a11c0b6006559cbd]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bwoart|Bwoart]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user dfdaece3ba3e0bd0a11c0b6006559cbd|Renamed user dfdaece3ba3e0bd0a11c0b6006559cbd]]" 818816 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bwoart! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bwoart|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 5 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) p1wrnruakujkgw40wg8zdseyj0hs867 0 148442 965557 824684 2026-10-10T04:01:41Z BnHamid 12586 965557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hassan Nafaa''' marubucin Masar ne kuma farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] . Ya kasance mai kula da Ƙungiyar Canji ta Kasa, wata ƙungiya ta siyasa a Misira kafin Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 2011. == Kamawa na 2019 == A karfe 15:00 UTC a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2019, a lokacin zanga-zangar Masar ta 2019, an kama Nafaa a gidansa. Kwanaki da yawa da suka gabata, Nafaa ya bayyana wa Agence France Presse cewa "Hoton da Sizi ke so a matsayin mai ceton Masar daga mulkin Muslim Brotherhood... an rushe shi gaba ɗaya". == Ra'ayoyi == === Canje-canje na siyasa na Masar === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, ''Al-Monitor'' ya ga Nafaa yana neman yarjejeniya tsakanin magoya bayan [[Mohamed Morsi]] da magoya bayan [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]. Nafaa ya bayyana cewa bayan [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya yi murabus, an rasa damar kafa "juyin juya hali" lokacin da kungiyoyi masu zanga-zangar da mutane suka ba da izinin majalisa ta soja ta karɓi iko maimakon kansu ta shirya majalisa don tattauna da aiwatar da "bukatar juyin juya halin". Nafaa kuma ta gudanar da Muslim Brotherhood, a karkashin shugabancin Morsi, saboda rashin nasarar da ta samu na "gaskiya don gina tsarin dimokuradiyya wanda kowa zai iya shiga". Ya ji cewa Brotherhood da Islama ta siyasa ya kamata su kasance "wani ɓangare na yanayin siyasa, amma bai kamata su mamaye tsarin ba". Nafaa ya ba da shawarar kwamitin "masu hikima" ga hukumomin jihar da manufar neman sulhu. Nafaa ya ce kafofin watsa labarai sun bi da "ƙungiyoyi na uku" na samar da sel masu barci da ke da alaƙa da Brotherhood kuma ɗalibai sun zarge shi da wannan. === Haɗin gwiwar Saudiyya da UAE da Masar === A watan Yunin 2019, yayin da Majalisar Sojojin Canji (TMC) ta mallaki iko a Sudan, kuma ta yi gajeren lokaci bayan [[Kisan Kiyashin Khartoum|Kisan kiyashi na Khartoum]] na 3 ga Yuni, Nafaa ya yi jayayya cewa akwai hadin gwiwar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]-UAE-Masar da "ke daidaita juyin juya hali a Duniyar Larabawa". Ya bayyana cewa tafiye-tafiye da shugaban TMC Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ya yi zuwa Alkahira an yi niyyar taimakawa TMC ta mallaki Sudan ta hanyar da ta yi kama da tsarin tsaro a Misira da kuma adawa da kungiyoyin Islama kamar Muslim Brotherhood . Nafaa ya danganta goyon bayan Masar ga TMC da tsoron cewa Brotherhood za ta zo mulki a Sudan ta hanyar da ta yi kama da zaben Morsi zuwa shugabancin Masar bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] jxs6y9gv1xvm0qqybh1gun74ibruzv2 0 149312 965415 830360 2026-10-09T19:59:22Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]]. 965415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gasa | suna = CAF Champions League | kafa = 1964 (a matsayin African Cup of Champions Clubs) | mai_shiryawa = [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] | nahiyar = Afirka | kungiyoyi = 16 (matakin rukuni) | tsarin_gasa = Zagaye da rukuni, sai knockout | zakara_na_ƙarshe = Al Ahly | mafi_yawan_kofuna = Al Ahly (12) | shafin_yanar_gizo = {{URL|https://www.cafonline.com}} }} '''CAF Champions League''' wata babbar gasa ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa da ake shirya wa kungiyoyin kulob na Afirka, wadda [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] ke gudanarwa. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mafi girman gasa ta kulob a nahiyar Afirka. <ref>CAF Official Website, "CAF Champions League Overview"</ref> An kafa gasar ne a shekarar 1964 da sunan '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''', kafin daga baya a shekarar 1997 aka sauya mata suna zuwa '''CAF Champions League''' tare da sabunta tsarin gasar domin ya dace da tsarin zamani irin na Turai. <ref>CAF History Archives</ref> Gasar tana haɗa zakarun lig-lig na ƙasashen Afirka da kuma wasu manyan kungiyoyi masu ƙarfi daga ƙasashen da ke da matsayi mai kyau a ƙididdigar CAF. Kungiyoyin suna fafatawa ne ta matakan share fage, kafin a kai ga matakin rukuni da kuma knockout. <ref>BBC Sport Africa, "How CAF Champions League Works"</ref> A matakin rukuni, kungiyoyi 16 ake raba su gida huɗu (rukuni A zuwa D), inda kowanne rukuni yake da kungiyoyi huɗu. Kungiyoyi biyu na sama daga kowanne rukuni ne ke wucewa zuwa matakin quarter-final. <ref>CAF Competition Rules</ref> Kungiyar da ta fi samun nasara a tarihin gasar ita ce '''Al Ahly''' daga Masar, wadda ta lashe kofin sau da dama fiye da kowacce kungiya a Afirka. Hakan ya sa ake kallonta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi a tarihin kwallon kafa na Afirka. <ref>ESPN Africa Football Records</ref> Zakaran CAF Champions League yana samun damar wakiltar Afirka a gasar '''FIFA Club World Cup''' tare da kuma buga gasar '''CAF Super Cup''' da zakaran CAF Confederation Cup. <ref>FIFA Official Documents</ref> Gasar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a Afirka, domin tana ba kungiyoyi damar samun ƙwarewa, kuɗaɗen shiga, da kuma fitowa fili a duniya baki ɗaya. <ref>CAF Development Report</ref> k6x5p7n6rcmdvt72djo6ykb4qcwlwbh 0 149313 965414 908003 2026-10-09T19:59:19Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg|CAF_Champions_League_Trophy.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:IronGargoyle|IronGargoyle]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:CAF Champions League Trophy.jpg|]]. 965414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:CAF Champions league winners-ar.svg|thumb]] {{Databox}} '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''' Wata tsohuwar gasa ce ta nahiyar [[Afirka]] da ake shirya wa kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasashe daban-daban da suka lashe gasar cikin gida. Kungiyar '''Confederation of African Football (CAF)''' ce ke shirya wannan gasa, kuma ita ce ta kasance babbar gasa mafi daraja a nahiyar kafin a maye gurbinta da '''CAF Champions League''' a shekarar 1997.<ref>CAF Official Records</ref> == Tarihi == An fara gudanar da gasar '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''' ne a shekarar 1964, inda aka gayyaci kungiyoyin da suka zama zakarun kasashensu domin fafatawa domin zakaran [[Afirka]]. A farkon shekarun gasar, tsarin buga wasanni ya kasance ne na gida da waje (home and away), wanda har zuwa karshen gasar aka ci gaba da amfani da shi.<ref>RSSSF African Club Competitions History</ref> A tsawon shekaru, gasar ta zama wata muhimmiyar hanya ta nuna karfin kungiyoyin Afirka, musamman daga kasashen [[Misra|Masar]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] da Najeriya. Kungiyoyi kamar '''Al Ahly''' sun yi fice sosai a gasar.<ref>CAF Competition Archives</ref> == Tsarin Gasar == Tsarin gasar ya kunshi kungiyoyin da suka lashe gasar lig na kasashensu. Ana fara gasar ne daga zagaye na farko, inda kungiyoyi ke buga wasanni biyu (gida da waje), sannan wanda ya fi yawan kwallaye shi ne ke tsallakawa zuwa zagaye na gaba.<ref>CAF Regulations</ref> Ba a yi amfani da tsarin rukuni (group stage) ba a wancan lokaci, sai dai tsarin fitar da kungiya daya (knockout stage) har zuwa wasan karshe.<ref>African Football Structure Studies</ref> == Kungiyoyin da suka fi nasara == Kungiyoyi da dama sun samu nasarori a gasar, amma mafi shahara daga cikinsu sun hada da: * Al Ahly (Masar) – sau 4 * Hafia FC (Guinea) – sau 3 * TP Mazembe (DR Congo) – sau 3 * Canon Yaoundé (Kamaru) – sau 3 * Raja Casablanca (Morocco) – sau 2 Wadannan kungiyoyi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa kwallon kafa a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>CAF Winners List</ref> == Maye Gurbinsa == A shekarar 1997, CAF ta sauya tsarin gasar zuwa '''CAF Champions League''', inda aka kara matakin rukuni da kuma damar samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar tallace-tallace da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya kawo ci gaba sosai ga kwallon kafa na kungiyoyi a Afirka.<ref>CAF Reform Documents</ref> == Muhimmanci == Gasar '''African Cup of Champions Clubs''' ta taka rawa sosai wajen kafa tubalin gasar kungiyoyin Afirka ta zamani. Ta taimaka wajen bunkasa kwarewar 'yan wasa da kuma kara hadin kai tsakanin kasashen Afirka ta fuskar wasanni.<ref>African Sports Development Journal</ref> == Duba kuma == * CAF Champions League * Confederation of African Football (CAF) == Manazarta == <references/> tlg07loo4v0getkwtratmxxn2fe314o 0 150382 965720 874741 2026-10-10T09:18:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:FC Salzburg gegen Inter Mailand (UEFA Championsleague 2023-11-08) 14 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Davide Frattesi | hoto = Davide Frattesi 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Davide Frattesi | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1999|9|22}} | wurin_haihuwa = Roma, Italiya | tsawo = 1.78 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya | kungiyar_yanzu = [[Inter Milan]] | lamba = 16 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2006–2014 | matasa_kungiya1 = [[Lazio]] | matasa_shekaru2 = 2014–2017 | matasa_kungiya2 = [[Roma]] | shekaru1 = 2017–2024 | kungiyoyi1 = Roma | wasa1 = 0 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2018–2019 | kungiyoyi2 = → [[Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC|Ascoli]] (aro) | wasa2 = 33 | kwallaye2 = 2 | shekaru3 = 2019–2020 | kungiyoyi3 = → [[Empoli FC|Empoli]] (aro) | wasa3 = 38 | kwallaye3 = 5 | shekaru4 = 2020–2024 | kungiyoyi4 = [[US Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]] | wasa4 = 99 | kwallaye4 = 11 | shekaru5 = 2023– | kungiyoyi5 = → [[Inter Milan]] (aro) | wasa5 = 0 | kwallaye5 = 0 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2015 | tawagar_kasa1 = Italiya U17 | wasa_kasa1 = 1 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2018–2019 | tawagar_kasa2 = Italiya U19 | wasa_kasa2 = 10 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 4 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2019–2021 | tawagar_kasa3 = Italiya U21 | wasa_kasa3 = 10 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 0 | shekarun_kasa4 = 2022– | tawagar_kasa4 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Italiya]] | wasa_kasa4 = 20 | kwallaye_kasa4 = 5 }} '''Davide Frattesi''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1999 a birnin Roma. Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma yana bugawa ƙungiyar [[Inter Milan]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen kai hari daga tsakiya, saurin motsi, da kuma iya zura kwallo daga nesa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/davide-frattesi|title=Davide Frattesi Profile|publisher=Inter Milan|access-date=2026-05-10|archive-date=2024-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218192107/https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/davide-frattesi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Frattesi ya taso ne a Roma inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallo a makarantar matasa ta [[Lazio]] kafin daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[Roma]]. A lokacin yana matashi ya nuna hazaka sosai wajen sarrafa ƙwallo da kuma iya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asroma.com/en/teams/primavera-and-youth-sector|title=AS Roma Youth Sector|publisher=AS Roma|access-date=2026-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Roma === Frattesi ya fara shiga manyan ‘yan wasan Roma a shekarar 2017 bayan ya yi fice a matakin matasa. Duk da haka bai samu damar buga wasa sosai ba saboda gasa mai ƙarfi da take cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/davide-frattesi/profil/spieler/448414|title=Davide Frattesi Player Profile|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> === Aron wasa zuwa Ascoli === A shekarar 2018 Roma ta tura shi aro zuwa [[Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC|Ascoli]] domin samun ƙarin kwarewa. A can ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Serie B kuma ya nuna cewa yana da ƙarfin jiki da iya taimakawa wajen kai hari daga tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legab.it/|title=Lega Serie B Official Website|publisher=Lega B|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> === Aron wasa zuwa Empoli === A kakar 2019–2020 ya koma [[Empoli FC|Empoli]] aro. Ya yi fice sosai a can inda ya zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci tare da taimakawa kungiyar a fafutukar neman komawa Serie A. Salon wasansa ya sa manyan kungiyoyi suka fara bibiyarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://empolifc.com/|title=Empoli FC Official Website|publisher=Empoli FC|access-date=2026-05-10}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Sassuolo === A shekarar 2020 Frattesi ya koma [[US Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]] inda ya samu damar taka rawar gani a Serie A. A karkashin kociyan kungiyar ya bunkasa sosai wajen kai hari, tsaron baya, da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hari. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya matasa a Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sassuolocalcio.it/en/player/davide-frattesi/|title=Davide Frattesi|publisher=Sassuolo Calcio|access-date=2026-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin da yake Sassuolo ya yi fice wajen zura ƙwallaye daga tsakiya da kuma shiga cikin harin kungiyar cikin sauri. Hakan ya jawo hankalin manyan kungiyoyin Turai musamman kungiyoyin Serie A.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/|title=Frattesi attracting top Serie A clubs|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> === Inter Milan === A shekarar 2023 Frattesi ya koma [[Inter Milan]] a matsayin aro tare da damar saye ta dindindin. Ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa cikin tawagar saboda kuzari, saurin shiga hari, da kuma iya zura ƙwallaye a lokuta masu muhimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/davide-frattesi-signs-for-inter|title=Davide Frattesi signs for Inter|publisher=Inter Milan|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Ya taimakawa Inter wajen samun nasarori a gasar Serie A da sauran gasa ta cikin gida. Magoya baya sun yaba masa saboda ƙoƙari da kuzarin da yake nunawa a kowanne wasa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football|title=Frattesi impresses at Inter|publisher=Sky Sports|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Frattesi ya wakilci Italiya a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da U19 da U21. Daga baya ya samu kiransa zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Italiya a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/davide-frattesi/|title=Davide Frattesi National Team Profile|publisher=FIGC|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Ya fara zura kwallaye masu muhimmanci ga tawagar ƙasar musamman a wasannin neman cancantar manyan gasa. Salon wasansa ya sa ake kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasan tsakiya mafiya tasiri a Italiya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/|title=Italy midfielder Frattesi shines|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Frattesi na taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ko kuma box-to-box midfielder. An san shi da kuzari, gudu, da kuma iya shiga cikin yankin abokin hamayya cikin sauri. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen cin ƙwallaye daga waje da kuma taimakawa wajen kare baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theanalyst.com/eu/2023/09/davide-frattesi-inter-italy-analysis/|title=Davide Frattesi Tactical Analysis|publisher=The Analyst|access-date=2026-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun kwatanta salon wasansa da wasu fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya na Italiya saboda juriyarsa da kuma iya aiki a bangarori daban-daban na fili.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://football-italia.net/|title=Frattesi compared to top Italian midfielders|publisher=Football Italia|access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Inter Milan === * [[Serie A]]: 2023–24 * [[Supercoppa Italiana]]: 2023 == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/davide-frattesi Shafin Davide Frattesi a Inter Milan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218192107/https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/davide-frattesi |date=2024-02-18 }} * [https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/davide-frattesi/ Shafin Davide Frattesi a FIGC] {{Dan wasan kwallon kafa tushe}} [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Italian footballers]] [[Category:Inter Milan players]] [[Category:US Sassuolo Calcio players]] [[Category:Empoli FC players]] [[Category:Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:People from Rome]] 1cg5kpw6lezs0gznf20f1zpu47mj0h4 0 153448 965592 843363 2026-10-10T04:21:10Z BnHamid 12586 965592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Okwui Enwezor | birth_name = Okwuchukwu Emmanuel Enwezor | birth_date = {{birth date|1963|10|23}} | birth_place = Calabar, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|3|15|1963|10|23}} | death_place = Munich, Jamus | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Marubuci, mai sharhin fasaha, mai tsara nune-nunen fasaha (curator), mawaƙi | known_for = Jagorantar Documenta 11 da Venice Biennale 2015 }} '''Okwui Enwezor''' (23 Oktoba 1963 – 15 Maris 2019) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi fice a matsayin marubuci, mai sharhin fasaha, mawaƙi, kuma mai tsara manyan nune-nunen fasaha na duniya. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri wajen kawo fasahar Afirka da ta ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya cikin manyan tattaunawar fasaha ta duniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/22/okwui-enwezor-nigerian-curator-confronted-european-art |title=Okwui Enwezor: the Nigerian who confronted the European art canon |work=The Guardian |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> Ya zama mutum na farko daga Afirka da ya jagoranci babban baje kolin fasaha na '''Venice Biennale''' a shekarar 2015, sannan kuma mutum na farko da ba ɗan Turai ba da ya jagoranci '''Documenta 11''' a Jamus a shekarar 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2015/curator |title=Okwui Enwezor – Curator of the Biennale Arte 2015 |publisher=La Biennale di Venezia |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://documenta.de/en/retrospective/documenta11 |title=Documenta 11 – Artistic Director Okwui Enwezor |publisher=documenta |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Okwui Enwezor a ranar 23 Oktoba 1963 a garin Calabar da ke jihar Cross River, Najeriya. Asalinsa daga garin Awkuzu ne a jihar Anambra. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya, iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban kafin daga bisani su zauna a Enugu, inda ya taso.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/e/enwezor-okwui/ |title=Okwui Enwezor |publisher=Institute of International Visual Arts (Iniva) |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> Ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka, amma a shekarar 1982 ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Daga baya ya kammala digiri a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a New Jersey City University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://documenta.de/en/retrospective/documenta11 |title=Documenta 11 – Artistic Director Okwui Enwezor |publisher=documenta |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> == Farkon aikinsa == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Enwezor ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi da makaloli a birnin New York. A cikin shekarun 1990 ya shiga harkar nazari da sharhin fasaha, musamman kan fasahar Afirka da ta 'yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Rubuce-rubucensa sun bayyana a mujallu da littattafai masu yawa na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/e/enwezor-okwui/ |title=Okwui Enwezor |publisher=Iniva |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1994 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa mujallar '''Nka: Journal ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] 512upbkmbe30ifpfgl1qvl6qsnz903o 0 153888 965688 844632 2026-10-10T07:36:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Middelburg''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan [[Klein Olifants River|Kogin Klein Olifants]], wani ɓangare na kogin Olifants.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> Tana kusa da Middelburg, Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kammala ginin a shekarar 1978, akan kuɗin Euro miliyan 54.2.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |date=2004-05-22 }} from the [[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]</ref> Gwamnatin [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]] sun rage farashin, a kan kuɗin Euro miliyan 20.5, yayin da kuma aka yi amfani da gudummawar da aka bayar daga Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Turai, wanda darajarsa ta kai Euro miliyan 10. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce ta samar da ruwa kuma an sanya ta a matsayi mafi girma (3).<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 590e1wqjuen5a6cvqglaeq2qi6z1s8g 0 154122 965668 845133 2026-10-10T07:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Binfield Park''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan kogin Tyhume, kusa da Alice, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1986, kuma an fara aikinta a shekarar 1987. Mazauna ƙauyen ba sa amfani da madatsar ruwan Binfield Park da yankunan da ke kusa da su sosai - ba sa kamun kifi, kiwon kamun kifi, ban ruwa ko nishaɗi. An kammala da cewa tare da taimakon Gwamnati da cibiyoyi, amfani da ilimin 'yan asalin ƙasar da madatsar ruwan zai iya amfanar al'ummomi da muhalli game da yawon buɗe ido na muhalli ko yawon buɗe ido na muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phiri |first=P. |last2=Okeyo |first2=D. O. |date=2015-12-31 |title=In search of potential eco-tourism and eco-femini-tourism artifacts from rural Eastern Cape Province of South Africa : a case of Binfield, Hopefield and Mazotsho village communities of Nkonkobe Municipality |url=https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-52cbb7c21 |journal=African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2.2 |pages=426–440 |issn=1117-4315}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Majiyoyi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga [[Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Gandun Daji (Afirka ta Kudu)]] == Manazarta == 3vd5t47z7fwxy8judcms6ap4x2ohvwm 0 155697 965629 897328 2026-10-10T06:08:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox medical condition | name = Tick-borne meningoencephalitis | synonym = | image = EurAsia TBE-belt.svg | caption = Infected countries/areas in Eurasia | pronounce = | specialty = [[Infectious disease (speciality)|Infectious disease]] | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Cutar encephalitis mai kama da kaska ( TBE ) cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ta shafi tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya, wadda ake yadawa ta hanyar cizon nau'ikan kaska da suka kamu da cutar. Cutar galibi tana bayyana a matsayin meningitis, encephalitis ko meningoencephalitis . Myelitis da gurguwar ƙashin baya suma suna faruwa. A kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokuta, waɗanda suka biyo baya, galibi suna da matsalar fahimta, suna ci gaba har tsawon shekara ɗaya ko fiye. [1] Adadin wadanda aka ruwaito sun kamu da cutar yana karuwa a mafi yawan kasashe. <ref name="pmid18761916">{{Cite journal |last=Suss J |date=June 2008 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond--the epidemiological situation as of 2007 |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18916 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=13 |issue=26 |doi=10.2807/ese.13.26.18916-en |pmid=18761916 |doi-access=free}}</ref> TBE na kawo kalubale ga lafiya ga Turai, yayin da adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar TBE a duk yankunan da cutar ta fi kamari a Turai ya karu da kusan kashi 400% cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. <ref name="ecdc.europa.eu">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}</ref> A tarihi, ana tunanin babu kwayar cutar TBE a Burtaniya, amma a shekarar 2020 Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Ingila ta sanar da cewa an samu bullar cutar TBE guda biyu a cikin kasar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=Jo |last2=Cooper |first2=Ian |last3=Rott |first3=Anja S. |date=2024-06-12 |title=Tick hazard in the South Downs National Park (UK): species, distribution, key locations for future interventions, site density, habitats |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=12 |doi=10.7717/peerj.17483 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=11179636 |pmid=38881864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An san cewa kwayar cutar encephalitis da ke ɗauke da ƙaiƙayi tana kamuwa da nau'ikan halittu masu rai, ciki har da dabbobi, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], beraye, masu cin nama, dawakai, da mutane. Haka kuma cutar na iya [[Zoonosis|yaɗuwa daga dabbobi zuwa mutane]], inda dabbobi da karnuka ke zama tushen kamuwa da cuta ga mutane. == Alamomi da Alamomi == [[Fayil:TBE_symptoms.svg|thumb|220x220px|Alamomin kamuwa da cutar TBE]] Sau da yawa kamuwa da cutar TBE ba ta nuna wata alama ta rashin lafiya ba, wanda ke nufin cewa mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ba ya nuna alamun cutar. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tick-borne-encephalitis/facts/factsheet |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> A cikin yanayin asibiti, cutar galibi tana faruwa [[Cutar Biphasic|ne]] a cikin nau'i biyu. Bayan [[Lokacin hayayyafar cutar|lokacin kamuwa da cutar]] na kimanin mako guda (tsawon: kwanaki 4-28) daga kamuwa da cutar (cizon kaska), alamun da ba su da takamaiman suna faruwa. Waɗannan alamun sune zazzabi, rashin lafiya, ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, amai, da ciwon myalgia waɗanda ke ci gaba har tsawon kwanaki 5. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindquist |first=Lars |last2=Vapalahti |first2=Olli |date=31 May 2008 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60800-4/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=371 |issue=9627 |pages=1861–1871 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60800-4 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=18514730 |s2cid=901857 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="ecdc.europa.eu"/> <ref name="pmid30678880" /> Sannan, bayan kimanin mako guda ba tare da alamun ba, wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar suna samun alamun jijiyoyi, watau, meningitis, encephalitis, ko meningoencephalitis. Myelitis kuma yana faruwa tare da encephalitis ko ba tare da shi ba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="ecdc.europa.eu" /> <ref name="pmid30678880">{{Cite journal |last=Riccardi N |date=22 January 2019 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe: a brief update on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. |journal=Eur J Intern Med |volume=62 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2019.01.004 |pmid=30678880 |s2cid=59252822 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18755391">{{Cite journal |last=Kaiser R |date=September 2008 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2008-09_22_3/page/561 |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=561–75, x |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.013 |pmid=18755391}}</ref> Sequelae persist for a year or more in approximately one third of people who develop neurological disease. The most common long-term symptoms are headache, concentration difficulties, memory impairment, and other symptoms of cognitive dysfunction.<ref name=":0"/> Mutuwar ta dogara ne da nau'in ƙwayar cutar. Ga nau'in ƙwayar cutar ta Turai, adadin mace-mace yana tsakanin kashi 0.5% zuwa 2% ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi. <ref name="ecdc.europa.eu"/> A cikin karnuka, cutar tana bayyana a matsayin wata cuta ta jijiyoyi tare da alamu daban-daban daga girgiza zuwa farfadiya da mutuwa. A cikin dabbobi, akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi, kuma dabbobi na iya ƙin cin abinci, su bayyana kamar ba sa jin gajiya, kuma suna iya samun alamun numfashi. == Dalili == Ana kamuwa da cutar TBE ne ta hanyar ƙwayar cutar encephalitis da aka haifa da kaska, wacce take cikin dangin Flaviridae ''.'' An fara gano cutar a shekarar 1937 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta hannun ƙungiyar Lev A. Zilber . Akwai ƙananan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku: * Kwayar cutar encephalitis ta Turai ko ta Yamma (wanda ''Ixodes ricinus'' ke yadawa) * Kwayar cutar encephalitis ta Siberian tick-borne (wanda ''I. persulcatus'' ke yadawa) * Kwayar cutar encephalitis mai ɗauke da kaska a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wadda a da aka sani da cutar encephalitis ta bazara ta Rasha (wanda ''I. persulcatus'' ke yadawa). <ref name="ecdc.europa.eu"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/tbe/index.html |access-date=15 January 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet ta gudanar da bincike kan cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar kaska, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta na TBE. === Watsawa === [[Fayil:Ixodus_ricinus_5x.jpg|thumb|Kaji na tumaki ( ''Ixodes ricinus'' ), kamar wannan mace mai shayarwa, suna yada cutar.]] Ana yada shi ta hanyar cizon nau'ikan kaska da suka kamu da cutar, ciki har da ''Ixodes scapularis'', ''I. ricinus'' da ''I. persulcatus'', <ref name="pmid10825054">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J |date=April 1999 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1999-04_28_4/page/882 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=882–90 |doi=10.1086/515195 |pmid=10825054 |doi-access=}}</ref> ko (ba kasafai ake samu ba) ta hanyar madarar shanu da ba a yi wa pasteurized ba . === Madara === Infection acquired through goat milk consumed as raw milk or fresh cheese (Frischkäse) has been documented in 2016 and 2017 in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. None of the infected had neurological disease.<ref name="rki">{{Cite journal |year=2020 |title=FSME: Risikogebiete in Deutschland |url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2020/Ausgaben/08_20.pdf |journal=Epidemiologisches Bulletin, RKI |language=de |location=Berlin |volume=8 |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2020-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225171619/https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2020/Ausgaben/08_20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 1980 zuwa 2021, an tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar TBE guda 384 a Turai ta hanyar shan madara ko cuku da ba a dafa ba. Kasashen da suka bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar encephalitis ta hanyar abinci (FB-TBE) a wannan lokacin sun hada da Slovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Jamus, Croatia, Austria, Rasha da Slovenia. An bayar da rahoton cutar neuroinvasive a cikin marasa lafiya 53, tare da cututtukan CNS da aka bayyana ciki har da meningoencephalitis, meningitis, da meningoencephalomyelitis. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elbaz |first=Meital |last2=Gadoth |first2=Avi |last3=Shepshelovich |first3=Daniel |last4=Shasha |first4=David |last5=Rudoler |first5=Nir |last6=Paran |first6=Yael |date=October 2022 |title=Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Foodborne Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Europe, 1980-2021 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1945–1954 |doi=10.3201/eid2810.220498 |issn=1080-6059 |pmc=9514354 |pmid=36149234}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == Gano takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi na IgM da IgG a cikin sera na marasa lafiya, tare da alamun asibiti na yau da kullun, ita ce babbar hanyar gano cutar. Kwayoyin rigakafi galibi suna bayyana cikin kwana shida bayan fara alamun kuma galibi ana iya gano su da zarar alamun jijiyoyi suka bayyana. Kwayoyin rigakafi na IgM na iya kasancewa a iya gano su har zuwa watanni 10 a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta halitta. <ref name="ReferenceA"/> A cikin yanayi mafi rikitarwa, misali, bayan allurar rigakafi, gwajin kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal na iya zama dole. <ref name="ecdc.europa.eu"/> An bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi huda a lumbar koyaushe lokacin gano TBE kuma ya kamata a ƙara pleocytosis a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) a cikin sharuɗɗan ganewar asali. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Taba |first=P. |last2=Schmutzhard |first2=E. |last3=Forsberg |first3=P. |last4=Lutsar |first4=I. |last5=Ljøstad |first5=U. |last6=Mygland |first6=Å. |last7=Levchenko |first7=I. |last8=Strle |first8=F. |last9=Steiner |first9=I. |date=October 2017 |title=EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ene.13356 |journal=European Journal of Neurology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1214–e61 |doi=10.1111/ene.13356 |pmid=28762591 |s2cid=12844392 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana iya tantance tsananin TBE ta amfani da matakan calcium na CSF, bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na alamun ganewar cutar encephalitis ta tick-borne (TBEV). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trojan |first=Gabriela |last2=Moniuszko-Malinowska |first2=Anna |last3=Orywal |first3=Karolina |last4=Kruszewska |first4=Ewelina |last5=Mroczko |first5=Barbara |last6=Grzeszczuk |first6=Anna |last7=Czupryna |first7=Piotr |date=2025-02-02 |title=Cerebrospinal Fluid Calcium Balance in Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Preliminary Study and Future Research Directions |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11853028/ |journal=Biomedicines |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=337 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines13020337 |issn=2227-9059 |pmc=11853028 |pmid=40002750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi == [[Fayil:Erkinis_encefalitas,_Pašušvio_miškas.JPG|left|thumb|267x267px|TAlamar da ke cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] na Lithuania, gargadi game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar ƙwayoyin cuta]] Allurar rigakafin encephalitis da aka haifa ta hanyar kaska tana da tasiri sosai kuma ana samunta a wurare da dama da ke fama da cututtuka da kuma a asibitocin tafiye-tafiye. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Demicheli V, Debalini MG, Rivetti A |year=2009 |editor-last=Demicheli |editor-first=Vittorio |title=Vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2009 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000977.pub2 |pmc=6532705 |pmid=19160184}}</ref> Sunayen kasuwanci sune ''Encepur N'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Encepur® N |url=https://compendium.ch/mpro/mnr/27219/html/de |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=compendium.ch}}</ref> da ''FSME-Immun CC'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2017 |title=FSME-Immun® CC |url=https://compendium.ch/mpro/mnr/26452/html/de |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=compendium.ch}}</ref> Ana yin allurar rigakafin a allurai biyu, idan aka bayar da aƙalla makonni biyu a tsakaninsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-06 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tick-borne-encephalitis/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Magani == Babu takamaiman maganin rigakafi ga TBE. Lalacewar kwakwalwa mai alamun cutar yana buƙatar a kwantar da ita a asibiti da kuma kulawa mai tallafi bisa ga tsananin ciwon . Ana iya la'akari da magungunan hana kumburi, kamar corticosteroids, a wasu yanayi na musamman don rage alamun cutar, kodayake ana muhawara kan ingancinsu na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=By |first=Julie Annida |last2=Dos |first2=Al-Hasan Hussein |last3=Stenor |first3=Christian |date=2025-11-01 |title=Exploring corticosteroid therapy in tick-borne encephalitis: A case report and rationale for future research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889325002871 |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |volume=113 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116964 |issn=0732-8893 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya buƙatar shigar da bututun iska a cikin trachea da kuma tallafin numfashi . == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, cutar ta fi yawa a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da Arewacin Asiya. Kimanin mutane dubu goma zuwa goma sha biyu ne ake samun rahotannin kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara, amma adadin ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki. <ref name="WHO2011">{{Cite journal |date=June 2011 |title=Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=86 |issue=24 |pages=241–256 |pmid=21661276 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yawancin bambancin ya faru ne sakamakon bambancin yawan masu masaukin baki, musamman na barewa. A Austria, wani shiri mai zurfi na rigakafi tun daga shekarun 1970 ya rage yawan kamuwa da cutar a shekarar 2013 da kusan kashi 85%. <ref name="Amicizia 1163–1171">{{Cite journal |last=Amicizia |first=Daniela |last2=Domnich |first2=Alexander |last3=Panatto |first3=Donatella |last4=Lai |first4=Piero Luigi |last5=Cristina |first5=Maria Luisa |last6=Avio |first6=Ulderico |last7=Gasparini |first7=Roberto |date=14 May 2013 |title=Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1163–1171 |doi=10.4161/hv.23802 |issn=2164-5515 |pmc=3899155 |pmid=23377671}}</ref> A Jamus, a cikin shekarun 2010, an sami aƙalla mutane 95 (2012) da kuma aƙalla mutane 584 (2018) na TBE (ko FSME kamar yadda aka sani a Jamus). Fiye da rabin waɗanda aka ruwaito daga 2019 suna da [[Sanƙarau|cutar meningitis]], [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]], ko myelitis . An lura cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cuta yana ƙaruwa da shekaru, musamman a cikin mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 40, kuma ya fi yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata. Yawancin lokuta an kamu da su a Bavaria (46%) da Baden-Württemberg (37%), ƙasa da haka a Saxony, Hesse, Lower Saxony, da sauran jihohi. Gabaɗaya Landkreise 164 an keɓe su ga yankunan da ke da haɗarin TBE, gami da duk Baden-Württemberg sai dai birnin Heilbronn. <ref name="rki"/> A Jamhuriyar Czech, an samu rahoton shekaru 10 da aka ruwaito an samu a shekarar 2025, inda aka kiyasta cewa kashi 40% na al'ummar kasar sun sami akalla allurar riga-kafi (yawanci ana daukar tsarin allurar 3 ya zama dole don inganci). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Cases of tick-borne diseases reach ten-year high in Czechia |url=https://english.radio.cz/cases-tick-borne-diseases-reach-ten-year-high-czechia-8862235 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112004650/https://english.radio.cz/cases-tick-borne-diseases-reach-ten-year-high-czechia-8862235 |archive-date=2026-01-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Sweden, yawancin lokuta na TBE suna faruwa ne a cikin wani yanki da ke gudana daga Stockholm zuwa yamma, musamman a kusa da tafkuna da yankin da ke kusa da tekun Baltic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pettersson |first=John H.-O. |last2=Golovljova |first2=Irina |last3=Vene |first3=Sirkka |last4=Jaenson |first4=Thomas G. T. |date=1 January 2014 |title=Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=7 |doi=10.1186/1756-3305-7-102 |issn=1756-3305 |pmc=4007564 |pmid=24618209 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lundkvist |first=Å. |last2=Wallensten |first2=A. |last3=Vene |first3=S. |last4=Hjertqvist |first4=M. |year=2011 |title=Tick-borne encephalitis increasing in Sweden, 2011 |journal=Eurosurveillance |language=en |volume=16 |issue=39 |doi=10.2807/ese.16.39.19981-en |pmid=21968422 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana nuna yawan jama'a da ke shiga ayyukan waje a waɗannan yankuna. Gabaɗaya, ga Turai, haɗarin da aka kiyasta shine kusan shari'a 1 a cikin watanni 10,000 na ayyukan daji na ɗan adam. A wasu yankuna na Rasha da Slovenia, yawan kamuwa da cutar na iya kaiwa har zuwa shari'o'i 70 a cikin mutane 100,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name="Amicizia 1163–1171"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=team |first=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)-Health Communication Unit- Eurosurveillance editorial |date=11 March 2011 |title=Case report: Tick-borne encephalitis in two Dutch travellers returning from Austria, Netherlands, July and August 2011 |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20003 |journal=Eurosurveillance |language=en |volume=16 |issue=44 |page=20003 |doi=10.2807/ese.16.44.20003-en |pmid=22085619 |access-date=4 June 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matafiya zuwa yankunan da ke fama da cutar ba sa yawan kamuwa da cutar, inda aka ruwaito shari'o'i 8 kacal a tsakanin matafiya na Amurka da suka dawo daga Eurasia tsakanin 2000 da 2017, ƙimar ta yi ƙasa sosai har zuwa 2020 Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafi ga waɗanda za su kamu da cutar sosai a wuraren da ke da haɗari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tickborne Encephalitis |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/tickborne-encephalitis |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=CDC.gov}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Warming temperatures caused by [[Canjin yanayi|climate change]] increase the expansion of tick populations and lengthen their active seasons which in turn increase the prevalence and geographical range of tick-borne diseases.{{Rp|1094}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Bo |last2=Bai |first2=Chengke |last3=Wu |first3=Kunyi |last4=La |first4=Ting |last5=Chen |first5=Wenwen |last6=Liu |first6=Lianjin |last7=Zhou |first7=Xiaofang |last8=Chen |first8=Chong |last9=Li |first9=Xian |last10=Su |first10=Yiyang |last11=Che |first11=Lingyu |last12=Li |first12=Guishuang |date=16 January 2025 |title=Ticks jump in a warmer world: Global distribution shifts of main pathogenic ticks are associated with future climate change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479725001057 |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=374 |bibcode=2025JEnvM.37424129C |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124129 |pmid=39823935 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In Europe, expansion of tick-borne diseases to the north due to climate change has already been observed, especially for Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Bo |last2=Bai |first2=Chengke |last3=Wu |first3=Kunyi |last4=La |first4=Ting |last5=Chen |first5=Wenwen |last6=Liu |first6=Lianjin |last7=Zhou |first7=Xiaofang |last8=Chen |first8=Chong |last9=Li |first9=Xian |last10=Su |first10=Yiyang |last11=Che |first11=Lingyu |last12=Li |first12=Guishuang |date=16 January 2025 |title=Ticks jump in a warmer world: Global distribution shifts of main pathogenic ticks are associated with future climate change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479725001057 |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=374 |bibcode=2025JEnvM.37424129C |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124129 |pmid=39823935 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ixodes ricinus is predicted to become 5–7% more prevalent on livestock farms in Great Britain, depending on the extent of future climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Bo |last2=Bai |first2=Chengke |last3=Wu |first3=Kunyi |last4=La |first4=Ting |last5=Chen |first5=Wenwen |last6=Liu |first6=Lianjin |last7=Zhou |first7=Xiaofang |last8=Chen |first8=Chong |last9=Li |first9=Xian |last10=Su |first10=Yiyang |last11=Che |first11=Lingyu |last12=Li |first12=Guishuang |date=16 January 2025 |title=Ticks jump in a warmer world: Global distribution shifts of main pathogenic ticks are associated with future climate change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479725001057 |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |language=en |volume=374 |bibcode=2025JEnvM.37424129C |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124129 |pmid=39823935 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=29274|ICD11={{ICD11|1C8G}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A|84||a|80}}|ICD9={{ICD9|063}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D004675}} * [https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/tickborne-encephalitis Ciwon encephalitis na Tickborne] a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (CDC) * [https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/tbe/resources/index.html Takardar bayanai] daga Reshen Cututtukan Musamman na Kwayar cuta a CDC {{Viral diseases}}{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}{{Tick-borne diseases}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s526zb0s60t9x8v6v2fl81wpifsmjzz 0 156528 965561 854069 2026-10-10T04:04:02Z BnHamid 12586 965561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Xitang''' (Sinanci: 西塘; pinyin: Xītáng; lit. 'West Pond'), wanda aka fi sani da Xietang (Sinanci: 平塘; lit. 'Oblique Pond'), Pingtang (Sinanci: 平塘; lit. 'Flat Pond') da Xutang (Sinanci: 胥塘; lit. 'Xu Pond'), gari ne mai tarihi a gundumar Jiashan, Zhejiang, China. Tana iyaka da Garin Luxu a arewa, Garin Yaozhuang a gabas, Garin Ganyao a kudu maso gabas, da Garin Tianning da Garin a yamma. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016, tana da yawan jama'a 57,400 da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 83.61 (32.28 sq mi).[1] Xitang gari ne mai ruwa wanda koguna tara suka ratsa. Garin ya ratsa sassa takwas, waɗanda aka haɗa da gadoji na dutse na gargajiya. A tsoffin sassan garin, gine-ginen suna gefen magudanar ruwa, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin manyan hanyoyin sufuri a yankin. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Aerial_perspective_of_Xitang's_Canals.jpg|thumb|Halin sararin samaniya na tashoshin Xitang]] Tarihinsa ya samo asali ne daga akalla Lokacin bazara da kaka (770 BC-476 BC) lokacin da yake kan iyakar Jihar Yue da Wu. A cewar labari, Wu Zixu, sanannen malami kuma janar na soja, ya ba da umarnin haƙa magudanan ruwa da yawa da tafki don sauƙaƙa jigilar ruwa da kuma hawan ruwa zuwa Jiashan County, kuma ta haka ne ake kira Xitang "Xutang".[2] A shekara ta 2001 ta shiga cikin zaɓin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO|Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO)]] . A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2003, an sanya shi a matsayin Garin Tarihi na Sin ta Hukumar Kula da Al'adu ta Kasa da Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane-Kananan Hukumomi. A watan Fabrairun 2017, an rarraba shi a matsayin shafin yawon bude ido na matakin [[AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China|AAAAA]] ta Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Ido ta kasar Sin. == Rarrabawar gudanarwa == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, an raba garin zuwa al'ummomi 4 ƙauyuka 18: * Al'ummar Chaonandi * Al'ummar Tangdong * Al'ummar Xijie (Al'ummar titin yamma) * Al'ummar Xiyuan (al'ummar yamma) * Cuinan * Dashun (ƙauye) * Dizhao ƙauye * Didian (ƙauyen ƙasar) * Donghui (ƙauyen gabas) * Ganshang (ƙauye) * Hechi (ƙauyen荷池) * Hongling (ƙauye) * Hualian (ƙauyen da ke cikin ƙasar) * Jinming (ƙauyen金明) * Limiao (ƙauye) * Qiandun * Shendao (沈道 ƙauye) * Xiadianmiao (ƙauye na ƙasa) * Xinsheng (sabon ƙauye) * Xingjian ({{Lang|zh-Hans|星建村}}) * Yaque * Zhonghu (ƙauye) == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne akan noma, yawon bude ido da masana'antar gida. Fitar da Button shine mafi shahara a yankin. Yana da kamfanonin samar da maɓalli 636, suna samar da nau'ikan maɓalli sama da 1600 da kusan maɓalli biliyan 60 a kowace shekara. An san shi da "Garin Buttons a kasar Sin" (中国纽扣之乡). == Abubuwan jan hankali == Xitang kuma ya ƙunshi gidaje da temples da yawa na dā, kamar Haikali na Masters Bakwai. Yanayin garin da shimfidar wuri sun sa ya zama sanannen wurin yawon bude ido. Ana nuna shi akai-akai a cikin zane-zane na kasar Sin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} Garin yana da gadoji da yawa, hanyoyi da kuma Hanyoyin da aka rufe, tare da yawancin tsoffin tituna da hanyoyin da ke riƙe da fasalullukansu na asali. A cikin Xitang, sanannen wurin shine rufin da aka rufe wanda ke da kusan mita 1,000 (3,300 kuma yana da sauƙi. A zahiri titin ne mai rufi. Wasu sassan hanyoyin da aka rufe an sanya su a cikin sashin da ya fi yawan jama'a, yayin da wasu aka gina su a gefen kogi na tituna. Ana shirya dogon kujerun a gefen kogi na wasu hanyoyin da aka rufe don mutane su sami hutawa. Yawancin su an yi su da tubali da itace kuma an rufe su da baƙar fata. Akwai hanyoyi 122 na tsawon daban-daban a Xitang, daga cikinsu biyar sun wuce mita 100 (330 tsawo.[6] === Shipi Lane === Hanyar da ta fi dacewa da iska ana kiranta "Shipi Lane" (Sinanci: 石皮弄; lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>). Ya sami sunansa saboda gaskiyar cewa gine-ginen zama guda biyu ne ke kewaye da shi. An gina shi a ƙarshen Ming da farkon daular Qing (1368-1911), tare da tsawon mita 68 (223 da faɗin mita 1, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙofar kawai 0.8-mita (2 in) faɗin. An shimfiɗa shi da dutse 166. Ganuwar a bangarorin biyu na layin suna da mita 6 zuwa 10 (20 zuwa 3) tsawo, kuma har yanzu suna da kyau.[7] === Gidan Zui === Gidan Zui (Sinanci: 醉园) yana kan titin Tawan na Xitang kuma ya samo asali ne daga Daular Ming (1368-1644). Gidan lambu, ƙarami kuma na musamman, ya haɗa da jerin farfajiyoyi biyar, inda aka shirya kayan aikin dutse masu laushi da hanyoyin da aka tsara da basira. A cikin farfajiyar akwai karamin gada mai kyau da aka yi da tubali, wanda yake da kayan ado kuma yana aiki amma yana bawa mutum ɗaya damar wucewa a lokaci guda. A bangon da ke gaban ƙofar an sassaƙa haruffa uku na Sinanci "醉经堂; 'The Hall of Intoxicating Books'", daga inda lambun ya ɗauki sunansa. Wang Zhixi (Sinanci), sanannen marubuci da mai zane a zamanin Qianlong (1735-1795) na Daular Qing (1644-1911), wanda har yanzu ana iya ganin ayyukansa a cikin lambun.[8] == Fim da talabijin == An nuna wuraren Xitang a cikin jerin fina-finai na karshe na fim din Mission: Impossible III . == Sufuri == Garin yana da alaƙa da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu: G60 Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway da S32 Shenjiahu Expressway . == Hotunan == <gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5"> Fayil:Xitang-Wasserstrasse03.jpg Fayil:XiTang_Canal.jpg Fayil:Xitang_pic_2.jpg Fayil:Xitang-Boote02.jpg Fayil:Xitang,_China_-_Rice_Wine.jpg|Rice wine storage Fayil:Xitang_Haungjiu.JPG|Xitang Huangjiu </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} === Bayanan littattafai === *   == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.xitang.com.cn/ Shafin yanar gizon Xitang] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6pxjbqz9iqtg3ej37d792q19sggsvf0 0 157413 965559 856999 2026-10-10T04:03:08Z BnHamid 12586 965559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:EMM_Benoni_Townplanning.jpg|thumb|Masu tsarawa daga Sashen Shirye-shiryen Birni Ekurhuleni a ziyarar shafin yanar gizo ta yau da kullun a Benoni. Abubuwan da ke cikin tawagar suna nuna manufofin haɗin kai na launin fata na Sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu.]] '''Haɗin kai na launin fata''', ko kawai haɗin kai, ya haɗa da kawar da [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] (tseren kawo ƙarshen rarrabewar launin fata), daidaita shingen ga haɗin kai, samar da daidaito ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, da ci gaban [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da ke jawo al'adu daban-daban, maimakon kawai kawo 'yan tsiraru launin fata cikin al'adun mafi rinjaye. Rashin rarrabewa yafi zama al'amari na shari'a, haɗin kai yafi na zamantakewa. == Bambance-bambance ''hadewa'' daga rarrabewa''Rashin rarrabewa'' == [[Fayil:Nch_children_parade.jpg|thumb|Wani fari da baƙar fata tare a wani fareti a North College Hill, Ohio, Amurka]] Morris J. MacGregor Jr. a cikin takarda "Integration of the Armed Forces 1940-1969", ya rubuta game da kalmomin haɗin kai da rarrabewa:<blockquote>A cikin 'yan shekarun nan masana tarihi da yawa sun zo don rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan kalmomin da ke kama da sauti. Yunkurin da ke kan kawar da wariyar launin fata, ya rushe tsarin [[Dokokin Jim Crow|Jim Crow]] na kasar, ya zama sananne a cikin shekaru goma bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Haɗin kai, a gefe guda, Farfesa Oscar Handlin ya ci gaba, yana nuna abubuwa da yawa da ba a yarda da su ba a duk fannoni na al'ummar Amurka. A wata ma'ana yana nufin "ƙaddamar da duk shingen da ke tattare da haɗin kai ban da waɗanda suka danganci iyawa, dandano, da fifiko na mutum"; a wasu kalmomi, samar da daidaito. Amma a wani ma'anar haɗin kai yana buƙatar rarrabawar bazuwar 'yan tsiraru a duk faɗin al'umma. A nan, a cewar Handlin, an jaddada ma'auni na launin fata a fannonin sana'a, ilimi, zama, da sauransu.</blockquote><blockquote>Tun daga farko ma'aikatan soja sun fahimci cewa rushewar duk baƙar fata zai kasance a cikin al'umma mai rufewa dole ne ya fi kawai rarrabewa. Kullum yana amfani da kalmomin haɗin kai da daidaito da dama don bayyana burinsa na launin fata. Ba sau da yawa, idan har yanzu, mutum yana samun kalmar desegregation a cikin fayilolin soja waɗanda suka haɗa da rubutu da yawa.</blockquote> [[Fayil:Postal_Clerks_Sorting_Mail_(2551076368).jpg|thumb|Fararen ma'aikatan gidan waya da baƙar fata suna rarraba wasiku tare, Amurka, 1890]] Hakazalika, Keith M. Woods ya rubuta game da buƙatar daidaito a cikin harshe na jarida: "''Haɗin kai'' yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka canza wani abu, kamar lokacin da dangin baƙar fata ke motsawa cikin unguwar fari. Haɗin kai yana faru ko da ba tare da umarni daga doka ba. Desegregation, a gefe guda, "shi ne maganin doka ga rarrabewa". A cikin 1997, Henry Organ, wanda kansa a matsayin "mai shiga cikin Ƙungiyar 'yancin jama'a a cikin yankin'a da aka gano shi a cikin 'yanci' yanci, ya kamata ya yi amfani da shi a kan wannan yanki' yanci ya kamata yaƙi da 'yanci da dama' yan Afirka da 'yan Adam da yawa' a kan wannan yankin' yanci' yanka' yanci da yawa' yanci gaba da aka tsarawa, ya yi amfani a kan wannan doka, ya yi da su' yanci. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fqw4irzy8rc50avczqsgqcln7ny7yk3 0 158233 965562 859562 2026-10-10T04:04:43Z BnHamid 12586 965562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Quinapyramine''' wakili ne na trypanocidal don amfani da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawking F, Sen AB |date=December 1960 |title=The trypanocidal action of homidium, quinapyramine and suramin |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=567–70 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1960.tb00283.x |pmc=1482270 |pmid=13712404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ranjithkumar M, Saravanan BC, Yadav SC, Kumar R, Singh R, Dey S |date=February 2014 |title=Neurological trypanosomiasis in quinapyramine sulfate-treated horses--a breach of the blood-brain barrier? |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=371–7 |doi=10.1007/s11250-013-0498-9 |pmid=24197687 |s2cid=16060891}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6okait0r0ikaeag2lm4ffii9792vm3r 0 158583 965589 860815 2026-10-10T04:19:37Z BnHamid 12586 965589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cecilio Félix Romaña (1899-1997 a Barcelona) wani likitan Argentina ne da aka tuna da shi don kwatanta alamar Romaña, kamar yadda shi ne farkon wanda ya bayyana lamarin. Alamar Romaña kalma ce ta likitanci don kumburin gefe mara raɗaɗi wanda ke da alaƙa da babban matakin cutar Chagas. Alamar Romaña kada ta ruɗe da chagoma. [1] [ana hujja][citation need] Ya yi bincike kan Cututtukan wurare masu zafi daga 1930 zuwa 1960 a Arewacin Argentina, musamman [[Cutar Chagas]]. Bayanan da ya yi game da alamar da aka yi masa a shekarar 1935 ya ba da damar gano cutar a baya da sauƙin cutar a yankunan da ke fama da cutar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dias JC |year=1997 |title=[Cecílio Romaña, Romaña's sign and Chagas' disease] |journal=Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. |language=pt |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=407–13 |doi=10.1590/s0037-86821997000500012 |pmid=9380903 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekara ta 1942 ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yankin a Jami'ar Kasa ta Arewa maso Gabas . Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ba a san su sosai ba shine aikinsa a matsayin mai zane-zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pintura: Romaña, Cecilio |url=https://www.artedelaargentina.com.ar/disciplinas/artista/pintura/cecilio-romana |access-date=30 May 2026 |publisher=[ARTE DE LA ARGENTINA]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6qsa0i8434udb5fdz5oq1gm9ho4pvj5 0 158724 965556 861579 2026-10-10T04:00:59Z BnHamid 12586 965556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Coolie itch wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ''[[Rhizoglyphus parasiticus]]'' ya haifar, wanda ke da mummunar pruritus. Ana samunsa a Indiya a kan shuke-shuke na shayi kuma yana haifar da ciwon ƙafa.<ref name="Andrews">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> : 454 {{Rp|454}} ''Rhizoglyphus parasiticus'' wani nau'in ƙwaro ne. == Dubi kuma == * Cutar Copra * [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a8kyj5wkipl4dee5uuda1iscriobya5 0 159445 965434 962519 2026-10-09T21:12:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carl Gustav Jung''' ( /j ʊ ŋ / YUUNG ; {{IPA|de-CH|ˈkarl ˈjʊŋ|lang}} ; 26 Yuli 1875 - 6 Yuni 1961) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Switzerland, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ya kafa makarantar nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . {{Refn|Jung's identification as a "psychoanalyst" was temporary (Quote: "Between the years 1907 and 1912, when Jung was a psycho-analyst").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jung |first=C. G. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eY4CQAAQBAJ&dq=%22jung+was+a+psychoanalyst%22&pg=PR89 |title=Collected Works of C.G. Jung: The First Complete English Edition of the Works of C.G. Jung |date=1 September 1973 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53016-9 |language=en |chapter=Editorial Note (Vol. IV)| page=lxxxix}}</ref> Following Freud's exclusive definition of the term, Jung stopped referring to his practice as "psycho-analysis". He resigned as president of the International Psychoanalytical Association and later was characterized as an "analytical psychologist".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisold |first=Kenneth |year=2002 |title=Jung, Jungians, and psychoanalysis. |url=https://www.academia.edu/55101481 |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=502–503 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.19.3.501 |issn=1939-1331}}</ref>}} Ya kasance marubuci mai hazaka a fannin littattafai sama da ashirin, mai zane, mai wasiƙa, kuma mai ilimi, wanda aka fi sani da ra'ayinsa na nau'ikan tarihi . An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=Carl Jung – One of the Most Influential Psychiatrists of All Time |url=http://thebuzzdiary.com/carl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time/ |access-date=23 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608120636/http://thebuzzdiary.com/carl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan Jung ba wai kawai sun haɓaka ilimi ba, har ma da sha'awar jama'a. Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri a fannoni kamar ilimin tabin hankali, [[ilimin ɗan adam]], ilmin kayan tarihi, [[adabi]], [[falsafa]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darowski |first=Emily |last2=Darowski |first2=Joseph |date=1 June 2016 |title=Carl Jung's Historic Place in Psychology and Continuing Influence in Narrative Studies and American Popular Culture |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol52/iss2/2 |journal=[[Swiss American Historical Society Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |issn=0883-4814}}</ref> da kuma nazarin addini . 5Jung ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai bincike a asibitin kula da tabin hankali na Burghölzli da ke Zurich, a ƙarƙashin Eugen Bleuler . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Möller |first=A. |last2=Scharfetter |first2=C. |last3=Hell |first3=D. |date=October 2002 |title=Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler, 1900-1909 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957154X0201305206 |journal=History of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=13 |issue=52 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1177/0957154X0201305206 |issn=0957-154X}}</ref> Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai tasiri a tunani, yana ƙulla abota da [[Sigmund Freud]], wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, kuma yana gudanar da dogon rubutu game da hangen nesansu na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Freud ya ga ƙaramin Jung ba wai kawai a matsayin magajin da yake nema ya gabatar da "sabon iliminsa" na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ba, har ma a matsayin hanyar halatta aikinsa: Freud da sauran masu nazarin halayyar ɗan adam na zamani Yahudawa ne da ke fuskantar ƙaruwar ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa a Turai, yayin da Jung ya girma a matsayin [[Kirista]], kodayake bai yi biyayya ga koyarwar Kirista ta gargajiya ba, yana ganin addini, gami da Kiristanci, a matsayin wata alama mai ƙarfi ta tunanin ɗan adam da kuma neman ma'ana. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi}} Freud wrote, "[I]t was only by his appearance on the scene that psycho-analysis escaped the danger of becoming a Jewish national affair."</ref> Freud ya sami nadin Jung a matsayin shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta duniya da Freud ta kafa. Duk da haka, binciken Jung da hangen nesansa sun sa ya yi wuya a bi koyarwar tsohon abokin aikinsa, kuma suka rabu. Wannan rarrabuwar ta kasance mai zafi ga Jung kuma ta haifar da kafa ilimin halayyar Jung a matsayin cikakken tsarin da ya bambanta da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Daga cikin manyan manufofin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na nazari akwai keɓancewa — tsarin tunani na tsawon rai na bambance kai daga abubuwan da ke cikin sani da rashin sani na kowane mutum. Jung ya ɗauki shi a matsayin babban aikin ci gaban ɗan adam. Ya ƙirƙiri wasu daga cikin shahararrun ra'ayoyin tunani, waɗanda suka haɗa da haɗin kai, abubuwan da suka faru na archetypal, rashin sani na gama gari, hadaddun tunani, da kuma wuce gona da iri da kuma shiga cikin al'amura . Yadda ya yi wa ɗan kasuwan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa Rowland Hazard a shekarar 1926 da imaninsa cewa [[Shaye-shaye|masu shan giya]] za su iya murmurewa idan suna da " muhimmin gogewa ta ruhaniya (ko ta addini) " ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a jerin abubuwan da suka haifar da ƙirƙirar Alcoholics Anonymous . Jung ƙwararren [[Masu kirkira|mai zane ne]], [[Mai sana'a|mai fasaha]], mai gini, kuma marubuci mai hazaka. Ba a buga da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa ba sai bayan mutuwarsa, kuma wasu har yanzu ba a buga su ba. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === ==== Yaro ==== [[File:Dozwilerstrasse_3_in_Kesswil_TG_(2025).jpg|thumb| Wurin haihuwa a Kesswil]] An haifi Carl Gustav Jung {{Refn|As a university student, Jung changed the modernized spelling of Karl to the original family form of Carl. {{cite book|last=Bair|first=Deirdre|author-link=Deirdre Bair|title=Jung: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Back Bay Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-316-15938-8|pages=7, 53}}}} a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1875 a Kesswil, a yankin Thurgau na Switzerland, a matsayin ɗan Paul Achilles Jung na farko da ya tsira (1842–1896) da Emilie Jung ( ''née'' Preiswerk; 1848–1923). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schellinski |first=Kristina |year=2014 |title=Who am I? |journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=189–210 |doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12069 |issn=0021-8774 |pmid=24673274}}</ref> An haifi sa kafin haihuwarsa da mutuwarsa sau biyu da kuma na ɗa mai suna Paul, wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1873, wanda ya rayu kwanaki kaɗan kacal. : 9  Paul Jung, mahaifin Carl, shi ne ƙaramin ɗa ga wani fitaccen likita ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Switzerland kuma farfesa a fannin likitanci a Basel, Karl Gustav Jung (1794–1864). : 8-13 <ref name="Stevens">Stevens, Anthony (1994): ''Jung: A very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford & N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285458-2}}.</ref> : 2 Karl Jung ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Basel kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Swiss Lodge of Freemasons. An yi ta rade-radin cewa shi ɗan [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] ne na haram, amma wannan wataƙila tatsuniya ce. Paul Jung fasto ne na karkara a Cocin Reformed na Switzerland . : 7 Jung ya ɗauki mahaifinsa a matsayin abin dogaro, amma mai rauni kuma mara ƙarfi. <ref name="Storr" /> : 7  Emilie Preiswerk, mahaifiyar Carl, ta girma a cikin babban iyali wanda asalin Switzerland ya samo asali tun ƙarni biyar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} Ita ce ƙaramar 'ya ga fitaccen malamin cocin Basel kuma malami, Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871),{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} <ref name="Stevens" /> : 2 da matarsa ta biyu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} Samuel Preiswerk Antistes ne (lakabin da aka bai wa shugaban malaman Reformed a birnin) da kuma ɗan Hebraist, marubuci, kuma edita, wanda ya koyar da Paul Jung a matsayin farfesa a fannin [[Ibrananci]] a Jami'ar Basel . {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/17 17–19]}}Ya kasance mai goyon bayan addinin Zionism na farko kuma yana sha'awar sihiri. <ref name="Stevens" /> : 2-3  Kawun Carl Jung guda takwas suma malaman addini ne. : 123  Sabanin mahaifinsa, Carl ya ga mahaifiyarsa a matsayin wadda ba ta da aminci kuma ba ta da daidaito, : 8 wanda hakan ya sa ya danganta mata da "rashin aminci" (Daga baya, an sake duba waɗannan ra'ayoyin farko: "Na amince da abokai maza kuma na ji takaici da su, kuma na yi rashin amincewa da mata kuma ban ji takaici ba." : 8 ). Emilie mace ce mai ban mamaki da baƙin ciki; ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo a ɗakin kwananta, inda ta ce ruhohi suna ziyartarta da daddare. <ref name="Jung-3" /> : 18 Ko da yake ta saba da rana, Jung ya tuna cewa da daddare, mahaifiyarsa ta zama abin mamaki da ban mamaki. Ya ce wata rana da daddare, ya ga wani mutum mai haske da rashin iyaka yana fitowa daga ɗakinta, kansa a cire daga wuyansa yana shawagi a sararin sama a gaban gawar. Jung ya sami kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifinsa. <ref name="Jung-3" /> : 18  [[File:Pfarrhaus_Kleinhüningen.jpg|thumb| Gidan malaman addini a Kleinhüningen, Basel, inda Jung ya girma]] An naɗa mahaifin Jung a wata unguwa mai wadata a Laufen lokacin da Carl yake da watanni shida.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} Yayin da yake can, rikici tsakanin mahaifin Jung da mahaifiyarsa ya taso.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} Lokacin da Jung yana da shekaru uku, mahaifiyarsa ta bar Laufen na tsawon watanni da dama tana kwance a asibiti kusa da Basel saboda wata rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba, wadda daga baya ya danganta ta da matsalolin aurensu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} : 8 Mahaifinsa ya ɗauki Carl don kula da shi a hannun ƙanwar Emilie Jung da ba ta yi aure ba a Basel, amma daga baya aka mayar da shi gidan mahaifinsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} Carl ya kamu da cutar eczema ta gama gari. <ref name="Storr" /> : 8 A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Jung zai yi nuni da cewa wannan tasirin iyaye shine "nakasa da na fara da ita". Bayan shekaru uku da ya zauna a Laufen, Paul Jung ya nemi a canza masa wurin aiki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} A shekara ta 1879, an kira shi zuwa Klein-Hüningen, kusa da Basel, inda iyalinsa ke zaune a wani gidan ibada na coci. : 233 Saukar da Emilie ta yi ya ƙara kusantar da ita ga iyalinta kuma ya ɗaga mata baƙin cikinta. : 25  Lokacin da Jung ke da shekaru tara, an haifi 'yar'uwarsa Johanna Gertrud (1884-1935). An san ta a cikin iyalin a matsayin "Trudi", daga baya ta zama sakatare ga ɗan'uwanta. {{Rp|[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/349 349]}} Jung ya halarci makarantar ƙauyen gida, kuma yana da shekaru 10 (ko 11) : 11 ya je Basel Gymnasium, inda bai ji daɗi ba sosai. : 125 Tsakanin shekaru 17 zuwa 18, Jung ya fara sha'awar falsafa, musamman a [[Pythagoras]], <ref name="Frieda" /> : 126 Heraclitus (wani abu da aka fi so tsawon rayuwa), <ref name="Stevens" /> : 9 [[Empedocles]], <ref name="Frieda" /> : 126 [[Plato]], <ref name="Frieda" /> : 126 Schopenhauer ta hanyar littafinsa ''The World as Will and Idea'', da kuma sharhin [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] ''game da Pure Reason'' . <ref name="Frieda" /> : 126 Ya kuma gano Goethe ta hanyar ''Faust'' da Meister Eckhart, waɗanda suka zama waɗanda suka fi so a rayuwa. <ref name="Stevens" /> : 9  ==== Tunawa da yarinta ==== Jung yaro ne mai zaman kansa kuma mai son kai. [1] : 4 Tun yana yaro, ya yi imani cewa, kamar mahaifiyarsa, [2] yana da halaye biyu—ɗan ƙasar Switzerland ta zamani da kuma halin da ya fi dacewa da ƙarni na 18. [3] : 33-4 "Halayen Mutum Na 1", kamar yadda ya kira shi, wani ɗalibi ne na makaranta wanda yake rayuwa a zamanin, halinsa na sanin yakamata. [4] : 123 "Halayen Mutum Na Biyu" mutum ne mai mutunci, mai iko, kuma mai tasiri tun daga baya, [3] : 33-4 ya suma. [4] : 123 Duk da cewa Jung yana da kusanci da iyayen biyu, ya ji takaicin yadda mahaifinsa ya bi tsarin ilimi game da addini. [1] [[File:Jung_piccolo.jpg|thumb| EJung tun yana yaro, farkon shekarun 1880]] Wasu abubuwan tunawa da lokacin yarinta sun yi tasiri a rayuwarsa. Tun yana yaro, ya sassaka wani ƙaramin mannequin a ƙarshen mai mulkin katako daga cikin akwatin fensir ɗinsa ya kuma sanya shi a ciki. Ya ƙara dutse, wanda ya zana a rabi na sama da na ƙasa, sannan ya ɓoye akwatin a cikin soro. Lokaci-lokaci, yakan koma ga tsarin rubutu, sau da yawa yakan kawo ƙananan takardu masu ɗauke da saƙonni a kansu da harshen sirrinsa. Daga baya ya yi tunani cewa wannan aikin al'ada ya kawo masa jin daɗin kwanciyar hankali da tsaro. Shekaru bayan haka, ya gano kamanceceniya tsakanin gogewarsa da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da totems a cikin al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar tarin duwatsun rai kusa da Arlesheim ko ''tjurungas'' na Ostiraliya. Ya kammala da cewa ayyukansa na al'ada da ba a sani ba, wanda ya yi ta hanyar da ta yi kama da ta wurare masu nisa waɗanda shi, tun yana ƙarami, bai san komai game da su ba. : 22-23 Abubuwan da ya lura da su game da alamomi, nau'ikan tarihi, da kuma rashin sani na gama gari sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan abubuwan farko da suka haɗu da bincikensa na baya. : 144  A lokacin yana ɗan shekara 12, jim kaɗan kafin ƙarshen shekararsa ta farko a ''Humanistisches Gymnasium'' da ke Basel, wani yaro ya tura Jung ƙasa ya buge kansa, ya rasa nutsuwa na ɗan lokaci (daga baya ya gane cewa laifinsa ne a kaikaice).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} : 128 Sai wani tunani ya zo masa—"Yanzu ba za ka sake zuwa makaranta ba". : 30 Tun daga lokacin, duk lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa makaranta ko ya fara aikin gida, sai ya suma. Ya zauna a gida na tsawon watanni shida har sai da ya ji mahaifinsa yana magana da sauri ga wani baƙo game da iyawar yaron na nan gaba na kula da kansa. Sun yi zargin cewa yana da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] . Da yake fuskantar talaucin iyalinsa, ya fahimci buƙatar samun ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi. Ya shiga karatun mahaifinsa kuma ya fara nazarin nahawun Latin . Ya sake suma sau uku amma daga ƙarshe ya daina sha'awar kuma bai sake suma ba. Daga baya Jung ya tuna cewa wannan lamari "lokacin da na koyi menene cutar neurosis ". <ref name="Jung-3" /> : 32  [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == md2y0hixkb7gvqslq0zl12xi6p534np 0 160536 965568 873130 2026-10-10T04:07:57Z BnHamid 12586 965568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Julia Armfield''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1990) gwagwalada marubuciya ce ta Turanci. A san ta da litattafan Our Wives Under the Sea (2022) da Private gwagwalada Rites (2024). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Armfield a gwagwalada 1990 a [[Landan]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A Chat With: Julia Armfield |url=https://www.notabeneprize.com/journal/a-chat-with-julia-armfield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219095612/https://www.notabeneprize.com/journal/a-chat-with-julia-armfield |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Nota Bene Prize}}</ref> kuma ta girma a Cobham, Surrey . <ref name=":1" /> Ta halarci Makarantar Lady Eleanor Holles . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=Julia Armfield Shortlisted for Top Literary Award |url=https://www.hollesconnect.org.uk/news/alumnae-news/487/487-Julia-Armfield-Shortlisted-for-Top-Literary-Award |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Holles Connect}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta ta kasance gwagwalada manajan mataki kuma mahaifinta ya yi aiki a London. Ɗan'uwanta ɗan wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayo ne a [[Royal Shakespeare Company|Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cosslett |first=Rhiannon Lucy |author-link=Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett |date=2019-05-30 |title=Julia Armfield: 'There's freedom in the monster being the norm' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/30/julia-armfield-salt-slow-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530140008/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/30/julia-armfield-salt-slow-interview |archive-date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Armfield ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha da gwagwalda adabi na Victoria daga Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A Chat With: Julia Armfield |url=https://www.notabeneprize.com/journal/a-chat-with-julia-armfield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219095612/https://www.notabeneprize.com/journal/a-chat-with-julia-armfield |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Nota Bene Prize}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wyver |first=Kate |date=2022-03-01 |title=Our Wives Under the Sea author Julia Armfield: 'Horror and romance spring from the same core' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/culture/our-wives-under-the-sea-julia-armfield-novel-b2026122.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302030737/https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/culture/our-wives-under-the-sea-julia-armfield-novel-b2026122.html |archive-date=2022-03-02 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Rubutun ta ya kasance a kan gwagwalada "ƙwanƙwasa, gashi, da ƙusa a cikin tunanin Victorian. " <ref name=":2" /> Ta ambaci H.P. Lovecraft, Shirley Jackson, da [[Stephen King]] a matsayin tasiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cosslett |first=Rhiannon Lucy |author-link=Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett |date=2019-05-30 |title=Julia Armfield: 'There's freedom in the monster being the norm' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/30/julia-armfield-salt-slow-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530140008/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/30/julia-armfield-salt-slow-interview |archive-date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Broughton |first=Ellie |date=2019-11-19 |title='Salt Slow' Finds Liberation in Monstrous Women |url=https://electricliterature.com/salt-slow-finds-liberation-in-monstrous-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223224750/https://electricliterature.com/salt-slow-finds-liberation-in-monstrous-women/ |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Electric Lit}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan ya halarci karatun rubuce-rubuce na Curtis Brown, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Meinertzhagen |first=Peter |date=2019-10-21 |title=Julia Armfield interview: 'I find horror films bizarrely comforting' |url=https://www.sublimehorror.com/books/julia-armfield-interview-salt-slow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113183250/https://www.sublimehorror.com/books/julia-armfield-interview-salt-slow/ |archive-date=2020-01-13 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Sublime Horror}}</ref> Armfield ya fara rubuta gwagwalada gajerun labaru yayin aiki a matsayin manajan ilimi an Inner Temple . Bayan an sanya ta cikin jerin sunayen gwagwalada don kyautar Deborah Rogers, gajeren labarinta "The Great Awake" ya lashe kyautar White Review a shekarar 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cosslett |first=Rhiannon Lucy |author-link=Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett |date=2019-05-30 |title=Julia Armfield: 'There's freedom in the monster being the norm' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/30/julia-armfield-salt-slow-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530140008/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/30/julia-armfield-salt-slow-interview |archive-date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2019 |title=The White Review Short Story Prize 2020 |url=https://www.thewhitereview.org/prize/white-review-short-story-prize-2020/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=The White Review |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga tarin gajerun gwagwalada labaru na farko, ''gishiri mai jinkiri'', a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=salt slow |url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250224781/saltslow/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Macmillan Publishers |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi "The Great Awake", da kuma wasu labaran ban tsoro guda gwagwalada takwas tare da mai da hankali kan matashi mata a matsayin tsoro na jiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Broughton |first=Ellie |date=2019-11-19 |title='Salt Slow' Finds Liberation in Monstrous Women |url=https://electricliterature.com/salt-slow-finds-liberation-in-monstrous-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223224750/https://electricliterature.com/salt-slow-finds-liberation-in-monstrous-women/ |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Electric Lit}}</ref> An zaɓi ɗan gajeren labarinta "Longshore Drift" don gwagwalada tarihin Pushcart Prize a cikin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Granta Winners of Pushcart Prize XLV |url=https://granta.com/prizes/pushcart-prize-anthology-xlv/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Granta |language=en-US}}</ref> Our Wives gwagwalada Under the Sea, Littafin farko na Armfield, an buga shi a cikin shekarar 2022. Ya biyo bayan Miri da matarsa Leah, masanin ilimin halittu na ruwa wanda ke nuna alamun ban gwagwalada mamaki bayan sun dawo daga binciken teku mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Leila |date=2025-02-24 |title=Can horror be romantic?: a conversation with Julia Armfield |url=https://medium.com/@leila.torresn/can-horror-be-romantic-a-conversation-with-julia-armfield-8dac7712f7a2 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Medium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allport |first=Zander |date=2022-10-04 |title=A Leaky Manual on Living with Uncertainty: On Julia Armfield’s 'Our Wives Under the Sea' |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-leaky-manual-on-living-with-uncertainty-on-julia-armfields-our-wives-under-the-sea |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref> Littafin ya lashe Kyautar Polari kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin gwagwalada sunayen Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction .<ref name="GuardianPolari">{{Cite web |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2023-11-24 |title=Julia Armfield and Jon Ransom win the Polari prizes for LGBTQ+ books |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124222308/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |archive-date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Seán Hewitt and Julia Armfield shortlisted for Lambda Literary Awards 2023 |url=https://rcwlitagency.com/news/sean-hewitt-and-julia-armfield-shortlisted-for-lambda-literary-awards-2023 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=rcwlitagency.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafin Armfield na biyu Private Rites ya dogara ne akan wasan gwagwalada kwaikwayon Shakespeare King Lear . Ya biyo bayan 'yan'uwa mata uku da ke gwagwarmaya don magance mutuwar gwagwalada mahaifinsu a cikin [[Matsalar Yanayi|Rikicin yanayi]] wanda ke nuna ruwan sama da ruwan ambaliyar gwagwalda ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Self |first=John |date=2024-06-05 |title=Private Rites by Julia Armfield – a dystopian world where it always rains |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0d66df51-6298-4151-950c-f96444c914a8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617184744/https://www.ft.com/content/0d66df51-6298-4151-950c-f96444c914a8 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya kira littafin "mai ban tsoro," yana yabon yadda "ba ya taɓa yin wahayi na apocalyptic, koda kuwa gwagwalada duniyar da yake nunawa ta zama mai ban dariya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feigel |first=Lara |date=2024-06-20 |title=Private Rites by Julia Armfield review – in deep water |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/20/private-rites-by-julia-armfield-review-in-deep-water |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620065737/https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/20/private-rites-by-julia-armfield-review-in-deep-water |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Yuni shekarar 2025, 4th Estate ta sanar da cewa ta gwagwalada sami ƙarin littattafai biyu daga Armfield. Na farko, Up To the Light, an bayyana shi a matsayin gwagwalada "labari na masu hawa biyu, Liam da Petal, da kuma yunkurin da suka yi na cin nasara a gwagwalada hanyar da ba a hawa ba a baya a cikin Swiss Alps" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |date=26 June 2025 |title=Fourth Estate signs two more titles from Julia Armfield |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/fourth-estate-signs-two-more-titles-from-julia-armfield |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref> kuma ana sa ran za a sake shi a cikin gwagwalada bazara na 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=4th Estate scales two book deal with Julia Armfield |url=https://corporate.harpercollins.co.uk/press-releases/4th-estate-scales-two-book-deal-with-julia-armfield/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=HarperCollins UK Corporate |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- !2018 |"Babban farkawa" |Kyautar White Review Short Story ||{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julia Armfield - Bio |url=https://www.thewhitereview.org/contributor_bio/julia-armfield/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[The White Review]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Issue No. 23 - October 2018 |url=https://www.thewhitereview.org/issue/issue-no-23/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[The White Review]]}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="6" |''Matattu a ƙarƙashin Tekun'' | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Zaɓin Goodreads |Littafin Farko|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the Goodreads Choice Winner in Best Debut Novel! |url=https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-debut-novel-2022 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Goodreads}}</ref> |- |Tsoro|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the Goodreads Choice Winner in Best Horror! |url=https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-horror-books-2022 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Goodreads}}</ref> |- |Littafin Foyles na Shekara |Labari ne|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=Julia Armfield, Seán Hewitt and Katherine Rundell shortlisted for Foyles Book of the Year 2022 |url=https://rcwlitagency.com/news/julia-armfield-sean-hewitt-and-katherine-rundell-shortlisted-for-foyles-book-of-the-year-2022 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=RCW Literary Agency |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="3" |2023 |Kitschies |Golden Tentacle (Littafi na Farko) |{{Won}} |<ref name="K23">{{Cite web |title=The Kitschies 2023 |url=https://www.sfadb.com/The_Kitschies_2023 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[Science Fiction Awards Database]]}}</ref> |- |Lambda Literary Award |Labarin Lesbian|{{Sho}} |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Seán Hewitt and Julia Armfield shortlisted for Lambda Literary Awards 2023 |url=https://rcwlitagency.com/news/sean-hewitt-and-julia-armfield-shortlisted-for-lambda-literary-awards-2023 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=rcwlitagency.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Polari | -|{{Won}} |<ref name="GuardianPolari">{{Cite web |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2023-11-24 |title=Julia Armfield and Jon Ransom win the Polari prizes for LGBTQ+ books |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124222308/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/24/julia-armfield-and-jon-ransom-win-the-polari-prizes-for-lgbtq-books |archive-date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |2025 | rowspan="2" |''Rukunin Kasuwanci'' |Kyautar Labaran Yanayi | -|{{longlisted}} | |- |Kyautar Arthur C. Clarke | -|{{Sho}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur C. Clarke Award 2025 |url=http://www.sfadb.com/Arthur_C_Clarke_Award_2025 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=[[Science Fiction Awards Database]] |publisher=[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]}}</ref> |} == Bayanan littattafai == * ''gishiri mai jinkiri'' (2019, Picador: ) {{ISBN|9781250224781}} * ''Matattu a ƙarƙashin Tekun'' (2022, Picador: ) {{ISBN|978-1-5290-1723-6}} * Rites masu zaman kansu (2024, 4th Estate: ) {{ISBN|978-0008608033}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ek995wpfpksrruts9prhbgw84ouf3tf 0 160930 965714 877718 2026-10-10T09:04:15Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 965714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nenad Brnović''' ( Cyrillic : Ненад Брновић; an haife shi 18 Janairu 1980) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Montenegrin kuma tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]]. Babban ɗan'uwansa Bojan shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. == Aikin kulob == Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a ƙungiyar FK Zeta kafin ya koma FK Partizan a shekarar 2004. A lokacin wasan lig da FK Zeta a ranar 21 ga Maris 2006, ya samu rauni a ƙafarsa ta dama da kuma fibula bayan Jovan Markoski ya yi masa keta a minti na 6 na wasan. Wannan ya haifar da tiyata sau biyu da kuma yaƙin shekaru biyu da rabi na sake samun lafiya. Bayan tiyatar farko a asibitin VMA na Belgrade, an gano cewa akwai yiwuwar yin tiyatar watanni 6-8 daga filin wasa, duk da haka, saboda jinkirin murmurewa, an sake yin tiyatar. Wannan ya faru ne a farkon watan Janairun 2007 a asibitin ƙashin baya da ke Belgrade. Yayin da kwantiraginsa da Partizan ya ƙare a lokacin gyaransa, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2008, shugabannin Partizan karkashin jagorancin babban sakatare Gordan Petrić da daraktan ƙwallon ƙafa Ivan Tomić sun yanke shawarar tsawaita kwantiragin Brnović har zuwa bazara ta 2009. Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2008, Nenad ya buga wasansa na farko bayan raunin, inda ya buga na minti 15 a wasan sada zumunci da PAOK. Daga baya a kaka ta 2008, ya fito a wani wasan sada zumunci da FK Slavija Sarajevo. Zuwa Disamba 2008, Brnović ya bayyana cewa yana da ƙoshin lafiya kuma a shirye yake ya buga wasannin gasa. Daga baya a wannan watan, Partizan ya fara neman zaɓuɓɓukan ɗaukarsa aro na watanni shida na farko na dawowarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenad Brnović - novi početak :: Mondo |url=http://www.mtsmondo.com/sport/vesti/text.php?vest=119552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122224457/http://www.mtsmondo.com/sport/vesti/text.php?vest=119552 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |website=www.mtsmondo.com}}</ref> A tsakiyar watan Janairun 2009, an sanar da komawar Brnović aro zuwa FK Rad . <ref>{{Cite web |title=..::: Oficijelna prezentacija FK RAD ::: |url=http://www.fcrad.co.rs/av/984.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006191059/http://www.fcrad.co.rs/av/984.htm |archive-date=2011-10-06 |access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na 2009, Brnović ya koma FK Budućnost Podgorica . Bayan shekaru biyu, ya koma Iran Mes Sarcheshmeh, inda ya shafe watanni shida a lokacin, inda ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. A watan Janairun 2012, ya sanya hannu a kulob din Vlaznia na Albania, amma bayan karshen wannan kakar ya dawo gasar Montenegrin. A rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012–13, ya buga wa Mogren wasa, sannan a lokacin na biyu kuma ya buga wa Zeta wasa. A kakar wasa ta biyu ta ƙarshe a aikinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasa (2013-15) ya yi a Lovćen, wanda ya lashe Kofin Montenegrin (2014). == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Brnović ya fara bugawa FR Yugoslavia (daga baya, Serbia da Montenegro) wasa a watan Afrilun 2002 a wasan sada zumunci da Lithuania kuma ya samu jimillar wasanni 16, bai zura kwallo ko daya ba. Wasansa na karshe a duniya shi ne wasan sada zumunci da Italiya a watan Yunin 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Database |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=2659 |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=eu-football.info}}</ref> Ba a kira shi ya buga wa tawagar Montenegro wasa ba a shekarar 2007. == Aikin gudanarwa == Bayan kammala aikinsa na wasa a lokacin bazara na 2015, Brnović ya zama mataimakin koci a Zeta. Ya taimaka wa manaja Miodrag Martać, amma lokacin da aka kori Martać bayan jerin munanan sakamako, Brnović ya maye gurbinsa, wanda hakan ya kawo nasarar farko ta gasar Zeta bayan shan kashi sau hudu. Bayan nasarar lashe gasar sau biyu, kunnen doki daya, da kuma shan kashi biyu (na biyu ya faru ne da zakarun da suka zo daga baya Mladost), shugabannin kungiyar sun yanke shawarar daukar Dejan Vukićević, wanda ya fi kwarewa, kuma Brnović ya zama manajan kungiyar matasa ta Zeta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bivši igrač Partizana postao trener Zete |url=http://www.mozzartsport.com/vesti/bivsi-igrac-partizana-postao-trener-zete/117122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121440/http://www.mozzartsport.com/vesti/bivsi-igrac-partizana-postao-trener-zete/117122 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |website=www.mozzartsport.com}}</ref> == Daraja == ; Partizan * Gasar Cin Kofin Serbia da Montenegro ta Farko: 2004–05 * SuperLiga ta Serbia: 2007–08 * Kofin Serbia: 2007–08 ; Loven * Kofin Montenegro: 2013–14 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Nenad Brnović at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian) * {{NFT player|5876}} {{FK Sutjeska Nikšić managers}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} qg8bpns6tc8xp3bhyp7r4zc1h15ati3 0 161581 965580 883041 2026-10-10T04:14:23Z BnHamid 12586 965580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[PinkPantheress]]''' mawaƙiya ce ta Burtaniya kuma mai shirya rikodin. Ta fito da mixtapes guda biyu, To Hell with It (2021) da Fancy That (2025), da kuma kundi daya, Heaven Knows (2023). PinkPantheress ta sami kyaututtuka 5 daga gabatarwa 42. Ta lashe zaben [[BBC]] na Sound of 2022 kuma an ba ta suna mai samar da shekara ta Billboard Women in Music a 2024. Ta lashe Kyautar Brit don Mai samar da Shekara na Burtaniya a shekarar 2026, ta zama ƙarama kuma mace ta farko a tarihi da aka ba ta lambar yabo. An kuma zaba ta don lambar yabo ta kiɗa ta Amurka sau uku da Grammy Awards guda biyu. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == 5nndb3cdlvvjj9swaphco2f6d482omh 0 162523 965544 889387 2026-10-10T02:00:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis''', da ke [[Peoria, Illinois]], Amurka, asibiti ce ta koyarwa <ref name="residencyprograms">{{Cite web |title=University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria - Residency Programs |url=http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments___programs/GME/residencies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824165820/http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/departments___programs/GME/residencies |archive-date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[University of Illinois]]}}</ref> don Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Jami'ar Illinois a Peoria kuma wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kiwon Lawon Lafiye na OSF. <ref name="OSFFacilities2">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-23 |title=Facilities |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080309/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> Cibiyar, wacce ita ce asibiti mafi girma a yankin Peoria da kuma tsakiyar Illinois, jihar Illinois ce ta sanya ta a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yankin na Mataki na Mataki da na Yara don yankin 26 a tsakiyar Illinois. OSF Saint Francis ta mallaki Asibitin Yara na Illinois (ko da yake asibitin yana da nasa Shugaban), Asibitin Zuciya na OSF Saint Francisco, Cibiyar Nazarin Neurological ta Illinois, da Kwalejin Kula da Lafiya ta Saint Francis, waɗanda duk suna cikin ko kusa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya. Asibitin asibiti ne na horo na asibiti ga ɗaliban likitanci da yawa, masu horar da su, mazauna, da kuma abokan karatu na harabar Peoria na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=OSF Children's Hospital of Illinois |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/childrens/ |website=www.osfhealthcare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/sfmccon/about/history/ |website=www.osfhealthcare.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=OSF Healthcare St. Francis Medical Center |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/osf-st-francis-medical-center-6432620#overview |access-date= |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kravetz |first=Andy |title=Man dies after being found unconscious at Peoria Police Station after alleged armed robbery |url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20191029/man-dies-after-being-found-unconscious-at-peoria-police-station-after-alleged-armed-robbery |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Journal Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Karius Test Demonstrates Ability To Detect Pathogens Standard Tests Can Miss In Pneumonia Cases |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/read/234704/karius-test-demonstrates-ability-to-detect-pathogens-standard-tests-can-miss-in-pneumonia-cases.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=New Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swiech |first=Paul |date=3 September 2019 |title=Danvers man, OSF VP, named Children's Hospital president |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/danvers-man-osf-vp-named-childrens-hospital-president/article_81e63a68-d3f2-56e7-b09b-896e8ab1b64c.html |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Pantagraph |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260731001226/https://pantagraph.com/news/local/danvers-man-osf-vp-named-childrens-hospital-president/article_81e63a68-d3f2-56e7-b09b-896e8ab1b64c.html |archive-date=2026-07-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce babbar cibiyar rauni ta matakin I ga manya da yara tsakanin yankin Chicago, Rockford da St. Louis. Ita ce asibiti ta huɗu mafi girma a duk Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Pam |title=Hospitals share good news at community forum |url=https://www.pjstar.com/article/20121129/NEWS/311299821 |website=Journal Star}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sashin asibiti na farko na abin da daga baya ya zama cibiyar an kafa shi ne a 1876 ta ƙungiyar Franciscan Sisters waɗanda aka aika zuwa Peoria, Illinois daga ƙungiyar baƙi ta Jamus da ta zauna a Birnin Iowa, Iowa . <ref name="OSFHist1">{{Cite web |date=2008-01-28 |title=History |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224011909/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> A shekara ta 1877, an ba 'yan uwa mata da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Peoria izinin kafa wata ƙungiya ta addini mai zaman kanta kuma ta zama "The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, Peoria, Illinois". A cikin 2009 da 2010, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta gina sabon dakin gaggawa. An gina sabon asibitin yara na Illinois, tare da sabon asibitar yara na matakin I da kuma sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na III (wanda kawai yake a tsakiyar Illinois) da ɗakin gaggawa. Shirin Milestone shine fadada mafi girma a tarihin asibitin. Asibitin yanzu gida ne ga kusan dukkanin ayyukan yara da manya. == Game da == Asibitin yana ba da transplantation na koda na manya da na yara da kuma transplantation na pancreatic na manya; mafi yawan lokuta, manya, kuma musamman, shari'ar transplantation na yara, ana tura su zuwa cibiyoyin transplantation na likita na ilimi a Chicago ko St. Louis, kodayake akwai wurare da likitoci da likitocin da ke samuwa don transplantation na zuciya a Cibiyar Zuciya da Asibitin Yara, kuma an yi su a can akai-akai. Asibitin yana ba da kulawa mai zurfi, hyperbaric, da debridement da sabis na grafting ga yara da manya, kuma wani lokacin, idan ya cancanta, na iya canja wurin cututtuka masu tsanani zuwa sassan konewa na jihar a Springfield, Chicago ko St. Louis. Ana amfani da sabon Cibiyar Jump Simulation & Education ta cibiyar don bioengineering, bincike na biochemical, bincike kan sabbin na'urori da kyallen takarda, da kuma likita da jinya da horo na bioengineering.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Jump Stimulation Homepage |url=https://www.jumpsimulation.org |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, za a buɗe sabon cibiyar ciwon daji ta manya da yara; zai zama mafi girma tsakanin Chicago da St. Louis, kuma zai sami mafi yawan ko duk sabbin hanyoyin da ake samu, gami da maganin proton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover OSF Cancer Institute |url=https://x.osfhealthcare.org/services/specialties/cancer/cancer-centers/peoria?_gl=1*9t32ib*_ga*MTYxNDkyOTY2Ny4xNzA0MzMyOTc5*_ga_WL6E6RRWN9*MTcwNTcwMzYwNS4yLjEuMTcwNTcwMzc2NC4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.213528724.1099383578.1705703607-1614929667.1704332979}}</ref> === Ƙungiya === The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis (wanda Sister Judith Ann Duvall, O.S.F. ke jagoranta) an kafa shi ne a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta kuma shine kamfanin iyaye na OSF Healthcare, wanda shi ma shine mai gudanar da OSF Health Care System. Tsarin addini na nuns da asibitin ba a dauke su wani ɓangare na Roman Catholic Diocese na Peoria ba, amma har yanzu suna aiki tare da shi.<ref name="OSFWhoWeAre">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-06 |title=Who We Are |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/whoweare.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064813/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/whoweare.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=[[OSF Healthcare]]}}</ref> Tsarin ya ƙunshi wurare 13 a Illinois, gami da cibiyar, tare da ɗaya a Escanaba, Michigan.<ref name="OSFFacilities">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-23 |title=Facilities |url=http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080309/http://www.osfhealthcare.org/facilities.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-11 |publisher=OSF Healthcare System}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2000, an lissafa cibiyar a cikin "Mafi yawan Asibitoci da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya" ta ''Asibitoci da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya'', mai nuna matakin da aka yi amfani da [[fasahar bayanai]] a cibiyar. Cibiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Lantern a cikin 2013 don kula da jinya a sashen gaggawa. Cibiyar kuma ita ce asibitin # 1 a jihar Illinois don warkewar gabobin. A cikin 2017, US News & World Report ta sanya shi a matsayi na biyar a cikin hanyoyi uku na manyan asibitocin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nightendale |first=Laura |date=10 August 2017 |title=State's top hospital rankings include two Peoria hospitals |url=https://www.pjstar.com/news/20170810/states-top-hospital-rankings-include-two-peoria-hospitals |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Peoria Journal Star}}</ref> == Asibitin Yara na Illinois == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Asibitin Yara na [[Illinois]] (CHOI) ''' asibitin kula da yara ne na kasa wanda ke cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta OSF Saint Francis a Peoria, Illinois . Asibitin yana da gadaje 144.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OSF Healthcare Children's Hospital of Illinois |url=https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Directories/Hospital-Directory/K-O/OSF-Healthcare-Childrens-Hospital-of-Illinois |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.childrenshospitals.org}}</ref> Yana da alaƙa da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Illinois, kuma memba ne na OSF Health .<ref>{{Cite web |last=aodunsi |title=Patient Care |url=http://peoria.medicine.uic.edu/patient-care/ |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=Peoria Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> Asibitin yana ba da cikakkun ƙwarewar yara da ƙwarewa ga jarirai, yara, matasa, da matasa masu shekaru 0-21 a duk faɗin tsakiyar Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Learn more about Almost Home Kids |url=https://www.osfhealthcare.org/childrens/services/almost-home-kids/ |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.osfhealthcare.org |language=en}}</ref> CHOI kuma wani lokacin yana kula da manya waɗanda ke buƙatar kula da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHD Clinic - OSF/CHOI Adult Congenital Heart Program |url=https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/osfchoi-adult-congenital-heart-program/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927071516/https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/clinic-directory/clinic-listings/osfchoi-adult-congenital-heart-program/ |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=ACHA}}</ref> Asibitin Yara na Illinois yana da Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta 1 kawai a yankin, da 1 na 4 a cikin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illinois Hospital Report Card and Consumer Guide to Health Care |url=http://www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov/hospitals/trauma_center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411054147/http://www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov/hospitals/trauma_center |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-27 |website=www.healthcarereportcard.illinois.gov}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] msmz16wh5a2skl9loyr7squc4h0q1m8 0 163773 965280 904702 2026-10-09T15:47:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bhola Khan | honorific_prefix = Dr. | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin tattalin arziki | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin tattalin arzikin ci gaba | field = Tattalin arziki }} '''Bhola Khan''' malamin jami’a ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki (Economics) ɗan jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]] a ƙasar Indiya. Ya yi aiki a Jami’ar Jihar Yobe da ke [[Damaturu]], Najeriya. Ya ƙware a fannin tattalin arzikin ci gaba (Development Economics), tare da sha’awar bincike a tattalin arzikin ƙididdiga (Econometrics) da babban tattalin arziki (Macroeconomics).<ref name="YSU">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff Detail: Dr. Bhola Khan |url=https://eco.ysu.edu.ng/acadstaffdetail.php?asid=1 |website=Yobe State University, Department of Economics |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Bhola Khan yana da digirin B.A., B.Ed., M.A. da Ph.D. a fannin tattalin arziki. Shafin Sashen Economics na Yobe State University ya bayyana shi a matsayin Associate Professor kuma malami na cikakken lokaci.<ref name="YSU"/> Bayanansa na wata jami'a sun nuna cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin Associate Professor da shugaban Sashen Economics na Yobe State University daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2023. Daga baya ya koma Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University da ke Bareilly, Indiya, inda ya zama Professor a Sashen Applied and Regional Economics.<ref name="MJPRU">{{cite web |title=Faculty Profile: Bhola Khan |url=https://mjpru.ac.in/pdf/faculty/2023/BholaKhan25072023.pdf |website=Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A bayanan aikinsa, an kuma nuna cewa ya taɓa koyarwa a University of Delhi, Gautam Buddha University da Indira Gandhi National Open University.<ref name="MJPRU"/> == Bincike == Bhola Khan ya gudanar da bincike a fannoni da suka haɗa da tattalin arzikin ci gaba, tattalin arzikin manyan ma'auni, econometrics, tsaron abinci, aikin yi da ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref name="YSU"/><ref name="MJPRU"/> A shekarar 2014, ya wallafa bincike mai taken ''A Macro Econometric Model of Food for the Indian Economy''. Binciken ya yi amfani da tsarin macroeconometric wajen hasashen buƙata da samar da abinci a tattalin arzikin Indiya.<ref name="Macro">{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Bhola |title=A Macro Econometric Model of Food for the Indian Economy |journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Public Policy |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=86–90 |url=https://www.cenresinjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Page-86-90-540.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya wallafa binciken ''Unemployment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Time-Series Analysis'' a ''Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan tasirin rashin aikin yi ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya tsakanin 1999 da 2015.<ref name="Unemployment">{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Bhola |title=Unemployment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Time-Series Analysis |journal=Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |year=2020 |url=https://al-kindipublishers.org/index.php/jefas/article/view/9 |access-date=14 August 2026 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa rashin aikin yi yana da mummunan tasiri kan GDP, inda karuwar rashin aikin yi ke da alaƙa da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref name="Unemployment"/> A shekarar 2017, ya wallafa bincike kan tasirin cire tallafin mai ga samar da mai da kuɗaɗen shiga a Najeriya a ''Yobe Journal of Economics''.<ref name="YSUProfile">{{cite web |title=Dr. Bhola Khan – Staff Profile and Publications |url=https://ek.biem.sumdu.edu.ua/en/staff/dr-bhola-khan |website=Sumy State University |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Haka kuma, a shekarar 2017 ya wallafa bincike kan tasirin rashin tsaro ga ilimi a Jihar Yobe.<ref name="YSUProfile"/> == Wallafe-wallafe == Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen Bhola Khan akwai: * ''A Macro Econometric Model of Food for the Indian Economy'' (2014).<ref name="Macro"/> * ''Unemployment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Time-Series Analysis'' (2020).<ref name="Unemployment"/> * ''Impact of Subsidy Removal on Oil Production and Revenue in Nigeria'' (2017).<ref name="YSUProfile"/> * ''Effect of Insecurity on Education in Yobe State'' (2017).<ref name="YSUProfile"/> * ''Poverty Eradication and Achievement of Millennium Development Goals in Yobe State'' (2017).<ref name="YSUProfile"/> == Fannonin bincike == Fannonin binciken Bhola Khan sun haɗa da: * [[Tattalin arzikin ci gaba]] * [[Macroeconomics|Tattalin arzikin manyan ma'auni]] * [[Econometrics|Econometrics]] * Tsaron abinci * Aikin yi * Talauci * Ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref name="YSU"/><ref name="MJPRU"/> == Nassoshi == <references/> [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana tattalin arziki na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Masu bincike]] [[Category:Masana tattalin arzikin ci gaba]] ju5ptt4ec89vslqino2yx1xspzgp32y 0 163987 965585 900126 2026-10-10T04:16:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Claudia Müller-Ebeling''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956), masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne kuma Masanin tarihin fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Dr. Claudia Mueller-Ebeling |url=http://www.wasiwaska.org/organization/claudia-mueller-ebeling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133507/http://www.wasiwaska.org:80/organization/claudia-mueller-ebeling |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Wasiwaska |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrer |first=Philipp |date=19 September 2018 |title=Claudia Müller-Ebeling |url=https://lucys-magazin.com/autoren/mueller-ebeling/ |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Lucys Rausch |language=de-DE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003206/https://lucys-magazin.com/autoren/mueller-ebeling/ |archive-date=17 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da mijinta Christian Rätsch (kuma tare da wasu) da yawa ayyukan shamanic pharmacopoeia, ethnopharmaceuticals da [[Ethnohallucinogens]]. Müller-Ebeling yana zaune a [[Hamburg]], Jamus. == Ayyuka == * Müller-Ebeling, Claudia da Christian Rätsch da [[Surendra Bahadur Shahi]] (2002). ''Shamanism da Tantra a cikin Himalayas'' . Fassara. Annabel Lee ne ya rubuta shi. Rochester, Vt.: Hadisai na ciki na kasa da kasa; * ''Magungunan maita: Ayyukan warkarwa, Ayyukan Shamanic, da Tsire-tsire da aka haramta'' (2003) ;{{ISBN|978-0-89281-971-3}} * ''Kirsimeti na arna: Shuke-shuke, Ruhohi, da Al'adu a Asalin Yuletide'' . * Claudia Müller-Ebeling, Christian Rätsch da Arno Adaalars (2016). Ayahuasca:Rituals, Potions and Visionary Art daga Amazon da Divine Arts ta buga.  {{ISBN|9781611250510}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781611250510|<bdi>9781611250510</bdi>]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7xaswjui83f0xsq90f55wu6xe9ymn6o 0 165487 965732 908731 2026-10-10T10:07:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Denzel Justus Morris Dumfries''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1996) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan]] [[Mai buga baya|baya na dama]] ko na dama a ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] [[Real Madrid CF|ta Real Madrid]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Netherlands . Dumfries ya fara aikinsa na babban aji a shekarar 2014 a Sparta Rotterdam, inda ya taimaka musu samun ci-gaba zuwa '''Eredivisie''' a shekarar 2016 a matsayin gwarzon shekara na '''Eerste Division''' . A shekarar 2017, ya koma [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]], kafin ya koma [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] a shekara mai zuwa, daga baya ya zama kyaftin din kulob din. A shekarar 2021, Dumfries ya koma [[Inter Milan]] ta [[Serie A|Italiya]], inda ya lashe gasar a kakar wasa ta uku . Daga ƙarshe ya koma ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta [[Real Madrid]] a watan Yulin shekarar 2026. An haife shi a ƙasar [[Netherlands]] ga mahaifin wani uba ɗan ƙasar [[Aruba, Dumfries]] ya fara wakiltar Aruba a ƙasashen [[duniya]] a shekarar 2014, kafin ya koma ƙasar [[Netherlands]]. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a shekarar 2018, kuma ya wakilci Netherlands a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a 2020 da 2024, da kuma [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|2022]] da [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Dumfries a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1996 a [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands, ga mahaifin Boris ɗan Aruba, da kuma mahaifiyar Marleen ɗan Surinamese . Iyayensa sun rada masa suna ne saboda jarumin Amurka [[Denzel Washington]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=10 DOMANDE PER DENZEL DUMFRIES |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2021/08/25/10-domande-dumfries-instagram-inter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910165727/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2021/08/25/10-domande-dumfries-instagram-inter.html |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Inter Milan |language=it}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami, Dumfries ya ce ya ƙuduri aniyar yin hakan a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda abokan aikinsa suka yi masa ba'a da yi masa ba'a, saboda rashin ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha a lokacin. <ref name="Never Offside1" /> Amma Dumfries ya tabbatar wa masu shakkarsa cewa ba daidai ba ne, yana cewa a wata hira da ''Voetbal International'' : "Na san zan zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma na faɗa wa kowa: Ina da tabbacin zan shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland . Na san cewa duk sun yi tunanin hakan ba shi da ma'ana. Amma koyaushe ina shelar hakan. Mutanen da ba su gan shi a cikina ba suna da iyaka a hangen nesansu. Sun kalle ni ne kawai a lokacin, amma ya kamata su duba sosai. Ta yaya zai iya ci gaba? Ina tsammanin kowa ya kamata ya kalli kansa ta wannan hanyar, ba wai ya takaita kanka ga ƙaramin mutum ba. Dole ne ka kalli sama, ba ƙasa ba. Me zan iya cimmawa, menene ƙarfina kuma ta yaya zan isa can? Na san ainihin abin da zan yi don ɗaukar wasu matakai." == Aikin kulob == === Sparta Rotterdam === A matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasar Holland ta Kudu, Dumfries ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Spartaan '20 kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu kafin ƙungiyar ta sake shi saboda rashin "Ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin yaro ba" kuma abokan wasansa da ma masu horarwa ba su so shi sosai ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, Dumfries ya koma Smitshoek, dole ne ya "yi rijista da kansa" kuma ya ce game da lokacin da ya yi a kulob ɗin, yana cewa: "A matsayina na matashi, zan iya zuwa Spartaan'20, amma hakan ya yi wuya." Iyayena dole ne su kawo ni koyaushe, dole ne in jira har sai na iya hawa kekena da kaina. Sai da aka ɗan saba da shi. Smitshoek ƙauye ne, wannan yana cikin birnin. Dole ne ka yi fafutukar neman matsayinka, wataƙila ni ɗan jin kunya ne a tsakanin waɗannan yaran birni. Za ka iya ganin yana da wuya ka yarda yanzu, amma ni ɗan jin kunya ne kuma ina da taurin kai. Dukansu maza ne, mutane masu ƙarfi. " <ref name="Dumfries Voetbal International March 2018" /> Lokacin da ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Dumfries ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba kafin ya koma mai tsaron baya. <ref name="Never Offside1">{{Cite web |title=N.O. ontmoet Denzel Dumfries: 'Ik kijk tegen helemaal niemand op' |url=https://www.neveroffside.nl/n-o-ontmoet-denzel-dumfries-ik-kijk-tegen-helemaal-niemand-op/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174429/https://www.neveroffside.nl/n-o-ontmoet-denzel-dumfries-ik-kijk-tegen-helemaal-niemand-op/ |archive-date=10 October 2018 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Never Offside |language=nl}}</ref> Daga nan Dumfries ya yi rajista a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Barendrecht kuma ya yi shekara ɗaya a ƙungiyar. <ref name="Dumfries Voetbal International March 2018" /> A wani lokaci, Feyenoord ta leƙa ɗan wasan amma suka ƙi shi, suna da'awar cewa "bai isa ba." <ref name="Dumfries BND Estem" /> Daga nan Dumfries ya bar Barendrecht zuwa Sparta Rotterdam a cikin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeroen Nagtegaal (laatste nieuws) |title=Denzel Dumfries Dwingt Contract Af Bij Sparta Rotterdam |url=http://www.bvvbarendrecht.nl/website/index.php/6016-denzel-dumfries-dwingt-contract-af-bij-sparta-rotterdam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075141/http://www.bvvbarendrecht.nl/website/index.php/6016-denzel-dumfries-dwingt-contract-af-bij-sparta-rotterdam |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=www.bvvbarendrecht.nl |language=nl-nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Denzel Dumfries tekent bij Sparta Rotterdam |url=http://www.vvsmitshoek.nl/index.php/nieuws/235-denzel-dumfries-tekent-bij-sparta-rotterdam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092609/http://www.vvsmitshoek.nl/index.php/nieuws/235-denzel-dumfries-tekent-bij-sparta-rotterdam |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=www.vvsmitshoek.nl |language=nl-nl}}</ref> Bayan ya ci gaba da tsarin matasa na ƙungiyar cikin watanni, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da Sparta Rotterdam kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa, inda ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa 2017. Daga nan Dumfries ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2015 a kan Emmen, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu, a rashin nasara da ci 2-1. Daga baya ya sake buga wasanni biyu a kakar wasa ta 2014-15, dukkansu sun zo ne a matsayin madadinsa. A farkon kakar 2015-16, Dumfries ya fara ne a kan benci na maye gurbin kafin ya kafa kansa a cikin tawagar farko, yana wasa a matsayin dama kuma ya taimaka wa Sparta Rotterdam su zama masu fafatawa don ci gaba zuwa Eredivisie. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2015, Dumfries ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila tare da kulob din, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2019. Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye na farko a cikin sana'arsa, a cikin nasarar 5-2 a kan RKC Waalwijk a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2016. Dumfries ya fara a kowane wasa, yana wasa a matsayin dama, don taimakawa kulob din ci gaba da ci gaba da samun ci gaba zuwa Eredivisie har sai an dakatar da shi na wasa daya don karɓar katunan rawaya guda biyar a wannan kakar. Bayan ya yi dakatarwar wasa daya, Dumfries ya koma wasan farawa da Almere City a ranar 14 ga Maris 2016, yayin da Sparta Rotterdam ta rasa 1-0. Daga baya ya taimaka wa kulob din ya doke Jong Ajax 3-1 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2016 don tabbatar da ci gaban su zuwa Eredivisie kakar wasa mai zuwa. A cikin kakar 2015-16, aikin Dumfries ya haifar da kafofin watsa labarai na Dutch, suna kiransa dan wasa mafi kyau a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=DENZEL DUMFRIES BESTE TALENT VIERDE PERIODE JUPILER LEAGUE |url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/denzel-dumfries-beste-talent-vierde-periode-jupiler-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905082141/https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/denzel-dumfries-beste-talent-vierde-periode-jupiler-league/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Sparta Rotterdam}}</ref> Don aikinsa, ya lashe kyautar Eerste Divisie Talent of the Year da Bronze Bull . A ƙarshen kakar 2015-16, Dumfries ya ci gaba da yin wasanni talatin da uku kuma ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Dumfries ya ce game da sabuwar kakar wasa, yana mai cewa: "Don haka Eredivisie ta zo mini a lokaci mai kyau. Ina so in ci gaba da haɓaka kaina, don haka yana da kyau a sami abokan hamayya mafi kyau da wayo a kaina yanzu. Suna tilasta mini in zama mai wayo wajen zaɓar lokutan da zan iya ƙirƙirawa, amma ina tsammanin na fahimci hakan da sauri." <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2016 |title=DENZEL DUMFRIES: 'EREDIVISIE KWAM OP EEN GOED MOMENT' |url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/denzel-dumfries-eredivisie-kwam-op-een-goed-moment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905082146/https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/denzel-dumfries-eredivisie-kwam-op-een-goed-moment/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Sparta Rotterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, yana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama. Duk da haka, Dumfries ya sami jan kati a karo na biyu da za a iya yin booking, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da AZ a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=SPARTA – AZ EINDIGT IN EEN GELIJKSPEL |url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/sparta-az-eindigt-in-een-gelijkspel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905081515/https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/sparta-az-eindigt-in-een-gelijkspel/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Sparta Rotterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da shi wasa ɗaya, ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun PSV Eindhoven a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2016. Daga nan Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Eredivisie, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-2 a hannun Excelsior a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2016 |title=SPARTA KEERT MET LEGE HANDEN TERUG UIT KRALINGEN |url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/sparta-keert-met-lege-handen-terug-uit-kralingen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905081710/https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/sparta-keert-met-lege-handen-terug-uit-kralingen/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Sparta Rotterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da shi wasa ɗaya a wasan da ke tafe, ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 6-1 a hannun Feyenoord a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2016. Duk da haka, Dumfries ya sami kansa yana fafatawa da sabuwar 'yar wasansa Janne Saksela a kan matsayin 'yan wasan baya na dama. Sakamakon haka, an ajiye shi a madadin Saksela don wasanni biyu daban-daban. Duk da haka, Dumfries ya ci gaba da sake samun matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar, yana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2016-17. Daga baya ya taimaka wa Sparta Rotterdam ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan da kungiyar ta lashe wasanni biyu na karshe na kakar wasa da Twente da Go Ahead Eagles . Wata guda bayan barin Sparta Rotterdam, an yi wa Dumfries bankwana kafin wasan da kulob din zai yi da [[PEC Zwolle]], tare da abokan wasansa da suka bar kungiyar Mart Dijkstra, Rick Ketting da David Mendes da Silva . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=VIERTAL OUD-SPARTANEN NEEMT AFSCHEID |url=https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/viertal-oud-spartanen-neemt-afscheid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905081204/https://www.sparta-rotterdam.nl/viertal-oud-spartanen-neemt-afscheid/ |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Sparta Rotterdam |language=nl}}</ref> === Heerenveen === A watan Oktoban 2016, Dumfries ya bayyana cewa yana son barin Sparta Rotterdam da fatan zai buga wasa a wani babban mataki. A lokacin bazara na 2017, Dumfries ya koma [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] don maye gurbin Stefano Marzo wanda ke shirin komawa Belgium kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da ƙungiyar. Ya fara buga wa Heerenveen wasa, inda ya fara wasa a wasan farko na kakar wasa da Groningen kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=Streppel blij met 'fighting spirit' van zijn elftal |url=https://www.sc-heerenveen.nl/nieuws/streppel-blij-met-fighting-spirit-van-zijn-elftal10/10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111005256/https://www.sc-heerenveen.nl/nieuws/streppel-blij-met-fighting-spirit-van-zijn-elftal10/10 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=SC Heerenveen |language=nl}}</ref> Dumfries ya zura kwallaye uku, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan ADO Den Haag da kuma daya a kan PSV Eindhoven a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2017 da kuma 10 ga Satumba 2017 bi da bi. Duk wasannin biyu sun sa kafofin watsa labarai na Holland ''Algemeen Dagblad'' suka sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar mako. Ya kuma ba da kyautar baiwa ta wata ta Eredivisie a watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Talent van de maand: Denzel Dumfries |url=https://www.foxsports.nl/nieuws/artikel/1954213/talent-van-maand-denzel-dumfries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003501/https://www.foxsports.nl/nieuws/artikel/1954213/talent-van-maand-denzel-dumfries |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Fox Sports |language=nl}}</ref> A lokacin wasan da suka yi da PSV Eindhoven, an yi wa Dumfries kallon bayan da aka yi zargin Jürgen Locadia ya tofa masa yawu, wanda aka kama a kyamara, wanda hakan ya kai ga binciken kwamitin KNVB. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=AANKLAGER START VOORONDERZOEK NAAR INCIDENT LOCADIA |url=http://www.knvb.nl/nieuws/betaald-voetbal/eredivisie/37832/aanklager-start-vooronderzoek-naar-incident-locadia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914052231/http://www.knvb.nl/nieuws/betaald-voetbal/eredivisie/37832/aanklager-start-vooronderzoek-naar-incident-locadia |archive-date=14 September 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |publisher=KNVB website |language=nl}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, kwamitin ya wanke Locadia bayan ɗan wasan ya fito ya ba da haɗin kai ga binciken. Tun lokacin da ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a karon farko, ya fara taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar farko, inda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama. Wasannin da ya yi sun burge kafafen yada labarai na Holland cewa ''Algemeen Dagblad'' ya sanya sunan Dumfries a cikin Kungiyar Mako a akalla sau hudu a kakar wasa ta 2017-18. A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Heerenveen, inda ya zura kwallo ta farko da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da VVV . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2017 |title=SC Heerenveen door late tegentreffer niet langs VVV-Venlo: 2-2 |url=https://www.sc-heerenveen.nl/nieuws/sc-heerenveen-door-late-tegentreffer-niet-langs-vvv-venlo/10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528080714/https://www.sc-heerenveen.nl/nieuws/sc-heerenveen-door-late-tegentreffer-niet-langs-vvv-venlo/10 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=SC Heerenveen |language=nl}}</ref> A wasan da suka buga da AZ Alkmaar a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2017, Dumfries ya zura kwallo a ragar da ta bai wa ƙungiyar adawa damar rama kwallo, wanda daga ƙarshe ƙungiyar ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. Amma ya sami damar gyara ta hanyar zura kwallonsa ta biyu a ragar Heerenveen, a wasan da suka doke tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Sparta Rotterdam da ci 2-1 a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2018. Mako guda bayan haka a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2018, Dumfries ya zira kwallo ta uku a ƙungiyar kuma ya kafa ɗaya daga cikin kwallayen, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 3-2 a hannun PEC Zwolle. Bayan dakatar da shi wasa ɗaya saboda ya karɓi katin rawaya biyar a wannan kakar, ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko da Willem II kuma ya kafa ƙwallo, a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a ranar 3 ga Maris 2018. A zagayen farko na gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League da Utrecht, Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta hudu a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya ci 4-3. Duk da haka, a zagaye na biyu, Utrecht ta sami nasarar daidaita rashin nasara da sakamakon ta hanyar cin 2-1, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar adawa ta yi nasara, godiya ga dokar ƙwallon da aka ci a waje. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017-18, ya buga wasanni talatin da bakwai kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a dukkan gasannin. === PSV === A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2018, Dumfries ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar ga [[PSV Eindhoven]] kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu, wanda hakan zai sa ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2018 |title=PSV NEEMT DUMFRIES OVER VAN SC HEERENVEEN |url=https://www.psv.nl/media/artikel/psv-neemt-dumfries-over-van-sc-heerenveen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030211/https://www.psv.nl/nieuwspagina/artikel/psv-neemt-dumfries-over-van-sc-heerenveen.htm |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=PSV Eindhoven |language=nl}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa kudin canja wurin zai kai Yuro miliyan 5.5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2018 |title=Dumfries tot 2023 verbonden aan PSV |url=https://www.ed.nl/psv/dumfries-tot-2023-verbonden-aan-psv~aab5a59c1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329090234/https://www.ed.nl/psv/dumfries-tot-2023-verbonden-aan-psv~aab5a59c1/ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Eindhoven Dagblad |language=nl}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ya maye gurbin 'yan wasan baya biyu Joshua Brenet da Santiago Arias da suka bar kungiyar. ==== kakar 2018–19 ==== Dumfries ya fara buga wasansa na farko a PSV Eindhoven, inda ya buga a matsayinsa na dama da baya da Feyenoord a gasar Johan Cruyff Shield kuma ya fara wasan gaba daya tsawon mintuna 120, yayin da PSV Eindhoven ta sha kashi 6-5 a bugun fenariti. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a gasar, inda ya ci kwallo daga bugun kai, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasara da ci 4-0 a kan Utrecht a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. Bayan wasan, ''De Telegraaf'' da ''Algemeen Dagblad'' sun sanya sunan Dumfries a cikin ƙungiyar mako. Ya taimaka wa PSV Eindhoven ta fara kakar wasa mai kyau, ciki har da cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA bayan ta doke Bate Borisov da ci 6-3 a jimilla, kuma ya ga kulob din yana kan gaba a jere, wanda hakan ya sa suka hau saman teburi a karshen watan. Dumfries ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA da [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2018 kuma ya fara wasan gaba daya a gefen dama-baya, yayin da PSV Eindhoven ta sha kashi da ci 4-0. Ya taimaka wa PSV Eindhoven ta ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyar a raga a wasanni biyar na gasar tsakanin 15 ga Satumba 2018 da 20 ga Oktoba 2018, ciki har da nasarar da ta samu a kan abokan hamayyarta, Ajax da ci 3-0. Dumfries ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar ƙungiyar a wasan da suka yi da Groningen a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2018, wanda ya zama ƙwallo mai nasara, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-1. Tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2018-19, nan take ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, yana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama. Daga nan Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a ragar PSV Eindhoven, inda ya ci kwallo daga bugun kai, a wasan da suka doke Heracles Almelo da ci 4-0 a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2018. Daga nan ya taimaka wa kulob din ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa uku ba tare da an zura masa kwallo a raga ba a wasanni uku tsakanin 3 ga Maris 2019 da 17 ga Maris 2019, domin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasan da ke fafatawa a gasar. Dumfries ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 7 ga Afrilu 2019 da 14 ga Afrilu 2019 da Vitesse da De Graafschap . Bayan haka ne ya zura kwallonsa ta huɗu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke ADO Den Haag da ci 3-1. Duk da haka, bai iya taimakawa PSV Eindhoven wajen kare kambun gasar ba bayan da ta mika shi ga abokiyar hamayyarta, Ajax. Bayan ya buga kowace gasar lig a kakarsa ta farko a kulob din, Dumfries ya buga wasanni arba'in da uku kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu a dukkan gasa. Saboda rawar da ya taka, an sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar Eredivisie ta shekarar 2018–19. ==== kakar 2019–20 ==== A farkon kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Dumfries ya fara a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama a filin wasa na Johan Cruyff Shield da abokan hamayyarsa, Ajax, yayin da PSV Eindhoven ta sha kashi 2-0. A wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zura kwallo mai kyau a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Twente . A duk wasannin da ƙungiyar ta buga a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, Dumfries ya fara wasa sau huɗu kuma ya taimaka wa PSV Eindhoven ta kai matakin rukuni bayan ta doke Haugesund da Apollon Limassol (wanda shi ma ya samu maki a wasan farko). Daga nan ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Groningen da ci 3-1 a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2019. Mako guda bayan haka a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2019 a wasan da suka yi da VVV, Dumfries ya kafa wa abokin wasansa [[Steven Bergwijn]] kwallo, wanda a madadin haka, ya kafa masa kwallo, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasara da ci 4-1. Bayan rashin [[Ibrahim Afellay]] da Pablo Rosario, an sanar da cewa za a naɗa ɗan wasan a matsayin sabon kyaftin ɗin PSV Eindhoven. Ya yi nuni da cewa zai ɗauki kyaftin a ƙungiyar a farkon kakar wasa. Dumfries ya jagoranci wasansa na farko a PSV Eindhoven da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, SC Heerenveen a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2019 kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe 2-1. Duk da haka, an dakatar da shi wasa ɗaya saboda ya karɓi katin rawaya guda biyar, wanda hakan ya sa bai buga wasa da PEC Zwolle a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2019 ba, kuma yana nan a matsayin ɗan baya na dama tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2019-20 har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da shi. A kan hanyarsa, Dumfries ya fuskanci suka kan rawar da ya taka, a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen duniya a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2019-20, wanda ya yi alƙawarin yin ci gaba a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa. Bayan dakatar da shi wasa ɗaya, Dumfries ya ci kwallo a lokacin dawowarsa, inda ya zura ƙwallo a minti na ƙarshe, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da VVV-Venlo a ranar 19 ga Janairu 2020. An biyo bayan haka da sake zura kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Twente. Makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2020, ya zira kwallaye bakwai a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Willem II da ci 3-0. Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta takwas a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Groningen da ci 1-0 a ranar 8 ga Maris 2020, a wasan da ya zama na karshe a kakar wasa ta bana kuma kungiyar ta kasance a matsayi na hudu lokacin da aka takaita kakar wasa saboda annobar COVID-19 . A lokacin da aka dakatar da kakar wasa, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni arba'in kuma ya zura kwallaye takwas a dukkan gasannin. ==== kakar 2020–21 ==== Kafin kakar wasa ta 2020-21, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Dumfries zai koma kulob-kulob [[Serie A|na Serie A]], kamar [[Juventus]] da [[AC Milan|Milan]] . Duk da cewa ya yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan da zai iya zaɓa, ya ƙare da zama a PSV Eindhoven, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar ta fara tattaunawa kan sabuwar kwangila da ɗan wasan. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, Dumfries ya ci gaba da aikinsa na kyaftin a PSV Eindhoven bayan da Roger Schmidt ya zaɓe shi maimakon Pablo Rosario . Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta fara kakar wasa da kyau a matsayi na farko a wasanni biyar na farko na gasar ta bana, sannan ta kai matakin rukuni a gasar UEFA Europa League. Bayan ya murmure daga COVID-19, Dumfries ya dawo cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko da Willem II a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020 kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da sake samun matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar, yana wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na dama, haka kuma, yana riƙe da kyaftin ɗinsa na PSV Eindhoven. Daga nan Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke AC Omonia da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2020. Ya buga wasa na 100 a ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka doke De Graafschap da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin KNVB a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2020. Kwana uku bayan haka a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2020, Dumfries ya zira kwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke RKC Waalwijk da ci 4-1. A ƙarshen Disamba, daga baya ya ce burinsa a matsayin kyaftin shine ya taimaka wa PSV Eindhoven lashe gasar. <ref name="Dumfries PSV Eindhoven">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2020 |title=DENZEL DUMFRIES: DE ONVERZETTELIJKE IDEALIST |url=https://www.psv.nl/media/artikel/denzel-dumfries-de-onverzettelijke-idealist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229094207/https://www.psv.nl/nieuwspagina/artikel/denzel-dumfries-de-onverzettelijke-idealist-.htm |archive-date=29 December 2020 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=PSV Eindhoven |language=nl}}</ref> Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Volendam da ci 2-0 a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin KNVB a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=PSV komt dankzij Unnerstall met de schrik vrij na zware start in Volendam |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/psv-komt-dankzij-unnerstall-met-de-schrik-vrij-na-zware-start-in-volendam |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Bayan ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama a mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa, ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya da dama da Vitesse a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2021, saboda canjin da Schmidt ya yi kuma ƙungiyar ta ci nasara da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=PSV pas na herstelwerkzaamheden van Schmidt langs Vitesse |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/psv-pas-na-herstelwerkzaamheden-van-schmidt-langs-vitesse |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dumfries begrijpt keuzes Schmidt, maar niet die van zijn ploeggenoten |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/dumfries-begrijpt-keuzes-schmidt-maar-niet-die-van-zijn-ploeggenoten |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Daga nan Dumfries ya zura kwallonsa ta huɗu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Heracles Almelo da ci 3-0 a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2021 |title=Schmidt-keuze voor Boscagli pakt perfect uit, slotakkoord voor Ihattaren |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/schmidt-keuze-voor-boscagli-pakt-perfect-uit-slotakkoord-voor-ihattaren |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Bayan haka, an taimaka wa PSV Eindhoven ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa biyu masu kyau a wasanni biyu masu zuwa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ta uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=PSV vergroot misère VVV en gaat cruciale weken in als nummer twee |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/psv-vergroot-misere-vvv-en-gaat-cruciale-weken-in-als-nummer-twee |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Zahavi brengt verlossing op gedenkwaardige PSV-avond |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/zahavi-brengt-verlossing-op-gedenkwaardige-psv-avond |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Dakatar da shi da aka yi da Heerenveen a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2021 ya sa kulob din ya tashi kunnen doki 2-2, wanda hakan ya sa suka rasa damar lashe gasar a hannun abokan hamayyarsu, Ajax. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprey |first=Nathan |date=2 May 2021 |title=PSV mist Ihattaren, Dumfries en Baumgartl tegen sc Heerenveen |url=https://www.fcupdate.nl/voetbalnieuws/2021/05/psv-mist-ihattaren-dumfries-en-baumgartl-tegen-sc-heerenveen |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=FCUpdate.nl |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arijan |first=Ademi |date=7 April 2019 |title=mebongda24h |url=https://mebongda24h.com/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=mebongda24h.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=PSV verkijkt zich op gehavend SC Heerenveen |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/psv-verkijkt-zich-op-gehavend-sc-heerenveen |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=vi.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Duk da ya samu ƙananan raunuka a lokuta uku daban-daban a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni arba'in da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasannin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roger Schmidt vindt dat PSV verdiend door is: 'Een verrassing na een moeilijke situatie' |url=https://www.ed.nl/psv/roger-schmidt-vindt-dat-psv-verdiend-door-is-een-verrassing-na-een-moeilijke-situatie~a2c35592/ |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=remco |date=19 December 2020 |title=Dumfries en Rosario op tijd fit, PSV met verwachte basiself |url=https://www.fcupdate.nl/voetbalnieuws/2020/12/dumfries-en-rosario-op-tijd-fit-psv-met-verwachte-basiself |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=FCUpdate.nl |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Denzel Dumfries opgelucht: 'Geen schade bleek uit mri-scan' |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/743242025/denzel-dumfries-opgelucht-geen-schade-bleek-uit-mri-scan |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=De Telegraaf}}</ref> A duk tsawon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, tattaunawar kwantiragi ta kasance batun tattaunawa kan ko Dumfries zai ci gaba da zama a PSV Eindhoven. Kafin watan Fabrairu, har yanzu ba a cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu ba. A watan Afrilun 2021, an yi tsammanin Dumfries zai bar ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara. A duk lokacin gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2020, tare da kyawawan ayyuka, sha'awar sayen Dumfries ta ƙaru daga ƙungiyoyi a faɗin Turai, inda [[Everton FC|Everton]], [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] da [[Inter Milan]] duk ke sha'awar. === Inter Milan === [[Fayil:Denzel_Dumfries_in_2023.jpg|left|thumb|297x297px| Denzel Dumfries a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa da Red Bull Salzburg a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2023.]] Dumfries ya koma zakarun [[Serie A]] [[Inter Milan]] a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2021 kan Yuro miliyan 12.5, tare da ƙarin Yuro miliyan 2.5 a matsayin kari ga PSV Eindhoven. Kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasar Holland sun ruwaito cewa tsoffin ƙungiyoyin sa za su karɓi diyya a matsayin wani ɓangare na canja wurin. Da ya shiga ƙungiyar, an ba shi riga mai lamba biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=DA CORDAZ A DUMFRIES, I NUOVI NUMERI DI MAGLIA |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2021/08/20/numeri-maglia-inter-21-22.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820095928/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2021/08/20/numeri-maglia-inter-21-22.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Inter Milan |language=it}}</ref> Dumfries ya fara bugawa Inter Milan wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a zagaye na biyu da Genoa a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta Serie A ta 2021–22, inda ya ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Inter starts in Serie A with debut Dumfries with victory over Genoa |url=https://www.ruetir.com/2021/08/21/inter-starts-in-serie-a-with-debut-dumfries-with-victory-over-genoa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175745/https://www.ruetir.com/2021/08/21/inter-starts-in-serie-a-with-debut-dumfries-with-victory-over-genoa/ |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=Ruetir}}</ref> ==== kakar 2023–24 ==== Dumfries ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Inter a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe na dama da ya fara zaɓa. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a rana ta biyu ta wasa, inda ya zura kwallon farko ta Inter a wasan da zai zama nasara 2-0 ga ''Nerazzurri'' a kan Cagliari . ==== kakar 2024–25 ==== Dumfries ya kasance gwarzon ɗan wasa a Inter Milan a kakar wasa ta 2024-25, inda ya nuna iyawarsa da kuma daidaito a gasa daban-daban. Ya yi aiki musamman kuma galibi a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama a tsarin dabarun tsaron Simone Inzaghi . ==== kakar 2025–26 ==== Dumfries ya samu rauni a idon sawunsa a lokacin da suka doke [[SS Lazio|Lazio]] da ci 2-0 a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2025, wanda hakan ya sa ya ajiye buga wasa na tsawon watanni da dama bayan an yi masa tiyata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Sattyik |date=24 November 2025 |title=Inter dealt brutal blow as Denzel Dumfries' ankle injury more severe than initially thought |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/inter-dealt-brutal-blow-denzel-dumfries-injury-severe-initially-thought-damaging-ankle-netherlands-duty/blt9001ac8445f82a99 |publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=Official: Dumfries has ankle surgery, Inter lose star for 2-3 months |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/official-dumfries-ankle-surgery-inter-173500993.html |publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> Ya koma fagen gasa a watan Maris na 2026, inda ya sake komawa ƙungiyar a lokacin matakan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vrakela |first=Marko |date=17 March 2026 |title=Inter Milan & Dutch Star Returns In Time To Prepare For FIFA World Cup & Impress Potential Premier League Suitors |url=https://sempreinter.com/2026/03/17/inter-milan-star-dumfries-returns-time-fifa-world-cup-preps/ |publisher=SempreInter}}</ref> Daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a watannin ƙarshe na kakar wasa yayin da Inter ta sami nasarar lashe kofuna biyu a cikin gida, inda ta lashe gasar Serie A da kuma Coppa Italia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2026 |title=Dumfries leaves Inter: thank you for everything, Denzel! |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/inter-thanks-denzel-dumfries-move-real-madrid |publisher=Inter Milan}}</ref> === Real Madrid === A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2026, Dumfries ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a kulob din [[La Liga]] [[Real Madrid CF|na Real Madrid]] bayan da ''Los Blancos'' ta fara amfani da yarjejeniyar sakin dan wasan, wanda aka ruwaito cewa ya kai Yuro miliyan 20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2026 |title=Official Announcement: Dumfries |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-dumfries-05-07-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705102526/https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-dumfries-05-07-2026 |archive-date=5 July 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026 |publisher=[[Real Madrid CF]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2026 |title=Dumfries leaves Inter: thank you for everything, Denzel! |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/inter-thanks-denzel-dumfries-move-real-madrid |access-date=5 July 2026 |publisher=Inter Milan |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hopkins |first=Jessica |date=5 July 2026 |title=Real Madrid complete signing of Denzel Dumfries from Inter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7327765/2026/07/05/denzel-dumfries-real-madrid-inter-transfer-update/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705104204/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7327765/2026/07/05/denzel-dumfries-real-madrid-inter-transfer-update/ |archive-date=5 July 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026 |publisher=The Athletic}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2026, a wasan da suka doke [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2026 |title=Real Madrid snatch late win at Espanyol on Mourinho's return |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/real-madrid-beat-espanyol-in-mourinhos-first-game-on-return-213945958.html |access-date=22 August 2026 |publisher=yahoo.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Dumfries, Denzel}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08inthyovyyu7ta5me1k8qosg6o5k4d 0 166211 965543 916073 2026-10-10T01:07:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chude Jideonwo | image = | caption = Chude | birth_name = Ifechukwude Osanedum Jideonwo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|3|16}} | birth_place = [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | citizenship = [[Nigerian]] | education = [[Mayflower School]] | alma_mater = [[University of Lagos]]<br>[[Pan African University]] | occupation = Media Entrepreneur | awards = [[Yale World Fellow]]; [[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]] 40 Under 40 (2012);[[Forbes 30 Under 30]]: Africa's Best Young Entrepreneurs; [[CNBC]] Young Business Leader of the Year | website = {{URL|chudejideonwo.me}} }} '''Chude Jideonwo''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1985) ɗan Najeriya ne mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da wani abokin hulɗa kamfanin Red Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://techmoran.com/microsoft-the-future-project-launch-aiki-ng-to-give-nigerias-youth-skills-match-them-to-job/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=Microsoft & The Future Project Launch Aiki.ng to Give Nigeria's Youth Skills & Match Them to Jobs |newspaper=Techmoran |date=21 November 2013}}</ref> da kuma Joy, Inc, wani kamfanin Amurka da ke da reshe a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=This 33-Year-Old Nigerian Entrepreneur Has Launched A Startup To Spread Happiness Across Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/02/06/this-33-year-old-nigerian-entrepreneur-has-launched-a-startup-to-spread-happiness-across-africa/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a fannoni da suka haɗa da [[Kafafen yaɗa labarai|kafofin yaɗa labarai]], [[tallace-tallace]] da [[hulɗa da jama'a]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/ |access-date=31 January 2016 |title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital |newspaper=Techpoint.ng |date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051806/https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/with-a-focus-on-media-as-a-business-enterprise-chude-jideonwo-is-featured-on-cnn-moneys-passion-to-portfolio-watch/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=With a Focus on Media as a Business Enterprise, Chude Jideonwo has been featured on CNN Money's Passion to Portfolio |newspaper=Bellanaija.com |date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Shi ne babban mai shirya shirin kuma mai gabatar da ''#WithChude'', wani jerin shirye-shirye na musamman da ya ƙunshi tattaunawa da bincike ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban, ciki har da bidiyo, sauti, rubutu da shirye-shiryen taro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Platforms|url=https://withchude.com/platforms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=#WithChude|language=en-US}}</ref> Haka kuma shi ne daraktan ''#ChudeExplains'', jerin fina-finai da suka mayar da hankali kan adalci na zamantakewa da al'adu, sannan shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da abokan hulɗa [[The Future Awards Africa|The Future Project]]. Ta hannun Red Africa, ƙungiyarsa ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe da shirye-shiryen sadarwa ga shugabannin Najeriya biyu da kuma wani shugaban Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kachifo.com/author.php?au=2017|title=About Chude Jideonwo|website=Kachifo}}</ref> A shekara ta 2023, an naɗa Jideonwo a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na The Initiative for Equal Rights (TIERs). A shekara ta 2024, an naɗa shi Creative-In-Residence a London School of Economics. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jideonwo a Legas ga Ifeanyi S. Jideonwo da Ngozi A. Jideonwo. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a K. Kotun Memorial Primary School, Adebola Baptist High School da kuma [[Mayflower School]], [[Ikenne]], bi da bi. Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Legas]], inda aka kira shi zuwa [[Nigerian Bar Association|Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya]] a watan Nuwamba 2007. Jideonwo ya samu digirinsa na [[Digiri na biyu|Master's degree]] a fannin kafofin yaɗa labarai da sadarwa daga [[Pan-Atlantic University|Jami'ar Pan-African]], Legas.<ref name=thisday/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/97675-interview-with-chude-jideonwo.html |access-date=4 January 2013 |title=Interview: Chude Jideonwo talks about the challenges of Future Awards |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 August 2012}}</ref> == Aiki == === Talabijin === Jideonwo ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]].{{when|date=December 2023}} Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a shirye-shiryen ''Celebrating Jesus'' (MBI) da ''Inside Out with Agatha'', wani shirin talabijin da [[Agatha Amata]] ke gabatarwa wanda ake watsawa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A wannan lokacin ne ya haɗu da [[Adebola Williams]], wanda daga baya suka kafa Red Africa tare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview|title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital|website=techpoint.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-03|date=31 October 2016|archive-date=2017-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225708/https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance mataimakin mai shirya ''New Dawn'', wanda ake watsawa a gidan talabijin na NTA Network. Ya kuma fito a shirye-shiryen ''The Academy'', ''Patito's Gang'', ''Video 10'', ''[[Big Brother Nigeria]]'', ''Moments with Mo'' na [[MNet]], da kuma shirin tattaunawa ''Rubbin' Minds'' na [[Channels TV|Channels Television]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chude! |date=2007-09-01 |title=Chude!: Rubbing Minds Gets Reloaded! |url=https://chudesblog.blogspot.com/2007/08/rubbing-minds-gets-reloaded.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Chude!}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, lokacin da yake aiki a shirin ''[[Funmi Iyanda#New Dawn with Funmi|New Dawn]]'' tare da [[Funmi Iyanda]], Jideonwo ya gabatar da wani shirin NTA Network mai suna ''Youth Talk''. Wannan aiki ya taimaka wajen kafa da kuma rajistar thRedSTRAT a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/vulnerability-should-not-be-a-weakness-chude-jideonwo/|access-date=18 April 2020 |title=Vulnerability should not be a weakness – Chude Jideonwo|date=24 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun bayyana a wasu fitattun tashoshin talabijin, ciki har da [[Channels TV]], Rave TV, Wazobia Max TV, [[GOtv]], [[StarTimes]] da [[DStv]].<ref>{{Citation |last=#WithChude |title=Watch #WithChude Online {{!}} Vimeo On Demand |date=2021-04-02 |url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/withchude |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> Shirinsa ya karɓi baƙi da dama, ciki har da [[Joke Silva]], matar [[Olu Jacobs]], [[Jim Iyke]] da Kemi Afolabi.<ref>{{Cite news |title='I miss di old Olu Jacobs well-well' - Joke Silva open up on her husband dementia and her life tori |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59355183 |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-20 |title="He has dementia" Joke Silva speaks publicly for the first time about husband Olu Jacobs' health (video) |url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/he-has-dementia-joke-silva-speaks-publicly-for-the-first-time-about-husband-olu-jacobs-health-video/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-31 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonofua |first=Odion |date=2022-02-19 |title=Jim Iyke says he was once married and has 2...3 children |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/jim-iyke-says-he-was-once-married-and-has-3-children/nls9ehy |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316212322/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/jim-iyke-says-he-was-once-married-and-has-3-children/nls9ehy |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title=Lupus: I have five years to live ― Kemi Afolabi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/lupus-i-have-five-years-to-live-―-kemi-afolabi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-31 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Jaridu === A watan Yulin 2009, Jideonwo ya shiga tsohuwar jaridar [[Next (Nigeria)|''NEXT'']], inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin editoci da kuma mai gyara rubuce-rubuce.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/youth-champions/chude-jideonwa |access-date=4 January 2013 |title=Youth Champions |newspaper=Federal Ministry of Youth Development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104092809/http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/youth-champions/chude-jideonwa |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya gudanar da wani shafi mai suna "Sons and Daughters" na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bugu na Lahadi na jaridar [[The Guardian (Nigeria)|''The Guardian'']], inda yake gabatar da tarihin 'ya'yan attajirai da fitattun mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Jideonwo Chude: Biography, Education, Career, Marriage, Net Worth, Achievements and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/12/19/jideonwo-chude-biography-education-career-marriage-net-worth-achievements-and-more/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619004155/https://newswirengr.com/2022/12/19/jideonwo-chude-biography-education-career-marriage-net-worth-achievements-and-more/ |archive-date=2026-06-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Jideonwo shi ne wanda ya kafa Joy, Inc., sannan yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na RED. Ya haɗu da [[Adebola Williams]], wanda ya kafa Red tare da shi, a wajen shirya ''Inside Out with Agatha'', tare da [[Agatha Amata]], inda Jideonwo ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ma'aikacin shirya shirin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/|title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital|website=techpoint.ng|language=en-US|access-date=9 March 2017|date=31 October 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051806/https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1ns9uz2qa3e70rrqhpvwpze6d0kddma 0 166273 965746 915998 2026-10-10T10:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dina Emundts''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) ƙwararriyar [[Falsafa|masaniyar falsafa ce]] ta Jamus kuma malamar jami'a a Cibiyar Falsafa a Jami'ar Free ta Berlin . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Emundts, Dina, Prof. Dr. |url=https://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/we01/institut/mitarbeiter/professuren/emundts/index.html |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Freie Universität Berlin |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunk.de |date=December 23, 2017 |title=Reihe: Fragen nach Identität - Steckt Deutschland im Identitätskonflikt? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/reihe-fragen-nach-identitaet-steckt-deutschland-im-100.html |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hegel im Fokus Ausgabe 6 "Erfahren und Erkennen" |url=https://www.stadtpalais-stuttgart.de/mediathek/hegel-im-fokus-ausgabe-6-erfahren-und-erkennen |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=StadtPalais – Museum für Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2017, ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Hegel ta duniya bayan ta gaji Axel Honneth . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 11, 2020 |title=War Hegel ein Rassist? Philosophen streiten bei Festakt |url=https://www.diepresse.com/5865702/war-hegel-ein-rassist-philosophen-streiten-bei-festakt |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Die Presse |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Internationale Hegelvereinigung e.V. |url=https://hegelvereinigung.org/ |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=Internationale Hegelvereinigung e.V. |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=News: New Vorstand of the Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung/ Neuer Vorstand der Internationalen Hegel-Vereinigung/ Nouveau Vorstand de l’Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung {{!}} hegelpd |url=https://www.hegelpd.it/hegel/news-new-vorstand-of-the-internationale-hegel-vereinigung-neuer-vorstand-der-internationalen-hegel-vereinigung-nouveau-vorstand-de-linternationale-hegel-vereinigung/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 1998, ta yi karatun falsafa da nazarin Jamusanci a Jami'ar Free Berlin da Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin . Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu (MA) a shekarar 1998, tare da digiri na farko (thesis) ''Kants Geschichts Philosophie'' (falsafar tarihi ta [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] ). A cikin 1998 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Istituto Italiano per gli studii filosofici. Daga 1998 zuwa 2010, ta kasance mataimakiyar bincike a Cibiyar Falsafa a Jami'ar Humboldt ta [[Berlin]] a sashen Rolf-Peter Horstmann . Ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a watan Yulin 2003 a Jami'ar Humboldt tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan falsafar yanayi ta Kant ( ''Kants Übergangskonzeption im Opus postumum'' ). == Sana'a == Ta yi wani taron karawa juna sani na DFG daga 2007 zuwa 2010 tare da aikin Resistance a Hegel da Peirce . A shekarar 2007 ta kasance Malamar Ziyara a Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar New York . A shekarar 2008 ta kasance malamar ziyara a Sashen Falsafa a UC Berkeley . A zangon karatu na bazara na 2009, ta maye gurbin Ludwig Siep a Cibiyar Falsafa a Jami'ar Münster . A zangon karatu na hunturu na 2009/2010, ta riƙe shugabancin Birgit Sandkaulen a Cibiyar Falsafa a Jami'ar Jena . Bayan kammala karatun ta a Jami'ar Humboldt a 2010 tare da littafin ''Erfahren und Erkennen.'' ''Ta hanyar ka'idar Hegels ta Wirklichkeit'', ta koyar daga 2010 zuwa 2016 a matsayin farfesa a fannin falsafa da falsafar kimiyya tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan falsafar harshe, falsafar tunani da falsafar kimiyyar fahimtar kimiyya (Wissenschaftstheorie der verstehenden Wissenschaften) a Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar Konstanz . <ref name=":0" /> Tun daga shekarar 2016, ta kasance Farfesa a fannin tarihin falsafa a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hegel-Preis der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart 2021 an Professorin Béatrice Longuenesse verliehen – Metropoljournal.com |url=https://www.metropoljournal.com/lokales/baden-wuerttemberg2/25331-hegel%E2%80%90preis-der-landeshauptstadt-stuttgart-2021-an-professorin-b%C3%A9atrice-longuenesse-verliehen |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=www.metropoljournal.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Emundts 2012 Littafin ''Erfahren und Erkennen: Hegels Theorie der Wirklichkeit'' shine fassarar ''Habilitationsschrift'' dinta daga 2009, inda ta gabatar da fassarar falsafar falsafar Hegel. Littafin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan littafin Hegel ''[['Yanci na sanin kai|mai suna Phenomenology of Spirit]]'' . A cewar Emundt: "Ga Hegel, gaskiya ba za ta iya zama cikakkiyar fahimta ba", amma abin da ba na ra'ayi ba ne wanda ke cikin gogewa, ya zama dole, tunda ƙa'idodin ra'ayi za a iya haɓaka su ne kawai, idan akwai wani abu a waje da su, wanda za a iya cimmawa bisa ga waɗannan ƙa'idodi. A cikin gyaran abin da aka faɗa game da babi na farko na ''Phenomenology'', Emundt ya yi jayayya cewa matsayin "Sanarwa Mai Kyau" ya gaza, ba wai saboda ya kuduri aniyar yin nuni ga abubuwan da ba na ra'ayi ba, ga abubuwa na musamman na ƙwarewar ji ba, amma saboda ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa abu yana wanzu ba, ba tare da ambaton sa a cikin dogon lokaci ba, ta haka ne ya sanya shi ya zama na duniya baki ɗaya. A yanayin babin "Fahimta", matsayin ya gaza haka nan, ba saboda sabani tsakanin abu da halayensa ba, amma "wani abu na duniya wanda ya dage duk da bambancin muƙamin". A cikin littafin Emundts ya kuma soki falsafar [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], wanda a bisa ga haka iliminmu game da abubuwa ya zama marar kuskure. Angelica Nuzzo, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nuzzo |first=Angelica |last2=Emundts |first2=Dina |date=2015 |title=Review of Erfahren und Erkennen. Hegels Theorie der Wirklichkeit, EmundtsDina |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26595917 |journal=Hegel-Studien |volume=49 |pages=212–214 |issn=0073-1587}}</ref> Brady Bowman, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Brady |author-link=Brady Bowman |title=Erfahren und Erkennen: Hegels Theorie der Wirklichkeit |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/erfahren-und-erkennen-hegels-theorie-der-wirklichkeit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729141805/https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/erfahren-und-erkennen-hegels-theorie-der-wirklichkeit/ |archive-date=2024-07-29 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews |language=en-US}}</ref> Holger Glinka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glinka |first=Holger |date=2013 |title=Bulletin de littérature hégélienne XXIII (2013) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43038960 |journal=Archives de Philosophie |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=691–724 |issn=0003-9632}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2013-11-12 |title=Bulletin de littérature hégélienne XXIII (2013) |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-archives-de-philosophie-2013-4-page-691 |journal=Archives de philosophie |language=fr |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=691–724 |doi=10.3917/aphi.764.0691 |issn=0003-9632 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da Eva Deitert sun yi bitar littafin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deitert |first=Eva |date=2014-01-23 |title=Dina Emundts: Erfahren und Erkennen. Hegels Theorie der Wirklichkeit |url=https://zfphl.org/article/view/35322 |journal=Zeitschrift für philosophische Literatur |language=de |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.21827/zfphl.2.1.35322 |issn=2198-0209 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] io1wc8z7vwjgwenb6zipt9pb6zt0tqv 0 167377 965554 921929 2026-10-10T03:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Stencil_project_by_Missing_girls_-2017.jpg|right|thumb|Shirin Stencil na 'yan mata da suka ɓace]] '''Cinikin mutane a Tsakiyar Turai''' ya zama muhimmiyar al'amari ta shari'a da siyasa, saboda ana tunanin cewa yawancin wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane sun fito ne daga Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tarayyar Turai. == Sauƙin ƙaura bayan faduwar Kwaminisanci == Rashin Iron Curtain ya ba da damar sauƙin motsi na mutane a Turai. Koyaya, wannan motsi ya kasance tare da karuwar fataucin mutane ta hanyar aikata laifuka. Wadanda aka azabtar da masu fataucin mutane ba su da 'yanci su bi kasuwancin su, amma galibi ana tilasta su yi aiki ga masu fataucir, yawanci a cikin [[Karuwanci|kar]] Yankunan da ke tsakiyar da Gabashin Turai yanzu ana amfani da su azaman daukar ma'aikata da wuraren wucewa zuwa yamma da kuma wuraren ƙarshe don fataucin mutane. "A cewar Lidove noviny, an gano shari'o'i 16 na fataucin mutane a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] a shekara ta 2005, yayin da ya kasance ƙasa da shari'oʼi uku a shekara ta 2004. == Girman bautar zamani == 'Yan sanda sun yi rajistar shari'o'i goma a shekara ta 2003 Duk da kokarin da al'ummomin duniya ke yi, bautar zamani tana girma sosai kuma an rufe ta sosai. A halin yanzu, mata da yara sune manyan wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Lydie Err, a cikin rahotonta ga Majalisar Dokoki, ta ce kashi 78% na matan da aka yi wa fataucin mutane sun fito ne daga tsakiyar ko gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Europe |url=http://www.coe.int |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=www.coe.int}}</ref> Irin waɗannan adadi sun taso ne saboda babban rashin aikin yi musamman tsakanin mata, karuwar yunkurin kan iyaka, da cin hanci da rashawa na kungiyoyin tilasta bin doka na gida. == Alkawuran aure, ayyuka ko ilimi == An kuma gano shari'o'in da masu aikata laifuka suka yi alkawarin ilimi mai girma ga yara daga iyalai matalauta sannan suka tilasta musu yin aiki. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Faransa, [[Albaniya|Albania]] ita ce gundumar da ta fi shiga cikin cinikin jima'i, tare da mata da yara da ake ja su je Yamma tare da alkawuran ƙarya na aure, ayyuka ko ilimi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2005 |title=Human trafficking- a problem Europe can't ignore - Radio Prague |url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/64471 |access-date=5 April 2018 |publisher=}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Report Details Mixed Human Trafficking Picture in Europe, Eurasia - US Department of State |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2006/Jun/07-205905.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912213706/http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2006/Jun/07-205905.html |archive-date=2007-09-12 |access-date=2007-09-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 57wekc9oudzyrg6485vifmyv9lq39md 0 167444 965388 929386 2026-10-09T18:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965388 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan ajiyar halittu na Bryansk, wanda aka fi sani da '''Bryansky Les''' (Russian), wani wurin ajiyar yanayi ne a Bryansk Oblast, [[Rasha]], tare da Kogin Nerussa (mai gudana na Kogin Desna) kusa da iyakar Rasha da [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] . Dajin ajiyar yanayi ne (zapovednik), kuma wani bangare ne na Nerussa-Desna Woodland UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, yana da mahimmanci don kare "bambanci da amincin gandun daji a Turai Rasha". <ref name="unesco-mab">{{Cite web |title=Neruss-Desna Woodland |url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=RUS+23&mode=all |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> <ref name="parksite">{{Cite web |title=Official Site - Bryansk Forest Reserve |url=http://en.bryansky-les.ru/territory/ |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=MNRR |archive-date=January 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122073211/http://en.bryansky-les.ru/territory/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin gandun daji na karshe da ba a karya ba a kudancin kudancin gandun daji mai zurfi na Turai, yana tallafawa dabbobin daji masu yawa a cikin gandun dajin da kuma bogs. Ajiyar ta rufe yanki na {{Convert|12186|ha|sqmi}} ha (47.05 sq . == Yanayin ƙasa == Gidan ajiyar yanayi na Bryansk yana daga cikin gandun daji na Nerusso-Desna, wani UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve. An kafa wannan yanayin halittu a kan tushen cibiyar sadarwa mai kyau na yankuna masu kariya, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da muhalli.<ref name="unesco-mab" /> Dajin Bryansk yana cikin kwandon tsakiyar kogin Desna, wani gefen hagu na Kogin Dnieper a kan iyakar Ukraine. Yankin yana da faɗi: mafi ƙarancin tsawo sama da matakin teku - 134.5 m (a matakin Kogin Nerussa; matsakaicin shine 189.4 m. Yankin da ya bushe ya mamaye yashi da ƙasa mai laushi; a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, makiyaya da ƙasƙanci akwai ƙasa mai lapheme. dazuzzukan Bryansk sun ragu a cikin girman lokaci, kuma an taɓa la'akari da su da yawa. [[Fayil:Bryansk_Forest.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Dajin Bryansk]] A fadin iyakar Ukraine akwai filin shakatawa na Desnyansko-Starogutsky na Ukraine, wanda ke da wani yanki mai gandun daji wanda ke da irin wannan mazaunin da ya yi kama da na Bransksy.<ref name="ukr">{{Cite web |title=Desnyano-Starogutskyi National Park |url=http://www.ukraine.com/national-parks/desnyano-staroguskyi-park/ |access-date=January 2, 2016 |publisher=Ukraine.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115161008/http://www.ukraine.com/national-parks/desnyano-staroguskyi-park/ |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == ii6cacs6nem3sttrfu63fj9nurzn99y 0 168877 965273 928133 2026-10-09T14:58:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Benjamin Eze | full_name = Benjamin Ndubuisi Eze | birth_date = 8 February 1981 | birth_place = Lagos, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian-Italian | height = 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) | weight = 245 lb (111 kg) | position = Center | high_school = Bishop Aggey Memorial School | college = College of Southern Idaho | draft_year = 2001 | draft = Undrafted | career_start = 1998 | career_end = 2014 | national_team = Nigeria }} '''Benjamin Ndubuisi Eze''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1981) tsohon ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Najeriya wanda daga baya ya samu ɗan ƙasa na Italiya. Ya taka leda ne a matsayin ''center'', kuma tsayinsa ya kai kusan mita 2.08. Eze ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙwallon kwando a Turai, musamman a [[Italiya]], inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Montepaschi Siena. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ndubuisi Benjamin Eze |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/131055-ndubuisi-benjamin-eze |website=FIBA}}</ref> == Rayuwa da fara wasan ƙwallon kwando == An haifi Benjamin Eze a [[Lagos]], Najeriya. Ya fara buga ƙwallon kwando a makarantar Bishop Aggey Memorial School a shekarun 1990, kuma cikin ɗan lokaci ya fara samun suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan ƙwallon kwando masu tasowa daga Afirka. A shekarar 1998, lokacin yana da shekara 17, ya koma Rasha domin shiga Avtodor Saratov. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A Avtodor Saratov, Eze ya samu damar fara taka leda a gasar ƙwararru ta Turai. FIBA ta nuna cewa ya buga wasa guda a gasar EuroLeague ta shekarar 1999, inda ya samu maki 2 da rebound 1. Wannan matakin ya zama farkon tafiyarsa zuwa tsarin ƙwallon kwando na ƙwararru a Turai. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ndubuisi Benjamin Eze |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/131055-ndubuisi-benjamin-eze |website=FIBA}}</ref> == Karatu a Amurka == Bayan zamansa a Rasha, Eze ya koma Amurka domin ci gaba da karatu da wasan ƙwallon kwando. Ya fara da shirin University of Louisville, amma bai samu damar buga wa Louisville Cardinals wasa ba saboda matsalar cancantar shiga gasar NCAA da ta taso sakamakon kasancewarsa ya riga ya buga wasan ƙwararru a Rasha. Daga baya ya koma College of Southern Idaho. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A College of Southern Idaho, Eze ya buga wa Eagles wasa a matakin junior college. A kakar 2000–01 ya samu matsakaicin maki 7.5 da rebounds 5.2 a kowane wasa. Bayan wannan lokacin ne ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda zai iya shiga cikin NBA Draft na shekarar 2001, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> == Komawa Turai == A shekarar 2001, Eze ya koma Turai inda ya shiga Geoplin Slovan na Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ya buga wa ƙungiyar a gasar ƙasar Slovenia, kafin daga bisani ya koma Italiya inda ya fara dogon lokaci na aikinsa a gasar Serie A. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A shekarar 2001, Eze ya shiga Viola Reggio Calabria. Ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar har zuwa 2004, inda ya samu ci gaba sosai a fagen wasa. A kakar 2003–04, ya samu matsakaicin maki 7.2 da rebounds 5.8 a kowane wasa a gasar Serie A, tare da samun matsakaicin mintuna 22.4 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/benjamin-eze-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference}}</ref> == Montepaschi Siena == A watan Yulin 2004, Eze ya koma Montepaschi Siena, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon kwando na Italiya. Zuwa wannan lokaci ya fara samun matsayi a matsayin babban ''center'' mai iya kare kwando, ɗaukar rebound da taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarƙashin kwando. Daga baya ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Italiya, abin da ya ba shi damar shiga cikin tsarin ƙungiyar ta hanyar dokokin gasar Italiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A gasar EuroLeague ta 2004–05, Eze ya buga wasanni 19 da Siena, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 3.7, rebounds 3.0 da blocks 1.0 a kowane wasa. A kakar 2005–06 kuma ya buga wasanni 11, inda ya samu maki 3.1 da rebounds 2.5 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/benjamin-eze-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference}}</ref> Kakar 2006–07 ta kasance muhimmiyar shekara a aikinsa. Eze ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Siena a ƙarƙashin kwando, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen kare fili da samun rebounds. Ƙungiyar ta kuma fara samun manyan nasarori a gasar Italiya da Turai a wannan lokaci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, Eze ya taimaka wa Montepaschi Siena lashe ''Supercoppa Italiana''. A wasan ƙarshe na Super Cup ɗin, ya zura maki 14 tare da rebounds 5, inda ya kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan Siena a nasarar da ta samu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A kakar 2007–08, Eze ya taimaka wa Siena lashe gasar Serie A ta Italiya. A gasar EuroLeague a wannan kakar, ya buga wasanni 24, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 6.8, rebounds 4.3 da blocks 1.0 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze EuroLeague statistics |url=https://admin.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=CQO&seasoncode=U2006 |website=EuroLeague Basketball |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616225209/https://admin.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=CQO&seasoncode=U2006 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A kakar 2008–09, Eze ya ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Siena wadda ta lashe manyan kofuna a Italiya. Siena ta lashe Supercoppa Italiana, Coppa Italia da kuma gasar Serie A, inda Eze ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin kwando. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=231 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A kakar 2009–10, Siena ta sake lashe Coppa Italia da gasar Serie A, tare da Supercoppa Italiana. Hakan ya ƙara yawan kofunan Italiya da Eze ya samu a lokacin zamansa da ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarunsa na farko da Siena, ya zama wani ɓangare na zamanin da ƙungiyar ta mamaye ƙwallon kwando na Italiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=231 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> == Khimki da Olimpia Milano == A shekarar 2010, Eze ya koma Rasha inda ya sanya hannu da [[BC Khimki]]. Ƙungiyar ta sanar da cewa ta ɗauke shi daga Siena a matsayin ''center'' mai ƙwarewa, bayan da ya yi shekaru da dama yana taka leda a ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Italiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze is a BC Khimki player |url=https://en.bckhimki.com/news/clubnews/2010/july/573/ |website=BC Khimki}}</ref> Eze ya kasance tare da Khimki har zuwa ƙarshen kakar, kafin ya koma Italiya a ƙarshen kakar 2010–11 domin buga wa Olimpia Milano. Ya buga wa Milano a ƙarshen kakar, amma daga baya bai shiga cikin tawagar farko ta ƙungiyar a kakar 2011–12 ba, duk da cewa yana ƙarƙashin kwangila. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=231 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> == Komawa Siena == A kakar 2012–13, Eze ya sake komawa Montepaschi Siena. Komawarsa ta ba shi damar sake shiga ƙungiyar da ya yi mata suna a Italiya. A watan Fabrairun 2013, ya taimaka wa Siena lashe Coppa Italia, wanda ya zama wani daga cikin manyan kofunan da ya samu tare da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=231 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A gasar EuroLeague ta 2012–13, Eze ya buga wasanni 17, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.6, rebounds 4.4 da assists 0.5 a kowane wasa. Wannan shi ne kakar ƙarshe da ya yi wa Siena a EuroLeague. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/benjamin-eze-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference}}</ref> == Dinamo Sassari == A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2014, Eze ya koma wata ƙungiyar Italiya, Dinamo Sassari. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matakan ƙarshe na sana'arsa ta ƙwallon kwando. <ref>{{cite web |title=2013-14 Stats - Banco di Sardegna Sassari |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/teams/sassari/2014.html |website=Basketball-Reference}}</ref> A Sassari, Eze ya buga wasanni 11 a gasar Serie A a kakar 2013–14. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 3.6, rebounds 2.3 da blocks 0.5 a kowane wasa cikin mintuna 12.0 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma taimaka wa ƙungiyar kaiwa matakin kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar Italiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=2013-14 Stats - Banco di Sardegna Sassari |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/teams/sassari/2014.html |website=Basketball-Reference}}</ref> == Tawagar ƙasar Najeriya == Eze ya wakilci Najeriya a matakin matasa tun kafin ya kafa kansa a Turai. FIBA ta nuna cewa a gasar African Championship for Junior Men ta shekarar 1998, ya buga wasanni biyar a matakin farko, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 15.6 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ndubuisi Benjamin Eze |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/131055-ndubuisi-benjamin-eze |website=FIBA}}</ref> A shekarar 1999, Eze ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya da ta halarci FIBA World Championship for Junior Men. A wannan gasar ya buga wasanni takwas, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.6, rebounds 6.1 da assists 0.9 a kowane wasa. Najeriya ta kammala gasar a matsayi na 11. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ndubuisi Benjamin Eze |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/131055-ndubuisi-benjamin-eze |website=FIBA}}</ref> A matakin manya, FIBA ta nuna cewa Eze ya buga wa Najeriya wasa a gasar African Championship for Men ta shekarar 1999. Ya buga wasanni uku, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 3.7 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ndubuisi Benjamin Eze |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/131055-ndubuisi-benjamin-eze |website=FIBA}}</ref> Daga baya Eze ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya a gasar FIBA Africa Championship ta 2005. Najeriya ta kammala gasar a matsayi na uku, sakamakon haka ta samu gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIBA ta 2006. Sai dai Eze bai shiga tawagar Najeriya da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> == Salon wasansa == Eze ya fi taka leda a matsayin ''center'', inda tsayinsa na kusan mita 2.08 ya ba shi damar taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarƙashin kwando. A lokacin zamansa da Siena, ƙungiyar ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi wajen tsalle, kare kwando, samun rebounds da taimaka wa ƙungiya wajen wasa a cikin ''paint''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> A gasar EuroLeague, mafi kyawun lokutan Eze sun zo ne a ƙarshen shekarun 2000. A kakar 2009–10, ya samu matsakaicin maki 7.8, rebounds 3.8 da blocks 0.9 a kowane wasa, yayin da a kakar 2010–11 ya samu maki 8.1 da rebounds 4.3 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/benjamin-eze-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference}}</ref> == Nasarori == A cikin sana'arsa tare da Montepaschi Siena, Eze ya lashe gasar Serie A ta Italiya sau da dama, ciki har da kofunan da Siena ta lashe a 2007–08, 2008–09 da 2009–10. Ya kuma lashe Supercoppa Italiana da Coppa Italia a lokuta daban-daban a zamaninsa da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=231 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> Manyan nasarorin Eze sun haɗa da lashe gasar Italiya sau biyar, Coppa Italia sau uku da Supercoppa Italiana sau uku. Ya kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar Siena wadda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon kwando a Italiya da Turai a ƙarshen shekarun 2000. <ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=231 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> == Tarihin ƙungiyoyin da ya wakilta == * 1998 — Avtodor Saratov * 2001 — Geoplin Slovan * 2001–2004 — Viola Reggio Calabria * 2004–2010 — Montepaschi Siena * 2010–2011 — BC Khimki * 2011 — Olimpia Milano * 2012–2013 — Montepaschi Siena * 2014 — Dinamo Sassari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Eze |url=https://menssanabasket.it/site/detailEl.aspx?K=232 |website=Montepaschi Mens Sana Basket Siena}}</ref> == Duba da ƙari == * [[Tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya]] * [[FIBA]] * [[EuroLeague]] * [[Montepaschi Siena]] * [[Coppa Italia]] * [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 46nvb1f0w2o26aq876benu804ymzpgt 0 168989 965759 931194 2026-10-10T11:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cin zarafin yanar gizo''' wani abu ne na baya-bayan nan; kasashe da yankuna da yawa sun ba da shawarar [[Samar da doka daga masu doka|doka]] don magance aikin saboda dokokin gargajiya game da cin zarafi ko hari ba su dace da halayyar kan layi ba. Cyberbullying wani nau'i ne na zalunci ko cin zarafi ta amfani da hanyoyin lantarki. Abubuwan da suka faru da suka faru ta hanyar cin zarafin yanar gizo, gami da kashe-kashen da yawa, sun yi kira ga 'yan majalisa da su zartar da dokoki don hukunta masu aikata laifin, kodayake yawancin irin waɗannan dokokin da aka gabatar galibi ana hana su ta hanyar kalubalen' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da sauran damuwa game da wuce gona da iri na gwamnati.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=James |date=16 January 2008 |title=Free Speech and 'Cyber-bullying' |url=https://www.aclu.org/2008/01/16/free-speech-and-cyber-bullying |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> == Shari'a ta ƙasa == === Ostiraliya === Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta ba da shawarar takamaiman dokokin cin zarafin yanar gizo don kare yara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-29 |title=Government reveals further details on cyberbullying laws - Paul Fletcher MP |url=http://www.paulfletcher.com.au/media-centre/media-releases/item/1211-government-reveals-further-details-on-cyberbullying-laws.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200013/http://paulfletcher.com.au/media-centre/media-releases/item/1211-government-reveals-further-details-on-cyberbullying-laws.html |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date=2016-03-19 |publisher=Paulfletcher.com.au}}</ref> A halin yanzu, wasu daga cikin dokokin aikata laifuka na yanzu na kasar suna ba da hukunci ga cin zarafi da barazana ta hanyar sabis na sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Criminal Code Act 1995 |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2014C00793/Html/Volume_2#_Toc405466347 |access-date=2016-03-19 |publisher=Comlaw.gov.au}}</ref> Dokar Shari'ar Iyali ta 1975 tana kare mutane daga cin zarafi, gami da cin zarafin da ke faruwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki. Koyaya, wannan an iyakance shi ne ga waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali na iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Law Reform Commission |date=2014-03-27 |title=Harassment and stalking offences |url=https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/3-overview-current-law/harassment-and-stalking-offences#_ftn45 |access-date=2017-03-08 |website=www.alrc.gov.au |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034327/https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/3-overview-current-law/harassment-and-stalking-offences#_ftn45 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kanada === Kanada ta haramta cin zarafin yanar gizo, tare da azabtarwa ga masu aikata laifin ciki har da kwace na'urorin sadarwa da lokacin kurkuku, yayin da wadanda abin ya shafa na iya kai karar masu aikata laicin lalacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Safety |date=2021-02-02 |title=Legal consequences of cyberbullying |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/campaigns/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-against-law.html |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.canada.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211120345/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/campaigns/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-against-law.html |archive-date=2026-02-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A karkashin Dokar Ilimi, ana iya fitar da masu aikata laifin daga makaranta, kamar yadda ya faru da nau'ikan zalunci da cin zarafi na baya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.2 |url=https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90e02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607185414/https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90e02 |archive-date=2026-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Ontario.ca |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0hujfwbzae97838qqdvd0tgfpb28wm7 0 169529 965250 930059 2026-10-09T13:29:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jewher Ilham 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ce ta Uighur da ke zaune a Amurka. Ita 'yar masanin tattalin arziki ne na Uyghur Ilham Tohti . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=Jewher Ilham Is Dismantling The Politics Of Fashion And Forced Labor |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/dismantling-the-politics-of-fashion-and-forced-labor |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-17 |title=Jailed Uighur Scholar's Daughter Pleads for His Freedom |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_jailed-uighur-scholars-daughter-pleads-his-freedom/6172077.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmeri |first=Christopher |date=2020-09-11 |title=Her father in prison, Uighur activist wants Disney to apologize |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/09/11/asia-pacific/uighur-wants-disney-apology-mulan/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faces of religious persecution: Jewher Ilham |url=https://share.america.gov/faces-of-religious-persecution-jewher-ilham-video/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=share.america.gov |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329030431/https://share.america.gov/faces-of-religious-persecution-jewher-ilham-video/ |archive-date=2024-03-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartman |first=Leigh |date=2019-07-17 |title=Daughter of Uyghur scholar fights for his freedom |url=https://share.america.gov/daughter-of-uyghur-scholar-fights-for-his-freedom/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=ShareAmerica |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404024213/https://share.america.gov/daughter-of-uyghur-scholar-fights-for-his-freedom/ |archive-date=2024-04-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ilham ta girma ne a Beijing, China kuma ta zo Amurka a shekarar 2013. Tana da BA a kimiyyar siyasa, harsuna da al'adu na Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma karatun Eurasia ta Tsakiya daga Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington . == Littattafai == === Littattafai === * Saboda Ina da shi: Hanyar Rayuwa, Yakin Uyghur, ''Jami'ar New Orleans Press'', 2021 (wanda Adam Braver ya shirya) === Labarai === * Ra'ayi: Mahaifin na ya tafi kurkuku saboda tsayawa ga Uyghurs. Ga yadda kamfanoni zasu iya tallafawa aikinsa, ''[[CNN]]'', Afrilu 18, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilham |first=Jewher |date=2022-04-18 |title=Opinion: My father went to prison for standing up for Uyghurs. Here's how companies can support his mission {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/18/perspectives/uyghurs-human-rights-china/index.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa ne kawai zai iya kawo ƙarshen laifukan China a Xinjiang, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Mayu 16, 2021 (wanda aka rubuta tare da Sophie Richardson) * A Uighur Uba Brave Fight, The New York Times, Mayu 4, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilham |first=Jewher |date=May 4, 2014 |title=A Uighur Father's Brave Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/opinion/a-uighur-fathers-brave-fight.html |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> === Shaidar majalisa === * Shaidar Jewher Ilham a gaban Kwamitin zartarwa na majalisa a kasar Sin, 3 ga Fabrairu, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Testimony of Jewher Ilham before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China |url=https://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house.gov/files/documents/Jewher%20Ilham_CECC%20written%20testimony_revised.pdf |access-date=April 3, 2024 |website=[[Congressional-Executive Commission on China]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bilf9ad6q6wia2wsbzc80b4m3geiut1 0 169589 965708 930235 2026-10-10T08:13:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Ochefu | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|12|15}} | birth_place = [[Baltimore]], Maryland, U.S. | nationality = Nigerian-American | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 11 | weight_lb = 245 | position = Center / Power forward | high_school = Westtown School<br>Downingtown East High School | college = [[Villanova University]] | draft_year = 2016 | draft_round = | draft_pick = | draft_team = Undrafted | career_start = 2016 | career_end = | team1 = [[Washington Wizards]] | years1 = 2016–2017 | team2 = Maine Red Claws | years2 = 2017 | team3 = Windy City Bulls | years3 = 2017–2018 | team4 = Reno Bighorns / Stockton Kings | years4 = 2018–2019 | team5 = Cafés Candelas Breogán | years5 = 2019 | team6 = Ibaraki Robots | years6 = 2019–2020 | team7 = Seoul Samsung Thunders | years7 = 2021–2022 | team8 = Libertadores de Querétaro | years8 = 2022 | team9 = TNT Tropang Giga | years9 = 2023 | team10 = Al Riyadi | years10 = 2023 | team11 = Gladiadores de Anzoátegui | years11 = 2023 | team12 = Hsinchu Lioneers | years12 = 2023 | team13 = Bishrelt Metal | years13 = 2024 | team14 = Al-Jaish | years14 = 2024 | nationalyears1 = 2017 | nationalteam1 = Nigeria | highlights = * NCAA champion (2016) * Big East Co-Most Improved Player (2014) * Honorable Mention All-Big East (2015, 2016) * AfroBasket silver medalist (2017) }} '''Daniel Hassan Ochefu''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan asalin Najeriya da aka haifa a [[Baltimore]], Maryland, a Amurka. Yana taka leda a matsayin ''center'' ko ''power forward'', kuma tsayinsa ya kai ƙafa 6 da inci 11 (mita 2.11). Ya taka leda a matakin jami'a da [[Villanova University]], inda ya taimaka wa Wildcats lashe gasar NCAA a shekarar 2016, sannan ya taka leda na ɗan lokaci a NBA tare da [[Washington Wizards]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/239712-daniel-ochefu |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Ochefu yana da alaƙa da Najeriya ta bangaren iyalinsa. Lokacin yana yaro, iyalinsa sun koma [[Lagos]], Najeriya, inda suka shafe sama da shekaru biyu. Wannan zaman a Najeriya ya ba shi damar sanin asalin iyalinsa da kuma kusanci da 'yan uwansa. A lokacin da yake Najeriya, ya fi yawan buga ƙwallon ƙafa saboda rashin samun damar buga ƙwallon kwando akai-akai, kafin daga baya ya koma Amurka ya sake mayar da hankali kan ƙwallon kwando. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Notebook: Ochefu Chased His Hoops Dream |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/news/2012/10/5/Nova_Notebook_Ochefu_Chased_His_Hoops_Dream.aspx |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ochefu a Baltimore, Maryland, a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1993. Iyayensa su ne Hassan da Elizabeth Ochefu. Yayin da yake makarantar sakandare, ya halarci Westtown School kafin ya kammala karatunsa a Downingtown East High School da ke Pennsylvania. A Westtown, ya kasance ɗan wasa mai tasiri sosai, inda a shekararsa ta uku ya samu matsakaicin maki 16 da rebounds 12 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Westtown School, Ochefu ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan matasan 'yan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka. An saka shi a matsayi na 54 a jerin ''Top 100 players'' na ajinsa na shekarar 2012. Bayan ya koma Downingtown East, ya ci gaba da samun kulawa daga jami'o'in Amurka da dama, ciki har da Georgetown, Temple, Texas da Villanova. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Lokacinsa a Najeriya == A lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12, iyayen Ochefu suka yanke shawarar komawa Najeriya tare da 'ya'yansu domin su san tushen iyalinsu kuma su zauna kusa da 'yan uwa. Iyalin sun zauna a Lagos fiye da shekaru biyu. A wannan lokacin, Ochefu ya fi mayar da hankali kan karatun makaranta da ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya taka leda a matsayin ''midfielder''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Notebook: Ochefu Chased His Hoops Dream |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/news/2012/10/5/Nova_Notebook_Ochefu_Chased_His_Hoops_Dream.aspx |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Yayin zaman Ochefu a Najeriya, damar buga ƙwallon kwando ba ta kasance mai yawa ba. Ya bayyana cewa a wannan lokacin yana iya buga ƙwallon kwando kusan sau ɗaya a wata, yayin da ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasance wasan da ya fi samu damar shiga. Bayan ya koma Amurka yana da shekara 14, ya sake komawa ga ƙwallon kwando kuma ya fara samun ci gaba cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Notebook: Ochefu Chased His Hoops Dream |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/news/2012/10/5/Nova_Notebook_Ochefu_Chased_His_Hoops_Dream.aspx |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Aikin jami'a == A shekarar 2012, Ochefu ya shiga Villanova University domin ci gaba da karatu da kuma buga ƙwallon kwando a ƙungiyar Villanova Wildcats. A kakarsa ta farko, ya kasance madadin babban ''center'' Mouphtaou Yarou, kuma ya buga wasanni 34. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 3.5 da rebounds 4.1 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2013–14, Ochefu ya samu ƙarin muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar. Ya buga wasanni 34, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.7, rebounds 6.1, assists 1.4 da blocks 1.5 a kowane wasa. Saboda ci gaban da ya nuna, an ba shi lambar ''Big East Co-Most Improved Player'' tare da abokin wasansa Darrun Hilliard. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Notebook: Ochefu Eager to Take Another Step Forward in 2014-15 |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/news/2014/9/17/Nova_Notebook_Ochefu_Eager_to_Take_Another_Step_Forward_in_2014-15.aspx |access-date=12 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kakar 2014–15, Ochefu ya kara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Villanova. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.2 da rebounds 8.5 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya jagoranci Big East wajen ingancin bugun ƙwallo daga filin wasa da kashi 64.4 cikin 100. A ƙarshen kakar an zaɓe shi cikin ''Honorable Mention All-Big East'' kuma ya samu lambar Philadelphia Big Five Most Improved Player. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2015–16, wato shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Villanova, Ochefu ya samu matsakaicin maki 10.0 da rebounds 7.5 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma samu maki 1,015 da rebounds 929 a dukkan wasannin jami'a guda 141 da ya buga, abin da ya sanya shi cikin 'yan wasa bakwai kacal a tarihin Villanova da suka samu aƙalla maki 1,000 da rebounds 900. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2016, Ochefu ya kafa sabon tarihin maki mafi yawa a wasansa na jami'a lokacin da ya zura maki 25 a nasarar Villanova da ci 73–63 kan St. John's. Ya yi nasarar zura 11 daga cikin harbe-harbensa 14 daga filin wasa a wannan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Gasar NCAA ta 2016 == Babban abin da ya fi bayyana aikin Ochefu a jami'a shi ne taimakonsa wajen lashe gasar NCAA tare da Villanova a shekarar 2016. A wasan ƙarshe da aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2016, Villanova ta doke North Carolina da ci 77–74, inda ta lashe gasar NCAA a karo na biyu a tarihin makarantar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Ochefu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tafiyar Villanova zuwa kambun ƙasa, musamman saboda ƙarfinsa wajen kare kwando, karɓar rebounds da kuma taimakawa wajen kai ƙwallo cikin ''post''. Villanova ta bayyana cewa dabarun tsaronsa da iya karɓar ƙwallo sun kasance muhimman abubuwan da suka taimaka wa ƙungiyar a gasar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Shiga NBA == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Villanova, Ochefu ya shiga shirye-shiryen NBA a shekarar 2016. Ba a zaɓe shi a cikin ''NBA Draft'' na 2016 ba, amma daga baya ya samu damar shiga ƙungiyar Washington Wizards, inda ya shiga horo da kuma gasar ''Summer League'' kafin ya samu kwantiragin NBA. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=NBA |url=https://www.nba.com/player/1627849/daniel-ochefu |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Ochefu ya fara buga wasan NBA a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2016 a wasan da Washington Wizards ta yi da Atlanta Hawks. A kakar 2016–17 ya buga wasanni 19 na NBA, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.3 da rebounds 1.2 a kowane wasa, tare da mintuna 3.9 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=NBA |url=https://www.nba.com/player/1627849/daniel-ochefu |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A cikin wasannin NBA na kakar 2016–17, Ochefu ya buga wasanni 19 a matsayin ɗan wasan Washington Wizards. Kididdigar Basketball-Reference ta nuna cewa ya yi harbin filin wasa da kashi 44.4 cikin 100, ya samu rebounds 1.2 da assists 0.2 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya samu jimillar maki 25 a kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu Stats |work=Basketball-Reference |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/o/ochefda01.html |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Ochefu ya kuma buga wasanni huɗu a ''NBA Playoffs'' na shekarar 2017 tare da Washington Wizards. A cikin waɗannan wasannin, ya samu matsakaicin mintuna 1.3 a kowane wasa, tare da rebounds 0.3 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu Stats |work=Basketball-Reference |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/o/ochefda01.html |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == NBA G League == Bayan zamaninsa a Washington Wizards, Ochefu ya ci gaba da buga ƙwallon kwando a NBA G League. Ya shiga Maine Red Claws, sannan daga baya Windy City Bulls da Reno Bighorns, kafin ya koma Stockton Kings. A waɗannan matakai ya samu damar samun karin mintuna a filin wasa da kuma nuna kwarewarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ''center''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=NBA G League |url=https://gleague.nba.com/player/1627849 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Stockton Kings a kakar 2018–19, Ochefu ya fara wasanni 39 kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 14.3 da rebounds 8.8 a kowane wasa, tare da assists 2.2 da blocks 1.0. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun lokutansa na ƙwallon kwando bayan ya bar Villanova. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu, poderío interior para o Cafés Candelas Breogán |work=CB Breogán |url=https://www.cbbreogan.com/es/daniel-ochefu-poderio-interior-para-o-cafes-candelas-breogan |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Wasan ƙwallon kwando a Turai == A watan Maris 2019, Ochefu ya koma Spain domin buga wa Cafés Candelas Breogán a gasar Liga ACB. Ya buga wasanni huɗu a gasar, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 4.5 da rebounds 3.8 da blocks 1.0 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=ACB |url=https://acb.com/es/liga/jugadores/daniel-ochefu-30000011 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A jimillar wasannin hudu da ya buga wa Breogán, Ochefu ya zura maki 18, ya samu rebounds 15 da assists guda ɗaya, sannan ya yi blocks huɗu. Ya yi nasarar zura 46.2% na harbin filin wasa da kuma 50% na bugun ''free throw''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018-19 Stats - Cafés Candelas Breogán |work=Basketball-Reference |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/teams/breogan/2019.html |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Bayan Spain, Ochefu ya koma Japan domin buga wa Ibaraki Robots a shekarar 2019. Daga baya ya ci gaba da aikin ƙwallon kwando a ƙasashe daban-daban, ciki har da Koriya ta Kudu, Mexico, Philippines, Lebanon, Venezuela, Taiwan, Mongolia da Syria. Wannan ya sanya aikinsa na ƙwararru ya kasance mai faɗi sosai a nahiyoyi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/239712-daniel-ochefu |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Wakilcin Najeriya == Saboda asalinsa na Najeriya, Ochefu ya samu damar wakiltar [[Nigeria national basketball team|tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya]]. A shekarar 2017, an zaɓe shi cikin tawagar Najeriya da ta shiga gasar [[FIBA AfroBasket 2017]] da aka gudanar a Tunisia da Senegal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu - Nigeria |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/179-fiba-afrobasket/10652/players/239712-daniel-ochefu/ |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A gasar AfroBasket ta 2017, Ochefu ya buga wasanni biyar ga Najeriya. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.0, rebounds 5.8 da assists 0.8 a kowane wasa. Jimillar kididdigarsa ta nuna cewa ya samu maki 25 da rebounds 29 a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu - Nigeria |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/179-fiba-afrobasket/10652/players/239712-daniel-ochefu/ |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A wasan quarter-final na AfroBasket 2017 da Najeriya ta yi da Kamaru, Ochefu ya samu maki 8 da rebounds 10, tare da assists biyu da blocks biyu. Ya yi harbi 3 cikin 3 daga filin wasa, sannan ya yi harbin free throw biyu cikin biyu. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wasanninsa mafi kyau a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu - Nigeria |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/179-fiba-afrobasket/10652/players/239712-daniel-ochefu/ |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Najeriya ta kai wasan ƙarshe na AfroBasket 2017, inda ta fuskanci Tunisia. Ochefu ya buga mintuna 15 a wasan ƙarshe, ya samu rebounds biyu da steal guda ɗaya, amma bai samu maki ba. Najeriya ta kare gasar a matsayi na biyu, inda ta samu lambar azurfa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu - Nigeria |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/179-fiba-afrobasket/10652/players/239712-daniel-ochefu/ |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Wasannin ƙarshe na ƙwararru == A shekarar 2023, Ochefu ya ci gaba da buga ƙwallon kwando a kasashe daban-daban. FIBA ta rubuta cewa a gasar WASL ta 2023 tare da Al Riyadi, ya buga wasanni biyar kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 11.4, rebounds 8.8 da assists 1.2 a kowane wasa, tare da ƙimar ''efficiency'' 16.8. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/239712-daniel-ochefu |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Ochefu ya shiga Bishrelt Metal ta Mongolia domin buga wasannin neman shiga Basketball Champions League Asia. A wasanni biyu da FIBA ta lissafa, ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.5, rebounds 5.5 da assists 2.5 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/239712-daniel-ochefu |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Bayan Mongolia, Ochefu ya koma Syria inda ya buga wa Al-Jaish a shekarar 2024. Daga baya, a shekarar 2026, ya samu damar komawa Philippines domin taka wa Blackwater Bossing leda a PBA Commissioner's Cup. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bacnis |first=Justine |date=21 March 2026 |title=Blackwater replaces Daniel Ochefu with Robert Upshaw |work=Tiebreaker Times |url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/blackwater-replaces-daniel-ochefu-with-robert-upshaw/369277 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Zaman Ochefu da Blackwater Bossing bai daɗe ba. Ya buga wasanni biyu ne kawai kafin ƙungiyar ta maye gurbinsa da Robert Upshaw a ranar 21 ga Maris 2026. A cewar rahoton Tiebreaker Times, Ochefu ya buga wasannin biyu na farko na ƙungiyar a Commissioner's Cup kafin a kawo sabon ''import''. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bacnis |first=Justine |date=21 March 2026 |title=Blackwater replaces Daniel Ochefu with Robert Upshaw |work=Tiebreaker Times |url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/blackwater-replaces-daniel-ochefu-with-robert-upshaw/369277 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Ochefu ya kasance babban ɗan wasan ''center'' mai tsayi da ƙarfi, wanda ya fi ƙwarewa wajen karɓar rebounds, kare ''paint'' da kuma yin aiki kusa da kwandon. A Villanova, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai kyawawan hannaye, fahimtar tsaro da kuma iya taimakawa wajen ciyar da abokan wasa da ƙwallo zuwa ''post''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Tsayinsa na santimita 211 ya ba shi muhimmiyar fa'ida a ƙarƙashin kwando. A lokacin aikinsa a Villanova, ya tara rebounds 929 da blocks 182 a wasanni 141, abin da ya nuna muhimmancin aikinsa wajen kare kwando da kuma samun mallakar ƙwallo bayan harbi da bai shiga ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''NCAA champion''' — 2016, tare da Villanova. * '''Big East Co-Most Improved Player''' — 2014. * '''Honorable Mention All-Big East''' — 2015 da 2016. * '''Second Team All-Philadelphia Big Five''' — 2016. * '''AfroBasket silver medalist''' — 2017 tare da Najeriya. * Ya buga NBA tare da Washington Wizards. * Ya buga gasar FIBA AfroBasket tare da Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu |work=Villanova University |url=https://villanova.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/daniel-ochefu/430 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Kididdigar NBA == {| class="wikitable" ! Kaka ! Ƙungiya ! Wasanni ! Minti ! Maki ! Rebounds ! Assists |- | 2016–17 | [[Washington Wizards]] | 19 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.2 |} Kididdigar NBA ta Daniel Ochefu ta ƙunshi wasanni 19 a kakar 2016–17. A waɗannan wasannin ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.3, rebounds 1.2 da assists 0.2 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya yi nasarar kashi 44.4% na harbin filin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu Stats |work=Basketball-Reference |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/o/ochefda01.html |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Kididdigar Najeriya == {| class="wikitable" ! Gasar ! Shekara ! Wasanni ! PPG ! RPG ! APG |- | [[FIBA AfroBasket]] | 2017 | 5 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 0.8 |} A gasar FIBA AfroBasket ta 2017, Ochefu ya buga wasanni biyar kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.0, rebounds 5.8 da assists 0.8 a kowane wasa. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya a bangaren karɓar rebounds yayin gasar da Najeriya ta kare a matsayi na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Ochefu - Nigeria |work=FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/179-fiba-afrobasket/10652/players/239712-daniel-ochefu/ |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == qsxq9fi4q0g5lyfsy69moecrb1f1j1a 0 169613 965400 930308 2026-10-09T19:28:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''CBC Kilkenny''' ( Irish ) makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ce ta Roman Katolika]] wacce aka gina ta a Kilkenny, Ireland . Tana da al'adar wasanni mai ƙarfi wajen jefa ƙwallo, amma kuma tana da ƙungiyoyin wasa a wasu wasanni da yawa. A halin yanzu yana kan titin Dunningstown a Kilkenny . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CITY PLAN |url=https://kilkennycoco.ie/eng/your_council/council_meetings/kilkenny_county_council_ordinary_meetings/2021-council-meetings/proposed-part-8-road-network-freshford-road-to-dunningtown-presentation.pdf |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005080512/https://kilkennycoco.ie/eng/your_council/council_meetings/kilkenny_county_council_ordinary_meetings/2021-council-meetings/proposed-part-8-road-network-freshford-road-to-dunningtown-presentation.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == 'Yan uwan Kirista na Irish sun zo Kilkenny a cikin 1860. Shekaru biyar kafin wannan, an gudanar da taro tsakanin Shugabancin Ubangiji Mayor, wanda Bishop na Ossory ya nema. Taron ya yanke shawarar tara kudade don gina makarantar kuma ya gayyaci 'yan uwan Kirista, karkashin jagorancin Edmund Ignatius Rice don taimakawa lamarin. An tattara asusun kimanin £ 3,000 kuma an saka hannun jari don manufar. An amince da cewa za a aika da 'yan uwan zuwa Kilkenny kuma a samar da masauki kyauta. Kudin son rai ga ɗalibai an karɓa a dinari ɗaya, ana amfani da wannan kuɗin ne kawai don kula da makarantar. A cikin 1860 an sayi wani shafin kuma an gina babban gini. Babban bangare na wannan ci gaba har yanzu yana cikin cikakken amfani har zuwa yau kuma yana aiki a matsayin ƙofar zuwa sabbin sassan makarantar da aka gyara sosai.[1] A ranar 26 ga Satumba 1860, ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga ɗalibai da yawa; an sanya yara maza 260 a kan wannan rana amma dole ne a cire mutane da yawa saboda rashin sarari. Ya zuwa 2023, makarantar tana da dalibai sama da 850 da suka shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PDF.js viewer |url=https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://govieassets.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/270530/61550G_Subject%20Inspection_33586_20230530.pdf#page=null |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.gov.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2014 |title=Department of Education and Skills - Subject Inspection Report - C.B.S. Secondary School Kilkenny |url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Subject-Inspection-Reports-List/report11_61550G.pdf |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=education.ie |publisher=Department of Education}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, CBS Kilkenny ta canza sunanta zuwa CBC Kilkenny yayin da ta koma sabon wuri a titin Dunningstown daga tsohuwar wurin da ke titin James. == Dalibai == * John McGuinness (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) - ɗan siyasa, Teachta Dála na Carlow-Kilkenny * David Morris (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) - ƙwararren ɗan wasan snooker == Manazarta == eac23zgmdhbcvzo8ruo56msxwtaoict 0 169623 965402 930340 2026-10-09T19:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa ta Kirista, Monkstown Park''' (ko CBC Monkstown Park) wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke biyan kuɗi ga [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] da kuma Makarantar Sakandare Mai Zaman Kanta, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1856 a Monkstown, County Dublin, Ireland. Kwalejin ta isa Monkstown Park a shekarar 1950 daga Eblana Avenue da ke Dún Laoghaire ta ɗan gajeren lokaci a Tivoli Road. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2022, ya kasance a shekararsa ta 73 a fannin karatu a Monkstown Park, kuma karo na 165 a jimilla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-06 |title=CBC Monkstown Park {{pipe}} Home |url=http://www.cbcmonkstown.ie/ |access-date=2015-05-09 |publisher=Cbcmonkstown.ie}}</ref> Manufar da aka yi niyya na tsohon mai kula da kwalejin, Ikilisiyar 'yan uwan Kirista da Edmund Ignatius Rice ya kafa a 1802, ita ce ilimantar da yara maza matalauta a Ireland ta hanyar samar musu da matakan ilimi na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition – Education |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/exhibition/dublin/education.html |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=www.census.nationalarchives.ie}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan shine babban manufar makarantar lokacin da ta buɗe ƙofofinta a 1856 a Eblana Avenue a cikin abin da aka sani da Kingstown (yanzu Dún Laoghaire), garin tashar jiragen ruwa a kudancin [[Dublin]]. Yayin da shekaru suka wuce, manufofin 'yan uwan Kirista sun kara girma kuma haka na makarantar Dún Laoghaire. A cikin shekarun 1920, makarantar tana shirya yara maza don jarrabawar jihar da aikawa da yawan ɗalibai zuwa matakin na uku. Girman yawan jama'a a Dún Laoghaire, tare da karuwar yawan jama'ar Katolika, ya haifar da karuwar bukatar makarantar. Don haka, an yanke shawarar sayen Monkstown Park a 1949 da kuma motsa dukkan sashen sakandare zuwa wannan wuri. Makarantar ta rabu, tare da sashen sakandare (wanda yanzu ake kira CBC Monkstown) yana motsawa yayin da makarantar firamare (wanda aka sani da CBS Eblana Avenue) ta kasance a asalin shafin. An bude makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta a Kwalejin Monkstown tare da Eblana Avenue da ke karbar daliban sakandare daga shekara ta 1954. The ethos of the majority of Christian Brothers schools in Ireland in the early 20th century was a strongly nationalist and Gaelic one. Those schools were known as "CBS" and played Gaelic games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Michael |date=2012-06-25 |title=GAA and Catholic Church no longer hand in glove |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/arid-20198607.html |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}</ref> However the Monkstown school, in line with their sister establishment, Christians (CBC Cork), was known as "CBC" and played rugby union as the main team game.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Continuing with that differentiation, both schools would be the only 2 of the 96 Christian Brothers schools to abstain from the Free Education Act 1967, which for the first time provided free second-level education for Irish pupils. Both remained in the fee paying sector as of 2017. Taken makarantar shine {{Lang|la|Certa Bonum Certamen}} ko "yi gwagwarmaya da kyakkyawan gwagwarmayar" kuma launuka na makaranta ja ne, baki da rawaya. == Tarihi == [[File:Eblanaavenueweb.jpg|thumb|250x250px|St Michaels Christian Brothers School Eblana Avenue, asalin jiki na CBC. Ci gaba da amfani da shi a matsayin wurin CBS Eblana har zuwa rufewa a 1992]] A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1856, Ikilisiyar 'yan uwan Kirista ta bude makaranta a Eblana Avenue a Dún Laoghaire, ko 'Kingstown' kamar yadda aka sani a lokacin. Charles Kennedy ne ya samar da shafin, dan kasuwa kuma shugaban [[Vincent de Paul|Vincent DePaul]] na gida. Wannan ya kasance kawai shekaru goma bayan Babban Yunwa, kuma ƙaura ta cika. An kira makarantar St Michaels Christian Brothers School, kuma da farko ta ilimantar da yara maza matalauta daga yankin. An nada ɗan'uwa Alphonsus Hoope a matsayin shugaban makarantar. Kingstown a cikin karni na 19 yana fadada cikin sauri tare da garin tashar jiragen ruwa yana ganin ƙarin matakai da Dublin da Kingstown Railway suna buɗewa shekaru 20 kafin makarantar. Hoope ya shirya ɗakuna biyu don koyarwa, wanda dole ne a faɗaɗa bayan makonni uku zuwa uku saboda buƙata. A cikin shekaru biyu, an gina ginin da ke da ɗalibai 400 a shafin. Kennedy da [[Vincent de Paul|Vincent DePaul]] na yankin sun tara kudade don makarantar a wani abincin dare a abin da ke yanzu Royal Marine Hotel Dún Laoghaire. Ayyukan yau da kullun na makarantar an tallafawa ne daga ''"subscriptions na son rai, wanda 'yan uwan suka nema kuma suka tattara"''.<ref name="books.google.ie">{{Cite journal |date=1859 |title=Hoope v Sir Richard Griffith, 1st Baronet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7wtAAAAIAAJ&q=christian+brothers+kingstown&pg=PA223 |journal=The Irish Jurist |volume=11 |access-date=2015-05-09}}</ref> Gidan 'yan uwa na lokacin yana bayan babban ginin makarantar. Akwai 'yan'uwa 6 da ke zaune a filin makarantar, wani gini da ya bambanta da babban ɗakin makarantar. Gidan makarantar ya kasance mai daraja a 1859 a £ 60.<ref name="books.google.ie" /> A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, yawancin tsoffin ɗaliban makarantar sun tafi yaƙi a yaƙin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Irishmen 200,000 da suka shiga cikin ƙoƙarin yaƙi. Yankin Dún Laoghaire ya sha wahala sama da mutuwar sojoji 500 a lokacin yakin, tare da adadi mai yawa daga cikin waɗannan da suka fito daga makaranta. Saboda wannan, mutane a Flanders sun aika da mutum-mutumi zuwa yankin don girmama matattu. An ji a lokacin cewa makarantar ta dauki shi, saboda yawancin wadanda suka mutu sun fito ne daga makarantar. Tare da sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa a lokacin duk da haka, tare da yakin neman 'yancin Irish da ke gudana, makarantar ta ki amincewa da wannan. A maimakon haka an sanya mutum-mutumi a cikin Dominican Convent a cikin garin, inda yake zaune har zuwa yau a cikin wani ɗakin da aka tsara da gangan don shi. 'Yan uwan sun ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin ilimi lokacin da Ireland ta sami 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1925 sun bar wurin su a makarantar, suka koma hanyar York da ke kusa, suna samar da ƙarin sarari ga makarantar. A wannan lokacin makarantar ta fi mayar da hankali kan sashen kwaleji, tare da karuwar gasa ta cikin gida a yankin da kuma buƙatar shirye-shiryen Inter Certificate da Leaving Certificate da ke girma yayin da sabon aji na tsakiya ya tashi a Dún Laoghaire. Dalibai na farko a reshen kwaleji na makarantar sun hada da Dan O'Herlihy da James Dooge . Makarantar da ke Eblana ta bunƙasa har ya zama ba zai yiwu a karɓi sassan firamare da sakandare a cikin gine-ginen karni na 19, tare da zauren Ikklisiya na Dún Laoghaire sau da yawa ana amfani da shi don gudanar da azuzuwan. Bugu da ƙari, shafin Dún Laoghaire birni ne, ba tare da sararin samaniya a shafin ba. An ji wannan don hana kwalejin a kan sauran makarantun cikin gida waɗanda zasu iya samar da wasanni a shafin ga ɗaliban su, wuraren da karuwar yawan jama'a na tsakiya na yankin ke tsammani.[1] Saboda haka an nemi sabon shafin don wani ɓangare na makarantar.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 93zhvglaadp0cxnr295onjejfwhf0av 0 169686 965281 930577 2026-10-09T15:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zane-zane na Asiya Biennial''' wani nau'in fasaha ne na zamani wanda Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Taiwan na Ƙasa ke shiryawa a [[Taichung]], [[Taiwan]] . An fara ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007 da manufar "bincika ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke ba da haske ga gaskiyar zamani" a [[Asiya]], "sauƙaƙa tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu ta hanyar fasaha" da kuma "haɓaka fahimtar ra'ayoyin al'adu na Asiya" da kuma kerawa mai ƙarfi ta fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Art Biennial (Taiwan) |url=http://biennialfoundation.dreamhosters.com/biennials/asian-art-biennial-taiwan/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Biennial Foundation |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Asian Art Biennial in Taichung, Taiwan |url=https://universes.art/en/asian-art-biennial |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=universes.art |language=en-US}}</ref> Babban mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Fasaha na Taiwan TSAI Chao-Yi ne ya shirya bugu biyu na farko na Biennial, a shekarar 2007 da 2009. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, mai kula da nunin faifai Iris Shu-Ping Huang ta ɗauki wannan matsayin. <ref name=":0" /> Biennial ya fara gayyatar baƙi masu kula da shi don bugu na 6 a shekarar 2017 kuma ƙungiyoyin masu kula da shi sun shirya shi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin masu kula da shi guda biyu ko fiye daga ƙasashe da yankuna daban-daban na Asiya a bugu na gaba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Negotiating the Future: 2017 Asian Art Biennial |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/library/negotiating-the-future-2017-asian-art-biennial-2017 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Asian Art Biennial 2019 |url=https://artreview.com/ara-winter-2019-review-asian-art-biennial/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=artreview.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Phantasmapolis - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/423951/phantasmapolis/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == * ''Shin Ka Ci Abinci Tukunna?'' Fasaha ta Asiya ta 1 a kowace shekara, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=2007 Asian Art Biennial - Have You Eaten Yet? |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/library/2007-asian-art-biennial-have-you-eaten-yet-2007 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ra'ayoyi da Wuraren Kallo'', Fasaha ta Asiya ta 2 a Shekara Biyu, 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 Asian Art Biennial - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/37431/2009-asian-art-biennial/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Medi(T)ation'', 3rd Asian Art Biennial, 2011, wanda Iris Shu-Ping Huang ya shirya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medi(t)ation - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/34740/medi-t-ation/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Rayuwar Yau da Kullum'', 4th Asian Art Biennial, 2013, wanda Iris Shu-Ping Huang ya shirya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Art Biennial 2013 in Taichung, Taiwan |url=https://universes.art/en/asian-art-biennial/2013 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=universes.art |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Motsin Mawaki'', 5th Asian Art Biennial, 2015, wanda Iris Shu-Ping Huang ta shirya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Making Movement—2015 Asian Art Biennial - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/28999/artist-making-movement-2015-asian-art-biennial/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Negotiating The Future'', 6th Asian Art Biennial, 2017, curated by Kenji Kubota (Japan), Ade Darmawan (Indonesia), Wassan Al-Khudhairi (Iraq), da Hsiao-Yu Lin (Taiwan) <ref name=":1" /> * ''Baƙi Daga Bayan Dutse da Teku'', Biennial na 7 na Fasahar Asiya, 2019, wanda Hsu Chia-Wei (Taiwan) da Ho Tzu Nyen (Singapore) suka shirya <ref name=":2" /> * ''Phantasmapolis'', 8th Asian Art Biennial, 2021, wanda Takamori Nobuo (Taiwan), Ho Yu-Kuan (Taiwan), Tessa Maria Guazon (Filipinas), Anushka Rajendran (Indiya), da Thanavi Chotpradit (Thailand) suka shirya <ref name=":3" /> * ''Yadda Ake Rike Numfashinku'', Biennial na 9 na Fasahar Asiya, 2024, wanda Fang Yen Hsiang (Taiwan), Anne Davidian (Armenia), Merv Espina (Philippines), Haeju Kim (Corea), Asli Bakwai (Turkiya) suka shirya <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Asian Art Biennial Review: Take a Deep Breath |url=https://artreview.com/2024-asian-art-biennial-how-to-hold-your-breath-national-taiwan-museum-of-fine-arts-taichung-review-by-zian-chen/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=artreview.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9ojsqszm8r6kk850c30hcly58b1cv2e 0 169759 965604 961407 2026-10-10T04:59:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Coláiste Phádraig (Kolejin St. Patrick) makarantar sakandare ce ta 'yan uwan Kirista don yara maza a Lucan, County Dublin, Ireland . <ref name="Mission">{{Cite web |title=Our Mission |url=http://www.colaistephadraiglucan.ie/our-school/our-mission/ |access-date=12 July 2018 |publisher=Coláiste Phádraig |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115100220/http://www.colaistephadraiglucan.ie/our-school/our-mission/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tana cikin wani yanki da ake kira Roselawn tare da babban harabar da ta haɗa da kotunan kwando guda uku, filin kwallon kafa guda biyu, babban ginin makaranta da kuma zauren wasanni na zamani wanda ya haɗa da dakin motsa jiki na makaranta. Coláiste Phádraig na daga cikin makarantun Edmund Rice Trust.<ref name="ERST">{{Cite web |title=Coláiste Phádraig, an Edmund Rice school |url=http://www.erst.ie/our-schools/detail/colaiste-phadraig |access-date=12 July 2018 |publisher=Edmund Rice Schools Trust}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe makarantar a watan Satumba na shekarar 1969, kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarta ta ƙunshi malamai biyu kacal da ɗalibai arba'in da biyar. <ref name="Stair">{{Cite web |title=School History |url=http://www.colaistephadraiglucan.ie/our-school/school-history/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Coláiste Phádraig}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An koyar da darussa na farko a cikin gabatarwa ɗaya kawai. A shekarun 1970, domin a daidaita yawan ɗalibai, an ƙara ƙarin zane-zane kafin a fara gina sabon ginin makaranta, wanda daga ƙarshe aka buɗe shi a shekarar 1978. <ref name="Stair" /> An ƙara samun ci gaba da bunƙasa, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan ma'aikatan makarantar zuwa talatin a ƙarshen shekaru goma. <ref name="Stair" /> Duk da haka, da yawan jama'a da ke Lucan ya ƙaru, <ref name="Pop">{{Cite web |title=Census of Population 2016 - Preliminary Results |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminaryresults/geochan/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Central Statistics Office}}</ref> ginin makarantar da ke akwai bai ƙara girma ba, don haka aka gina babban faɗaɗa a shekarar 2004 don faɗaɗa sawun makarantar. <ref name="RoinnOideachas">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2008 |title=Whole School Evaluation Report - Coláiste Phádraig Lucan |url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/report3_60264A.htm |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Department of Education}}</ref> An ƙara ƙarin wurin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta da kimiyya da ɗakin karatu na sana'o'i ban da sabbin ɗakunan aikin ƙarfe da na katako da kuma wurin motsa jiki. A farkon shekarar 2023, an gina sabon bene mai hawa biyu a kudu maso yammacin ginin da ke yanzu. Ya ƙunshi azuzuwa 7 na yau da kullun, sashin buƙatu na musamman, da kuma ɗakin karatu. An fara amfani da shi a watan Yuni, ɗaliban makarantar 'yan mata ta kusa, Kwalejin St. Joseph, inda suka kammala karatunsu na kammala karatunsu yayin da ake gyaran makarantarsu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, akwai malamai 57 a makarantar, inda ɗalibai 704 ke halarta. <ref name="RoinnOideachas2">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2015 |title=Whole School Evaluation - Management, Leadership, and Learning |url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/report15_60264A.pdf |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Department of Education}}</ref> <ref name="IrTimes2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title=Post-primary schools enrolment figures |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/collection/post-primary-schools/#20242025 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.gov.ie |language=en}}</ref> Tom O'Meara shine shugaban makarantar a yanzu, yayin da Tony Canning da Kevin Carey su ne mataimakan shugaban makarantar a yanzu. <ref name="IrTimes2">{{Cite web |title=Coláiste Phádraig CBS, Lucan |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/feeder-schools/colaiste-phadraig-cbs/60264A |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=The Irish Times}}</ref> An gina lambun tunawa, ban da kyautar ɗalibai, a makarantar ga Mark O'Neill, ɗalibi wanda ya mutu yayin da yake halartar makarantar. <ref name="ERST2">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Coláiste Phádraig CBS Lucan |url=http://www.erst.ie/uploads/Siol_issue4_web.pdf |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Edmund Rice Schools Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117095550/http://www.erst.ie/uploads/Siol_issue4_web.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Johnny McCaffery - tsohon kyaftin na ƙungiyar wasan jifa [[Dublin|ta Dublin]] . * Derek McGrath (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) - tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC]] * Bryan McMahon - mai buga ganga tare da Sarakunan Spain na gaba * Darragh Markey - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da St. Patrick's Athletic, wanda ya lashe gasar Centenary Shield tare da Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ireland reclaim centenary shield |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/dublin/ireland-reclaim-centenary-shield/31168257.html |access-date=12 July 2018 |publisher=Herald}}</ref> * Salvatore na Lucan - mai zane * Daithí de Róiste - tsohon magajin garin Dublin == Ayyukan waje na makaranta == Makarantar tana gudanar da jerin ayyukan da ba na manhaja ba. Makarantar tana ci gaba da shiga gasar BT Young Scientist, kuma ta samar da kyaututtuka da dama a baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Young Scientist exhibition: Category winners |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/bt-young-scientist-exhibition-category-winners-1.2936674}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Young Scientist top award won by teen alcohol project |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/bt-young-scientist-top-award-won-by-teen-alcohol-project-1.2060925?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/bt-young-scientist-top-award-won-by-teen-alcohol-project-1.2060925}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekarar farko ta makarantar ta lashe Kofin Leinster, gasar makarantu da FAI ta shirya. Wannan ya biyo bayan nasarori makamancin haka a shekarar 2016. <ref name="FAI">{{Cite web |title=Leinster Post Primary Boys - Results |url=http://www.faischools.ie/leinster/post-primary-boys/results?page=1&field_date_value%5Bvalue%5D&order=field_team_a&sort=asc |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Football Association of Ireland}}</ref> Kwanan nan, makarantar ta gabatar da [[Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby|ƙungiyoyin rugby]], [[kurket]], hockey, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙarshe, da kuma ƙungiyar muhawara, <ref name="RoinnOideachas2" /> waɗanda ke fafatawa a gasa kamar Gasar Makarantu, wadda Oxford Union ta shirya. <ref name="Ox">{{Cite web |title=Oxford Schools Debates |url=https://www.oxfordschools.net/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Oxford Schools Union}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, makarantar tana shirya gasar ƙungiyoyi 5 don ayyukan agaji, wacce aka sanya wa suna don girmama Mark O'Neill. <ref name="Hark">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2015 |title=West Dublin: School hopes to raise €2k |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/west-dublin-school-hopes-to-raise-2k/31217839.html |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=The Evening Herald}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, makarantar ta zama Zakaran All-Ireland a matakin 'A' a ƙwallon kwando na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 bayan wani gagarumin ci gaba a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coláiste Phádraig clinch National title |url=http://www.echo.ie/sport/article/colaiste-phadraig-clinch-national-title |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905015646/https://www.echo.ie//sport/article/colaiste-phadraig-clinch-national-title |archive-date=2019-09-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heartbreak for Regina Mundi |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/other-sports/heartbreak-for-regina-mundi-as-ballyshannon-secure-all-ireland-crown-378177.html |access-date=12 July 2018 |publisher=Irish Examiner}}</ref> Har ila yau makarantar ta yi suna saboda shiga cikin gasa da yawa [[Harshen Irish|na Yaren Irish]] kamar Feachtas ''Tráth na gCéist'', wanda ta yi nasara sau uku <ref>{{Cite web |title=GAILEARAÍ: An ceann is fearr faighte ag Coláiste Phádraig, Leamhcán ar 27 scoil eile ag tráth na gceist Feachtas |url=https://tuairisc.ie/gailearai-an-ceann-is-fearr-faighte-ag-colaiste-phadraig-leamhcan-ar-27-scoil-eile-ag-trath-na-gceist-feachtas/ |access-date=11 July 2018 |publisher=Tuairisc}}</ref> <ref name="Newsletter2">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=Tráth na gCeist |url=http://www.lucannewsletter.ie/archive/mar182018.pdf |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014536/http://www.lucannewsletter.ie/archive/mar182018.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da yawancin gasa na muhawara na Irish. <ref name="Newsletter1">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2017 |title=Lucan Newsletter |url=http://www.lucannewsletter.ie/archive/dec172017.pdf |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712152434/http://www.lucannewsletter.ie/archive/dec172017.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Saboda waɗannan nasarorin, ana ɗaukar Coláiste Phadráig CBS ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun makarantun da ba Gaelscoil ba wajen koyarwa da haɓaka Gaeilge a matsayin harshe. <ref name="Newsletter1" /> Makarantar kuma tana tallafawa Seachtain na Gaeilge (makon yaren Irish) kowace shekara. == Kayan aiki == Makarantar tana da kayan aiki na zamani da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyar, ɗakunan kwamfuta guda huɗu, ɗakin aikin ƙarfe da na katako, ɗakin tattalin arziki na gida, babban kanti da kuma ɗakin karatu inda ake gudanar da duk jarrabawar jiha (Takardar Shaidar Ƙarami da Takaddun Shaida ). A waje, akwai filin wasa na yara ƙanana da na manya, filin wasa na ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gaelic da filin wasa na jefar da motoci ga masu kallon makarantar da kuma filayen wasan ƙwallon kwando guda biyu. Ana kuma sanya kwallayen ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin yadi. Akwai wani babban zauren wasanni kusa da ginin makarantar wanda aka gyara kwanan nan. Yana da wuraren wasan tennis, ƙwallon ƙafa, hockey, badminton, da ƙwallon kwando . Haka kuma yana ɗauke da wani ɗakin motsa jiki na zamani wanda ɗalibai da malamai ke amfani da shi. [1] An zaɓi makarantar, wacce ke da ɗakunan kwamfuta da yawa, <ref name="Áiseanna">{{Cite web |title=School Facilities |url=http://www.colaistephadraiglucan.ie/information/school-facilities/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=Coláiste Phádraig Lucan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115101437/http://www.colaistephadraiglucan.ie/information/school-facilities/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin makarantar gwaji don koyar da kimiyyar kwamfuta a matsayin darasin kammala karatun digiri . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=First computer science Leaving Cert exam set for 2020 |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/first-computer-science-leaving-cert-exam-set-for-2020-821190.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == gpojuc8x79zwmlitc13n4vn43akvgzc 0 169760 965406 930969 2026-10-09T19:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta St Vincent''', ko '''{{Abbr|CBS|Christian Brothers School}} ta St Vincent''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Average Irish Secondary School (1971) |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0224/770530-education-costs-money/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=RTÉ Archives}}</ref> wata makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta ta Katolika a Glasnevin, [[Dublin]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]].<ref name="schooldays">{{Cite web |title=St Vincents, Glasnevin, Dublin City 11 on SchoolDays.ie |url=http://www.schooldays.ie/school/st-vincents-c.b.s.-glasnevin-rollnumber-60400F |access-date=5 September 2015 |website=Schooldays.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821102856/http://www.schooldays.ie/school/st-vincents-c.b.s.-glasnevin-rollnumber-60400F |archive-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji a ƙarƙashin kulawar Edmund Rice Schools Trust . <ref name="report2017">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2017 |title=Whole School Evaluation Management, Leadership and Learning Report - Saint Vincent's C.B.S. Glasnevin |url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/60400F_WSEMLLPP_6231_20171102.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822232605/https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Whole-School-Evaluation-Reports-List/60400F_WSEMLLPP_6231_20171102.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2021 |website=education.ie |publisher=Department of Education |quote=Saint Vincent's C.B.S, Glasnevin is a voluntary Catholic secondary school under the trusteeship of the Edmund Rice Schools Trust (ERST). The school has a current enrolment of 375 boys}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2017, makarantar sakandare ta CBS ta St Vincent tana da rajistar yara maza 375.<ref name="report2017" /> == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1856, lokacin da Ƙungiyar St Vincent de Paul ta sayi gini a Mountbrown, Kilmainham . <ref name="primaryhistory">{{Cite web |title=School History |url=http://www.vincentsprimary.com/history.html |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=vincentsprimary.com |publisher=St. Vincent's Primary School}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cikin shekara guda, wannan ginin ya zama ƙarami kuma an sayi fili a mahadar titin Finglas da titin Botanic da ke Glasnevin . <ref name="primaryhistory" /> An gina wani gini <ref name="nli">{{Cite web |year=1865 |title=Image: L_ROY_01131.jpg |url=http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000325622/Image?lookfor=http://www.nli.ie/glassplates/L_ROY/L_ROY_01131.jpg |access-date=5 September 2015 |website=Catalogue.nli.ie}}</ref> <ref name="nli2">{{Cite web |year=1880 |title=Image: L_ROY_01130.jpg |url=http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000040808/Image?lookfor=http://www.nli.ie/glassplates/L_ROY/L_ROY_01130.jpg |access-date=5 September 2015 |website=Catalogue.nli.ie}}</ref> a wurin da aka gina ginin gidaje na Dalcassian Downs daga baya. <ref name="primaryhistory" /> An buɗe wannan makaranta a shekarar 1860 kuma tana da masauki ga yara maza 150 da ke zaune a gidajen kwanansu, <ref name="primaryhistory" /> wuraren koyarwa, da kuma gona da ke samar da madara da kayan lambu. <ref name="primaryhistory" /> Da farko ƙungiyar Ruhu Mai Tsarki (Ruhohi) ce ke gudanar da ita, a shekarar 1863 ƙungiyar 'yan'uwa Kirista ta karɓi ragamar. An yi wa yara maza rajista a ranar daga Janairu 1927, kuma an buɗe sabon ginin makarantar firamare a 1939. <ref name="primaryhistory" /> A lokacin cika shekaru 100 a shekarar 1956, har yanzu akwai masu yawon bude ido 140 a yankin kuma har yanzu gonar tana aiki. <ref name="primaryhistory" /> Makarantar sakandare ta ci gaba da aiki a tsohon ginin har sai da aka buɗe sabbin gine-gine a shekarar 1964. [1] Makarantar ta ci gaba da karatu har zuwa shekarar 1973 lokacin da makarantar ta zama makarantar kwana gaba ɗaya. An gina wurin ninkaya a shekarar 1968 da kuma ɗakin wasanni a shekarar 1976. [2] (Wurin wankan ya rufe a ƙarshen shekarar 2009, saboda "rashin kuɗin da ake buƙata don gyara"). [2] Babban titin makarantar yanzu yana kan titin Finglas da ke Glasnevin, Dublin 11, a gaban makabartar Glasnevin . Bayan makarantar sakandare, da kuma tsakaninta da filin wasa, akwai makarantar firamare ta St Vincent. Tsohon shugaban makarantar sakandare ta St. Vincent, John Horan, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban GAA daga 2018 zuwa 2021.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} == Kayan aiki == An gyara makarantar kwanan nan,  gami da sabbin kayan aiki don dakunan gwaje-gwajen sinadarai, kimiyyar lissafi da kwamfuta, da kuma faɗaɗa kayan aikin fasahar zane-zane da sana'o'i, fasahar gini da ɗakin karatu a cikin 2017.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} Makarantar tana da filayen wasanni sama da eka 10.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} Babban ɗakin wasanni/ɗakin motsa jiki ya ƙunshi filin wasan hannu na gaelic, filin wasan ƙwallon kwando inda ake gudanar da manyan gasa, da sauran wurare kamar azuzuwan ƙwararru, kanti da kuma wurin ba da jawabi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} == Nasarorin == Wani ɗalibi daga makarantar (Walter Hayes) ya lashe gasar baje kolin masana kimiyya na matasa a shekarar 1967 kuma makarantar ta lashe kyautar matasa masu kirkire-kirkire a shekarar 2006.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} Dangane da wasanni, makarantar ta shahara da:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} * [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ; ƙungiya ce da aka daɗe ana kafawa: daga matakin makarantar gaba ɗaya ("Little Saints") zuwa Superleague (tun 1990: taken Superleague guda 3 (gami da 2005–06, waɗanda suka zo na biyu a 2011–12), taken Superleague Northern Conference guda 3 (gami da 2011–12), taken National Cup guda 2, taken National Championship guda 8, da taken National League guda 2 Division 1), raba tarihi tare da, da kuma ciyar da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun maza ta DCU Saints .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} * Yin iyo ; musamman yana ceton rai{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} da kuma ruwan polo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=St Vincents Water Polo Club |url=http://www.stvincentswaterpolo.club |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Stvincentswaterpolo.club}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Water-Polo tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Ireland.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} A kakar wasa ta 2013/14, ƙungiyar Water-Polo ita ce zakarun gasar Irish National League na mata da maza, da kuma waɗanda suka lashe gasar cin kofin Irish na mata da maza na ƙasa. A matakin ƙananan yara, 'Yan Mata da Maza sun lashe Kofin U/19 na Ireland.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} Sun lashe gasar maza ta All Ireland a 2023 da 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2024 |title=St Vincent's win second Water Polo Championship in a row |url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/other-sport/2024/0511/1448655-all-ireland-water-polo-championships/ |website=[[RTÉ.ie]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == l41n2o7qb4ksrittvyji22eu15haq2p 0 169929 965665 961428 2026-10-10T06:57:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  zanga-zangar Stop Line 3 jerin zanga-zambe ne da ke gudana a jihar [[Minnesota]] ta Amurka game da fadada bututun mai na Enbridge ta Line 3 tare da sabuwar hanya. An kammala sabuwar hanyar a watan Satumbar 2021, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=Enbridge says Line 3 replacement complete, opens Friday |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/09/29/enbridge-says-line-3-replacement-complete-opens-friday |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=MPR News |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan asalin ƙasar sun jagoranci juriya ga gina bututun mai, wanda ya fara biyo bayan amincewar aikin a watan Nuwamba 2020. Masu adawa da fadada bututun mai, waɗanda ake kira Masu kare ruwa, sun kafa ɗakunan bukukuwan da sansanonin juriya a kan hanyar bututun mai. Enbridge ta ba da kuɗin asusun ajiya wanda hukumomin tilasta bin doka zasu iya amfani da shi don aikin 'yan sanda da ke da alaƙa da bututun mai. Masu shirya taron sun shirya tafiye-tafiye da ayyukan gine-ginen Enbridge. Bayan toshewar tashar famfo ta Enbridge a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2021, an kama kusan mutane 250. Da yake kiran Hakkin yarjejeniya, masu shirya sun kafa sansani a bakin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]] a wani shafin da Enbridge ke da niyyar binne bututun. == Tarihi == === Hakkin Yarjejeniya === [[File:Ojibwe_map_pre-contact_blur.svg|thumb|Taswirar da aka yi kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen Anishinaabe]] Sashe na Mafi Girma na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka Mataki na VI, Sashe na 2 ya kafa yarjejeniyoyi a matsayin "Babban Dokar Ƙasar". Yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Anishinaabe da gwamnatin Amurka sun tabbatar da wasu Hakkin yarjejeniya ga membobinsu, wato haƙƙin girbi Shinkafa ta daji, kifi, farauta, da tattara tsire-tsire masu magani a ƙasashen da aka ba su. An tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a cikin Kotun Koli ta Amurka Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians . Dukkanin bututun Layin 3 da ke akwai da kuma fadada ƙasashe da aka tsara sun ba da izini a cikin yarjejeniyoyi. A cikin Yarjejeniyar La Pointe ta 1854, Ojibwe Bands na Lake Superior da Kogin Mississippi sun ba da ƙasashe a Yankin Arrowhead yayin da suke riƙe da farauta, kamun kifi da haƙƙin tattarawa. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1855, ƙungiyoyin Ojibwa guda biyu sun ba da ƙasa amma sun riƙe haƙƙoƙin amfani su. An ba da ƙarin ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tsohon Tsakiyar 1863, kodayake an riƙe haƙƙin farauta, kamun kifi da tarawa. === Enbridge da Layin 3 === [[File:Select_crude_oil_pipelines_in_the_United_States_and_Canada_as_of_October_1,_2021_(51654881015).png|thumb|Hanyar maye gurbin aikin Layin 3 ta hanyar Minnesota]] Enbridge kamfani ne na Kanada wanda ke kula da manyan hanyoyin sadarwa a Amurka. Jirgin mai na Enbridge Line 5, wanda ke da alhakin zubar da man fetur na Kogin Kalamazoo na 2010, Gwamnan Michigan Gretchen Whitmer ya soke shi a 1953 a watan Nuwamba 2020 saboda damuwa game da yiwuwar tasirin zubar da ruwa ga Great Lakes. Kamfanin Lakehead Pipeline Company yanzu Enbridge ne ya gina bututun Layin 3 a cikin shekarun 1960. Shi ne tushen zubar da mai na Layin 3 a Grand Rapids, Minnesota, mafi munin zubar da man fetur a cikin tarihin Amurka, wanda ya zubar da galan miliyan 1.7 na mai a cikin wani kogi na [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]]. Har ila yau, ita ce tushen mafi munin man fetur na biyu a tarihin Minnesota, lokacin da galan miliyan 1.3 na man fetur ya zubo a kusa da Argyle, Minnesota. Rashin lalacewar bututun Layin 3 na yanzu ya haifar da lalacewar tsarin da ya sa bututun ya kasance mai saurin zubar da ruwa da kuma zubar da mai. A matsayin matakan kariya a cikin 2008, Enbridge ya rage ƙarfin bututun zuwa ganga 390,000 a kowace rana. === zanga-zangar adawa da bututun ruwa a cikin shekarun 2010 === A cikin shekarun 2010 a Amurka, kamfen ɗin da aka yi a kan bututun mai ya sami kulawa ta kafofin watsa labarai. Wani kamfen da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke jagoranta a kan Dakota Access Pipeline wanda ke tsakiya a Standing Rock Indian Reservation ya samo asali ne daga karamin sansanin zanga-zangar don tayar da motsi na kasa da kasa game da ayyukan bututun mai. Bayan juriya ga bututun Sandpiper da aka tsara, wanda zai wuce ta hanyar kogin Mississippi da kuma wurin zama na shinkafa a Minnesota, Enbridge ya soke aikin, ya janye aikace-aikacensa a cikin 2016. Bayan shekaru na adawa da bututun Keystone XL, Gwamnatin Biden ta soke izinin ta a watan Janairun 2021. === Yaduwar da aka tsara === A cikin 2015, Enbridge ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta nemi kara karfin hanyar sadarwar bututun ta ta hanyar sake ba da Layin 3 ta hanyar sabon bututun da aka gina, mafi girma tare da wani nau'i daban, mai amfani da ke akwai. Ana gina sabon sashi na bututun mai mai mai nisan kilomita 36 "mai nisan kilomita 340 <ref name="NYT" /> tare da hanyar da ta ratsa ruwa da ƙasashen ƙabilar Anishinaabe na kakanninmu a arewacin Minnesota, yana wucewa tsakanin Leech Lake Indian Reservation, Red Lake Indian Resersvation, da White Earth Indian Reservoir. Enbridge na tsammanin kammala fadada bututun mai na dala biliyan 7.3 <ref name="NYT" /> zai kai kusan ganga 760,000 na man fetur a kowace rana. == Tattaunawar da aka yi game da bututun mai == === Damuwa da muhalli === Babban abin damuwa game da muhalli game da bututun shine yiwuwar zubar da mai. Hanyar sabon bututun mai tana gudana ta hanyar "wasu daga cikin itatuwa da wuraren da ke da ruwa a Arewacin Amurka", ta haye ruwa sama da 200, gami da [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]], tabkuna, rafi, da wuraren da ake da ruwa. Hanyar da Enbridge ta gabatar ta wuce sama da kadada 3,400 (14 ) na ruwa a cikin ƙasashe masu kariya waɗanda ke tallafawa mazaunin shinkafa na daji. man fetur na yashi, wanda ya fi nauyi fiye da na yau da kullun, yana daga cikin mafi yawan man fetur na carbon a duniya. Sanarwar tasirin muhalli ta Enbridge don Layin 3 ta bayyana cewa tasirin muhallar mai da bututun ke ɗauka zai yi daidai da hayaki na tashoshin wutar lantarki 45 lokacin da aka ƙone su, tare da wasu tan miliyan 200 na iskar gas da aka saki a kowace shekara. === "Kampunan maza" da fataucin jima'i === A cikin shekaru kafin amincewar aikin, masu adawa da bututun sun nuna damuwa cewa karuwar [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]] tare da sabon hanyar bututun zai kara rikicin mata 'yan asalin da suka ɓace da kuma kashe su.<ref name="trafficking" /> Minnesotans da ke zaune a yankunan da Enbridge ke gina fadada bututun mai sun nuna damuwa game da tasirin " sansanonin mutum" waɗanda ke da ma'aikata na wucin gadi. Zuwan mutanen da aka biya su sosai, wadanda ba na jihar ba da kamfanonin ababen more rayuwa kamar su Enbridge galibi suna haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka, musamman karuwanci, fataucin mutane, da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Enbridge ya musanta cewa matsala ce, yana mai cewa kamfanin "ya ƙi zargi cewa fataucin mutane zai karu a Minnesota sakamakon aikin maye gurbin Layin 3". An kama 'yan kwangila biyu da Enbridge ta yi aiki a lokacin da aka yi fataucin jima'i a Itasca County, Minnesota a watan Fabrairun 2021. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2021 an ruwaito cewa wani mafaka mai zaman kansa na Thief River Falls yana ba da sabis ga mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi zargin cewa ma'aikatan Enbridge sun kai musu hari. Ma'aikatan mafaka sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ana cin zarafin 'ya'yansu mata a kusa da sansanin Enbridge. An kama wasu ma'aikatan Enbridge guda biyu a cikin fataucin jima'i a Bemidji a watan Yunin 2021. === Rashin bin yarjejeniya === Wakilan kabilanci sun ce fadada bututun mai, wanda ke wucewa ta cikin ƙasashe masu kariya, keta ikon mallakar kabilansu ne. Sabuwar hanyar da aka fadada bututun tana gudana ta hanyar ruwa wanda ke tallafawa mazaunin shinkafa na gargajiya, tushen abinci mai mahimmanci ga al'adun Ojibwe. == zanga-zangar == [[File:Line_3_2467.jpg|thumb|Masu zanga-zangar suna tafiya zuwa ga kogin Mississippi, suna ɗauke da bututun mai]] Tsayayya da fadada bututun mai na Layin 3 tana karkashin jagorancin mata 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutane biyu masu ruhohi. Kungiyoyin da Ojibwe ke jagoranta ciki har da Giniw Collective, Camp Migizi, Red Lake Treaty Camp, RISE Coalition, da Honor the Earth da sauransu sun kasance a tsakiyar juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Permits And Protests: The Fight Against The Line 3 Pipeline In Minnesota |url=https://climate-xchange.org/2021/03/30/permits-and-protests-the-fight-against-the-line-3-pipeline-in-minnesota/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Climate-XChange}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar da masu zanga-zambe da ke adawa da bututun suna kiran kansu "Masu kare ruwa" kuma suna bin kamfen ɗin rashin biyayya na farar hula wanda ya haɗa da Ayyuka kai tsaye. Masu shirya suna da niyyar shawo kan gwamnatin Biden ta soke ko dakatar da izinin ruwa mai tsabta na tarayya. Gwamnan Minnesota Tim Walz bai dauki matsayi mai karfi a kan fadada bututun mai ba, wanda ya sami amincewar tarayya a karkashin Gwamnatin Trump. <ref name="AP News" /> Hamayya da bututun mai ya ci gaba a cikin tsarin izini na tsawon shekaru kuma ya ci gaba yayin da aka kalubalanci aikin. Masu adawa da bututun sun shirya zanga-zangar, a wani lokaci suna yin sansani a waje da ofisoshin Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jama'a ta Minnesota. Bayan da Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jama'a ta Minnesota da Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka suka ba da izinin karshe ga aikin, an ba shi izinin gina ruwan guguwa na Minnesota a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2020. Ginin bututun nan da nan ya fara. === Sansanonin adawa da zanga-zangar === [[File:Winona_laduke_2.jpg|thumb|Winona LaDuke tana magana a kusa da maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Mississippi]] Masu shirya al'umma sun kafa dakunan bukukuwan da sansanonin juriya tare da tsawon bututun mai. Daga cikinsu akwai Cibiyar Kare Ruwan Maraba wacce ke aiki a matsayin gabatarwa ga wasu sansanoni. Masu zanga-zangar sun taru a daya daga cikin wuraren gini na farko don bututun mai a cikin Aitkin County, Minnesota a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2021. An kama mutane takwas saboda keta doka. Makonni bayan zanga-zangar, Ofishin Sheriff na Aitkin County ya zargi wasu shugabannin motsi da laifuffuka, ta amfani da bidiyon da aka watsa a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] a matsayin shaida. Wadanda ake tuhuma sun hada da Winona LaDuke, Tara Houska, Shanai Matteson, da Tania Aubid . Tania Aubid na Mille Lacs Band na Ojibwe ya shiga yajin aikin yunwa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021. An saki wakar "No More Pipeline Blues (On This Land Where We Belong) ", wacce Larry Long ya rubuta, a [[Ranar Duniya]] a shekarar 2021. Waƙar ta haɗa da murya daga Indigo Girls, Bonnie Raitt, Mumu Fresh, Pura Fé, da kuma mawaki mai suna Joy Harjo . Wani kide-kide na watan Yunin 2021 da ake kira Kare Ruwa ya nuna mawaƙa da yawa da ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan Kogin Mississippi ciki har da Indigo Girls da mawaƙa Keith Secola da Annie Humphrey . ==== Giniw na Ƙungiya ==== Giniw Collective 'yan asalin ƙasar ne, ƙungiya mai ruhohi biyu da ke jagorantar sake haɗawa da kuma kare duniya da Tara Houska ta kafa a watan Yunin 2018. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-25 |title=Tara Houska — Giniw Collective, American Climate Leadership Awards 2021 Finalist |url=https://ecoamerica.org/tara-houska-giniw-collective-american-climate-leadership-awards-2021-finalist/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=ecoAmerica |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta dauki bakuncin dubban masu kare ruwa a sansanin ta, wanda ake kira Namewag Camp, wanda ke kusa da hanyar Layin 3 sama da shekaru uku, kuma ya ba da horo a cikin mulkin mallaka da juriya kai tsaye ba tare da tashin hankali ba.<ref name=":2" /> Rashin jituwa tare da tilasta bin doka ya kai wani lokaci lokacin da a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2021, makonni biyu bayan toshewar tashar famfo ta Inlets guda biyu da ke cikin Hubbard County, Sheriffs na Hubbard County sun yi ƙoƙari su toshe Giniw Collective da baƙi daga shiga sansanin Namewag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=Giniw Collective objects as Hubbard County Sheriff's Office barricades Indigenous camp |url=https://www.inforum.com/news/giniw-collective-objects-as-hubbard-county-sheriffs-office-barricades-indigenous-camp |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=InForum |language=en}}</ref> Cibiyar Shari'ar zanga-zangar da Litigation daga baya ta lashe umarni a kan Sheriff na Hubbard County don toshe gidan kungiyar ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDATE: Victory for Line 3 Water Protectors! Court issues restraining order against Hubbard County & Sheriff to end police blockade of Line 3 camp |url=https://www.protestlaw.org/news/line3victory |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Center for Protest Law and Litigation |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314061536/https://www.protestlaw.org/news/line3victory |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukan kai tsaye, Giniw Collective ta kaddamar da kamfen din #DefundLine3 a watan Fabrairun 2021, a matsayin memba mai kafa Stop The Money Pipeline Coalition . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pipeline |first=Stop the Money |date=2021-02-08 |title=Announcing the #DefundLine3 Campaign |url=https://stopthemoneypipeline.com/announcing-the-defundline3-campaign/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Stop the Money Pipeline |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta gayyaci kuma ta dauki bakuncin mambobi da yawa na "Squad" zuwa sansanin Namewag da kuma saduwa da shugabannin kabilun a farkon watan Satumba don wayar da kan jama'a game da yakin Layin 3, gami da Wakilin [[Ilhan Omar]], Wakilin [[Rashida Tlaib]], Wakilin Cori Bush, da Wakilin [[Ayanna Pressley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Darren |date=4 September 2021 |title=Four Democratic U.S. Congresswomen Visit Line 3 Resistance Camp in Northern Minnesota |url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/five-democratic-u-s-congresswomen-visit-line-3-resistance-camp-in-northern-minnesota |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Native News Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> An lalata mutum-mutumi na Andrew Jackson a Lafayette Square a arewacin [[White House|Fadar White House]] tare da kalmomin "Ka jira Mu" a Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar (kuma Columbus Day), Litinin, 11 ga Oktoba, 2021. Masu zanga-zangar sun kasance suna ihu "girmama mu ko sa ran mu" don mayar da martani ga bututun Layin 3 a Minnesota wanda ke gudana ta cikin ƙasashen mallakar kabilun 'yan asalin da ke damuwa cewa bututun zai iya zubowa kuma ya lalata ƙasar da suke amfani da ita don noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Severi |first=Misty |date=October 11, 2021 |title='Respect us or expect us': Andrew Jackson statue vandalized in front of White House |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/respect-us-expect-us-andrew-175100610.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422172155/https://www.yahoo.com/now/respect-us-expect-us-andrew-175100610.html |archive-date=2023-04-22 |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> == Amsar Enbridge == === Kudin ayyukan 'yan sanda === An kafa rundunar Northern Lights Task Force, hadin gwiwar tilasta bin doka, bayan amincewar jihar game da fadada Layin 3. Enbridge ce ke ba da kuɗin aikin kuma ya haɗa da hukumomin tilasta bin doka da yawa, gami da sassan Sheriff daga yankuna tare da hanyar bututun mai. Enbridge ta kafa asusun ajiya a watan Mayu 2020 wanda ke ba da damar hukumomin tilasta bin doka su jawo kudade don farashin 'yan sanda da ke da alaƙa da bututun. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, asusun ajiya ya rarraba sama da dala miliyan 7.7 ga hukumomin tilasta bin doka na Minnesota, gami da dala miliyan 2.2 ga Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa ta Minnesota.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Mike Hughlett Star |title=DNR files $2.2M bill for policing during Enbridge Line 3 construction |url=https://www.startribune.com/dnr-files-2-2m-bill-for-policing-during-enbridge-line-3-construction/600153043/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Star Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317201222/https://www.startribune.com/dnr-files-2-2m-bill-for-policing-during-enbridge-line-3-construction/600153043/ |archive-date=2022-03-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ofishin Sheriff na Cass County kadai ya tara sama da $ 327,000 na kudade don farashin 'yan sanda a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2021.<ref name="NatObs" /> Lauyan Cibiyar Shari'a da Shari'a Mara Verheyden-Hilliard ya soki asusun, yana mai cewa yana ƙarfafa tilasta bin doka "don daukar mataki a kan abokan adawar zaman lafiya na bututun". Masu zanga-zangar sun ba da rahoton sa ido daga sama ta hanyar jirage marasa matuka da kuma bin doka a cikin motoci. Kafin yin rajistar wadanda aka kama, Sheriff na Hubbard County Cory Aukes ya ɗora mutane a cikin Gidan kare-kamar gidaje a cikin tashar garage na wurinsa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ln4p06gwmdpwcmo79w2rvh650ox7sfx 0 170001 965552 931915 2026-10-10T03:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Liceo scientifico Filippo Masci''' wata makarantar sakandare ce ta jihar Italiya da ke Chieti, Abruzzo, tana ba da manhajoji daban-daban na <nowiki><i id="mwCw">liceo scientifico</i></nowiki> ga ɗalibai masu shekaru 14 zuwa 19. A shekarar 2024, an yi watsi da tsohon babban ginin don maye gurbin sabon wurin zama a tsohon wurin da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta 123 ke zaune a "Chieti", a Chieti . Babban wurin zama na makarantar da ya gabata ya ƙunshi Ɗakin Kasuwanci, Masana'antu, Noma da Fasaha na gida tun daga 1863 sannan daga baya wata makarantar sakandare ( [[Istituto Luigi di Savoia]] ). == Malamai == ''Liceo'' tana ba da manhajoji na gargajiya da na kimiyya da aka yi amfani da su a zamanin yau, har ma da ingantaccen manhaja ta Cambridge International, wacce ta fi mai da hankali kan harshen Turanci da kuma jarrabawar IGSCE, da kuma haɓaka ilimin halittu da aka kafa a ƙasa baki ɗaya ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin Ministan Ilimi na Italiya da ƙungiyar likitocin Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Il nostro liceo |url=https://www.liceomasci.edu.it/index.php/su-di-noi/il-nostro-liceo |access-date=14 May 2022 |publisher=Liceo scientifico Filippo Masci |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514171404/https://www.liceomasci.edu.it/index.php/su-di-noi/il-nostro-liceo |archive-date=14 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == Liceo scientifico Filippo Masci yana cikin licei scientifici na farko da aka buɗe a Italiya saboda 1923 Regio decreto n. 1054, wani ɓangare na gyaran Al'ummai, kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama masanin falsafa kuma ɗan siyasa na Neo-Kantian Filippo Masci [it], wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1922. Manufar ƙirƙirar irin wannan makarantun sakandare ita ce ilimantar da ɗaliban da za su zo nan gaba a fannin likitanci ko kimiyya, tare da mai da hankali kan al'adun kimiyya. A wancan lokacin ɗalibai galibi maza ne kuma 'yan asalin lardin Chieti ne, amma an haifi wasu daga cikinsu a wasu sassan Abruzzo, Molise, Marche, Argentina ko Amurka . Daga 1943 zuwa 1944, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an dakatar da darussan kuma an buɗe makarantar don ɗaukar wasu mazauna lardin Chieti [[Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa|da suka rasa matsuguni]] . A shekarar 1946, an canza sunan daga Regio Liceo Scientifico (Italiyanci don "Royal Scientific Lyceum") zuwa Liceo Scientifico Statale (Italiyanci don "State Scientific Lyceum"). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Il nostro liceo |url=https://www.liceomasci.edu.it/index.php/su-di-noi/la-storia |access-date=14 May 2022 |publisher=Liceo scientifico Filippo Masci}}</ref> Shekaru da yawa akwai azuzuwa 5 kacal, amma daga shekarun 1970 ɗaliban suka fara ƙaruwa, don haka, lokacin da ci gaban ya ƙare, akwai kimanin azuzuwa 35-40. <ref name="POF">{{Cite web |title=Piano dell'offerta formativa |url=http://www.liceomasci.it/attachments/article/117/pof_2016_2017.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192313/http://www.liceomasci.it/attachments/article/117/pof_2016_2017.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=January 4, 2018 |website=liceomasci.it |page=3 |language=Italian}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Eduscopio ya zaɓe ta a matsayin "makarantar sakandare mafi kyau a Abruzzo", wani aikin Gidauniyar [[Giovanni Agnelli]] . == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Concezio Bozzi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bozzi |first=Concezio |title=Curriculum |url=http://docente.unife.it/concezio.bozzi/curr |access-date=January 4, 2018 |publisher=[[University of Ferrara]] |quote=I am permanent research staff at [[Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare]], sezione di Ferrara, since 1998. I am currently senior research staff (2007).}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bozzi |first=Concezio |title=Curriculum Vitae |url=https://de.unife.it/facolta/scienze/incarichi-di-insegnamento-della-facolta-di-scienze-mm-ff-nn/cv-docenti-2011-2012/cv-bozzi-concezio.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070056/https://de.unife.it/facolta/scienze/incarichi-di-insegnamento-della-facolta-di-scienze-mm-ff-nn/cv-docenti-2011-2012/cv-bozzi-concezio.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-05 |access-date=February 27, 2018 |publisher=[[University of Ferrara]]}}</ref> * Maccio Capatonda, [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]], ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma [[Darakta|darektan fim]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=#Maccio Capatonda la biografia |url=https://www.floptv.tv/maccio-capatonda/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192630/https://www.floptv.tv/maccio-capatonda/ |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=January 4, 2018 |website=www.floptv.tv |language=Italian}}</ref> * {{Interlanguage link|Angelo De Luca|it}} ( [[Casalincontrada]], 1904-1975), [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|sanata]] kuma [[Ministry of Communications (Italy)|ministan sadarwa]] <ref name="POF" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheda di attività su Angelo De Luca |url=http://www.senato.it/leg/06/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00007187.htm |access-date=January 4, 2018 |publisher=[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] |language=Italian}}</ref> * Umberto Di Primio, magajin garin Chieti * Daniela Torto, mataimakiyar ƙungiyar Five Star Movement == Manazarta == rfqnza9eadhf2hbw1nw5as9t8dpqxwg 0 170004 965303 931923 2026-10-09T16:59:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biranen da ke nutsewa''' sune birane da ke cikin haɗarin ɓacewa saboda sauye-sauyen yanayin su da sauri. Mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan biranen da ba za su iya rayuwa ba sune [[Canjin yanayi da birane|tasirin canjin yanayi]] (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar hauhawar matakin teku, karuwar guguwa, da hauhawar guguwa), raguwar ƙasa, da hanzarta birni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fuchs |first=Roland |date=July 2010 |title=Cities at Risk: Asia's Coastal Cities in an Age of Climate Change |journal=Asia Pacific Issues |volume=96 |pages=1–12}}</ref> Yawancin biranen da suka fi girma a duniya suna kusa da koguna da bakin teku, suna fallasa su ga bala'o'i. An gina yankunan birni a kan filayen ambaliyar ruwa saboda dacewa da aikin gona, ci gaban birane, da cinikayya ta duniya; duk da haka, waɗannan filayen ambuyar ruwa galibi matasa ne (shekaru dubbai kawai), kuma ayyukan ɗan adam kamar hawan ruwa da ci gaban birni na iya haifar da saurin raguwa, haifar da haɗari tare da hauhawar matakin teku.<ref name="Nature_Lin_2025">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Yucheng |last2=Kopp |first2=Robert E. |last3=Xiong |first3=Haixian |last4=Hibbert |first4=Fiona D. |last5=Zheng |first5=Zhuo |last6=Yu |first6=Fengling |last7=Kumar |first7=Praveen |last8=Dangendorf |first8=Sönke |last9=Yi |first9=Hailin |last10=Zhang |first10=Yaze |display-authors=4 |date=15 October 2025 |title=Modern sea-level rise breaks 4,000-year stability in southeastern China |journal=Nature |volume=646 |issue=8086 |pages=856–864 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09600-z |pmc=12545208 |pmid=41094134}}</ref> Yayin da kasashe ke ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin mutane, dukiya, da ababen more rayuwa a cikin waɗannan biranen, yiwuwar asarar a cikin waɗannan yankuna ma yana ƙaruwa. Dole ne biranen da ke nutsewa su shawo kan manyan shingen don shirya su yadda ya kamata don yanayin muhalli na yau. == Tarihi da tarihi == === Ci gaba === Yawancin biranen da ke nutsewa suna cikin ƙasashen bakin teku. Wadannan yankuna suna da matukar damuwa ga haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da yanayi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-01 |title=Big coastal cities sink faster than seas rise - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/big-coastal-cities-sink-faster-than-seas-rise/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>, amma tun zamanin d ̄ a, an kuma fi son wuraren zama na mutane. Samun ƙasa, wadatar ruwa mai laushi daga koguna, da kuma samun dama saboda sauƙin ƙasa sun daɗe suna sanya filayen bakin teku masu mahimmanci albarkatun noma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunisch, Freeburg |first=Erin, Adam |date=November 22, 2021 |title=Coastal Settlement Patterns |url=https://home.nps.gov/articles/coastal-settlement-patterns.htm |website=National Park Service}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kusanci da hanyoyin ruwa ya ba da damar ci gaban biranen tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya zama wurare masu zafi na kasuwanci da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunero |first=Donna |date=December 22, 2021 |title=Southeast Asia's Colonial Port Cities in the 19th and 20th Centuries |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61799/chapter/546305267?searchresult=1 |website=Oxford Academic}}</ref> Biranen tashar jiragen ruwa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada tattalin arzikin yanki da na duniya, musamman daga farkon zamani ta hanyar zamanin masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Jianghao |last2=Chen |first2=Jihong |last3=Zhao |first3=Qingfeng |last4=Shi |first4=Jia |last5=She |first5=Siyang |last6=Chen |first6=Hao |date=2025-04-01 |title=The impact of port-city interaction on urban economic development: An empirical study based on coastal port cities in China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275125000708 |journal=Cities |volume=159 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2025.105770 |issn=0264-2751 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Birane, kamar [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], sun girma cikin sauri saboda wuraren da suke kewaye da ruwa. Birnin New York, da sauƙin samun damar Kogin Hudson da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Atlantic, da sauri ya zama ƙofar kasuwanci na duniya, ƙaura, da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Did New York Become a Global City? The Secrets and Key Players Behind Its Success {{!}} Your Best Tool for Abroad & Learning English |url=https://www.newyork-english.edu/academics/column/new-york/why-did-new-york-become-a-global-city-the-secrets-and-key-players-behind-its-success/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=New York English Academy |language=en}}</ref> A matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa, Birnin New York ya sami karuwar yawan jama'a da ci gaban masana'antu a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYC 1800-1840: Port City to Commercial Powerhouse Evolution |url=https://www.history101.nyc/history-of-nyc-1800-1840 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=History 101 NYC |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an gina manyan ɓangarorin birnin a kan ƙasar da aka sake dawowa da kuma cike da filayen ruwa, wanda ya sa ya fi saurin rashin kwanciyar hankali da raguwa a tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Jason |date=2024-07-15 |title=To Boldly House Where no Housing has Gone Before (Part I): New York's Land Reclamation History - Skynomics Blog |url=https://buildingtheskyline.org/reclamation-1/,%20https://buildingtheskyline.org/reclamation-1/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, mun riga mun ga tasirin wannan daga raguwar ƙasa a hankali. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Haɗarin haɗari na jiki ga biranen bakin teku da yawa ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi saurin birni, canjin yanayi, da raguwar ƙasa. Yawancin waɗannan [[Natural disaster|haɗarin halitta]] galibi [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|anthropogenic]] ne.<ref name=":0" /> A lokuta da yawa, muhimman al'amuran da ke haifar da nutsewar birane sun zama masu tsananin haɗuwa, kuma a tsawon lokaci, suna da wuya a warware su. == Manazarta == e1epbbxgr4c4zz0538owm1m3so8zlwq 0 170483 965754 953332 2026-10-10T11:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dokar Shingayen Gine-gine ta 1968 ( ABA, Pub. L. 90–480 , an tsara shi a 42 Jami'ar USC § 4151 da sauransu) Dokar Majalisa ce, wadda Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya zartar. ABA tana buƙatar cewa wuraren da aka tsara, aka gina, an canza su, ko kuma an hayar su da kudaden da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Amurka ta bayar su kasance masu sauƙi ga jama'a. Misali, yana ba da umarnin samar da wuraren wanka na nakasassu a cikin irin waɗannan gine-gine.<ref name="Anthony">{{Cite journal |last=Anthony |first=Kathryn H. and |last2=Meghan Dufresne |year=2007 |title=Potty Parity in Perspective: Gender and Family Issues in Planning and Designing Public Restrooms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-planning-literature_2007-02_21_3/page/267 |journal=Journal of Planning Literature |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=267–294 |doi=10.1177/0885412206295846 |s2cid=55087156 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ABA alama ce ta farko don tabbatar da cewa an tsara wasu gine-gine da wuraren da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa kuma an gina su don samun dama ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Gidajen da suka riga doka gabaɗaya ba a rufe su ba, amma canje-canje ko hayar da aka yi bayan dokar ta fara aiki na iya haifar da ɗaukar hoto. An kirkiro ka'idoji guda ɗaya don ƙira, gini da canjin gine-gine don mutanen da ke da nakasa su sami damar yin amfani da su. Wadannan [https://web.archive.org/web/20130720014951/http://access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm#ABA Ka'idojin Samun dama na Tarayya] da aka adana 2007-07-12 a (UFAS) an haɓaka su kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar Hukumar Samun dama kuma suna aiki a matsayin tushen ka'idoji da aka yi amfani da su don aiwatar da doka. Hukumar ta tilasta ABA ta hanyar binciken korafe-korafe game da wasu wurare. Hukumomin Tarayya guda huɗu ne ke da alhakin saita ka'idoji: Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Ma'aikatu da Ci gaban Birane, Babban Gudanar da Ayyuka, da Ma'aunin Jakadancin Amurka. Wadannan hukumomin tarayya suna da alhakin tabbatar da bin UFAS lokacin da suke tallafawa ƙira, gini, canji, ko hayar kayan aiki. Wasu sassan suna da, a matsayin al'amarin manufofi, kuma suna buƙatar bin ka'idojin samun dama na Amurkawa tare da Dokar Naƙasasshewa (wanda in ba haka ba ba ba ya amfani da sashin Tarayya) ban da UFAS. == Tsarinsa == ABA (kamar yadda aka gyara) ya ƙunshi sashe bakwai: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards |url=http://www.access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm#ABA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712032218/http://www.access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm |archive-date=2007-07-12 |access-date=2007-07-06}} The Architectural Barriers Act - as amended through 1984</ref> * Sashe na 1 ya bayyana gine-gine ko wuraren da Dokar ta rufe. * Sashe na 2, 3, 4 da 4a sun bayyana rawar da kowace hukumar da ke saita ka'idoji ke takawa. ** Babban Gudanar da Ayyuka (GSA) ya ba da ka'idoji ga duk gine-ginen da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Barriers na Gine-gine waɗanda ba a rufe su da ka'idodin da sauran hukumomin saita ka'idojin suka bayar ba; ** Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DoD) ta ba da ka'idoji don shigarwar DoD; ** Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (HUD) ta ba da ka'idoji ga gine-ginen da Dokar Barriers ta Tsarin Gine-gine ta rufe ban da waɗanda DoD ta ba da kuɗin ko kuma ta gina. ** Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka (USPS) ya ba da ka'idoji don wuraren gidan waya. * Sashe na 5 ya bayyana cewa gine-ginen da aka tsara, aka gina, ko aka canza ''bayan'' ranar da ta dace (Agusta 12, 1968) an rufe su a ƙarƙashin Dokar. * Sashe na 6 ya shafi gyaran ka'idoji da bayar da izini. * Sashe na 7a yana buƙatar mai gudanarwa na Janar Services ya ba da rahoto ga Majalisa game da ayyukansa kamar yadda suka shafi aikin. * Sashe na 7b ya gyara Dokar don tabbatar da bin ka'idojin, ta hanyar kafa wata hukumar Tarayya mai zaman kanta, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Gine-gine da Sufuri da aka kafa ta sashi na 502 na Dokar Gyara ta 1973. 7b kuma yana buƙatar rahoto na Kwamitin Biyayya ga Majalisar Dattijai "ayyukan da ayyuka don tabbatar da bin ka'idodin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar". == Manazarta == brrf63eb65f1pg93z2q0lk8iohhmxou 0 170502 965599 933458 2026-10-10T04:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Jerzy Popiełuszko]], firist na Katolika na Poland, yana da tarihin yin hidima ga Solidarity a matsayin malamin addini daga 1980 zuwa 1984 (har zuwa mutuwarsa).<templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css" /> == Uba Jerzy Popiełuszko == An haifi Jerzy (Alfons) Popiełuszko a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1947 a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen Okopy . An fi saninsa da daya daga cikin matasan firistoci waɗanda suka nuna kansa tare da ƙungiyar Solidarity a cikin 1980. <ref name="fee.org 1">{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Lawrence W. |title=Jerzy Popieluszko: Witness to Truth and Freedom |url=https://fee.org/articles/conquering-the-bad-through-the-good/ |website=fee.org |publisher=fee.org}}</ref><ref name="Radio Prague International 1">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2004 |title=Poland remembers Father Popieluszko - a hero of the Solidarity movement |url=https://english.radio.cz/poland-remembers-father-popieluszko-a-hero-solidarity-movement-8092068 |website=Radio Prague International |publisher=Radio Prague International |language=en |access-date=13 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914181115/https://english.radio.cz/poland-remembers-father-popieluszko-a-hero-solidarity-movement-8092068 |archive-date=14 September 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yarjejeniyar Agusta == A lokacin yajin aikin tsakanin 31 ga Agusta da 1 ga Satumba 1980, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da Warsaw Steelworks ke gudanarwa. An yanke shawarar kawo karshen yajin aikin.<ref name="Polskie Radio 24 2">{{Cite web |title=Sierpień '80. 45 lat temu rozpoczął się strajk w Hucie Warszawa |url=https://polskieradio24.pl/artykul/2572034,sierpien-80-45-lat-temu-rozpoczal-sie-strajk-w-hucie-warszawa |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Polskie Radio 24 |publisher=Polskie Radio 24 |language=pl}}</ref> == Tarihi tare da Haɗin Kai == An nada Uba Jerzy a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar kwadago mai zaman kanta, mai cin gashin kanta Solidarity ta Ma'aikatan ƙarfe na Warsaw daga 1980 zuwa 1984 a Warsaw. A matsayinsa na malamin kungiyar kwadago, Uba Jerzy ya shiga cikin ayyukan Solidarity, gami da taimakon da ya shirya wa wadanda kwaminisanci suka tsananta musu. Saboda ayyukansa na ƙarfin zuciya da shirye-shiryensa na taimakawa wadanda ke cikin bukata, shahararren Uba Jerzy ya bazu a fadin Warsaw, sannan daga baya a duk faɗin Poland. Uba Jerzy ya kasance firist a Warsaw" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St. Stanislaus Kostka Church, Warsaw">Cocin St. Stanislaus Kostka, a Warsaw . [1] [2] [3][4] A ranar 19 ga Mayu 1983, Uba Jerzy ya halarci jana'izar wani mawaki matashi Grzegorz Przemyk wanda ya mutu, sannan ya shirya aikin hajji ga ma'aikatan Jasna Góra a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. Uba Jerzy ya ce a cikin wa'azi cewa tashin hankali rauni ne ba ƙarfi ba, kuma don kasancewa cikin 'yanci shine kiyaye mutunci, da kuma shawo kan tsoro.<ref name="Europejskie Centrum Solidarności 1">{{Cite web |title=Zbrodnia nierozliczona |url=https://ecs.gda.pl/wydarzenia/zbrodnia-nierozliczona/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Europejskie Centrum Solidarności |publisher=Europejskie Centrum Solidarności |language=pl-PL}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1984, mutane a Poland sun firgita lokacin da suka ji satar da kisan Uba Jerzy. <ref name="Europejskie Centrum Solidarności 1" /> An yi bikin ne daga watan Fabrairun 1981 a ranar Lahadi ta ƙarshe ta kowane wata, Masses for the Homeland yana daya daga cikin halaye da Uba Jerzy ya shiga. Sun jawo hankalin kusan dubban mutane.<ref name="Szczepańska 1">{{Cite web |last=Szczepańska |first=Anna |date=19 October 2025 |title=Zabity za mówienie prawdy. Był solą w oku komunistycznego reżimu |url=https://historia.dorzeczy.pl/prl/794331/jerzy-popieluszko-odwazny-kaplan-zabity-za-mowienie-prawdy.html |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Historia Do Rzeczy |publisher=Historia Do Rzeczy |language=pl}}</ref> == Kyauta == A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya ba da izinin nada Uba Jerzy a matsayin mai kula da Solidarity ta hanyar Ikilisiyar Bautar Allah da Hanyar Sakramenti.<ref name="Solidarnosc 1">{{Cite web |title=Błogosławiony Jerzy Popiełuszko |url=https://solidarnosc.rzeszow.org.pl/organizacja/patronat-i-wartosci/blogoslawiony-jerzy-popieluszko/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Solidarnosc |publisher=Solidarnosc |language=pl-PL}}</ref> A ranar cika shekaru 15 da aka yi wa Uba Jerzy [[Jerzy Popiełuszko|beatification]], sabbin firistoci da aka naɗa daga diocese na Łowicz sun yi bikin taro na musamman. A lokacin wa'azi, sabon firist ɗin da aka naɗa ya nakalto Uba Jerzy: "Yaya mutum ke shan wahala lokacin da mutum ke shan wahalar Kristi. "<ref name="TYSOL.PL 1">{{Cite web |date=6 June 2025 |title=Solidarność na 15-lecie beatyfikacji bł. ks. Popiełuszki. B. Mickiewicz: Ks. Jerzy czuwa nad Polakami |url=https://www.tysol.pl/a141733-solidarnosc-na-15-lecie-beatyfikacji-bl-ks-popieluszki-b-mickiewicz-ks-jerzy-czuwa-nad-polakami |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=TYSOL.PL |publisher=TYSOL.PL |language=pl}}</ref> Shugaban Solidarity Waldemar Bartosz ya tabbatar da cewa Uba Jerzy yana da mahimmanci kuma ya kasance abin koyi ga waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar kwadago a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 41 na kisan.<ref name="radiokielce.pl 1">{{Cite web |last=Klusek |first=Dorota |date=19 October 2025 |title=Pamięć o ks. Jerzym wciąż trwa i kształtuje nasze poczucie tożsamości |url=https://radiokielce.pl/1349726/pamiec-o-ks-jerzym-wciaz-trwa-i-ksztaltuje-nasze-poczucie-tozsamosci/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=radiokielce.pl |publisher=radiokielce.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Solidarity (ƙungiyar kwadago ta Poland) == Manazarta == g8e2dqkhkellbyy1u7wh37ivqyckigf 0 170552 965622 952416 2026-10-10T05:46:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Crip''', yaren da ke nufin nakasa, kalma ce a cikin tsarin dawo da nakasassu.<ref name=":322" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=SCHOENHERR-WUSTL |first=NEIL |date=18 November 2019 |title=SHOULD TARGETED GROUPS RECLAIM SLURS TO NEUTRALIZE THEM? |url=https://www.futurity.org/reappropriation-language-the-slants-2214762-2/}}</ref> Jami'ar Jihar Wright ta ba da shawarar cewa ma'anar al'umma ta yanzu game da crip ya haɗa da mutanen da ke fuskantar kowane irin nakasa, kamar ɗaya ko fiye da nakasa tare da jiki, tunani, ilmantarwa, da ji, <ref name=":322" /> kodayake kalmar da farko tana nufin nakasa ta jiki da motsi. Mutane na iya ganewa a matsayin crip saboda dalilai da yawa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan dalilai sune don nuna girman kai, don magana game da haƙƙin nakasassu, ko guje wa nau'ikan nakasassu.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-19 |title=Scholar Sees Advantage in a "Crip" Vantage |url=https://news.fordham.edu/inside-fordham-category/scholar-sees-advantage-in-a-crip-vantage/ |access-date=2019-04-27 |website=Fordham Newsroom}}</ref><ref name=":322" /> Kalmar ''guragu'' an tabbatar da ita a Turanci tun daga farkon 950 AZ. Duk da yake nakasa ya bayyana don bayyana wani da ke da [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|nakasa ta jiki]], daga ƙarshe ya zama abin kunya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schalk |first=Sami |date=2013 |title=Coming to Claim Crip: Disidentification with/in Disability Studies |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v33i2.3705 |issn=2159-8371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":822">{{Cite web |title=An Introductory Guide to Disability Language and Empowerment |url=http://sudcc.syr.edu/LanguageGuide/ |access-date=2019-05-05 |website=sudcc.syr.edu |archive-date=2020-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206120418/http://sudcc.syr.edu/LanguageGuide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda aka mayar da hankali ga mutanen da aka ɗauka marasa kyau saboda nakasa ta zahiri.<ref name=":922" /><ref name=":622" /><ref name=":223" /> Amfani da crip, a matsayin zagi, ba a iyakance shi ga mutane ba. Emily Hutcheon da Gregor Wolbring sun bayyana cewa za'a iya amfani da crip don 'aiki / abin da ya faru / abu / mutum' wanda bai cika manufarsa ba. A cikin shekarun 1920 ana amfani da crip a matsayin yaren 'mai sauƙi'.<ref name=":42" /> Tare da hauhawar [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Yunkurin kare hakkin nakasassu]] a cikin shekarun 1960s ya zo da ra'ayin girman kai na nakasassu; yunkuri don zubar da jin kunya da al'umma ta tilasta wa mutanen da ke da nakasassu.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Wolbring |first=Gregor |last2=Hutcheon |first2=Emily |date=2013-08-20 |title='Cripping' Resilience: Contributions from Disability Studies to Resilience Theory |url=http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/697 |journal=M/C Journal |volume=16 |issue=5 |doi=10.5204/mcj.697 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612201841/https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/697 |archive-date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2026-09-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":223">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Victoria Ann |date=27 April 2015 |title=Crip {{!}} Keywords for Disability Studies |url=https://keywords.nyupress.org/disability-studies/essay/crip/ |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Wani bangare na tsarin girman kai na nakasassu shine dawo da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kunyatar da al'ummar nakasassu. Don haka, sabon ma'anar crip ya bunkasa a matsayin kalmar 'cikin' a cikin ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasassu.<ref name=":922">{{Cite web |title=crip {{!}} Definition of crip in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/crip |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171622/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/crip |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-05 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web |title=Crip Theory {{!}} Wright State University |url=https://www.wright.edu/event/sex-disability-conference/crip-theory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427203403/https://www.wright.edu/event/sex-disability-conference/crip-theory |archive-date=2019-04-27 |access-date=2019-04-27 |website=www.wright.edu}}</ref> Ka'idar Crip ta fara ne a cikin al'ummomi kuma ka'idar ilimi ce da ke haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka faru kamar kabilanci, aji ko jinsi. Sauran ra'ayoyin crip sune lokacin crip, wanda ke da tushe a cikin al'ummar nakasassu da ka'idar ilimi (ta hanyar crip futurity).<ref name=":103" /><ref name=":622">{{Cite web |title=cripple {{!}} Definition of cripple in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cripple |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427203352/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cripple |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=2019-04-27 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> == Tarihi == Crip kalma ce ta yaren da ake amfani da ita don kalmar guragu.<ref name=":322" /> Asalin gurgu ya fito ne daga kalmomin Tsohon Turanci guda biyu, crypel da ''crēopel''.<ref name=":922" /> Wadannan kalmomi suna da tushen Jamusanci a cikin ''krupilaz'' wanda ke nufin 'ƙetare'.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=crepel - Middle English Compendium |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED10269 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=quod.lib.umich.edu}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da crypel da crēopel don bayyana mutane ko wurare. Lokacin da aka yi wa mutane crypel yana nuna nakasa, kasancewa ƙarami, ko kuma yana iya zama sunan mahaifi. Dangane da wuri, ana iya amfani da crypel don nuna karamin buɗewa. A cikin mahallin wuri mai ɓoye an yi amfani da shi tare da wasu kalmomi don ƙirƙirar sunan. Rubutun farko da aka yi amfani da guragu an rubuta shi ne a 950 ADE a cikin Linjila ta Lindisfarne . <ref name=":622" /> A cikin wannan mahallin, an yi amfani da nakasa don bayyana mutanen da ke da wahalar tafiya, kamar mutanen da ke fama da nakasa. Duk da yake ana amfani da kalmar nakasa, ana iya samun ta a cikin wallafe-wallafen don bayyana haruffa waɗanda ke da matsala game da tafiya, ko wahalar amfani da gaɓoɓinsu. A shekara ta 1893, marubucin littafin Owen Wister ya ambaci wani hali wanda aka harbe shi a kafa a matsayin "Crip Jones".<ref name=":223" /> A cikin shekarun 1920 crip ya ɗauki sabon ma'ana, kodayake har yanzu yana da alaƙa da nakasa. A wannan lokacin an fara amfani da crip a matsayin kalma mai sauƙi don "mai sauƙi", wanda zai iya nuna ƙananan tsammanin al'umma na nakasassu (wani wuri mai sauƙi a wasan baseball shine "crip na baseball", kuma hanya mai sauƙi a makaranta shine "cross na crip"). <ref name=":223" /> Saboda wadannan sabbin amfani da kalmomin gurgu da crip, motsawa daga kwatanci zuwa wulakanci, gurgu da grip an bayyana su a matsayin kalmomin da suka dace da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba.<ref name=":922" /><ref name=":622" /> An yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a matsayin mummunan kalma da zagi.<ref name=":822" /><ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Schalk |first=Sami |date=2013-03-27 |title=Coming to Claim Crip: Disidentification with/in Disability Studies |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v33i2.3705 |issn=2159-8371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yunkurin kare hakkin nakasassu === A cikin shekarun 1960, [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu]] sun fara samun ƙarfi.<ref name=":223" /><ref name=":42" /> Wani bangare na wannan motsi shine haifar da girman kai na nakasassu, wanda ke da niyyar dakatar da jin kunya sakamakon nakasassu. A nan ne aka fara dawo da kalmar crip. An karfafa tsarin dawowa ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin zamantakewar nakasa a cikin shekarun 1970, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=UNION OF THE PHYSICALLY IMPAIRED AGAINST SEGREGATION |first=DISABILITY ALLIANCE |title=Fundamental Principles of Disability |url=https://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/library/UPIAS-fundamental-principles.pdf |website=Leeds University}}</ref> Crip ya ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin al'ummar nakasassu, kodayake kalmar ta fadada don haɗawa da mutanen da ke da kowane irin nakasa, ba kawai waɗanda ke da nakasa ba.<ref name=":322" /> Wasu ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke amfani da kalmar crip sune #CripTheVote, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Benjamin W. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Rhetoric of Online Disability Activism: #CripTheVote and Civic Participation |journal=Communication, Culture and Critique |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=604–621 |doi=10.1093/ccc/tcy030 |issn=1753-9129 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Crip Camp, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crip Camp: Virtual Experience |url=https://cripcamp.com/officialvirtualexperience/}}</ref> da kuma Crip Rave na Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beery |first=Zoë |date=26 May 2022 |title=Crip Rave Is the Revolutionary Collective Prioritising Accessibility |url=https://fr.ra.co/features/4000 |website=Resident Advisor}}</ref> Maido da kalmar crip ya sami tasiri mai yawa kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar motsi na fasaha Ƙasar Krip Hop Nation, cripitiques da Crip Collectives (masu rubuce-rubuce masu nakasa), da fina-finai na takardu kamar Fixed da Crip Camp. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundas |first=Ever |date=October 21, 2019 |title=Introducing the Crip Collective: interview with Ever Dundas |url=https://bookmachine.org/2019/10/21/introducing-the-crip-collective-interview-with-ever-dundas/}}</ref> Crip wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman sunan da ya dace, "Crip", <ref name=":322" /> kuma wani lokacin ma a matsayin aikatau, wanda "cripping" wani abu yana nufin yin amfani da ruwan tabarau na shari'a a ciki.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":42" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fritsch |first=Kelly |date=2013-09-05 |title=On the Negative Possibility of Suffering: Adorno, Feminist Philosophy, and the Transfigured Crip To Come |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v33i4.3869 |issn=2159-8371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wannan da hanyoyi da yawa, dawo da "crip" yana nuna dawo da Queer.<ref name=":72" /> Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna ɗaukar crip kalma ce ta ciki kamar yadda su ne ƙungiyar da ke canza ma'anar da amfani da kalmar. "Cripping-up" kalma ce da manyan kafofin watsa labarai da masana'antu masu kirkira suka karɓa kuma tana da alaƙa da wani nau'i na share baiwar nakasassu, inda ake jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da nakasassu ba a cikin matsayi don yin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ko adadi na tarihi. == Manufar == Wadanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin masu nakasa suna amfani da kalmar don dalilai daban-daban: * Don nuna alfahari da kasancewa memba na al'ummar nakasassu ("crip pride" ko crip punk) * Don nuna juriya a cikin gwagwarmayar da ake yi wa masu rauni don haƙƙoƙi da daidaito da kuma juriya da suke yi wa iyawa da zalunci <ref name=":52" /><ref name=":322" /> * Don samun lokaci guda don kowane irin nakasa, don haka kauce wa matsayi na nakasa (halin da mutanen da ke da wasu nau'ikan nakasa suka fi ko žasa da muhimmanci fiye da mutanen da suke da wasu) <ref name=":322" /> * Don kawar da amfani da kalmar a tarihi <ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> * Don gano wasu gurguzu waɗanda kansu suka bayyana kansu a matsayin gurguzu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crip Times |url=https://nyupress.org/9781479874156/crip-times |access-date=2019-04-27 |website=NYU Press}}</ref> == Ka'idar Crip ==   Saboda tasirin yunkurin kare hakkin nakasassu, akwai sabbin hanyoyin fahimtar nakasassu. Misali, kungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasassu ne suka gabatar da Tsarin zamantakewa a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nisker |first=Jeff |date=2019-04-23 |title=Social model of disability must be a core competency in medical education |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |language=en |volume=191 |issue=16 |pages=E454 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.71861 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=6476714 |pmid=31015353}}</ref> Tare da aikin masana masu gwagwarmaya kamar Mike Oliver fahimtar al'umma, kamar na tsarin zamantakewa na nakasa, ya shiga ilimi. Wadannan sabbin hanyoyin fahimtar nakasa sun haifar da sabon yanki na ilimi na karatu, wanda ake kira nazarin nakasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Nancy E. |title=Disability studies |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/disability-studies |access-date=July 2, 2020 |website=ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA}}</ref> A cikin karatun nakasassu, an kafa ka'idar crip. Ka'idar Crip wata hanya ce ta bincika kwarewar nakasa, amincewa da tarihin warewar al'ummar nakasassu da sauran shingen zamantakewa da suka shafi nakasassu.<ref name=":42" /> Ka'idar Crip ta samo asali ne a cikin wannan filin a matsayin haɗuwa da jinsi da jima'i kuma ta fada cikin abin da aka sani da nazarin nakasassu. Duk da yake al'ummomi sun kirkiro crip don fahimtar zaluncin su daga hangen nesa na nakasassu crip na iya canzawa lokacin da ya shiga sararin ilimi. Misali, lokacin crip wani ra'ayi ne wanda ya fara a cikin al'ummomi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samuels |first=Ellen |date=2017 |title=Six Ways of Looking at Crip Time |url=https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/5824/4684 |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=3 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v37i3.5824 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayin yana nuna cewa al'ummarmu tana da ra'ayoyi game da tsawon lokaci da kuma yawan makamashi da albarkatun da aikin zai dauka. Lokacin da aka yi waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun dogara ne akan mutum mai iyawa. Kasancewa da jiki mai iyawa yana nufin cewa kuna da ƙananan raunin jiki, tunani, ko ji ko rashin ganewa kamar yana da nakasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Center on Disability and Journalism |title=Disability Language Style Guide |url=https://ncdj.org/style-guide/}}</ref> Saboda zaton iyawar jiki akwai rashin la'akari da lokaci, makamashi, ko albarkatun da ake buƙata ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ya zama ruwan dare ga mutumin da ke da nakasa ya buƙaci karin lokaci da kuzari, albarkatu daban-daban, ko taimako daga wani mutum don kammala aiki. Wadannan masauki galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin shiri da la'akari a madadin nakasassu don samun damar shiga cikin aiki da rayuwa. Lokacin da wasu mutane masu nakasa suka shimfiɗa kansu, suna biyan kuɗi tare da gajiya, ciwo, ko wahalar mayar da hankali. Wasu nakasassu suna amfani da ka'idar cokali don magana game da yadda suke sarrafa albarkatun. Ra'ayoyin ilimi game da lokacin crip da ke da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin nan gaba, wanda ya dogara da ka'idar lokaci. Wannan ka'idar, wacce Alison Kafer ta haɓaka a cikin Feminist, Queer, Crip, ta gina kan ka'idar aiki ta lokaci. Ka'idar Crip lokaci tana tambayar mu yi tunani game da haɗin tsakanin lokaci, warewa, da ganuwa. Ko kuma yadda muke tunanin tarihinmu da makomarmu. An yi jayayya cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa (da sauran asalin da aka ware) an sanya su marasa ganuwa daga baya da makomarmu. Lokacin da muka cire mutanen da ke da nakasa daga tarihinmu da tunanin makomarmu, dole ne mu kuma yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa manufofi, dokoki, da al'ummomi za su yi la'akari da bukatun nakasassu. == Rikici == Maido da "crip" ba a yarda da shi a duk duniya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-23 |title=Crip Politics? Just … No |url=https://thefeministwire.com/2013/11/crip-politics-just-no/ |access-date=2019-05-05 |website=The Feminist Wire}}</ref> Akwai zargi da yawa game da ƙoƙarin dawo da crip. Wasu suna tunanin cewa dawo da kalmar crip na ci gaba da sanya mutanen da ke da nakasa dangane da marasa iyawa, wanda ake jayayya zai iya kula da ra'ayoyi masu cutarwa ga nakasassu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rahila |date=26 November 2019 |title=Is crip the new queer? |url=https://aeon.co/essays/does-using-crip-like-queer-empower-disability-activism}}</ref> Wasu suna adawa da amfani da crip saboda wannan kalmar, da nakasa, har yanzu ana iya amfani da ita azaman zagi. An nuna damuwa cewa crip yana kusa da Crips, wanda ke cikin ƙungiyar titi a Amurka.<ref name=":83">{{Cite web |last=Sherry |first=Mark |date=November 23, 2013 |title=Crip Politics? Just … No |url=https://thefeministwire.com/2013/11/crip-politics-just-no/}}</ref> Wasu suna da'awar cewa dawo da kalmar crip ana yin ta ne ta hanyar mutane masu daraja, galibi fari da kuma cikin ilimi.<ref name=":83" /> Suna sukar haƙƙin mutanen da ke da gata da ke cikin tsarin dawowa lokacin da ba a la'akari da bukatun marasa galihu da ke da nakasa ba. Wadanda ke da wannan matsayi suna jayayya cewa, kamar yadda Kirstin Marie Bone ya ce, ka'idar crip 'ta yi shiru da ainihin kwarewar nakasassu kuma ta karye al'umma, ta cutar da maimakon taimakawa'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bone |first=Kirsten Marie |date=2017 |title=Trapped behind the glass: crip theory and disability identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09687599.2017.1313722?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=cdso20 |journal=Disability and Society |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1297–1314 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2017.1313722 |s2cid=151326363 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai kuma kira daga mutane game da yadda dawowa da fahimtar nakasa da ke faruwa ta hanyar crip yana haifar da sarari ga mutane su bincika haɗuwa da launin fata, aji ko wasu nau'ikan zalunci.<ref name=":72" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0597lti8oa11zbzauqobyl6qm6m0ai1 0 170585 965278 951554 2026-10-09T15:31:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''BETTERY Inc.''' kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke zaune a Portland, Oregon, wanda ke ba da sabis na musayar batir mai amfani da kantin sayar da kayayyaki ga masu amfani. BETTERY kiosks ko "Swap Stations" sun ba masu amfani damar siyan batir AA ko AAA da za a iya amfani da su a shirye don amfani da su wanda za'a iya amfani dashi kamar batir mai amfani ɗaya. Da zarar an zubar, ana iya musayar batir don cikakken gwaji da caji. Kamfanin ya sanya kiosks guda biyar a wuraren Kasuwar Abinci a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kuma ya sanya karin kiosks biyar a shagunan Abinci da Safeway a Seattle da Portland. An sayar da alamar BETTERY a cikin 2014 ga Green Box Batteries na Tacoma, Washington . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-03 |title=BETTERY goes for the Whole shebang |url=http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2013/04/bettery-goes-for-the-whole-shebang.html |access-date=2012-04-15 |publisher=Portland Business Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407140715/http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2013/04/bettery-goes-for-the-whole-shebang.html |archive-date=2013-04-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Green Box Batteries an sake masa suna WeCycle Battery Box.<ref name="wecycle">{{Cite web |title=Big Green Box is Now WeRecycle Battery Box |url=https://www.cirbasolutions.com/big-green-box-to-werecycle-battery-box/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=Cirba Solutions}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa BETTERY a cikin 2011, don bayar da batirin AA ko AAA ta hanyar kiosks. == Tasirin muhalli == Alamar BETTERY tana rage yawan batir da ake jefawa a Amurka a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-01 |title=Life Cycle Impacts of Alkaline Batteries with a Focus on End-of-Life |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1896863/738588603/name/MIT%20Battery%20LCA%20by%20NEMA%20Final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223005051/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1896863/738588603/name/MIT%20Battery%20LCA%20by%20NEMA%20Final.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2012-04-15 |publisher=National Electrical Manufacturers Association}}</ref> Kowane batirin BETTERY da za'a iya amfani da shi kuma a sake amfani da shi har zuwa sau dubu kafin a sake amfani dashi cikin kwararar masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-12 |title=Better battery recycling with BETTERY? |url=http://www.recyclinginternational.com/recycling-news/7006/e-waste-and-batteries/united-states/better-battery-recycling-bettery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421072958/http://www.recyclinginternational.com/recycling-news/7006/e-waste-and-batteries/united-states/better-battery-recycling-bettery |archive-date=2013-04-21 |access-date=2012-04-15 |publisher=Recycling International}}</ref> Masu amfani za su iya amfani da kiosk na BETTERY don sauke batir na gargajiya, inda za a sake amfani da su. Za'a iya adana abubuwan da ke cikin batir ɗin da aka sake amfani da su don yin ƙarfe da sauran albarkatun kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-04 |title=What Happens to Recycled Batteries? |url=http://www.opb.org/news/blog/ecotrope/what-happens-to-recycled-batteries/ |access-date=2012-04-15 |publisher=OPB News }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 77iepohn9skedcdo8h48oaka3op8mou 0 170747 965740 934136 2026-10-10T10:24:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diana Anaid''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1976) ita ce sunan wasan kwaikwayon '''Diana Gosper''', mawaƙan mawaƙan dutse na Australiya. Daga 1997 zuwa 2003 ta yi amfani da sunan, '''Diana ah Naid''' . Anaid ta fitar da kundi biyar na studio, ''Diana ah Naid'' (8 Afrilu 1997, ranar haihuwarta ta 21), ''Ba na tsammanin ina da ciki'' (Satumba 1999), Beautiful Obscene (20 Afrilu 2004) ''Diana Anaid'' (2010) da ''Sarauniya'' (2017). 2007 kuma ta ga fitowar kundi na farko na Diana Anaid "Live At Bush Theatre" wanda aka rubuta a garinsu na Nimbin, NSW. Ta samar da kanta ta farko, "I Go Off" (Yuni 1997), ta kai No. 35 a kan ARIA Singles Chart kuma nan da nan ta zama ƙaunatacciyar magoya baya, bayan an ba ta babban juyawa a TripleJ Radio. &nbsp;Wani guda, "Last Thing" (2004), ya kai Top 40 Tracks a kan jadawalin bangarorin ''Billboard''.<ref name="AMG Anaid">{{Cite web |title=Diana Ah Naid &#124; Awards |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/diana-anaid-mn0000253196/awards |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=AllMusic |publisher=All Media Guide}}</ref> An gayyaci Anaid - bayan an saki ta na farko - don yin rayuwa da solo a kan guitar don buɗe bikin ARIA Awards na 1998, girmamawa mai ban sha'awa ga mai zane mai tasowa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Diana Anaid a matsayin Diana Gosper, <ref name="APRA Addiction">{{Cite web |title='Addiction' at APRA search engine |url=https://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch#Addiction |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA)}} Note: User may have to click 'Search again' and provide details at 'Enter a title:' e.g Addiction; or at 'Performer:' Diana ah Naid</ref> a Newcastle, a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1976 . <ref name="Speakers">{{Cite web |title=Speakers: Diana Ah Naid |url=http://www.immedia.com.au/tab/bios/dan.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20000501130000/http://www.immedia.com.au/tab/bios/dan.html |archive-date=1 May 2000 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=immedia.com.au}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta ta mutu lokacin da Anaid ke da shekara guda.<ref name="Eliezer">{{Cite magazine|url-status=69, 72, 74}}</ref> Tare da mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta maza biyu, ta "rayu rayuwa a rayuwar gari ta hippie, tana tafiya a arewacin jihar". Anaid daga baya ya tuna "mahaifinsa yana tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar yana ƙoƙarin tserewa daga aljanu na ciki... Hanyar rayuwa ce ta gypsy kuma ba ta da kyau. "<ref name="Lobley" />Tana da "tsawon ƙuruciya wanda ya shafi gidajen yara, iyaye masu kula, kungiyoyin agaji, takardun abinci da masu banƙyama - sau da yawa suna guduwa daga iko amma ba tare da inda za su je ba".<ref name="Rain">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Diana Ah Naid |url=http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/swa_juke/jukebox/shesays.html |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Jukebox |publisher=The Rainforest Information Centre}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 15 Anaid ta zauna a yankin Lismore-Nimbin, tare da 'yan uwanta biyu - mahaifinsu ya ci gaba.<ref name="McDonald">{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Steven |title=Diana Ah Naid |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/diana-ah-naid-mn0001844717/biography |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Guide]]}}</ref> Ta juya zuwa kiɗa, "Na ɗauki guitar... kuma na koya wa kaina yadda za a yi wasa"; kuma ta yi a cikin "ƙungiyoyin gargajiya / blues da cafes na yankin". Anaid ta yi shekara guda ta ilimi a [[Kanberra|Canberra]], kuma tare da abokin tarayya na lokacin, ta koma Lismore.<ref name="Rain" /> A lokacin da take da shekaru 16 Anaid tana da ɗa, Stone, kuma, na tsawon shekaru uku, ta fita daga masana'antar kiɗa don kula da shi.<ref name="Eliezer" /><ref name="Rain" /><ref name="McDonald" /> Ta yi amfani da sunan, Diana ah Naid, a matsayin kusan palindrome, "maɓallin sunanta na farko - sai dai ta kara harafin 'H'" An kara 'H' don tasirin lambobi, saboda "yana wakiltar lambar '8' wanda ke nuna 'ikon' da 'ƙarfi' da 'harmace'. <ref name="Graaf">{{Cite web |last=de Graaf |first=Martin |date=October 1999 |title=Diana ah Naid ''I Don't Think I'm Pregnant'' |url=http://www.shootthemessenger.com.au/9910/m_diana.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20000227130000/http://www.shootthemessenger.com.au/9910/m_diana.htm |archive-date=27 February 2000 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Shoot the Messeneger}}</ref><ref name="Graaf" /> == Ayyuka == === 1997-99: Albums na farko === Anaid ta rubuta kundi na farko, ''Diana ah Naid'', a Byron Bay don farashin AUD $ 10,000, tana da kwafin 500 da aka matse kuma ta ƙaddamar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Nimbin Bush a ranar haihuwarta ta 21, 8 ga Afrilu 1997 <ref name="Speakers" /> <ref name="NGT 06">{{Cite web |date=June 2006 |title=10 Years of Going Off! |url=http://www.nimbingoodtimes.com/archive/pages06/0606p15-20.pdf |access-date=5 July 2015 |website=The Nimbin Good Times |page=15}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> &nbsp;Mai tallafawa ta ya kasance mai fafutukar Greenpeace daga Netherlands . Ta aika da kwafin ga mai gabatar da rediyo na Triple J, Richard Kingsmill, wanda ya buga waƙarsa ta farko, "I Go Off". <ref name="Lobley" /> <ref name="Rain" /> Anaid ta sanya hannu tare da Origin Records, lakabin mai zaman kansa na Sydney.<ref name="McDonald" /> Graham Bidstrup (na GANGgajang) ya sake maimaitawa kuma, tare da Anaid, ya hada hannu da kundin, wanda aka sake sake shi a watan Satumba.<ref name="Eliezer" /> Masanin kiɗa na Australiya, Ian McFarlane, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wani nau'i mai banƙyama, mai banƙasa na mutanen guitar tare da muryoyin da aka caji cikin gaggawa (kamar Ani DiFranco) wanda ke da goyon baya daga motsin rai, ƙarfin farko".<ref name="McFarlane" />Tom Schulte na AllMusic ya gano cewa "yana da alkawura kuma ya cancanci kulawa daga waɗanda suke kamar hyper-individualist / feminist folk-rock tare da jaddada dutse".<ref name="Schulte">{{Cite web |last=Schulte |first=Tom |title=''Diana Ah Naid'' – Diana Ah Naid |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/diana-ah-naid-mw0001128061 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=AllMusic |publisher=All Media Guide}}</ref> "I Go Off" an bayar da shi a matsayin guda a watan Yunin 1997, wanda ya kai No. 35 a kan ARIA Singles Chart . <ref name="AusCharts">{{Cite web |last=Hung |first=Steffen |title=Discography Diana Ah Naid |url=http://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Diana+Ah+Naid |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien (Steffen Hung)}}</ref> &nbsp;McFarlane ya ji cewa "ya nuna amincewar ah Naid da isar da shi da sha'awa game da ƙarancin aikin guitar". <ref name="McFarlane" />Anaid ta rubuta waƙar bayan mahaifin saurayinta na lokacin, wanda ya gan ta ta yi wasa a Byron Bay Bluesfest a shekarar 1996, ya gaya mata cewa ba za ta taba yin nasara ba, "saboda kawai ba za ku tafi ba".Ya sami iska mai yawa a kan Triple J; inda aka jera shi a No. 58 a kan zaben mai sauraro na shekara-shekara, Triple J Hottest 100, 1997. <ref name="McFarlane" /> <ref name="Triple J 97">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=History: Triple J Hottest 100 – 1997 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100_08/history/1997.htm |access-date=4 July 2015 |publisher=[[Triple J]] ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC))}}</ref> &nbsp;An haɗa shi a cikin CD ɗin tattara masu fasaha daban-daban na wannan shekarar, Triple J Hottest 100, Volume 5. A ARIA Music Awards na 1998 an zabi ta don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Talent da Breakthrough Artist - Single don "I Go Off". A farkon 1998 Anaid ta goyi bayan kide-kide na Cake, Wendy Matthews da The Whitlams.<ref name="Speakers" /> Ta biyo baya tare da bayyanar a SXSW a Austin, Texas da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a New York da Los Angeles . <ref name="Speakers" /> Anaid ta ci gaba da ciwon daji a kan muryarta, wanda ta cire ta hanyar tiyata a shekarar 1998. Ta warke ta hana yin wasan kwaikwayo na kimanin shekara guda.<ref name="McFarlane" /> Duk da haka, an bayar da mutane biyu a cikin shekara, "Bayar da Kasar" (Afrilu) da "Oh A'a" (Oktoba). <ref name="McFarlane" /> A ARIA Music Awards na 1999 "Oh No (Curbside Lullaby) " an zabi shi don Mafi Kyawun Mai Zaman Kanta. Anaid ta biyu studio album, I Don't Think I'm Pregnant (Satumba 1999), Ashley Manning ne ya samar da shi. An sake shi a kan Asalin kuma Shock Records ne ya rarraba shi.<ref name="Eliezer 4">{{Cite web |last=Eliezer, Christie |date=6 July 1999 |title=Origin Signs to Shock |url=http://www.themusic.com.au/im_m/archive/990706-167/eliezer.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20010130130000/http://www.themusic.com.au/im_m/archive/990706-167/eliezer.html |archive-date=30 January 2001 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Music & Media Business News |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> McFarlane ya yi imanin cewa "ya kasance mai gamsarwa". <ref name="McFarlane" />Kundin ya samar da mutane uku, "Perfect Family" (Agusta 1999), "Love Song for a Girl" da "Don't Believe in Love" (Fabrairu 2000). Kungiyar goyon bayanta ita ce Natt Prang a kan guitar, Doug E. Styles a kan drum da Jed Venus a kan bass guitar.<ref name="McFarlane" /> "Perfect Family" an jera shi a No. 55 a kan Triple J Hottest 100, 1999, kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan kundin masu fasaha daban-daban, Triple J J Hottent 100 Volume 7 (2000).<ref name="Triple J 99">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=History: Triple J Hottest 100 – 1999 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100_08/history/1999.htm |access-date=4 July 2015 |publisher=Triple J (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC))}}</ref> &nbsp;A ARIA Music Awards na 2000 ''Ba na tsammanin ina da ciki'' an zabi shi don Mafi Kyawun Mai Zaman Kanta da Mafi Kyawun Mata. Jaridar kiɗa ta Australiya, Ed Nimmervoll na In-Site, ta ji cewa "Kada ku yi imani da soyayya" ta nuna Anaid ta kasance "Daya daga cikin masu wasan kwaikwayo masu ban sha'awa da masu yin rikodin da ke aiki a fagen kiɗa na Australiya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Har yanzu tana aiki. Waƙoƙinta ba su dace da burinta ba".Abokin mawaƙa-marubucin waƙa, Ella Hooper (na Killing Heidi) ya bayyana cewa ban yi tunanin ina da ciki a matsayin kundin da ta fi so na shekara, "Ta yi kyau, kuma tana da duwatsu!" <ref name="Eliezer 3">{{Cite web |last=Eliezer, Christie |date=15 February 2000 |title=Killing Heidi and ah Naid |url=http://www.immedia.com.au/im_m/archive/000215-195/eliezer.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20000501130000/http://www.immedia.com.au/im_m/archive/000215-195/eliezer.html |archive-date=1 May 2000 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Music & Media Business News |publisher=Immedia. National Library of Australia}}</ref> === 2000-10: Kundin na uku da na huɗu === A cikin 2000 Anaid ta zagaya Australia tare da Monique Brumby da Deborah Conway . <ref name="ABC">{{Cite web |title=Entertainment agency, corporate entertainment, live cover bands, Melbourne and Sydney |url=http://www.bandshop.com.au/original/original5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705103608/http://www.bandshop.com.au/original/original5.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Bandshop}}</ref><ref name="Anaid Brumby">{{Cite web |last=Anaid |first=Diana |last2=Brumby |first2=Monique |author-link2=Monique Brumby |date=25 August 2010 |title=On the Road Again |url=http://issuu.com/spa_magazines/docs/in_1137 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Inpress |publisher=Street Press Australia |page=59}}</ref> Anaid da Brumby sun zama abokai; Anaid ya tuna, "ko da yake ba mu ga juna ba, muna hulɗa da kyau cewa lokacin da muka rataye muna hulɗa kamar gidan da ke cin wuta. "<ref name="Strange">{{Cite web |last=Strange, Jason |date=2 September 2010 |title=Interview : Diana Anaid |url=http://www.deathtoyourspeakers.com/interview-diana-anaid/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706205726/http://www.deathtoyourspeakers.com/interview-diana-anaid/ |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015 |website=Death to Your Speakers |publisher=On Topic Media}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 Anaid ta canza sunan wasan kwaikwayonta, ta watsar da 'H', don haka cikakkiyar palindrome ce: Diana Anaid . Kundin studio na uku, Beautiful Obscene (20 Afrilu 2004), Kalju Tonuma ne ya samar da shi. Ted Hutt (No Doubt, Bush) da Paul Palmer ne suka ci gaba da samarwa a Los Angeles.<ref name="AMG Beautiful">{{Cite web |title=''Beautiful Obscene'' – Diana Ah Naid &#124; Credits |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/beautiful-obscene-mw0000697297/credits |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=AllMusic |publisher=All Media Guide}}</ref><ref name="Eliezer 2" /> Anaid ita ce mai zane na farko da Palmer ya sanya hannu kan lakabin kansa, Five Crowns Records . Ga kundin mawaƙanta masu goyon baya sun haɗa da Hutt a kan bass guitar, Nathan Correy a kan guitar na lantarki, da Florian Reinhert a kan drum.<ref name="Eliezer 2" /> ''Billboard''<nowiki/>'s Christie Eliezer ya lura cewa "kalmomin da aka yi magana a kai tsaye sun nuna wani mummunan yaro"; ta ba da labarin cewa "farkon Faith No More, Red Hot Chilli Peppers da Nirvana sun taimaka mini sosai".<ref name="Eliezer 2" /> "Last Thing" (Oktoba 2004), na farko da aka saki a Amurka daga kundin, ya sami airplay a duk faɗin Amurka. Anaid ta zagaya kuma ta inganta kayan aikinta a Amurka. Ya zama ta farko a duniya, lokacin da ta bayyana a kan jadawalin bangarorin ''Billboard'', ta kai No. 26 Top 40 Tracks.<ref name="AMG Anaid" /> A Ostiraliya ya kai No. 14 a kan ARIA Hitseekers Singles Chart . <ref name="ARIA Report 770">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2004 |title=The ARIA Report |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/documents/issue770.pdf |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20041219130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20041220-0000/issue770.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2004 |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |page=18}}</ref> &nbsp;A wannan lokacin, Anaid ta sake yin hutu daga masana'antar kiɗa - mahaifinta ya mutu daga ciwon daji - kuma tana kiwon ɗanta matashi. Anaid ta fitar da kundi na farko na rayuwa, Live at the Bush Theatre, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2007, ta hanyar lakabin kanta na Forola Music . <ref name="Live Bush">{{Cite web |title=Diana Anaid Discography |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/diana-anaid-1/albums/1580201/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725071050/http://www.mtv.com/artists/diana-anaid-1/albums/1580201/ |archive-date=25 July 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=MTV}}</ref> An rubuta shi a Nimbin a watan Yulin 2006, tare da Anaid yana yin shi kaɗai a kan guitar da murya. <ref name="NGT 06" /> Glen Humprhies na ''Illawarra Mercury'' ya ji kalmomin ta suna ba da "ainihin hoto na soyayya da rayuwa - warts da duk - ko game da mummunan gaskiyar rabuwar ('Perfect Family') ko farkawa bayan kwana ɗaya don mutumin ya furta cewa yana da budurwa ('Piece of Me').<ref name="Humphries" />An saki "Cheatin' on Me" a matsayin ta farko, a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, a kan lakabin ta. A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009 ne aka saki waƙarta ta gaba, "Cynical on Waking", a gaban kundi na huɗu, ''Diana Anaid'', wanda ya bayyana a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010. Ta yi rangadin gabashin Australia a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Clarke">{{Cite web |last=Clarke, Daniel |date=2 September 2009 |title=Diana Anaid East Coast Tour Dates |url=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/diana-anaid-east-coast-tour-dates/ |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Music Feeds}}</ref> A lokacin watan Agusta zuwa Satumba a cikin shekara mai zuwa Anaid ta jagoranci yawon shakatawa na kasa tare da Brumby, kowannensu ya inganta kundin su na huɗu.<ref name="Anaid Brumby" /><ref name="Ritchie">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie, John |date=9 August 2010 |title=Diana Anaid & Monique Brumby announce tour dates |url=http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/diana-anaid-monique-brumby-announce-tour-dates/ |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Music Feeds}}</ref> Ma'aurata sun rubuta tare kuma sun yi duet a kan waƙa, "Love Is a Weapon", wanda ya ba da sunan don yawon shakatawa. <ref name="Stengewis">{{Cite web |last=Stengewis, Rajani |date=26 August 2010 |title=Monique Brumby Speaks About Her Upcoming Tour |url=http://www.glamadelaide.com.au/main/monique-brumby-love-is-a-weapon-tour/ |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Glam Adelaide}}</ref><ref name="Bond">{{Cite web |last=Bond, Nick |date=24 August 2010 |title=Longtime friends hit the road |url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/features/entertainment-features/entertainment-play/longtime-friends-hit-the-road/29947 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Star Observer}}</ref> === 2011 zuwa yanzu === A watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, an zabi Diana Anaid a cikin 10th Annual Independent Music Awards don waƙarta "Charity" a cikin Sing Out for Social Action Song category . <ref name="Indep Awards">{{Cite web |title=Diana Anaid |url=http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima/artist/diana-anaid |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Independent Music Awards}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anaid ne ya rubuta shi a kan murya da guitar; Correy a kan guitar na lantarki da bass; da Dean Belcastro a kan drum da keyboards.<ref name="Indep Awards" /> Anaid da Correy ne suka rubuta waƙar.<ref name="APRA Charity">{{Cite web |title='Charity' at APRA search engine |url=https://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch#Charity |access-date=4 July 2015 |publisher=Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA)}} Note: User may have to click 'Search again' and provide details at 'Enter a title:' e.g Charity; or at 'Performer:' Diana Anaid</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2017 Anaid ta sanar da cewa ta yi rikodin kundi na biyar, mai taken My Queen . <ref name="Anaid 5th">{{Cite web |last=Anaid |first=Diana |date=7 February 2014 |title=New Album Update |url=http://www.dianaanaid.com/home/blog/new-album-update |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814064145/http://www.dianaanaid.com/home/blog/new-album-update |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Diana Anaid Official Website}}</ref> An saki waƙarsa ta farko, "Can't Apologise", a watan Yulin 2017 tare da bidiyon kiɗa, wanda Nick Egan ya jagoranta.<ref name="Can't Apol">{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title='Can't Apologise' on Vimeo |url=https://vimeo.com/122709187 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=Vimeo}}</ref> "Can't Apologise" ya ga tallafin rediyo a duk faɗin ƙasar yayin da Diana ta zagaya ƙasa da New Zealand tare da Adam da The Ants da nata jigon nunawa. Kyaututtuka na farko ga Sarauniyata sun haɗa da "Diana's a rock 'n' roll firecracker... a gaba ɗaya sha'"- Michael Smith - Rhythms "Sarauniyata" tana da duk baƙin ciki, basira, shayari da gaskiya na sanannen aikinta.- MJ O'Neill-TheMusic da furodusa Steve James suna da wannan yabo ga kundin Diana My Queen "My Queen ya tsaya a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin da na rubuta. Na sami ɗan gajeren jerin 10 daga cikin daruruwan rikodin da suka yi aiki a kai, gami da The Screaming Jets, Monty Python's - The Rutles, Toyah Wilcox, Weta, The Rumjacks kuma yanzu an kara My Queen a wannan jerin. "Bayan haka daga "Can't Apologise" na biyu "Better Girl" an sake shi a farkon 2018 zuwa ƙarin rabawa "... mai ban sha'awa da ƙwarewa, mai tawaye da ƙwarewar, mai ban shaʼawa..tare da murya mai ban mamaki. " 100% Rock "Ruhun gaskiya ne, mai zuciya kuma yana roƙo tare da masu sauraro, da kyau, sauraro... "'MusicLove ".. madadin dutse / pop a kan nuni shine aji na duniya"OverDrive. Tafiya a cikin ƙasa don tallafawa "Mafi kyawun Yarinya" An bayyana Diana a matsayin "..wanda ya yi daidai da Alanis Morissette" kuma "ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan" tare da bidiyon bidiyon da aka bayyana a matsayin "mai ƙarfi sosai" (MGM) da kuma "canjin rayuwa". 2018 kuma ta ga fitowar ta uku daga ''Sarauniya'', "mafi kyawun lokaci" ''Barin Garin,'' tare da bidiyon kiɗa "mai tasiri sosai" (Music.com.au). Diana ta ce game da bidiyon "Dukan ra'ayi na raye-raye ya jawo ni lokacin da na haɗa shi da waƙar", in ji Anaid. "Akwai wasu alaƙa masu ƙarfi, farawa da lokutan buɗewa, inda yarinyar ta shiga cikin hikimar ta ciki, har zuwa ƙarshe inda take mai hikima, cikakke, mai alaƙa da tsohuwar mace. "Leaving Town kuma yana da alaƙa da gano ƙarfin ciki da haɗawa da wani abu mai zurfi, tafiya da hanyarka kuma yin bambanci mai kyau. Dukan raye-raye suna da alama suna motsawa da motsawa ta halitta tare da bugun waƙar. " == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |AUS<br /><ref name="aus2">{{Cite web |title=Diana Anaid chart history, received from ARIA in May 2024 |url=https://imgur.com/a/0Nuucey |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=ARIA |via=Imgur.com}} N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Diana ah Naid'' | * An saki shi: Satumba 1997 * Alamar: Diana ah Naid (BE121) / ORiGiN (OR 038) * Tsarin: CD |104 |- ! scope="row" |''Ba na tsammanin ina da ciki'' | * An saki shi: Agusta 1999 * Alamar: ORiGiN (OR 048) * Tsarin: CD |94 |- ! scope="row" |''Kyakkyawan Abin Ƙyama'' | * An saki shi: Yuni 2004 * Alamar: ORiGiN (KWani 070) * Tsarin: CD, dijital | - |- ! scope="row" |''Diana Anaid'' | * An saki shi: Afrilu 2010 * Alamar: Forola, MGM (FORCD0003) * Tsarin: CD, dijital | - |- ! scope="row" |''Sarauniya'' | * An saki shi: 2017 * Alamar: Forola, MGM (FORCD0004) * Tsarin: CD, dijital | - |} === Albums na rayuwa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |AUS<br /> |- ! scope="row" |''Rayuwa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bush'' | * An saki shi: Fabrairu 2007 * Alamar: Forola (FORCD0001) * Tsarin: CD, dijital | - |} === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable" |+Singles - ginshiƙi da matsayi mai gudana !Taken !Shekara !AUS !US (Billboard) !Bayani |- |"Na tafi" |1997 |35 | |Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da aka fi bugawa a rediyo na Australiya a cikin 1997 |- |"Kyakkyawan Iyali" |1999 |48 | | |- |"Abin Ƙarshe" |2004 |138 |26<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite web |title=Billboard – Diana Anaid Chart History |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/diana-anaid/ |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> |Top 10 iTunes Pop Singles (2004) |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin mutane, tare da matsayi na ginshiƙi na Australiya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Shekara ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |AUS<br /><ref name="aus3">{{Cite web |title=Diana Anaid chart history (singles 1998-2004), received from ARIA in May 2024 |url=https://imgur.com/a/7yyrGDQ |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=ARIA |via=Imgur.com}} N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart.</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Na tafi" | rowspan="2" |1997 |36 | rowspan="4" |''Diana ah Naid'' |- ! scope="row" |"Dubi Ta hanyar" | - |- ! scope="row" |"Bayar da Ƙasar" | rowspan="2" |1998 | - |- ! scope="row" |"Oh A'a" | - |- ! scope="row" |"Kyakkyawan Iyali" | rowspan="2" |1999 |120 | rowspan="4" |''Ba na tsammanin ina da ciki'' |- ! scope="row" |"Kakarar takarda" | - |- ! scope="row" |"Kada Ku Yi imani da Soyayya" |2000 |79 |- ! scope="row" |"Ƙaunar Waƙar ga Yarinya" |2001 |108 |- ! scope="row" |"Abin Ƙarshe" |2004 |138 |''Kyakkyawan Abin Ƙyama'' |- ! scope="row" |"Yaudarar Ni" |2007 | -| {{N/a|non album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Cynical a kan farkawa" |2009 | - |''Diana Anaid'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ba za a iya neman gafara ba" |2017 | - | rowspan="3" |''Sarauniya'' |- ! scope="row" |"Mafi Kyawun Yarinya" | rowspan="2" |2018 | - |- ! scope="row" |"Garin Barin" | - |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == === Kyautar Kiɗa ta ARIA === ARIA Music Awards wani bikin bayar da kyaututtuka ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna kyawawan halaye, kirkire-kirkire, da nasarori a duk nau'ikan kiɗa na Australiya. Sun fara ne a shekarar 1987.   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bpp81glrnh5sfvtk6dpctkadg2hqo4r 0 170772 965547 961371 2026-10-10T02:24:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965547 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Cibiyar Nazarin Bayanai na Muhalli''' ('''CEDA''') kungiya ce ta Burtaniya wacce ke hidimtawa al'ummar kimiyyar muhalli ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin bayanai, nazarin bayanai, samun dama ga bayanai da kuma shiga aikin bincike. <ref name="DATAGOV1">{{Cite web |title=Publishers - Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) |url=https://data.gov.uk/publisher/centre-for-environmental-data-analysis |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=data.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134713/https://data.gov.uk/publisher/centre-for-environmental-data-analysis |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bayanai == CEDA Archive yana da alhakin adana bayanai daga ayyukan masu ba da kuɗi na NERC a cikin kimiyyar yanayi da Binciken Duniya. An kafa CEDA Archive daga hadewar BADC da NEODC. Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Halitta (NERC) da Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (STFC) ne ke tallafawa. <ref name="NERCds1">{{Cite web |title=Data centres |url=http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/data/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070144/http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/data/ |archive-date=2 October 2017 |access-date=26 January 2018 |website=[[Natural Environment Research Council]]}}</ref> == Samun bayanai == CEDA tana da alhakin samar da damar yin amfani da bayanan bincike. Takamaiman bayanan bayanai na iya samun dama daban-daban ko ƙuntatawa na lasisi. Ana samun bayanai da yawa a ƙarƙashin lasisin Gwamnatin Ingila (OGL). == JASMIN == CEDA tana aiki da Tsarin Nazarin Taron Taron Infrastructure Yana Bukatar super-data-cluster (JASMIN) e-infrastructure tare da hadin gwiwar Sashen Kwamfuta na Kimiyya na STFC.<ref name="CEDAnJASMIN">{{Cite web |title=CEDA & JASMIN |url=https://www.ralspace.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/CEDA-&-JASMIN.aspx |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2017 an kara jimlar damar ajiya na tarin zuwa petabytes 20 (PB). <ref name="InHPC1">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Panasas Upgrades JASMIN Super-Data-Cluster Facility to 20PB |url=https://insidehpc.com/2017/09/panasas-upgrades-jasmin-super-data-cluster-facility-20pb/ |access-date=30 January 2018 |website=inside HPC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140853/https://insidehpc.com/2017/09/panasas-upgrades-jasmin-super-data-cluster-facility-20pb/ |archive-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shafukan JASMIN guda huɗu sune Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Bristol, Reading da Leeds da aka haɗa akan cibiyar sadarwa ta Janet. Hanyoyi masu nisa da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin haske sune Edinburgh, Ofishin Met a Exeter da [[Netherlands]]_Meteorological_Institute" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Royal Netherlands (KNMI) a cikin Netherlands.<ref name="InHPC1" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.ceda.ac.uk/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na CEDA] * [http://www.jasmin.ac.uk Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na JASMIN] {{Authority control}} j9m8tsy5lrpg1izke2zw1vgouf0tlr6 0 170786 965577 934272 2026-10-10T04:12:19Z BnHamid 12586 965577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''AmphibiaWeb''' shafin yanar gizon Amurka ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da bayani game da amphibians. Wani rukuni na jami'o'i da ke aiki tare da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta California ne ke gudanar da shi: Jami'ar Jihar [[San Francisco]], Jami'ar California a Berkeley, Jami'an Florida a Gainesville, da Jami'ar Texas a Austin. Manufar AmphibiaWeb ita ce samar da shafi ɗaya ga kowane nau'in amphibian a duniya don haka masana kimiyya masu bincike, masana kimiyya na ƙasa da masu kiyayewa zasu iya hadin gwiwa.<ref name="Science">{{Cite journal |date=September 10, 2004 |title=DATABASE: Down at the Frog Pond |journal=Science |volume=305 |issue=5690 |page=1543 |doi=10.1126/science.305.5690.1543a |s2cid=220104410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kara da dabba ta 7000 a cikin 2012, gilashin gilashi daga [[Peru]]. Ya zuwa 2022, ya dauki bakuncin fiye da nau'in 8,400 da ke duk duniya. <ref name="About">{{Cite web |last=AmphibiaWeb Team |title=About Amphibiaweb |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/about/index.html |access-date=April 10, 2022 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb}}</ref> == Asalin == Masanin kimiyya David Wake ya kafa AmphibiaWeb a cikin 2000. An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da raguwar yawan amphibian a duk faɗin duniya. Ya kafa shi a Digital Library Project a Jami'ar California a Berkeley a cikin 2000. Wake ya zo ya yi la'akari da AmphibiaWeb wani ɓangare na gadonsa. == Amfani da shi == AmphibiaWeb yana ba da bayani ga IUCN, CalPhotos, Encyclopedia of Life da iNaturalist, kuma an ambaci bayanan a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. <ref name="PubMedCentral">{{Cite journal |last=Yap, T. A. |last2=Koo, M. S. |last3=Ambrose, R. F. |last4=Vredenburg, V. T. |year=2018 |title=Introduced bullfrog facilitates pathogen invasion in the western United States. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=4 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1388384Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188384 |pmc=5901863 |pmid=29659568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="EJT">{{Cite journal |last=Richard M. Lehtinen |last2=Frank Glaw |last3=Miguel Vences |last4=Andolalao Rakotoarison |last5=Mark D. Scherz |year=2018 |title=Two new Pandanus frogs (Guibemantis: Mantellidae: Anura) from northern Madagascar |url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/582 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=451 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2018.451 |s2cid=91855421 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="PubMed1">{{Cite journal |last=Mu L |last2=Zhou L |last3=Yang J |year=2017 |title=The first identified cathelicidin from tree frogs possesses anti-inflammatory and partial LPS neutralization activities. |journal=Amino Acids |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=1571–1585 |doi=10.1007/s00726-017-2449-7 |pmc=5561178 |pmid=28593346}}</ref><ref name="Pubmed2">{{Cite journal |last=Zhan X |last2=Wu H |last3=Wu H |year=2020 |title=Metabolites from Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842): A review of traditional uses, pharmacological activity, toxicity and quality control |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |publisher=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=246 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2019.112178 |pmid=31445132 |s2cid=208582111}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fpi0xf4alk1xrmt2xv8ue1a4kibpnzh 0 170944 965428 934685 2026-10-09T21:00:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965428 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:Marijuana,_Buffalo_County,_Nebraska,_2017-06-15.jpg|thumb|Cannabis yana girma a cikin rami a cikin Buffalo County, [[Nebraska]]]] [[File:Ditchweed_On_Midwest_Bike_Trail.jpg|thumb|Cannabis na daji da tarin cherries na ƙasa da ke girma a kan hanyar keke ta Midwest]] Cannabis na daji, ko '''marijuana na daji''' (wanda ake kira a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin ciyawar rami), cannabis ne mai girma na daji wanda ya fito ne daga tsire-tsire na masana'antu da aka shuka a baya don fiber, tare da ƙananan ko ƙananan adadin tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta bayyana ciyawa a matsayin "tsire-tsire na marijuana da aka warwatsa [ba tare da] wata shaida ta dasa, taki, ko kulawa ba".<ref name="norml2004">{{Cite web |date=2004-09-02 |title=99 Percent of All Marijuana Plants Eradicated In US Is Feral Hemp, Federal Data Reveals |url=http://norml.org/news/2004/09/02/99-percent-of-all-marijuana-plants-eradicated-in-us-is-feral-hemp-federal-data-reveals |access-date=2015-08-19 |publisher=[[NORML]]}}</ref> An shuka hemp na masana'antu a ko'ina a Amurka Midwest a tsakiyar karni na 20, musamman don tallafawa kokarin yaki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin shuka ta sake shuka ta halitta kuma ta girma daji a jihohi kamar [[Oklahoma]], [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], Nebraska, [[Iowa]], da [[Minnesota]], tare da [[Indiana|Indiya]] ta ba da rahoton mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasa.<ref name="norml2004" /> Tun daga farkon shekara ta 1914, wani littafi na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ya bayyana cewa: "Hemp yana da yawa a matsayin tsire-tsire na daji a wurare da yawa a yammacin Missouri, Iowa, da kuma kudancin Minnesota, kuma ana samun sa sau da yawa a cikin hanyar hanya a duk faɗin Yammacin Tsakiya". == Kawar da shi == Amsa ga wiwi mai banƙyama ya bambanta da lokaci da iko, tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi suna yin ƙoƙari don kawar da shuka, yayin da wasu ke ɗaukar shi da ƙarancin fifiko. An kafa shirin DEA na Kashewa / Kashewa da Cannabis a cikin 1979 kuma yana ba da kudaden tarayya a duk faɗin ƙasar don kawar da wiwi. A cikin 1991, shirin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kawar da tsire-tsire na cannabis miliyan 118, galibi a Indiana da Nebraska, idan aka kwatanta da tsire'o'in shuke-shuke miliyan 6 a cikin wannan shirin (95% da 5% na jimlar, bi da bi). Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2003 ya lura cewa kashi 99% na wiwi da aka kawar a karkashin wannan shirin a shekara ta 2003 wiwi ne mai banƙyama, ba shuke-shuke ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2017}} Cannabis mai tsayi yana da tsayi sosai, yana warwatsa tsaba wanda zai iya kwance ba tare da yin barci ba har tsawon shekaru 7-10 kafin ya sake tsiro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-06 |title=State cops, county officials fight ditch weed |url=http://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/state-cops-county-officials-fight-ditch-weed/article_5e15b58b-3e27-5534-bdc7-318ee81f03ce.html}}</ref> A Minnesota, an rarraba hemp a cikin 11 "mai guba da aka haramta" tare da nau'ikan ƙaya da yawa, kuma an lura da su don toshe kayan aikin noma na manoma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Levy |date=February 1, 2010 |title=Nuisance grows like a weed in metro |url=http://www.startribune.com/nuisance-grows-like-a-weed-in-metro/83213597/ |access-date=September 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914073032/https://www.startribune.com/nuisance-grows-like-a-weed-in-metro/83213597 |archive-date=September 14, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Musamman a Indiana, inda cannabis ya fi mayar da hankali, hukumomi sun daina yunkurin kawar da shi, tare da wani mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda yana cewa "Za ku iya kawar da ciyawa kamar yadda za ku iya kawar le Dandelion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheckler |first=Christian |date=2014-09-08 |title=Wild pot grows unhindered in farmland |url=http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/wild-pot-grows-unhindered-in-farmland/article_e58fe274-3743-11e4-a268-0017a43b2370.html |access-date=2015-08-19}}</ref> == Koriya ta Arewa == Ana shuka wiwi na daji a [[Koriya ta Arewa]], inda ba a san matsayin doka na wiwi ba amma ana zaton doka ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Global Marijuana Policies: 4 Countries with Unexpected Regulations - MassRoots |url=https://www.massroots.com/news/global-marijuana-policies-4-countries-with-unexpected-regulations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205803/https://www.massroots.com/news/global-marijuana-policies-4-countries-with-unexpected-regulations/ |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} mcve4o9xwwfivvet7e9i47x12m594e1 0 170998 965579 934837 2026-10-10T04:13:40Z BnHamid 12586 965579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''ZipcodeZoo''' kyauta ce, encyclopedia ta kan layi da aka nufa don yin rikodin dukkan nau'o'in halittu masu rai da Infraspecies da aka sani da kimiyya. An tattara shi daga bayanan da ke akwai. Ya ba da shafi ɗaya ga kowane nau'in rayuwa, yana ƙara rubutu tare da bidiyo, sauti, da hotuna inda suke. An haɗa ZipcodeZoo cikin aikace-aikacen da ake kira Lookup Life. <ref>''[https://www.treehugger.com/gadgets/free-app-helps-you-identify-plants-and-animals.html This free app helps you identify the plants and animals around you] {{Webarchive}}'' from TreeHugger 2015/07/07</ref> Ya zuwa 2019 shafin ba ya aiki. ZipcodeZoo wani bayani yanar gizo ne wanda ya tattara Tarihin halitta, rarrabuwa, halaye na jinsuna, [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|ilmin halitta]] na kiyayewa, da kuma rarraba bayanai na dubban jinsuna da Infraspecies. Ya haɗa da [[Hoto|hotuna]] sama da 800,000, [[Bidiyo]] 50,000, shirye-shiryen sauti 160,000, da taswirar miliyan 3.2 da ke kwatanta kusan nau'in nau'in miliyan 3.2 da infraspecies. Abubuwan da ke ciki yanzu suna samuwa ne kawai a kan Intanet ArchiveTarihin Intanet Shafin da shafin 'yar uwarsa na bincike sun haɗa da ayyuka masu yawa na bincike na musamman, kamar gano nau'in tsuntsaye daga launi, siffar da sauran halaye, gami da inda aka gani; ko samar da jerin tsire-tsire ko dabbobi da za a iya samu a cikin ko kusa da takamaiman wuri (kode, jihar, ƙasa, latitude / longitude, da dai sauransu). Ana iya ƙuntata binciken ga takamaiman takamaiman nau'o'i, ko manyan nau'o-nau'i kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe ko kifi. Mai horar da sauti zai iya kunna rikodin waƙoƙin tsuntsaye da yawa a lokaci guda. ZipcodeZoo ya samo asali ne daga Catalogue of Life don jerin nau'ikan jinsinta, Cibiyar Bayanai ta Duniya don taswirarta, Flickr don yawancin hotunan ta, [[YouTube]] don bidiyo, Xeno-canto don wasu rikodin sauti, IUCN don matsayin kiyayewa, da sauran manyan tushe. Dukkanin shafuka an buga su ne a ƙarƙashin ɗayan lasisin Creative Commons. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3v3oxomo5yyj9qf0m8rwi6gmhqaqhj0 0 171177 965385 935669 2026-10-09T18:51:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bronte Park''' wani yanki ne na karkara a yankin karamar hukumar (LGA) na Central Highlands a yankin Central LGA na Tasmania. Yankin yana da nisan {{Convert|82|km}} arewa maso yamma da garin Hamilton . Kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ta nuna cewa akwai mutane 28 a yankin Bronte Park na jihar. Wuri ne da ke kan Babbar Hanyar Marlborough a gefen kudu na [[Gidan shakatawa na Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair|Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park]] . Tana arewacin [[Hanyar Lyell|babbar hanyar Lyell]] kuma kusan rabinta tsakanin Hobart da Queenstown, kuma kusan tana tsakiyar yankin tsibirin. Filin shakatawa na Bronte yana arewacin [[Bronte Lagoon|tafkin Bronte]], wani tafki na wucin gadi a [[Tsaunukan Tsakiya (Tasmania)|tsakiyar tsaunukan Tsakiya]] . == Tarihi == An kafa Bronte Park a matsayin wurin zama a shekarar 1963. <ref name="Placename">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Placenames Tasmania – Bronte Park |url=https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1 |access-date=2 April 2021 |publisher=Placenames Tasmania |at=Select "Search", enter "127B", click "Search", select row, map is displayed, click "Details"}}</ref> Yanzu ƙauyen yawon buɗe ido ne da ke kula da masuntan kifi, masu kayak da masu yawo a ƙasa, amma an kafa shi a shekarun 1940 a matsayin masauki ga ma'aikata a Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Tasmanian Hydro Electrical 'schemy', 'Nive River Scheme' da sauran ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da shi a yankin. A shekarun 1950, ƙauyen ya kasance mai cike da ma'aikata sama da 700, tare da shago, ofishin 'yan sanda, ofishin gidan waya, makaranta, sinima, asibiti, kiwo da coci, amma yanzu an cire gidaje da gine-gine da yawa na asali, tare da kaɗan kawai suka rage a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bronte Lagoon Chalet. An buɗe Ofishin Wasiƙa na Bronte Park a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1948 kuma an rufe shi a shekarar 1979. <ref name="Post Office">{{Cite web |last=Phoenix Auctions History |title=Post Office List |url=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=TAS&filter=*Bronte*Park* |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Phoenix Auctions}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 1991, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Hydro (wanda yanzu ake kira Hydro Tasmania ) ta sayar da gidajen haya zuwa mallakar masu zaman kansu. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yawancin iyakokin layukan bincike ne. == Kayayyakin Hanya == Hanya ta A10 ( [[Hanyar Lyell|Babbar Hanyar Lyell]] ) tana ratsawa daga kudu maso gabas zuwa yamma. Hanya ta B11 (Marlborough Road) ta fara ne daga mahadar A10 kuma ta ratsa arewa ta cikin yankin. <ref name="Placename" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=May 2017 |title=Tasmanian Road Route Codes |url=https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112712/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-01 |access-date=2 April 2021 |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment}}</ref> == Manazarta == mdw4v39ewq3wbim5lce231l64gm94kl 0 171252 965506 935931 2026-10-09T22:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Catherine Elise Cade''' (Fabrairu 24, 1942 - Nuwamba 16, 2024), ƴar Amirka ce mai ɗaukar hoto da aka sani da aikinta a cikin ɗaukar hoto, gami da hotuna game da uwaye.<ref> name="Lesbian Art in America" </ref> Ta kasance mai fafutukar mata da 'yan gwagwarmaya daga farkon shekarun 1970, ta fara ne a matsayin mai fafutuka kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da ikon daukar hoto a farkon shekarun 1960 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kudancin 'Yancin Bil'adama. Cade ta zauna a Berkeley, kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗakunan ajiyarta a The Bancroft Library a Jami'ar California a Berkeley . Ta kasance memba na Bay Area Civil Rights Veterans kuma tana da kayan tunawa a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama. Ta kasance memba na Tsohon Lesbians Organizing for Change . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cade a Honolulu, Hawaii a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1942 . <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Alex |date=20 December 2024 |title=Cathy Cade, Groundbreaking Lesbian Photographer, Dies at 82 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/20/arts/cathy-cade-dead.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ta girma a Kudu da Tsakiyar Yamma.<ref name="OutHistory">{{Cite web |last=Vider |first=Stephen |title=Picturing a Lesbian Feminist Household: A 2015 Interview with Cathy Cade by Stephen Vider |url=https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/cathy-cade/introduction-and-interview |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=outhistory.com |publisher=OutHistory}}</ref> Yayinda yake halartar kwaleji, Cade ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Kudu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CATHYCADE.COM |url=http://www.cathycade.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223012050/http://www.cathycade.com/ |archive-date=2012-02-23 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=www.cathycade.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1969, Cade ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Tulane da ke [[New Orleans]]. <ref name="nytimes" /> <ref name="OutHistory" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2013 |title=Civil Rights Under Three Hats: Photographs by Matt Herron and Some Movements of the 1970s & 1980s: Selected Photographs by Cathy Cade |url=https://blogs.uww.edu/crossman/civil-rights-under-three-hats-photographs-by-matt-herron-and-some-movements-of-the-1970s-1980s-selected-photographs-by-cathy-cade/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127231346/https://blogs.uww.edu/crossman/civil-rights-under-three-hats-photographs-by-matt-herron-and-some-movements-of-the-1970s-1980s-selected-photographs-by-cathy-cade/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=6 March 2019 |website=Crossman Gallery, University of Wisconsin - Whitewater}}</ref> == Ayyuka == "Cade mai fafutuka ce ta dogon lokaci a cikin 'yancin farar hula,' yancin gay, da ƙungiyoyin' yancin mata, kuma hotunan ta suna da alaƙa da aikinta na adalci na zamantakewa. "A shekara ta 1989 ta raba hotunan ta "yana nuna ƙarfi, bambancin da girman kai na 'yan mata" a wani gabatarwa a Davis. A ƙarshen 2000, ta fara kasuwancin ta "Cathy Cade: Tarihin Mutum, Shirye-shiryen Hotuna da Hoto".<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Cade ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corinne |first=Tee |title=Cathy Cade - Biography |url=https://www.cla.purdue.edu/WAAW/Corinne/CathyCadebio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731041756/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/Corinne/CathyCadebio.htm |archive-date=2011-07-31 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=www.cla.purdue.edu}}</ref> Ta mutu daga rikitarwa na rashin hankali a gidanta a Berkeley, California, a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2024, tana da shekaru 82.<ref name="nytimes" /> == Littattafai == * A Lesbian Photo Album: Rayuwar Mata bakwai na Lesbian . (Oakland, Ca: Littattafan Mata na Ruwa, 1987). * Mata mai sarrafawa Conception ta Sarah da Mary Anonymous, zane-zane na Billie Mericle, haƙƙin mallaka 1979 ta Womanshare Books. UnionWAGE ce ta samar da shi kuma ta rarraba shi. == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen == An nuna Cade a cikin nune-nunen mutum uku LESBIANS Duba LESBIANS: Gina Al'umma a Hotunan Mata na Farko a Gidan Tarihi na Leslie-Lohman a cikin 2011. <ref name="Feminine Moments">{{Cite web |title=Lesbian Art Herstory: Lesbians Seeing Lesbians |url=https://www.femininemoments.dk/blog/lesbian-art-herstory-lesbians-seeing-lesbians/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Feminine Moments Queer Feminist Art Worldwide |publisher=Feminine Moments}}</ref> == Tarin abubuwa == Ana gudanar da aikin Cade a cikin tarin dindindin ciki har da:   * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Oakland na California<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oakland Museum of California Collections: Cathy Cade |url=https://portal.museumca.org/?search_field=text&q=cathy+cade |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=museumca.org |publisher=Oakland Museum of California}}</ref> * Cibiyar Tarihin San Francisco<ref name="SFPL">{{Cite web |title=Cathy Cade Photograph Collection 1972-2002 |url=https://sfpl.org/pdf/main/glc/Cathy_Cade.pdf |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=sfpl.org |publisher=San Francisco Public Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626164542/https://sfpl.org/pdf/main/glc/Cathy_Cade.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == 2004 - Pat Bond Memorial Old Dyke Award: girmamawa ga 'yan mata masu ban mamaki sama da 60 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 1tw862hzr94sytagxo484dl35n6lb91 0 171466 965247 936834 2026-10-09T13:00:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Basim Elkarra''' ( Arabic ) shugaban kare hakkin jama'a ne na Amurka wanda ke aiki a matsayin darektan zartarwa na kasa na CAIR Action, wata kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta kasa mai suna 501(c)(4) wacce ta sadaukar da kanta don gina karfin siyasa ga Musulman Amurka da wadanda ba su da 'yancin walwala a zamantakewa. Shi amintaccen kwamitin gudanarwa ne na Gundumar Makarantar Twin Rivers Unified School District <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Twin Rivers - Meet Our Board |url=https://www.trusd.net/Our-District/Board/Meet-Our-Board/index.html |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.trusd.net}}</ref> kuma a hukumance darektan zartarwa na reshen Sacramento na Majalisar Hulɗar Musulunci da Amurka (CAIR), <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAIR CALIFORNIA {{!}} Sacramento Valley » Our Staff |url=https://ca.cair.com/sacval/about/our-staff/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918191729/https://ca.cair.com/sacval/about/our-staff/ |archive-date=2017-09-18 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=ca.cair.com |language=en-US}}</ref> memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na reshen Sacramento na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta California . <ref name="cadem.org">{{Cite web |title=Standing Committees / About Us / California Democratic Party |url=http://www.cadem.org/about/standing_committees?id=0001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124634/http://www.cadem.org/about/standing_committees?id=0001 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=www.cadem.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Elkarra kuma ya girma a San Francisco, CA. Shi ne na biyu a cikin 'ya'ya biyar, yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu da 'yan'uwa maza biyu. Ya buga ƙwallon kwando a Makarantar Sakandare ta J. Eugene McAteer, kuma ya halarci Kwalejin City ta San Francisco da Jami'ar California, Berkeley inda ya kammala karatunsa da Babban Daraja tare da Digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa. Yana zaune a kwarin Sacramento tun daga shekarar 2004. Yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya shida, ciki har da tagwaye.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} == Ayyukan Ilimi == Elkarra ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kwamitin kula da Bond na gundumar Los Rios Community College. A wannan matsayin, ya kula da dala miliyan 200 na haraji a cikin sabuntawa da gyaran makarantun Los Rios. A matsayinsa na mai kula da kwamitin California Twin Rivers Unified School District Elkarra ya kula da amincewar masu kula da kuma tattaunawa a yajin aikin malamai.<ref name=":0" /> Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Gidan Makarantar a Regency Park Elementary na gundumar North Natomas ta Sacramento, CA . <ref name=":0" /> Shi mai magana ne game da 'yancin ilimi da kuma rawar da bangaskiya ke takawa a canjin zamantakewa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2024 |title=Public Courage and the Academy: Rabbi Seth Castleman and Basim Elkarra |url=https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/public-events-calendar?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D172312500 |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026 |website=Harvard Divinity School}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basim Elkarra: Rising Above Hate |url=https://www.capradio.org/146669 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=www.capradio.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-15 |title=Basim Elkarra Awarded Access Sacramento's “Power of Voice” Commendation |url=https://www.wrmea.org/2015-june-july/basim-elkarra-awarded-access-sacramentos-power-of-voice-commendation.html |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=WRMEA |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacramento Area Leaders Host Seder Focusing On Social Justice |url=https://www.capradio.org/93061 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=www.capradio.org |language=en}}</ref> wanda The Sacramento Bee ya yaba da shi a matsayin "Mai ibada da Dynamic".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |title=AAPI Change Maker: Basim Elkara, executive director of CAIR (Video) |url=https://www.sacbee.com/latest-news/article267860802.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026 |website=Sacramento Bee}}</ref>Elkarra ita ce ta kafa Shirin Jagorancin Matasan Musulmi wanda ke ba da damar daliban makarantar sakandare su fahimci tsarin majalisa na jihar. An tsara su don matasa suyi aiki a matsayin sanatoci suna ba da nasu dokoki, suna aiki a kwamitoci don muhawara da amincewa da shawarwarin, sannan su jefa kuri'a a kan shawarwarin a majalisar dattijai ta Jihar California.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-29 |title=CAIR-CA Concludes 19th Annual Muslim Youth Leadership Program, Empowering Students to Lead |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-ca-concludes-19th-annual-muslim-youth-leadership-program-empowering-students-to-lead/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga wannan shirin an shirya shi a wasu jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Community Advisory: Registration Opens for CAIR Md.’s Muslim Youth Day at the Capitol 2026 |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/community-advisory-registration-opens-for-cair-md-s-muslim-youth-day-at-the-capitol-2026/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=CAIR 9th Annual Muslim Youth Leadership Symposium (MYLS) on Capitol Hill a Success Thanks to Sponsors' Support |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-9th-annual-muslim-youth-leadership-symposium-myls-on-capitol-hill-a-success-thanks-to-sponsors-support/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-20 |title=Young Muslims seek careers correcting media misrepresentations – The Seattle Globalist |url=https://seattleglobalist.com/2014/08/20/muslim-youth-media-misrepresentations-islam/28573 |access-date=2026-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan 'Yancin Bil'adama == Elkarra ya kasance babban darakta na babi na Sacramento Valley na Majalisar kan Dangantakar Amurka da Islama tun daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2024. Sau da yawa kafofin watsa labarai na Sacramento sun yi masa tambayoyi game da batun 'yancin jama'a na Musulmi. Tare da Sashen 'yan sanda na Birnin Sacramento, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Binciken' yan sanda kuma a baya ya kasance Kwamishinan' yan sanda na al'umma kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Al'adu. A cikin waɗannan damar, ya dauki bakuncin tarurrukan ƙwarewar al'adu ga jami'an 'yan sanda. A cikin 2011, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ingila ya aika Elkarra zuwa Ingila don saduwa da matasa Musulmai na Burtaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin inganta aikin jama'a a Ingila da inganta dimokuradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab-American Groups Offer Civil Society Models to Middle East {{!}} IIP Digital |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2011/03/20110310161432m0.4893915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408020214/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2011/03/20110310161432m0.4893915.html |archive-date=2016-04-08 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=iipdigital.usembassy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda yake cikin matsayinsa na babban darektan, Elkarra ya wakilci al'ummomin da ba su da ikon mallakar wasu addinai. Sikhs galibi ana yin niyya ne da ƙiyayya da Musulmi saboda wasu daga cikin mazaunansu suna sanye da turban, kuma wannan yana rikicewa a matsayin tufafin Musulmi. Elkarra abokin tarayya ne na al'ummar Sikh na Sacramento kuma ya bayyana lokacin da wani magatakarda na kantin Sikh a Marysville, CA ya yi niyya da wani mutum wanda ya ce ya "ƙin Musulmai," <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAIR-Sacramento, Allies Condemn Islamophobic Attack on Sikh Store Clerk in Marysville |url=https://ca.cair.com/press-release/cair-sacramento-allies-condemn-islamophobic-attack-on-sikh-store-clerk-in-marysville/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=CAIR California |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma lokacin da aka lalata Haikali na Sikh na sacramento. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-08 |title=20 Years Later: Remembering Sikh Temple Vandalism After 9/11 - CBS Sacramento |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sikh-temple-vandalism-9-11-muslim/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokta Elysse Versher a matsayinta na Mataimakin Shugaban makarantar sakandare ta West Campus an yi niyya da saƙon wariyar launin fata kuma Elkarra ta taimaka wajen gano taron a matsayin laifin ƙiyayya don a iya kawo hankali ga lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicente |first=Vera |date=November 17, 2021 |title='No substantial change has occurred' {{!}} Activists stand behind assistant principal targeted in racist incident |url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/community/race-and-culture/racist-incident-west/103-c74a5df3-19a1-4bd6-845b-a7184a0ad206 |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}}</ref> Lokacin da birnin majalisa na Fort Bragg ya yi ƙoƙari ya canza sunan garin don kauce wa dangantaka da Janar Braxton Bragg, Elkarra ya nuna goyon baya cewa ƙasar za ta iya ɗaga sunayen mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin raba ƙasar da tallafawa bautar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweeney |first=Don |date=June 15, 2020 |title=A California city named for a Confederate general considers changing its name |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article243530817.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}}</ref> === Shari'ar Hamid Hayat na Lodi, CA === Elkarra, a matsayin babban darakta na sashen Sacramento Valley na CAIR, shi ne jagorar hulɗa ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama a kare mazaunin Lodi Hamid Hayat daga gurfanar da shi na ƙarya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=He was wrongly linked to a terror cell. Freed after 14 years in jail and prison, he is still paying for America's fear |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2022/hamid-hayat/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=The San Francisco Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shari'ar Lodi ita ce shari'ar farko a Amurka inda aka kama wani tantanin da ake zargi da yin barci kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukunci ta hanyar shari'a. FBI ta tabbatar da cewa Hayat wani sleeper cell ne wanda aka horar a sansanin horo na Pakistan yayin tafiye-tafiyensa a can a 2005 tare da iyalinsa. A matsayin shari'ar farko, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] da Sakataren Tsaro na Gida Michael Chertoff, <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Discusses Global War on Terror |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060905-4.html |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> kuma kai tsaye daga Babban Lauyan Alberto Gonzales <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chesney |first=Robert M. |title=Beyond Conspiracy? Anticipatory Prosecution and the Challenge of Unaffiliated Terrorism |url=https://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=7242&context=expresso |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}}</ref> da Darakta na FBI Robert Mueler. [3]<ref name="Egelko">{{Cite web |last=Egelko |first=By Bob |date=2020-02-15 |title=Federal case against Lodi terror suspect Hamid Hayat comes to an end |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Federal-case-against-Lodi-terror-suspect-Hamid-15057833.php |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript {{!}} The Enemy Within {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/etc/script.html |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Chertoff ya yi jayayya cewa gwamnati ba za ta iya samun damar yin tafiya a hankali a cikin gurfanar da sel masu barci a kasar ba. Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa Gwamnatin Bush ta yi ƙoƙari ta wuce gona da iri kan nasarorin yaki da ta'addanci kawai don tsarin shari'a ya rage shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tempest |first=Rone |date=2006-03-29 |title=Prosecutors Rest Case in Terrorism Trial |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-29-me-lodi29-story.html |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hayat ita ce kadai ta'addanci da aka yanke masa hukunci (ko da yake ba daidai ba) da ke zaune a kasar, kuma an yi amfani da wannan don tabbatarwa da gina goyon bayan jama'a ga Dokar Patriot ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welter |first=Greg |date=2008-08-28 |title=U.S. attorney: Patriot Act 'essential tool' |url=https://www.police1.com/police-products/investigation/articles/us-attorney-patriot-act-essential-tool-y23odEmrTu6oZkGE/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Police1 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanson |first=Victor Davis |title=If the Problem Is Muslim Terror, Then What? |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/if-the-problem-is-muslim-terror-then-what |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=City Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USA PATRIOT Act |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/patriotact/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenhut |first=Steven |date=2019-08-17 |title=Lodi terror case shows injustice results when fear rules |url=https://www.ocregister.com/lodi-terror-case-shows-injustice-results-when-fear-rules/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan shekaru 14 a kurkuku, yadda FBI ke gudanar da shari'ar ya nuna ikirarin tilasta daga Hayat kuma Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Garland E. Burrell Jr. ya wanke shi a shekarar 2020 wanda ya jagoranci shari'arsa wanda ya sanya Hayat a kurkuku.<ref name="Egelko" /> Elkarra ya yi magana tare da Hayat a taron manema labarai bayan cirewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=Case closed for Hamid Hayat: Feds won't seek new trial in overturned California terror case |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article240318021.html |access-date=July 2, 2026 |website=Sacramento Bee}}</ref> Elkarrra ya nuna yadda aka motsa masu ba da labari na FBI su yi zargin ƙarya da kuma kama batutuwa. A game da Hayat, mai ba da labari Naseem Khan a baya ya kasance manajan kantin sayar da kayan masarufi kuma ma'aikaci a McDonalds a Bend, Oregon . <ref name=":1" /> FBI ta ba shi albashi na $ 200,000 da kuma kudaden da aka biya don zama mai ba da labari a gare su. Wannan ya sa Khan ya sami 'yan ta'adda masu barci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-03-15 |title=Sighting of Terrorist in Lodi Questioned |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-15-me-lodi15-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaronson |first=Trevor |date=2019-08-16 |title=For Years, Reporters Questioned the Terror Prosecution of Hamid Hayat. Now He's Been Freed. |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/08/16/terrorism-september-11-prosecution/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan haka kuma tun lokacin da Elkarra ya yi aiki tare da FBI kuma a matsayin kwamishina a Sashen 'yan sanda na Sacramento don jagorantar horar da al'adu. == Ayyukan Siyasa == Gwamna [[Jerry Brown]] ya nada Elkarra a matsayin memba na kwamitin kididdigar California ta 2020 don fitar da wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shiga don kara yawan shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Brown Appoints CAIR-Sacramento Valley Director to State Census Committee |url=https://ca.cair.com/press-release/governor-brown-appoints-cair-sacramento-valley-director-to-state-census-committee/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=CAIR California |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar sauyawa ta Magajin garin Kevin Johnson kuma Magajin garin Darrell Steinberg ya nada shi a Hukumar Binciken 'Yan Sanda. A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2024, Majalisar Birnin Sacramento ta amince da ƙuduri don yin kira ga tsagaita wuta a yakin Isra'ila a Gaza. Elkarra ya yi aiki tare da shugabannin Yahudawa, Magajin gari, da Majalisar Birni a kan kalmomin ƙuduri da sashi na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2024 |title=12 arrested as Sacramento council OKs cease-fire resolution backed by local Jewish, Muslim leaders |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article286837715.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta California, Elkarra ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin tabbatar da aiki da kuma shugaban kungiyar Larabawa ta Amurka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin gundumar majalisa na 7. === Ayyukan CAIR === Tare da CAIR Action, Elkarra yana tafiya a cikin ƙasar don neman sabbin 'yan takarar siyasa don tantance su don amincewa da sanya su a cikin jagorar masu jefa kuri'a. Kungiyar tana da hannu a cikin tattara masu jefa kuri'a, ilimi, lobbying, da kuma fitar da horo da ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAIR Action Reaches Over 1 Million Muslim and Allied Voters, Mobilizing for Justice and Empowering Civic Engagement |url=https://cairaction.org/press-release/cair-action-reaches-over-1-million-muslim-and-allied-voters-mobilizing-for-justice-andempowering-civic-engagement/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=CAIR Action |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Shari'a == Elkarra ta shiga cikin kokarin shari'a da yawa don dakatar da haramcin tafiye-tafiye da Gwamnatin Trump ta yi a Sarsour v. Trump sannan Hawaii v. Trump . Wannan ya samo asali ne daga hauhawar laifukan ƙiyayya ga Musulmai da aka danganta da haramcin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Luery |first=Mike |date=2017-06-27 |title=Fear, concern and confusion: Sacramento-area Muslims react to travel ban ruling |url=https://www.kcra.com/article/fear-concern-and-confusion-sacramento-area-muslims-react-to-travel-ban-ruling/10225912 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=KCRA |language=en}}</ref> da ƙuntatawa da ke hana samun kulawa ta likita a Amurka ta hanyar baƙi marasa zama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2018 |title=Yemeni mom overcame travel ban to hold her dying son in U.S. |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/yemeni-mom-overcame-travel-ban-to-hold-her-dying-son-in-u-s |access-date=July 2, 2026 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Ya kuma shigar da kara don kalubalanci hadin gwiwar Gwamnatin Biden a cikin [[Kisan kare dangi a Gaza|Kisan kiyashi na Gaza]] a Tsaro ga Yara na Duniya - Falasdinu v. Biden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Case Dismissed As Ninth Circuit Panel Rules Courts Cannot Hear Claims Biden Is Enabling Israel's Genocide in Gaza |url=https://ccrjustice.org/node/10328 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Center for Constitutional Rights |language=en}}</ref> === Sarsour da Trump === A watan Janairun 2017, Elkarra ya kai karar Shugaba [[Donald Trump]] a Virginia a Sarsour v. Trump saboda halattaccen umarnin zartarwa na hana shige da fice daga kasashe mafi yawan Musulmai. Sauran masu shigar da kara a cikin shari'ar sun hada da Linda Sarsour da [[Rashida Tlaib]] . Shari'ar ta jaddada cewa Trump ya yi niyya da kasashe ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda yawan jama'arsu galibi Musulmi ne kuma wannan ya haifar da lahani ga Musulmai a Amurka. Alkalin tarayya na Virginia ya musanta karar yana mai cewa masu shigar da kara ba su nuna tabbacin shaida ba a karkashin sabon fasalin umarnin zartarwa. Yayin da wannan shari'ar ke ci gaba akwai wasu shari'o'in tarayya, musamman Hawaii v. Trump da International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump wanda ya samu nasarar tabbatar da umarnin kasa wanda ya toshe sake fasalin umarnin zartarwa ta Fadar White House.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Katherine |title=Case Note: Sarsour v. Trump (E.D. Va. 2017): Upholding the “Muslim Ban” 2.0 |url=https://portal.shariasource.com/documents/3276 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=SHARIAsource}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarsour v. Trump 1:17-cv-00120 (E.D. Va.) {{!}} Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse |url=https://clearinghouse.net/case/15603/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=clearinghouse.net}}</ref> === Hawaii da Trump === Elkarra ya gabatar da taƙaitaccen goyon baya a cikin Hawaii v. Trump wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami umarni na ƙasa ga haramcin Musulmi. Jihar [[Hawaii]] ta yi jayayya ta hanyar Babban Lauyanta Doug Chin cewa haramtacciyar Shige da Fice na Musulmi (Muslim Ban) ta karya doka da kuma tsarin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit: Hawaii v. Trump |url=https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2017/04/24/17-15589%20Muslim%20Civil%20Rights%20Activists%20Amicus.pdf |website=USCourts.gov}}</ref> Duk da yake bai dakatar da haramcin musulmi ba ta hanyar yanke shawara ta 5-4 ta Kotun Koli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump v. Hawaii (17-965) |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/trump-v-hawaii-3/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=www.scotusblog.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya suites sun kalubalanci sabuntawa na haramcin Musulmi kuma a ƙarshe [[Joe Biden|Shugaba Joe Biden]] ya soke shi. === Tsaro ga Yara na Duniya - Falasdinu v. Biden === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023 Elkarra ta kai karar Shugaba [[Joe Biden]], Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Antony Blinken]], da Sakataren Tsaro Lloyd Austin a cikin Tsaro don Yara na Duniya - Falasdinu v. Biden . Abinda ke cikin karar shi ne cewa shugaban kasa da ma'aikatarsa sun kasance suna da hannu a cikin laifukan da [[Isra'ila]] ta yi wa [[Falasdinawa]] a [[Zirin Gaza|Gaza]] wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yunwa. Haɗin gwiwar yana da alaƙa da Shugaba Biden wajen ba da damar ci gaba da haɓaka sayar da makamai da tallafin soja da leken asiri ga Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila a cikin fashewar fararen hula a Gaza. Elkarra tare da sauran masu shigar da kara sun gabatar da shaidar farko game da asarar rayukan ɗan adam a cikin iyalansu. Elkarra ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe mambobi 200 na danginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion {{!}} We Must Call It What It Is: A Genocide in Gaza {{!}} Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/genocide-in-gaza |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=www.commondreams.org |language=en}}</ref>Wani alƙali na tarayya a Oakland ya yi watsi da karar a watan Janairun 2024 sannan kuma wani bangare na alƙalai uku a Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka da ke cewa kotuna suna da iko don soke yanke shawara game da manufofin kasashen waje da shugaban kasa da majalisar ministocinsa suka yanke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense for Children International - Palestine v. Biden |url=https://ccrjustice.org/node/10098 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Center for Constitutional Rights |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Basim Elkarra |url=https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2023/12/44-3_12-22-23_Elkarra-Decl_w.pdf |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Center for Constitutional Rights |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Maureen Clare |date=2023-11-15 |title=Palestinians sue Biden to stop Gaza genocide |url=https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/maureen-clare-murphy/palestinians-sue-biden-stop-gaza-genocide |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=The Electronic Intifada |language=en}}</ref> == Zaben Gundumar Makarantar Twin Rivers == Elkarra mai kula da kwamitin Twin Rivers Unified School District ne. A shekara ta 2015 ya yi takara don kujerar Area 5 da Sonja Cameron ta yi adawa da ita. Wannan zabe ne na musamman bayan tsohon mai kula da makarantar Cortez Quinn ya yi murabus daga kujerar bayan da aka yi kira <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2014 |title=Quinn resigns from Twin Rivers school board after felony plea |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article3185044.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}}</ref> kuma an nada Cameron a wurin zama mara kyau. Wasu mambobin yankin sun yi zargin cewa ba daidai ba ne a nada kujerar ba tare da zabe ba. An tattara sa hannu kuma an gudanar da zabe na musamman a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2015. Zaben zai kashe gundumar makarantar kimanin $ 113,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Twin Rivers Unified to hold May election for trustee post |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article7959270.html |access-date=2015-04-10 |website=sacbee}}</ref> A lokacin wannan zaben an lalata Elkarra saboda asalinsa na Palasdinawa da bangaskiyar Musulmi a cikin takardar wasika kai tsaye na asalin da ba a sani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Opinion: Twin Rivers candidate smeared for ethnic, religious background |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/marcos-breton/article19193715.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Richard |date=2015-04-22 |title=Flyer links Twin Rivers board candidate to terrorism |url=https://www.kcra.com/article/controversial-flyer-links-twin-rivers-school-board-candidate-to-terrorism/6421956 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=KCRA |language=en}}</ref> Cameron ta nisanta kanta daga takardar ta bayyana cewa tare da yara da jikoki ba za ta tsaya don wani tsegumi bisa ga tseren ba. Carlos Marquez, darektan siyasa na California Charter Association Advocates shine mai goyon bayan Cameron mafi karfi kuma ya ce idan sun san cewa wani a cikin yakin neman zabe na Cameron yana bayan takardar, to za su fice daga zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2015 |title=Politicians, Community Leaders Show Support for Elkarra at Anti-Hate Rally |url=https://fox40.com/news/local-news/politicians-community-leaders-show-support-for-elkarra-at-anti-hate-rally/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rikici == A shekara ta 2006, ɗan jaridar FrontPage Magazine Joe Kaufman, ya shawo kan Sanata Barbara Boxer don janye "takardar shaidar nasara" wanda ta ba da ita ga jami'in CAIR Basim Elkarra. Kaufman ya ambaci zargin da CAIR ke da shi da Hamas da kuma maganganun da ake zaton Elkarra ya yi wanda ya karyata. Mai dambe "ya nuna damuwa" game da wasu maganganun da CAIR ta yi a baya, kuma wasu jami'an tilasta bin doka sun tabbatar da cewa CAIR "tana ba da taimako ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci na duniya".CAIR ko wani daga cikin shugabanninta ba a taɓa tuhuma ko kuma a yanke musu hukunci game da wani laifi ba. Bayan wadannan abubuwan, Elkarra ya bayyana cewa "Yana da takaici cewa [Sen. Boxer] ya fada wa wadannan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. "Kungiyoyi da yawa sun soki wannan sokewa sosai ciki har da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin California.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2007 |title=Scrutiny Increases for a Group Advocating for Muslims in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/washington/14cair.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin&oref=slogin |access-date=February 8, 2012 |publisher=The New York Times.}}</ref> Jami'an CAIR sun musanta cewa CAIR tana da alaƙa da kungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma cewa zarge-zargen da aka yi musu sun samo asali ne daga Islamophobia.<ref name="Newsweek" /> A sakamakon gardamar da Boxer ya kirkira, Basim ya karɓi wasikar ƙiyayya, gami da barazanar mutuwa, tun lokacin da gardamar ta ɓarke.<ref name="The Progressive">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2007 |title=Muslim American Civil Rights Activist Gets Death Threats |url=http://www.progressive.org/news/2007/01/4422/muslim-american-civil-rights-activist-gets-death-threat |access-date=May 4, 2015 |publisher=The Progressive.}}</ref> Hakazalika, a cikin 2010, Ami Bera wanda ke neman kujerar majalisa ta Amurka, ya dawo da $ 250 na gudummawar kamfen ga Mista Elkarra bayan tambayoyi game da alakar CAIR.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotakainen |first=Rob |date=2010-08-16 |title=Capitol Alert: Ami Bera returns campaign contribution from CAIR official |url=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2010/08/bera-returns-campaign-contribu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418080223/http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2010/08/bera-returns-campaign-contribu.html |archive-date=April 18, 2015 |access-date=2015-04-15 |website=The Sacramento Bee}}</ref> An soki Bera saboda "ya yi nasara ga karuwar tashin hankali na kasa game da Islama a Amurka da kuma tsoratar da NRCC, musamman".A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2015, Ami Bera ya ba da sanarwar amincewarsa ga yakin neman zabe na Basim Elkarra don kujerar Kwamitin Makarantar Twin Rivers . A cikin 2017, Basim Elkarra ya sami godiya ta musamman daga Tarayyar Yahudawa ta Yankin Sacramento don samun gafara daga Davis Imam Ammar Shahin bayan Imam ya nemi Allah ya "hallaka wadanda suka rufe Masallacin Al-Aqsa" a cikin wa'azin Jumma'a. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kb7jd1gna17nqsxe0vdwf2vpphgprq6 0 171530 965329 937005 2026-10-09T17:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bothwell''', Tasmania ƙaramin gari ne mai yawan jama'a 499 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021. Tana tsakiyar Tasmania a kan [[Kogin Clyde (Tasmania)|Kogin Clyde]] a cikin wani babban kwari, sanannen wurin [[farauta]] ne kuma yanki ne na tafki. Yana cikin gundumar [[Majalisar Tsakiyar Highlands]] kuma yana bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafa ta a shekarar 2022.<ref name="Bicentenary">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=Bothwell Bi-Centenary Festival 2022 |url=https://centralhighlands.tas.gov.au/bothwell-bi-centenary-festival-2022/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=Central Highlands Council}}</ref> Wuraren da ke kusa sun haɗa da Hollow Tree, Hamilton, Ouse da Kempton. An ambaci Bothwell a cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Australiya ta bayyana Bothwell a matsayin:<blockquote>"... wani matsugunin noma a kan Kogin Clyde, wanda aka gina a cikin wani kyakkyawan yanayin ƙasa, kewaye da ƙananan tuddai masu tsire-tsire na halitta. A koyaushe, wurin zama ne mai sassauƙa tare da manyan filaye. Cikakkun bayanai na jama'a sun haɗa da dasa bishiyoyi da Queens Square. Shuka bishiyoyi masu yawa suna faruwa a kan hanyar zuwa filin nunin. Gidajen zama masu mahimmanci suna faruwa a gefen yamma na kogin. Yana da cibiyoyin ƙauyuka biyu, tare da kyawawan majami'u da makabartu waɗanda aka haɗa su a kusa da Sarauniya's Square. Halin garin gabaɗaya shine sassauƙa, wuraren buɗewa na ciki suna da mahimmanci, tare da gine-gine masu daidaito gabaɗaya suna cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. Matsugunin yana da mahimmanci don tsarin sa na yau da kullun wanda aka jaddada ta hanyar ci gaba da sanin jama'a a cikin gini da shimfidar wuri." <ref name="Australian Heritage Database">{{Cite web |title=Bothwell Historic Town |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3Dbothwell%3Bstate%3DTAS%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=11561 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=Australian Heritage Database |publisher=Australian Government Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment}}</ref></blockquote> == Tarihi == Shekaru dubbai kafin mulkin mallaka na Turawa, yankin Bothwell shine gidan mutanen Big River, waɗanda ke ƙaura lokaci-lokaci tsakanin tsaunuka da bakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bothwell and its Chronology |url=https://www.bothwellhistoricalsociety.org.au/Bothwell%20Chronology.html |publisher=Bothwell Historical Society |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519115739/http://bothwellhistoricalsociety.org.au/Bothwell%20Chronology.html |archive-date=2024-05-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sun yi tsayayya da mamayar yankinsu da ƙarfi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da aka sani da Yaƙin Baƙar fata . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clements |first=Nicholas |date=7 September 2014 |title=Reconciliation in Tasmania: War, Memory and Empathy |url=https://rightnow.org.au/opinion/reconciliation-in-tasmania-war-memory-and-empathy/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=Right Now Inc.}}</ref> Bothwell ya samo asali ne daga kafuwarta a shekarar 1822, <ref name="UTAS">{{Cite web |last=Ramsay |first=Mary |title=Bothwell |url=https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/B/Bothwell.htm |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=The Companion to Tasmanian History |publisher=University of Tasmania}}</ref> lokacin da iyalai da dama 'yan asalin Scotland suka zauna a yankin da zai zama garin. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Bothwell da ke Lanarkshire, [[Scotland]] . An tsara shi a shekarar 1824 ta hannun mai binciken ƙasa Thomas Scott, <ref name="Australian Heritage Database" /> tare da wani tsari mai cikakken bayani da aka tsara a shekarar 1837 wanda aka ware sarari don kasuwa, makaranta, 'yan sanda, alkali da kuma fastoci. Garin ya faɗaɗa har zuwa gabas har zuwa tubalan da ke gefen gabas na Titin Kent da arewa zuwa Titin Alexander. <ref name="1837 plan">{{Cite web |title=Map - B/43 - Bothwell |url=https://stors.tas.gov.au/AI/AF721-2-1 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Libraries Tasmania |publisher=Government of Tasmania}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An sake tsara wani shiri a shekarar 1900, daga baya garin ya fadada gabas zuwa titin William sannan arewa zuwa titin Elizabeth da kuma kasuwar da yanzu ake kira Queen's Square. An bai wa makarantar wani wuri mafi girma a cikin wannan tsarin, tsakanin titin Mary da Michael, inda take a halin yanzu. <ref name="1900 plan">{{Cite web |title=Map - Bothwell B37 |url=https://stors.tas.gov.au/AI/AF819-1-26 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Libraries Tasmania |publisher=Government of Tasmania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122101230/https://stors.tas.gov.au/AI/AF819-1-26 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidan tarihi mai rijista <ref name="Tasmanian Heritage Register">{{Cite web |title=Tasmanian Heritage Register |url=https://heritage.tas.gov.au/Documents/THROnline_Jan2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924092950/https://heritage.tas.gov.au/Documents/THROnline_Jan2021.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Heritage Tasmania |publisher=Government of Tasmania}}</ref> <ref name="Castle Hotel & Hall">{{Cite web |title=Castle Hotel & Hall |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=town%3DBothwell%3Bstate%3DTAS%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=11528 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Australian Heritage Database |publisher=Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment}}</ref> otal a kusurwar titin William da Patrick, wanda a halin yanzu ake kira The Castle Hotel, ya samo asali ne daga 1829 kuma shine otal na biyu mafi tsufa wanda aka ba shi lasisi akai-akai a Tasmania. An buɗe cocin St Luke's Presbyterian, wanda yanzu ake kira Uniting, a shekarar 1831. Tana fuskantar gabas kuma tana nan a fili a Kasuwa kusa da Queen's Square, a ƙarshen titin Alexander. An yi amfani da shi a tsakanin Anglican da Presbyterian har zuwa lokacin da aka buɗe cocin Anglican, St Michael da All Angels, a shekarar 1889. <ref name="St Lukes Uniting Church">{{Cite web |title=St Lukes Uniting Church |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=town%3DBothwell%3Bstate%3DTAS%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=11537 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Australian Heritage Database |publisher=Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment}}</ref> An buɗe Ofishin Wasiƙa na Bothwell a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1832. <ref name="Post Office">{{Cite web |last=Premier Postal History |title=Post Office List |url=https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country= |access-date=16 June 2012 |publisher=Premier Postal Auctions}}</ref> Shekaru da dama bayan 1848, Bothwell ya kasance wurin korar shugabannin ' yan kishin ƙasa na Ireland John Mitchel da John Martin ; masaukinsu na ''Mitchel's Cottage'' har yanzu yana nan a kan kadarar Nant. <ref name="Mitchell's Cottage">{{Cite web |title=Mitchels Cottage |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=town%3DBothwell%3Bstate%3DTAS%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=11511 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Australian Heritage Database |publisher=Australian Government Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment}}</ref> Bothwell kuma wurin da aka gina na'urar hangen nesa ta rediyo, wadda aka gina a shekarun 1960, a kusa da Dennistoun, ta hannun ɗaya daga cikin magabatan ilmin taurari na rediyo, Grote Reber . === Golf === An buga wasan golf na farko a Tasmania, kuma ɗaya daga cikin wasannin golf na farko a Ostiraliya, a Bothwell. Har zuwa kwanan nan, ana kyautata zaton [[Ratho Farm Golf Links]] ita ce filin wasan golf mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya, kuma ana tsammanin an gina shi a tsakiyar shekarun 1850. Jane Williams, 'yar Alexander Reid, wanda ya fara mallakar Ratho, ta rubuta a shekarar 1890 cewa an fara buga wasan golf a yankin kafin shekarar 1860:<blockquote>"... an gabatar da shi (golf) sama da shekaru 30 da suka gabata ta hannun Mr. William Wood, ɗan'uwan Mr. Dennistoun Wood, na Dennistoun, kuma yana bunƙasa muddin yanayin Scotland ya mamaye gundumar Bothwell, lokacin da ta hanyar mutuwa da sauran canje-canje aka daina yin wasan golf a Bothwell." </blockquote>Alexander Arthur Reid na Ratho, jikan Alexander Reid da aka ambata a sama, ya rubuta a shekarar 1930 cewa mahaifinsa, Alexander Reid Jr., ya rubuta wata wasiƙa da aka rubuta a farkon shekarun 1860, wadda ke nuna cewa zai fara ƙungiyar golf a Bothwell tare da membobi 15 ko 16. Arthur Alexander Reid ya kuma ambaci cewa ya tuna da "tsoffin ƙungiyoyin da ke da siffar ƙawaye." An ruwaito sabbin hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da aka buɗe a Ratho a cikin Jaridar Tasmanian Mail a watan Agusta na 1911:<blockquote>"Mista da Mrs. Reid sun yi wasan golf da yammacin ranar a kan sabbin hanyoyin Ratho da aka tsara, a Bothwell, ranar Asabar, lokacin da aka buga wasan nakasa da ya haɗu da kofuna huɗu da mai masaukin baki da mai masaukin baki suka bayar... Sabon filin wasa yana da kyau kwarai da gaske, ciyawar ta dace da golf, kuma ciyawar duk suna da kyau sosai. Kowace rami tana da nata matsalolin, kuma lalacewar hanyar hanya tana ƙara mata kyau. Tsawon filin (ramuka 9) yadi 2,551 ne. </blockquote>An fara wasan golf a Ostiraliya a Grose Farm da ke Sydney, inda aka buga wasan farko da aka tabbatar da inganci a shekarar 1839 ta AB Spark . <ref name="Golf Sydney 1839">{{Cite web |title=Golf in Sydney 1839 |url=http://www.australiangolfheritage.org.au/articles.html#Sydney1839 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Australian Golf Heritage |publisher=Australian Golf Heritage Society}}</ref> Bothwell gida ne ga Gidan Tarihi na Golf na Australiya, wanda ke cikin tsohon gidan makaranta mai duwatsu masu yashi. [[File:Arundel_RossSt_14092019.jpg|thumb| Wurin 'Yan Asalin]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dlknp1r7ssnnrca7395nnfjv77800qx 0 171616 965314 937170 2026-10-09T17:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Hayes Ryland''' (16 ga Yuni, 1920 - 2 ga Agusta, 2020) ɗan wasan [[Tennis]] ne kuma kocin Amurka, wanda aka sani da kasancewa ɗan Afirka na farko da ya buga wasan tennis na ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bob Ryland World Tour 2016 |url=http://www.bobrylandworldtour.com/bobs_info |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Bob Ryland World Tour}}</ref> Ryland ta horar da wasu manyan masu sana'a a duniya, ciki har da Harold Solomon, Renee Blount, Leslie Allen, Arthur Ashe, Bruce Foxworth, [[Venus Williams]], da [[Serena Williams]]. Ryland ya kuma koyar da horarwa a kungiyoyi a [[Bermuda]], [[Puerto Rico]], St. Alban's Tennis Club a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], da kuma Mid-Town Tennis Club da ke Manhattan. An shigar da Ryland cikin Hall of Fame na Jami'ar Jihar Wayne (1991), Black Tennis Hall of Fame (2009), da kuma Hall of Fame ta Gabas a shekara ta 2002, inda ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement a shekara ta 2012. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ryland a Birnin [[Chicago]] a shekarar 1920.<ref name="lasentinel">{{Cite web |last=Burkett, Joel |last2=Lewis, Jason |date=August 4, 2011 |title=Black history: Pioneering African American Tennis Players |url=https://lasentinel.net/black-history-pioneering-african-american-tennis-players.html |publisher=The Los Angeles Sentinel}}</ref> Bayan mahaifiyarsa da tagwayensa sun mutu daga cutar huhu lokacin da yake jariri, mahaifinsa Robert ya tura shi ya zauna tare da kakarsa a Mobile, Alabama inda ya taimaka wa kakansa ya girbe auduga. <ref name="ustafame">{{Cite web |last=McShea, Nancy Gill |title=ALROBERT RYLAND |url=http://ustaeasternhalloffame.com/2002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312213844/http://ustaeasternhalloffame.com/2002.htm |archive-date=2016-03-12 |access-date=2016-08-04 |publisher=USTA Eastern Hall Of Fame}}</ref> Lokacin da Ryland ke da shekaru 10, ya koma Chicago don ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa kuma ya fara buga wasan tennis.<ref name="ustafame" /> Ryland ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilden Tech a Birnin Chicago, kuma yayin da yake dalibi a can ya lashe duka lakabi na Jihar Illinois da ƙananan ATA. <ref name="lasentinel" /> == Shekaru na kwaleji == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, Ryland ya sami tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Xavier, Kwalejin Tarihi da Jami'ar (HBCU) a [[New Orleans]] inda ya fara aikin wasan tennis na kwaleji.<ref name="advocate">{{Cite web |last=Estwick, Gary |date=March 9, 2015 |title=The last captain: Xavier meant the world to Otis Washington, and then suddenly it was gone |url=http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/sports/article_f6473def-9a0c-5b4c-b321-4823a579c21b.html |publisher=The New Orleans Advocate}}</ref> Bayan barin Xavier, Ryland ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka daga 1941 zuwa 1945 kuma bayan sallami mai daraja, ya sami wani tallafin wasan tennis a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne a [[Detroit]], yana wasa a can na shekaru biyu.<ref name="ustafame" /> Yayinda yake a Wayne, Ryland ya karya shingen launi ta hanyar zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan baƙar fata na farko da suka yi gasa a gasar zakarun NCAA inda suka kai ga wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref name="lasentinel" /> Daga bisani aka shigar da Ryland cikin Hall of Fame na jami'ar. <ref name="waynestate">{{Cite web |title=Hall of Fame |url=http://wsuathletics.com/hof.aspx?hof=94&path=&kiosk |publisher=Wayne State University Athletics}}</ref> A shekara ta 1947 Ryland ya koma [[California]], inda ya buga wasan tennis tare da Pancho Gonzalez . Ryland ya kuma karya wani shingen a Los Angeles Tennis Club, lokacin da ya buga kuma ya rasa Ham Richardson a gasar zakarun Pacific ta Kudu maso Yamma, 6-4 da 7-5. <ref name="ustafame" /> A shekara ta 1954 an ba Ryland tallafin karatu ga Tennessee A&amp;amp;I a Nashville. Ryland ya kasance dan wasa kuma koci a Tennessee kuma sau biyu ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gasar zakarun kasa ta kwaleji.<ref name="ustafame" /> Ryland ya bar Tennessee tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya.<ref name="nytimes" /> == Shekaru na baya == Bayan barin Tennessee, Ryland ya koma gabas kuma ya zama darektan ilimin jiki na YMCA a Montclair, New Jersey, amma ya bar can a 1957 don koyar da wasan tennis a New York. <ref name="ustafame" /> A shekara ta 1958, Ryland ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya buga wasan tennis na sana'a lokacin da mai gabatar da kara Jack March ya kawo shi zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Cleveland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 1958 |title=The Shreveport Journal, 2 May 1958 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/601126018 |website=newspapers.com}}</ref> An biya Ryland $ 300 saboda bayyanarsa. A farkon shekarun 1960 Ryland ya kasance a Washington, DC, inda ya koyar da wasan tennis ga Kennedys da Robert MacNamara a St. Alban's Country Club . <ref name="ustafame" /> Ryland daga baya ya koma Birnin New York kuma ya fara horar da shi a Mid-Town Tennis Club, inda ya yi aiki daga 1963 zuwa 1990.<ref name="ustafame" /> A lokacin aikin horar da shi, Ryland ya koyar kuma ya horar da masu sana'a da yawa, ciki har da; Harold Solomon, Renee Blount, Leslie Allen, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebration of a champion on and off the tennis court |url=http://www.bobrylandworldtour.com/ |publisher=Bob Ryland World Tour}}</ref> Arthur Ashe, [3] Bruce Foxworth, [4] [[Venus Williams]] <ref name="usta">{{Cite web |last=Novich, David |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Bob Ryland: A Story in Tennis History |url=https://www.usta.com/About-USTA/Diversity/Black-History-Month/bob_ryland_a_story_in_tennis_history/ |publisher=United States Tennis Association}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da [[Serena Williams]] <ref name="usta" /> . Baya ga masu horar da masu sana'a, Ryland ya kuma koyar da shahararrun mutane da yawa, ciki har da; Barbra Streisand, <ref name="ustafame" /> [[Bill Cosby]], <ref name="blackathlete" /> [[Tony Bennett]], <ref name="LLC1981" /> Mike Wallace, Eartha Kitt, Dustin Hoffman, David Dinkins <ref name="usta" /> da [[Mary McFadden]]. Ryland ya zauna tare da abokin aikinsa, Nancy . Ya mutu daga cutar huhu a gidan surukinsa a Provincetown, Massachusetts a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 2020, yana da shekaru 100. == Kyauta == Ryland ita ce dan wasan tennis na farko da ya yi gasa a gasar zakarun kasa ta NCAA, dan wasan baki na farko / kocin da ya jagoranci tawagar kwaleji sau biyu zuwa gasar zakaruna ta kasa ta kwaleji, dan wasan tennis din baki na farko da zai yi wasa a kungiyar Tennis ta Los Angeles kuma dan Afirka na farko da suka buga wasan tennis a sana'a.[1] An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Jami'ar Jihar Wayne (1991), Black Tennis Hall of Fame (2009), [2] da kuma Hall of Fame ta Gabas a shekara ta 2002, inda ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement a shekara ta 2012.[3][4] A cikin 2019, an shigar da Ryland cikin USTA-Midwest Hall of Fame.[5] Ryland ya kuma ba da laccoci a Harlem Armory, Arthur Ashe Youth Tennis and Education da USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. [6] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] mwml86t18aibi701vub4x7yth2959wx 0 171655 965588 937295 2026-10-10T04:18:56Z BnHamid 12586 965588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Adlumia fungosa''''' wani nau'i ne a cikin Papaveraceae wanda aka fi sani da '''Itacen inabi na Allegheny''', '''hawa fumitory''', ko gefen dutse. Itace ne mai tsiro, mai tsirowa, mai fure kuma yana da alaƙa da nau'in Fumitory, Fumaria . ''Adlumia fungosa'' shuka ce mai hawa shekaru biyu tare da ƙananan rassa. A ganye ne sau da yawa pinnately raba, prehensile, da kuma fuka-fuki a cikin texture. Fure-fure masu launin ruwan kasa suna girma a cikin manyan tarin kuma suna bayyana a lokacin rani. Shuka tana girma a kan tuddai masu laushi da bishiyoyi, kuma asalin Arewacin Amurka ne, musamman yankin Allegheny Mountains. Yana da barazana ko nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a duk faɗin arewa maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka, inda ba a kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan itacen inabi na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|12|ft}} a tsawon a kan tuddai da duwatsu. Sunan jinsin ''fungosa'' yana nufin 'spongy' a cikin [[Harshen Latin|Latin]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|last3=L. H. Bailey}} * {{Cite book|last3=Neltje Blanchan}} == Haɗin waje == ksdogfzxzdb471vugx2edjaay9j7tbr 0 171691 965712 952735 2026-10-10T08:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Fair''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1952) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ne kuma mai kula da ayyukan jama'a. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi David Fair a Philadelphia . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Knickerbocker |first=Ken |date=2025-08-23 |title=Philadelphia Leadership: David Fair, Executive Director, Turning Points for Children |url=https://philadelphia.today/2025/08/david-fair-leadership/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=PHILADELPHIA.Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1975 tare da digiri a kimiyyar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=Interviews |url=https://afamaidsoralhistory.wordpress.com/interviews/}}</ref> Yayinda yake dalibi, ya shirya goyon baya ga tsige Shugaba Richard Nixon kuma ya kafa Majalisar 'Yancin Masu Zabe ta Penn . <ref>{{Cite web |title=23 Dec 1973, Page 6 - The Philadelphia Inquirer at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179974789/?terms=%22david+fair%22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Pennsylvanian |url=https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19711210-01.2.5&srpos=2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22david+fair%22+penn+voters+rights+council------ |website=dparchives.library.upenn.edu |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130073355/https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19711210-01.2.5&srpos=2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22david+fair%22+penn+voters+rights+council------ |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 1971, Fair ta lashe karar tarayya, Fair v. Osser (CA No. 71-2212), wanda ya tabbatar da cewa daliban Pennsylvania suna da damar jefa kuri'a tare da adiresoshin harabar su. == Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na farko == A shekara ta 1976, Fair ya bayyana a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a karo na farko a wani taro a Cibiyar Jama'a ta Philadelphia . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Villemez |first=Jason |date=2023-05-25 |title=David Fair to receive legacy award at PGN Pride Brunch |url=https://epgn.com/2023/05/25/david-fair-to-receive-legacy-award-at-pgn-pride-brunch/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Philadelphia Gay News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan wannan, Fair ya shiga cikin kungiyoyin LGBTQ da yawa na gida. A shekara ta 1977, Fair ta kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyar Gays a Penn a lokacin da suka samu nasarar kamfen din da suka samu don tura Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta karɓi manufofin jima'i marasa nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Fair - 1976 |url=http://waygay.org/40-years40-stories/2015/10/26/david-fair-1976 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003814/http://www.waygay.org/40-years40-stories/2015/10/26/david-fair-1976 |archive-date=2018-03-15 |access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Out on Campus – AHA |url=https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/out-on-campus-a-collaborative-project-on-pennsylvania-lgbtq-history-december-2022/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.historians.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1978, Fair ya jagoranci kokarin shirya kungiyar Philadelphia Lesbian and Gay Task Force (PLGTF), wacce ta kasance mai aiki har zuwa tsakiyar 2000s.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=N/A |date= |title=Philadelphia Lesbian and Gay Task Force records |url=https://archives.libraries.psu.edu/repositories/3/resources/681 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=archives.libraries.psu.edu}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitin kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ a cikin PLGTF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Philadelphia nonprofit has concerns about Trump administration's plan to dismantle CDC's HIV prevention division - CBS Philadelphia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/mazzoni-center-cdc-hiv-prevention-division/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Kwamitin daga baya ya zama mai zaman kansa Lavender Health, daga baya aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Mazzoni don girmama likitan Peter Mazzoni. == Ayyuka da gwagwarmayar cutar kanjamau == === Ayyuka na farko da tsarin siyasa na LGBTQ === A shekara ta 1979, Fair da sauran masu fafutuka na cikin gida sun kafa kwamitin kamfen na magajin gari don tallafawa mai goyon bayan LGBTQ City Councilman Lucien Blackwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Collections Research Center - Temple University Libraries |url=https://library.temple.edu/scrc/scott-wilds-collection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134800/https://library.temple.edu/scrc/scott-wilds-collection |archive-date=2018-03-15 |access-date=2018-01-14 |website=library.temple.edu}}</ref> Tsakanin 1980 da 1988, Fair ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 1199C, inda ya inganta ayyukan aiki na adalci tare da ba da shawara don ƙarin goyon baya da karɓa na LGBTQ.[1] === Yunkurin yaki da cutar kanjamau / AIDS na farko === A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, Fair ya shiga cikin martani na gida ga annobar HIV / AIDS, yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin al'umma da hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villemez |first=Jason |date=2023-05-25 |title=David Fair to receive legacy award at PGN Pride Brunch |url=https://epgn.com/2023/05/25/david-fair-to-receive-legacy-award-at-pgn-pride-brunch/ |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=Philadelphia Gay News |language=en-US}}</ref> A farkon shekarun da aka fara fama da annobar cutar HIV/AIDS, Fair ta ƙarfafa magajin garin Philadelphia mai ci, Wilson Goode, da ya kafa Hukumar Gaggawa ta Gaggawa ta Lafiya ta Magajin Gari, wadda ta zama ƙoƙari na farko a gwamnatin birnin Philadelphia don ƙirƙirar martanin gaggawa ga annobar cutar AIDS.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}A wannan shekarar, Fair ta bai wa sabuwar ƙungiyar hana cutar kanjamau ta Baƙar fata Ilmantar da Baƙaƙe Game da Matsalolin Lafiyar Jima'i ( [[BEBASHI]] ) ofishinta na <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIDS and AIDS Activism - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/aids-and-aids-activism/ |website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}}</ref> A shekarar 1986, Fair ta rubuta ''AIDS and Minorities in Philadelphia: A Crisis Ignored'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIDS and AIDS Activism |url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/aids-and-aids-activism/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |language=en-US}}</ref> don BEBASHI kuma ta fara shiga cikin shirya al'ummar 'yan Afirka-Amurka da Latino LGBTQ don yaƙi da annobar a cikin al'ummominsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=11 Mar 1986, Page 15 - The Philadelphia Inquirer at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/168779087/?terms=%22david+fair%22+gay}}</ref> A taron ƙasa na 1986 na Ƙungiyar Baƙaƙe da Fari Maza Tare, Fair ta gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci kan wariyar launin fata ga fararen luwaɗi, wanda daga baya aka buga a cikin ''Speaking for Our Lives: Historic Speeches and Rhetoric for Gay and Lesbian Rights 1892-2000'' .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990, Fair ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'ummomin LGBT da HIV/AIDS a Philadelphia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tommi Avicolli Mecca subject files, slides, and audiocassettes, 1971-1989 |url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?q=%22david+fair%22&id=PACSCL_HSP_JJWSC0025& |website=dla.library.upenn.edu}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1987, Magajin Garin Philadelphia Goode ya nemi Fair ta kafa Ofishin Gudanar da Ayyukan Kanjamau . <ref>{{Cite web |title=23 Nov 1987, Page 16 - The Philadelphia Inquirer at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/169924743/?terms=%22david+r.+fair%22}}</ref> Goode ya samar da tallafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 6 na birnin Fair ba tare da wani ƙuntatawa ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta ayyukan da suka shafi HIV.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Ba da daɗewa ba bayan naɗinsa, Fair ya gabatar da jawabi ga taron Unguwa kan cutar kanjamau, yana kira da a fahimci cewa kawar da cutar kanjamau yana nufin shirya unguwanni don yaƙi da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ciki har da 'yan luwaɗi masu launin fata, waɗanda ke yaƙi da jaraba, mata, da sauran waɗanda a tarihi ƙungiyoyin AIDS suka yi watsi da su.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}} Fair ya bar ofishin cutar kanjamau a cikin 1990 <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Feb 1990, Page 10 - Philadelphia Daily News at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/186393520/?terms=david+fair}}</ref> don jagorantar kungiyar bayar da shawarwari kawai ta birnin da ta kunshi mutanen da ke zaune tare da cutar kanjamauyyar HIV, wanda ake kira Mu Mutanen da ke zaune da cutar kansar AIDS / HIV na Kwarin Delaware. <ref>{{Cite web |title=We The People Living With AIDS/HIV of the Delaware Valley, Inc. |url=https://www.thebody.com/author/we-the-people-living-with-aids-hiv-of-the-delaware-valley |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=TheBody |language=en}}</ref> === zanga-zangar cutar kanjamau da kuma kai tsaye === In 1991, Fair was arrested and injured by Philadelphia police at an ACT-UP demonstration against President George H.W. Bush.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia Inquirer at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/176398297/?terms=%22david%20fair%22%20philadelphia%20arrest&match=1}}</ref> As a result of a lawsuit filed against the Philadelphia Police Department, Fair received a settlement of $3,000 ($7164.14 in 2026 dollars).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} == Ayyukan yara da shawarwari == === Jagoranci mara riba da ci gaba da bayar da shawarwari === Ya kuma kafa Philly Homes 4 Youth, Quality Parenting Initiative, da Philadelphia Coalition on Opioids and Children . <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Fair |url=https://lifteveryvoicephilly.org/people/david-fair/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 16, 2026 |website=Life Every Voice Philly}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kungiyoyin da aka kafa == Fair ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma shirye-shiryen jama'a da suka mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin LGBTQ, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, gidaje, da sabis na iyali a Philadelphia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Fair |url=https://seniorlawcenter.org/david-fair/ |access-date=May 16, 2026 |website=Senior Law Center}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, Fair ta taimaka wajen kafa wasu shirye-shiryen kare haƙƙin LGBTQ a Philadelphia, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Ayyukan 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwaɗi ta Philadelphia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Pennsylvanian |url=https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19790306-01.2.16&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22David+Fair%22+%22Lesbian+and+gay+task+force%22------ |website=dparchives.library.upenn.edu |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-date=2025-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425234531/https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19790306-01.2.16&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22David+Fair%22+%22Lesbian+and+gay+task+force%22------ |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1978, ya kafa bikin al'adun 'yan luwadi na Philadelphia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Pennsylvanian |url=https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19790309-01.2.9&srpos=14&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22David+Fair%22------ |website=dparchives.library.upenn.edu |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424010949/https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19790309-01.2.9&srpos=14&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22David+Fair%22------ |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1985, ya kafa ƙungiyar marasa gidaje ta Philadelphia/Delaware Valley Union of the Homeless.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun. A shekarar 1987, ya jagoranci ƙirƙirar Ofishin Gudanar da Ayyukan AIDS na Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Philadelphia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} A cikin shekarun 2000, ya jagoranci ƙirƙirar Sashen Ayyukan Rigakafi na Al'umma don Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Philadelphia,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Haɗin gwiwar Iyaye don Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Philadelphia,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} da kuma ƙirƙirar Shirin Inganta Iyaye ga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Philadelphia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} A shekarar 2017, ya kafa ƙungiyar Philly Homes 4 Youth, wata ƙungiyar kare hakkin matasa marasa gidaje.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A tsakanin 1989–1990, an amince da ayyukan Fair ta hanyar cutar AIDS a taron Barrio, Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a na Philadelphia, Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Philadelphia, Unity/Philadelphia, Dignity/Philadelphia, Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia, da Ofishin Magajin Gari. Fair ya samar da wani bidiyo ''mai suna Epidemic: The AIDS Emergency in Philadelphia'', '''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=November 28, 2017 |title=Look Here! Beautiful Images From 30 Years of Philadelphia AIDS Activism |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/80629/look-here-beautiful-images-from-30-years-of-philad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128225231/http://www.thebody.com/content/80629/look-here-beautiful-images-from-30-years-of-philad.html |archive-date=November 28, 2017 |access-date=March 30, 2021 |website=The Body}}</ref>''' wanda ya sami kyautar Mai Sadarwa ta Shekara daga Ƙungiyar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Kudu maso Gabashin Pennsylvania da kuma kyautar CINE don Inganta Bidiyo.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} A shekarar 2024, an shigar da Fair cikin zauren shahara na Philadelphia LGBTQ+. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Councilmember Rue Landau Presents LGBTQ+ Hall of Fame Awards at First Annual Ceremony |url=https://phlcouncil.com/councilmember-rue-landau-presents-lgbtq-hall-of-fame-awards-at-first-annual-ceremony/}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an nuna fafutukar Fair a kakar wasa ta uku ta shirin HBO Max's ''Eyes on the Prize'', wanda ya yi nazari kan kokarin da ake yi na magance annobar cutar AIDS a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da launin fata a ƙarshen shekarun 1980.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} Ya kuma sami kyautar ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' Citizen Award, <ref>{{Cite web |title=23 Jun 2019, Page E9 - The Philadelphia Inquirer at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/581456933/?terms=%22david%20fair%22%20%22citizen%20award%22&match=1}}</ref> kyautar City of Philadelphia Human Rights Award, <ref>{{Cite web |title=24 Sep 1991, Page 20 - The Philadelphia Inquirer at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/175261928/?terms=%22david+r.+fair%22}}</ref> da kuma kyautar ''Philadelphia Gay News'' Legacy Award. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=David Fair to receive legacy award at PGN Pride Brunch |url=https://epgn.com/2023/05/25/david-fair-to-receive-legacy-award-at-pgn-pride-brunch/}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2025, ya sami kyaututtuka sama da 50 na hidimar al'umma daga hukumomi daban-daban na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gg07k40agpxehj6isyx49g9ishw95ws 0 171771 965709 937716 2026-10-10T08:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Davey Alba''' mai ba da rahoto ne na fasaha wanda ke rufe Big Tech don Bloomberg News, <ref name="DA">{{Cite web |last=Roush |first=Chris |date=2022-03-23 |title=Bloomberg hires Alba from NY Times to cover Google, Big Tech |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/bloomberg-hires-alba-from-ny-times-to-cover-google-big-tech/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Talking Biz News |language=en-US}}</ref> bayan da ya ba da rahotanni game da bayanan karya na kan layi ga The New York Times. <ref name=":&quot;a&quot;">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-19 |title=Meet Our New Tech Reporter: Davey Alba |url=https://www.nytco.com/press/meet-our-new-tech-reporter-davey-alba/ |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=The New York Times Company |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Davey Alba a [[Manila]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], kuma ya halarci Jami'ar De La Salle, inda ya sami digiri a fannin fasaha. Mahaifinta masanin kimiyya ne, mahaifiyarta mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki kuma 'yar'uwarta VP ce ta bankin saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa. Ta zo Amurka tana da shekaru 23 <ref name=":&quot;b&quot;">{{Cite web |title=This Pinay Is The New York Times' New Tech Reporter |url=https://metro.style/people/society-personalities/this-dlsu-alumna-is-the-new-york-time-s-new-tech-r/15469 |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Metro.Style}}</ref> a 2011. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Columbia kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jarida na kimiyya.<ref name=":&quot;a&quot;" /> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Alba na farko daga horo ya kasance a Popular Mechanics; ta kasance editan fasaha kuma ta sami damar gwada na'urori da wayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Davey Alba, M.A. Program Alumna, Wins 2019 Livingston and Mirror Awards |url=https://apply.jrn.columbia.edu/register/form?id=91ba1957-c5fd-4b4f-a740-ab4b82fd030c |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=apply.jrn.columbia.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da fasaha a ''BuzzFeed News'', Wired da ''Gizmodo'' kafin ta shiga The New York Times a matsayin mai bayar da rahoto kan fasaha a shekarar 2019. <ref name=":&quot;a&quot;" /> Yankin da ta ke ɗaukar hoto shine "rashin bayani da duk yatsunsu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=New York Times hires Filipina technology reporter |url=https://usa.inquirer.net/35121/new-york-times-hires-filipina-technology-reporter |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=INQUIRER.net USA |language=en}}</ref>A watan Maris, 2022, ta shiga Bloomberg News, tana rufe Google da Big Tech . <ref name="DA" /> A cikin 2018, tana aiki a BuzzFeed News, ta ba da rahoton yadda Shugaban Philippines Rodrigo Duterte ya yi amfani da Facebook don samun iko a kasar.<ref name=":&quot;d&quot;">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Duterte's Drug War And The Human Cost Of Facebook's Rise In The Philippines |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/daveyalba/facebook-philippines-dutertes-drug-war |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref> Ga labarin BuzzFeed News game da Duterte, Alba ta lashe kyaututtuka biyu na 2019. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Livingston don Rahoton Kasa da Kasa, inda ta rubuta yadda [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ta yi watsi da labarai na karya, ta haifar da yakin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Filipino, kuma ta yi mummunar tasiri ga al'umma mai rauni <ref name=":&quot;c&quot;">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=2019 Livingston Winners Announced |url=https://wallacehouse.umich.edu/2019-livingston-winners-announced/ |access-date=2020-08-15 |website=Wallace House |language=en-US}}</ref> ta hanyar ba Duterte damar sarrafa ra'ayin jama'a da lashe zaben.<ref name=":&quot;b&quot;" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-19 |title=Duterte's Facebook-Fueled Rise to Power: Manipulating Public Opinion to Capture an Election |url=http://fordschool.umich.edu/events/2020/duterte-s-facebook-fueled-rise-power-manipulating-public-opinion-capture-election |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan |language=en}}</ref> Bayan Duterte ya ci nasara, na'urar Facebook ta sarrafa ra'ayi ta zama mai tallafawa jihar <ref name=":&quot;d&quot;" /> "don azabtar da abokan adawar, wani lokacin da mutuwa. "<ref name=":&quot;c&quot;" />Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mirror don Labari mafi kyau don Jarida a cikin Haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Winners |url=https://mirrorawards.syr.edu/past-winners/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Mirror Awards {{!}} Newhouse School at Syracuse University |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716073904/https://mirrorawards.syr.edu/past-winners/ |archive-date=2020-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan bayar da rahoto game da bidiyon da ke goyon bayan shawarar Shugaba Trump don amfani da Magungunan kashe cututtuka a cikin maganin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], Alba ita ce manufa ta "harin da aka yi amfani da shi".Alba ta ba da rahoton cewa an yi niyya da ita a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda baƙo ne, mace kuma mutum ne mai launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westcott |first=Lucy |date=2020-05-21 |title=NY Times reporter Davey Alba on covering COVID-19 conspiracy theories, facing online harassment |url=https://cpj.org/2020/05/ny-times-reporter-davey-alba-on-covering-covid-19/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, Alba ta yi hira da babban jami'in zartarwa na Wikimedia Foundation [[Maryana Iskander]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bokge5ndchz5edmidteckqaz8e280ac 0 171799 965238 937813 2026-10-09T12:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbara Butch''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1981) 'yar wasan disc din Faransa ce kuma mai fafutukar 'yan mata. Tana kamfen don karɓar kitse kuma ta yi gajeren fim ɗin Extra Large . An ba ta lambar yabo ta {{Interlanguage link|Out d'or|fr}} 2021 "personnalité LGBTI de l'année" ("LGBTI mutum na shekara") ta Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta LGBTI ta Faransa. A shekara ta 2024, an nuna ta a bikin bude gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024, wanda aka soki shi a matsayin mai kawo rigima saboda ba'a ga Kristanci.<ref name="CNA2024">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Catholic bishops around the world demand IOC formal apology |url=https://www.ewtnnews.com/world/us/catholic-bishops-demand-ioc-formal-apology-for-blasphemous-olympic-opening |access-date=6 August 2024 |publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cousin">{{Cite web |last=Cousin |first=Victor |date=2024-07-26 |title=JO 2024 : qui est Barbara Butch, DJ féministe et activiste LGBTQ +, qui a mixé lors de la cérémonie d'ouverture ? |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/jo-paris-2024/jo-2024-qui-est-barbara-butch-dj-feministe-et-activiste-lgbtq-qui-a-mixe-lors-de-la-ceremonie-douverture-26-07-2024-UOONW5HW4REGDLIX6YLGDBJCGE.php |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Barbara Butch a ranar 17 ga Maris 1981 <ref name="leminor">{{Cite web |last=Le Minor |first=Julie |date=19 March 2021 |title=Barbara Butch, confessions nocturnes |url=https://coupdete.com/media/artistes/barbara-butch/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=Coup d'Été}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a asibitin Marie-Louise a cikin 9th arrondissement na Paris, inda aka haifi mahaifiyarta, kakarta da kakarta kafin ta. <ref name="france inter">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Barbara Butch, "Reine de la nuit" |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/en-marge/en-marge-du-samedi-28-janvier-2023-6739107 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, sakatariyar zuriyar Yahudawa ta Ashkenazi kuma mahaifinta mai zane-zane ne, ta fito ne daga zuriyar Yahudawa na Sephardic daga Morocco Heidi, kuma ta girma a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na gargajiya. <ref name="leminor" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Dale |date=2023-06-22 |title=DJ Barbara Butch: 'I'm a fat, queer lesbian, and I'm really proud' |url=https://www.attitude.co.uk/life/dj-barbara-butch-im-a-fat-jewish-queer-lesbian-and-im-really-proud-of-all-my-identities-437298/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Attitude |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta girma a cikin gundumar 7 na Paris, ta yi karatun ka'idar kiɗa, piano, ƙwanƙwasawa ta Brazil da guitar a lokacin da take matashiya, kuma ta kirkiro nata mixtapes da kuma rikodin cassettes. Eclaireuses et Eclaireurs israélites de France (Jewish Guides and Scouts of France) wani muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwarta a waɗannan shekarun.<ref name="france inter" /> Daga baya, ta fara zuwa Pulp, babban kulob din Paris wanda ke karbar bakuncin jam'iyyun 'yan mata.<ref name="france inter" /> == Ayyuka == Butch ta fara gina aikinta na DJ tana wasa a mashaya a [[Montpellier]], da farko ta amfani da sunan DJ "Scratcheuse de gazon" kafin ta koma ga ainihin sunanta. A shekara ta 2008 ta koma Paris, tana aiki a Rosa Bonheur sannan kuma a wasu wuraren kulob din kamar Machine du Moulin Rouge . <ref name="cousin" /> A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2020 ta tsaya tsirara a kan murfin ''Télérama'' tare da tambaya: 'Me ya sa aka ƙi les gros? (Me ya sa muke ƙin mutane masu ƙiba?). Wannan ya kai ta ga zama fuskar turare na Jean Paul Gaultier La Belle Intense . <ref name="cousin" /><ref name="france inter" /> A cikin 2023, Butch ya kasance mai baƙon shahararren alƙali a cikin wani Season 2 na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya na harshen Faransanci Drag Race France (mai taken "The ''"Musidrag"''"), wanda aka watsa akan France.tv Slash . A cikin 2024, Butch ya ɗauki fitilar Paralympic . <ref>{{Cite web |last=((Bureau)) |first=Éric |date=August 25, 2024 |title=Rock en Seine : la DJ Barbara Butch apporte la flamme paralympique, Zaho de Sagazan fait l'unanimité |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/musique/rock-en-seine/rock-en-seine-la-dj-barbara-butch-apporte-la-flamme-paralympique-zaho-de-sagazan-fait-lunanimite-25-08-2024-CR3CVWMAAZEIFK2SNCSYRDWTJ4.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826015505/https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/musique/rock-en-seine/rock-en-seine-la-dj-barbara-butch-apporte-la-flamme-paralympique-zaho-de-sagazan-fait-lunanimite-25-08-2024-CR3CVWMAAZEIFK2SNCSYRDWTJ4.php |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Le Parisien |language=French}}</ref> == Rikici == A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 2024, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a sashin Festivité na Bikin bude wasannin Olympics, ta haɗu da nau'ikan Faransanci na gargajiya a cikin saiti wanda ke nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga fagen sarauniya.<ref name="cousin" /> Wata sanarwa daga [[Twitter|X]]-link" data-linkid="125" href="./2024_Summer_Olympics" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2024 Summer Olympics">Paris 2024 ta ce an yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ne daga fresco na [[Leonardo da Vinci]] The Last Supper, wanda ke nuna [[Isa|Yesu]] da Manzanni Goma Biyu, yayin da Thomas Jolly da asusun X na Wasannin Olympics suka bayyana cewa wannan yana wakiltar fassarar allahn Girka Dionysus.<ref name="Kaloi2024">{{Cite web |last=Kaloi |first=Stephanie |date=28 July 2024 |title=Paris Olympics Producers Say 'The Last Supper' Inspired That Opening Ceremony Scene: 'Many Have Done It Before' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/paris-olympics-producers-last-supper-inspired-opening-ceremony/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]] |publisher= |quote=Many, including Jolly and the official Olympics Games X account, said that the scene is an 'interpretation of the Greek God Dionysus' that 'makes us aware of the absurdity of violence between human beings.' Others, including a statement from Paris 2024 producers obtained by TheWrap Sunday, said that it ''was'' in fact inspired by Da Vinci's famous painting — a skewing of the religious imagery that has been slammed by Christians as a mockery of Jesus Christ. 'For the "Festivities" segment, Thomas Jolly took inspiration from Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting to create the setting,' producers said in the statement.}}</ref> Masana fasaha a Musée Magnin sun ce hoton ya samo asali ne daga The Feast of the Gods na Jan van Bijlert . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=29 July 2024 |title=Olympic 'Last Supper' scene was in fact based on painting of Greek gods, say art experts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/29/olympic-last-supper-scene-based-painting-greek-gods-art-experts |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Saboda wannan fassarar, Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Duniya ta amsa cewa Kiristoci a duniya sun yi fushi, tare da aikin da [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] ke ɗauka saɓo. <ref name="Andalou2024">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Global Christian organization demands explanation from IOC for Last Supper parody |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/global-christian-organization-demands-explanation-from-ioc-for-last-supper-parody/3289922 |access-date=31 July 2024 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="CNA2024" /> Butch ta sami barazanar kan layi da yawa bayan wasan kwaikwayon, kuma ta bayyana ta hanyar lauyanta cewa za ta gabatar da korafe-korafe na shari'a a mayar da martani. The Olympic World Library daga baya ya buga jagorar kafofin watsa labarai (wanda aka rubuta kafin bikin) wanda ya ambaci cewa girmamawa ce ga bukukuwan al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=OPENING CEREMONY OF THE PARIS 2024 OLYMPIC GAMES : MEDIA GUIDE : 26-07-24, 19:30 / PARIS 2024 ORGANISING COMMITTEE FOR THE OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/3415954/opening-ceremony-of-the-paris-2024-olympic-games-media-guide-26-07-24-19-30-paris-2024-organising-co |publisher=Olympic World Library}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin shafin yanar gizon binciken gaskiyar Georgia, Myth Detector ya yi zargin cewa akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin fresco da ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=THE LAST SUPPER OR GREEK MYTHOLOGY – WHAT DOES THE SCENE AT THE PARIS OLYMPICS DEPICT AND WHY DID THE ORGANIZERS APOLOGIZE? |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/the-last-supper-or-greek-mythology/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |publisher=Myth Detector}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 30qq7xdgtab6m994gyacdselhtv96d4 0 171859 965618 952409 2026-10-10T05:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Courtney Melba Barnett''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba 1987) mawaƙiya ce ta Australiya, marubuciya, kuma mawaƙiya. An san ta da salon waƙarta da waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa, ta ja hankalin mutane tare da sakin EP dinta na farko I've Got a Friend Called Emily Ferris a cikin 2012. Sha'awar kasa da kasa ta zo ne tare da sakin kundin tarihinta The Double EP: A Sea of Split Peas a cikin 2013. An saki kundi na farko na Barnett - Wani lokaci Ina zaune da tunani, kuma Wani lokaci Ina kawai zaune - a cikin 2015 don samun yabo. A 2015 ARIA Music Awards, ta lashe kyaututtuka hudu daga gabatarwa takwas. An zabi ta a matsayin Sabon Sabon Mawallafi a 58th Annual Grammy Awards da kuma Mata Solo Artist na Duniya a 2016 Brit Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2016 |title=Courtney Barnett & Tame Impala Nominated In 2016 Brit Awards |url=https://themusic.com.au/news/courtney-barnett-and-tame-impala-nominated-in-2016-brit-awards/ZTJ2eXh7en0/16-01-16 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=The Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Awards |url=https://www.grammy.com/nominees |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=Grammy.com}}</ref> Ta fito da ''Lotta Sea Lice'', kundin haɗin gwiwa tare da Kurt Vile, a cikin 2017. Ta fitar da kundi na biyu, Tell Me How You Really Feel, don ci gaba da yabo a cikin 2018.<ref name="Pitchfork18">{{Cite web |last=Yoo |first=Noah |date=15 February 2018 |title=Courtney Barnett Announces New Album and Tour, Shares New Song: Listen |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/courtney-barnett-announces-new-album-and-tour-shares-new-song-listen/ |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Barnett tun daga lokacin ya fitar da wasu kundin studio guda biyu, Things Take Time, Take Time a watan Nuwamba 2021 da Creature of Habit a watan Maris na 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Courtney Melba Barnett <ref name="thatmag">{{Cite web |title=Courtney Barnett on What Makes Her Different |url=http://www.thatmusicmag.com/index.php/courtney-barnett-on-what-makes-her-different/ |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=That Music Magazine}}</ref> a [[Sydney]] a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title=SXSW: Indie 'it' girl Courtney Barnett is bracing for the backlash |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2015/03/18/sxsw-indie-it-girl-courtney-barnett-is-bracing-for-the-backlash.html |access-date=26 March 2015 |website=Thestar.com}}</ref> An ba ta suna na tsakiya bayan mawaƙan opera Nellie Melba . Ta girma a Yankin Arewa Sydney. Mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai rawa.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2014 |title=Courtney Barnett @ Osheaga 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0W_CTO4EFU |via=YouTube}}</ref> Tana da ɗan'uwa babba. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, iyalinta suka koma Hobart. Ta halarci makarantar St Michael's Collegiate da kuma makarantar Tasmanian School of Art . Bayan ta girma tana sauraron ƙungiyoyin Amurka, ta gano mawaƙa-masu rubutun waƙoƙi na Australiya Darren Hanlon da Dan Kelly, waɗanda suka yi mata wahayi don fara rubuta waƙoƙoƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2013 |title=Rising: Courtney Barnett &#124; Features |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/9230-courtney-barnett/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Pitchfork.com}}</ref> Yayinda take bin aikin kiɗa, ta yi aiki a matsayin direban jigilar pizza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lam |first=Lee Tran |title=Courtney Barnett: How I eat |url=https://www.gourmettraveller.com.au/news/food-and-culture/courtney-barnett-how-i-eat-16846 |website=Gourmettraveller.com.au}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg|thumb|Barnett yana yin wasan a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015]] From 2010 to 2011, Barnett played second guitar in Melbourne grunge band Rapid Transit. They released one self-titled album on cassette.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} She recorded many early versions of her songs with a band called Courtney Barnett and the Olivettes, which was later shortened to the Olivettes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cho |first=Paige X. |date=12 December 2010 |title=paper-deer : a music blog in melbourne: INTERVIEW: The Olivettes |url=http://paper-deer.blogspot.com/2010/12/interview-olivettes.html}}</ref> They released a live EP demo CD, with 100 copies being produced which were hand numbered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2018 |title=r/CourtneyBarnett – The Olivettes – Live EP Demo |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/CourtneyBarnett/comments/7sms1p/the_olivettes_live_ep_demo/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Reddit.com}}</ref> Around this time Barnett featured on a track by Melbourne singer-songwriter Giles Field called "I Can't Hear You, We're Breaking Up" which was released in late 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Giles Field – Giles Field's End Of Year Break Up (CD) |url=https://www.discogs.com/Giles-Field-Giles-Fields-End-Of-Year-Break-Up/release/13329995 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref> She also has a credit as co-writer on the song.<ref name=":1" /> Tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2013, Barnett ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Australiya Immigrant Union, aikin kiɗa wanda Brent DeBoer (na Dandy Warhols) da Bob Harrow suka kafa. Tare da raba ayyukan murya, Barnett ya fi buga guitar kuma yana kan kundi na biyu na ƙungiyar, Duk da haka. DeBoer ya buga karafa a EP na farko na Barnett, ''Ina da Aboki mai suna Emily Ferris'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boulton |first=Martin |date=11 May 2012 |title=City just fine and Dandy |url=http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/city-just-fine-and-dandy-20120510-1yeom.html |access-date=1 June 2014 |website=The Age}}</ref> Ya bayyana a cikin 2012 a kan lakabin Barnett, Milk! Madara! Rubuce-rubuce. [[File:Courtneybarnett-miamimarketta-1.jpg|thumb|Barnett yana yin wasan a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016]] A cikin 2013, Barnett ya buga guitar a kan kundi na uku na Jen Cloher, In Blood Memory, wanda aka sake shi a kan Milk! Madara! Rubuce-rubuce. Bayan fitowar EP dinta na farko, Barnett ta sanya hannu ga Marathon Artists (ta hanyar House Anxiety). A watan Agustan 2013, Marathon Artists sun fitar da The Double EP: A Sea of Split Peas, kunshin haɗin EP na farko na Barnett da EP ta biyu, How to Carve a Carrot Into a Rose . Double EP ya kawo Barnett yabo mai mahimmanci na duniya, tare da "Avant Gardener", jagora guda ɗaya, mai suna Track of the Day ta Q Magazine da Best New Track ta ''Pitchfork'' a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Courtney Barnett 'Avant Gardener' named Track of the Day |url=http://news.qthemusic.com/2013/12/courtney_barnett_-_avant_garde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209141540/http://news.qthemusic.com/2013/12/courtney_barnett_-_avant_garde.html |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=21 January 2015 |website=[[Q Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top 100 Tracks of 2013 |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/9288-the-top-100-tracks-of-2013/ |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> ''Stereogum'' ne ya ba shi suna album na mako An zabi waƙar "History Eraser" don APRA Song of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2014 |title=Avant Gardener |url=http://www.remotecontrolrecords.com.au/tag/avant-gardener/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405102003/http://www.remotecontrolrecords.com.au/tag/avant-gardener/ |archive-date=5 April 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |website=[[Remote Control Records]]}}</ref> ''Yadda za a Sanya Carrot a cikin Rose'' an sake shi a kan iyakantaccen gudu ta Milk! Madara! Rubuce-rubuce a matsayin EP mai zaman kansa a watan Oktoba 2013. Marathon Artists da House Anxiety sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Mom + Pop Music don sakin Amurka na The Double EP a cikin 2014. Madara! Rubuce-rubuce sun fitar da EP, A Pair of Pears (tare da Shadows), a kan 10" fararen vinyl a watan Satumbar 2014, biyo bayan kamfen ɗin tallafin jama'a a watan Yulin wannan shekarar. EP ɗin ya haɗa da waƙar Barnett, "Pickles from the Jar", an jefa waƙar a lamba 51 a cikin Triple J's Hottest 100 na 2014. [1]ya fitar da tarin EP, A Pair of Pears (tare da Shadows), a kan 10" fararen vinyl a watan Satumbar 2014, biyo bayan kamfen ɗin tallafin jama'a a watan Yulin wannan shekarar. EP ɗin ya haɗa da waƙar Barnett, "Pickles from the Jar", an jefa waƙar a lamba 51 a cikin Triple J's Hottest 100 na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title=Triple J: Hottest 100 2014 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/14/countdown/ |access-date=18 March 2015 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Barnett ta fitar da cikakkun bayanai game da kundi mai zuwa, wanda aka rubuta a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014 tare da Burke Reid, tare da guda biyu, "Pedestrian at Best" da "Depreston", da kuma bidiyo na kiɗa. Bidiyo na kiɗa na "Pedestrian at Best" yana nuna Cloher da Fraser A Gorman . An saki kundi na farko - Wani lokaci Ina zaune da tunani, kuma Wani lokaci Ina kawai zaune - a duk duniya ta hanyar Milk! Records (Australia), da Mom + Pop Music (Amurka) a ranar 23 ga Maris 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Martin |title=Courtney Barnett Shares Video & Album Details |url=http://overblown.co.uk/courtney-barnett-shares-video-album-details/ |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=Overblown}}</ref> kuma an haɗa shi da yawon shakatawa a Burtaniya da Turai, Amurka, da Australasia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Terry |first=Josh |date=4 February 2015 |title=Courtney Barnett announces US tour dates |url=http://consequence.net/2015/02/courtney-barnett-announces-us-tour-dates/ |access-date=22 May 2015 |publisher=Consequence.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2015 |title=Courtney Barnett announces UK tour dates |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/courtney-barnett-27-1213205 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=Nme.com}}</ref> [[File:Courtney_Barnett_Coachella.jpg|left|thumb|Barnett yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016]] Wani ''Lokaci'' I Sit and Think ya sadu da yabo mai mahimmanci, <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=Best albums of 2015: No 7 – ''Sometimes I Sit and Think, and Sometimes I Just Sit'' by Courtney Barnett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/10/best-albums-of-2015-no-7-sometimes-i-sit-and-think-and-sometimes-i-just-sit-courtney-barnett |access-date=9 January 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> The Times, ''Pitchfork'' da Chicago Tribune. Har zuwa lokacin da aka saki Wani lokaci Ina zaune da tunani, kuma Wani lokaci Ina kawai zaune, Courtney Barnett, Bones Sloane, da Dave Mudie sun zagaya a matsayin Courtney Barnell da Courtney Barnetts.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Courtney Barnett |url=https://www.spin.com/2013/11/5-best-new-artists-november-2013-physical-therapy-denzel-curry-hookworms-courtney-barnett-perera-elsewhere/131101-courtney-barnett/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Spin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garaas |first=Mark Wheat and Leah |title=Courtney Barnett performs live in The Current studio |url=https://www.thecurrent.org/feature/2014/06/24/courtney-barnett-live |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Thecurrent.org}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, lakabin Barnett na Burtaniya, Marathon Artists, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Mom + Pop Music da Milk! Madara! Rubuce-rubuce, ta kaddamar da kamfen din 'yan tawaye na duniya don sakin wakar ta "Babu Wanda Yake Kula da Kai Idan Ba Ka tafi Jam'iyyar ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moskovitch |first=Greg |date=19 January 2016 |title=Courtney Barnett Guerilla Marketing Campaign Goes Global, Confuses Everyone |url=http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/456403/courtney-barnett-guerilla-marketing-campaign-goes-global-confuses-everyone.htm |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=Tonedeaf.com.au}}</ref> Allon tallace-tallace da posters dauke da taken waƙar sun tashi a London, New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne da Sydney. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sami sha'awa sosai a kan layi da kuma a duk faɗin kafofin sada zumunta kuma ya ƙare a cikin wani abin mamaki a Camden, London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hearon |first=Lisa |date=19 January 2016 |title=Londoners didn't know they were at a Courtney Barnett gig |url=http://mashable.com/2015/08/17/courtney-barnett-video/#kjWr8s1Sosqf |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=Mashable.com}}</ref> A cikin kide-kide, Dan Luscombe (na Drones) sau da yawa ya buga guitar da maɓallan, bayan ya fito a duka biyun, Yadda za a zana Carrot a cikin Rose da Wani lokaci Ina zaune da tunani, da Wani lokaci ina zaune kawai, wanda ya hada kai. Lokacin da Luscombe ba ta samuwa, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki a matsayin uku, tare da Barnett yana wasa da guitar. Luscombe ba ta taka leda a yawon shakatawa na Barnett na 2015, duk da haka, kuma yanzu tana nufin ƙungiyar a matsayin "CB3" a shafinta na Facebook. Sunan CB3 yana nunawa sosai a kan bass drum na Dave Mudie. [[File:Courtney_Barnett_2019.jpg|thumb|Barnett yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a watan Yunin 2019]] An zabi Barnett a cikin rukuni takwas a ARIA Music Awards na 2015 kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka huɗu: Breakthrough Artist, Best Female Artist, Best Independent Release da Best Cover Art for Sometimes I Sit and Think, da kuma Wani lokaci I Just Sit. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2015, an zabi Barnett don [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Kyautar Grammy]] a cikin Mafi Kyawun Sabon Artist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2016 |title=Grammys 2016 Preview: What You Need to Know About Best New Artist Nominees From Courtney Barnett to James Bay |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/6812893/grammys-2016-preview-best-new-artist-nominees |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=Billboard.com}}</ref> Daga baya aka zaba ta don Mafi Kyawun Mata na Duniya a cikin 2016 don Kyautar Brit . A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2016, ta kasance baƙon kiɗa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Asabar Night Live ta 41, wanda Fred Armisen ya shirya.<ref name="snlarchives">{{Cite web |last=Navaroli |first=Joel |title=SNL Archives {{!}} Episodes {{!}} 05.21.2016 |url=http://snlarchives.net/Episodes/?20160521 |access-date=28 May 2016 |website=SNL Archives}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2016, Barnett ya bayyana a bangon mujallar kiɗa ta Australiya, Happy Mag . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Mag issue # 1 |url=http://store.hhhhappy.com/product/happy-mag-issue-one-january-2016/ |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=Store.hhhhappy.com |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016014227/http://store.hhhhappy.com/product/happy-mag-issue-one-january-2016/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2016, ta kasance baƙon kiɗa a kan The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . A cikin 2017, Barnett da Kurt Vile sun rubuta kundin haɗin gwiwa ''Lotta Sea Lice'', wanda aka saki ta hanyar Matador Records, Marathon Artists da Milk! Madara! Rubuce-rubuce a ranar 13 ga Oktoba. Wasu daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwar kundin sun haɗa da Stella Mozgawa, Mick Harvey da Dirty Three's Mick Turner da Jim White.<ref name=":0" /> An saki jagorar "Over Everything" a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2017, tare da bidiyon kiɗa wanda Danny Cohen ya jagoranta. "Over Everything" da farko ya haifar da haɗin gwiwar ma'aurata, bayan da Vile na Philadelphia ya rubuta waƙar tare da muryar Barnett na Melbourne a zuciya.<ref name=":0" /> An saki na biyu "Continental Breakfast" a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2017. A watan Yunin 2017 Vile da Barnett sun ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Arewacin Amurka. Duo din ya sami goyon baya daga Sea Lice, ƙungiyar da ke nuna Janet Weiss (Sleater-Kinney, Wild Flag), Rob Laakso (The Violators, Swirlies, Mice Parade), Stella Mozgawa (Warpaint), da Katie Harkin (Sky Larkin, memba mai yawon shakatawa na Sleater-Kinnay da Wild Beasts).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2017 |title=Kurt Vile and Courtney Barnett Announce Tour, New Collaborative Album {{!}} Pitchfork |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/73817-kurt-vile-and-courtney-barnett-announce-tour-new-collaborative-album/ |access-date=2017-09-23 |website=Pitchfork.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=Kurt Vile and Courtney Barnett Reveal New Album Title {{!}} Pitchfork |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/kurt-vile-and-courtney-barnett-reveal-new-album-title/ |access-date=2017-09-23 |website=Pitchfork.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, Barnett ta yi wa sabon kundi ba'a a kan asusun kafofin sada zumunta, inda ta yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da kayan kida daban-daban tare da shirin da ya ƙare tare da taken "Ka gaya mini yadda kuke jin da gaske".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2018 |title=Courtney Barnett Teases New Music: Watch {{!}} Pitchfork |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/courtney-barnett-teases-new-music-watch/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |website=Pitchfork.com |language=en}}</ref> Barnett ta fitar da waƙoƙin "Nameless, Faceless", "Need A Little Time", "City Looks Pretty", da "Sunday Roast" daga kundi na biyu, wanda aka ƙaddamar a wani aiki mai zaman kansa a Otal din Lansdowne na Sydney a watan Afrilun 2018 kuma tsohon The Go-Betweens Lindy Morrison ya yi nasara. An saki kundin ne a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2018 kuma ana kiransa Tell Me How You Really Feel . Kundin ya shafi, a wani bangare, tunanin Barnett game da warewa a cikin shekarun kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2018 |title=Courtney Barnett: You Must Be Having So Much Fun. Everything's Amazing. |url=https://relix.com/articles/detail/you_must_be_having_so_much_fun_everythings_amazing/ |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Relix.com}}</ref> "City Looks Pretty" an nuna shi a cikin sauti na wasan bidiyo ''FIFA 19''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=FIFA 19 Soundtrack, featuring Childish Gambino, Gorillaz, Logic, and More |url=https://www.ea.com/games/fifa/fifa-19/news/fifa-19-soundtrack |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Ea.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an kara Barnett a cikin lissafin Woodstock 50, amma an soke bikin a watan Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Christopher |title=Woodstock 50 Lineup Announced – Courtney Barnett, boygenius, The Black Keys, and More |url=http://undertheradarmag.com/news/woodstock_50_lineup_announced_courtney_barnett_boygenius_the_black_keys_and |access-date=24 March 2019 |website=Undertheradarmag.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2021, Barnett ta fitar da "Rae Street", jagora daga kundi na uku - Things Take Time, Take Time - wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2021.<ref name="Rae Street">{{Cite web |last=Cashmere, Paul |date=8 July 2021 |title=Courtney Barnett Says She Has A New Album |url=http://www.noise11.com/news/courtney-barnett-says-she-has-a-new-album-20210708 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=noise11}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2022, Barnett ya goyi bayan Rolling Stones a kide-kide a Hyde Park a London, Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cashmere, Paul |date=22 May 2022 |title=Courtney Barnett To Open For The Rolling Stones In London |url=https://www.noise11.com/news/courtney-barnett-to-open-for-the-rolling-stones-in-london-20220527 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=noise11}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023, Barnett ya tabbatar da Milk! Madara! Za a cire rikodin a ƙarshen 2023, bayan shekaru 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Courtney Barnett's Milk! Records to Close |url=https://themusic.com.au/news/courtney-barnett-s-milk-records-to-close/WPjmSk1MT04/11-07-23 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[The Music (magazine)|The Music]]}}</ref> Kundin karshe da aka saki a kan lakabin shine kayan aiki na End of the Day, wanda aka saki a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2023. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 17 da aka rubuta don zira kwallaye a cikin shirin 2021, Anonymous Club . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keva York |date=20 March 2022 |title=Courtney Barnett documentary Anonymous Club offers a fly-on-the-wall glimpse of life on tour with the notoriously shy indie rocker |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-20/courtney-barnett-documentary-anonymous-club-review-danny-cohen/100916956 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, Barnett ta fitar da sabon bidiyon kiɗa na farko da murya a cikin shekaru biyu, "Stay in Your Lane" - wanda daga baya aka yi a The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Nina |date=2025-10-16 |title=Watch Courtney Barnett’s Video for New Song “Stay in Your Lane” |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-courtney-barnetts-video-for-new-song-stay-in-your-lane/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, Barnett ya fitar da sabon waka, "Site Unseen" wanda ke nuna Waxahatchee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=20 January 2026 |title=Courtney Barnett Announces New Album Creature Of Habit: Hear 'Site Unseen' (Feat. Waxahatchee) |url=https://stereogum.com/2485934/courtney-barnett-announces-new-album-creature-of-habit-hear-site-unseen-feat-waxahatchee/music |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=Stereogum}}</ref> An saki kundi na huɗu na studio, Creature of Habit, a ranar 27 ga Maris 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Robin |date=2026-01-20 |title=Courtney Barnett Announces New Album ''Creature of Habit'' {{!}} News |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/courtney-barnett-announces-new-album-creature-of-habit/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews |language=en-GB}}</ref> == A cikin fim == A watan Disamba na 2020, NME ta ba da rahoton cewa wani shirin da ake kira Anonymous Club wanda ke bincika "rayuwar ciki na sanannen jin kunya [Barnett] a cikin gagarumin hauhawar ta zuwa daraja" yana cikin ayyukan, bayan ya sami dala miliyan 2.5 a cikin kudade daga Screen Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Alex |date=9 December 2020 |title=Courtney Barnett documentary 'Anonymous Club' announced |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/courtney-barnett-documentary-anonymous-club-announced-2834681 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=NME}}</ref> Anonymous Club ta jagoranci Danny Cohen, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Barnett a kan bidiyon kiɗa da yawa a baya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=11 December 2022 |title=Anonymous Club review – bruisingly candid portrait of singer Courtney Barnett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/dec/11/anonymous-club-review-bruisingly-candid-portrait-of-singer-courtney-barnett |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> kuma Sue Maslin da kamfaninta na Film Art Media ne suka samar da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braiker |first=Brian |date=25 July 2022 |title=Singer Courtney Barnett and filmmaker Danny Cohen discuss their new doc 'Anonymous Club' |url=https://www.bkmag.com/2022/07/25/courtney-barnett-danny-cohen-anonymous-club/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=BKMAG}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Melbourne a watan Agusta 2021, kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-fakkaatu da yawa kafin a sake shi a cikin fina-falla.<ref name="anon">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=H |url=https://www.anonymousclubfilm.com/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Anonymous Club}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kuma watsa shi a gidan talabijin na ABC, kuma yana samuwa a DVD. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title=Anonymous Club : ABC iview |url=https://iview.abc.net.au/show/anonymous-club |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=ABC iview}}</ref><ref name="anon" /> == Kayan aiki da salon wasa == Barnett yana wasa da hannun hagu, yana amfani da mafi yawan katunan hagu tare da daidaitaccen sautin da tsari na kirtani ga 'yan wasan hagu (ƙananan kirtani a saman, manyan kirtani na ƙasa). <ref name="thatmag" /> A wasu lokuta tana buga katunan hannun dama da aka juya sama, amma ba ta son hakan. Ta koyi yin wasa a kan katako, kuma ta haɓaka nata hanyar guitar style saboda ba ta son sautin karɓar; daga baya ta canja wannan salon wasa zuwa guitar na lantarki. Duk da yake ta fi son yin amfani da guitar na lantarki ba tare da zaɓa ba na wasu shekaru, tun daga 2025 ta fara amfani da ɗaya.<ref name="GW">{{Cite web |last=Prescott |first=Shaun |date=27 May 2025 |title=Courtney Barnett talks the godfather of grunge, fingerstyle, AI and music, and her next move |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/artists/when-all-the-computers-fall-apart-when-the-world-burns-to-the-ground-theres-going-to-be-a-guitar-left-courtney-barnett-talks-the-godfather-of-grunge-fingerstyle-ai-and-music-and-her-next-move |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref> Ta fi son yin wasa a cikin daidaitattun sauti, amma ta yi amfani da bude G tuning don Slide guitar.<ref name="PG">{{Cite web |last=Gluckin |first=Tzvi |date=30 April 2015 |title=Courtney Barnett: The New Sensation (interview) |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/22424-courtney-barnett-the-new-sensation |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Premier Guitar}}</ref> Daga cikin katunan da Barnett ta yi amfani da su don yin aiki da rikodin sune Harmony H59 da Fenders da yawa, gami da Jaguars, Stratocasters, da Telecasters, wanda ta haɗa tare da Ernie Ball Power Slinky a cikin ma'auni na 0.011-0.048. Tana taka leda ta hanyar Fender Hot Rod Deville da Fender Deluxe amplifiers, tare da tasirin pedals ciki har da Fulltone OCD overdrive pedal, "pedal na jinkiri mai rahusa", da kuma pedal na mawaƙa.<ref name="PG" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Courtney Barnett |url=http://equipboard.com/pros/courtney-barnett |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Equipboard.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Barnett yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan'uwan mawaƙa Jen Cloher daga 2012 zuwa 2018, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen {{!}} Music, Death and Memory – Jen Cloher and Jo Syme in Conversation {{!}} Control |url=http://controlzine.com/interviews/listen-music-death-and-memory-jen-cloher-and-jo-syme-in-conversation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423164923/https://controlzine.com/interviews/listen-music-death-and-memory-jen-cloher-and-jo-syme-in-conversation/ |archive-date=2019-04-23 |access-date=2019-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma waƙar "Numbers" ta rubuta tare da ma'aurata game da dangantakarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=JEN CLOHER Happy wife... |url=http://xpressmag.com.au/jen-cloher-happy-wife/ |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Xpressmag.com.au}}</ref> Waƙar Barnett "Pickles from the Jar" ta kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da dangantakarsu, kuma an ambaci Cloher a layin farko na "Dead Fox". Barnett ta kira Cloher "babban tasiri na yau da kullun" a kan kiɗanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kathryn Bromwich |date=2017-10-14 |title=Courtney Barnett: 'It's easy to feel hopeless and lost in this weird world' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/oct/14/courtney-barnett-kurt-vile-album-lotta-see-lice-interview |access-date=2017-10-14 |publisher=The Observer}}</ref> Ta kuma buga guitar a cikin ƙungiyar Cloher daga 2012 zuwa 2018. == Mambobin ƙungiyar goyon baya == [[File:Courtney_Barnett_Brisbane_2018.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Barnett tana yin wasa tare da ƙungiyarta a watan Agusta 2018; daga hagu zuwa dama: Katie Harkin, Barnett, Dave Mudie, da Bones Sloane]] '''A halin yanzu''' * Bones Sloane - bass, muryoyin goyon baya (2013-yanzu) * Dave Mudie - drum, percussion, goyon bayan murya (2013-yanzu) '''Tsohon''' * Alex Hamilton - guitar, murya mai goyon baya (2012-2013) * Pete Convery - bass (2012-2013) * Dan Luscombe - guitar, keyboard, muryoyin goyon baya (2013-2014; memba na zaman / yawon shakatawa 2017) '''Taron / yawon shakatawa''' * Katie Harkin - guitar, keyboard, murya mai goyon baya (2018) * Lucy Waldron - cello, muryoyin goyon baya (2019-yanzu) * Stella Mozgawa - drum, percussion, keyboard (2021-yanzu) == Bayanan da aka yi == * ''Wani lokaci Ina zaune ina tunani, kuma Wani lokaci Ina kawai zaune'' (2015) * ''Lotta Sea Lice'' (2017, tare da Kurt Vile) * ''Ka gaya mini yadda kake jin da gaske'' (2018) * ''Abubuwa Ɗauki Lokaci, Ɗauki'' Lokacin (2021) * ''Halitta ta Halin'' (2026) <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mawaƙa da ke wasa da hannun hagu == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sazqfb16ck87gwbnq7a0nvmikw3tz0o 0 171867 965569 938076 2026-10-10T04:07:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Clarence Stephens |url=https://mathematicallygiftedandblack.com/honorees/clarence-stephens/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224171921/http://mathematicallygiftedandblack.com:80/honorees/clarence-stephens/ |archive-date=2018-02-24 |access-date= |website=Mathematically Gifted & Black}}</ref>Clarence Francis Stephens (24 ga Yuli, 1917 – 5 ga Maris, 2018) masanin ilimin lissafi ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. An yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen ƙarfafa ɗalibai da malamai a SUNY Potsdam su kafa shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko a fannin lissafi mafi nasara a Amurka a ƙarni na baya. [ana buƙatar hujja] Ƙungiyar "Mathematically Gifted & Black" ta karrama Stephens a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka girmama a lokacin bikin Watan Tarihin Baƙar Fatake (Black History Month) na shekarar 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == Na biyar cikin yara shida, ya zama maraya yana da shekaru takwas.<ref name="Rountree">{{Cite web |last=Rountree |first=K |last2=Stanley |first2=O |title=Clarence F. Stephens |url=https://cs.appstate.edu/~sjg/wmm/student/stephens/stephensp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051544/https://cs.appstate.edu/~sjg/wmm/student/stephens/stephensp.htm |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=9 April 2017 |website=cs.appstate.edu}}</ref> Don karatunsa na farko, ya halarci Cibiyar Aikin Gona da Masana'antu ta Harbison, makarantar kwana ta 'yan Afirka a Irmo, South Carolina a karkashin Dean R. W. Bouleware kuma daga baya Shugaba Rev John G. Porter . Stephens ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Johnson C. Smith a 1938 tare da digiri na BS a lissafi. Ya sami MS (1939) da Ph.D. (1944) daga Jami'ar Michigan. Shi ne Ba'amurke na 9 da ya sami Ph.D a cikin lissafi - don rubutun a kan Non-Linear Difference Equations Analytic a cikin Parameter a ƙarƙashin James Nyswander . <ref name="Rountree" /> Bayan ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka (1942-1946) a matsayin Masanin Koyarwa, Dokta Stephens ya shiga fannin lissafi na Jami'ar Prairie View A&M. A shekara ta gaba (1947) an gayyace shi ya shiga bangaren lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Morgan . == Daga bincike zuwa koyarwa == Kamar yadda tarihin tarihin Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka (MAA) ya bayyana, "Dr. Stephens ya mayar da hankali kan zama masanin lissafi na bincike, don haka ya yarda da matsayin a wani bangare saboda zai kasance kusa da ɗakin karatu na bincike a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Jihar Morgan, Dokta Stephens ya firgita da abin da ake yi aiki mara kyau gabaɗaya don koyarwa da kuma karfafa ɗalibai su koyi lissafi. Ya canza mayar da hankali daga kasancewa mai bincike zuwa samun kyakkyawan aiki, tare da sakamako mai kyau, a koyar da lissafi. A shekara ta 1953, ya sami kyautar Ford Fellowship na shekara guda don karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey . <ref name="Houston 1997">{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=JL |date=1997 |title=Clarence Francis Stephens |url=http://www.maa.org/programs/underrepresented-groups/summa/summa-archival-record/clarence-f-stephens |journal=NAM Newsletter |issue=Fall |page=14 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410053908/http://www.maa.org/programs/underrepresented-groups/summa/summa-archival-record/clarence-f-stephens |archive-date=10 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hanyar koyarwa == Stephens ya fara "Morgan-Potsdam Model" <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Dr. Clarence F. Stephens, Sr. {{!}} SUNY Potsdam |url=https://www.potsdam.edu/academics/AAS/depts/math/memoriam-dr-clarence-f-stephens-sr |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.potsdam.edu}}</ref> na koyar da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Morgan-Potsdam Model for teaching/learning mathematics |url=https://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/morgan-potsdam_model.html |access-date=2026-07-28 |website=www.math.buffalo.edu}}</ref> An kafa samfurin ne akan ra'ayin cewa yawancin ɗalibai za su iya koyon nazarin lissafi mai tsabta idan an ba su yanayin tallafi da kulawa. An yi amfani da mahalli don kunshe da malamai masu la'akari da horar da su sosai, ci gaba da ƙarfafawa, samfuran da suka ci nasara, isasshen nasara don gina girman kai da kuma imanin cewa ilimi yana da daraja yayin ƙoƙari. Wannan ya sanya hanyar koyarwa ta Stephens daya daga cikin mafi tasiri wajen samar da manyan lissafi. == Daraja, kayan ado, kyaututtuka da bambanci == * 1942 Ya sami kyautar Julius Rosenwald Fellowship * 1943 Ya sami Ford Fellowship don ba da gudummawa ga bincike a matsayin memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey * 1962 Gwamna J. Millard Tawes na Maryland ya girmama shi saboda gudummawa ga ilimi * 1976-77 ya sami lambar yabo ta SUNY Chancellor ta 1976-77 don Kyakkyawan Koyarwa * 1987 wanda Gwamna Mario Cuomo na New York ya girmama saboda gudummawa ga ilimi == Tushen == * [http://www.maa.org/summa/archive/Stephn_c.htm Clarence Francis Stephens] (Google cache) [link cire] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807142036/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/stephens_clarencef.html Clarence Stephens] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204959/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/morgan-potsdam_model.html Tsarin Morgan-Potsdam da Mu'ujizar Potsdam] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] 9k15r1jfh2fdjnmwft2n6tl97etkmj7 0 171927 965576 938246 2026-10-10T04:11:53Z BnHamid 12586 965576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Alice Woodby McKane (1865- 6 Maris 1948)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190131093357/http://libweb.lib.georgiasouthern.edu/armstrong/SavBio/McKane_Cornelius%20and%20Alice.pdf</ref> ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin likita a Savannah, Jojiya. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140109074833/http://www.georgiawomen.org/2010/10/mckane-alice-woodby/</ref> Ba wai kawai an san ta da likita ba har ma da 'yar siyasa da marubuci. Ita da mijinta Cornelius McKane sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a tarihin kiwon lafiya. Ta bude makarantar farko ta horar da ma'aikatan jinya ga baƙi a Savannah . Ta kuma taimaka wa mijinta ya cika mafarkinsa wanda ke buɗe asibitin a Laberiya. Bayan dawowa daga Laberiya, sun kafa asibitin MCKane don Mata da Yara kuma daga baya an san shi da asibitin sadaka don kula da dukkan mutane a Savannah, musamman ga mutanen Afirka na Amurka.<ref>http://savannahnow.com/stories/030705/2860444.shtml#.WiBFbbQ-eDV</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1948]] a5h15gduul93fo07578uts4ljvkcq7i 0 171996 965449 938484 2026-10-09T21:24:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carl Otto Løvenskiold''' (23 Disamba 1839 - 1 Oktoba 1916) jami'in sojan ruwa ne na ƙasar Norway, babban jami'in kasuwanci kuma mai filaye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin firaministan Norway a [[Stockholm]] a shekarar 1884. A lokacin da aka haife shi, shi memba ne na dangin Løvenskiold masu daraja . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Løvenskiold a Christiania (yanzu Oslo), Norway a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1839. Shi ɗan Otto Joachim Løvenskiold (1811-1882) da Julie Caroline Helene Wedel-Jarlsberg (1815-1840). Mahaifinsa Lauyan Kotun Koli ne kuma magajin garin Christiania. Ya halarci Makarantar Cocin Christiania Cathedral, ya zama ɗan kadet na teku a Frederiksvern da kuma laftanar na biyu a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Norwegian a 1859. A shekarar 1868 aka ɗaukaka Løvenskiold zuwa laftanar na farko. A shekarar 1875, ya yi murabus daga aikin sojan ruwa. Ya shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci na surukinsa Harald Wedel Jarlsberg a Bærum da Aker, ciki har da Bærum Verk da Nordmarka . [1] [2] Ya kasance Firayim Minista a [[Stockholm]] a cikin 1884 a lokacin Ministan Schweigaard . <ref name="reg">{{Cite web |title=Carl Otto Løvenskiold, Norsk statsminister i Stockholm 1884 |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/om-regjeringa/tidligere/departementer_embeter/embeter/statsminister-i-stockholm-1873-1905/carl-otto-lovenskiold/id440572/ |access-date=March 1, 2018 |publisher=Regjeringen.no}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Norway ( ''Storting'' ) daga 1889 zuwa 1897 yana wakiltar Akershus a Jam'iyyar Conservative . An zaɓi Løvenskiold a matsayin jarumi a cikin Order of St. Olav a shekarar 1889, Knight 1st Class a shekarar 1899 da kuma Commander a shekarar 1912. Ya kuma sami kyautar Order of Vasa . An sanya wa Løvenskioldfonna, hular kankara ta Spitsbergen da kuma tudun dutsen Carlsfjella, suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Løvenskioldfonna (Svalbard) |url=http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Løvenskioldfonna |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=[[Norwegian Polar Institute]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlsfjella (Svalbard) |url=http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Carlsfjella?ident=2204 |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=[[Norwegian Polar Institute]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A cikin 1865, ya auri dan uwansa Elise Wedel Jarlsberg (1844-1923), 'yar mai gida Harald Wedel Jarlsberg (1811-97) da Elise Frederikke Butenschøn (1820-68). Su ne iyayen Harald Løvenskiold (1868-1934). Løvenskiold ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1916 kuma an binne shi a cikin kabari na iyali a Ullern Church ( ''Ullern kirkegård'' ) a Oslo. <ref name="reg" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl Otto Løvenskiold (1839–1916) |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Carl_Otto_L%C3%B8venskiold_(1839%E2%80%931916) |access-date=March 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ullern kirkegård |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/helse-og-omsorg/begravelser-og-gravferd/gravplasser-i-oslo/ullern-kirkegard/ |access-date=March 1, 2018 |publisher=Oslo Kommune}}</ref> == Manazarta == lj5snk3b4no78fm8w02lqd4j5ps6xwt 0 172174 965277 951549 2026-10-09T15:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bertha Pitts Campbell''' (30 ga Yuni, 1889 - 2 ga Afrilu, 1990) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama kuma ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 22 da suka kafa kungiyar Delta Sigma Theta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bertha Pitts Campbell |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=28 |publisher=historylink.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our 22 Founders |url=http://www.k-state.edu/dst1913/founders.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218170915/http://www.k-state.edu/dst1913/founders.html |archive-date=2014-12-18 |access-date=2014-11-17 |publisher=Delta Sigma Theta: Eta Gamma chapter}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Campbell a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1889, a Winfield, Kansas . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Ida Lewis kuma mahaifinta Hubbard Sydney Pitts ne. Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Colorado <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bertha Pitts Campbell, Seattle, ca. 1975 |url=https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/imlsblackhs/id/175/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu |language=en}}</ref> inda iyalinta suka zauna tare da kakarta, Eliza Butler, tsohuwar bawa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wanki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Marilyn |date=22 January 2009 |title="Expect the Unexpected" — Bertha Pitts Campbell |url=https://www.montrosepress.com/opinion/a_step_back_in_time/expect-the-unexpected-bertha-pitts-campbell/article_6335bc9c-0499-54dc-ab3f-699e6ec1fbfe.html |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=Montrose Daily Press |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Campbell ita ce kawai ɗalibar baƙar fata da ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Montrose lokacin da ta kammala karatu a matsayin mai ba da jawabi na aji na 1908. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bertha Pitts Campbell |url=http://montroseeducation.org/distinguished-alumni/bertha-pitts-campbell/ |publisher=Montrose Education Foundation, Inc. |access-date=2026-09-15 |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925122018/http://montroseeducation.org/distinguished-alumni/bertha-pitts-campbell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba Campbell tallafin karatu na shekaru hudu a Kwalejin Colorado. Campbell ta ki karbar tallafin karatu kuma ta zaɓi a maimakon haka ta shiga [[Jami'ar Howard]] a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a cikin 1908, inda ta sami tallafin kuɗi daga Ikilisiyar Ikilisiya. [[File:Deltasigmathetafounders.jpg|thumb|Masu kafa Delta Sigma Theta, 1913, a Jami'ar Howard. Bertha Pitts: Layin karshe, na uku daga dama.]] A shekara ta 1913, ta kafa kungiyar Delta Sigma Theta a Howard kuma ta shiga cikin Woman Suffrage Procession a Washington, DC. A watan Yunin wannan shekarar, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Howard tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimi. Daga nan sai ta koyar da shekaru biyu a Topeka . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bertha Pitts Campbell, Seattle, ca. 1975 |url=https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/imlsblackhs/id/175/ |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Iyali == Ta auri Earl Campbell, ma'aikacin layin dogo kuma daga baya ma'aikaciyar gwamnati, a shekarar 1917. <ref name=":1" /> Ma'auratan sun kwashe wani lokaci a Colorado, sannan suka koma Seattle a 1923.<ref name=":1" /> Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Earl Jr wanda ya mutu a hatsarin masana'antu a shekara ta 1951. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bertha Pitts Campbell {{!}} Montrose Education Foundation |url=http://montroseeducation.org/distinguished-alumni/bertha-pitts-campbell/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Earl Sr. ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a shekara ta 1954. <ref name=":0" /> == Yunkurin fafutuka da kuma shekarun baya == A Seattle, Campbell ya kasance mai fafutuka da kuma mai shirya. Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniyar Abokan Kirista don Daidaita Racial, ƙungiyar da ke aiki don fadada gidaje da sauran dama ga al'ummar baƙar fata; ta yi aiki tare da Seattle Urban League; kuma ita ce baƙar fata ta farko a cikin kwamitin daraktocin YWCA na Seattle-King County. Ta kasance memba mai aiki na YWCA na tsawon shekaru 53. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 92, Campbell ya jagoranci mambobi 10,000 na Delta Sigma Theta sorority a cikin tafiya zuwa Pennsylvania Avenue a Washington, DC, don tunawa da shiga wasu mambobin kungiyar a cikin tafiya ta 1913. Bayan ta daɗe ta mutu bayan mijinta da ɗanta, ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Seattle kuma ta mutu cikin salama tana da shekaru 100. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituaries {{!}} Bertha Pitts Campbell, A Founder Of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19900406/1065096/bertha-pitts-campbell-a-founder-of-delta-sigma-theta-sorority |access-date=2017-11-20 |website=community.seattletimes.nwsource.com}}</ref> A cikin 2018 da 2019, Gidan Tarihin Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka ya nuna nune-nunen kan Campbell da [[Mona Humphries Bailey]], shugaban 17 na Delta Sigma Theta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Seattle Icons: Bertha Pitts Campbell and Mona Humphries Bailey |url=https://www.thestranger.com/events/38907751/two-seattle-icons-bertha-pitts-campbell-and-mona-humphries-bailey |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=The Stranger |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == kvamqmx4u8hoo0hlaakr1b9brxu6ttt 0 172195 965279 939230 2026-10-09T15:38:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=|image_caption=|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="IUCN">Stritch, L. 2014. ''Betula murrayana''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T51208029A51208054. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T51208029A51208054.en. Accessed on 29 April 2023.</ref>|status2=G1|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref name="TNC">{{cite web |title=''Betula murrayana''. NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.135809/Betula_murrayana |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>|genus=Betula|species=× purpusii|authority=[[C.K.Schneid.]]|synonyms=*''Betula × purpusii'' var. ''typica'' {{small|C.K.Schneid.}} *''Betula × murrayana'' {{small|B.V.Barnes & Dancik}}|synonyms_ref=<ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Betula × purpusii'' C.K.Schneid. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30248827-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref>}} '''''Betula × purpusii''''' wani nau'in birch ne na asali a arewa maso tsakiyar Amurka da kudancin Ontario, Kanada . Yana da nau'in halitta na jinsin ''B. alleghaniensis'' da ''[[Betula pumila|B. pumila]]'' . A karkashin ma'anar '''''Betula × murrayana''''' ko '''Murray birch,''' an tantance shi a matsayin nau'in da ke cikin haɗari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=''Betula murrayana'' (Murray birch) - Michigan Natural Features Inventory |url=https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/species/description/13702/Betula-murrayana |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=mnfi.anr.msu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murray's Birch - Betula murrayana |url=http://northamericantrees.com/betula-murrayana.html |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=The Trees of North America: Across the Continent With a Camera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murray's Birch (''Betula murrayana'') |url=https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/159227-Betula-murrayana |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=iNaturalist.ca |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029202239/https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/159227-Betula-murrayana |archive-date=2021-10-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Itacen na iya kaiwa mita 15 a tsawo kuma yawanci yana da kututture da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Betula murrayana - FNA |url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Betula_murrayana |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=floranorthamerica.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618182511/http://floranorthamerica.org/Betula_murrayana |archive-date=2024-06-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankin bishiyoyi masu tsufa yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin ja-ja kuma yana da Lenticels masu fadada a kwance. Ganyen sa suna da 5-11 centimeters × 3-6 centimeters.<ref name=":1" /> == Tarihin lissafi == Camillo Karl Schneider ne ya bayyana ''Betula × purpusii'' a cikin shekara ta 1904. ''Betula'' × ''Murrayana'' an sanya masa suna ne daga Burton V. Barnes da [[Bruce P. Dancik]], a cikin Canadian Journal of Botany 63 (2):223-226, a cikin 1985.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Burton |last2=Dancik |first2=Bruce |date=2011-01-31 |title=Characteristics and origin of a new birch species, ''Betula murrayana'', from southeastern Michigan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237162365 |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=223–226 |doi=10.1139/b85-025}}</ref> takamaiman rubutun yana girmama Frank Murray, mutumin da ya gano yawan mutanen Michigan na jinsin.<ref name=":2" /> ''''Betula'' × murrayana'' wani nau'in juyin halitta ne na baya-bayan nan wanda ya tashi ta hanyar Haɗuwa tsakanin ''Betula alleghaniensis'' da Betula × ''purpusii'' . <ref name=":2" /> ''Betula murryana'' yana da lambar chromosome na 2n=112, yayin da ''B. alleghaniensis'' yana da 2n=84, ''B. pumila'' yana da 2 n=56. kuma ''B.'' × ''purpusii'' yana da 2n=70. Shuke-shuke na Duniya Online yana bi da ''B. × murrayana'' a matsayin ma'anar ''B. × purpusii'' . == Karewa == ''Betula × purpusii'' 'yar asalin Illinois ce, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, da kudancin Ontario, yayin da aka san ma'anar ''Betula × murrayana'' daga shafuka biyu kawai, Washtenaw County, Michigan a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da St. Williams, Norfolk County, Ontario, a [[Kanada]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Oldham |first=Michael |date=2015 |title=Murray's Birch (Betula murrayana B.V. Barnes & Dancik) in Ontario, Canada |journal=Field Botanists of Ontario |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=10–12}}</ref> Ba a sake gano yawan mutanen Ontario ba, duk da bincike, kuma matsayinta ba a bayyane yake ba.<ref name=":4" /> Jama'ar Michigan suna da mutum daya da ba a noma ba.<ref name=":0" /> Koyaya ana iya gano yawan jama'a na gaba tare da Great Lakes ko St. Lawrence Valley, saboda akwai yankuna da yawa inda nau'in iyaye suka haɗu, kuma nau'in jinsin halitta ne.<ref name=":2" /> Holden Arboretum, Jami'ar Michigan, da Matthaei Botanical Gardens duk sun yada shuke-shuke daga yankan mutum na Michigan, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don kiyaye wannan nau'in idan yana fuskantar [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]]. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q15377287|from2=Q15379996}} pr3matm6jmn3fz9u25xzlz75gknxqt1 0 172386 965540 939789 2026-10-10T00:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christian Braunmann Tullin''' (6 Satumba 1728 &#x2013; 21 Janairu 1765) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mawaƙi [[Norway|ɗan ƙasar Norway]] . An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun waƙoƙin Denmark–mafi mahimmancin Norway a zamaninsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Braunmann Tullin |url=http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Forfatter/Christian_Braunman_Tullin |access-date=1 June 2016 |publisher=Den Store Danske}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Tullin a [[Oslo|Christiania]] (yanzu Oslo), Norway. Iyayensa sune Gulbrand Hansen Tullins (1694-1742) da Ragnhild Hansdatter Dehli (1695-1765). Mahaifinsa, wanda ya fito daga gundumar karkara ta Ringebu, ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai arziki. Tullin ya halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo|Makarantar Katolika ta Christiania]] kuma daga baya ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Copenhagen da takardar shaidar tauhidi a shekarar 1748. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Braunmann Tullin |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Christian_Braunmann_Tullin |access-date=1 December 2017 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919060320/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Christian_Braunmann_Tullin |archive-date=19 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa ta auri Claus Therkelsen Koefoed, wanda jami'in kwastam ne. Tare da mahaifinsa na uba, a cikin 1750 Tullin ya kafa Faabro Pudder- og Stivelsesfabrik, wani kamfani wanda ke samar da foda, sitaci da ƙusoshi. Yana nan a Granfossen a kan Lysakerelva . Ya kuma gina gidan zama na lokacin bazara a masana'antun, kai tsaye a saman masana'antar ƙusa. Daga baya O. Mustad &amp;amp; Søn suka karɓe wannan ginin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faabro Pudder- og Stivelsesfabrik |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Faabro_Pudder-_og_Stivelsesfabrik |access-date=1 December 2017 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124258/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Faabro_Pudder-_og_Stivelsesfabrik |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo regiontollsted |url=http://www.toll.no/no/om-tolletaten/kontakt-oss/tollregion-oslo-og-akershus/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531043927/http://www.toll.no/no/om-tolletaten/kontakt-oss/tollregion-oslo-og-akershus/ |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=1 June 2016 |publisher=toll.no}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trond Gram |title=O. Mustad & Søn AS |url=https://snl.no/O._Mustad_%26_S%C3%B8n_AS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041709/https://snl.no/O._Mustad_%26_S%C3%B8n_AS |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}</ref> A shekara ta 1759, Tullin ya zama jami'in kwastam na Christiania. A shekara ta 1760, ya zama mai kula da birnin. Ya zama manajan birnin Christiania daga 1763. Ya kuma kasance shugaban Hukumar Kwastam da Hukumar Hana Fitar da Kaya ( Oslo regiontollsted ) kuma a shekara ta 1764 Daraktan Kwastam. [1] [2] == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekara ta 1760, ya auri Mette Feddersen Kruckow (1725–1809). Ta kasance 'yar'uwa ga Nicolai Feddersen (1699–1769), wanda shine shugaban kotun Christiania, da matarsa Ditlevine Feddersen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ditlevine Feddersen |url=https://snl.no/Ditlevine_Feddersen |access-date=1 June 2016 |publisher=Store norske leksikon}}</ref> == Ayyuka == An fitar da [https://books.google.com/books/about/Raadmand_Christian_Braunman_Tullins_samt.html?id=W0NiAAAAcAAJ ''Samtlige Skrifter''] a Copenhagen tsakanin 1770 &#x2013; 1773 a cikin kundin littattafai uku. Kundin farko ya ƙunshi wakokinsa, yayin da sauran biyun suka ƙunshi muƙaloli. An sake buga waɗannan ayyukan a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da wani kundin littattafai guda huɗu da Gyldendal Norsk Forlag ya buga tsakanin 1972 da 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Braunmann Tullin ''Samtlige skrifter'' |url=https://bibliotek.dk/da/work/820010-katalog:4999255__3 |access-date=1 December 2017 |publisher=Bibliotek.dk}}</ref> == Manazarta == nuysb7k6kop3i0r6x0yrcruxyw2e0uu 0 172616 965244 951455 2026-10-09T12:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" | # Bars4 Adalci |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Pan_african_poster_filmfreeway_imdb.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton fim na gidan wasan kwaikwayo <ref><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKhaaliq2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="162">Khaaliq, Hakim [@radiobums]&#x3B; (February 8, 2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="163">[https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BCI6qEpL4Fz "Ernest Thomas (what's happening, everybody hates chris, Malcolm X) rep'n at #Bars4justice screening in#LA"] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="164">Archived from [https://www.instagram.com/radiobums/p/BCI6qEpL4Fz/ the original] on December 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span></cite><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKhaaliq2016"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span> &#x2013; via [[Instagram]].</cite> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title="&nbsp;Dead link tagged January 2025">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup></ref></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]]<br />[[Hakeem Khaaliq]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Sarauniya Muhammad AliHakeem Khaaliq<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Nation19Steve Muhammad-EL Ronald Sims<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Jasiri X Talib Kweli na yau da kullun<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Hakeem Khaaliq |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Sarauniya Muhammad AliHakeem Khaaliq<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Waƙoƙi ta | class="infobox-data" |Masaniai Muhammad Ali Jorge MendezJahsua (Hook Man) [[Radio Bums|Rediyo Bums]]<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Oktoba 1, 2015 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-10-01</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 9 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data na.ƙasar Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} Bars4Justice (kuma #Bars4Junice) wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na Amurka na 2015 wanda mai shirya fina-finai na Samoa [[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq suka shirya. An yi fim din ne a Ferguson, Missouri a lokacin bikin cika shekaru da farko da aka harbe Michael Brown a ranar 9-10 ga watan Agusta, 2015. Fim din zaɓi ne na hukuma na bukukuwan kasa da kasa da yawa ciki har da lashe kyautar Best Short Documentary a bikin fina-finai na Pan African Film Festival na shekara-shekara na 24 a Los Angeles, Glasgow Short Film Festival a Scotland, Tirana International Film Festival (DOCUTIFF) a Albania, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na zamani (MoMA) a tsakiyar Manhattan NY.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2016 |title=Black African Coalition brings award-winning documentary, #Bars4Justice, to ASU |url=http://www.statepress.com/article/2016/02/bars4justice-documentary-showing |access-date=2016-03-07 |website=www.statepress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2016 |title=21 Best Things to Do in L.A. This Week, "#Bars4Justice, a documentary about tragedy striking a second time in Ferguson, Missouri" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/21-best-things-to-do-in-la-this-week-6561656 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094210/https://www.laweekly.com/arts/21-best-things-to-do-in-la-this-week-6561656 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |access-date=2016-03-08 |website=L.A. Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Local Film Festival continues Into The Weekend, "#Bars4Justice" tells the story of Hip Hop activist rapper Jasiri X goes to Ferguson to perform at a benefit concert to mark the year anniversary of Mike Brown's Death. During the concert guests are shocked to hear that yet another black teen had been shot by Ferguson police around the corner from where Mike Brown was killed. Stars: Common, Rosa Clemente, Talib Kweli, Renita Lamkin, Cornel West, Jasiri Smith (AKA JasiriX)." |url=https://lasentinel.net/local-film-festival-continues-into-the-weekend.html |access-date=2016-03-08 |website=Los Angeles Sentinel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2016 |title=Saturday "Gayle on the Go!", Saturday, "#Bars4Justice" starring Social activist and author Dr. Cornel West and Hip Hop artist Common. This about the tension in Ferguson, Missouri following the shooting of Mike Brown. |url=http://ktla.com/2016/02/13/saturday-gayle-on-the-go-saturday-february-13th-2016/ |access-date=2016-03-08 |website=KTLA |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305152015/http://ktla.com/2016/02/13/saturday-gayle-on-the-go-saturday-february-13th-2016/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#Bars4Justice, ''Seeking Justice Shorts Series'', ''Documentary Short'' |url=http://www.paff.org/films/bars4justice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507062054/http://www.paff.org/films/bars4justice/ |archive-date=2016-05-07 |access-date=2016-04-22 |website=www.paff.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official 2016 Selections |url=http://uptownshortfilmfest.com/selections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511093450/http://uptownshortfilmfest.com/selections/ |archive-date=2016-05-11 |access-date=2016-05-11 |website=uptownshortfilmfest.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#Bars4Justice. 2015. Directed by Queen Muhammad Ali, Hakeem Khaaliq The Revolution Won't Be Televised. 2016. Directed by Rama Thiaw {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/2822?locale=en |access-date=2017-01-18 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams Revived |url=https://medium.com/unionweekly/dreams-revived-aa9d7733cbf4 |access-date=2017-02-10 |website=Union Weeklydate=2017-02-08 |via=Medium}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * Ya zama na kowa - Shi da kansa * Talib Kweli - Da kansa * Cornel West - Shi da kansa * Jasiri X - Da kansa * Renita Lamkin - Ita kanta * Rahiel Tesfamariam - Shi da kansa * Rabbi Susan Talve - kanta == Godiya gaisuwa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |+Jerin kyaututtuka, gabatarwa da zaɓuɓɓuka !Kyautar !Ranar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- |[[Bikin Fim na Pan African]] na shekara-shekara na 24 (PAFF) Los Angeles, CA |Fabrairu 14, 2016 |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq| {{Won}} |- |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160511093450/http://uptownshortfilmfest.com/selections/ 1st Annual Uptown Short Film Festival] (USFF) Harlem, NY |Mayu 15, 2016 |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim (Audience Choice Award) |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq| {{Won}} |- |Bikin Fim na Duniya na [[Tirana]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110211135828/http://tiranafilmfest.com/ DocuTIFF]) Tirana, [[Albaniya|Albania]] |Yuni 1-8, 2016 |Gasar Gajeren Fim mafi Kyawu (Maganar Musamman) |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq| {{Nom}} |- |Bikin Fim na Milwaukee ([http://mkefilm.org/]) |Satumba 22 - Oktoba 6, 2016 |Gajeren fim |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq| {{Nom}} |- |Mutianyu China ([https://www.twn.org/catalog/makers/makerbio.aspx?rec=1461]) |Satumba 1-21, 2016 |Kyautar Fellowship da Residency ta Duniya |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq| {{Won}} |- |MOMA (Gidan Tarihi na zamani, NYC) () [https://www.moma.org] |Fabrairu 17 - 18 2017 |Doc Fortnight 2017: Bikin Kasa da Kasa na MoMA na Fim da Media |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq |Zaɓaɓɓu |- |Bikin Fim na Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland () [https://glasgowfilm.org/glasgow-short-film-festival] |Maris 17, 2018 |GSFF18: mafi girman bikin gajeren fim a Scotland |[[Queen Muhammad Ali|Sarauniya Muhammad Ali]] da Hakeem Khaaliq |Bincike na Musamman |- |} == Manazarta == kn52z2useczg5sfcj1pya80pg5i4mje 0 172784 965747 941350 2026-10-10T10:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sanichar-cropped.png|thumb| Sanichar a lokacin da yake saurayi, {{Circa|1889–1894}}]] '''Dina Sanichar''' (1860/1861 - 1895) yaro ne na jeji . Wasu mafarauta sun gano shi a tsakanin kerkeci a cikin wani kogo a Bulandshahr, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya a watan Fabrairun 1867, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Ikbal |date=15 October 1978 |title=During the last century, nearly 50 cases of wolf children reported in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19781015-during-the-last-century-nearly-50-cases-of-wolf-children-reported-in-india-823091-2014-03-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120103821/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19781015-during-the-last-century-nearly-50-cases-of-wolf-children-reported-in-india-823091-2014-03-12 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> yana da shekaru shida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Degregory |first=Lane |date=3 August 2008 |title=Feral children through the ages |url=https://projects.tampabay.com/projects/girl-in-the-window/feral-children/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117023911/http://www.tampabay.com/projects/girl-in-the-window/feral-children/ |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=www.tampabay.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Priyanshi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Meet The Real-Life Mowgli – Dina Sanichar Who Was Raised By A Pack Of Wolves |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/meet-the-real-life-mowgli-dina-sanichar-who-was-raised-by-a-pack-of-wolves-358296.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210162249/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/meet-the-real-life-mowgli-dina-sanichar-who-was-raised-by-a-pack-of-wolves-358296.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> An aika Sanichar zuwa gidan marayun Sikandra da ke [[Agra]], inda ya zauna tare da sauran mutane sama da shekaru ashirin. Bai taɓa koyon magana ba kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai matuƙar illa ga rayuwarsa. == Ganowa == An gano Dina Sanichar a cikin wani kogo a gundumar Bulandshahr kuma an kai ta wurin alkalin kotun gundumar da mai tara kaya . Daga baya aka tura shi gidan marayu na Secundra da ke [[Agra]] . <ref name="Notes1886" /> A gidan marayu <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2013 |title=Legendary wildlife conservators and jungle lore |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/legendary-wildlife-conservators-and-jungle-lore-23576.html |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> an ba shi suna Sanichar (ma'ana Asabar) saboda ya isa ranar Asabar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=Real story of Mowgli Netflix Movie: Who was Mowgli. The Jungle Book character & how did it inspire Netflix's 2018 Hindi movie Mowgli |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/true-story-behind-mowgli-netflix-hindi-movie-2018-what-is-the-real-story-of-mowgli-legend-of-the-jungle-who-was-mowgli-jungle-book-character |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813235928/https://www.gqindia.com/content/true-story-behind-mowgli-netflix-hindi-movie-2018-what-is-the-real-story-of-mowgli-legend-of-the-jungle-who-was-mowgli-jungle-book-character |archive-date=13 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa da farko ya yi tafiya a kan ƙafa huɗu kuma ya ci ɗanyen nama. Duk da cewa bai iya magana ba, zai yi sauti kamar kerkeci. <ref name=":0" /> Ya ci gaba da zama tare da sauran mutane sama da shekaru ashirin amma bai taɓa koyon magana ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai matuƙar illa ga rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya. <ref name="zingg">{{Cite journal |last=Zingg |first=Robert M. |date=1940 |title=Feral man and extreme cases of isolation |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=487–517 |doi=10.2307/1417630 |jstor=1417630}}</ref> Sanichar ya kasance mai yawan shan taba. == Mutuwa da gado == Sanichar ya mutu sakamakon [[tarin fuka]] a shekarar 1895, kimanin shekaru 34. <ref name=":1" /> Sanichar wataƙila shine abin da ya jawo hankalin halin Mowgli a cikin ''Littafin Jungle'' na Rudyard Kipling . == Duba kuma == * William Lowe (ma'aikacin gwamnati) * Yaron da aka haifa * Jerome na Sandy Cove == Manazarta == 9g1wp09b8w39gnga2ql6rz4qsl5kmc7 0 172836 965601 961789 2026-10-10T04:51:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Colletes longifacies''''' wani nau'in hymenopteran ne a cikin dangin Colletidae . Ana samunsa a Arewacin Amurka. Wannan nau'in yana daya daga cikin biyar daga dangin Colletidae waɗanda ke cikin jihar [[Florida]]. Wannan nau'in yana faruwa ne a Arewa-Central Peninsular Florida da Panhandle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pascarella |first=John |title=The Bees of Florida |url=https://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/hallg/melitto/floridabees/Bees_of_Florida_Part1.pdf |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=ufl.edu |publisher=University of Florida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401010035/http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/hallg/melitto/floridabees/Bees_of_Florida_Part1.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5sm4pbir21d3zntdlp9rfrtd70so5kt 3 172868 965736 941541 2026-10-10T10:17:59Z Asbssg 9150 /* Welcome */ sabon sashe 965736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SaadatuAliyu5484! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SaadatuAliyu5484|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Welcome == welcome on board Sa'adatu [[User:Asbssg|Asbssg]] ([[User talk:Asbssg|talk]]) 10:17, 10 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) bd6mkn6801snsbr53k6i2vcqbaoo1m4 0 172907 965664 941616 2026-10-10T06:55:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dajin barewa''' wani fili ne na wasanni wanda ake kula da shi ko kuma ake kula da shi kawai don kiyaye yawan barewa ja don dalilai na wasanni (bin diddigin barewa). Cibiya ce kuma wani abu da ya kebanta da [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] Scotland. Yawanci, dazuzzukan barewa suna cikin tsaunuka da tsaunuka na tsaunuka da tsibirai ; kuma, duk da amfani da kalmar "daji" kusan duk ba su da bishiyoyi - an yi amfani da kalmar a nan a ma'anarta ta asali, ma'ana yankin da aka keɓe don farauta, maimakon alaƙarta da bishiyoyi daga baya (duba Dajin Sarauta ). Ƙasa ba ta dace da amfanin gona ba. Yawancin dazuzzukan barewa suna da manyan wurare da aka rufe da ciyawa, a wurare da yawa akwai dazuzzukan peat, fadama, lochs ko duwatsu marasa komai, a wasu wurare akwai wuraren ciyawa ko wasu ciyayi, yayin da kuma akwai wuraren da aka dasa bishiyoyi masu girma ko ƙarami. Yawanci suna faɗaɗa zuwa {{Convert|10000|acre|km2}} da ƙari, kuma barewa da ke zaune a can suna cikin ƙanan halittu masu jiki, masu zama a tuddai na barewa ja kamar yadda ake gani a arewacin Scotland, waɗanda suka saba da rayuwa a kan tuddai bayan rasa mazaunin daji. [[File:Overcast_day_in_Craiganour_deer_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_603893.jpg|thumb| Dajin barewa na Craiganour]] Yawancin dazuzzukan barewa ba a yi musu shinge ko kuma an killace su ta kowace hanya ba, kuma barewa na iya yawo cikin 'yanci a fadin manyan yankunan tsaunuka. Iyakoki, waɗanda ake kira da ''jerin gwano'', galibi ana nuna su da kogi, rafi, tudu, bakin teku ko makamancin haka na halitta. Ana kiran ''dazuzzukan Hind'' da ''dazuzzukan stags'' saboda yadda barewa ja ke samar da manyan garken dabbobi masu jinsi ɗaya a lokacin kaka, kuma yawancin dazuzzukan suna riƙe da ko dai garken dabbobi masu zama ko kuma garken baya na tsawon mafi yawan shekara. A cikin ''dajin barewa'', kalmar ''daji'' ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''foris'' - "buɗe" ko "sharar gida", don nuna wani babban "wurin sharar gida" da aka ajiye a waje a matsayin wurin adana farauta. Dazuzzukan barewa na Scotland kusan duk mallakar masu zaman kansu ne kuma ana kula da su, kodayake wasu dazuzzukan da aka saba gani kamar Torridon da [[Glenfeshie]] sun koma mallakar jama'a ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi kamar [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]], [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye]] da Ma'aikatar Tsaro, kuma ba a ci gaba da bin diddigin barewa a can ba. Wasu dazuzzukan barewa suna hannun masu su, yayin da wasu da yawa kuma ana haya su, ko dai don lokacin harbi ko na tsawon shekaru, kuma a wannan yanayin, suna iya kawo babban haya ga masu su. Mutumin da ke hayar ƙasa yana biyan kuɗi ga kowace barewa da aka kashe. Dajin barewa koyaushe abu ne mai tsada, ba wai kawai don hayar da za a biya ba, har ma da adadin masu kula da shi, masu jagora, masu tsaro, masu dukan mutane, da sauransu, waɗanda dole ne a yi aiki da su dangane da shi. Grimble (1896) ya bayar da cikakken bayani game da kusan dukkan dazuzzukan barewa a lokacin da suke da ƙarfi a Victoria == Jerin dazuzzukan barewa == * Aberarder Forest * Aberchalder Forest * Achentoul Forest * Achnashellach Forest * [https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0012762 Amat Forest] * Applecross Forest * Ardverikie Forest * Attadale Forest * Badanloch Forest * Balmacaan Forest * Balmoral Forest * Balmore Forest * [https://www.barrisdaleestate.com/home Barrisdale Forest] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/beinneun-forest-highland Beinneun Forest] * Ben Alder Forest * Ben Armine Forest * Ben Damh Forest * Benmore Forest * [https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featuredetails6718.html Blackwater Forest] * Boblainy Forest * Braemore Forest * Braeroy Forest * Bunloinn Forest * Cabaan Forest * Caenlochan Forest * Ceannacroc Forest * Cluanie Forest * Coignafearn Forest * Corriehallie Forest * Corriemoillie Forest * Corrieyairack Forest * Corour Forest * Coulin Forest * Craiganour Forest * Culachy Forest * Dalnacardoch Forest * Dalnamein Forest * Diebidale Forest * Dalnaspidal Forest * Drumrunie Forest * Dundonnell Forest * [[Trees for Life (Scotland)|Dundreggan Forest]] * East Benula Forest * [https://dailybusinessgroup.co.uk/2019/08/peter-pan-estate-owner-buys-another-piece-of-the-highlands/ East Glenquoich Forest] * [https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/east-monar-forest-highland/?v=2021 East Monar Forest] * Erchless Forest * Fannich Forest * Fasnakyle Forest * Fisherfield Forest * Flowerdale Forest * Forest of Atholl * Forest of Birse * Forest of Glenartney * Forest of Glenavon * Forest of Harris * Forest of Mar * Freevater Forest * Gaick Forest * Garbat Forest * Glen Affric Forest * Glencalvie Forest * Glencanisp Forest * Glencannich Forest * Glencarron and Glenuig Forest * Glendoe Forest * Glendhu Forest * Glenfeshie Forest - no longer managed for deer stalking * Glenfiddich Forest * Glengarry Forest * Glenquoich Forest * Glenshiel Forest * Glenshieldaig Forest * Glenshirra Forest * Glen Strathfarrar Forest * Guisachan Forest * Inchbae Forest * Inchnacardoch Forest * Inchnadamph Forest * Inverinate Forest * Inverlael Forest * Inverpolly Forest * Inverwick Forest * Kildermorie Forest * Killiechonate Forest * Killilan Forest * Kinlochewe Forest * Kinlochhourn Forest * Kinlochluichart Forest * Kintail Forest - owned by the [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] and no longer managed for deer stalking * [https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/site/UK0012759 Kinveachy Forest] * Langwell Forest * Leanachan Forest * Ledgowan Forest * Letterewe Forest * Levishie Forest * Locheil Forest * Loch Choire Forest * Lochrosque Forest * Mamore Forest * Morsgail Forest, Lewis * Moy Forest * Portclair Forest * Rannoch Forest * [https://www.grosvenor.com/rural-estates/reay-forest-estate-5ec3d8514b3a70369cbdf023beff4601?_gl=1*ayf8ut*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTgxMDAyNzYyOS4xNzAyNjM2MjMw*_ga_9B5D7GH3D5*MTcwMjYzNjIyOS4xLjEuMTcwMjYzNjI0OS4wLjAuMA..*_ga_86R3F7B84Y*MTcwMjYzNjIyOS4xLjEuMTcwMjYzNjI0OS4wLjAuMA.. Reay Forest] - owned by the Grosvenor Group * Rhidorroch Forest * Royal Forest * Sherramore Forest * Shieldaig Forest * South Harris Forest * Strathconon Forest * Strathgarve Forest * Strathnasheallag Forest * Strathvaich Forest * Struy Forest * Talla Bheith Forest * The Queens Forest * Tollomuick Forest * Torridon Forest - no longer managed for deer stalking * Tummel Forest * West Benula Forest - portions including the lodge inundated by the Loch Mullardoch project * West Monar Forest * Wyvis Forest == Manazarta == algz0fw1eakcwl9q7j6im5s56apfovi 0 172952 965496 941719 2026-10-09T22:06:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965496 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap" |Carrick Castle<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist ib-uk-place-other-names"> * Scottish Gaelic: ''Caisteal Carraig'' </div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Carrick_Castle_village.jpg|240x240px]]<div>Carrick Castle village, with tenement to left of tower house</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px">[[File:Argyll_and_Bute_UK_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|249x249px|Scotland]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:43.191%;left:84.849%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Scotland|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Carrick Castle]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Carrick Castle</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Argyll and Bute</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |OS<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>grid<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>reference | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nourlexpansion" style="white-space:nowrap">[http://streetmap.co.uk/grid/219200_694500_106 NS 19200 94500]</span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Council<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>area | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Argyll and Bute </div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lieutenancy<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>area | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Argyll and Bute </div> |- class="mergedrow adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |<span class="country-name">[[Scotland]]</span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Sovereign&nbsp;state]] | class="infobox-data" |United Kingdom |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Post town | class="infobox-data" |CAIRNDOW |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Postcode<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>district | class="infobox-data" |PA24 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dialling<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>code | class="infobox-data" |01301 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |UK<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Parliament | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Argyll, Bute and South Lochaber </div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Scottish<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Parliament | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Argyll and Bute </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><div class="hlist "> ; <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">List of places</span> : UK : Scotland : </div> <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carrick_Castle_(village)&params=56.108936_N_4.9090839_W_region:GB_type:city <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°06′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°54′33″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.108936°N 4.9090839°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">56.108936; -4.9090839</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:14}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carrick_Castle_(village)&params=56.108936_N_4.9090839_W_region:GB_type:city <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°06′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°54′33″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.108936°N 4.9090839°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">56.108936; -4.9090839</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |} '''Gidan sarautar Carrick''' ƙauye ne da ke gefen yammacin Loch Goil, {{Convert|4.3|mi}} kudu da Lochgoilhead a Argyll da Bute, Scotland. Yana cikin Argyll Forest Park da [[Loch Lomond da Gidan shakatawa na Trossachs|Loch Lomond da kuma Trossachs National Park]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore by map |url=https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/explore-by-map/ |website=Loch Lomond & The Trossachs National Park}}</ref> [[File:6_Carrick_Castle_green_&_Hillside_Place_tenement.jpg|left|thumb| Gidan ƙauyen Carrick Castle kore ne, tare da gidan Hillside Place]] A shekara ta 1877, an gina wani shingen katako a gidan sarauta, kuma an gina wani gini mai hawa uku mai suna Hillside Place a cikin gidan sarauta, domin samar da gidaje ga masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar gidan sarauta. Bayan haka, an gina gidaje da dama a gefen titin bakin teku a matsayin masauki ga 'yan kasuwar Glasgow, suna haɓaka abin da ya zama ƙaramin ƙauye. <ref name="Home 2015">{{Cite web |title=Carrick Castle, Hillside Place (LB50351) |url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB50351 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref> Cocin ƙauyen yana cikin jerin gine-ginen da ke cikin rajistar haɗari na Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carrick Castle Church, Carrick Castle |url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/910965 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426155308/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/910965 |archive-date=Apr 26, 2023 |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=Buildings at Risk Register}}</ref> Akwai hanyar zuwa Ardentinny daga ƙauyen Carrick Castle. == Gidan hasumiyar Carrick Castle == Gidan sarauta na Carrick, wani gidan sarauta na ƙarni na 15 da aka gina a kan dutse a bakin tekun Loch Goil, asalinsa sansanin Clan Lamont ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carrick Castle |url=http://www.canmore.org.uk/site/40804/carrick-castle |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=Canmore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606103952/https://canmore.org.uk/site/40804/carrick-castle |archive-date=6 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Carrick_Castle,_Lochgoil_(i.e._Loch_Goil),_Scotland-LCCN2002695018.jpg|left|thumb| Gina wani mashigin ruwa a gidan sarauta ya jawo hankalin ci gaban ƙauyen.]] == Manazarta == 8borkyq25de4i1uzpeypr8uj3nem3hz 0 172977 965600 941776 2026-10-10T04:46:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Colintraive''' ƙauye ne a Argyll da Bute, Scotland. Da zarar wurin da shanu suka yi iyo a kan kunkuntar zuwa Tsibirin Bute, jirgin ruwan MV <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Loch Dunvegan</i></nowiki> - wani jirgin ruwa da Caledonian MacBrayne ke sarrafawa - yanzu yana ba da hanyar haɗi zuwa tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa da abubuwan more rayuwa == Colintraive yana bakin tekun yamma na yankin Cowal . Yankin ya haɗa da Ardtaraig da Loch Striven a arewa maso yamma, babban birnin da bakin tekun Loch Riddon a arewa maso gabas, yayin da ƙauyen da kansa ke fuskantar Kyles na Bute . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colintraive |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3773.html |access-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland}}</ref> Yankin Colintraive ya ƙara fadada kudu zuwa Couston da kuma kewaye da wannan tudu zuwa Loch Striven. Sunan ''Colintraive'' ya samo asali ne daga Gaelic kuma yana nufin " mashigin ninkaya" ko "ƙunci mai yawa". A da, ana yin iyo da shanu daga Tsibirin Bute zuwa Colintraive a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa kasuwannin yankin ƙasa na Scotland. Ƙauyen yana da wasu wurare kaɗan, musamman Colintraive Hotel, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colintraive Hotel |url=http://www.colintraivehotel.com |access-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=Colintraive Hotel}}</ref> da ƙaramin ofishin gidan waya da ke kusa da shi. An buɗe Cibiyar Gado a shekarar 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Colintraive Heritage Centre |url=http://www.colintraiveheritagecentre.com/ |access-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=Colintraive Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119045852/http://colintraiveheritagecentre.com/ |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Garin da ya fi kusa da girma a babban yankin shine Dunoon. == Wasanni da nishaɗi == Colintraive da ƙauyen Glendaruel mafi kusa suna da ƙungiya mai suna Col-Glen (wanda shine haɗin farko na sunayen biyu). Ƙungiyar wasan bowling mai aiki tana haɗuwa akai-akai a lokacin bazara da lokacin hunturu. Colintraive da Glendaruel suna kan hanyar Cowal . == Rage yawan jama'a da sake farfaɗowa == Haka kuma, asusun ci gaban yankin ne ya yi amfani da sunan Col-Glen, wanda aka kafa don yaƙar raguwar yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki a ƙauyuka biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ColGlen is getting warmer! - CGDT |url=http://cgdt.org/2012/04/colglen-is-getting-warmer/ |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215102722/http://cgdt.org/2012/04/colglen-is-getting-warmer/ |archive-date=2015-02-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Michael Russell MSP na yankin Glendaruel ya ce game da aikin: "Dole ne ƙaramar al'umma mai rauni kamar Colintraive da Glendaruel ta ci gaba ko kuma za ta ragu ba tare da wata matsala ba - a yawan jama'a, a ayyuka da kuma a cikin rayuwa." A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an kiyasta cewa jimillar yawan mutanen da suka girma a ƙauyukan biyu sun kai 250 a shekarar 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=For Argyll and the Islands - News and Comment About Argyll and its Communities |url=http://forargyll.com/2009/11/development-officer-wanted-for-dynamic-rural-development-trust/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618080824/http://forargyll.com/2009/11/development-officer-wanted-for-dynamic-rural-development-trust/ |archive-date=18 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru sama da 60, har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Caol Ruadh, ɗaya daga cikin gidajen sarauta na Victoria na Colintraive da ke cikin wani fili mai fadin eka 20, ana amfani da shi a matsayin makarantar zama ga yara daga Glasgow waɗanda ke da buƙatu na musamman na ilimi. Damuwar kuɗi ta sa [[City Glasgow council|Majalisar Birnin Glasgow]] ta fara rage tallafin kuɗi sannan daga baya ta sayar da kadarorin bayan an rage amfani da su lokacin da aka gabatar da kuɗin masu amfani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2015 |title='Death knell' for residential centres |url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=21196}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2015 |title=Surviving in a harsh climate |url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=50872}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2015 |title=Schools saved from the worst as council cutbacks continue |url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=304256}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an buɗe filin a matsayin wurin shakatawa na sassaka da ayyukan fasaha na zamani. Ƙauyen ba shi da makarantar firamare ta kansa; maimakon haka ana tura ɗalibai zuwa Kilmodan bas. Ɗaliban makarantar sakandare suna zuwa Makarantar Dunoon Grammar, makarantar sakandare ɗaya tilo a Cowal. == Sufuri == [[File:Ferry_at_Colintraive_(geograph_6974042).jpg|thumb| Jirgin ruwan Colintraive-to-Rhubodach Caledonian MacBrayne, MV <nowiki><i id="mwag">Loch Dunvegan</i></nowiki>]] Colintraive yana kan ƙarshen kudu na ɓangaren babban yankin A886, wanda ke haɗe da Tsibirin Bute . Jirgin ruwa ya ratsa {{Convert|450|yard}} tazara zuwa Rhobadoch akan Bute, wanda ke ba da damar shiga garin yawon buɗe ido na Rothesay . Kamfanin West Coast Motors yana ba da sabis na bas, gami da hanyar 478 Dunoon-Portavadie. Wata hanya mara tsari ta haɗa Colintraive zuwa Strone Point a gefen gabar Kyles na Bute, kuma ta ci gaba da arewa a ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa gabar yamma ta Loch Striven. == Majalisar Al'umma == Majalisar Al'umma ta Colintraive & Glendaruel ta ƙunshi mambobi shida, kuma tana taro a kowace Litinin ta uku ta wata (banda Yuli da Disamba). == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" class="center"> File:Colintraive_Ferry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_229513.jpg| MV ''Loch Dunvegan'' File:Colintraive_-_Rhubodach_ferry_from_Dundarrach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_52252.jpg|alt=The same ferry, from Dundarrach| Jirgin ruwan guda ɗaya, daga Dundarrach File:Colintraive_Bowling_Green_-_geograph.org.uk_-_765493.jpg|alt=Colintraive bowling green| Koren wasan bowling na Colintraive File:Cloud_signals_over_Colintraive_(3569081343).jpg|alt=Cloud signals over Colintraive| Siginar girgije a kan Colintraive </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jusaouzdan59hshqgih19bo2salb3d7 0 173021 965667 961432 2026-10-10T07:02:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dale Frances Bozzio''' (née '''Consalvi'''; an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1955) 'yar asalin Amurka ce. An fi saninta da co-kafa kuma jagorar mawaƙa na sabuwar ƙungiyar Missing Persons ta 1980 da kuma aikinta tare da Frank Zappa . Yayinda take tare da Zappa, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manyan ayyukansa guda biyu, Joe's Garage (1979) da Thing-Fish (1984). Bozzio ya fitar da kundi hudu da EP daya. Ta kafa Missing Persons a cikin 1980 tare da tsoffin mawaƙa na Zappa Warren Cuccurullo da Terry Bozzio (mijinta daga 1979 zuwa 1986). Baya ga kasancewa jagorar mawaƙa na ƙungiyar, ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga kalmomin. Mutanen da suka ɓace sun fitar da EP guda ɗaya da kundi shida, gami da Spring Session M (1982), wanda ya sami matsayin rikodin zinariya.<ref name="MTV">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2016 |title=Dale Bozzio Bio &#124; Dale Bozzio Career &#124; MTV |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/dale-bozzio/biography/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329065138/http://www.mtv.com/artists/dale-bozzio/biography/ |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Bayan da Missing Persons ta rushe a 1986, Bozzio ta sanya hannu kan lakabin Prince's Paisley Park, wanda ya fitar da kundi na farko, Riot in English (1988). Bozzio daga baya ya sake fasalin mutanen da suka ɓace kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar a wurare a duk faɗin Amurka. Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta tana yin aiki a cikin tarurruka na asali kuma tana ci gaba da aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane. A cikin 2014, Bozzio ya sanya hannu ga Cleopatra Records kuma ya fitar da sabon kundin studio mai taken Missing in Action . <ref name="cleorecs.com">{{Cite web |title=Missing Persons feat. Dale Bozzio – Missing in Action (CD) |url=https://cleorecs.com/store/shop/missing-persons-feat-dale-bozzio-cd/ |website=Cleorecs.com}}</ref> A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014, ta sanya hannu tare da GRA Records don sabon kundin da Stephan DeReine zai samar. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bozzio Dale Frances Consalvi a Medford, Massachusetts . Ita 'yar asalin Italiya ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=May 9, 2022 |title=Rock icon talks Prince marriage proposal, hanging with Zappa |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/05/09/rock-icon-talks-prince-marriage-proposal-hanging-with-zappa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709084412/https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/05/09/rock-icon-talks-prince-marriage-proposal-hanging-with-zappa/ |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |website=[[The Mercury News]]}}</ref> Tun tana 'yar shekara 16, ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Emerson kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Bunny a Playboy Club a Boston. An ba ta suna Boston Playboy Club Bunny of the Year a shekarar 1975. A shekara ta 1976, Bozzio ya yi tafiya zuwa Playboy Mansion West a Los Angeles bisa buƙatar Hugh Hefner don yin hira da matsayi a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin jam'iyyar Valentine.: 07:35 Wannan damar da aka ba da ita ga ci gaba da dangantaka da Playboy da kuma shirye-shiryen rayuwa a Los Angeles, inda za ta iya bin aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Bozzio ya ki amincewa da tayin. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta sadu kuma ta sami aiki tare da Frank Zappa . <ref name="Interview" />{{Rp|07:20|date=November 2012}} Bozzio ya nuna tsirara ga Hustler a cikin fitowar Maris 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fry |first=Greg |title=HUSTLER Covers |url=https://hustler50.com/hustler-covers/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Hustler 50th Anniversary - Flynt Management |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112072513/https://hustler50.com/hustler-covers/ |archive-date=2025-11-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Raunin da ke barazana ga rayuwa == Dale ya farka makonni biyu bayan haka a cikin dakin zama na Frank Zappa zuwa Moon Unit Zappa yana wasa da garaya. Wannan makonni ne kawai bayan ta gama Joe's Garage tare da Zappa. Dale ya makance kuma yana fama da rauni. An sake tura Dale zuwa asibiti a Boston a kan tallafin rayuwa, inda ta kasance sama da watanni shida, a karkashin kulawar mahaifinta. Abin mamaki ga likitoci, ba ta mutu daga jini ba kuma ta warke. Nan da nan bayan ta warke, Frank Zappa ya gayyaci Dale don shiga tare da shi a yawon shakatawa na Turai, wanda ta yarda. A cewar Dale, lamarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kalmomin "Destination Unknown", "Windows", da sauran waƙoƙin da ta yi tare da Mutanen da suka ɓace. Dale ta ce ta gafarta wa wanda ya aikata ta. == Tare da Frank Zappa == Zappa ya hayar da Bozzio don yin murya da Maryamu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Joe's Garage (1979), wanda ke ci gaba a lokacin.: 08:03 A wannan rawar, ta raira waƙa game da batutuwa kamar [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]], jima'i, da al'adun rukuni na dutse.: 152-155 A cikin "Packard Goose", Bozzio, kuma a matsayin muryar Maryamu, ya ba da taƙaitaccen magana game da yadda bayanai, ilimi, hikima, gaskiya, kyakkyawa, ƙauna, da kiɗa ke da alaƙa da juna, tare da kiɗa a matsayin mafi kyau.<ref name="Lowe" />{{Rp|159|date=November 2012}} Hakanan ana iya jin muryar Bozzio a cikin fim din 1979 Baby Snakes kuma a cikin "Ba na so in tsara" (1980), zargi game da manufofin soja na Amurka a wannan lokacin. "Ba na son yin Drafted" an kuma haɗa shi a cikin kundin The Lost Episodes (1996). A shekara ta 1984, an jefa Bozzio a cikin kiɗa na Zappa Thing-Fish . A cikin furta rawar Rhonda, ta taka leda a gaban mijinta na ainihi a lokacin, Terry Bozzio, wanda ya bayyana halin Harry, mijin Rhonda. A cikin Thing-Fish, Bozzio ya bayyana wasu batutuwa na kundin kamar mata, jima'i na mata, matasa masu sana'a na birane, da kuma Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway. {{Rp|188–194|date=November 2012}} A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1991, tare da sauran tsofaffi a bikin cika shekaru 50 na Zappa, Zappa's Universe, Dale ta sake fasalin kalmomin da take maimaitawa a cikin "Packard Goose" zuwa, "Music...and Frank Zappa...s are the best". == Mutanen da suka ɓace == Bozzio, tare da mai ba da gudummawa na Zappa Warren Cuccurullo da Terry Bozzio. Mutanen da suka ɓace sun sami bugawa da yawa a farkon rabin shekarun 1980 kuma sun rabu a 1986, jim kadan bayan fitowar kundi na uku mai taken Color in Your Life (1986). Bozzio ya ci gaba da yin rikodin da yin aiki bayan rushewar asalin ƙungiyar Missing Persons. A farkon shekarun 1990s, ta yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ta ta amfani da sunan ƙungiyar kuma tana yin waƙoƙin Missing Persons . A watan Yunin 2005, mutanen da suka ɓace tare da Dale Bozzio sun bayyana a mako na biyar na shirin [[NBC]] Hit Me Baby One More Time . Dale da Mutanen da suka ɓace an ambaci su a kakar wasa ta 2 na gidan talabijin na CW ''iZombie'' a cikin 2015. Wani hali mai maimaitawa wanda Jessica Harmon ta buga shi ne wakilin FBI Dale Bozzio, wanda ke aiki a kan shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Room |first=iZombie Writers |date=October 27, 2015 |title=.@RobThomas isn't the only 1 sharing a name with a star singer. Meet Dale Bozzio from missing persons. #iZombiepic.twitter.com/gO2oUjnxY9 |url=https://twitter.com/izombiewriters/status/659175082959368192 |website=Twitter.com}}</ref> Mutanen da suka ɓace sun fitar da sabon kundin studio, Hollywood Lie, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gotto |first=Connor |date=November 6, 2023 |title=Missing Persons - Hollywood Lie |url=https://retropopmagazine.com/missing-persons-hollywood-lie/ |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=Retro Pop |publisher=Retro Pop}}</ref> == Ayyukan kansa == An saki kundin solo na Bozzio Riot a Turanci a cikin 1988 a kan Prince's Paisley Park Records, a ƙarƙashin sunan Dale . Jagoran "Simon Simon" ya kai # 33 a kan jadawalin rawa na Billboard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simon Simon (song by Dale) ••• Music VF, US & UK hits charts |url=https://musicvf.com/song.php?title=Simon+Simon+by+Dale&id=83482 |website=Musicvf.com}}</ref> An saki New Wave Sessions a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2007, a kan faifan compact ta Cleopatra Records . <ref name="iTune">{{Cite web |title=New Wave Sessions |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/new-wave-sessions/266759789 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> Kundin ya haɗa da sababbin nau'ikan mutanen da suka ɓace "Words" da "Destination Unknown", da kuma murfin waƙoƙin 1980s "Funkytown", "Der Kommissar", "Turning Japanese", "I Know What Boys Like", da kuma "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun". A cikin 2010, an saki kundi na Bozzio na Make Love Not War da Talk EP a kan Electrik Blue Records . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Love Not War |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/make-love-not-war/id403603300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124013149/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/make-love-not-war/id403603300 |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> A cikin 2014, an saki Bozzio's Missing in Action a kan Cleopatra Records . <ref name="cleorecs.com" /> A cikin 2020, ta fitar da kundi na biyu na solo a matsayin Missing Persons mai taken Dreaming . Yawancin lokaci yana rufe waƙoƙin rock / pop na gargajiya daga shekarun 1960, 1970, da 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Missing Persons Feat. Dale Bozzio – Dreaming |url=http://cleorecs.com/home/playlist/missing-persons-feat-dale-bozzio-dreaming/ |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=Cleorecs.com}}</ref> == Tasiri == Taurari na fim din baki da fari sun rinjayi Bozzio ciki har da Jean Harlow da Marlene Dietrich . : 06:21 Judy Garland, da Frank Zappa sun kuma rinjaye ta.<ref name="Interview" />: 11:57 Don aikinta tare da Mutanen da suka ɓace, Bozzio ta samo wahayi daga hotunan allo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na baki da fari; duk da haka, ta haɗa launi a cikin gabatarwarta.<ref name="Interview" />{{Rp|07:02}} Tasirinta ya kasance a bayan Gelvin Guitars SSM guitar da suka yi mata musamman tare da taken Spring Session M zuwa gare ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RockSolidPickups – Professional pickups and more |url=https://rocksolidpickups.com/ |website=Rocksolidpickups.com |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327093429/http://rocksolidpickups.com/ |archive-date=2023-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MorleyView: Missing Persons featuring Dale Bozzio Interview |url=https://www.antimusic.com/morley/14/MissingPersons.shtml |website=Antimusic.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A lokacin da take aiki tare da Zappa, ta sadu da mai bugawa Terry Bozzio a shekarar 1976. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1979 bayan Terry ya zama memba na ƙungiyar UK. Sun sake aure a shekara de 1986, tare da Dale ta riƙe sunan aurenta. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu daga aurenta da Richard McKenzie .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missing Persons |url=http://www.qvmagazine.com/qvArtist/missingpersons/ |access-date=November 17, 2013 |website=Qvmagazine.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203800/http://www.qvmagazine.com/qvArtist/missingpersons/ |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, an same ta da laifin cin zarafin dabbobi bayan an sami wasu gawawwakin da ba su da abinci mai gina jiki a gidanta a Ossipee, New Hampshire yayin da take tafiya tare da ƙungiyarta; ta yi iƙirarin cewa mai kula da ita da ta hayar ya zauna a gidanta bai zo ba. An yanke mata hukuncin kwana 30 a kurkuku da sa'o'i 250 na hidimar al'umma, an hana ta kula da dabbobi, kuma an umarce ta da ta biya lissafin euthanization na $ 2700. A cikin littafinta na 2021 Life Is So Strange, Bozzio ta rubuta cewa ta kamu da Cutar Hashimoto bayan ta karɓi kayan nono. A cikin 2025, ɗanta Troy McKenzie ya bayyana a cikin wani GoFundMe fundraiser cewa tana fama da mummunar kwangila na capsular, yana buƙatar tiyata nan da nan don cire implants. == Bayanan da aka yi == === Tare da Frank Zappa === * ''Dokar Joe ta Garage I'' (1979) * ''Ayyukan Joe na Garage II &amp;amp; III'' (1979) * ''Abubuwan-Kama'' (1984) * ''Abubuwan da suka ɓace'' (1996) === Tare da Mutanen da suka ɓace === * ''Mutanen da suka ɓace EP'' (1980) No. 46 US&nbsp; * Spring Session M (1982, 1995) No. 17 US&nbsp; * Rhyme & Reason (1984, 2000) No. 43 US&nbsp; * ''Launi a Rayuwarka'' (1986, 2000) No. 88 US&nbsp; * ''Mafi Kyawun Mutanen da suka Ragu'' (1987) * ''Late Nights Early Days'' (1998) * Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi amfani da su (1999) * ''Waƙoƙin da suka ɓace'' (2002) * ''Classic Masters: Mutanen da suka ɓace'' (2002) * ''Mafi Kyawun Mutanen da suka Ragu (10 Mafi Kyawun Jerin) '' (2002) * Yin tafiya a LA: The Dance Mixes (2006) * Rayuwa daga Yankin Hadari! : Dale Bozzio & Mutanen da suka ɓace (Maris 2008, Acadia Records [UK / Turai] da Airline Records [US]) (Maris 2008, Acadia Records [UK/Yuropa] da Airline Records [US]) * Ya ɓace a cikin Ayyuka (2014) <ref name="cleorecs.com" /> * ''Mafarki'' (2020) * Hollywood Lie (2023) === Sakamako kawai === * ''Rikicin a Turanci'' (1988) * Sabbin Wave Sessions (2007) * Talk Talk EP (2010) * Yi soyayya ba yaƙi (2010) == Hotunan fina-finai da bidiyo == === Hotunan fina-finai === * Macijin jariri (1979) * Gidan cin abincin rana (1981) * ''Sararin samaniya na Zappa'' (1993) * ''Bikin Amurka na 1983 Kwanaki 1-3'' (2009) === Hotunan bidiyo === * ''Kalmomi'' (1981) * ''Hopscotch na Zuciya'' (1982) * ''Ba a san inda ya je ba'' (1982) * ''Mai Bayyanawa'' (1983) * ''Ka mika zuciyarka'' (1984) * ''Ka ba da'' (1984) * ''Yanzu'' (1984) * ''Ba zan iya tunani game da rawa ba'' (1986) ==== Tare da Frank Sinatra ==== * ''LA ita ce Uwargida'' (1984) ==== Kawai ==== * ''Simon'' Simon (1988) ==== Bayyanar baƙi ==== "Walking in LA" tare da Lunden Reign (Live a LA Pride Festival - Yuni 7, 2014) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} * {{IMDb name|0102556}} * [http://www.rockerzine.com/index.php/2014/02/dale-bozzio-of-missing-persons-missing-in-action/ Tattaunawar Dale Bozzio 2014 Rocker Magazine] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnv_I6jPgBo Tattaunawar Dale Bozzio tare da Farfesa na Rock] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1nvw1m1bdupzpqpq0h3wi8z41spvutw 0 173107 965586 942165 2026-10-10T04:17:13Z BnHamid 12586 965586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Crystal Spring springsnail''', [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] '''''Pyrgulopsis crystalis''''', nau'in ƙananan [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] ne na ruwa mai laushi, wani nau'in gastropod mollusk na ruwa a cikin iyalin Hydrobiidae. Gidan halitta na wannan nau'in shine [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugar ruwa]]. Yana da iyaka a Crystal Pool, Ash Meadows, [[Nevada]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Bayyanawa == ''Pyrgulopsis crystalis'' karamin kwari ne wanda ke da tsawo na 1.8-2.6 millimeters (0.071-0.102 in) da kuma globose zuwa neritiform, karamin zuwa matsakaici. Ya bambanta da sauran ''Pyrgulopsis'' a cikin cewa filament dinsa ba shi da wani lobe da kuma filament mai tsawo tare da kayan ado na peni wanda ya kunshi babban glandar ventral. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ztv8e3fgk2d7c2elg7ldqvds19egu9 0 173109 965625 942172 2026-10-10T05:52:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox|status=G1|status_system=TNC|genus=Cryptantha|species=incana|authority=[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]}} '''''Cryptantha incana''''' wani nau'in fure ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin Iyalin borage da aka sani da sunan '''Tulare cryptantha''' . Yana da iyaka a [[California]] a Amurka, inda yake faruwa a cikin gandun daji da gandun daji na kudancin Sierra Nevada. Wani nau'in da ba a san shi sosai ba ne tare da abubuwan da suka faru uku bisa ga tarin tarihi guda uku. An tattara shi a Tulare County a 1904 da 1941 kuma sau ɗaya a Inyo County a 1989. Shuka itace ne na shekara-shekara har zuwa 50 centimeters tsawo tare da gashi, reshe. Shafukan da ke da siffar lance ko oblong suna da tsawon 3.5centimeters kuma suna da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Inflorescence wani nau'i ne na furanni wanda ke buɗewa yayin da 'ya'yan itace ke girma. Furen suna da corollas kasa da rabin santimita a fadin kuma suna da gashi, bristly sepals. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190910084111/http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/detail/1889.html California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile] {{Taxonbar|from=Q5190639}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] brvod01hfojn5kquls6f7p25kutuol2 0 173236 965594 942630 2026-10-10T04:22:34Z BnHamid 12586 965594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Erigeron kuschei wani nau'in fure ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin Asteraceae da aka sani da sunan '''Chiricahua fleabane''' . Yana da iyaka a [[Arizona]] a kudu maso yammacin Amurka, inda aka san shi daga wurare biyu a cikin Dutsen Chiricahua . <ref name="tnc">[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Erigeron+kuschei ''Erigeron kuschei''.]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}} The Nature Conservancy.</ref> Erigeron kuschei itace mai tsayi ne mai tsayi wanda ke samar da gashi mai tsayi 'yan centimeters. Shafuka suna da siffar spatula zuwa siffar lance kuma har zuwa {{Convert|6|cm}} in) tsawo kusa da tushe na shuka. Shugabannin furanni suna da gashi, glandular phyllaries kuma suna dauke da furanni masu yawa na fararen ray kowannensu har zuwa {{Convert|1.1|cm}} in) tsawo ke kewaye da furanni mai launin rawaya. Wannan shuka tana girma a wuraren inuwa a kan tsaunuka masu fuskantar arewa da kuma outcrops, sau da yawa a wuraren da ke tsakanin conifers.<ref name="tnc" /> An sanya sunan jinsin ne ga masanin tsire-tsire J. August Kusche . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ERKU Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka Bayanan Shafi] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5k1k6nwcax95d7gh6hbqwi126m70kpm 965595 965594 2026-10-10T04:23:09Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[An kafa kuschei]] to [[Erigeron kuschei]] 965594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Erigeron kuschei wani nau'in fure ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin Asteraceae da aka sani da sunan '''Chiricahua fleabane''' . Yana da iyaka a [[Arizona]] a kudu maso yammacin Amurka, inda aka san shi daga wurare biyu a cikin Dutsen Chiricahua . <ref name="tnc">[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Erigeron+kuschei ''Erigeron kuschei''.]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}} The Nature Conservancy.</ref> Erigeron kuschei itace mai tsayi ne mai tsayi wanda ke samar da gashi mai tsayi 'yan centimeters. Shafuka suna da siffar spatula zuwa siffar lance kuma har zuwa {{Convert|6|cm}} in) tsawo kusa da tushe na shuka. Shugabannin furanni suna da gashi, glandular phyllaries kuma suna dauke da furanni masu yawa na fararen ray kowannensu har zuwa {{Convert|1.1|cm}} in) tsawo ke kewaye da furanni mai launin rawaya. Wannan shuka tana girma a wuraren inuwa a kan tsaunuka masu fuskantar arewa da kuma outcrops, sau da yawa a wuraren da ke tsakanin conifers.<ref name="tnc" /> An sanya sunan jinsin ne ga masanin tsire-tsire J. August Kusche . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ERKU Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka Bayanan Shafi] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5k1k6nwcax95d7gh6hbqwi126m70kpm 0 173244 965620 942653 2026-10-10T05:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cranstackie''' dutse ne mai tsawon {{Convert|801|m}} a Sutherland, ƙarshen arewa maso yamma na [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] [[Scotland]]. Corbett ce da ke yammacin Loch Eriboll da kuma arewa maso gabashin Foinaven.<ref>"Cranstackie: Overview". Gazetteer for Scotland</ref> Kamar ƙaramar maƙwabciyarta ta Corbett Beinn Spionnaidh da ke arewa maso gabas, tudun samanta ya rufe da manyan filayen bulo da kuma tarin duwatsun Cambrian, a zahiri quartz-arenite wanda ba shi da kaifi da santsi kamar tsantsar quartzite da ake samu a kudu. Tuddai biyu suna da wani tsauni mai tsayi zuwa yamma, inda hanyar da aka saba bi take hawa ta cikin wani rami mai sauƙi, tare da gangaren da ke gangara zuwa gabas. A ƙarƙashin tsaunukan saman, ginshiƙin Lewisian gneiss yana tallafawa gangaren ciyawa da gansakuka, wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/sutherland-os-name-books-1871-1875/sutherland-volume-12/4 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216031434/https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/sutherland-os-name-books-1871-1875/sutherland-volume-12/4 |archive-date=2024-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A taswirar OS ta farko, an sanya wa tudun suna Crann Stachach, wanda aka yi nuni da cewa yana nufin tudun itacen mai tsayi ko mara daidaituwa amma "crann" wataƙila "katako" ne a kwance a nan; layin sama mai tsayi yana da kyau daga babban hanyar zuwa yamma. An rubuta sunan a taswirorin da suka biyo baya kuma an ce yana da ma'ana mara ma'ana, ana zargin Norse &#x2013; "stac" hakika tudu ne mai kaifi. == Manazarta == 2mnx8kakjnnr44glhv1s2lwbxhn5cae 0 173259 965270 961071 2026-10-09T14:49:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ben Wyvis'''<ref name="ainmean">{{Cite web |title=Database - Ben Wyvis |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/gaelic-place-names-database/?term=Ben%20Wyvis&query_type=match-phrase&search_type=custom&target_field=english_form&filter_by=none&filter_term |access-date=2019-02-07 |publisher=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180045/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/gaelic-place-names-database/?term=Ben%20Wyvis&query_type=match-phrase&search_type=custom&target_field=english_form&filter_by=none&filter_term |archive-date=2019-02-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tsauni|dutse]] ne a Easter Ross, a arewacin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] [[Scotland]]. Tana arewa maso yamma da Dingwall, a yankin majalisar [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]], da kuma gundumar Ross da Cromarty . Ben Wyvis babban tudu ne mai lanƙwasa da kuma lanƙwasa wanda ke gudana kusan arewa zuwa kudu na tsawon mintuna 5.&nbsp;km, mafi girman wurin shine '''Glas Leathad Mòr''' a {{Convert|1046|m}} . A [[Ilmin duwatsu|fannin ilimin ƙasa]], tudun ya ƙunshi Moine pelitic gneiss . Dutsen yana da ban mamaki a kallon yankin, yana nuna siffar bayan kifi mai kama da kifi a sama da gonar Strathconon. Ben Wyvis muhimmin wurin zama ne ga nau'ikan tsirrai da tsuntsaye da dama, kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Wurin Ajiye Nau'in Ƙasa (NNR), <ref name="nnr">{{Cite web |title=Ben Wyvis NNR |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/5007 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Yankin Kariya na Musamman (SPA), <ref name="spa">{{Cite web |title=Ben Wyvis SPA |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8470 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Yankin Kariya na Musamman (SAC), <ref name="sac">{{Cite web |title=Ben Wyvis SAC |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8205 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> da Wurin da ke da Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI). <ref name="sssi">{{Cite web |title=Ben Wyvis SSSI |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/195 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Wani muhimmin abu shine gashin ulu mai laushi wanda ke rufe saman tudun. Wannan gansakuka mai launin ruwan kasa yana samar da kyakkyawan yanki na gida ga dotterel waɗanda ke hayayyafa a nan kowace bazara: Ben Wyvis yana wakiltar aƙalla kashi 2.4% na yawan kiwo a Burtaniya . <ref name="jncc">{{Cite web |title=Ben Wyvis SPA Description |url=http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1882-theme=default |access-date=2018-11-19 |publisher=JNCC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304132440/http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1882-theme=default |archive-date=2011-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Suna == An yi imanin sunan 'Ben Wyvis' ya fito ne daga Scottish Gaelic , wanda wataƙila yana nufin "babban dutse ko babban dutse", daga tushe ɗaya da ''uasal'' (mai daraja, mai girma). <ref name="ainmean" /> Wata shawara kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga ''Beinn Uabhas'', "dutsen ta'addanci". == Tsarin shimfidar wuri == Ben Wyvis babban tudu ne mai lanƙwasa da kuma lanƙwasa wanda ke gudana kusan arewa zuwa kudu na tsawon mintuna 5.&nbsp;km, mafi girman wurin ana kiransa Glas Leathad Mòr ("babban gangaren kore") a tsayin {{Convert|1046|m}} sama da matakin teku. A kudu ya ta'allaka ne Corbett na Little Wyvis, wanda Bealach Mòr ya rabu da Ben Wyvis. Hanyar A835 tsakanin Dingwall da Ullapool tana tafiya zuwa yamma da kudu na waɗannan tsaunuka, yayin da layin dogo na Kyle na Lochalsh ke wucewa zuwa kudu, tana bin hanyar tsakanin Dingwall da Kyle na Lochalsh . [[Loch Glass]] yana arewa maso gabas, yayin da ƙasar da ke arewa maso yamma tsaunuka ne kuma ba a zaune a cikinsu, kuma babu hanyoyi da aka ketare har zuwa A837, kimanin 30.&nbsp;kilomita zuwa arewa. == Ilimin ƙasa == Ben Wyvis ya ƙunshi Moine schist, wanda aka samar a matsayin laka kimanin shekaru miliyan 1,000 zuwa 870 da suka gabata a lokacin da ƙasar da yanzu ake kira Scotland ta rufe da tekuna marasa zurfi. Yayin da adadin laka ya ƙaru, layukan sun fuskanci canjin yanayi saboda ƙaruwar zafin jiki da matsin lamba, wanda ya haifar da samuwar dutse mai tauri, mai jure ruwa. Wannan schist ya fuskanci ƙarin rudani a lokacin Caledonian orogeny, wanda ya haifar da samuwar raƙuman ruwa da naɗewa waɗanda ake iya gani a cikin duwatsu. A zamanin Kankara, yawancin yankunan Scotland suna cike da kankara a wasu lokutan, tare da ƙanƙara da ke tsirowa a cikin koguna da glens. A lokacin ƙarshe na wannan lokacin, yawancin Ben Wyvis ya rufe da ƙanƙara. Ana iya fassara kasancewar duwatsu masu duhu a matsayin alamar saman saman kankara, tare da saman Ben Wyvis babu kankara. == Tarihi == Ben Wyvis yana tsaye a gefen arewacin ƙasar tarihi ta Clan Munro . Bisa ga al'ada, Munros sun riƙe ƙasarsu daga hannun Crown . Sarkin ya bayyana cewa suna riƙe filayensu bisa sharadin samar da ƙwallon dusar ƙanƙara a tsakiyar lokacin rani idan ya cancanta. Wannan sharaɗin da suka samu cikin sauƙi, domin ana samun dusar ƙanƙara a wasu daga cikin tsaunukan kadarorinsu duk shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Visit Ben Wyvis National Nature Reserve - Tadhail Ben Wyvis Tèarmann Nàdair Nàiseanta |url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-10/Publication%202011%20-%20Visit%20Ben%20Wyvis%20National%20Nature%20Reserve%20Tadhail%20T%C3%A8armann%20N%C3%A0dair%20N%C3%A0iseanta.pdf |access-date=2018-11-19 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095454/https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-10/Publication%202011%20-%20Visit%20Ben%20Wyvis%20National%20Nature%20Reserve%20Tadhail%20T%C3%A8armann%20N%C3%A0dair%20N%C3%A0iseanta.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yaƙin Bealach nam Broig an yi yaƙi ne tsakanin dangi da ke kusa da hanyar da ta raba Ben Wyvis daga ƙaramin koli na Carn Mòr, wanda ke arewa maso yamma. Kabilu daga ƙasashen arewa maso yamma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Kabilar Mackenzie sun yi yaƙi da kabilun arewa maso gabas (ciki har da Kabilar Munro) waɗanda suka goyi bayan Earl of Ross . Ana ta muhawara kan ainihin ranar yaƙin, amma ana tsammanin 1452 ne Tun daga ƙarni na sha shida , tuƙi [[Saniya|yana]] ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki a tsaunuka, kuma Ben Wyvis yana kusa da wata babbar hanyar mota tsakanin arewa maso yammacin Scotland da kasuwannin shanu na kudu. Direbobi sukan ɗauki gajeriyar hanya ta gefen kudancin dutsen, suna bin Allt á Bhealaich Mhòir kafin su tsallaka bakin tekun tsakanin Ben Wyvis da [[Little Wyvis]] sannan su koma babbar hanyar kusa da Auchterneed. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyar da aka bi har zuwa farkon karni na ashirin. Akwai ragowar wani matsuguni a Garbat wanda wataƙila an yi amfani da shi azaman wurin ajiye makiyaya da shanunsu. Ana kuma kyautata zaton wuraren gine-gine (gami da aikin ƙarfe) da aka samu a gefen Allt á Bhealaich Mhòir sun samo asali ne tun daga wannan lokacin. == Yawon Bude Ido == Ana hawa Ben Wyvis daga yamma, yana farawa daga kudu da Garbat a kan titin A835, inda akwai wurin ajiye motoci da Forestry da Land Scotland ke kula da shi. Hanyar tana bin bankin arewa na Allt a' Bhealaich Mhòir ta cikin dajin, kafin shiga NNR. Daga nan hanyar ta hau sama sosai don isa An Cabar, mafi kudancin saman da ke kan babban tudu. Wata hanyar daban, wacce kuma ake iya shiga daga wurin ajiye motoci, tana kaiwa saman Tom a' Choinnich, wanda ke arewacin babban tsaunin: ana iya haɗa hanyoyin biyu don yin hanyar zagaye. <ref name="consult">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Consultation Report on the Management Plan for Ben Wyvis National Nature Reserve 2017 - 2027 |url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-09/Ben%20Wyvis%20NNR%20Consultation%20Report%20for%202017-2027_0.pdf |access-date=2018-11-23 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage |archive-date=2018-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003705/https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-09/Ben%20Wyvis%20NNR%20Consultation%20Report%20for%202017-2027_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shaharar da Ben Wyvis ya samu a wurin baƙi, tare da gaskiyar cewa ciyawa ko ciyawar da aka yi da moss sun fi saurin lalacewa, ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa a babban hanyar hawan dutse. A kan tudun saman, hanyar ta zama "mai lanƙwasa" zuwa hanyoyi da dama da ke kusa. Tun daga shekarar 2011, NatureScot ke gudanar da aikin gyara; a kan gangaren da ke kaiwa ga tudun saman wannan ya ƙunshi amfani da dabarun gina hanyoyi na gargajiya. Duk da haka, a kan tudun saman, NatureScot ta gwada wata hanya daban, tana ƙarfafa amfani da hanya ɗaya don ba da damar wuraren da babu kowa su murmure ta hanyar cire duwatsun da suka ɓace da kuma dasa ƙananan sassan ciyayi. A shekarun 1980, an gabatar da shawarwari kan gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na yin wasan kankara a kan benen Ben Wyvis. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q8a2kdxkjj1v3dmt158f1uq2w65uwgw 0 173260 965257 942691 2026-10-09T14:07:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:On_the_postman's_boat_between_Barrisdale_and_Corran_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3329135.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Beinn Sgritheall da aka gani daga jirgin ruwa akan Loch Hourn]] {{Lang|gd|'''Beinn Sgritheall'''}} ko Beinn an Sgrithill , <ref name="ainmean">{{Cite web |title=Beinn Sgritheall |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/beinn-sgritheall/ |website=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]]: Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland}}</ref> kuma yana da alaƙa da '''Ben Sgriol''', <ref name="ainmean" /> shine [[Tsauni|dutse]] mafi tsayi a yankin [[Glenelg, Highland|Glenelg]] a [[Tuddan Yankin Arewa maso Yamma|tsaunukan Arewa maso Yamma]] na [[Scotland]]. [[Munro]] ne mai tsayin {{Convert|974|m}} . Babban hanyar ita ce ta hanyar [[Arnisdale]] a bakin [[Loch Hourn]] ko kuma ta hanyar [[Gleann Beag]] a arewa, tare da sanannun [[Broch|takardu]] . [[Sir Hugh Munro]], wanda ya kafa [[Scottish Mountaineering Club|kungiyar Scottish Mountaineering Club]], ya bayyana ra'ayin daga saman dutsen a matsayin "watakila mafi kyau da na taɓa gani a Scotland". == Rarrabawa == Ana rarraba duwatsu a Tsibiran Birtaniya bisa ga tsayinsu . Tsawon {{Convert|3196|ft|m|0}} Beinn Sgritheall wani dutse ne na Munro, kasancewarsa dutsen Scotland mai tsawon {{Convert|3000|ft|m|0}} . Ana kuma sanya shi a matsayin Marilyn saboda girmansa na {{Convert|500|m|ft|0}} . Shi ne dutse mafi tsayi a yankin Glenelg, yanki ne da babu kowa a cikinsa, wanda Loch Alsh da Loch Duich suka yi iyaka da shi a arewa, kuma Loch Hourn ya yi iyaka da yamma da kudu. == Labarin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa == Beinn Sgritheall ya ƙunshi wani kunkuntar lanƙwasa mai lanƙwasa wanda ke gudana a layi ɗaya da gefen arewa na Loch Hourn inda daga ciki akwai duwatsu da dama. <ref name="walking">{{Cite web |title=Beinn Sgritheall |url=http://walking.visitscotland.com/munros/eiltoshiel/beinn_sgritheall |access-date=30 October 2009 |publisher=Walking Scotland}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fuskar kudu ta dutsen ta kai kusan {{Convert|1000|m|ft}}, daga matakin Loch Hourn zuwa samansa, a cikin {{Convert|1.6|km|mi}} . Tana da samanta guda uku: samanta ( {{Convert|974|m|ft|0}} ), saman Tsakiya (kuma mita 974) da kuma saman Gabas ( {{Convert|906|m|ft|0}} ). <ref name="munro">{{Cite web |title=Beinn Sgritheall |url=http://www.munromagic.com/MountainInfo.cfm/183 |access-date=30 October 2009 |publisher=Munro Magic}}</ref> Sassan saman fuskarsa ta yamma sun ƙunshi duwatsu da kuma ƙugiya. Bangaren arewa da gabas na dutsen yana ɗauke da wasu ƙananan koguna masu nisa. <ref name="walking" /> Ƙungiya biyu suna ratsa arewa maso gabas daga saman, ɗaya kuma yana lanƙwasa arewa maso yamma don rufe babban titin. Dutsen dutse na uku yana tafiya yamma zuwa Creag an Taghain, wani [[wiktionary:crag|dutse]] a saman dajin Coille Mhialairigh. <ref name="munro" /> [[File:Beinn_Sgritheall_Summit_View.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Ana iya ganin kallon kudu maso gabas daga saman Beinn Sgritheall tare da Loch Hourn da tsaunukan Knoydart.]] Ra'ayin da ke kan tsaunin ya ƙunshi: tsibiran Jura, Rùm da Mull ; tsaunukan Knoydart, Skye da Moidart ; Ben Nevis da Slioch ; da kuma tuddan Glen Affric da Glen Shiel . Yana yiwuwa a ga sama da kololuwa 100 masu suna daga saman kuma Hamish Brown ba zai canza kallon daga gare shi ba "don ganin wani dutse a duniya". <ref name="brown" /> Dutsen Beinn Sgritheall nau'in schistose ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hinxman |first=Lionel W. |year=1899 |title=The Geology of the Scottish mountains from a climbing point of view |url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/smcj/smcj030/smcj03001.htm |journal=Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=269–285}}</ref> == Hawa == Ana yawan hawa Beinn Sgritheall daga ƙauyen Arnisdale da ke bakin tekun Loch Hourn . Madadin haka shine a kusanci ta hanyar [[Gleann Beag]] zuwa arewa, tare da sanannun brochs ɗinsa. Ana iya isa ga wuraren farawa guda biyu ne kawai ta hanyar layi ɗaya daga Glen Shiel, ko kuma ta hanyar ruwan Loch Hourn ta amfani da jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa. Yana yiwuwa a kammala wasu hanyoyin wucewa. Misali ɗaya ya kusanci daga gefen kudu maso yamma na dutsen, inda ya sami tudun yamma ta cikin dajin Coille Mhialairigh. An isa saman kuma hanyar ta ci gaba da tafiya a gefen kudu maso gabas wanda ke kaiwa ga hanyar Bealach Arnasdail daga inda za a iya sauka zuwa ƙauyen Arnisdale kusa da wurin shakatawa na kimanin {{Convert|3|km|mi|0}} daga wurin farawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beinn Sgritheall |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/kintail/Beinnsgritheall.shtml}}</ref> == Manazarta == hbuu7vcfl3llmsbyv6hpjz528gvkpl6 0 173320 965558 942857 2026-10-10T04:02:42Z BnHamid 12586 965558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Hyalella montezuma''''' wani amphipod ne na Pelagic. Yana zaune a cikin Montezuma Well, wani oasis a tsakiyar [[Arizona]]. Ita ce kawai abincin da ake amfani da ita a cikin ''Motobdella montezuma''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blinn |first=Dean W. |last2=Davies |first2=Ronald W. |last3=Dehdashti |first3=Behrooz |date=1987 |title=Specialized pelagic feeding by ''Erpobdella montezuma'' (Hirudinea) |journal=Holarctic Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=235–240 |bibcode=1987Ecogr..10..235B |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1987.tb00764.x |jstor=3682581}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} crj7wuv11q0tpyqvkx831j7xdicdjdf 0 173358 965564 943069 2026-10-10T04:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amy Elizabeth Imrie''' (wacce aka haifa '''a Pollard''' ; 4 ga Oktoba 1870 &#x2013; 4 ga Afrilu 1944), ta kasance magajiyar Birtaniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata mafiya arziki a Birtaniya, wadda, tana da shekaru 37, ta zama malamar cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ta Roman Katolika]], '''Sister Mary Clare''', daga baya kuma, Uwar Babbar Jami'ar Franciscan Order of Poor Clares . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Plaque (on the wall of the friary of St. Mary of the Angels Roman Catholic Church in Everton, Liverpool) honoring Mother Clare Imrie |url=http://uk.geocities.com/liverpool_monuments/images/imrie.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026143737/http://uk.geocities.com/liverpool_monuments/images/imrie.jpg |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> Ta ba da kuɗin gina coci-coci a Liverpool da Looe. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Imrie a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1870 a matsayin Amy Elizabeth Rosalie Pollard a Demerara, British Guiana, yanzu haka [[Guyana]] . <ref name=":0" /> Iyayenta jami'in gwamnatin Birtaniya ne kuma injiniyan gine-gine William Branch Pollard da matarsa ta farko Elizabeth Anne Pollard (wacce aka haifa a Blackley). Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta, lokacin da take jaririya 'yar shekara ɗaya, ta tafi ta zauna tare da 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarta Hannah Imrie (wacce aka haifa a Blackley) da mijinta William Imrie . Daga baya Hannah da William suka ɗauke ta, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Amy Elizabeth Imrie blue plaque |url=https://openplaques.org/plaques/54300 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Open Plaques |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411211334/https://openplaques.org/plaques/54300 |archive-date=2025-04-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an rene ta a Hermitage, Hayman's Green, West Derby, kuma ta sami tarbiyya mai kyau. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Charters |first=David |date=15 June 2005 |title=Liverpool's forgotten merchant prince; In this year's celebrations of Liverpool's seafaring history, one name is conspicuous by its absence. Now efforts are being made to honour William Imrie, Prince of Shipowners. David Charters reports |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Liverpool's+forgotten+merchant+prince;+In+this+year's+celebrations+of...-a0133242202 |access-date=2025-04-11 |publisher=Daily Post (Liverpool, England) |via=Free Online Library}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama tana da halin ibada, sau da yawa tana karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki kuma tana yin aiki game da rayuwar tsarkaka. <ref name=":3" /> [[File:Imrie_plaque,_St_Mary_&_All_Angels,_Liverpool.jpg|right|thumb| Allon tunawa da Imrie, wanda aka bayyana a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2003 a Liverpool <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" />]] William Imrie abokin haɗin gwiwa ne na kamfanin jigilar kaya na White Star Line, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "Yarima na Masu Jiragen Ruwa." <ref name=":3" /> Imrie ita ce kaɗai magajin dukiyarsa ta £300,000 bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1906, tana samun kuɗin shiga daga kadarorinsa a lokacin rayuwarta. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata mafiya arziki a Birtaniya. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:St_Mary_of_the_Angels,_Liverpool_2019-1.jpg|thumb| St Mary of the Angels, Liverpool a 2019]] Daga baya a shekarar 1906, Imrie ta koma addinin Katolika na Roman, ta zama 'yar'uwa Mary Clare kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Franciscan Order of Poor Clares a Hertford . Ta tashi ta jagoranci gidan sufi a matsayin Uwa Clare. Ta bai wa Poor Clares gidan iyalan Imrie da ke Mossley Hill don ya zama gidan sufaye na farko a Liverpool. A shekarar 1910, ta ba da kuɗaɗen ginawa da ƙawata cikin cocin Katolika na St Mary of the Angels da kuma cocin Katolika na Franciscan da ke kusa da ita a Everton, [[Liverpool]], <ref name=":3" /> wanda aka fi sani da "Vatican a wajen Rome" saboda fasahar da aka nuna a cikin ginin. Imrie ta kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga majami'u a wasu wurare a Birtaniya. Ta bayar da kuɗin gina Cocin Our Lady da St Nicholas a West Looe Hill, Looe, Cornwall, a shekarar 1923, don yi wa al'ummar Katolika hidima a matsayin cocin da ke cike da sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Looe - Our Lady and St Nicholas |url=https://taking-stock.org.uk/building/looe-our-lady-and-st-nicholas/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Taking Stock |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Imrie ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1944 a gidan sufi na Poor Clares da ke Looe, Cornwall, <ref name=":0" /> yana da shekaru 73. An binne ta a bayan Babban Alkawari a Sclerder Abbey, Cornwall, Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-19 |title=Cornwall's Christianity - from Launceston's Cuthbert Mayne to Liscard's Ladye Park, from John Wesley's Bodmin Cottage to Sclerder Abbeyto |url=https://www.davidalton.net/2012/08/19/corwalls-christianity-from-launcestons-cuthbert-mayne-to-liscards-ladye-park-from-john-wesleys-bodmin-cottage-to-sclerder-abbeyto/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=David Alton |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == bsa2jp8bxje2figzk44oh3ic41e596i 0 173367 965267 943116 2026-10-09T14:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ben Mor Coigach''' shine mafi tsayin tudu da ke tashi daga Loch Broom, a arewa maso yammacin [[Scotland]] . Tana hawa sama da yankin Coigach a gundumar Ross da Cromarty, kilomita 10 arewa maso yamma da Ullapool, tsayinta ya kai {{Convert|743|m|ft}}. Matsayin bakin teku, tare da babban matsayinsa na yanayin ƙasa da tsayinsa, yana ba da kyakkyawan yanayi, wanda ya ratsa daga Ullapool zuwa Tsibirin bazara da arewa a kan Coigach zuwa tsaunukan Assynt na musamman, da kuma ƙarin ra'ayoyi masu nisa zuwa Skye da Outer Hebrides, yanayin ya ba da damar. Yankin wurin ajiyar namun daji ne na Scottish Wildlife Trust. == Hawa == Ana iya hawa Ben Mor Coigach daga Blughasary (inda akwai wurin ajiye motoci) zuwa kudu maso gabas, ko kuma daga Culnacraig zuwa kudu maso yamma. Daga Blughasary, masu tafiya a ƙasa dole ne su bi hanyar 4x4 (wanda aka nuna akan taswirar OS) har zuwa Loch Eadar dha Bheinn, sannan su ratsa ta gabas ta loch ɗin su nufi kan tudun gabas. Daga nan hanyar ta ratsa ta kan Speicein Coinnich zuwa wani babban yanki mai faɗi da faɗi. Speicein Coinnich yana da haske sosai amma ba shi da tsayi kamar yadda yake a ƙasa. Wani wuri da ya fi shahara a fara, duk da cewa ana buƙatar dogon tafiya ta hanyar Achiltibuie, daga Culnacraig ne. Ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan ya biyo bayan layin dogon tudu zuwa saman Sgùrr an Fhidhleir (Fiddler), wanda galibi ana bi ta fuskar kudu kafin hawan Ben Mor Coigach daga arewa maso gabas, ko kuma a hau tare da Ben Mor Coigach. Hanya mafi kai tsaye amma a wasu lokutan mai tsauri ta taso daga gabas daga Culnacraig cikin kilomita biyu kacal zuwa tsaunin kudu maso yammacin tudun Speicein nan Garbh Choireachan (mita 738). Daga nan masu tafiya a ƙasa suna bin babban gefen tudun, suna sauka zuwa kan wani dutse sannan su hau arewa zuwa saman, kafin su sauka zuwa kan sirdi na gaba su juya yamma tare da bugun da ke tsakanin manyan konewa guda biyu (Allt) suna gudu zuwa Culnacraig. == Hanyar Mai Sakon Wasiƙa == [[File:Postpath.jpg|thumb]] Wasu masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya fuskantar jarabawar amfani da ɗaya daga cikin wuraren farawa da aka ambata a sama, sannan su sauka ta ɗayan kafin su kammala zagayen ta wani ɓangare na "Hanyar Postman", wanda ke bin bakin teku daga [[Culnacraig]] zuwa Strathcanaird . An sanya wa wannan hanyar suna ne bayan ma'aikatan gidan waya da suka yi amfani da ita kafin a haɗa ƙauyukan Coigach da hanyar sadarwa ta hanya, hanyar ta haɗa Culnacraig da Bulghassary sama da {{Convert|7|mi|km}} . Bai kamata a yi watsi da gargaɗin da ke kan alamun hanya a kowane gefe ba. Ko da mai tafiya mai kyau zai iya fuskantar matsala wajen kammala wannan ƙafar cikin ƙasa da sa'o'i huɗu. A wasu lokutan, hanyar da ta yi ƙanƙanta sosai tana ratsa gangaren da ke da digiri 45 waɗanda ke faɗuwa kai tsaye zuwa cikin Loch Broom . Ana buƙatar ɗan gudu kaɗan a wurare, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan motsin na iya jin kamar an fallasa su. Ketarewar konewa na iya zama da wahala ko ma ba zai yiwu ba a wurare da yawa, a lokacin zafi mai zafi, ciyayi na iya ɓoye hanyar, kuma a ƙarshen Strathcanaird, ciyayi suna ƙara wa wahalar. Duk da ƙarancin tsayinta, wannan hanyar tana ratsa tsaunuka masu tsayi da aka fallasa, kuma ya kamata a ɗauke ta a matsayin tafiya ta dutse ta gaske. A shekarar 2021, [https://www.coigach-assynt.org/project/posties-path Coigach & Assynt Living Landscape] sun sanar da cewa an kammala gyara hanyar. Banda ɗan gajeren sashe na shimfidar shimfidar dutse da kuma wasu ƙarin sandunan alama, har zuwa watan Yunin 2021 sassan da aka fallasa na hanyar ba su canza ba. == Manazarta == * Corbetts da Sauran Tuddan Scotland, (Jagorar SMC){{ISBN|0-907521-29-0}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207131414/http://walking.visitscotland.com/walks/northhighlands/wildlife_coigach Yi tafiya a Scotland] * [https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/322090 Yanayin ƙasa] * [https://brookwoodletters.blogspot.com/2008/01/postmans-path_14.html Rahoton tafiya da aka zana] * [http://fifecoastalwalker.wordpress.com/2007/08/18/ Tafiya a Tekun Scotland] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Shigarwar [https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/ullapool/ben-more-coigach.shtml Walk Highlands], gami da furtawa * Haɓaka Hanyar [https://www.coigach-assynt.org/project/posties-path Coigach & Assent] Postman. g0h4p6lvqvs5pzetk3l3e88d6eyopvq 0 173574 965593 943760 2026-10-10T04:21:58Z BnHamid 12586 965593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jacobaea trapezuntina''''', Trapezuntian groundsel, shuka ce mai tsami, memba ne na dangin Asteraceae . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacobaea — The Plant List |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Compositae/Jacobaea/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref> == Rarraba == Yana da nau'in asalin [[Turkiyya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacobaea trapezuntina (Boiss.) B.Nord. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77086107-1 |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacobaea trapezuntina (Boiss.) B.Nord. {{!}} Colombian Plants made Accessible |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77086107-1 |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin lissafi == Bertil Nordenstam ne ya ba shi suna a cikin *Willdenowia* 37: 181, a shekarar 2007.[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hz265rbrggu7xqbhz5ryfn2y7f1yuh 0 173611 965567 943834 2026-10-10T04:07:22Z BnHamid 12586 965567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Eschscholzia rhombipetala''''', poppy na [[California]] mai lu'u-lu'u, yana da iyaka a California. Yana da dangi na California poppy, tare da ƙananan furanni. Da zarar an yi tunanin ya ƙare, an sake gano shi a cikin shekarun 1990 a arewacin Carrizo Plain na Kudancin California Coast Ranges a San Luis Obispo County; kuma a wani wuri a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory a Alameda County a Gabashin San Francisco Bay Area. == Bayyanawa == Nau'in yana da 2-12 a (5.1-30.5 tsayi kuma yana da furanni masu launin rawaya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Calscape |title=Diamond-petaled California Poppy |url=https://calscape.org/Eschscholzia-rhombipetala-(Diamond-petaled-California-Poppy) |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=calscape.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Eschscholzia+rhombipetala CalFlora Database: ''Eschscholzia rhombipetala'' (diamond petaled California poppy, diamondpetal California poppy)] * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=25218 Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) magani na ''Eschscholzia rhombipetala''] * {http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/img_query?where-taxon=Eschscholzia+rhombipetala&where-anno=1 UC Hotuna gallery - ''Eschscholzia rhombipetala''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i9gwdvcbouwpalb6zp6kw29z3m4r9pn 0 173628 965249 951473 2026-10-09T13:23:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Slavery in Senegambia''' encompassing [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jallon]] in Guinea, parts of [[Mali]] and adjacent areas) involved internal servitude, social stratification, agricultural labor, domestic roles, military service and participation in the trans-Saharan and transatlantic slave trades from the medieval period through the 19th century. Ethnic groups such as the [[Fulani]] Fulbe/Peul Mandinka (Mande/Jallonke), Wolof and others experienced enslavement through warfare, raids, judicial processes and debt, with Islamic norms generally prohibiting the enslavement and sale of free Muslims while permitting it for non-Muslims and war captives encompassed internal systems of servitude, social stratification, agricultural labor, domestic roles, and participation in the trans-Saharan and transatlantic slave trades. Multiple of these ethnicities already having a slave, or slave-like caste in their stratified societies. A lot of these slaves came from Mandinka, Fulani and other related societies, even though both groups were increasingly Islamic by the early modern period. Wars such as the decline of the [[Daular Kaabu|Kaabu Empire]] and the Fula-led jihads in places like Futa Jallon produced large numbers of captives, showing that enslavement in the region was driven more by political and military conflict than by religious identity alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248715418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930154305/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248715418_The_Horse_and_Slave_Trade_Between_the_Western_Sahara_and_Senegambia |archive-date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> About one-third of the senegambian population was enslaved from 1300 to 1900. Warfare generated captives were not only absorbed into local slavery systems and Atlantic exports but also fed into broader transregional trade circuits, including connections to trans-Saharan markets through inland commercial networks. Participation in both the trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan trade enhanced the wealth, military capacity and diplomatic standing of ruling elites, helping to consolidate political authority within their respective states.  == Cinikin bayi na Sahara == Tun kafin cinikin bayi na Atlantic ya mamaye tattalin arzikin bakin teku, Senegambia da Yammacin Sudan sun haɗa da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Sahara da ke haɗa Afirka ta Yamma da Arewacin Afirka da duniyar Larabawa da Islama. lokacin da Turawa suka isa a karni na goma sha biyar, yankin ya riga ya shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Sahara, ma'ana bautar ta riga ta shiga cikin al'ummomin gida da hanyoyin kasuwanci. Mutane da yawa da aka kawo bayi zuwa Maroko ta hanyar cinikin Sahara sun samo asali ne daga yammacin Sudan, gami da yankuna da ke kusa da Timbuktu da Mali, tare da wasu haɗi zuwa hanyoyin cinikayya na Senegambian. A cikin waɗannan tsarin, an kai fursunoni da aka kama ta hanyar yaƙi tsakanin Mandinka, Fulani da kungiyoyin makwabta zuwa arewacin Sahara zuwa kasuwanni a Maroko, Aljeriya da sauran sassan Arewacin Afirka. Abubuwan da Boubacar Barry ya yi game da tarihin Senegambian sun nuna cewa jihohin Islama a yankin sun shiga kuma sun fadada waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwar bayi na Sahara, musamman ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin jihadi waɗanda suka kara yawan masu bautar. A tsawon lokaci, jihohin gyare-gyare da Fulani-led da kuma 'yan siyasa na Mandinka dukansu sun ba da gudummawa ga fursunoni ga waɗannan hanyoyin arewa, suna mai da bautar ƙungiya ce da aka raba a duk faɗin tsarin siyasa masu fafatawa maimakon aikin da aka iyakance ga rukuni ɗaya. Moors na Arewacin Afirka (Berber da Larabawa) da kungiyoyin Sahara sun sami bayi daga Sahel don aiki, aikin soja, ƙwaraƙwalwa da fitarwa a fadin Sahara. Wannan cinikayya ta riga ta haɗu da Turai. Berber matsakaici suna aiki tsakanin kwarin Kogin Senegal da hanyoyin Sahara, tare da Senegambia yana aiki a matsayin babban tushe a cikin ƙarni na 15 zuwa 17, yana haɗawa da masarautun Moorish waɗanda ke matsawa jihohin cikin gida. Kungiyoyin Sahelian ciki har da Fulani, Wolof da Mandinka sun sha wahala daga kamawa ko kasuwanci zuwa arewa.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last3=Boubacar Barry (historian)}}</ref> Waalo ta kasance mai yawan wadanda aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Sahara, saboda matsayinta na dabarun a Senegal. An yi imanin cewa ana fitar da bayi da yawa daga arewacin Waalo fiye da yadda suke fitarwa ga Turawa<blockquote>Yawan bayi da aka fitar da su zuwa arewa zuwa hamada daga Waalo a ƙarshen karni na goma sha bakwai tabbas ya kasance aƙalla sau goma kamar yadda yawan bayi da aka shigo da su cikin kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jr |first=James L. A. Webb |date=July 1993 |title=The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/horse-and-slave-trade-between-the-western-sahara-and-senegambia/4C8DE5219BB25ED7567D2F8C514D2427 |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=221–246 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700033338 |issn=1469-5138}}</ref></blockquote>Senegal babban asalin bayi ne da ke fitowa daga yammacin Afirka zuwa Maghreb . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Black Morocco A History Of Slavery, Race, And Islam ( PDFDrive ) |url=http://archive.org/details/black-morocco-a-history-of-slavery-race-and-islam-pdfdrive |page=253 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Saboda haka, Morocco a tarihi tana da babban kasancewar bayi na Afirka ta Yamma da 'yanci a cikin sojojin su, [[Black Guard]] ko ''[[Black Guard|Abīd al-Bukhari]]''. Masanin tarihin [[Timbuktu]] '[[Abd ar-Rahman as-Sa‘di k|Abd ar-Rahman as-Sa'di]] ya rubuta cewa [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] mai mulkin [[Moroko|Maroko]] 1578-1603 ɗan ƙwaraƙwarar [[Fulani]] ne. An yi imanin cewa mutanen [[Gnawa]] sun fito ne daga Soninike, Fulani, Hausa, ta hanyar nazarin harshe na yarensu.<ref name="auto1" /> Haratins a Mauritania bayi ne a Mauritania, tare da mafi yawansu suna da alaƙa da kabilun kamar Soninke, Fulani, Wolof da Bambara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=John Misachi in |date=2019-08-16 |title=What Is The Ethnic Composition Of Mauritania? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tattaunawa da Turai == Daga karni na goma sha biyar zuwa gaba, 'yan kasuwa na Fotigal da na baya na Turai sun fadada cinikin bayi na Atlantic tare da bakin tekun Senegambian, suna haɗa tsarin bautar Afirka da ke akwai a cikin kasuwancin duniya. Dukkanin al'ummomin Mandinka da Fulani sun shafa: Manyan Mandinka a Kaabu sun ba da fursunoni ga kasuwannin bakin teku, yayin da jihohin jihadi na Fulani daga baya suka zama manyan masu samar da gida ta hanyar cin nasara da mamayewa. bautar a cikin Upper Guinea Coast ta riga ta kasance hulɗar Turai kuma an canza ta, maimakon ƙirƙirar ta, ta hanyar buƙatun Atlantic, yana jaddada ci gaba tsakanin tsarin Afirka na ciki da bautar fitar da Atlantic. A cikin wannan tsarin Atlantic-Sahara, mutanen Fulani da Mandinka duka bayi ne kuma bayi ne dangane da sauya ikon soja. Hare-haren da mutanen Fula suka kai a jihar Mandinka ta Kaabu. Wannan ya haifar da iyakar bautar da ke cikin Fulani-Mandinka, cinikayya ta Sahara da bautar Atlantic suna aiki a lokaci guda kuma suna ƙarfafa juna a fadin yankin. Senegambia ta shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Sahara. Moors na Arewacin Afirka (Berber da Larabawa) sun sami bayi daga Sahel don aiki, aikin soja da ƙwaraƙwalwa a fadin Sahara. Masu tafiyar da jiragen ruwa na Fotigal sun lura da wannan kasuwancin da ke akwai lokacin da suka isa Kogin Senegal a cikin shekarun 1444. [[File:Portal_of_sorrow-senegal-01.jpg|thumb|Rashin tausayi na gidan bayi, Gorée, Senegal.]] A shekara ta 1455, mai binciken Venetian Alvise Cadamosto, yayin da yake ziyartar masarautar Wolof ta Cayor a Senegal ta yanzu, mai mulkin yankin Budomel ya ba shi kyauta ga yarinya mai shekaru 12 don hidimar ɗakin na. Cadamosto ya sayar da dawakai bakwai da wasu kayan ulu ga kimanin bayi 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/hs2/Secondary%20Literature/AngularUnits/Cadamosto/Crone/the_voyages_of_cadamosto_015_074.pdf? |url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/hs2/Secondary%20Literature/AngularUnits/Cadamosto/Crone/the_voyages_of_cadamosto_015_074.pdf?}}</ref> Daga karni na goma sha takwas, ƙungiyoyin siyasa na Mandinka kamar Kaabu da fadada jihohin Musulunci da Fulani ke jagoranta a Futa Jallon sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen yaƙi wanda ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na fursunoni. Manyan masu mulki na Kaabu sun ci gaba da tsarin bautar soja wanda aka haɗa shi cikin cinikayya ta yanki da cinikayya na Atlantic, yayin da ƙungiyoyin jihadi na Fulani suka tsara fadada su a matsayin sake fasalin addini da karfafa siyasa. bautar da aka tsara a cikin ikon jihar, yana jayayya cewa bautar ta kasance cibiyar siyasa da rayuwar tattalin arziki a Senegambia tun kafin bukatar Turai ta kara fitar da kayayyaki a bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodney |first=Walter |date=November 1966 |title=African Slavery and other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/african-slavery-and-other-forms-of-social-oppression-on-the-upper-guinea-coast-in-the-context-of-the-atlantic-slavetrade/BDA21CCCA909F9C6089D568920C5D348 |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700006514 |issn=1469-5138}}</ref> An kafa Saint Louis a cikin shekara ta 1659 ta Faransanci a matsayin sansani. Saint louis babban dan kasuwa ne na bawa, tare da mafi yawan fursunoni da aka sayar da su gabaɗaya Wolof ko Fulani, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gautier |first=Arlette |date=1989 |title=Les origines ethniques des esclaves déportés à Nippes, Saint-Domingue, de 1721 à 1770 d'après les archives notariales |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=060080299&utm_source=chatgpt.com |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=28–39}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gautier |first=Arlette |date=1989 |title=Les origines ethniques des esclaves déportés à Nippes, Saint-Domingue, de 1721 à 1770 d'après les archives notariales |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=060080299 |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=28–39}}</ref> amma sun haɗa da dukkan kabilun makwabta.<ref name=":0" /> == Diaspora == Senegambia (ba yankunan da ke kewaye da su ba) sun ba da sanannen ɓangare na fursunoni ga Amurka (kimanin ya nuna kusan 6% ko ɗaya cikin shida a cikin mahallin da ya fi girma, tare da daruruwan dubban da suka tashi, musamman a cikin karni na 18 a kusan 6,000 a kowace shekara). sanannun wuraren tashi sun haɗa da Kogin Senegal da Gambiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wikle |first=Thomas A. |last2=Lightfoot |first2=Dale R. |date=March 2014 |title=Landscapes of the Slave Trade in Senegal and The Gambia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/foge.12025 |journal=Focus on Geography |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=14–24 |doi=10.1111/foge.12025 |issn=1549-4934}}</ref> Saboda matsayi mai kyau na Senegambia, Senegambia ya kai kashi 50 cikin 100 na yawan bayi a Cape Verde daga 1526-1550. <ref name="auto" /> An gina tsarin bayi na Cape Verde ta hanyar musayar sau da yawa tsakanin Cabo Verde da Yammacin Afirka, galibi Senebambia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Toby |date=June 1, 2011 |title=Building Slavery in the Atlantic World: Atlantic Connections and the Changing Institution of Slavery in Cabo Verde, Fifteenth–Sixteenth Centuries |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232942555_Building_Slavery_in_the_Atlantic_World_Atlantic_Connections_and_the_Changing_Institution_of_Slavery_in_Cabo_Verde_Fifteenth-Sixteenth_Centuries |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=32 |pages=227–245 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2011.557185 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Shahararrun 'yan Senegambian a ƙasar Amurka sune [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]], Omar ibn Said, Yarrow Mamout, [[Salih Bilali]], [[Bilali Mohammed]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b2blqp9hxcyymqkbw4rwqh7wo57crym 0 173836 965276 951546 2026-10-09T15:13:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernice Bing''' (10 ga Afrilu 1936 - 18 ga Agusta 1998) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Sin da ke da hannu a fagen zane-zane na San Francisco Bay Area a cikin shekarun 1960. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2015 |title=Bernice Bing, Class of 1955 |url=http://oaklandtech.com/staff/centennial/2015/03/14/bernice-bing-55/ |access-date=1 March 2016 |website=School Historical Archive |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811065932/http://oaklandtech.com/staff/centennial/2015/03/14/bernice-bing-55/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san ta da sha'awar Beats da Zen Buddha, da kuma "ƙididdigar da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta" a cikin zane-zanenta, wanda ta karɓa bayan ta yi karatu tare da Saburo Hasegawa . Bing ta kasance co-kafa SCRAP na San Francisco, bisa ga fim din 2013 game da rayuwarta <ref name="pogash">{{Cite web |last=Pogash |first=Carol |date=2022-10-12 |title=Ignored in Life, Bernice Bing Is Discovered as Museums Rewrite History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/arts/design/bernice-bing-asian-americans-museum.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814133546/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/arts/design/bernice-bing-asian-americans-museum.html |archive-date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> da kuma wani labarin a cikin SF City College Guardsman . Bernice Lee Bing, an ba ta laƙabi "Bingo" tun tana yarinya, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bernice Bing |url=http://www.queerculturalcenter.org/Pages/Bingshow/BBLydia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505090859/http://www.queerculturalcenter.org/Pages/Bingshow/BBLydia.html |archive-date=2018-05-05 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=queerculturalcenter.org}}</ref> an haife ta ne a Chinatown, [[San Francisco]], [[California]], a cikin 1936. <ref name=":0" /> Mahaifin Bing baƙo ne daga Kudancin China, yayin da aka haifi mahaifiyarta a Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> Mahaifin Bing ya kasance a kurkuku kafin ta kai shekara uku, kuma mahaifiyarta, wacce a wasu lokuta tana da cin zarafin jiki, ta mutu saboda ciwon zuciya kafin ta kai shekaru shida, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Jonathan |date=2022-09-26 |title=The irresistible cool of Bernice Bing |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/bernice-bing-san-francisco-painter/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Apollo Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> ta bar Bing tare da iyakantaccen fallasa al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin. An haife ta a gidaje masu yawa na Caucasian tare da 'yar'uwarta, Bing ta kuma zauna a gidan Ming Quong, gidan kula da mata a Chinatown na Oakland, na ɗan lokaci. Bing a wasu lokuta ta zauna a Oakland tare da kakarta, wanda yabonsa ya inganta sha'awar Bing ga fasaha.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinta na yarinya mai tawaye wacce ba ta yi kyau a ilimi ba, Bing ta juya zuwa zane, wanda ta ce "ta haɗa ta".[her]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bernice Bing |url=http://www.queerculturalcenter.org/Pages/Bingshow/BBChron.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314122246/http://www.queerculturalcenter.org/Pages/Bingshow/BBChron.html |archive-date=2016-03-14 |access-date=2016-03-06 |website=queerculturalcenter.org}}</ref> Bing ta shiga cikin zane-zane a duk makarantar sakandare, ta lashe gasar zane-zane da yawa na gida da na yanki. Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare ta Oakland a shekarar 1955, ta sami lambar yabo ta National Scholastic Award zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Ayyuka ta California (CCAC) da farko a matsayin babban talla, sannan daga baya a matsayin zanen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bernice Bing - Biography |url=https://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/AsianAmerican/Artists/BINGBio.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111033630/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/asianamerican/Artists/BINGBio.HTM |archive-date=2015-01-11 |access-date=2017-09-23 |website=www.cla.purdue.edu}}</ref> Ta halarci makaranta tare da ɗan'uwanta mai zane-zane George Miyasaki da mai zane-zanen Manuel Neri .<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Moira |date=23 December 2015 |title=A Narrative Chronology |url=https://queerculturalcenter.org/chronology-by-moira-roth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806221327/https://queerculturalcenter.org/chronology-by-moira-roth/ |archive-date=2020-08-06 |website=Queer Cultural Center}}</ref> A lokacin da take can, Nathan Oliveira (1928-2010), Richard Diebenkorn (1922-1993), da Saburo Hasegawa (1906-1957), wadanda musamman suka yi tasiri ga Bing ne suka ba da umarni.<ref name=":0" /> Wani mai zane-zane da aka haifa a Japan, Hasegawa ya gabatar da Bing ga addinin Buddha na Zen, masana falsafa na kasar Sin, gami da [[Laozi|Lao Tzu]] da Po Chu-i, da rubutun gargajiya. Gamuwarta da Hasegawa ta kuma sa ta fara tunanin ainihinta a matsayin mace ta Asiya.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1958, bayan semester daya a CCAC, Bing ya koma Makarantar Fine Arts ta California (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco). A can, ta yi karatu tare da Elmer Bischoff da Frank Lobdell kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami [[Bachelor na Fine Arts|BFA]] tare da girmamawa a 1959 sannan MFA a 1961. <ref name=":0" /> Don tallafa wa kanta a matsayin dalibi, Bing ta yi aiki kuma ta kula da ɗakin karatu a Arewacin Beach sama da Tsohon Spaghetti Factory, sanannen mai zane-zane. A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, yanayin zane-zane na Bay Area ya zama mai rai, kuma Bing yana kusa da yawancin waɗannan masu fasaha.<ref name="pogash" /> Abokanta da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance fitattun masu zane-zane na Bay Area, sun haɗa da Joan Brown, Wally Hedrick, Jay DeFeo, Bruce Conner da Fred Martin.<ref name=":1" /> Fasaha, wallafe-wallafen, wasan kwaikwayo, da fim na Motsi na ƙarni sun kasance babban tasiri a kanta. == Farkon aiki == Yawancin ayyukanta na farko sun lalace, an sace su, ko kuma sun ɓace. Wani batu na yau da kullun a cikin aikinta na farko shine binciken kansa, musamman a matsayin mace ta Asiya, sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa na "al'ada".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woolner |first=Sylvia |date=2022-05-18 |title=LGBTQ+ History Without Liveliness is Like a Bernice Bing Painting Without Emotion |url=https://actavictoriana.ca/culture/lgbtq-history-without-liveliness-is-like-a-bernice-bing-painting-without-emotion/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Acta Victoriana |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530154818/https://actavictoriana.ca/culture/lgbtq-history-without-liveliness-is-like-a-bernice-bing-painting-without-emotion/ |archive-date=2025-05-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan kwaleji, Bing ya shiga cikin yanayin zane-zane na San Francisco Bay Area.<ref name="pogash" /> A shekara ta 1960, yayin da take tare da Joan Brown zuwa New York don nuna mutum ɗaya a Staempfli Gallery, ta sadu da Marcel Duchamp, ƙwarewa ta musamman a gare ta.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin 1961, San Francisco's Batman Gallery, wani madadin Beat sararin samaniya tare da dukkan baƙar fata ganuwar kuma yana cikin 2222 Fillmore (mai suna Michael McClure da mai zane Bruce Conner), ya hau nune-nunen mutum ɗaya Paintings & Drawings by Bernice Bing, wanda ya sami yabo daga masu sukar kamar Alfred Frankenstein daga San Francisco Chronicle . <ref name=":1" /> Ta kuma nuna manyan ayyuka, gami da zanen ta Las Meninas (1960) wanda ya dogara da yanayin kotu na Baroque na Diego Velázquez, wanda ake kira Las Meninas (1656). James Monte ya sake nazarin abubuwan da ta nuna a Artforum a 1963 da 1964.<ref name=":2" /> Ta koma Mayacamas Vineyards, Napa Valley a 1963 na tsawon shekaru uku amma ta koma Berkeley don baje kolin mutum biyu a Berkeley Gallery . A shekara ta 1967, ta shiga cikin shirin zama na farko na Cibiyar Esalen, New Age Psychology da Falsafa a Big Sur, inda ta ci gaba da sha'awar William Blake da Carl Jung's symbolism; ta halarci bita da [[Joseph Campbell]], Alan Watts, Fritz Perls, da Ibrahim Maslow; kuma ta karanta littafin Fritjof Capra na 1975, ''Tao na Physics'' . Daga 1984 zuwa 85, Bing ya yi tafiya zuwa Koriya, Japan da China, yana nazarin zane-zanen tawada na gargajiya na kasar Sin a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Zhejiang a [[Hangzhou|Haungzhou]] . Baya ga fasaha, Bing malami ne, gami da a Kwalejin Fasaha da Ayyuka ta California (mahaifiyarta), mai fafutuka, kuma Mai kula da zane-zane. Ta shiga cikin shirye-shirye da kungiyoyi da yawa, kamar shirin National Endowment for the Arts Expansion (1968), Shirin Neighborhood Arts (1969-71), da kuma San Francisco Art Festival a Cibiyar Civic ta San Francisco (farkon 1970s). Ta kasance mai zane-zane a karkashin Dokar Ayyuka da Horarwa (CETA), wanda ya ba da tallafin ayyukan fasaha 20,000 a duk fadin kasar. A shekara ta 1975, Bing da wasu masu zane-zane guda biyu, suna aiki a karkashin Shirin Fasaha na Neighborhood da CETA, sun kafa Cibiyar Scrounger don Fasaha mai Amfani (SCRAP). A shekara ta 1977, Bing ya kirkiro wani bita na fasaha tare da Baby Wah Chings, ƙungiyar Chinatown, bayan Golden Dragon Massacre a San Francisco . <ref name=":0" /> Bing ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na farko na Cibiyar Al'adu ta Kudu (wanda yanzu ake kira SOMArts) daga 1980 zuwa 1984, yana fadada shirye-shiryen a lokacin da take can.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.somarts.org/about/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311173028/http://www.somarts.org/about/history/ |archive-date=2016-03-11 |access-date=2016-03-06 |website=SOMArts.org}}</ref> Ayyukanta a cikin al'umma an san ta da kyaututtuka a 1983 da 1984. <ref name=":0" /> == Tafiya zuwa Asiya == Bing ya ziyarci Koriya, Japan, da China daga 1984 zuwa 1985. A can, ta gabatar da laccoci game da Abstract Expressionism ga ɗaliban fasaha.<ref name=":0" /> Bing ya shafe makonni shida yana nazarin rubutun Sinanci tare da Wang Dong Ling da zane-zane na kasar Sin tare da Farfesa Yang a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Zhejiang a [[Hangzhou]], China.<ref name=":3" /> Kwarewar ta yi tasiri sosai, "babban ƙasar" da kuma gine-gine, musamman Kotun Daular da Fadar bazara sun buge ta.<ref name=":4" /> == Ayyukansa na baya da shekarun ƙarshe == An zaɓi Bing ne daga National Women Caucus don Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka a cikin 1996, tare da haɗin gwiwar baje kolin rukuni a Gidan Tarihi na Rose a Jami'ar Brandeis da ke Waltham, Massachusetts . <ref name=":3" /> Ta mutu a Philo a shekarar 1998 daga ciwon daji.<ref name=":0" /> == Ƙungiyoyin mata masu neman mata == An rufe Bing a matsayin lesbian a cikin al'ummar kasar Sin, kuma ta guje wa ganewa tare da lakabi kamar "lesbian" ko "feminist".Koyaya, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da mata da yawa, kamar su Lesbian Visual Artists, Rural Women's Resources, da Asian American Women's Artists Association . == Fasaha da tasiri == A cikin gadar fasaharta tsakanin Gabas da Yamma, Bing ta ambaci bayyanar farko ga falsafar wanzuwar da ta haifar da neman ta, haɗe da manyan tasirin fasaha, wallafe-wallafen, fim da kiɗa na halayyar bayan yaƙe-yaƙe hamsin: daga Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline da Robert Motherwell, Albert Camus da Simone de Beauvoir, zuwa Ingmar Bergman da Federico Fellini. Kamar yawancin masu ra'ayi bayan yaƙi, ta fahimci shahararren addinin Buddha na Zen kuma ta bi marubucin Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki, ikon Zen na Yamma. A cikin shekarunta na baya ta ba da aikinta ga Nichiren Addinin Buddha na Nichiren, reshe na addinin Buddha wanda ya dogara da koyarwar dan majami'ar Japan na karni na 13 Nichiren (1222-1282). Ayyukanta ''Mayacamas, No. 6, Maris 12, 1963'' (1963) ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na San Francisco. Dutsen Mayacamas na Arewacin California ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Crocker a Sacramento, California yana da kyautar da Bing ya yi alkawari, babban mai-a-canvas mai taken Velázquez Family (1961).''.'' A cikin shekara ta 2013, fim din The Worlds of Bernice Bing ya haɗu da ƙungiyar 'yan wasan mata ta Asiya da Queer Women of Color Media Arts Project. Madeleine Lim ce ta samar da shi kuma ta ba da umarni kuma Jennifer Banta Yoshida da T. Kebo Drew ne suka hada shi. A cikin 2022-23, Gidan Tarihin Asiya ya dauki bakuncin baje kolin aikinta.<ref name="pogash" /> A cikin 2016 an haɗa tarihin rayuwarta a cikin kundin baje kolin Women of Abstract Expressionism wanda Gidan Tarihi na Denver ya shirya. A cikin 2023 an haɗa aikinta a cikin nune-nunen Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists da Global Abstraction 1940-1970 a Whitechapel Gallery a London.<ref name="Whitechapel Gallery">{{Cite web |title=Action, Gesture, Paint |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/action-gesture-paint-women-and-global-abstraction-1940-70/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024, aikin Bing ya bayyana a cikin ''Bernice Bing: BINGO'' a Berry Campbell Gallery, wanda shine nunin farko a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edquist |first=Grace |date=2024-09-18 |title=Nearly 30 Years After Her Death, a Bay Area Great Gets a Towering Solo Show in New York |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/bernice-bing-bingo-berry-campbell-gallery |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa ba ta taɓa kaiwa ga kwanciyar hankali ko shahara ba a lokacin rayuwarta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garabedian |first=Maya |date=June 6, 2023 |title=Queer Women in Abstract Art: Bernice Bing, Julie Mehretu, Jessica Rankin |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Queer-Women-in-Abstraction/4A38125E63419A86 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> ana ɗaukar aikinta a matsayin tushe ga ci gaban zane-zanen Asiya na Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oegr1eayjh160mlmi31uh499v594z22 0 173860 965533 951928 2026-10-09T23:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chen Chen (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1989) mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka ne. Littafinsa mai suna *When I Grow Up I Want to Be a List of Further Possibilities* ya shiga jerin sunayen waɗanda aka tantance don lambar yabo ta National Book Award a fannin waƙa a shekarar 2017. Chen yana koyar da fannin waƙa a shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu (MFA) masu tsarin karatu na musamman (wanda ba ya bukatar zama a harabar makaranta koyaushe) a kwalejojin New England da Stonecoast. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙi na musamman (Jacob Ziskind Poet-in-Residence) a Jami'ar Brandeis daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2022. == Rayuwa == An haifi Chen a Xiamen, China kuma ya girma a [[Massachusetts]]. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ta Newton North, ya sami B.A. a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro da Nazarin Asiya / Pacific / Amurka a Kwalejin Hampshire a cikin 2011, da kuma M.F.A. daga Jami'ar Syracuse a cikin 2014. <ref name="full">{{Cite web |title=Full Bio |url=http://chenchenwrites.com/fullbio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323142747/http://chenchenwrites.com/bio |archive-date=2017-03-23 |access-date=2017-03-25 |website=chenchenwrites.com |language=en}}</ref> Chen ya kammala Ph.D. a Turanci da rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a Jami'ar Texas Tech, inda ya kasance malami na ɗan lokaci a cikin abun da ke ciki. Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin Poetry, The Massachusetts Review, Drunken Boat, Best of the Net, The Best American Poetry، The Academy of American Poets, da sauran wurare. Ya yi aiki a matsayin editan shayari na Salt Hill Journal, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban editan Underblong da kuma manajan editan Iron Horse Review . [1] Ya kuma gyara "la lickety split", wata mujallar Twitter wacce "kawai ta buga waƙoƙin da suka dace a cikin tweet guda ɗaya", tare da mataimakin editansa Gudetama the Egg. [2][3] == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == * 2014 Kyautar waka ta A. Poulin Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chen Chen |url=https://www.boaeditions.org/collections/chen-chen |access-date=2017-03-23 |website=BOA Editions, Ltd.}}</ref> * 2014 New Delta Review ta Matt Clark Award a cikin Waƙoƙi * 2015 Finalist, Ruth Lilly da Dorothy Sargent Rosenberg Poetry Fellowships na Gidauniyar Waƙoƙi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-25 |title=2015 Ruth Lilly and Dorothy Sargent Rosenberg Poetry Fellowship Winners Announced |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/foundation/press/detail/2015/71811 |access-date=2017-03-25 |website=Poetry Foundation |language=en-us}}</ref> * 2016 Kundiman Fellow * 2017 An jera shi a cikin jerin sunayen, Kyautar Littafin Kasa * 2018 Finalist, Lambda Literary Award for Gay Poetry * 2018 GLCA Sabbin Marubutan Kyauta (Waƙoƙi) <ref name="BOA Blog">{{Cite web |title=Chen Chen wins 2018 GLCA New Writers Award |url=https://www.boaeditions.org/blogs/main/chen-chen-wins-2018-glca-new-writers-award |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=BOA Editions}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2018 Kyautar Thom Gunn don Waƙoƙin Gay * Kyautar Pushcart ta 2019 * 2019 National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in Literature * 2023 Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka Shahararrun Littattafai don Manya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-29 |title=2023 Notable Books List Announced: Year’s Best in Fiction, Nonfiction and Poetry |url=https://rusaupdate.org/2023/01/2023-notable-books-list-announced-years-best-in-fiction-nonfiction-and-poetry/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=RUSA Update |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Poetry |date=2024-07-06 |title=Chen Chen |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/chen-chen |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Poetry Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Ka sanya lambun a wuta (Porkbelly Press, 2015) * Kissing the Sphinx (Byu na Kofin Press, 2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kissing the Sphinx |url=https://porkbellypress.com/tag/kissing-the-sphinx/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323150529/https://porkbellypress.com/tag/kissing-the-sphinx/ |archive-date=2017-03-23 |access-date=2017-03-23 |website=porkbellypress.com |language=en}}</ref> * Lokacin da na girma Ina so in kasance Jerin Ƙarin yiwuwar (New York: BOA Editions, 2017) <ref name="full" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Michelle |date=2017-04-11 |title=When I Grow Up I Want to Be a List of Further Possibilities: A review of Chen Chen's debut poetry… |url=https://medium.com/anomalyblog/when-i-grow-up-i-want-to-be-a-list-of-further-possibilities-a-review-of-chen-chens-debut-poetry-6bbafb9890fb |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=Medium}}</ref> * ''Sadarwar Gaggawa ta Ganin Gaggawa'' (New York: BOA Editions, Satumba 2022) <ref name="full" /> * Fashewar Kai (Ghost City Press, 2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Explodingly Yours |url=https://ghostcitypress.com/bookstore/explodingly-yours |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Ghost City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> '''A cikin tarihin''' * Ghost Fishing: An Eco-Justice Poetry Anthology (Jami'ar Georgia Press, 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UGA Press View Book |url=http://www.ugapress.org/index.php/books/index/ghost_fishing |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=www.ugapress.org |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320090446/http://www.ugapress.org/index.php/books/index/ghost_fishing |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] d02wk1036hiu9dg12h3ai5bwanzlqqu 0 173883 965256 944509 2026-10-09T14:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Beinn Fhionnlaidh''' dutse ne a cikin [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan]] [[Scotland]]. Tana gefen kudu na Loch Mullardoch, a ƙarshen Glen Cannich, kimanin 60&nbsp;kilomita yamma da Inverness. == Hawa == Beinn Fhionnlaidh dutse ne mai matuƙar wahalar shiga, yana da ɗan nisa daga titin da ya fi kusa, don haka yawanci yakan ƙunshi tafiya mai nisa a ciki. Hanya ɗaya ita ce farawa daga ƙarshen Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin a cikin Glen Affric, sannan ku bi hanyar sama Gleann nam Fiadh. Daga can, ya zama dole a hau sama da kan gabas na [[Càrn Eighe|Càrn Eige]], kafin bin tsaunin arewa zuwa Beinn Fhionnlaidh, ta hanyar Bealach Beag. Wata hanyar kuma ta fito ne daga yamma, tana farawa daga ƙarshen hanyar a Killilan . Daga can ku bi hanya tare da Glen Elchaig zuwa Iron Lodge, sannan hanyar zuwa ƙarshen yammacin Loch Mullardoch, a gindin Beinn Fhionnlaidh. Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce tafiya ta jirgin ruwa tare da Loch Mullardoch zuwa ƙafar Beinn Fhionnlaidh, sannan a hau kai tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Walking & Hiking in Scotland - Holidays & Trails &#124; VisitScotland |url=http://walking.visitscotland.com/munros/affricandkintail/beinn_fhionnlaidh |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=Walking.visitscotland.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305172852/http://walking.visitscotland.com/munros/affricandkintail/beinn_fhionnlaidh |archive-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3vwdizet71x6z2hy6126lq4q59hz9uf 0 173908 965550 944638 2026-10-10T02:47:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Koyon Welsh ta ƙasa''' ( Welsh ) ƙungiya ce da ke tsara azuzuwan [[harshen Welsh]] daidai gwargwado a duk faɗin Wales da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 2016 domin inganta koyon harshen Welsh tsakanin manya kuma Gwamnatin Wales ce ke daukar nauyinta a matsayin wani bangare na burinta na isa ga masu magana da harshen Welsh miliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2050. Estyn ta ruwaito cewa shirin "shi ne ginshiƙin shirye-shiryen tsara harsuna a wurin aiki" kuma ya yaba da tasirinsa ga fahimtar harsuna biyu a Wales. A halin yanzu yana ba da darussan shiga (Mynediad), Foundation (Sylfaen) Intermediate (Canolradd), High (Uwch) da Gloywi (Kwarewa) masu magana. Matakan suna bin Tsarin Nazari na Harsuna na Turai gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Learning levels |url=https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/learning-levels/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=The National Centre for Learning Welsh}} </ref> Ƙungiyar masu samar da ayyuka na gida guda goma ne ke gabatar da darussan: <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Local providers |url=https://learnwelsh.cymru/about-us/providers/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=The National Centre for Learning Welsh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116155147/https://learnwelsh.cymru/about-us/providers/ |archive-date=16 November 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Koyi Welsh Cardiff, ta hanyar Jami'ar Cardiff . * Koyi Welsh Swansea Bay, ta hanyar Jami'ar Swansea . * Koyi Welsh The Valle, don Kwarin Glamorgan ta hanyar Jami'ar Aberystwyth . * Koyi Glamorgan Welsh don mazaunan Bridgend, Rhondda Cynon Taf da Merthyr Tydfil ta Jami'ar South Wales . * Koyi Gwent Welsh don mazauna Caerphilly, Torfaen, Newport, Blaenau Gwent da Monmouthshire ta hanyar Coleg Gwent . * Koyi Welsh Pembrokeshire . * Koyi Welsh Ceredigion, Carmarthenshire da Powys ta hanyar Jami'ar Aberystwyth . * Koyi Welsh Northeast, ta hanyar haɗa Flintshire, Denbighshire da Wrexham ta hanyar Coleg Cambria . * Koyi Welsh Northwest, ya ƙunshi Gwynedd, Anglesey da Conwy ta hanyar Jami'ar Bangor . * Nant Gwrheyrn, cibiyar nutsewa a Arewacin Yammacin Wales. Mutane 18,330 ne suka kammala kwasa-kwasan da cibiyar a tsakanin 2023-2024, wanda hakan ya nuna karuwar kashi 45% idan aka kwatanta da adadin shekarar 2016. [1] Daga shekarar 2022, darussan sun kasance kyauta ga yara 'yan shekara 16-25 da malamai [2] . Cibiyar ta kuma yi aiki tare da Duolingo don ƙara yawan mutanen da ke koyon harshen Welsh da kuma cimma burin gwamnati na masu magana da harshen miliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2050. [3] . Haka kuma yana ba da darussa na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka don koyon harshen Welsh. [4] Tun daga shekarar 2025, ta yi aiki tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya don samar da darussa na harshen Welsh ga dukkan ma'aikatan gwamnati na Burtaniya . [5] == Manazarta == g4gsjxwd6yf9pty40v0hu65s7mlhols 0 173916 965549 944671 2026-10-10T02:44:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya''' (MECAS) kwaleji ce [[Larabci|ta harshen Larabci]] da Sojojin Burtaniya suka kafa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Kudus, kuma daga baya aka mayar da ita cibiyar farar hula zuwa Lebanon kusa da [[Beirut]] inda take aiki tsakanin 1947 da 1978. == Tarihi == Sojojin Birtaniya ne suka kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Kudus . Tsakanin 1944 da 1946, ta yi aiki a Asibitin Kula da Marasa Lafiya na Austria, inda Ba’amurke Ba’amurke Bertram Thomas ya jagorance ta. Manufarta ita ce a koyar da jami'ai harshen Larabci da al'adunsa. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan yaƙi a garin Zarqa da ke Transjordan, a shekarar 1947, ta koma wurinta na ƙarshe a Shemlan, a cikin Gundumar Dutsen Lebanon ta Lebanon . [1] A Lebanon, Ofishin Harkokin Waje da na Commonwealth na Gwamnatin Burtaniya ya sake bude kwalejin. Kwalejin ta shahara a matsayin "makarantar leƙen asiri" bayan da [[Kamal Jumblatt]] ya yi mata suka a bainar jama'a a lokacin da yake jawabi a Majalisar Dokokin Lebanon . Takardun hukuma sun tabbatar da cewa MECAS a matsayin cibiyar farar hula ce, duk da cewa an rubuta muhimmancinta da alaƙarta da leƙen asiri sosai. Abin da aka fara lura da shi game da aikinsa kafin 1944 shi ne cewa "Cibiyar za ta horar da Jami'an Sojoji don leƙen asiri na soja da siyasa". Duk da haka, bayan mika wa fararen hula Larabawa, darektan cibiyar ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da irin wannan amfani, yana neman a soke umarnin leƙen asiri daga Sojojin Ƙasa na Gabas ta Tsakiya da suka shafi ɗalibai shida a shekarar 1951. Duk da haka, alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da ma'aikatan Birtaniya ta kasance mai ƙarfi, tare da tsoffin tsoffin ɗalibai waɗanda suka haɗa da Shugaban MI6, manyan ma'aikata da dama a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Ci Gaban Ƙasashe, da kuma babban darakta na Majalisar Burtaniya . An kai ɗan Birtaniya/Soviet George Blake, wanda ɗalibi ne a makarantar, daga can aka kai shi [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|Heathrow]], inda aka kama shi bisa tuhumar leƙen asiri. Yaƙin Basasa ya sa lamarin ya ƙara yin tsauri, kuma a shekarar 1976, an kwashe MECAS na ɗan lokaci kafin a rufe shi gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1978. An sayar da kadarorin a shekarar 1995 kuma an sake amfani da gine-ginen don Cibiyar Zamantakewa ta Shemlan, wacce ke ɗaukar "masu buƙata ta musamman waɗanda ke da nakasa ta hankali da ilmantarwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shemlan Social Institution |url=http://www.daralaytam.org/ref=complexes&post=41 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=The Social Welfare Institutions – Dar al Aytam al Islamiya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531021626/http://www.daralaytam.org/ref%3Dcomplexes%26post%3D41 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nassoshin al'adu == * Marubucin Birtaniya Alexander McNabb ya yi amfani da sunan ƙauyen da labarin kwalejin don wani littafi na 2013, na uku a cikin zagayowarsa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya: ''Shemlan - Mummunan Bala'i'', labarin wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya mai ritaya wanda ya mutu wanda aka koyar a Shemlan, wanda ya dawo neman tsohuwar soyayya. == Manazarta == ok5ar61fx1h7g76dnkmahj1bxtc2emz 0 173966 965548 944909 2026-10-10T02:28:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies: Amerika Kanada Daigaku Rengō Nihon Kenkyū Sentā), or '''IUC''', is a [[Harshen Japan|Japanese language]] school located in the Minato Mirai area of [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]. Operated by a consortium of universities, the IUC provides advanced-level instruction to both undergraduate and graduate students and is considered one of the most selective and rigorous Japanese language programs in the world. == Tarihi == An kafa IUC a shekarar 1961 a [[Tokyo]], Japan ta hannun [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . Gudanar da Cibiyar ta fara komawa tsarin haɗin gwiwa a shekarar 1963; <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Center: General Information |url=http://www.iucjapan.org/html/general_e.html |access-date=2007-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724223114/http://www.iucjapan.org/html/general_e.html |archive-date=2008-07-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a halin yanzu, makarantu 15 suna shiga cikin ayyukan Cibiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCLA Asia Institute: Inter-University Center, Yokohama: Japanese Language Program |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/asia/article.asp?parentid=18043 |access-date=2007-12-07}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe Cibiyar ta koma Yokohama, inda ta kafa a cikin ginin Pacifico Yokohama da ke yankin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Minato Mirai . == Shirin == IUC tana ba da shirin watanni 10 a lokacin shekarar karatu da kuma wani shirin gajere a lokacin bazara. Shirye-shiryen sun mayar da hankali ne kan ɗaliban da suka ƙware a fannin Jafananci waɗanda suka dace da ƙwarewa ko ilimi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Program Brochure |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/IUC/IUCbrochure.pdf |access-date=2007-12-07 |format=PDF}}</ref> kuma ɗaliban da ke son shiga dole ne su kammala aƙalla shekaru biyu na horo a matakin kwaleji kuma su ci jarrabawar harshe don su cancanci shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies - 10 Month Program Admission |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/IUC/10admit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020234333/http://stanford.edu/dept/IUC/10admit.html |archive-date=2007-10-20 |access-date=2007-12-07}}</ref> Duk da cewa galibi ana ƙara masa tallafin karatu, kuɗin karatun shirin na watanni 10 shine $35,000, tare da rage masa ɗan lokaci ga ɗaliban da suka kasance ɗalibai na yanzu ko waɗanda suka riga suka kammala karatunsu na wata makarantar haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies |url=http://www.iucjapan.org/pdf/10month0809.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513124615/http://www.iucjapan.org/pdf/10month0809.pdf |archive-date=May 13, 2008 |access-date=2008-01-02}}</ref> IUC an dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan makarantun Jafananci a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-01 |title=Rendezvous - The Japan Times |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20010714jr.html |access-date=2007-12-08}}</ref> Tsohon Jakadan Amurka a Japan kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Walter Mondale]] ya kira shi "mai mahimmanci don kare dangantakar Amurka ta gaba da <nowiki>[Japan]</nowiki>", kuma tsohon jakadan kuma Kakakin majalisar Thomas Foley ya lura cewa masu karatun sa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a dangantakar Amurka da Japan.<ref name="endorsements">{{Cite web |title=Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies - Endorsements |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/IUC/endorsements.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020151830/http://stanford.edu/dept/IUC/endorsements.html |archive-date=2007-10-20 |access-date=2007-12-07}}</ref> == Littattafai == A matsayin makarantar harshe, IUC ta ci gaba da yin bincike a cikin harshen Jafananci kuma ta buga littattafai da kayan aiki da yawa a kan batun ta hanyar Japan Times Press . [1] == Mambobin kungiyar == * Jami'ar Brigham Young * Jami'ar Columbia * [[Jami'ar Harvard]] * Jami'ar Princeton * [[Jami'ar Stanford]] * Jami'ar British Columbia * Jami'ar California, Berkeley * Jami'ar California, Los Angeles * Jami'ar Chicago * Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa * Jami'ar Michigan * Jami'ar Washington * Jami'ar Yale ''A cikin Haɗin Kai da:'' * Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign * Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis == Manazarta == 4vqwg0huy361jtf6g3q40z509ossqbf 0 174026 965502 951817 2026-10-09T22:22:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine Breillat''' ( [katʁin bʁɛja]; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) 'yar fim ce ta Faransa, marubuci, kuma farfesa a fannin fina-finai a Makarantar Sakandare ta Turai .{{IPA|fr|katʁin bʁɛja|lang}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Breillat a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1948 a Bressuire, Deux-Sèvres, Faransa, ga mahaifinta, Marcel Breillat, wanda aka haifa a Auzay, likita, da mahaifiyarta Marie-Jeanne Meillan . Babbar 'yar'uwarta Marie-Hélène Breillat, an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1947, marubuciya ce, mai zane, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="genea">{{Cite web |title=Marie-Hélène Breillat |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/wikifrat?lang=en&n=breillat&p=marie+helene |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=GeneaNet}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Catherine ta bayyana cewa, a lokacin da take matashiya, iyalinta za su "ƙuntata" ta, kuma mahaifiyarta ta ƙi 'ya'yan mata. An haife ta a cikin yanayin addini mai tsanani na Niort da iyalinta, ta sami mafaka a cikin ɗakin karatu na gari. Ta yanke shawarar zama marubuciya da darektan fim a lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha biyu bayan kallon Ingmar Bergman's Sawdust and Tinsel, tana gaskanta cewa ta sami "jiki na almara" a cikin halin Harriet Andersson, Anna . <ref name="cinefils"> {{Cite web |date=1 February 2010 |title=Catherine Breillat on Intimacy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpH-V6kkOwI |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=YouTube}} Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/jpH-V6kkOwI Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729031201/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpH-V6kkOwI Wayback Machine]</ref> == Ayyuka == Breillat ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Yves Furet's Studio d'Entraînement de l'Acteur (Actor's Training Studio) a Paris, tare da 'yar'uwarta Marie-Hélène . A shekara 16 da haihuwa, ta rubuta littafinta na farko, L'homme facile (Mutum don Tambaya), game da wata budurwa da tunanin mutum ya mamaye. Christian Bourgois ne ya buga shi a shekarar 1968 kuma nan da nan aka dakatar da shi ga masu karatu a kasa da shekara 18. A shekara ta 1972, ta sami rawar fim dinta ta farko a cikin Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango a Paris, a matsayin matashiyar mai yin sutura. Da ta juya zuwa rubutun allo, a cikin 1975 ta rubuta rubutun fim din wasan kwaikwayo na jima'i ''Catherine &amp;amp; Co.'' tare da Léo L. Fuchs, bisa ga littafin Edouard de Segonzac na 1967. Fim din ya biyo bayan wani matashi mai aikin jima'i na Burtaniya wanda ya koma Paris kuma ya kirkiro wata hukumar kula da mataimakan. Ya ƙunshi [[Jane Birkin]], Patrick Dewaere, da Jean-Claude Brialy . A shekara ta 1975, Breillat ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko, Une vraie jeune fille (A Real Young Girl), ta amfani da ma'aikatan batsa. Fim din ya fito ne daga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Burtaniya mai shekaru 21 Charlotte Alexandra da kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka mai shekaru 31 Hiram Keller, wanda ya bayyana a cikin asalin Broadway na Hair da kuma Fellini's ''Satyrikon'' . Fim din ya samo asali ne daga littafin Breillat na 1974 Le ''Soupirail'' (The Air Vent), game da jima'i na yarinya mai shekaru 14 wanda ya haifar da mummunar sakamako. Kamfanin samar da fim din Les Films de la Boétie, mallakar darektan da furodusa André Genovès, ya fadi kafin a saki fim din kuma an sayar da kayan fim din ga mai rarraba Faransa Artedes. A cikin 1999, bayan kusan shekaru ashirin na Une vraie jeune fille ba a taɓa nuna shi a ko'ina ba, Breillat ya ɗauki matakin shari'a don samun haƙƙin fim ɗin, yana mai da'awar cewa Pierre-Richard Muller, mai mallakar Artédis, ya yi kwafinsa wanda aka sayar da shi a ɓoye a matsayin batsa. A shekara ta 1979, ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarnin fim din Tapage nocturne (Nocturnal Uproar), wanda ke nuna Dominique Laffin, game da darektan fim wanda mahaifiyar da ke da 'yar kuma yana cikin taƙaitaccen, hulɗa mai ban sha'awa. A shekara ta 1988, ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni 36 Fillette (Junior Size 36), tare da Delphine Zentout mai shekaru 16 a lokacin a matsayin mai son jima'i da tawaye mai shekaru 14 da ke cikin dangantaka ta rikici tare da tsohuwar mai lalata. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1991, ta yi Sale comme un ange (Dirty Like An Angel) tare da Claude Brasseur da [[Lio]], wanda ya biyo bayan wani dan sanda mai cin hanci da rashawa wanda ke da alaƙa da matar abokinsa mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1996, ta yi fim din Parfait Amour! (Perfect Love!) tare da Francis Renaud da Isabelle Renauld, game da al'amarin da ke tsakanin mahaifiyar da ta saki yara biyu da saurayi mai 'yanci. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubuciya a wannan lokacin don fina-finai kamar David Hamilton's ''Bilitis'' (1977), Maurice Pialat's Police tare da Gérard Depardieu, Sophie Marceau, da Sandrine Bonnaire (1985), da kuma ''Milan Noir'' mai ban tsoro tare da [[Isabelle Huppert]] (1993). A shekara ta 1999, ta yi fim din Romance, tare da kyamarar da Yorgos Arvanitis, darektan daukar hoto na Theo Angelopoulos ya fi so, wanda ya zama abin kunya yayin da yake nuna jima'i tsakanin masu gabatarwa Rocco Siffredi, mai wasan batsa, da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Caroline Ducey. Makircin ya kewaye da malamin makaranta da ke cikin dangantaka mai tsawo amma mai banƙyama ta jima'i wanda ke da dare ɗaya tare da baƙo kuma ya fara al'amarin sado-masochistic tare da shugaban makarantar. A cikin 2024, kimanin shekaru ashirin da biyar bayan samar da Romance, Ducey ta ba da labarin a cikin littafin tarihin kanta La Prédation (nom féminin) (The Predation [feminine noun]), <ref name="predation">{{Cite book|last3=Caroline Ducey}}</ref> da kuma a cikin wata hira da Nouvel Obs, da "harin jima'i" da ta jimre a lokacin fim din, musamman a lokacin da ba a yi la'akari da cunnilingus da Jima'i na baya wanda take da alhakin, saboda ba ta ba ta ba da izini ba ta ba.<ref name="consent">{{Cite web |last=Marcillat |first=Manon |date=4 September 2024 |title=Dans son essai, Caroline Ducey accuse Catherine Breillat d'avoir organisé son viol sur le tournage du film ''Romance'' |trans-title=In her essay, Caroline Ducey accuses Catherine Breillat of having organized her rape on the set of the film ''Romance'' |url=https://www.konbini.com/popculture/dans-son-essai-caroline-ducey-accuse-catherine-breillat-davoir-organise-son-viol-sur-le-tournage-du-film-romance/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=Konbini |language=French}}</ref> A cewar Ducey, Breillat ya bukaci abokin aikinsa François Berléand ya shiga ta hanyar dijital a kan kyamara amma ya ki, kodayake ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Reza Habouhossein ya yi jima'i da baki a kanta a umurnin Breillat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ducreux |first=Lou |date=28 August 2024 |title="Reza m'a fait un cunnilingus": Caroline Ducey victime d'un viol en plein tournage ? François Berléand la soutient |trans-title="Reza performed cunnilingus on me": Caroline Ducey victim of rape in the middle of filming? François Berléand supports her |url=https://www.closermag.fr/people/reza-ma-fait-un-cunilingus-caroline-ducey-victime-dun-viol-en-plein-tournage-francois-berleand-la-soutient-3470660 |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=[[Closer (magazine)|Closer]] |language=French}}</ref> Breillat, ta amsa zargi, ta bayyana cewa, yayin da al'amuran jima'i ba a cikin kwangilar Ducey ba, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta amince da yin fim din su, tunda duk wanda ya karanta rubutun, gami da Ducey, ya kamata ya san abin da abun cikin fim din zai kasance. Ta ce Ducey ta kasance "mai yaudara" kuma ta karar da niyyar shigar da kara a kan 'yar wasan kwaikwayo don ɓata suna, <ref name="info">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=La comédienne Caroline Ducey affirme avoir été victime d'un viol pendant le tournage du film ''Romance'' de Catherine Breillat |trans-title=Actress Caroline Ducey affirms having been the victim of rape during the production of Catherine Breillat's film ''Romance'' |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/harcelement-sexuel/la-comedienne-caroline-ducey-affirme-avoir-ete-victime-d-un-viol-pendant-le-tournage-du-film-romance-de-catherine-breillat_6748348.html |access-date=12 October 2025 |language=French}}</ref> kodayake ba ta bi wannan ba. Ducey "a zahiri" ta musanta duk ikirarin Breillat kuma ta yi kira ga "lamun duniyar fina-finai" don magance batun tashin hankali na jima'i a cikin fina-fakkaatu, wani abu da ta yi imanin ya zama "mai banƙyama". A shekara ta 2004, Breillat ta ba da umarnin Anatomie de l'enfer (Anatomy of Hell), tare da Amira Casar da Siffredi, wanda ta ce "ci gaba ne ga Romance", kuma a ciki, akwai al'amuran jima'i ba tare da nunawa ba. Labarin, wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafinta Pornocratie (Pornocracy), ya kewaye da wani al'amari tsakanin wata mace mai son kashe kanta da wani baƙo ɗan luwaɗi. Breillat daga baya ya ba da labarin matsalolin harbi wannan fim kuma ya yaba wa Siffredi saboda kasancewarsa da kuma iyawa.<ref name="rev" /> A shekara ta 2004, Breillat ta sha wahala daga zubar da jini a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ya haifar da [[bugun jini]] wanda ya gurgunta gefen hagu.: 13 Bayan doguwar asibiti da kuma aiwatar da gyaran sannu a hankali, ta koma aiki a 2007, tana samarwa, rubutu, da kuma jagorantar Une vieille maîtresse (The Old Mistress), ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai uku na Faransa da aka zaba don bikin fina-falla na Cannes a wannan shekarar.<ref name="cannes">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Une vieille maîtresse |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/f/une-vieille-maitresse/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=[[Cannes Film Festival]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Breillat ta ba Christophe Rocancourt, wanda aka fi sani da ɗan yaudara, rawar da ta taka a fim din da take shirin yi bisa ga littafinta Bad Love, tare da [[Naomi Campbell]]. Ta ba shi € 25,000 don rubuta rubutun da ake kira La vie amoureuse de Christophe Rocancourt (The Life of Love of Christophe Rocanocourt), kuma a cikin shekara mai zuwa da rabi, ya ba shi "rashin" wanda ya kai ƙarin € 678,000 . A shekara ta 2009, Breillat ta wallafa wani littafi, mai taken Abus de faiblesse, kalmar shari'ar Faransanci da ake fassara shi a matsayin "amfani da rauni," inda ta yi zargin cewa Rocancourt ta yi amfani da ƙarancin ƙarfin hankalinta yayin da take murmurewa daga bugun jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Don |date=9 August 2010 |title=Breillat's new twist on Sleeping Beauty |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/breillats-new-twist-on-sleeping-beauty/mfzo5rrln |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419195417/http://www.sbs.com.au/films/blog-articles/120022/breillat-s-new-twist-on-sleeping-beauty |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]}}</ref><ref name="roxo">{{Cite web |last=Roxo |first=Alexandra |date=7 July 2011 |title=A Conversation with Catherine Breillat |url=http://www.hammertonail.com/interviews/a-conversation-with-catherine-breillat-the-sleeping-beauty/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=Hammer to Nail}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an yanke wa Rocancourt hukunci kan cin zarafin rashin ƙarfi don karɓar kuɗin Breillat, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni takwas.<ref name="Figaro" /> Ιn 2007, Breillat ta kammala fim din Faransa da Italiya Une vieille maîtresse (wanda aka rarraba a kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi a matsayin The Last Mistress), wanda ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni, tare da Asiya Argento da Fu'ad Aït Aattou . Labarin ya samo asali ne daga littafin karni na 19 na Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly game da wani dan wasa mai tayar da hankali dandy ya ƙaunaci wata budurwa amma bai iya barin uwargidansa ba. A watan Satumbar 2010, Breillat's The Sleeping Beauty, ya buɗe a gefen Orizzonti a bikin fina-finai na Venice na 67. Labarin ya fara ne a kan sanannen labari mai suna. Bayan 'yan shekaru, a cikin wata hira ta 2018, Breillat ta bayyana cewa ba ta yarda da zargin da Argento ya yi wa Harvey Weinstein game da cin zarafin jima'i ba, tana kiran Argento mace "mai lalata" da "mai lalata " wacce ta shiga cikin "karuwanci". Argento ta amsa ta hanyar kiran Breillat "mafi girman darektan da ya fi muni da kuma mummunar darektan taɓa aiki tare da shi".<ref name="barbs">{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=30 March 2018 |title=Actress Asia Argento, Director Catherine Breillat Trade Barbs In Heated Exchange |url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/asia-argento-catherine-breillat-heated-exchange-1202356005/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A cikin wannan hira, Breillat ta bayyana cewa ba ta amince da motsi na #MeToo wanda Argento ya shiga ba, ta kara da cewa faduwar mai mallakar Miramax "hasara" ce ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Turai.<ref name="barbs" /> A cikin 2012, Breillat ta ba da umarnin daidaita littafinta Abus de faiblesse, tare da [[Isabelle Huppert]], wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2013.<ref name="toronto">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2013 |title=''Abus de faiblesse'': lorsque Christophe Rocancourt escroqua Catherine Breillat |trans-title=''Abuse of Weakness'': when Christophe Rocancourt swindled Catherine Breillat |url=https://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18626872.html |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=Allo Ciné |language=French}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta dauki hutu na shekaru goma, a lokacin da ta fara koyar da fina-finai a Makarantar Sakandare ta Turai da ke Switzerland a shekarar 2014, kuma an nada ta a wannan shekarar, zuwa Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . <ref name="egs">{{Cite web |title=Catherine Breillat, Professor of Film |url=https://pact.egs.edu/biography/catherine-breillat-2/ |access-date=13 October 2025 |publisher=[[European Graduate School]]}}</ref><ref name="ordre">{{Cite web |title=Nomination dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres, janvier 2014 |trans-title=Nomination to the Order of Arts and Letters, January 2014 |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/nous-connaitre/organisation-du-ministere/conseil-de-l-ordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres/arretes-de-nominations-dans-l-ordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres/Nomination-dans-l-ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres-janvier-2014 |access-date=13 October 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]] |language=French}}</ref> A cikin 2023 Breillat ya koma jagorantar tare da L'Été Dernier (Last Summer), tare da Léa Drucker da kuma Samuel Kircher mai shekaru 18. Labarin ya samo asali ne daga fim din Danish na 2019 Queen of Hearts kuma an rubuta shi tare da Pascal Bonitzer . An zabi Kircher don lambar yabo ta Lumière's Most Promising Actor, yana wasa da wani saurayi wanda ya fara dangantaka ta lalata da matar mahaifinsa. == Fim din Breillat == An san Breillat da fina-finai da ke mai da hankali kan jima'i, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Emma Wilson}}</ref> kusanci, rikice-rikicen jinsi, da kishiyar 'yan uwa. An haɗa aikinta da nau'in cinéma du corps (cinema na jiki), kalmar da ta ƙi a kan dalilin da ya sa aikinta ya sauƙaƙa, sau da yawa ana kuskuren shi azaman batsa kawai ko kuma kawai yana mai da hankali kan jiki. Ta mika cewa, yayin da aikinta ke dauke da rikice-rikice don bincika jikin mutum a bayyane, waɗannan binciken suna ba da zurfi da rikitarwa, ainihin manufar. Breillat kanta ta ce tana ƙoƙari ta sake bayyana labarin mata a cikin fina-finai ta hanyar nuna halayen mata da ke fuskantar abubuwan da suka yi kama da takwarorinsu na maza. Tana ƙoƙari ta bincika canjin tsakanin yarlhood da girma, yayin da mata na fina-finai, in ji ta, ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙuruciyarsu ta hanyar neman mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=Maria |last2=Breillat |first2=Catherine |date=Summer 2011 |title=Rewriting Fairy Tales, Revisiting Female Identity: An Interview with Catherine Breillat |journal=[[Cinéaste (magazine)|Cinéaste]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=33-35}}</ref> Liz Constable ta nuna cewa akwai shiru da al'umma ta sanya wa 'yan mata don ɓoye jima'i da sha'awarsu, sai dai idan aka fuskanci su kai tsaye, kuma Breillat yana ba da dandamali don fallasawa da tattauna jin daɗin mata da alhakin jima'i ta hanyar gabatar da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da jima'i.<ref name="desires">{{Cite journal |last=Constable |first=Liz |date=September 2004 |title=Unbecoming Sexual Desires for Women Becoming Sexual Subjects: Simone de Beauvoir (1949) and Catherine Breillat (1999) |journal=[[Modern Language Notes]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=672-695 |doi=10.1353/mln.2004.0124}}</ref> An lura cewa "Breillat ya ci gaba da yin dogon lokaci, musamman a lokacin tattaunawar jima'i, dabara da ke da niyyar amfani da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ta masu wasan kwaikwayo don jaddada abubuwan siyasa da falsafar jima'i. A cikin fina-finai kamar Fat Girl da Romance, mahimman wuraren jima'i suna da harbe-harbe na tsawon minti bakwai". {{Rp|461-480}} A wata hira da Senses of Cinema, ta bayyana David Cronenberg a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai wanda ta yi la'akari da cewa yana da irin wannan hanyar jima'i a cikin aikin fim dinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Kevin |date=February 2005 |title=Hell's Angels: An Interview with Catherine Breillat on Anatomy of Hell |url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2005/on-recent-films-34/breillat_interview/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=[[Senses of Cinema]] |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010335/http://sensesofcinema.com/2005/on-recent-films-34/breillat_interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A wata hira da aka yi da Elle a shekara ta 2007, Breillat ta bayyana cewa tana da 'ya'ya uku, 'yar, Salomé, mai shekaru 35, da' ya'ya maza biyu, Hadrien da Paul, masu shekaru 25 da 15 bi da bi, ta kara da cewa ta nuna musu dukkan fina-finai. Ta gaya wa Christophe Rocancourt sha'awarta, wanda "kasancewarsa mai ƙarfi" ya ba da "kasancewar namiji" a cikin aikinta. == Ayyuka == === Hotunan fina-finai === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="text-align:center;" !Shekara !Taken Turanci !Taken asali ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1975 |''Catherine &amp;amp; Co.'' |''Catherine da Kamfanin'' |Marubuci ne kawai |- |1976 |''Yarinya ce ta gaske'' |''Yarinya ce ta gaske'' |Ya samo asali ne daga littafin Breillat mai suna Le ''Soupirail'' . An janye shi bayan nunawa ta farko; an sake shi a cikin 2000 |- |1977 |''Bilitis'' | |Marubuci ne kawai |- |1979 |''Uproar da dare'' |''Rashin ƙarfi na dare'' | |- |1985 | |''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda'' |Marubuci ne kawai |- |1987 | |''Milan baƙar fata'' |Marubuci ne kawai |- |1988 |''Budurwa / Junior Girma 36'' |''Yarinya 36'' |Bisa ga littafinta |- |1991 |''Dirty Kamar Mala'ika'' |''Rashin tsarki kamar mala'ika'' | |- |1993 |''Ma'aurata da masoya'' |''Ma'aurata da masoya'' |Mawallafi |- |1996 |''Cikakken Ƙauna'' |''Ƙaunar da ta dace!'' | |- |1999 |''Soyayya'' |''Romance X'' | |- |2001 |''Yarinya mai ƙiba'' |''Ga 'yar'uwata!'' | |- |2001 |''Ƙetare Ƙetare'' |''Tafiyar tafiya'' | |- |2002 |''Jima'i Yana da Comedy'' |''Jima'i Yana da Comedy'' | |- |2004 |''Yanayin Jahannama'' |''Yanayin jahannama'' |Bisa ga littafinta Pornocratie''Cin zarafin mutane'' |- |2007 |''Uwargidan Ƙarshe'' |''Wata tsohuwar uwargidan'' |Bisa ga littafin Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly (1851). Ya shiga cikin bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2007. <ref name="cannes" /> |- |2009 |''Bluebeard'' |''Blue barbe'' |Bisa ga labarin Charles Perrault |- |2010 |''Kyakkyawan Barci'' |''Kyakkyawan Barci'' |Bisa ga Sleeping Beauty na Charles Perrault |- |2013 |''Yin amfani da Rashin Rashin Ruwa'' |''Rashin ƙarfi'' |Bisa ga littafinta mai taken |- |2013 |''30/30 hangen nesa: Shekaru 3 na Sakin Strand'' | |sashi na fim na tarihin |- |2023 |''Lokacin bazara na baya'' |''Lokacin bazara da ya gabata'' |Bisa ga fim din Danish na 2019 Sarauniya ta Zuciya''Sarauniyar Zuciya'' |} === Bayanan littattafai === *   *   *   *   *   *   == Dubi kuma == * Virginie Despentes <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0106924|Catherine Breillat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100822010916/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/catherine-breillat/biography/ Catherine Breillat Faculty Page] a Makarantar Sakandare ta Turai: Tarihi, wallafe-wallafen, laccoci, da bidiyo * Catherine Breillat bibliography An adana shi 8 Mayu 2012 a ta hanyar UC Berkeley's Media Resources Center * [http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1999/09/17/breillat/ Tattaunawar ''Salon'' tare da Catherine Breillat] * [http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/review/1999/09/17/romance/print.html/A Binciken ''Salon'' na "Romance"] * [https://www.indiewire.com/people/int_Breillat_Catheri_2A616.html/A Binciken ''indiewire'' na "Romance"]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1btf3l6nj5ukr2iqn44odcvr8awc2t5 0 174065 965421 945245 2026-10-09T20:13:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Camilo Arenivar''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1967) minista ne wanda ke gudanar da bukukuwan aure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rev. Camilo |url=http://www.revcamilo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095057/http://www.revcamilo.com/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-11-11 |publisher=Reverend Camilo}}</ref> Ƙarin aiki ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizon LGBT Hip Hop, OutHipHop.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.D. Amorosi |title=The Outliers :: Music :: Article :: Philadelphia City Paper |url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2009/01/22/yo-majesty-m-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003824/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2009/01/22/yo-majesty-m-room |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2012-01-11 |publisher=Citypaper.net}}</ref> Shi ne mai shirya da kuma manajan yawon shakatawa na HomoRevolution Tour, yawon shakata na farko da aka shirya na masu fasahar hip hop na LGBT wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa birane 10 a kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-01 |title=Camilo Arenivar, HomoRevolution Organizer |url=http://gayteens.about.com/od/glbtteenlifestyle/ss/gay_hiphop_2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209161618/http://gayteens.about.com/od/glbtteenlifestyle/ss/gay_hiphop_2.htm |archive-date=2012-02-09 |access-date=2012-01-11 |publisher=Gayteens.about.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ya ƙaddamar da Big Milo Records, lakabin rikodin mai zaman kansa na farko da aka tsara don LGBT Hip Hop tare da rarrabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Dallas Voice, Archived |url=https://www.dallasvoice.com/tag/big-milo-records/ |access-date=2012-01-11 |website=Dallasvoice.com |publisher=}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Arenivar ya jagoranci rappers masu luwadi kamar Deadlee da kungiyar hip hop ta Latino, Salvimex, Tori Fixx a baya. Arenivar ya kuma kasance mai nazarin fim a kan shafin yanar gizon sa The Camilo Post da kuma sanannen rottentomatoes.com da kuma shafinsa. [1] Ya kuma kasance ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa a yankin Los Angeles na shekaru da yawa.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 71mrwb5nmiaya3dw2agflgqxqyhun49 0 174175 965730 952875 2026-10-10T09:51:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Demion Clinco''' ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, mai adana tarihi, mai ba da agaji, kuma shugaban kasuwanci daga jihar [[Arizona]] . Sabon zamantakewar Clinco ya haɗa da sake kafa Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Tarihi ta Tucson a cikin 2008 da kuma ƙaddamar da Tucson Modernism Week a cikin 2012 da aiki a bangaren ilimi mafi girma. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, Clinco ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arizona, a matsayin memba na gundumar ta biyu har zuwa 2015. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 an nada Clinco a cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Pima . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Former State Lawmaker Clinco Appointed to Pima College Board |url=https://www.tucsonweekly.com/TheRange/archives/2015/12/14/former-state-lawmaker-clinco-appointed-to-pima-college-board |website=Tucsonweekly.com}}</ref> An zabi Clinco a shekarar 2016 don yin cikakken aiki kuma a watan Janairun 2018 an zabe shi shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing Board elects new leadership - — Tucson Metro Chamber |url=http://business.tucsonchamber.org/news/details/news-release-1-17-2018-1356 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117151437/https://business.tucsonchamber.org/news/details/news-release-1-17-2018-1356 |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin Clinco kwalejin ta fara manyan ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban ma'aikata da ilimin fasaha na aiki. A wannan lokacin kwalejin ta sami gagarumin canji na ilimi da na jiki tare da gina manyan gine-gine ciki har da [[Centers of Excellence|Cibiyoyin Kyau]] a cikin fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita, masana'antu masu ci gaba, mota, jirgin sama, da kuma lafiyar da ke da alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=$2.5m gift to support Pima's Center of Excellence in Applied Technology |url=https://pima.edu/news/press-releases/2020/202009-09-record-donation-to-pima.html |website=Pima.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2019 Clinco ya sake farawa kuma ya jagoranci sake tsara kungiyar Arizona Association of Community College Trustees da ke aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa. Clinco ya yi aiki a kan kwamitocin gida, na jihar, na kasa da na kasa da kasa da yawa. == Ilimi == Clinco ya halarci Kwalejin Occidental a Los Angeles, ya kammala karatun Cum Laude tare da B.A. a Tarihin Fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2014 |title=Doing Arizona Proud |url=https://oxy.edu/magazine/summer-2014/doing-arizona-proud |website=Oxy.edu}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, Clinco ya koma Turai kuma ya kammala aikin digiri na biyu a Istituto Marangoni a [[Milano|Milan]], Italiya. == Ayyuka == Clinco ya koma Arizona daga Turai kuma ya yi aiki a gidan kayan gargajiya na DeGrazia Foundation DeGrazia Gallery a cikin Gundumar Tarihi ta Sun . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable |url=https://www.mydigitalpublication.com/article/Notable/1130277/120231/article.html |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Mydigitalpublication.com}}</ref> kafin ya karbi matsayin jagoranci tare da Catalina In-Home Services wani kamfani na kiwon lafiya wanda mahaifiyarsa [[Judy Clinco]] ta kafa a 1981. An nada Clinco a cikin Hukumar Tarihi ta Tucson-Pima County ta hanyar Magajin garin Tucson Bob Walkup a cikin 2007. A cikin 2008 Clinco ya farfado kuma ya sake kaddamar da Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Tarihi ta Tucson. Yin aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin. A karkashin jagorancinsa, kungiyar ta jagoranci kokarin adana alamun neon na Tucson, samar da manyan al'adun al'adu na shekara-shekara, sayen da kuma dawo da muhimman kadarorin tarihi, kuma sun dauki matakan manufofin jama'a da ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin dokar gida. Lokacin da Linda J. Lopez, memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Arizona, ta yi murabus a shekarar 2014, Clinco ta kasance dan wasan karshe don matsayin. An zabi Andrea Dalessandro, memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Arizona, a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Joe |date=January 21, 2014 |title=House Rep. Andrea Dalessandro tapped to fill Senate vacancy |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/house-rep-andrea-dalessandro-tapped-to-fill-senate-vacancy/article_8fb0aa48-a714-5ba1-aaa3-774625390bd5.html |access-date=March 5, 2014 |website=Azstarnet.com}}</ref> An nada Clinco a tsohon kujerar Dalessandro a cikin gidan jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2014 |title=Demion Clinco named to fill LD2 vacancy in Arizona House |url=https://www.nogalesinternational.com/news/demion-clinco-named-to-fill-ld-vacancy-in-arizona-house/article_f508f9d4-8dca-11e3-aaec-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=March 5, 2014 |publisher=Nogales International}}</ref> A lokacin da yake cikin gidan sarauta na Jihar Arizona Clinco shine kawai memba na LGBT a bayyane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Sen. Gallardo discloses he's gay |url=https://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20140304arizona-senator-gallardo-discloses-hes-gay.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045845/http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20140304arizona-senator-gallardo-discloses-hes-gay.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=Azcentral.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=正版 四不像 一肖中特,2019 香港开奖記录结果,香港 水果奶奶免费资料 |url=http://www.clinco4az.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225132/http://clinco4az.com/ |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> Clinco ya rasa takarar sake zabensa na cikakken lokaci, ya sha kashi a hannun dan jam'iyyar Republican John Ackerley . <ref>{{Cite web |title=State of Arizona Official Canvass 2014 General Election November 4, 2014 |url=http://apps.azsos.gov/election/2014/General/Canvass2014GE.pdf |access-date=March 18, 2016 |publisher=Secretary of State of Arizona |page=9}}</ref> A cikin majalisa, Clinco ya yi yaƙi da SB1062, lissafin nuna bambanci da ke da niyya ga al'ummar LGBTQ +, ya yi aiki don ci gaba da dokokin ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma ci gaba da shirin bashi na haraji na tarihi. Ya yi aiki a cikin Cibiyoyin Kudi na Majalisar da Kwamitin Gwamnati da Kwamitin Binciken Shari'a na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=League of Arizona Cities and Towns - Legislative Bulletin |url=http://www.leagueaz.org/bulletin/14/140207/index.cfm?a=frontpage |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Leagueaz.org |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131152643/http://www.leagueaz.org/bulletin/14/140207/index.cfm?a=frontpage |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 an nada Clinco a kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Pima <ref>{{Cite web |last=Star |first=Arizona Daily |date=December 13, 2015 |title=Preservation leader Clinco named to PCC board |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/education/preservation-leader-clinco-named-to-pcc-board/article_d29085e8-821a-5d57-ac21-8e9f27c5b4ec.html |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> kuma an zabe shi zuwa cikakken lokaci a shekarar 2017. An zabi Clinco a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin a shekarar 2018, shugaban kwamitin ne a shekarar 2019 har zuwa 2022, sannan kuma ya sake zama mataimakin Shugaban. A lokacin da Clinco ke aiki a kan kwamitin da kuma shugabancin zartarwa kwalejin ya sami babban canji na jiki da na shirye-shirye. Kwalejin ta sami cikakken izini daga Hukumar Ilimi ta Sama, ta yi gagarumin raguwar kasafin kuɗi, ta wuce shirin haɗin miliyan da yawa don gina cibiyoyin ƙwarewa a cikin horar da ma'aikata da suka dace da bukatun masana'antar Arizona, kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa na ƙasa da sababbin abubuwa ciki har da rabin goma sha biyu don Bellwether Awards daga Bellwether College Consortium. Clinco ya samu nasarar tallafawa dokokin da suka dace da kwalejin, ya sami kudade masu yawa na aikin jihar kuma ya goyi bayan shirin masu jefa kuri'a don fadada iyakar kuɗin kwalejin. A cikin 2021 Clinco ya sami lambar yabo ta Trustee Leadership daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun kuma ya sami lambar girmamawa daga 'yan uwan kwamitin a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACCT Regional Awards |url=https://www.acct.org/article/acct-regional-awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201200105/https://www.acct.org/article/acct-regional-awards |archive-date=February 1, 2022 |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Acct.org}}</ref> Clinco ta sake kafa Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Tarihi ta Tucson, kungiyar 501c3 mai zaman kanta a cikin shekara ta 2008. Ya fara aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin sannan kuma Shugaba. A cikin wannan rawar, Clinco ya haɓaka shirye-shiryen adana al'umma da yawa, shirye-shirye, da ayyukan da suka haɗa da aiki don adana alamun neon na Tucson, shirin samfurin da aka sake maimaitawa a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Siren Glow |url=https://www.neh.gov/article/siren-glow |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=The National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> Clinco shine babban marubucin yawancin National Register of Historic Places da kuma gundumar da suka hada da Sunshine Mile, Miracle Mile, da Indian Ridge. Baya ga yawancin labaran da aka sake dubawa da kuma buga, Clinco ya rubuta gabatarwa na Arizona US80 a matsayin hanyar tarihi a fadin [[Arizona|Jihar Arizona]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towne |first=Douglas C. |title=U.S. 80: Arizona's 'other' iconic highway |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-history/2020/09/17/us-80-arizona-other-iconic-highway-route-66/5818542002/ |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> Ya kirkiro, ya ci gaba, kuma ya kula da Tucson Modernism Week, abubuwan da suka faru na kwana goma na shekara-shekara; ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Tucson Modernisme Magazine, ya yi aiki kan dawo da fina-finai na tarihi, ya kirkiro Yawon shakatawa na Tarihi na Shekara-shekaru, marubuci, kuma ya zabi Tucson a matsayin Birnin Amurka, sanyawa ta hanyar Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Tarihi. Ya kula da sayen da kuma tsare-tsaren adana gidan Arthur T. Brown da aka tsara Ball-Paylore House da Bernard Friedman ya tsara ginin Hirsh's Shoes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saving a Stylish, Sustainable Midcentury Modern House in Tucson, Arizona &#124; National Trust for Historic Preservation |url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/saving-a-stylish-sustainable-midcentury-modern-house-in-tucson-arizona |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Savingplaces.org}}</ref> == Matsayin shugabanci == Shi ne babban darakta na Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Tarihi ta Tucson, bayan ya ɗauki wannan rawar a 2015 bayan shekaru shida (2008-2014) a matsayin shugaban kwamitin daraktoci. Clinco ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Arizona (2014-2015), yana aiki a Cibiyoyin Kudi da Kwamitin Gwamnati. Daga 2007 zuwa 2014, ya yi aiki a matsayin wanda aka nada magajin garin Tucson a Hukumar Tarihi ta Tucson-Pima County, [1] kuma ya shiga cikin batutuwan manufofin jama'a na gida, jihohi da na kasa da suka shafi Tsaro na Tarihi da Al'adu. Tun daga shekara ta 2010 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Jihar Arizona ga National Trust for Historic Preservation, ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, yana wakiltar Yankin Yamma.[2] == Sauran matsayi marasa riba da masu riba == Clinco ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Daraktocin Archeology Southwest, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Archive |url=https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/team/ |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Archaeology Southwest}}</ref> Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Arizona, kuma memba ne na kafa "Arizona Vintage Sign Coalition".A cikin shekara ta 2011, Clinco ya jagoranci kirkirar Tucson Modernism Week . Clinco ya yi aiki a kan tushe da yawa da allon da ba na riba ba, gami da a matsayin mai kula da Makarantar Gregory (a hukumance Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kwalejin St. Gregory) kuma memba na Majalisar Jagorancin Kudancin Arizona. Ya kasance memba na ajin "Next City Vanguard" na 2014 kuma 2013 "Flinn Brown Fellow".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2014 |title=Arizona Center for Civic Leadership |url=https://flinn.org/civic-leadership/ |access-date=February 10, 2022 |website=Flinn Foundation}}</ref>Clinco ita ce mataimakin shugaban Catalina In-Home Services, Inc. kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa a fagen kiyaye gine-gine da al'adun gargajiya ciki har da Kyautar Tsaro ta Gwamnan Arizona ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Awards |url=http://azpreservation.org/awards |website=Azpreservation.org}}</ref> Demion Clinco ɗan Dr. Paul da Judy Clinco ne kuma babban jikan Alexis Romm da May Romm. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] i58nfsci1dpqhct1guwf0l7gxbzd9n0 0 174568 965539 946635 2026-10-10T00:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Choi Jin-sil''' (Korean; 24 ga Disamba, 1968 - 2 ga Oktoba, 2008) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Koriya ta Kudu. An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Koriya ta Kudu, wanda ake kira "The Nation's Actress" don taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya mafi girma a kowane lokaci kamar ''Kishi'' (1992), Season of Storms (1993), Star in My Heart (1997), You and I (1997) da My Rosy Life (2005). Ayyukan fim dinta sun hada da ''Sojojin Koriya ta Arewa'' (1990), My Love, My Bride (1990), Susanne Brink's Arirang (1991) da The Letter (1997). An dauke ta a matsayin shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta lokacinta, ta jagoranci masana'antar nishaɗi dangane da nasarar kasuwanci a fadin fim, talabijin, da talla. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fina-finai 18 da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin 20, ta bayyana a daruruwan tallace-tallace, kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name="choi 1">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2008 |title=From Ad Star to Celeb-Mom |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/10/178_32069.html |access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 39 lokacin da ta mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2008, a gidanta a [[Seoul]] bayan ta sha wahala daga jita-jita masu wahala.<ref name="choi 2">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2008 |title=Top Actress Choi Found Dead at Home |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/20081002/top-actress-choi-found-dead-at-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014014923/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/12/113_32026.html |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="choi 3">{{Cite web |last=Yoon Go-eun |date=January 6, 2013 |script-title=ko:최진실·최진영·조성민..비운의 가족사(종합) |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20130106034300005 |access-date=May 23, 2025 |website=연합뉴스 |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref> == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Choi a matsayin ɗa na farko ga iyayenta Choi Guk-hyeon da Jung Ok-suk a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1968, a Gundumar Eunpyeong, [[Seoul]], Koriya ta Kudu . Mahaifiyarta ta rabu da mahaifinta a shekarar 1985 kuma ta sake shi a shekarar 1998.<ref name="choi 5">{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2001 |script-title=ko:대한해협 넘나든 사랑 끝에 부부로 탄생한 커플 최진실·조성민 |url=http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/woman_donga/200101/entertain02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220133/http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/woman_donga/200101/entertain02.html |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2014 |website=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]]}}</ref> Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, Choi Jin-young, wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa, da kuma 'yan uwanta biyu, waɗanda mahaifinta ya kawo daga dangantakar da ta gabata. Mahaifiyarta ta san sauran yaran ne kawai bayan ta auri mahaifinta.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |script-title=ko:[타계14주기]최진실 가치.5 – 아버지 어머니 |url=http://www.theviews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=261 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=더뷰스 |language=ko}}</ref> Lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu, mahaifinta, direban taksi, ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka kuma bai iya aiki ba, yana sayar da taksi da yake da shi. A lokacin da take da shekaru hudu, ta zauna tare da iyalinta - mahaifinta, mahaifiyarta, ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, kawuna uku, da kakarta - a cikin wani ɗaki mai ɗakuna uku a ƙauyen dutse na Gupabal. Mahaifiyarta mai talauci ta dauki Choi da dan uwanta zuwa wani tudu don kashe kansu, amma yunkurin ya gaza kuma sun koma gida suna kuka. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, mahaifinta ya tafi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma iyalinta suka koma Bulgwang-dong, Gundumar Eunpyeong . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta mata ta Dongmyeong yayin da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Kang Soo-yeon ta halarci makarantar makarantar sakandare ce ta Dongmyiong, kuma makarantun biyu suna cikin shinge ɗaya. Choi tana sha'awar Kang, wacce ta fara aikinta a matsayin yarinya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ta kasance tana kallon actress a asirce a waje da aji har ma ta zauna a wurin zama lokacin da babu wani a cikin dakin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2005 |script-title=ko:'장밋빛 인생'으로 제2의 전성기 맞은 최진실｜신동아 |url=https://shindonga.donga.com/people/article/all/13/104906/5 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=신동아 |language=ko}}</ref> Ta nuna iyawa ga ilimin jiki kuma tana da baiwa musamman a cikin fasaha, ta lashe gasa daban-daban, kuma malaminta ya ƙarfafa ta ta je makarantar fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=명은 |date=2008-03-19 |script-title=ko:최진실 &quot;공부 잘한다고 성공하는 것 아니다&quot; |url=https://www.joynews24.com/view/319360 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=[[iNews24]] |language=ko}}</ref> Iyalinta sun kasance matalauta sosai har mahaifiyarta ta taɓa gudanar da gidan ta hanyar gudanar da pojangmacha (ƙaramin kantin sayar da abinci a kan titi) lokacin da mahaifinta ya gudu daga gida.<ref name=":27" /> Ta daina zuwa makarantar fasaha kuma ta hanyar makanta (al'ada) "zuwa makaranta," da kuma goyon bayan abokai da malamai ne kawai ta sami damar kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Har ma malamin ilmin halitta ya biya kudin karatun Choi daga albashin kansa. Ta yi mafarki na zama tauraro don tserewa daga talauci.<ref name="choi 9">{{Cite web |last=Ki |first=Seon-min |date=October 5, 2008 |script-title=ko:최진실 충격의 죽음 ... 곡절 얼룩진 짧은 일생 |url=http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?Total_ID=3321700 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204040122/http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?Total_ID=3321700 |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]}}</ref> Ta ce a cikin magana ta nuna sunanta na laƙabi a lokacin da take makaranta shine "Cho__wol____wol____wol__" saboda tana cin ''Subjebi'' (soup) maimakon abinci na yau da kullun saboda yanayin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2008 |title=故최진실 '시대의 아이콘'서 비운의 스타로 |url=http://news.moneytoday.co.kr/view/mtview.php?no=2008100215094572469&type=2 |access-date=March 8, 2014 |publisher=News.moneytoday.co.kr}}</ref> Kodayake daga baya ta zama mafi girman mai biyan haraji a tsakanin fitattun mutane, an san ta da cin hanci da rashawa, har ma da karɓar yabo na Shugaban kasa don aikinta na tanadi.<ref name="choi 9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 1992 |title=Actress Choi Jin-sil receives presidential commendation |url=https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/1992102701211 |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:저축의날 대통령표창받은 崔(최)진실 어머니 포장마차서「근검」배워 |url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1992102800329117001&edtNo=15&printCount=1&publishDate=1992-10-28&officeId=00032&pageNo=17&printNo=14567&publishType=00010 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref> Ita da ƙaramar ɗan'uwanta sun yi aiki tare a kan ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo kuma sun wuce gwajin KBS Talent Recruitment a 1986. Koyaya, mahaifiyarsu ba ta son ta shiga masana'antar nishaɗi ba, kuma ba ta iya biyan kuɗin horar da ita a mai watsa shirye-shirye ba, don haka an dakatar da mafarkinta na zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2009 |title=Six months after the death of the late Choi Jin-sil, mourners continue to flock to the area. |url=https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200904080731021001 |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=Newsen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-01 |script-title=ko:[귀한이야기 명언집]스타를 만든 힘의 발견 |url=https://lady.khan.co.kr/issue/article/201204231734371 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[Lady Kyunghyang]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=故최진실, 사망 14주기..평생 잊지 못할 국민 배우 |url=http://www.koreatimes.com/article/1434902 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=[[The Korea Times (America)|The Korea Times]] |language=ko}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === 1988-1990: Farawa da ci gaba === A shekara ta 1987, Choi ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta mata ta Seonil. Ba ta iya shiga makarantar fasaha ba, don haka ta sami aiki a otal a Seoul, bayan kammala karatunta. Koyaya, ba ta iya daina mafarkinta na wasan kwaikwayo ba kuma ta bar otal ɗin a cikin 1988 kuma ta shiga yajin aikin yunwa na watanni biyu. Bayan ɗan lokaci, mahaifiyarsu ta miƙa wuya kuma ɗan'uwanta ya taimaka mata. Ɗan'uwanta, wanda yake babban jami'i a makarantar sakandare, yana aiki a matsayin samfurin talla tun daga shekarar farko. Ya dauki hotunan fayil dinta da kansa kuma ya ziyarci hukumomin samfurin tare da ita.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:최진영 "누나 최진실, 내가 충무로 돌며 키웠다" |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=081&aid=0001964103 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[Naver News]] |language=ko}}</ref> A ƙarshe, an jefa ta don ƙaramin rawa a cikin kasuwanci kuma ta fara a cikin wuraren nishaɗi na Koriya a matsayin samfurin fim ɗin talla. Ta fara samun matsayi na shahara a cikin kamfen ɗin talla na Samsung Electronics inda ta yi aiki a matsayin sabuwar uwar gida mai aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Gyeong-sam |date=November 18, 2008 |script-title=ko:내 CF 속에 살아있던 신데렐라, 최진실 &#124; 인터뷰365 |url=http://interview365.mk.co.kr/news/1934 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023008/http://interview365.mk.co.kr/news/1934 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Interview365 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Woo-sung |date=November 20, 2008 |script-title=ko:최초로 공개된 최진실의 연예계 데뷔 사진 |url=http://interview365.com/client/news/view.asp?sidx=2663 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910001019/https://www.interview365.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1955 |archive-date=September 10, 2023 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Interview365 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2008 |title=Iconic Korean actress found dead |url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?id=1880&sec=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004013615/http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?id=1880&sec=1 |archive-date=October 4, 2008 |access-date=November 15, 2023 |publisher=Asia News Network}}</ref> Bayyanawarta ta haifar da babban martani ba kawai tsakanin jama'a ba, har ma a cikin tallace-tallace da masana'antun nishaɗi. An kira "Choi Jin-sil Syndrome" wani abu ne na al'adu kuma an ba da gudummawa. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:상세정보 {{!}} 서울도서관 |url=https://lib.seoul.go.kr/search/detail/CATTOT000000368003?mainLink=/search/tot&briefLink=/search/tot/result?q=%EB%A7%88%EC%A0%95%EB%AF%B8_A_st=EXCT_A_si=2 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=lib.seoul.go.kr |language=ko}}</ref> A shekara ta 1988, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta talabijin da ke fitowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na MBC, 500 Years of Joseon: Hanjungrok [ko] kuma ta bayyana a hankali a matsayin tallafi a talabijin na shekara guda. Fim dinta na farko shi ne Nambugun: Koriya ta Arewa Partisan a Koriya ta Kudu (1990), kuma rawar da ta taka a fim din a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta lashe lambar yabo ta Best New Actress a 11th Blue Dragon Film Awards da Chunsa Film Art Awards . <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-23 |script-title=ko:청룡영화상 |url=http://www.blueaward.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=awards_news&sca=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192400/http://www.blueaward.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=awards_news&sca=11 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=2023-11-14}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:네이버 뉴스 라이브러리 |url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1991010100329214014&editNo=5&printCount=1&publishDate=1991-01-01&officeId=00032&pageNo=14&printNo=13930&publishType=00020 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim din My Love, My Bride (1990) kuma ta lashe kyautar Best New Actress a 29th Grand Bell Awards da Koriya Association of Film Critics Awards, ta kafa ta a matsayin mai tallatawa-tafiyar fim.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:제 29회 대종상 영화제 |url=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=3702726 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[KBS News]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=KMDb – 한국영화데이터베이스 |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/db/festival/52/1064 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=ko}}</ref> Dukkanin fina-finai sune fina-fukkuna na biyu mafi girma na Koriya na 1990 da 1991, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:이태의 자전적 경험을 바탕으로 한 영화 『남부군(1990)』 |url=https://ncms.nculture.org/korean-war/story/4215 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=ncms.nculture.org |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |script-title=ko:[송영애의 시네마 크리티크] 만화 같은 겨울 영화 &lt;나의 사랑 나의 신부&gt; 추억하며 소개하기 |url=http://www.ilemonde.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=15262 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=르몽드디플로마티크 |language=ko}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] prbv0phrezf5ompd5945hlqchmqqzh3 0 174716 965530 951906 2026-10-09T23:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles "Mase" Onyango-Obbo''', kuma '''Charles Onyango Obbo''', (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) marubuci ne na Uganda, ɗan jarida, kuma tsohon Edita na ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian Africa'' . <ref name="Chim">{{Cite web |last=Aine |first=Kim |date=4 July 2016 |title=Onyango-Obbo Quits Mail & Guardian News Organisation |url=https://www.chimpreports.com/onyango-obbo-quits-mail-guardian-news-organisation/ |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=Chimpreports.com}}</ref> Shi tsohon Manajan Edita ne na The Monitor, jaridar yau da kullun ta Uganda, tsohon Babban Edita na Afirka da Sashen watsa labarai na dijital tare da Nation Media Group. An dauke shi daya daga cikin 'yan jarida mafi kyau a Afirka, Onyango-Obbo mai sharhi ne na siyasa kan batutuwan da ke gabashin Afirka da yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Ya rubuta wani shafi, "Ear to the Ground", a cikin The Monitor, shafi na biyu a cikin mako-mako na yankin The EastAfrican, kuma na uku a cikin Daily Nation . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICIJ |date=2014 |title=Profile of Charles Onyango-Obbo |url=http://www.icij.org/journalists/charles-onyango-obbo |access-date=26 April 2014 |publisher=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ)}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Onyango-Obbo a garin Mbale a Gabashin Uganda . Onyango-Obbo ta yi karatu a [[Kwalejin St. Leo, Kyegobe]] a Fort Portal kuma daga baya [[Jami'ar Makerere]] a [[Kampala]], babbar [[Jami'ar Gwamnati|jami'ar jama'a]] a Uganda, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na Bachelor of Arts a Jarida. Daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira, inda ya sami digiri na Master of Arts a aikin jarida. A shekara ta 1991, ya kasance Nieman Fellow a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref name="Chim" /> A ƙarshen shekara ta 1997, an kama shi da Andrew Mwenda, yanzu manajan darektan kuma Babban edita mujallar labarai ta The Ugandan Independent, sannan mai ba da rahoto tare da Daily Monitor, kuma an tuhume su da "bugawa da labarai na ƙarya". Kama su ya biyo bayan labarin da jaridar ta nakalto rahotanni a cikin jaridar The Indian Ocean, cewa gwamnatin Kinshasa ta Laurent Kabila ta biya Uganda zinariya, saboda goyon bayanta, tare da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], wajen taimakawa wajen fitar da mulkin kama-karya na Zaire (yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]) Mobutu Sese Seko . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyango-Obbo |first=Charles |date=June 1999 |title=A Ugandan Journalist Is Taken To Court By His Government: Mounting A Defense to A Charge of 'Publication of False News' |url=https://niemanreports.org/articles/a-ugandan-journalist-is-taken-to-court-by-his-government/ |access-date=28 February 2015 |publisher=Niemanreports.org}}</ref> Sun yi yaƙi da karar ta hanyar Babban Kotun, inda aka ki amincewa da roko; sun tafi Kotun Tsarin Mulki, inda aka sake ki amincewa le roko; kuma a ƙarshe a shekara ta 2003 sun sami babbar nasara a kotun ga Uganda lokacin da Kotun Koli ta Uganda, a kan jihar, ta yanke hukuncin laifin "bugawa da labarai na ƙarya" ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ULII |date=26 October 2016 |title=Uganda Supreme Court Ruling: Charles Onyango Obbo and Another vs The Attorney General |url=http://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/supreme-court/2004/1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028152953/http://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/supreme-court/2004/1 |archive-date=28 October 2015 |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=Uganda Legal Information Institute (ULII)}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1999, a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, Onyango-Obbo da sauran editocin The Monitor - Wafula Ogutu da David Ouma Balikowa - an kama su kuma an tuhume su da "rashin hankali" da "bugawa da labarai na ƙarya", bayan an buga hoton wata mace tsirara da maza da ke cin zarafin mata a cikin tufafin soja. Jami'an Uganda sun nace cewa maharan na iya zama sojoji daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ko [[Zimbabwe]] (waɗanda su ma suna da hannu a Yaƙin Kongo), kuma ba za su iya zama Sojojin Uganda ba kamar yadda hoton ya yi ikirarin. An wanke Onyango-Obbo da sauran editoci a ranar 6 ga Maris 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CPJ |date=22 March 2000 |title=Attacks On The Press 1999: Uganda |url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-uganda.php |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2002, an sake kama Onyango-Obbo da wasu abokan aiki uku kuma an tuhume su da wallafa wani labarin da ya "taimaka wa abokan gaba na Uganda", bayan wani rahoto da ya yi zargin cewa 'yan tawaye na Lord's Resistance Army sun harbe wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a arewacin Uganda. Gwamnati ta kuma rufe The Monitor na kwanaki 10. An wanke su daga tuhumar shekara guda bayan haka. A cikin duka, Onyango-Obbo ya bayyana a kotu sama da sau 120 tsakanin 1997 da tsakiyar shekara ta 2003; fiye da jimlar adadin lokutan da 'yan jaridar Uganda suka kasance a kotu tun lokacin da kasar ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1962. [1] == Barin Uganda == Tare da wannan, Onyango-Obbo ya ɗauki tayin daga Nation Media Group, wanda ya ɗauki mafi rinjaye a cikin The Monitor a watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, don matsawa zuwa [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], da kuma fara ayyukan haɗakar kafofin watsa labarai na kungiyar. A ra'ayinsa, ci gaba da kasancewarsa ya zama mara amfani, saboda ƙiyayya da gwamnati ke yi masa da kuma yadda ya zama mutum mai rikitarwa, kuma yana rufe burin jaridar na dogon lokaci kuma yana lalata ikon wasu 'yan jarida a takarda su fito.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SID |date=2010 |title=East Africa Today: An Interview With Charles Onyango-Obbo |url=http://www.sidint.net/content/east-africa-today-interview-charles-onyango-obbo |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=[[Society for International Development]] (SID) }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2014, Onyango-Obbo ya bar Nation Media Group don gudanar da Mail da Guardian Africa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=MG Africa |url=https://mgafrica.com/ |access-date=2018-01-15 |website=mgafrica.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114054350/http://mgafrica.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dandalin labarai na dijital mallakar Mail & Guardian na Afirka ta Kudu, a matsayin Editan Afirka. Ya bar sashin Nairobi bayan shekaru biyu, ya ƙaddamar da nasa sashin watsa labarai na dijital wanda a halin yanzu ke gudanar da Africa Explainer, AfricaPedia, da Rogue Chiefs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africapedia – Africa's news and data visualiser |url=https://www.africapedia.com/ |access-date=2018-01-15 |website=Africapedia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rogue Chiefs – Africa's news explainer |url=http://www.roguechiefs.com/ |access-date=2018-01-15 |website=Rogue Chiefs |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Joachim Buwembo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] h8f874n2zx0lpumvpfps4iqy56edpd2 0 174797 965570 947433 2026-10-10T04:08:40Z BnHamid 12586 965570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Partulina porcellana''''' nau'in katantanwa ne na wurare [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|masu zafi]] wanda ke shaƙar iska, wani nau'in mollusk na pulmonate gastropod a cikin dangin Achatinellidae . Wannan nau'in yana da yawa a [[Hawaii]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Shekaru mafi tsufa da nau'in halittar ''Partulina'' ke kaiwa yana tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 19. == Bayani == Wannan harsashin katantanwa yana da launuka iri-iri na launin ruwan kasa kuma yana iya samun fararen zobba suna zagaye da harsashinsa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Partulina Porcellana |url=https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/sepp/meet-the-snails/partulina/ |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=Hawaii.gov}}</ref> Alkiblar na'urar harsashi tana tafiya zuwa dama, tana faɗuwa ƙarƙashin rukunin na'urar da aka naɗe ta hanyar da ba ta da wani tasiri. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Partulina porcellana |url=https://eol.org/pages/4887701 |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=Encyclopedia of Life}}</ref> Katantanwa da kanta tana da ɗan kamanni mai haske kuma tana da launin toka. ''Nau'in porcellana na Partulina'' bai wuce inci biyu ba <ref name=":0" /> kuma yana da jiki mai daidaito. <ref name=":1" /> == Rarrabawa & Mahalli == An rarraba ''Partulina porcellana'' a matsayin nau'in G1 Critically Imperiled, ma'ana yana cikin haɗarin ɓacewa. Yana da yawa a Maui, Hawaii kuma an same shi a ko'ina cikin Makawao da Kipahulu. Yawan nau'in halittar yana cikin ƙanƙanta saboda yawan haihuwarsa yana da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Partulina porcellana |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109420/Partulina_porcellana |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=NatureServe Explorer}}</ref> Ana iya samun ''Partulina porcellana'' a tsibirin Maui, musamman a kwarin Kipahulu, galibi yana zaune akan ''Antidesma platyphyllum'' . Saboda mamayewar ''Psidium cattleianum'', wanda aka fi sani da strawberry guava, mazaunin ''Partulina porcellana'' yana cikin haɗari. Wannan nau'in shine mafi ƙanƙanta a duk faɗin kwarin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ie5zwqu6dw93677ven9dzjzro51ut4g 0 174821 965582 947460 2026-10-10T04:15:34Z BnHamid 12586 965582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Mentzelia Goodrichii''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin Loasaceae ba, wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Goodrich's Blasifier star''' . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Utah]] a Amurka, inda aka san shi ne kawai daga gundumar Duchesne . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mentzelia goodrichii |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.156459/Mentzelia_goodrichii |access-date= |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> Wannan shukar ciyawa ce mai dawwama wacce take samar da gungu-gungu na rassan rassanta, fararen tushe har zuwa tsawon santimita 30. Furen yana ɗauke da furanni 1 zuwa 3, kowannensu yana da manyan furanni 10 masu launin rawaya. Fure yana faruwa a watan Yuli. <ref name=":0" /> An san wannan shukar daga wurare biyar a kan tsaunukan Badland da ke arewa maso gabashin Utah, inda take girma a kan fararen furannin shale na Green River Formation . Yana girma a tsakanin bishiyoyin pine da Douglas-fir . <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t4v8qhl17dbkwti5na1ow2wzqhcwgo3 0 174879 965612 947568 2026-10-10T05:27:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Corrour Lodge''' yana gefen gabashin Loch Ossian a '''Corrour Estate''' a Rannoch Moor, Scotland. Babban gidan zama ne na zamani (wanda kuma aka ba shi masaukin hutu mai tsada) wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 2004 a maimakon '''Old Corrour Lodge''', wanda gobara ta lalata a shekarar 1942. An gina gidan da ya gabata a shekarar 1896 ga John Stirling-Maxwell lokacin da ya sayi gidan. A da, wani gini da yanzu ake kira '''Corrour Old Lodge''' shi ne gidan gidaje kuma yana da nisan mil uku daga kudu. Wurin yana da nisa sosai &#x2013; hanyar shiga daga titin jama'a mafi kusa tana da tsawon mil goma sha ɗaya. Duk da haka, tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Corrour tana da nisan mil huɗu kacal. == Gidajen Corrour == Manyan gidajen Loch Treig Estates, waɗanda Corrour ke da su, mallakar Macdonalds na Keppoch ne tun ƙarni na 14. A shekara ta 1834, Duke na Gordon ya sayar da kadarorin ga John Walker na Crawfordton, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1857, kan fam 45,000. Akwai {{Convert|20|ha}} na [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|ƙasar noma]] . Wani labari na shekarar 1842 game da cocin Kilmonivaig, ya bayyana cewa "Wataƙila babu wani ɓangare na tsaunukan da yanayi ya yi fiye da haka, kuma masu gidaje ba su da yawa, don amfanin mazauna a matsayin wasu sassan cocin". <ref name="histscotsh">{{Cite web |title=Corrour Lodge Highland, Site History |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184438/http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400%3A15%3A0%3A%3A%3A%3AGARDEN%3AGDL00107 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Historic Scotland Data Services website |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> Sir George Gustavus Walker ya gaji gidan a shekarar 1857 a lokacin da wasannin filin wasa ke ƙara shahara a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] bayan sassauta dokar. Walker ya mayar da Corrour Old Lodge zuwa gidan harbi, amma duk da rashin isa ga gidan, [[Dajin dabbobi|dajin barewa]] ya kasance ƙasa da {{Convert|5883|ha}} a shekarar 1883. Duk da haka, tare da raguwar kiwon tumaki, an faɗaɗa dajin barewa zuwa {{Convert|13949|ha}} a shekarar 1891 kuma an haɓaka kamun kifi da kuma kamun kifi na trout . <ref name="histscotsh" /> Stirling-Maxwell ya sayi gidan a wannan lokacin kuma ya gina sabon masauki, wanda yanzu ake kira Old Corrour Lodge, a kan gangaren kudu da kuma ƙasan tudu a gabashin Loch Ossian. Ya yi aikin dashen gandun daji, musamman ƙoƙarin yin noma a tsaunuka. Baya ga dasa itacen pine na Scotland, ya yi gwaji da itacen pine na Lodgepole, itacen larch na Turai da na Japan, da kuma itacen Sitka spruce, wanda na ƙarshe ya kasance nasara ta musamman. Ayyukansa masu tasiri sun sa Stirling-Maxwell ya zama shugaban Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji daga 1929 zuwa 1932. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya haifar da matsalar kuɗi kuma an sayar da mafi yawan filayen ga Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji a shekarar 1966, tare da haƙƙin wasanni na iyali. Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta gina hanyar shiga daga arewa maso gabas a shekarar 1972. <ref name="rcahmsocl">{{Cite web |title=Corrour Lodge |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/105916/details/corrour+lodge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233559/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/105916/details/corrour%20lodge/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Canmore |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland}}</ref> Bayan an sauya dokar a shekarar 1981, iyalin sun sake sayen filin. <ref name="histscotsh" /> A shekarar 1995, an sayar da kadarorin {{Refn|At an asking price of over £3 million.<ref>{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Neil|title=Corrour Estate|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/24718842@N04/3805137591/|website=Flickr|accessdate=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205821/https://www.flickr.com/photos/24718842%40N04/3805137591/|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref>}} ga Corrour Estate Company Ltd {{Refn|Registered in the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref name=sunher />}} wanda mai shi mai amfani shine [[Lisbet Rausing]] . Zuwa shekarar 2003, bayan an yi wasu canje-canje a kamfanoni, an mayar da kashi 99% zuwa Corrour Trust, wanda amintattunsa su ne Lisbet Rausing da Richard Oldfield. A shekarar 2011, Estate ta faɗaɗa zuwa {{Convert|65000|acre}} . <ref group="note">{{Convert|65000|acre|sqkm sqmi}}.</ref> == Corrour Tsohon Lodge == [[File:Corrour_Old_Lodge_(ruins),_looking_west_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb| Corrour Tsohon Lodge]] George Gustavus Walker ya gyara Corrour Old Lodge (56°44′51′′N 4°36′18′′W / 56.74750°N 4.60500°W / 56.7450; -4.60500) yana canza shi zuwa gidan harbi, wanda a mita 525 (1,722 an san shi da zama mafi girman gida a Scotland kuma ɗayan wuraren harbi da ba a iya isa ba.<ref name="histscotsh" /> Ya kasance kusa da hanyar motsa jiki ta tarihi, Hanyar zuwa Isles.<ref name="herpath">{{Cite web |title=The Road To The Isles |url=http://www.heritagepaths.co.uk/pathdetails.php?path=186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212731/http://www.heritagepaths.co.uk/pathdetails.php?path=186 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Heritage Paths |publisher=Scottish Rights of Way and Access Society}}</ref> 30 da mita 50 (98 da 164 a girman, an saita shi a Choire Odhair a gefen kudu maso yammacin Càrn Dearg, kilomita 4.8 (3.0 kudu da Loch Ossian . <ref name="histscotsh" /> Yanzu a cikin wani yanayi mai lalacewa bayan an cire rufinsa da gangan a cikin shekarun 1930, an yi la'akari da cewa an yi amfani da shi azaman sanatorium (asibiti keɓewa) a farkon karni na 20.<ref name="rcahmscol">{{Cite web |title=Corrour Old Lodge |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/301910/details/corrour+old+lodge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005753/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/301910/details/corrour%20old%20lodge/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Canmore |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland}}</ref> == Tsohon Corrow Lodge == Corrour Lodge na gaba (56°47′31′′N 4°36′03′′W / 56.79194°N 4.60083°W / 56.69194; -4.60083), yanzu ana kiransa Old Corrour lodge, an gina shi a 1896 a bakin tekun Loch Ossian. Ginin shi ne Kwalejin Frank na Wharrie da Kwalejin, Glasgow da lambun, wanda aka kirkira a cikin kimanin 1904, L. da J. Falconer ne suka tsara shi wanda ya yi canje-canje na tsari ga gidan a lokaci guda.<ref name="rcahmsocl" /><ref name="sa">{{Cite web |title=Wharrie & Colledge |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=205834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221245/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=205834 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Scottish Architects}}</ref>{{Refn|Photographs are available taken before its destruction.<ref name=king>{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Neil F.|title=Corrour Lodge|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/24718842@N04/3805227597/|website=Flickr|accessdate=11 June 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015051/https://www.flickr.com/photos/24718842%40N04/3805227597/|archivedate=15 July 2014}} Postcard reproduced in 1995 Estate sale catalogue.</ref><ref name=yacht>{{cite web|title=View of old lodge and steam yacht|url=http://i.rcahms.gov.uk/canmore/l/SC00979666.jpg|website=Canmore|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland|accessdate=11 June 2014}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Photograph accessible via http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/105916/details/corrour+lodge/ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233559/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/105916/details/corrour%20lodge/ |date=2014-07-14 }}</ref>}} Da farko, hanyar shiga ta tsohon hanyar makiyaya ce zuwa Tsibirin daga [[Rannoch]], amma a shekarar 1894 aka buɗe layin West Highland a faɗin gidan. Stirling-Maxwell ta amince da aikin gina tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Corrour bisa tanadin cewa an gina tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Corrour . Ya gina wajajen da za a gina wa doki da tarko don yin tafiyar mil ɗaya ( {{Convert|1|mi}} ) zuwa Loch Ossian kuma ya gina gidan jirgin ruwa don jirgin ruwansa mai tururi ''Cailleach'' {{Refn|[[Cailleach]] is [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] for "Hag" or "Old Lady".<ref name=histscotsh /> A photograph is available.<ref name=yacht />}} don yin tafiya mil uku ( {{Convert|3|mi}} ) tsawon wurin zuwa wani wurin saukar jiragen ruwa kusa da masaukin. A shekarar 1910 an gina wata mota a gefen kudu na loch domin baƙi su sami damar ɗaukar motocinsu ta jirgin ƙasa sannan su iya zuwa inda za su je. {{Refn|Even in 2017 a direct sleeper service is available from [[Euston railway station|London Euston]] to [[Corrour railway station|Corrour]].<ref name=sleep>{{cite web|title=Caledonian Sleeper|url=https://www.scotrail.co.uk/plan-your-journey/travel-connections/caledonian-sleeper|publisher=[[First ScotRail]]|accessdate=15 November 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628114532/https://www.scotrail.co.uk/plan-your-journey/travel-connections/caledonian-sleepeR|archivedate=28 June 2017}}</ref>}} Gidan jirgin ruwan yanzu shine SYHA Loch Ossian Youth Hostel. <ref name="histscotsh" /> <ref name="rcahmsocl" /> [[File:Corrour,_Scottish_Gardens.jpg|thumb| Lambun da ke Corrour Lodge, 1908]] Stirling-Maxwells sun ƙirƙiri wani babban lambu &#x2013; wani lambu mai tsayin tsaunuka, wani lambu mai daji kusa da loch, wani lambu mai tsayin mil ɗaya a gefen kudu. Stirling-Maxwell ya yi amfani da iri da tsire-tsire daga balaguron shukar da ya ɗauki nauyin zuwa Himalaya, China da kuma balaguron Frank Kingdon-Ward zuwa Assam a shekarar 1935. Pine da rhododendrons na tsaunuka sun samar da mafaka. <ref name="histscotsh" /> Gobara ta kusan lalata masaukin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1942 kuma Stirling-Maxwell ya rubuta "sabon gidan ya kamata ya zama irin abin da William Adam zai iya ginawa ga Lord Huntly, wanda a lokacin shi ne mai Corrour ...". {{Refn|At the time it was thought [[Pollok House]], Stirling-Maxwell's main house, was by Adam.<ref name=howard>{{cite book|last1=Howard|first1=Deborah|title=William Adam, Architectural Heritage. Volume I|date=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|page=4|isbn=9780748602322|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LFC_D90Xa0C&q=corrour%20stirling-maxwell&pg=PA4|accessdate=11 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090053/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LFC_D90Xa0C&lpg=PA4&ots=i8SerYPK47&dq=corrour%20stirling-maxwell&pg=PA4|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Madadin haka, an maye gurbinsa da wani gidan katako na wucin gadi wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1999. <ref name="rcahmsocl" /> == Corrour Lodge na ƙarni na 21 == [[File:Corrour_Lodge_(geograph_2394278).jpg|thumb| Sabon masaukin, wanda kuma ke nuna wani ɓangare na ginin Edwardian.]] [[File:Lily_pond_and_Loch_Ossian_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2491975.jpg|thumb| Tafkin Lily kusa da baranda da loch]] An sake gina Corrour Lodge (56°47′31′′N 4°36′03′′W / 56.79194°N 4.60083°W / 56.69194; -4.60083) a cikin 1999 zuwa 2003 a wannan shafin kamar gidan da ya gabata. Ƙofar ƙofar, wanda ke barin A86 kusa da (kudu maso yamma) ƙafa na Loch Laggan, yana da nisan mil 11 (18 . An tsara gidan a cikin salon zamani ta Moshe Safdie kuma an gina shi da dutse na Portuguese, ƙarfe da gilashi a farashin da aka ruwaito na £ miliyan 20. <ref name="rcahmsocl" /> Babban Hall an saita shi tsakanin hasumiya mai siffar cylindrical da rectangular.<ref name="glasarch">{{Cite web |last=Lomholt |first=Isabelle |title=Moshe Safdie Architects : Scottish Highlands House |url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/moshe-safdie-corrour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233126/http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/moshe-safdie-corrour |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Glasgow Architecture}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Corrour Estate Lodge |url=http://www.mtmaarchitects.com/Projects/MTMA_rProj_files/Corrour/MTMA_rCOR_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125509/http://www.mtmaarchitects.com/Projects/MTMA_rProj_files/Corrour/MTMA_rCOR_1.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=11 June 2014 |website=Michael McKee Architecture Planning |publisher=MTMA Architects}} Notes on the architecture and a slideshow</ref> A gefe ɗaya a kan sabon ginin tsohuwar fuka-fukan gidan suna da ofishin gidan (da zarar gidan makaranta) da gidaje biyu kuma a gefe ɗaya akwai gida mai zaman kansa a cikin abin da ya kasance ɗakin sujada. Akwai sauna na katako, rufin turf da aka riga aka yi a Norway.<ref name="rcahmsocl" /> Galibi lambunan ba a canza su ba tun lokacin da aka shimfida su ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, amma tun daga 2003 an saka su a cikin Kayayyakin Lambuna da Tsarin Zane a Scotland . <ref name="histscotloc" /> <ref name="histscotsum">{{Cite web |title=Corrour Lodge Highland, Summary |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184438/http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400%3A15%3A0%3A%3A%3A%3AGARDEN%3AGDL00107 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Historic Scotland Data Services website |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> Girman su {{Convert|25|ha}}, ciki har da lambun tsaunukan da ke da hekta ɗaya ( {{Convert|1|ha}} ), kuma lambun rhodedendron, a kudancin Loch Ossian, yana da {{Convert|25|ha}} . <ref name="histscotloc">{{Cite web |title=Corrour Lodge Highland, Location and Setting |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184438/http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400%3A15%3A0%3A%3A%3A%3AGARDEN%3AGDL00107 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Historic Scotland Data Services website |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> Idan masu shi da baƙi ba sa amfani da shi, ana ba da izinin masaukin a matsayin masaukin hutu. <ref name="ltr">{{Cite web |title=Corrour Lodge |url=http://www.ltr.co.uk/ltr-collection/corrour-lodge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172741/http://www.ltr.co.uk/ltr-collection/corrour-lodge/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Loyd and Townsend Rose}}</ref> {{Refn|When let out as holiday accommodation the main lodge, with seven double suites and bunkroom for 14 children, has a weekly rental of £30,000, all inclusive.<ref name=ft>{{cite news|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Carl|title=A 21st-century castle|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b4e52442-87e5-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0|accessdate=10 June 2014|work=Financial Times|date=27 May 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165744/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/b4e52442-87e5-11e0-a6de-00144feabdc0.html#axzz34Bb7rWeB|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref>}} Akwai ƙarin masaukin hutu a cikin gidaje a kusa da gidan da kuma kusa da babban masaukin. Baya ga kasancewa wurin hutu, gidan yana tallata kansa a matsayin wanda ake da shi don ayyukan kamar bin barewa, kamun kifi, tafiya, tafiya a kan dodanni da harbin kurciya da laka. <ref name="corrour">{{Cite web |title=Wilderness Activities |url=https://www.corrour.co.uk/wilderness/activities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115211319/https://www.corrour.co.uk/wilderness/activities/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=15 November 2017 |website=Corrour |publisher=Corrour Trust}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba wajen tuƙa barewa zuwa farautar mutane. Duk da haka, hukumar kula da gidaje ta musanta cewa an yi hakan kuma ta ce ana amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu ne kawai don ɗaukar mutane zuwa wurare masu nisa na gidan da kuma ɗaukar gawar barewa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gjgtmuoh83uvuria4crcb4geduhp399 0 174974 965597 947966 2026-10-10T04:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Sauyin yanayi]] yana da tasirin zamantakewa, muhalli da tattalin arziki ga lardin [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], kuma batun yana nan a cikin tattaunawar jama'a, siyasa da tunani na lardin An gano cewa yanayi a Quebec yana da zafi fiye da matsakaicin sauyin duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Comprendre la science du climat - changements au Québec |url=https://www.ouranos.ca/fr/science-du-climat-changements-quebec |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Ouranos |language=fr}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> inda wasu majiyoyi ke zargin cewa ya ninka matsakaicin duniya sau biyu .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Alexandre |date=2025-11-08 |title=Un Québec bouleversé par un climat perturbé |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/actualites/environnement/932157/quebec-bouleverse-climat-perturbe |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Le Devoir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Canada's changing climate report.: En4-368/2019E-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.870430/publication.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908195626/https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.870430/publication.html |archive-date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=publications.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken da aka yi cewa yanayin arewa yana da zafi da sauri fiye da matsakaicin duniya saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da canje-canje a cikin [[albedo]]<nowiki/>saboda raguwar murfin kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, musamman a [[Ƙarin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara|yankin Arctic]] .<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Graversen |first1=Rune Grand |last2=White |first2=Rachel H. |last3=Vihma |first3=Timo |date=2025-12-09 |title=Enhanced weather persistence due to amplified Arctic warming |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-03050-1 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-03050-1 |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |article-number=997 |hdl=10138/624517}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Mika |last2=Karpechko |first2=Alexey Yu. |last3=Lipponen |first3=Antti |last4=Nordling |first4=Kalle |last5=Hyvärinen |first5=Otto |last6=Ruosteenoja |first6=Kimmo |last7=Vihma |first7=Timo |last8=Laaksonen |first8=Ari |date=2022-08-11 |title=The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-022-00498-3 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3 |issn=2662-4435 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |article-number=168 |hdl=11250/3115996}}</ref> ==Manazarta== a0y5glntivb22no6ckw1mik1r9ysn7o 0 175031 965598 953378 2026-10-10T04:39:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin Enzymology, '''coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase''', wanda aka fi sani da '''methyl-coenzyme M reductase''' (MCR) ko kuma mafi yawan tsari kamar '''2- (methylthio) ethanesulfonate:N- (7-thioheptanoyl) -3-O-phosphothreonine S- (2-sulfoethyl) thiotransferase''' enzyme ne wanda ke haɓaka mataki na ƙarshe a cikin samar da [[methane]]. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar hada hydrogen mai ba da coenzyme B da methyl mai ba da coenzyme M. Ta hanyar wannan enzyme, an samar da mafi yawan iskar gas a duniya. Ruminants (misali shanu) suna samar da methane saboda rumens din su suna dauke da methanogenic prokaryotes (Archaea) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bovine Rumen - microbewiki |url=http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bovine_Rumen#Methanogens |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426001844/https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bovine_Rumen#Methanogens |archive-date=2025-04-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ke tsarawa da bayyana saitin kwayoyin halitta na wannan rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitford MF, Teather RM, Forster RJ |year=2001 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens from the bovine rumen |journal=BMC Microbiology |volume=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2180-1-5 |pmc=32158 |pmid=11384509 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Enzyme yana da shafuka biyu masu aiki, kowannensu yana cike da cofactor F<nowiki><sub id="mwJA">430</sub></nowiki> mai dauke da nickel.<ref name="pmid9782487">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thauer RK |date=September 1998 |title=Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson. 1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture |journal=Microbiology |volume=144 |issue=9 |pages=2377–406 |doi=10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377 |pmid=9782487 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : methyl-CoM2- (methylthio) ethanesulfonate + coenzyme BN- (7-mercaptoheptanoyl) threonine 3-O-phosphate COM-S-CoB + methane {| |[[File:Coenzyme_M_(CoM).svg|left|thumb|Tsarin 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (coenzyme M: yana amsawa bayan methylation akan thiol) ]] |[[File:Coenzyme_B_(CoB).svg|thumb|Tsarin N- (7-mercaptoheptanoyl) threonine 3-O-phosphate (coenzyme B) ]] |} A wasu nau'o'in, enzyme yana amsawa a baya (tsarin da ake kira methanogenesis mai juyawa), yana haɓaka Anaerobic oxidation na methane, saboda haka yana cire shi daga muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hallam SJ, Putnam N, Preston CM, Detter JC, Rokhsar D, Richardson PM, DeLong EF |date=September 2004 |title=Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-09-03_305_5689/page/1457 |journal=Science |volume=305 |issue=5689 |pages=1457–62 |bibcode=2004Sci...305.1457H |doi=10.1126/science.1100025 |pmid=15353801 |s2cid=31107045}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kwayoyin sune methanotrophs. Wannan enzyme na cikin dangin transferases, musamman wadanda ke canja rukunin alkylthio. == Tsarinsa == Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase wani nau'i ne na furotin da yawa wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu iri ɗaya. Kowane rabi ya kunshi kashi uku: α, β da γ, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ermler U, Grabarse W, Shima S, Goubeaud M, Thauer RK |date=November 1997 |title=Crystal structure of methyl-coenzyme M reductase: the key enzyme of biological methane formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-11-21_278_5342/page/1457 |journal=Science |volume=278 |issue=5342 |pages=1457–62 |bibcode=1997Sci...278.1457E |doi=10.1126/science.278.5342.1457 |pmid=9367957}}</ref> wanda ake kira McrA, McrB da McrG, bi da bi. == Manazarta == fni99agvpzgf317esju7fquqaf2b9s8 0 175228 965583 963884 2026-10-10T04:16:19Z BnHamid 12586 965583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ribes echinellum''''', '''Miccosukee gooseberry''', wani tsiro ne mai matukar wahalar samu a Arewacin Amurka a cikin dangin currant, wanda asalinsa ya fito daga kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Tana da ƙalilan mutane da aka sani. An fara gano al'ummar [[Florida]], a shekarar 1924 a Tafkin Miccosukee . An sami al'ummar [[South Carolina]] a shekarun 1957 da 1981, kuma na farko an kare shi ne a Steven's Creek Heritage Preserve . ''Ribes echinellum'' itace ce mai tsayi har zuwa 150 cm&nbsp;cm (ƙafa 5) tsayi tare da kashin baya a ƙusoshin (wuraren da ganyen ke haɗe da tushe). Ganyayyaki suna da zagaye ko siffar ƙwai tare da lobes uku. Yana da furanni masu launin fari ko rawaya mai haske da 'ya'yan itacen da aka lulluɓe da kashin baya. == Noma == Ana noma ''ribes echinellum'' a wurare kaɗan a wajen yankunan asali, har zuwa kudu da Hudson, Florida, amma ba ya yaduwa a can. Ya fi yawa a inuwar bishiyoyin da ke da danshi amma suna da tsafta, inda [[PH na ƙasa|pH]] ɗinsu ya kai 6.7 zuwa 7.4. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Hotunan [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013318/https://natureinfocus.com/tags/gooseberry+family/content/ Yanayi a cikin Mayar da Hankali] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 R. Todd Engstrom da Tom Radzio (2014) Me Yake Cin 'Ya'yan Itacen Miccosukee Gooseberry?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 Castanea: Maris 2014, Vol.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 79, Lamba ta 1, shafi na 27-31.] barazanar halitta ga nau'in halittu {{Taxonbar|from=Q7322343}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t1q399lgs72bsrpdzkasslog442gxtf 965584 965583 2026-10-10T04:16:32Z BnHamid 12586 /* Hanyoyin haɗi na waje */ 965584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ribes echinellum''''', '''Miccosukee gooseberry''', wani tsiro ne mai matukar wahalar samu a Arewacin Amurka a cikin dangin currant, wanda asalinsa ya fito daga kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Tana da ƙalilan mutane da aka sani. An fara gano al'ummar [[Florida]], a shekarar 1924 a Tafkin Miccosukee . An sami al'ummar [[South Carolina]] a shekarun 1957 da 1981, kuma na farko an kare shi ne a Steven's Creek Heritage Preserve . ''Ribes echinellum'' itace ce mai tsayi har zuwa 150 cm&nbsp;cm (ƙafa 5) tsayi tare da kashin baya a ƙusoshin (wuraren da ganyen ke haɗe da tushe). Ganyayyaki suna da zagaye ko siffar ƙwai tare da lobes uku. Yana da furanni masu launin fari ko rawaya mai haske da 'ya'yan itacen da aka lulluɓe da kashin baya. == Noma == Ana noma ''ribes echinellum'' a wurare kaɗan a wajen yankunan asali, har zuwa kudu da Hudson, Florida, amma ba ya yaduwa a can. Ya fi yawa a inuwar bishiyoyin da ke da danshi amma suna da tsafta, inda [[PH na ƙasa|pH]] ɗinsu ya kai 6.7 zuwa 7.4. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Hotunan [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013318/https://natureinfocus.com/tags/gooseberry+family/content/ Yanayi a cikin Mayar da Hankali] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 R. Todd Engstrom da Tom Radzio (2014) Me Yake Cin 'Ya'yan Itacen Miccosukee Gooseberry?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 Castanea: Maris 2014, Vol.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 79, Lamba ta 1, shafi na 27-31.] barazanar halitta ga nau'in halittu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hnacrop31c4vczk6yra5e5xpwzibdrv 0 175369 965572 949039 2026-10-10T04:09:44Z BnHamid 12586 965572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Penstemon rhizomatosus''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin plantain ba, wanda aka fi sani da sunaye da aka fi sani da '''Scheel Creek beardtonggue''' da '''rhizome beardtonggue'''. Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Nevada]] a Amurka, inda yake faruwa ne kawai a yankin Schell Creek na White Pine County. An fara bayyana wannan shukar a shekarar 1998. Itacen itace [[Shuka mai Shekaru|mai tsayin daka]] wanda ke girma har zuwa santimita 28 a tsayin daka. Gungun rassan sun fito ne daga wani kauye mai kama da itace da kuma tushen taproot mai kauri. Ganyen suna da siffar lace kuma an ɗauko su a kan petioles masu fikafikai. Tsawonsu ya kai santimita 3.5, har da gashin petioles, kuma an lulluɓe su da gajeren gashi fari. Inflorescences ɗin ya ƙunshi furanni masu yawa . Furen yana da gashin baki mai kama da glandal calyx na sepals da kuma corolla mai launin shunayya ko ja tsakanin santimita 1 zuwa 2. Staminode ba shi da gashi. Yana fure daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta. Wannan shukar tana girma a cikin yanayin tsaunukan subalpine, ko kuma wani lokacin a cikin [[Yanayin Alpine|tsaunukan tsaunuka]] . Yana girma a kan tsaunuka, kamar su ɓurɓushin ƙasa, [[Scree|gangaren]] tsaunuka, da kuma ramuka a cikin tsaunuka. Dutse yawanci dutse ne na dutse, ko kuma wani lokacin quartzite . Akwai wurare shida da aka sani da wannan shukar, duk suna kan kololuwa huɗu a tsakiyar Schell Creek Range. Suna faruwa ne a cikin dajin ƙasa na Humboldt-Toiyabe . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i3adm49id2wssqpv0y8by8eblt0n07w 0 175415 965413 949137 2026-10-09T19:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cairn Gorm'''<ref name="ainmean">{{Cite web |title=Cairn Gorm |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/cairn-gorm/ |website=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]]: Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland}}</ref> [[Tsauni|dutse]] ne a [[Yankunan tsaunuka na Scotland|tsaunukan Scotland]] . Yana cikin jerin Cairngorms da kuma manyan tsaunukan Grampian . Tare da tsayin ƙololuwar {{Convert|1245|m}} sama da matakin teku, Cairn Gorm an sanya shi a matsayin Munro kuma shine dutse na shida mafi tsayi a Tsibirin Burtaniya . Babban tsaunin da ke kan Strathspey yana ɗaya daga cikin tsaunukan da aka fi iya ganewa cikin sauƙi daga garin da ke kusa da tsakiyar yankin Aviemore . Duk da cewa sunanta yana kama da tsaunukan Cairngorm, [[Ben Macdui]] shine mafi tsayi a cikin tsaunukan. Mafi girman gudun iska a hukumance a Burtaniya ya kasance a shekarar 1986 lokacin da aka samu {{Convert|173|mph|km/h}}An yi rikodin iska mai ƙarfi a Cairn Gorm. Tun daga shekarun 1960, sama da {{Convert|600|ha|acre}} na gangaren arewa maso yamma na dutsen a {{Lang|gd|Coire Cas}} da {{Lang|gd|Coire na Ciste}} an ƙera su ne don yin wasan tsere kan tsaunuka . Kayayyakin hawa kankara sun haɗa da layin dogo na kankara a Coire Cas. Corrie kudu da Coire Cas, {{Lang|gd|[[Coire an t-Sneachda]]}}, an raba shi daga yankin dusar ƙanƙara ta wani tudu da aka sani da {{Lang|gd|Fiacaill a' Choire Chais}} . Gaɓar kudancin Cairn Gorm tana kallon Loch Avon mai nisa (wanda ake kira Loch A'an). == Asalin Ma'anar == Dutsen yana da suna da faɗin tsaunukan Cairngorms da kuma [[Gidan shakatawa na Cairngorms|Cairngorms National Park]] wanda yake ɓangare nasa. Duk da haka, ba shine mafi tsayi ko kuma mafi shahara a cikin tsaunukan ba. Tsawon tsaunukan Cairngorms a tarihi an san shi da {{Lang|gd|Am Monadh Ruadh}}, sunan Gaelic na Scotland wanda ke nufin '''Tuddai Masu Ja''' . A Turanci, The Scottish Gaelic {{Lang|gd|Gorm}} yana nufin "shuɗi" ko "kore/kore" dangane da mahallin; don haka Cairn Gorm na iya nufin '''Blue Cairn''' idan yana kwatanta launin shuɗin duwatsu kamar yadda aka gani daga nesa ko '''Green Cairn''' lokacin da yake kwatanta ciyayi a gefen tuddai; ko kuma a zahiri, kawai "kore mai shuɗi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwelly |first=William Robertson, Michael Bauer, Edward |title=Dwelly-d - Dwelly's Classic Scottish Gaelic Dictionary |url=http://www.dwelly.info/}}</ref> == Yanayi == [[File:Cairn_Gorm_weather_station_2.jpg|thumb| Tashar yanayi ta atomatik a Cairn Gorm]] Cairn Gorm yana da yanayi mai kyau na tundra ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''ET'' ). Akwai tashar yanayi mai sarrafa kanta (AWS) wacce Jami'ar Heriot-Watt ke kula da ita a saman dutsen <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cairn Gorm Weather Station |url=http://www.phy.hw.ac.uk/resrev/weather.htm |access-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=Heriot-Watt University. Dept. of Physics}}</ref> wadda ke samar da bayanai game da yanayin zafi da saurin iska. Akwai kuma wani AWS daban da Ofishin Met ke gudanarwa (lambar synop 03065) wanda ke buga bayanan zafin jiki da sanyi. Cairn Gorm yana da matsakaicin kwanaki 212.8 na sanyi a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama tashar yanayi mafi sanyi a Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cairn Gorm Summit climate |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/location-specific-long-term-averages/gfjkvjeuz |access-date=10 August 2025 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> Yanayin sanyi na hunturu ba shi da tsauri idan aka kwatanta da wasu tashoshin Burtaniya, amma ana iya ganin tsananin yanayin ta hanyar sanyin lokacin bazara. Mafi girman zafin jiki tun 1985 shine {{Convert|25.5|C|F}}, an yi rikodin a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate CAIRNGORM |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/05-1989/ws-30650.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=en.tutiempo.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719213508/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/05-1989/ws-30650.html |archive-date=19 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mafi sanyin zafin shine {{Convert|-26.9|C|F}} a ranar 6 ga Maris 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate CAIRNGORM |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/03-2007/ws-30650.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=en.tutiempo.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013012316/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/03-2007/ws-30650.html |archive-date=13 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yanayin zafin rana yana ƙasa da {{Convert|0|C|F}} duk rana tana faruwa ne a mafi yawan lokuta tsakanin Oktoba da Mayu amma an lura da ita a kowane wata na shekara. Matsakaicin zafin rana ƙasa da {{Convert|-10|C|F}} da kuma zafin dare sama da {{Convert|15|C|F}} ba kasafai ake samun su ba. Mafi ƙarancin matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|-12.7|C|F}} a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate CAIRNGORM |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/02-2018/ws-30650.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=en.tutiempo.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009202834/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/02-2018/ws-30650.html |archive-date=9 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Iska mai iska|Iskar Foehn]] na iya shafar dutsen, musamman a ƙarshen kaka da hunturu. Ana kyautata zaton wannan lamari ya haifar da mafi girman rikodin Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate CAIRNGORM |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/11-2005/ws-30650.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=en.tutiempo.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009202832/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/11-2005/ws-30650.html |archive-date=9 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Watan da ya fi zafi a tarihi shine watan Yulin 2006, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Convert|9.9|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate CAIRNGORM |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/07-2006/ws-30650.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=en.tutiempo.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617001107/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/07-2006/ws-30650.html |archive-date=17 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akasin haka, watan da ya fi sanyi a tarihi shine Maris 2013, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Convert|-6.7|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate CAIRNGORM |url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/03-2013/ws-30650.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=en.tutiempo.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617001110/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/03-2013/ws-30650.html |archive-date=17 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cairn Gorm ya shahara wajen samun mafi girman gudun iska da aka samu a hukumance a Burtaniya a kan tudu . Iska mai karfin gaske mai karfin {{Convert|173|mph|km/h}} an yi rikodin shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crowder |first=J G |last2=MacPherson |first2=W N |title=Cairngorm Automatic Weather Station Homepage |url=http://cairngormweather.eps.hw.ac.uk/details.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130010453/http://cairngormweather.eps.hw.ac.uk/details.htm |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=19 December 2016 |website=cairngormweather.eps.hw.ac.uk |publisher=Heriot-Watt University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Where are the windiest parts of the UK? |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007142704/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Weather and climate |publisher=[[Met Office]]}}</ref> Iska mai ƙarfi ta {{Convert|194|mph|km/h}}an yi rikodin a Cairn Gorm a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2008 amma an gano cewa ya makara sosai don Ofishin Met ya tabbatar da hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Britten |first=Nick |date=6 January 2009 |title=Highlands mountain claims strongest UK wind |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4141762/Highlands-mountain-claims-strongest-UK-wind.html |access-date=16 January 2015 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>{{Weather box}} == Yin yawo da hawa dutse == A cikin yanayi mai haske da kwanciyar hankali, hawan Cairn Gorm hanya ce mai sauƙi ta hanyar tsaunukan tsaunuka masu tsayi a kan tsaunukan arewa. Amma idan dutsen yana fuskantar guguwa, musamman a lokacin hunturu a lokacin ƙanƙara da kuma yanayin haɗarin zaftarewar dusar ƙanƙara, duk wani hawa ko saukowa na iya zama mai haɗari - musamman a lokacin ''fari'' lokacin da yake da sauƙi mutum ya rasa wurin zama kusa da saman da babu wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ke faɗuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk saman tsaunukan Cairngorm mafi tsayi, hawa a lokacin hunturu (wanda yawanci yakan iya kaiwa har zuwa lokacin bazara) sau da yawa yana buƙatar ƙwarewar kewayawa da kayan aikin hawan hunturu kamar crampons da ice-axis. Hanyar ''Windy Ridge'' da ke kan ''Sròn an Aonaich'' da ke arewa maso gabashin Coire Cas hanya ce mai tsayi da kai tsaye, kuma galibi ana ba da shawarar ta hanyar masu gadi, jagorori da littattafan jagora na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cairn Gorm and the northern corries - Route Map |url=http://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/maps/map1_4cg.shtml}}</ref> Wata hanyar zuwa saman ita ce hanyar shiga tsakiyar Coire Cas, duk da haka wannan hanyar hanya ce da motocin kamfanin jirgin ƙasa ke amfani da ita, kuma tana ba da hanya kai tsaye tare da sassa masu tsayi da yawa. Ba a ba da shawarar hawa shi a matsayin hanyar hawa ba, musamman a lokacin lokacin wasan kankara, kodayake yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Dutsen Cairngorm a ƙananan sassansa. Hakanan a cikin Coire Cas, ''Fiacaill a' Choire Chais'' yana ba da kyakkyawar hanyar tafiya zuwa Cairn Gorm da kuma tudun da ke kusa. Ana ba da shawarar yin zagaye na saman duwatsu da ke kallon Arewacin Corries na Cairn Gorm a cikin littattafan jagora da wallafe-wallafe da yawa, wanda hakan ke ba da ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi a Scotland. Ana shawartar masu tafiya da su duba taswirar yankin sannan su kira a Ranger Base da ke wurin ajiye motoci. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na hawa dutse a kan titin Coire an t-Sneachda <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coire an t'Sneachda |url=http://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crag.php?id=25}}</ref> da Coire an Lochain, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coire an Lochain (Cairngorm) |url=http://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crag.php?id=74}}</ref> kuma a lokacin hunturu waɗannan tsaunukan suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren hawan kankara a Scotland. === Bala'i na 1971 === A ranakun 21-22 ga Nuwamba 1971, ɗalibai biyar daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Ainslie Park da ke Edinburgh da kuma wani malamin horo daga Newcastle-under-Lyme sun mutu a cikin wani guguwar ƙanƙara a Feith Buidhe a kan tudun Cairn Gorm. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cairngorm Disaster 1971 - Scottish Saltire Branch - Aircrew Association |url=http://www.aircrew-saltire.org/lib128.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190548/http://www.aircrew-saltire.org/lib128.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Wannan shine mafi munin bala'in hawa dutse a Burtaniya. == Namun daji == Dutsen yana da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dama, ciki har da dotterel da ring ouzel (a lokacin bazara da lokacin rani) da kuma dusar ƙanƙara da kuma ptarmigan (wanda aka fi sani da dutsen ptarmigan ) (duk shekara). Dabbobin da ke zaune a dutsen sun haɗa da zomo na dutse, barewa ja da kuma garken barewa . Furannin daji da ake samu a kan dutsen sun haɗa da dwarf cornel, cloudberry da butterwort . Ga yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan flora da fauna, Cairn Gorm yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da suke da ƙarfi. ==Manazarta== 6gerof8wv7igzfqvorite2mx9voybd2 0 175644 965551 949697 2026-10-10T02:54:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Shari'a ta Urushalima''' ('''JIJ''') (Ibraniyawa) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a [[Isra'ila]]. JIJ tana bin adalci a madadin wadanda suka tsira daga ta'addanci, fataucin mutane, da nuna bambanci; kuma tana tabbatar da matsayin Isra'ila a cikin al'ummaral'umma. == Tarihi == JIJ an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 ta hanyar Calev Myers, lauyan kare hakkin bil'adama na Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Calev Michael Myers |url=https://www.calevmyers.com/about/ |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=Calev Myers}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Da farko a cikin tarihinta, JIJ ta mayar da hankali kan bayar da shawarwari ga 'yan tsiraru na addini. Kwanan nan, JIJ ta ja hankalin mutane don bayar da shawarwari a madadin wadanda aka kai wa Hare-haren 7 ga Oktoba. == Yankunan aiki == === Tallafin kasa da kasa === JIJ ta yi amfani da Matsayinsu na Musamman a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (duka a Geneva da New York) don kare matsayin da ya dace na Isra'ila a cikin al'ummar kasashe kuma ta tsaya a kan daidaita ƙiyayya da ƙyamar Yahudawa. Ta hanyar bincike, bayar da shawarwari na shari'a, da bayar da rahoto, JIJ ta rubuta take hakkin dan adam, tana wakiltar wadanda suka tsira, kuma tana neman lissafi ta hanyar tashoshin shari'a. JIJ a tarihi ta nemi bayar da shawara a madadin Isra'ilawa da Palasdinawa game da haƙƙin jama'a. === Taimako na Shari'a === JIJ tana ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda suka tsira daga ta'addanci, fataucin mutane, da nuna bambanci. Kungiyar lauyoyin JIJ ta kula da shari'o'i sama da 2,500 kuma ta sami nasarori 25 a Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Oktoba, sun fadada takardun su don rufe wadanda suka tsira daga yaki da mutanen da ke da nakasa. Har ila yau, JIJ tana ba da cikakken tallafin shari'a a Isra'ila don batutuwan shige da fice da matsayi na farar hula, gami da taimako tare da aikace-aikacen biza, aliyah, shari'o'in jin kai, taimakon masu neman mafaka, da kuma daidaita matsayin ga ma'aurata na kasashen waje. Bugu da kari, JIJ tana ba da taimako ga sojojin Haredi a cikin soja da sojoji masu zaman kansu a cikin IDF. === Yaki da fataucin mutane === JIJ jagora ce a cikin gwagwarmayar hana bukatar karuwanci da fataucin mutane a Isra'ila. JIJ ta shawo kan majalisar dokokin Isra'ila da ta karɓi sabon tsarin doka wanda ke bi da mata da yara da ke cikin karuwanci a matsayin waɗanda ke fama da cin zarafi da cin zarafin, kuma ya aikata laifuka ga ayyukan masu siye da masu karuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Statement Submitted by Jerusalem Institute of Justice, a Non-Governmental Organization in Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n22/708/55/pdf/n2270855.pdf |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=United Nations Economic and Social Council}}</ref> Yayin da wannan sabon tsarin shari'a ya fara aiki, JIJ ya ci gaba da samar da taimakon shari'a kyauta ga wadanda suka tsira daga fataucin jima'i da fataucin ma'aikata. === Ilimi === Cibiyar Shari'a ta Urushalima tana shirya dalibai da shugabannin al'umma ta hanyar webinars, horarwa, da shirye-shiryen zumunci. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, JIJ ta dauki bakuncin ma'aikata sama da 400 da 'yan wasa daga kasashe sama da 20 a ofishinsu na Urushalima. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2w7ldn8e7scqc70hd2qxdql5a3d2nm3 0 175742 965248 950100 2026-10-09T13:14:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kamar sauran birane da dama, [[Melbourne]], babban birnin Victoria, Ostiraliya, tana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da babban tasirin birnin a birane da kuma tasirin fari da sauyin yanayi. == Rashin lafiyar ruwa == [[Sauyin yanayi]] zai iya ƙara ta'azzara tasirin [[fari]] na lokaci-lokaci da kuma yawan zafin bazara wanda ya riga ya sanya damuwa ga samar da ruwan Melbourne, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2009 |title=Water Storages: Water Report |url=http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027040839/http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |archive-date=27 October 2009 |access-date=21 June 2010 |publisher=Melbourne Water}}</ref> tare da birnin da ya riga ya fuskanci tasirin da ya haɗa da raguwar ruwan sama da kuma fari mai tsanani da kuma yawan fari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2026 |title=Melbourne: Food for the Cities Programme |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/food-for-cities-programme/pilotcities/melbourne/en/ |access-date=15 May 2026 |website=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana sa ran matsalar ruwa za ta zama matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa yayin da ake hasashen cewa buƙata za ta fi ƙarfin samar da kayayyaki da kashi 2 zuwa 1 nan da shekarar 2040. A lokacin [[Shekaru na 2000 na fari a Australia|fari na Millennium]], Gwamnatin Victoria ta aiwatar da takunkumin hana ruwa da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka da dama, ciki har da sake amfani da ruwa, ƙarfafa gwiwa ga tankunan ruwa na gida, tsarin ruwan toka, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da amfani da ruwa, da sauran shirye-shiryen ceton ruwa da sake amfani da su. Amma yayin da ajiyar ruwa ke ci gaba da raguwa, an buƙaci ƙarin matakai. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, Gwamnati ta sanar da gina tashar tace gishiri ta Wonthaggi mai darajar dala biliyan 3.1, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rood |first=David |date=20 September 2007 |title=Desal plant to be public-private deal |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/desal-plant-to-be-publicprivate-deal/2007/09/19/1189881595089.html |access-date=18 July 2008 |website=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Media}}</ref> da kuma bututun da ake kira North-South Bututun daga Goulburn Valley a arewacin Victoria zuwa Melbourne. Ba a yi amfani da ɗayan aikin sosai ba kafin fari ya barke a shekarar 2010, saboda haka an soki su duka da suna ' fararen giwa '. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 July 2015 |title=Victoria's desalination plant to take 33 extra years to pay off under Melbourne Water plan |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-17/victorias-desalination-plant-to-take-33-extra-years-to-pay/6626706 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> == Wasu batutuwa == Melbourne tana da ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya saboda gidaje marasa yawa, wanda ya haifar da yalwar ababen hawa a cikin birni, tare da yawan dogaro da motoci da ƙarancin jigilar jama'a a wajen yankunan ciki. Duk da haka, [[Gurbacewar Iska|ingancin iska]], bisa ga ƙa'idodin duniya, ana rarraba shi a matsayin mai kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |date=2022-10-27 |title=Victorian Air Quality Strategy |url=https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/sustainability/clean-air-for-all-victorians |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin rani da kaka su ne mafi munin lokutan shekara ga hayaki mai ƙarfi a yankunan birane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CSIRO: Marine and atmospheric research |title=Urban and regional air pollution |url=http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/urbanpollution.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223170558/http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/urbanpollution.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 February 2008 |access-date=18 July 2008 |publisher=CSIRO}}</ref> Yawancin ciyayi da ke cikin birnin nau'ikan da ba na asali ba ne, galibin asalin Turai ne, gami da nau'ikan da ke mamaye da kuma ciyayi masu cutarwa. <ref name="weeds">{{Cite web |title=Target Species for Biological Control |url=http://www.weeds.org.au/target.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015082441/http://www.weeds.org.au/target.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 |access-date=29 September 2008 |publisher=Australian Weeds Committee}}</ref> Manyan kwari da aka fara samu a birane sun haɗa da myna ta yau da kullun, tattabara ta daji, <ref name="Pidgeonproblem">{{Cite web |last=Bradbury |first=Garth |date=7 September 2004 |title=Update on Pigeon Management Issue |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/opm/bc/CTEE/meetings/CSCaCD_51_20040907.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001224521/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/opm/bc/CTEE/meetings/CSCaCD_51_20040907.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=22 October 2008 |publisher=City of Melbourne}}</ref> bera mai launin ruwan kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2009 |title=Victoria a Rat's Nest |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/victoria-a-rats-nest/story-fna7dq6e-1225756926897 |access-date=7 July 2012 |website=Herald Sun |publisher=News Corporation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=Eugene |date=21 July 2009 |title=Rodent Rampage |url=http://www.mymooneevalley.com.au/news/local/news/general/rodent-rampage/1573452.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016080054/http://www.mymooneevalley.com.au/news/local/news/general/rodent-rampage/1573452.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2009 |access-date=21 June 2010 |publisher=Fairfax}}</ref> ƙwaro na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The picnickers nightmare: European wasp |url=http://www.csiro.au/resources/ps1sm.html |access-date=18 July 2008 |publisher=CSIRO}}</ref> ƙwaro na yau da kullun da kuma jajayen fata . Yawancin unguwannin da ke kusa, musamman zuwa kwarin Yarra da kuma tsaunukan da ke arewa maso gabas da gabas, suna fuskantar tsawan lokaci ba tare da gobarar da ke sake tashi ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin bishiyoyi da kuma ciyayi a cikin dazuzzukan da ke birane. Ma'aikatar Dorewa da Muhalli ta magance wannan matsala ta hanyar ƙona abubuwa akai-akai. <ref name="environ">{{Cite web |title=Fire and Biodiversity: The Effects and Effectiveness of Fire Management |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper8/paper9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802050752/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper8/paper9.html |archive-date=2 August 2008 |access-date=29 September 2008 |publisher=Australian Government — Department of environment}}</ref> Nauyin daidaita gurɓataccen iska yana ƙarƙashin ikon [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Victoria)|EPA Victoria]] da ƙananan hukumomi da dama. A shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Victoria ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin zurfafa hanyoyin shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Melbourne ta hanyar haƙa ramin Port Phillip Phillip Bay . An sanya shi cikin tsauraran dokoki tsakanin fargabar cewa rairayin bakin teku da namun daji na ruwa za su iya shafar tasirin da karafa masu nauyi da sauran laka ke yi wa masana'antu. <ref name="epabeach">{{Cite web |title=Beach Report 2007–08 |url=http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/$FILE/1240.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001224523/http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/%24FILE/1240.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=29 September 2008 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2008 |title=Garrett approves Port Phillip Bay dredging |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/05/2155149.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208125138/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/05/2155149.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2008 |access-date=18 July 2008 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Sauran manyan matsalolin gurɓata muhalli a Melbourne sun haɗa da matakan ƙwayoyin cuta da suka haɗa da <nowiki><i id="mwgw">E. coli</i></nowiki> a Kogin Yarra da magudanan ruwansa da tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa, da kuma [[Rashin datti|shara]] . Har zuwa gindin sigari 350,000 suna shiga cikin ruwan guguwa kowace rana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Institute of Urban Studies and City of Melbourne |title=AIUS Indicators |url=http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113175957/http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |archive-date=13 November 2007 |access-date=18 July 2008 |website=Environmental indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne |publisher=Australian Institute of Urban Studies}}</ref> Ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da dama don rage gurɓatar rairayin bakin teku da koguna. <ref name="epabeach" /> <ref name="litter1">{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Litter reduction Strategy |url=http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722054406/http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2008 |access-date=29 September 2008 |publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref> == Manazarta == eozqnvi9p1yqkapr9n6iwt3xnummlyd 0 175813 965553 950395 2026-10-10T03:22:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cikakken 'yanci''', wanda kuma ake kira cikakkiyar' yanci, <sup a="" href="./Animal_rights_movement" rel="mw:WikiLink">dabba-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite journal &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_journal&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Springer&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Simon&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2020-01-01&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Total Liberation Ecology: Integral [[anarchism]], Anthroparchy, and the Violence of Indifference<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/38194539&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Undoing</nowiki> Human Supremacy: Anarchist Political Ecology and the End of Anthroparchy<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw5g\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFSpringer2020\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Springer, Simon (January 1, 2020). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.academia.edu/38194539\" id=\"mw5w\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Total Liberation Ecology: Integral Anarchism, Anthroparchy, and the Violence of Indifference\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mw6A\">Undoing Human Supremacy: Anarchist Political Ecology and the End of Anthroparchy</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Total_liberation#cite_note-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Falsafar siyasa ce da motsi wanda ya haɗu da rikici tare da jajircewa ga' yancin dabbobi da ƙasa. Duk da yake hanyoyin gargajiya na anarchism galibi suna mai da hankali kan adawa da jihar da jari-hujja, cikakkiyar 'yanci tana da damuwa da adawa da duk wasu nau'ikan zalunci na ɗan adam da kuma zalunci na wasu dabbobi da yanayin halittu. Masu goyon bayan cikakken 'yanci yawanci [[tsufa]] goyon bayan tsarin cikakke da na tsakiya wanda aka yi niyyar amfani da mataki kai tsaye don rushe dukkan nau'ikan mamayewa da matsayi, misalai na yau da kullun waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Jaha|jihar]], [[jari-hujja]], mulkin mallaka, shugabanci, [[wariyar launin fata]], heterosexism, cissexism, disablism, ageism, speciesism, da mamayar muhalli.<ref name="Best">{{Cite book|last3=Steven Best}}</ref> == Tarihi da mahimman damuwa == Da yake tattaunawa game da "cikakken 'yanci" a cikin littafin 1961 mai suna The Wretched of the Earth, [[Frantz Fanon]] ya jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin' yancin tunani da zamantakewa. Ya ce: "Jami'ar 'yanci ita ce abin da ya shafi dukkan bangarorin mutum".Ƙungiyoyin Duniya ta Uku, irin su Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Falasdinu da [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]], daga baya sun yi amfani da kalmar don nuna ƙin sulhu da masu mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameer Abraham |title=The PLO at the Crossroads- Armed Struggle and Umkhonto - Forward into the 1970s and '80s, ''O'Malley Archive'' |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv02918/06lv02928.htm |website=MERIP 80 (September/October 1979)}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin shekarun 1960, an rarrabe sabon zamanin gwagwarmayar anarchist ta hanyar karɓar damuwa da yawa kamar [[Feminism|mata]], adawa da mulkin mallaka, 'yanci na jinsi, antispeciesism, da [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]] waɗanda a baya ba su da damuwa ko babu damuwa ga yawancin anarchists. Fiye da haka, sa hannun da 'yan tawaye suka yi a cikin ƙungiyoyin' yanci na dabbobi da ƙasa ya kasance a wani bangare wanda ke nuna karuwar shahararren veganism a cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wani abu da aka kafa shi da damuwa game da haƙƙin dabbobi da muhalli da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyin aiki kai tsaye kamar Hunt Saboteurs Association, Earth First!Duniya ta Farko!, da Animal Liberation Front da kuma Earth Liberation Front . Bugu da ƙari, sadaukarwa ga cikakken 'yanci, bayan fitowarsa daga ci gaban tarihi na ƙungiyar anarchist, yawanci ana kafa shi ne a cikin haɗuwa ga makarantun zamani na tunanin siyasa kamar su intersectionality, antispeciesism, [[Ecofeminism]], zurfin muhalli da muhalli na zamantakewa. Kamar yadda David Pellow ya taƙaita: A watan Fabrairun 1999, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi sun shirya taron Total Liberation Conference a Boca Raton, Florida, tare da masu magana daga American Indian Movement da MOVE . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan Berger |last2=Chris Crass |title=Getting to the Roots of Liberation: An Interview with Dan Berger |url=https://www.coloursofresistance.org/590/getting-to-the-roots-of-liberation-an-interview-with-dan-berger/ |website=Colours of Resistance |access-date=2026-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260509204511/http://www.coloursofresistance.org/590/getting-to-the-roots-of-liberation-an-interview-with-dan-berger/ |archive-date=2026-05-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Duniya ta Farko! Jarida'' ta sanar da cewa: "Don yin canji, dole ne mu haɗa kai tare. Ku shiga MOVE, Anarchist Black Cross Federation, American Indian Movement, Animal Liberation Front Supporters, Food Not Bombs da sauransu a wannan muhimmin taron. "[2]ya sanar: "Don yin canji, dole ne mu haɗa kai tare. Ku shiga MOVE, Anarchist Black Cross Federation, American Indian Movement, Animal Liberation Front Supporters, Food Not Bombs da sauransu a wannan muhimmin taron. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubenstein, Michael |display-authors=etal |date=21 December 1998 |title=Total Lib. Conference |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7041 |journal=Earth First! |volume=19 |via=the Environment & Society Portal, Multimedia Library}}</ref> A ranar 10-11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, 'yan tawaye a Erie, Pennsylvania sun gudanar da wani Total Liberation Fest wanda ke nuna shirye-shiryen hardcore punk da masu magana ciki har da Ashanti Alston, Russell Means, [[Rod Coronado]], Steven Best da Ramona Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=2004 |title=Thoughts on Total Liberation Fest |url=http://greenanarchist.org/pdf/ga73.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402162208/http://greenanarchist.org/pdf/ga73.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2005 |website=Green Anarchist 73}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin masu halarta sun kafa ƙungiyar da ake kira Gather kuma sun sa rigunan "Total Liberation" waɗanda aka tsara a kan sanannun rigunan "Animal Liberation" da ƙungiyar Earth Crisis ta sa. Gather memba Eva "Genie" Hall ya bayyana abin da cikakken 'yanci ke nufi ga ƙungiyar: "Muna so kawai mu kasance a bayyane cewa ba mu da wata ƙungiya guda ɗaya kuma mun yi imani da' yanci na dabba, ƙasa, da ɗan adam. A gare mu, wannan yana nufin anarcha-feminism da ƙarshen shugabanci; yana nufin yarda da cewa "juyin juya halin ganyayyaki" ba ya kalubalanci matsalolin da aikin gona na zamani; yana nufin cewa zaɓin masu amfani game da cinikinmu ba zai haifar da mummunar tsarin mulkin mallaka na 'yanci na duniya' yanci ba. A cikin littafinsa na 2014 The Politics of Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century, masanin falsafa na Amurka Steven Best ya yi jayayya game da bukatar ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban don rungumar manufar: Active Distribution ta buga wani littafi mai ban mamaki game da Total Liberation a cikin 2019. Da yake jaddada cewa "yancin dabbobi da na duniya ba su da mahimmanci ga sabon juyin juya halin mosaic" fiye da 'yancin ɗan adam, ƙarar ta bincika aikin cikakken' yanci kamar yadda aka kwatanta a MOVE, Animal and Earth Liberation Fronts, tashin hankali na Girka na 2008, da juyin juya hali na Rojava . A cikin 2022, ''Green Theory & Praxis Journal'' ta buga hanyar Total Liberation wanda ya haɗa da "kawar da aikin tilas ga dukkan halittu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan Fischer |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Let Nature Play: A Possible Pathway of Total Liberation and Earth Restoration |url=http://greentheoryandpraxisjournal.org/gtpj-volume-14-issue-1-3-april-2022/ |website=Green Theory & Praxis |pages=8–29}}</ref> == Anarchism da haƙƙin dabbobi == Yunkurin falsafa da siyasa na anarchist yana da wasu alaƙa da abubuwa na Yunkurin 'yancin dabbobi. Yawancin 'yan tawaye Masu cin ganyayyaki ne ko vegan (ko veganarchists) kuma sun taka rawar gani wajen yaki da rashin adalci ga dabbobi marasa mutunci. Yawancin lokaci suna bayyana gwagwarmayar 'yancin dabbobin da ba mutane ba a matsayin ci gaba na halitta na gwagwarmaya don' yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anarchism – MSN Encarta<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770_3/Anarchism.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809034650/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770_3/Anarchism.html |archive-date=August 9, 2007}}</ref> == Veganism da anarchism == '''Veganarchism''' shine Falsafar siyasa na veganism (musamman 'yancin dabbobi) da kuma anarchism, samar da hadin gwiwa a matsayin hanyar juyin juya halin zamantakewa.<ref name="Dominick97" />: 5-6 Wannan ya haɗa da kallon [[Jaha|jihar]] a matsayin mara amfani da kuma cutarwa ga [[Dabba|Dabbobi]], duka mutane da wadanda ba mutane ba, yayin da suke yin salon rayuwa. Veganarchists ko dai suna ganin akidar a matsayin ka'idar da aka haɗu, ko kuma suna ganin falsafancin biyu daidai ne.: 1 An ci gaba da bayyana shi a matsayin hangen nesa mai adawa da jinsuna a kan Green anarchism, ko hangen nesa na anarchist akan 'yancin dabba.<ref name="Dominick97" />: 5 Vegan anarchist subcultures inganta Cikakken 'yanci, wanda ke neman haɗa ƙungiyoyi masu rarraba don ɗan adam, dabba da ƙasa (ecosystem) 'yanci cikin babban motsi mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Steven Best}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Hakkin dabbobi * Animal Liberation Front (ALF) * Militia na 'Yancin Dabbobi (ARM) * Hakkin dabbobi da al'adun punk * Abinci Ba Bomba Ba * Green anarchism * [[Green scare|Tsoro mai tsananin gaske]] * Tsayayya mara jagora * Jerin masu kare hakkin dabbobi * Kwayoyin juyin juya hali - Brigade na 'yancin dabbobi (RCALB) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Anarchism]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fkotst8e0lhom0elxhjclcs6nne8i1y 0 175981 965578 952329 2026-10-10T04:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Clarice Navarro''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976)<ref>https://www.chieftain.com/story/news/2012/04/30/las-animas-republican-throws-hat/9023409007/</ref> 'yar siyasa ce kuma tsohuwar wakilin jihar daga Pueblo, Colorado . An fara zabar ta a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Navarro ta yi aiki a gidan jihar daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013 har sai da ta yi murabus a watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2017 don neman aiki a gwamnatin Trump.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jesse |date=2017-11-07 |title=Colorado state lawmaker leaving her post to join Trump administration |url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/07/clarice-navarro-leaving-colorado-legislature/ |work=The Denver Post|access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana aiki a ofishin Majalisa Lauren Boebert .<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-07-09|title=Morning Digest: Progressives gained unprecedented clout in New Mexico legislature via key 2020 wins|url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2021/7/9/2038954/-Morning-Digest-Progressives-gained-unprecedented-clout-in-New-Mexico-legislature-via-key-2020-wins|work=The Daily Kos|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref name="CGA">{{cite web |url= http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/House/members/Hou47.htm |title= Clarice Navarro |publisher= [[Colorado General Assembly]] |location= [[Denver]], [[Colorado]] |access-date= January 7, 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130053710/http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/House/members/Hou47.htm |archive-date= January 30, 2013 }}</ref> == Ilimi == Navarro ya halarci Kwalejin Otero . Navarro ta sami digiri na farko a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Amurka ta Kasa.<ref name="votesmart_navarro">{{Cite web |title=Clarice Navarro's Biography |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/138776/clarice-navarro |access-date=December 9, 2019 |publisher=[[Vote Smart]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Navarro malami ne a Ma'aikatar Gyara ta Colorado da makarantar sakandare ta Las Animas . A shekara ta 2003, Navarro ta kasance malamin kasuwanci har zuwa shekara ta 2007. <ref name="votesmart_navarro" /> == Zabe == * 2012 Lokacin da wakilin Jamhuriyar Republican Keith Swerdfeger ya bar Majalisar Dokoki kuma ya bar kujerar Gundumar 47 a buɗe, Navarro ba ta da hamayya ga Firayim Minista na 26 ga Yuni, 2012 ta ci nasara da kuri'u 4,067, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Republican Party state representatives primary results |url=http://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2012/primary/republican/stateReps.html |access-date=January 7, 2014 |publisher=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107211005/http://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2012/primary/republican/stateReps.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta ci Babban zaben 6 ga Nuwamba, 2012 da kuri'un 18,215 (51.7%) a kan dan takarar Democrat Netto Rodosevich. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maulbetsch |first=Erik |date=September 18, 2026 |title=News Complaint Filed With House Ethics Committee Alleges Boebert Slept With Three of Her Congressional Staffers |url=https://coloradotimesrecorder.com/2026/09/complaint-filed-with-house-ethics-committee-alleges-boebert-slept-with-three-of-her-congressional-staffers/81792/ |access-date=January 7, 2014 |publisher=Secretary of State of Colorado}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2014, wakilin Navarro ya lashe babban zaben tare da kuri'u 18,358 (64.6%). * A shekara ta 2016, wakilin Navarro ya lashe babban zaben tare da kuri'u 21,714 (57.7%). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Navarro ta sake aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu. Navarro da iyalinta sun fito ne daga Las Animas, Colorado . <ref name="votesmart_navarro" /> Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka kan Da'a ya yi zargin cewa Rep. Boebert (R-CO) ya yi jima'i da ma'aikatanta uku, gami da Navarro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://leg.colorado.gov/legislators/clarice-navarro Sabon gidan yanar gizon Jihar] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130130053710/http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/House/members/Hou47.htm Shafin hukuma] a Babban Taron Colorado * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231031085406/https://clarice47.com/ Shafin kamfen ɗin] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m6vj1406ncvlv5y6vjgjfvxye66dxg5 0 176288 965753 952269 2026-10-10T11:25:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kundin Tsarin Mulki na farko na California, wanda aka tabbatar a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1849, ya hana 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka damar yin zabe. Kasa da watanni shida bayan haka, zaman farko na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ya kafa '''Dokar Gwamnati da Kare Indiyawa''' Babi na 133, Cal. Stats., 22 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 1850 wanda ake kira '''Dokar Indenture ta Indiya.''' Gwamnan farko na California, Peter Hardeman Burnett ne ya sanya hannu a cikin doka.<ref name="OHP">{{Cite web |last=Dutschke |first=Dwight |date=2014 |title=A History of American Indians in California |url=http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1054/files/american%20indians%20in%20california.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101132940/http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1054/files/american%20indians%20in%20california.pdf |archive-date=January 1, 2015 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=California Office of Historic Preservation, Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California}}</ref> Wannan dokar ta tsara sharuddan aiki, ta sake bayyana ayyukan aikata laifuka da azabtarwa, kuma ta haifar da Aikin tilasta wa 'yan asalin Amurka da yawa a California.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Act for the Government and Protection of Indians {{!}} American Experience |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldrush-act-for-government-and-protection-of-indians/ |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da damar Kisan kare dangi na California, inda dubban 'yan asalin California suka kashe ko kuma fararen mazauna suka bautar da su a lokacin tseren zinariya na California. Burnett ya bayyana a shekara ta 1851 cewa gaskiyar cewa "[t]hat a war of extermination za a ci gaba da yi tsakanin kabilun har sai da Indian race ya zama ya ƙare dole ne a sa ran".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Burnett – State of the State Address |url=https://governors.library.ca.gov/addresses/s_01-Burnett2.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=California State Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720190213/https://governors.library.ca.gov/addresses/s_01-Burnett2.html |archive-date=2025-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dokar ta sauƙaƙa cirewa da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin California daga ƙasashensu na gargajiya, ta raba aƙalla ƙarni na yara da manya daga iyalansu, harsuna, da al'adu daga 1850 zuwa 1865. Kodayake yana buƙatar yardar dangi don karɓar ɗan asalin ƙasar, a aikace Dokar ta ƙunshi hanyar da ta ba da damar fararen mazauna iyaka su karɓi yara 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke da alama marayu. Kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai da sauri sun fara kai hari kan kauyuka da ke ware, sun sace yara, kuma sun sayar da su cikin bautar yara. A cikin 1862, jaridar Alta California ta yau da kullun ta ba da rahoton cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun sayar da yara har zuwa $ 150 "dangane da ingancin su". Saboda yanayin bayanan kotu na California, yana da wahala a kiyasta yawan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka Bautar sakamakon dokar. A lokacin tsakanin shekara ta 1850 da 1870 wanda dokar ta fara aiki, yawan 'yan asalin California na [[Los Angeles]] ya ragu daga mutane 3,693 zuwa 219. Kodayake majalisar dokokin California ta soke wasu sassan dokar bayan Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka ta soke bautar da ba ta son rai ba a 1865, <ref name="OHP" /> ba a soke shi gaba ɗaya ba har zuwa 1937. <ref name="Johnston-Dodds">{{Cite web |last=Johnston-Dodds |first=Kimberly |title=Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians |url=https://www.library.ca.gov/crb/02/14/02-014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012063249/https://www.library.ca.gov/crb/02/14/02-014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-12 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=50 California Research Bureau, California State Library}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Gwamna [[Gavin Newsom]] ya nemi gafara a madadin jihar California saboda dokar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=Governor Newsom Issues Apology to Native Americans for State's Historical Wrongdoings, Establishes Truth and Healing Council |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/06/18/governor-newsom-issues-apology-to-native-americans-for-states-historical-wrongdoings-establishes-truth-and-healing-council/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=California Governor |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Rashin zinariya na California === [[File:1850_Woman_and_Men_in_California_Gold_Rush.jpg|thumb|Maza da mata a cikin tseren zinare na California na 1850]] Kafin 1846, yawan mutanen da ba 'yan asalin California ba sun iyakance zuwa ƙasa da mutane 15,000. Koyaya, a sakamakon tseren zinare na California, wannan yawan ya tashi zuwa mutane 100,000 a shekara ta 1849.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (American Indians) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/5views/5views1c.htm |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref><ref name="museum">{{Cite web |last=Dilworth |first=Marianne |title=Resource 6-1a: California Population by Ethnic Groups, 1790-1880 |url=https://explore.museumca.org/goldrush/curriculum/1stcalifornians/resourcesix.htm |access-date=September 16, 2026 |publisher=Oakland Museum of California}}</ref> Rikicin da aka gina tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai na Anglo ƙasar Amurka da 'yan asalin California a yankin. Da farko a cikin tseren zinariya, masu hakar ma'adinai sun haɗu a cikin abin da ya kasance ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga, suna ba da gudummawa ga cin zarafi da kisan 'yan asalin ƙasar a yankin. Wannan ya haifar da lokuta da yawa na kisan kiyashi, tare da kungiyoyin 'yan asalin da suka zama karami a girman kuma sun raunana a cikin ikon su na yaki.<ref name=":02" /> Sun riga sun yi fama da cututtuka da rashin abinci.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu al'ummomi a lokacin tseren zinariya na California sun ba da kyauta ga kawunan Indiya ko gashin kansu. Saboda haka, 'yan Indiya da suka kai hari na iya kawo shaidar kisan da suka yi, kuma su sami diyya kai tsaye na gida, wanda ya haifar da kisan kare dangi da aka ba da izini a yankin kuma ya kafa misali na mummunan tashin hankali ga' yan asalin ƙasar Amurka a California.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Professor: There's no proof California paid bounties for Native American scalps |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/06/30/professor-theres-no-proof-of-bounties-paid-for-native-americans/amp/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Magliari |first=Michael F. |date=2023-05-01 |title=The California Indian Scalp Bounty Myth |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/100/2/4/196102/The-California-Indian-Scalp-Bounty-MythEvidence-of |journal=California History |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=4–30 |doi=10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.4 |issn=0162-2897 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Da farko a watan Yulin 1846, Amurka ta mamaye California. A kokarin sulhu da rikici, Janar Stephen Kearny, gwamnan California, ya nada John Sutter da Mariano Vallejo zuwa ofisoshi a matsayin masu ba da izini ga Indiyawa, kusa da Sacramento da San Francisco, bi da bi, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1847 don samun bayanai game da 'yan asalin California a yankunansu, kafa ka'idojin gida, kuma sun dauki kansu masu kare wadanda 'yan asalin yankin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ellison |first=William H. |date=1922 |title=The Federal Indian Policy in California, 1846–1860 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1886099 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=37–67 |doi=10.2307/1886099 |jstor=1886099 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Koyaya, hulɗar da ta faru ba ta da kariya kuma ba ta zaman lafiya. A sakamakon haka, Lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman ya ba da izini ga kowane mutum ya harbe waɗannan 'yan asalin zuwa yankin, idan aka kama su suna satar doki. An buƙaci 'yan asalin da aka yi amfani da su su don samun takaddun shaida a kansu tun daga ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1847, kuma waɗanda aka kama ba tare da waɗannan takaddun sun kasance masu satar dawakai ba, kuma an kama su kuma an hukunta su kamar haka. A lokaci guda, Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a yankin ba su da damar siyarwa ko hayar ƙasashen da suke zaune.<ref name=":4" /> An nada Thomas Butler King don nazarin yanayin a California, musamman game da dangantakar 'yan asalin ƙasar, ta Shugaban a cikin 1849. "Ma'aikatan Indiya" da "subagents" sun kasance kamar yadda kwamishinan harkokin Indiya a yankuna daban-daban, wanda aka nada don nazarin lakabi na ƙasa da kuma ƙarin fahimtar dangantakar 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref name=":4" /> Rahoton Thomas Butler King ya yi kuskuren nuna 'yan asalin California a yankin, yana nuna cewa waɗancan' yan asalin ƙasar sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci, kuma ba su da sha'awar yin aiki ko inganta matsayinsu. Sarki ya yi zaton cewa za su iya amfana daga koyarwar fasaha na wayewa. Adam Johnston yana da irin wannan rahoto, yana kammala cewa kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna cikin matakin ci gaba, kuma baƙi suna fitar da su daga gidajensu. Wadannan rahotanni sun kasance suna da tasiri a kan manufofin da suka biyo baya, suna tilasta mayar da hankali da rarraba albarkatun da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi.<ref name=":4" /> === Manazarta === j5tt5ydyzf5wv5v944ai34t9nf7xnb9 0 176321 965563 952562 2026-10-10T04:05:35Z BnHamid 12586 965563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sedum moraniii''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin dangin Crassulaceae wanda aka fi sani da '''Rogue River stonecrop''' . Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Oregon]] a Amurka, inda yake girma ne kawai a gundumar Josephine kusa da Kogin Rogue . Wannan ganye ne mai tsayi da tsayi wanda ke da tushen glandular wanda ke samar da rosettes na ganye da furanni masu fure. Ganyen mai laushi kore ne, ƙanana kuma suna da kakin zuma. Tushen da ganyen da suka girma na iya zama ja ko shunayya. Ganyen da ke ƙarshen tushe na iya zama masu gashi. Tsawonsu ya kai santimita 3.2 da faɗin santimita 1.4. Tsawon flowering yana da har zuwa santimita 30. Yana da gashi kuma yana da ƙashi, ba shi da rassansa, yana tsaye kuma yana lanƙwasa lokacin ƙuruciya. An yi masa layi da ganyen da aka shirya a madadinsu. Yana da furanni masu furanni 20 zuwa 30 tare da furanni masu launin kore guda biyar da furanni masu launin rawaya guda biyar. <ref name="fna" /> Yana fure a watan Mayu da Yuni, wani lokacin har zuwa watan Yuli. <ref name="tnc" /> Ana samun wannan shukar a mafi yawan lokuta tana girma a cikin tsaunukan dutse da kuma tsaunukan serpentine . Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru guda 25 suna kan tsaunukan da ke saman gabar arewacin Kogin Rogue, a wurare masu hasken rana. Sauran shuke-shuke a cikin mazaunin sun hada da Pacific madrone ( ''Arbutus menziesii'' ), Wallace's spikemoss ( ''Selaginella wallacei'' ), itacen oak mai guba ( ''Toxicodendron diversilobum'' ), fern na zinariya ( ''Pentagramma triangularis'' ssp. ''triangularis'' ), yarrow ( ''Achillea millefolium'' ),tissi Monardyotella mintsi ( ''Mondrama'' ) ''Quercus chrysolepis'' ), Oregon farin itacen oak ( ''Quercus garryana'' ), bearbrush ( ''Garrya fremontii'' ), Douglas-fir ( ''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' ), silverback luina ( ''Luina hypoleuca'' ), da sauran nau'in ''Sedum'' . Akwai kuma nau'ikan mosses da dama. Yawancin abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa ne a Ofishin Gudanar da Filaye . Barazana ga nau'in sun haɗa da farautar dabbobin da ake amfani da su a lambunan duwatsu, kula da nishaɗi da hanyoyin tafiya, sauya yanayin ruwa na yankin, sare bishiyoyi, da [[hakar ma'adinai]] . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j4nslfs6jls90dg5vuqr4r2987mnj22 0 176773 965418 955358 2026-10-09T20:08:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cameron Fancher''' dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Michigan State Spartans . Ya taba buga wa Marshall Thundering Herd, Florida Atlantic Owls da UCF Knights wasa a baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Fancher ya girma a Huber Heights, Ohio kuma ya halarci Wayne High School inda ya rubuta wasika a kwallon kafa, kwando da track & field. An kiyasta shi a matsayin mai daukar taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Marshall a kan tayin daga Jihar Georgia, Austin Peay, Gabashin Illinois, Gabashin Kentucky, Fordham, Georgetown da Jihar Murray <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameron Fancher, 2021 Athlete, Marshall |url=https://n.rivals.com/content/athletes/cameron-fancher-264304 |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=Rivals.com}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Cam Fancher, Wayne, Quarterback |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Cam-Fancher-46100841/high-school-249937/ |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=247sports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Cam Fancher – Football Recruiting – Player Profiles |url=http://www.espn.com/college-sports/football/recruiting/player/_/id/244153/cam-fancher |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cam Fancher – Marshall – QB |url=https://www.on3.com/db/cam-fancher-17459/ |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=on3.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === Marshall === A lokacin kakar wasa ta Fancher ta gaskiya a cikin 2021, ya bayyana a wasanni biyu da North Carolina Central da FIU ya kammala kakar wasa tare da kammala uku daga cikin shida da ya yi ƙoƙari don yadudduka 46 da yadudduka 18 a kan biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cam Fancher |url=https://herdzone.com/sports/football/roster/cam-fancher/7430 |website=[[Marshall Thundering Herd]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2022, ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 13 kuma an kira shi a matsayin mai farawa a tsakiyar kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Dominant Second Half Propels Herd to First Sun Belt Conference Victory |url=https://herdzone.com/news/2022/10/22/football-dominant-second-half-propels-herd-to-first-sun-belt-conference-victory |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=[[Marshall Thundering Herd]]}}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kammala 131 daga cikin 235 da ya yi ƙoƙari don yadudduka 1,558, 10 touchdowns da kuma shida interceptions. A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2023, Fancher ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Marshall quarterback Cam Fancher enters transfer portal |url=https://wvmetronews.com/2023/12/06/marshall-quarterback-cam-fancher-enters-transfer-portal/ |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=WV MetroNews}}</ref> === Florida Atlantic === A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2023, Fancher ya sanar da cewa zai koma Florida Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaney |first=Luke |date=December 22, 2023 |title=Marshall quarterback transfer Cam Fancher commits to FAU |url=https://247sports.com/college/florida-atlantic/Article/marshall-quarterback-transfer-cam-fancher-commits-to-fau-223445896/ |access-date=December 27, 2023 |website=247Sports.com}}</ref> An kira shi a matsayin mai farawa na kwata-kwata a kakar 2024.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/college/group-five/sun-belt/ex-marshall-quarterback-cam-fancher-named-starter-at-florida-atlantic|title=Ex-Marshall Quarterback Cam Fancher Named Starter at Florida Atlantic|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=August 22, 2024|access-date=August 23, 2024}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2024, Fancher ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai shiga tashar canja wurin a karo na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vessels |first=Chandler |date=December 15, 2024 |title=Florida Atlantic QB Cam Fancher makes surprising decision on college future |url=https://www.on3.com/news/florida-atlantic-qb-cam-fancher-enters-ncaa-transfer-portal/ |access-date=January 18, 2026 |website=On3}}</ref> === UCF === A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2024, Fancher ya koma UCF Knights . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=UCF_Football|title=QB Cam Fancher is a Knight! ⚔️🔥}}</ref> An kira shi a matsayin mai farawa na kwata-kwata na kakar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Chris |date=August 26, 2025 |title=New UCF football starting QB Cam Fancher flashed command, and some magic, in fall camp |url=https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/sports/college/ucf/2025/08/26/ucf-knights-football-scott-frost-cam-fancher/85819896007/ |access-date=January 18, 2026 |website=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2026, Fancher ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai shiga tashar canja wurin a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Bryson |date=January 3, 2026 |title=Another UCF Quarterback Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://www.si.com/college/ucf/another-ucf-knights-quarterback-cam-fancher-enters-transfer-portal-scott-frost-dj-black-troy-ford-jr-jaeden-gould-01ke29vgn7kj |access-date=January 18, 2026 |website=UCF Knights on SI}}</ref> === Jihar Michigan === A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2026, Fancher ya sanar da cewa zai koma Jihar Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birkle |first=Andrew |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Michigan State football lands UCF QB Cam Fancher in transfer portal |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2026/01/06/michigan-state-football-transfer-portal-cam-fancher/88052846007/ |access-date=January 18, 2026 |website=[[Detroit Free Press]]}}</ref> === Kididdiga === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! colspan="3" |Wasanni ! colspan="8" |wucewa ! colspan="5" |Gudun daji |- !GP !GS !Rubuce-rubuce !Comp !Mataki !Pct !Yards !Avg !TD !Intane-tashen hankula !Adadin !Mataki !Yards !Avg !TD |- !2021 !Marshall |2 |0 |0–0 |3 |6 |50.0 |46 |'''7.7''' |0 |0 |114.4 |5 |18 |3.6 |0 |- !2022 !Marshall |'''13''' |7 |'''6–1''' |131 |235 |55.7 |1,558 |6.6 |10 |6 |120.4 |107 |'''466''' |4.4 |1 |- !2023 !Marshall |10 |'''10''' |5–5 |'''202''' |'''309''' |'''65.4''' |'''2,162''' |7.0 |'''11''' |'''11''' |'''128.8''' |'''120''' |273 |2.3 |'''4''' |- !2024 !Florida Atlantic |9 |9 |2–7 |126 |212 |59.4 |1,528 |7.2 |6 |6 |123.7 |99 |365 |3.7 |3 |- !2025 !UCF |3 |2 |1–1 |41 |72 |56.9 |333 |4.6 |0 |0 |95.8 |31 |170 |'''5.5''' |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ayyuka<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cam Fancher College Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/cam-fancher-1.html |access-date=July 28, 2024 |website=Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> !37 !28 !14–14 !503 !834 !60.3 !5,627 !6.7 !27 !23 !122.2 !362 !1,292 !3.6 !9 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231024134511/https://herdzone.com/sports/football/roster/cam-fancher/7430 Marshall Thundering Garken rayuwa] * [https://fausports.com/sports/football/roster/cam-fancher/17161 Florida Atlantic Owls bio] * [https://ucfknights.com/sports/football/roster/player/cam-fancher UCF Knights bio] * [https://msuspartans.com/sports/football/roster/cam-fancher/17373 Tarihin Spartans na Jihar Michigan] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aro6tafgah8zh0o58kq4y4o90eu0ep6 0 176785 965722 961505 2026-10-10T09:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Swami Dayananda Saraswati''' (15 ga Agusta 1930 - 23 ga Satumba 2015) ya kasance ɗan zuhudu na tsarin Hindu Saraswati na sannyasa. An kuma san shi da Pujya Swamiji kuma malamin gargajiya ne na Advaita Vedanta. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Arsha Vidya Gurukulams a Pennsylvania, Amurka; Rishikesh, Uttarakhand da Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, Indiya. Shi ne kuma babban malamin addinin addinin Firayim Minista Narendra Modi. An ba shi kyautar Padma Bhushan, ( lambar yabo ta uku mafi girma ta farar hula a [[Indiya|Jamhuriyar Indiya]]), saboda hidimar da ya yi wa al'umma a fannin ruhaniya a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=PM Narendra Modi's Spiritual Guru Dayanand Saraswati Gets Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modis-spiritual-guru-dayanand-saraswati-gets-padma-bhushan-1270014 |access-date=17 August 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Swami Dayananda Saraswati a matsayin Natarajan a Manjakkudi a gundumar Thiruvarur ta Tamil Nadu a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1930 ga Shri Gopala Iyer da Smt Valambal, daga dangin Brahmin . Shi ne ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya maza huɗu. Makarantarsa ta farko tana makarantar Gundumar da ke Kodavasal. Mahaifinsa ya mutu yana da shekaru takwas, wanda hakan ke nufin cewa dole ne Natarajan ya ɗauki nauyin iyalinsa tare da iliminsa. Bayan kammala karatunsa yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, Natarajan ya zo Chennai don neman abin rayuwa. A can ya koyi Turanci kuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida a mujallar mako-mako ''ta Dharmika Hindu'', wacce TK Jagannathacharya (TKJ) ke gudanarwa. Duk da haka, saboda rashin kuɗin shiga da kuma umarnin wani abokinsa, Rangachari, Natarajan ya yi rajista a rundunar sojin sama a matsayin mayaƙi a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] tare da GTS (Tashar Horar da Ƙasa). Ba shi da nauyi sosai kuma bai iya cancanta ba amma an bar shi ya ci gaba. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa yana da burin zama matukin jirgi. Ayyukan iyali, wato shraddham na mahaifinsa (wani biki da aka yi don girmama wani kakansa da ya mutu), ya sa ya bar rundunar sojin sama. Fiye da komai, bai son taurin kai ba. "Babu 'yanci, na ji suna ƙoƙarin sarrafa hankalina. Ban taɓa barin wani ya taɓa iko da ni a kowane lokaci ba, babu kowa. Shi ya sa nake ganin ni Swami ne." Natarajan ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ɗan jarida tare da mujallar 'Dharmika Hindu' kafin ya shiga wata kamfanin labarai, 'The Lens' wanda Shri Rajagopal ke jagoranta. Ya kuma yi aiki a tsohon Volkart Brothers (wanda yanzu ake kira Voltas Limited). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Hinduism saw renaissance in Swami Dayananda Saraswati's times |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150925/nation-current-affairs/article/hinduism-saw-renaissance-swami-dayananda-saraswatis-times}}</ref> A lokacin da ba ya nan, ƙaninsa MGSrinivasan ya ɗauki nauyin gonakin gidan kuma ya tabbatar da cewa iyalin suna da kuɗin shiga da za su rayu. === Shiga cikin Ofishin Jakadancin Chinmaya === Natarajan yana sha'awar Vedanta . Bayan sauraron jawaban jama'a na Swami Chinmayananda a shekarar 1952, Natarajan ya shiga cikin Ofishin Jakadancin Chinmaya a mukamai daban-daban kuma an nada shi sakataren Ofishin Jakadancin a cikin shekarar farko da aka kafa shi. Ya halarci azuzuwan Sanskrit na PS Subramania Iyer, Farfesa mai ritaya na Turanci. Iyer ne ya gabatar da mizanin rera baitocin Bhagavad Gita wanda da farko cibiyoyin mishan na Chinmaya suka biyo baya, kuma har zuwa yau duk cibiyoyin Arsha Vidya da sauran cibiyoyi suna biye da su. Swami Chinmayananda ya ɗora wa Natarajan alhakin kafa reshen Madurai na Ofishin Jakadancin Chinmaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Dayanand Saraswati |url=https://www.hinduscriptures.in/gurus/modern-thinkers/swami-dayanand-saraswati |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.hinduscriptures.in}}</ref> A shekarar 1955, Natarajan ya raka Swami Chinmayananda zuwa Uttarakashi kuma ya taimaka masa wajen shirya rubutun Gita don bugawa. A Uttarakashi, ya haɗu da Babban Malamin Swami Chinmayananda, Tapovan Maharaj, wanda ya ba shi shawara, 'Kana da wani nauyi a kanka wanda shi ma yana da muhimmanci. Ka zauna a nan, ka yi bimbini ka yi karatu.' Natarajan ba zai iya karɓar wannan tayin ba a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, ya yi wa Swami Tapovan Maharaj alƙawarin zai dawo bayan shekara guda don yin karatu tare da shi kuma ya yi. Natarajan ya koma Madras ya kuma ɗauki aikin editan ''Tyagi'', mujallar Chinmaya Mission da ke fitowa a duk mako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dayananda Saraswati - Bhagavatha |url=https://nama.co.in/keerthana/bhagavatha_detail.php?bhaid=MjMx |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=nama.co.in}}</ref> A shekarar 1956, bisa shawarar Swami Chinmayananda, Natarajan ya koma [[Bengaluru]] ya ci gaba da gyara ''Tyagi'' wanda shi ma aka mayar da shi Bengaluru. A lokacin zamansa, Natarajan ya shiga Kwalejin Sanskrit da ke Chamrajpet kuma ya yi karatu tare da Farfesa Veeraraghavachariar. === Sannyasa === A shekarar 1961, da izinin Swami Chinmayananda, Natarajan ya tafi karatu a ƙarƙashin Swami Pranavananda a Gudivada don bayyana shakkunsa game da Vedanta da kuma yin bincike kan kansa. Zaman da Natarajan ya yi tare da Swami Pranavananda ya taimaka wa Natarajan ya fahimci cewa Vedanta Pramāna ce (hanyar ilimi) don sanin gaskiyar Kai. A cikin kalmomin Natarajan, Wannan sauyi a hangen nesansa game da Vedanta ya motsa Natarajan ya yi nazarin Shastra tare da sharhin Sankara. A cikin 1962, Swami Chinmayananda ya ba shi Sannyasa kuma ya sa masa suna Swami Dayananda Saraswati. A shekarar 1963, ya tafi Mumbai, inda aka kaddamar da Sandeepany Sadhanalaya na Ofishin Jakadancin Chinmaya, inda ya dauki nauyin gyara mujallar aikin ''Tapovan Prasad'' . Bugu da ƙari, Swami Dayananda ya koyar da waƙoƙin Bhagavad Gita da Upanishads ga ɗaliban Sandeepany. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati |url=https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/swami_dayananda_saraswati.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.tititudorancea.com}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1963, Swami Dayananda ya yi aikin hajji zuwa Rishikesh kuma ya zauna a cikin wani bukka a Purani Jhadi wanda yanzu ake kira Dayananda Nagar. Ya yi shekaru uku a can, yana karatun Brahma Sutras a ƙarƙashin Swami Tarananda Giri a Kailash Ashram. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirect |url=https://dolatiaschan.com/4/5737255 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323225937/https://dolatiaschan.com/4/5737255 |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> === Tattaunawar jama'a === A kusan shekarar 1967, saboda raguwar lafiyar Swami Chinmayananda, Ofishin Jakadancin ya tuntubi Swami Dayananda don gabatar da jawabai da laccoci ga jama'a. Tsakanin 1967 da 1970, Swami Dayananda ya yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa garuruwa da birane daban-daban a Indiya yana yaɗa koyarwar Gita da Upanishads. A shekarar 1971, Swami Dayananda ya amince ya gudanar da wani shiri na dogon lokaci a Sandeepany Sadhanalaya, Powai, Mumbai kuma ya tsara manhajar karatu wadda za ta bayyana hangen nesa na Vedanta. Tsakanin 1972 da 1979, Swami Dayananda ya gudanar da darussa biyu na Vedanta na zama na tsawon shekaru uku a Mumbai. A cikin kalamansa, A shekarar 1979, Swami Dayananda ta kafa wani shirin karatu na tsawon shekaru uku a Sandeepany West da ke Piercy, California. A shekarar 1982, ya koma Indiya kuma ya ci gaba da yaɗa saƙon Upanishads ta hanyar jawabai da laccoci ga jama'a. === Kwanakin ƙarshe === Swami Dayananda Saraswati ya mutu a bakin kogin Ganga, tare da mabiyansa da ɗalibansa a yammacin ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2015. Ya shafe makonni yana rashin lafiya kuma yana shiga da fita daga asibiti na ɗan lokaci. Yana da shekaru 85. An yi ayyukan ibada na ƙarshe na Swamiji ta hanyar gargajiya kamar yadda ya dace da ƙin yarda da wani. An binne shi a cikin kabari, wanda aka sani da "bhu" samadhi, tare da rera waƙoƙin Vedic da mantras mai ƙarfi. Manyan mutane da yawa, shugabannin Hindu da ɗalibansa sun kasance a wurin don girmama su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-26 |title=Last rites of Swami Dayanand performed in Rishikesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/last-rites-of-swami-dayanand-performed-in-rishikesh/story-YmQrB8AvtQxr7alltf9F9N.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin Arsha Vidya == === Koyarwa === Swami Dayananda tare da taimakon manyan almajiransa ya koyar da shirye-shirye goma na shekaru uku (takwas a Indiya da biyu a Amurka) kuma ɗalibansa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen yanzu suna koyarwa a duk faɗin duniya. Sama da almajiransa na Sannyasi ɗari biyu suna koyar da tsarin nahawu na Vedanta da Panini. Suna kafa Arsha Vidya Sampradaya. <ref name="Home {{!}} Arsha Vidya Sampradaya">{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Arsha Vidya Sampradaya |url=https://www.arshasampradaya.org/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.arshasampradaya.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416075159/https://www.arshasampradaya.org/ |archive-date=2021-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cibiyoyi === Swami Dayananda ya kafa cibiyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya guda huɗu da kuma wasu da yawa a faɗin duniya ta hanyar ɗalibansa, inda ya fi mai da hankali kan koyar da Vedanta, Sanskrit da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa. Waɗannan cibiyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya ana kiransu da ' Arsha Vidya ' ko 'Arsha Vijnana' (Ilimin Rishis). Yawancin ɗaliban Swami Dayananda sun yi amfani da kalmar 'Arsha' wajen sanya wa wuraren da suka fito suna don nuna asalinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guiding Light – JJK Gurukulam |url=https://jjkgurukulam.org/guiding-light/}}</ref> Cibiyoyin koyarwa na Arsha Vidya guda huɗu waɗanda Swami Dayananda ta kafa sune: * Arsha Vidya Peetham, Swami Dayananda Ashram, Rishikesh 249201, Uttarakhand, India <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Swami Dayananda Ashram In Rishikesh UttarakhandTimings, Facts |url=https://www.chardhamtours.in/uttarakhand/rishikesh/swami-dayananda-ashram_1927.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Char Dham Yatra |language=en}}</ref> * Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, PO Box 1059, Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania 18353, Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-21 |title=Arsha Vidya Gurukulam - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/arsha-vidya-gurukulam/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref> * Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, Anaikatti, Coimbatore – 641108, Tamil Nadu, India <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Arsh Vidya Gurukulam, Anaikatti becomes IYA Member Institution |url=https://www.yogaiya.in/arsh-vidya-gurukulam-anaikatti-becomes-iya-member-institution/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Indian Yoga Association |language=en-US}}</ref> * Arsha Vijnana Gurukulam, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 410033, India Waɗannan cibiyoyin zama suna gudanar da darussa na dogon lokaci, hutun mako 1-2, shirye-shiryen nazarin ƙarshen mako da kuma hutun iyali a duk shekara, kuma darussan da ake koyarwa sun haɗa da Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Brahma Sutras da wasu rubuce-rubucen Vedanta da dama masu alaƙa. Binciken ya kuma haɗa da sharhin Sanskrit na Adi Sankara akan waɗannan rubuce-rubucen, wanda aka sani da Bhashya. Tare da waɗannan nazarin, ana koyar da harshen Sanskrit tare da tsarin nahawu na Panini. Gurukuls kuma suna gudanar da zaman tunani da satsangs na yau da kullun. Bugu da ƙari, ana koyar da yoga, kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, ayurveda, jyotisha da sauran fannoni na ilimi. Swami Dayananda ya kafa wata cibiya a wurin haihuwarsa, Manjakkudi, wani ƙauye a Tamil Nadu, a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Swami Dayananda Educational Trust (SDET). Tana kula da kwalejin fasaha, manyan makarantun sakandare guda biyu da kuma Veda Patasala ta gargajiya. Da kaddamar da bikin tunawa da Swami Dayananda, almajiran Swami Dayananda ne ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen nazarin zama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GuideStar India |url=https://guidestarindia.org/Summary.aspx?CCReg=9951}}</ref> An tsara Jnanapravaha, wata cibiyar karatu ta Vedanta, don mika gadon koyarwar Swami Dayananda Saraswati a wurin haihuwarsa da ke Manjakuddi . A wannan wurin ne ɗaliban Vedanta ke gano kayan karatu da albarkatun da ake buƙata don ƙara iliminsu a Advaita Vedanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=About Jnanapravaha - JÑĀNAPRAVĀHA - Vedanta Study Centre |url=https://jnanapravaha.in/about-jnanapravaha/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyoyin koyarwa da Swami Dayananda ya kafa suna gudanar da shirye-shirye ga jama'a don nazarin ilimin Vedanta . Akwai cibiyoyi sama da sittin a Indiya da kuma a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda ke ci gaba da bin al'adar koyarwar Vedantic a ƙarƙashin tutar " Arsha Vidya ". === Dalibai === Kafafen yaɗa labarai sun ambaci Narendra Modi, Firayim Ministan Indiya kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Rajinikanth a matsayin almajiran Swami Dayananda Saraswati. <ref name="huffpost.com">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-25 |title=Swami Dayananda - A Jewish Appreciation |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/swami-dayananda-a-jewish-_b_8194504 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Fitattun almajiran sannyasi na Swami Dayananda sun haɗa da Swami Suddhananda Saraswati wanda ya gudanar da Swami Dayananda Ashram a Rishikesh. Saboda rashin lafiya, daga baya ya miƙa ragamar mulkin Ashram ga Swami Saksatkrtananda Saraswati, wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban a yanzu kuma babban acharya na ashram ɗin. Swami Viditatmananda Saraswati yana aiki a matsayin shugaba kuma babban acharya a Arsha Vidya Gurukulam a Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania. Swami Sadatmananda Saraswati yana aiki a matsayin shugaba kuma babban acharya a Arsha Vidya Gurukulam a Annaikatti, Coimbatore . Swamini Brahmaprakasananda shine shugaban Arsha Vijnana Gurukulam a [[Nagpur]]. Wasu daga cikin manyan almajiransa su ne Swami Paramarthananda, Swami Tattvavidananda, Swami Suddhabodhananda, Swami Brahmatmananda, Swami Tadatmananda, Swami Paramatmananda, Swami Nijananda, Swami Tadrupananda, Swamini Brahmalinananda, Swami Parinporyana da Swami Parinpooryana. Duk malamai daga al'adar Arsha Vidya suna ba da ilimin Advaita Vedanta a duk faɗin duniya ga masu neman ilimi kamar yadda Swami Dayananda Saraswati ya koyar. <ref name="Home {{!}} Arsha Vidya Sampradaya" /> Sauran ɗaliban sun haɗa da Anantanand Rambachan, farfesa a fannin addini a Kwalejin St. Olaf, Minnesota (Amurka), da kuma Vasudevacharya, wanda a da shi ne Dr. Michael Comans, tsohon mamba a Sashen Nazarin Indiya a Jami'ar Sydney. Radha (Carol Whitfield, Ph.D.) dalibin farko na Swami Dayananda ya taimaka wajen kafa Sandeepany West da Arsha Vidya Gurukulam a Saylorsburg Amurka, Arsha Kulam a California cibiyar koyar da Advaita Vedanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsha Kulam |url=https://arshakulam.org/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, ayyuka, da tattaunawa == === Ƙungiyar Duk Indiya don Seva === Baya ga koyarwa, Swami Dayananda ya fara ayyukan agaji daban-daban. Ya kafa All India Movement for Seva (AIM for Seva) a shekarar 2000, da hangen nesa na sauya al'umma ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hidima, don cike gibin da ke tsakanin birane da karkara, ta haka, ya ba wa kowane mutum damar bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban ƙasar. An mayar da hankali kan ilimi mai tushen ƙima da kuma isa ga yaran karkarar Indiya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Chatralayams (Makarantun ɗalibai kyauta) da makarantu. Swamiji ya ba da shawarar kada a raba yaron da iyayensa a lokacin da yake makaranta, kuma da farko iyaye za su halarci makarantar har sai yaron ya ji daɗin zama a cikin muhallin da ba shi da gida. A shekarar 2002, wani babban aiki da ya shaida ci gaba a shekarar 2023, Swami Dayanandaji ne ya fara shi. "Swami Dayananda Krupa Home" da ke Sriperumbudur a Tamil Nadu, tana ba da magani da tallafi ga maza da yara waɗanda ke da jinkirin ci gaba har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-30 |title=AIM for Seva Krupa Home |url=https://enabled.in/wp/aim-for-seva-krupa-home/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=enabled.in |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ba ta matsayin shawara tare da ECOSOC (Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa) daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2005, <ref>{{Cite web |title=NGO Committee Recommends Six Organizations for Special Consultative Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Two Applications |url=https://unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2005/ngo569.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=United Nations : Information Service Vienna |language=en}}</ref> wannan ƙungiya ta mai da hankali kan yi wa mutane hidima a yankunan karkara na Indiya, a fannonin ilimi da kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title=From Silicon Valley to India's remotest tribal areas, AIM for Seva's work has impacted thousands - indica News |url=https://indicanews.com/2022/12/03/from-silicon-valley-to-indias-remotest-tribal-areas-aim-for-sevas-work-has-impacted-thousands/}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seva Begins in Your Heart and AIMS Brings Hope to a Rural Child {{!}} Indo American News |url=https://www.indoamerican-news.com/seva-begins-in-your-heart-and-aims-brings-hope-to-a-rural-child/ |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Unravelling the life of a visionary |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/unravelling-life-visionary-2311197 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> === Gyaran haikali, ayyuka da kuma ibada === Swami Dayananda ya ƙarfafa kiyaye tsoffin al'adu, ayyukan addini da na ruhaniya na Indiya waɗanda suka tsira daga shekaru aru-aru da dama amma suna fama a zamanin yau saboda rashin tallafi. Ya fara da Veda Patashalas (Cibiyoyin Koyo na Vedas) da dama don kiyaye Vedas da Agamas don hana su ɓacewa saboda rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa don ilmantarwa. Swami Dayananda ya naɗa masu oduvar guda 35 a tsoffin gidajen ibada na Siva kuma ya ba su izinin rera waƙar "Panniru Tirumurai", waƙoƙin da ke bayyana falsafar Saiva Siddhanta. Swami Dayananda ya taimaka wajen gina karusai biyar don Haikalin Sri Mahalingaswamy da ke Tiruvidaimarudur kusa da Kumbakonam a shekarar 2010 akan kuɗin sama da rupees crore biyar kuma ya samar da kuɗi don bikin karusai na shekara-shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Revival of an ancient Temple Tradition |url=http://www.templenet.com/Articles/chariot_revival.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.templenet.com}}</ref> Swami Dayananda Saraswati ya shigar da ƙarar da aka rubuta (WP 476/2012) a gaban Kotun Koli ta Indiya yana ƙalubalantar ingancin kundin tsarin mulki na tanade-tanaden dokoki da ƙa'idojin Addinin Hindu na Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh da Pondicherry. Wannan shari'ar tana nan a gaban Kotun Koli. Ya goyi bayan Dr. Subramanian Swamy don kare Ram Sethu da kuma kare shi lokacin da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Turai ke son ƙirƙirar hanyar karya ta. Ya taimaka wa Dr. Subramanian Swamy wajen gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya a shari'ar Chidambaram Temple Case a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa Podu Dikshitars da Dr. Subramanian Swamy sun sha kaye a shari'ar da aka yi a gidan ibadar Chidambaram a gaban babban kotun Madras, kotun koli ta amince da daukaka karar da suka shigar, wadda ta yanke hukunci a ranar 06 ga Janairu, 2014, inda ta kori gwamnati daga gidan ibadar Chidambaram Sri Natarajar, ta hanyar soke hukunce-hukuncen da kotun koli ta Madras ta yanke. Hukuncin Kotun Koli a Shari'ar Haikalin Chidambaram ya zo ne a matsayin wani ƙarin taimako ga dawo da gidajen ibada na Hindu daga ikon Gwamnati. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6tq6ocvornblp3l6a5e20kymodpkaq4 0 177074 965485 957019 2026-10-09T21:32:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carlos Alcaraz Garfia''' {{Efn|{{IPA|es|ˈkaɾlos alkaˈɾaθ ˈɣaɾfja|lang}};<ref>{{cite web |title=The pronunciation by Carlos Alcaraz himself |url=https://www.atptour.com/-/media/player-names/carlos-alcaraz-player-name-2021.mp3 |work=ATPWorldTour.com |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412223748/https://www.atptour.com/-/media/player-names/carlos-alcaraz-player-name-2021.mp3 |url-status=live}} </ref>}} (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[tennis]] ne ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. An sanya shi a matsayi na 1 a duniya a gasar maza marasa aure ta ƙungiyar ƙwararrun 'yan wasan Tennis (ATP) tsawon makonni 66, kuma ya kammala a matsayin na 1 a ƙarshen shekara a 2022 da [[Tafiya ta ATP ta 2025|2025]] . Alcaraz ya lashe kofuna 26 na matakin ATP Tour, ciki har da manyan gasa bakwai da kuma kofuna takwas na ATP Masters 1000 . Shi ne mutum na tara kuma mafi ƙarancin shekaru a tarihi da ya kammala gasar Grand Slam a cikin 'yan wasa marasa aure. Alcaraz, wanda matashi ne, ya lashe gasar karshe ta Next Gen ATP kuma ya lashe kyautar sabon shiga na ATP na shekarar 2020. A shekarar 2022, Alcaraz ya lashe babban kambunsa na farko a gasar US Open . Ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta a Zamanin Buɗewa da aka sanya shi a matsayin na 1 a duniya, a 19 shekaru, 130 kwanaki da suka wuce, kuma sun kammala shekarar a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a ƙarshen shekara a tarihin ATP . Alcaraz ya lashe gasar Wimbledon a shekarar 2023, inda ya doke zakaran gasar [[Novak Djokovic]] sau bakwai a wasan karshe . A shekarar 2024, Alcaraz ya lashe gasar French Open ta farko kuma ya kare kambunsa a Wimbledon, inda ya zama matashin da ya lashe gasar " Channel Slam ". A shekarar 2025, ya doke [[Jannik Sinner]] a wasan karshe na tarihi don lashe gasar French Open, da kuma gasar US Open, sannan ya kare a matsayin lamba 1 a duniya a karo na biyu. A shekarar 2026, Alcaraz ya lashe gasar Grand Slam ta bakwai a gasar Australian Open, kuma ya zama matashin da ya kammala gasar Grand Slam a shekarar. 22 shekaru, 272 kwanaki da suka wuce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz completes Career Grand Slam &#124; ATP Tour &#124; Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-australian-open-2026-career-grand-slam |access-date=6 July 2026 |website=Atptour.com}}</ref> An san shi da salon wasansa na faɗa da kuma nau'ikan bugun ƙwallo iri-iri. == Farko da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Carlos Alcaraz Garfia a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2003, a El Palmar, Murcia, Spain, ga iyaye Carlos Alcaraz González da Virginia Garfia Escandón. Alcaraz yana da babban ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Álvaro, da ƙannensa biyu, Sergio da Jaime. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz's Family: All About the Tennis Champion's Parents and Siblings |url=https://people.com/all-about-carlos-alcaraz-family-parents-siblings-7814256 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya fara buga wasan tennis yana da shekaru huɗu a Real Sociedad Club de Campo de Murcia, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance kocin wasan tennis kuma mai kula da kulob. Mahaifiyarsa ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar tallace-tallace a IKEA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz Se Destapa En Vogue |url=http://www.atptour.com/es/news/alcaraz-vogue-february-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719021528/https://www.atptour.com/es/news/alcaraz-vogue-february-2023 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=es}}</ref> Mahaifin Alcaraz ya taɓa buga wasan tennis amma ya daina neman sana'arsa ta ƙwararru tun yana matashi, domin ba zai iya biyan kuɗin sa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Francisco J. |date=6 April 2022 |title=El abuelo de Carlos Alcaraz, de la receta de las tres 'C' a la "alegría, el orgullo y el alivio" |url=https://www.laverdad.es/carlos-alcaraz/abuelo-carlos-alcaraz-20220406002423-ntvo.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laverdad.es%2Fcarlos-alcaraz%2Fabuelo-carlos-alcaraz-20220406002423-ntvo.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.laverdad.es%2Fcarlos-alcaraz%2Fabuelo-carlos-alcaraz-20220406002423-ntvo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719021526/https://www.laverdad.es/carlos-alcaraz/abuelo-carlos-alcaraz-20220406002423-ntvo.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laverdad.es%2Fcarlos-alcaraz%2Fabuelo-carlos-alcaraz-20220406002423-ntvo.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.laverdad.es%2Fcarlos-alcaraz%2Fabuelo-carlos-alcaraz-20220406002423-ntvo.html |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=La Verdad |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Carlos Alcaraz: "Mi padre tenía muchas raquetas y el club estaba al lado de casa" |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/tenis/20210418/6770759/carlos-alcaraz-godo-rafael-nadal-equelite-villena.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719021528/https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/tenis/20210418/6770759/carlos-alcaraz-godo-rafael-nadal-equelite-villena.amp.html |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=www.lavanguardia.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 10, Alcaraz ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko da Babolat . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Shahida |date=28 October 2025 |title=Who are Carlos Alcaraz's big sponsors? Massive Nike deal and stripping to his underwear for Calvin Klein |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-features/carlos-alcarazs-sponsors-20m-nike-deal-chief-progress-officer |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya kalli yadda yake fafatawa yana da shekaru 11, wakilin IMG Albert Molina ya gane Carlos a matsayin fitaccen mai baiwa kuma ya nemi shawo kan iyayensa su yi aiki tare da shi; mahaifinsa ya amince a ƙarshe lokacin da Carlos yake da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Signed At 12, Carlos Alcaraz Investment Now Paying Rich Dividends {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/how-carlos-alcaraz-has-built-a-winning-team |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2025 |title=Who Sits in Carlos Alcaraz's Player's Box? |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/articles/sits-carlos-alcarazs-players-box-130000828.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Yahoo Life |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title="Carlos and I are almost the same person, we think the same way" |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/exclusive-interview-with-alcaraz-coach-juan-carlos-ferrero-carlos-and-i-are-almost-the-same-person-we-think-the-same-way-670345.html |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> Alcaraz yakan kasance tare da mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa Álvaro, wanda ke aiki a matsayin abokin wasansa na bugun ƙwallo kuma mataimakin kocinsa. A lokacin hutun kakar wasa ta tennis, yana zaune a gidan iyayensa da ke Murcia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz is already training on the clay in Murcia with his sights set on Paris 2024 |url=https://www.puntodebreak.com/en/2024/07/18/alcaraz-is-already-training-on-the-clay-in-murcia-with-his-sights-set-on-paris-2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=Puntodebreak.com |language=en}}</ref> Abokansa da iyalansa suna kiransa "Carlitos" ko "Charly". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |date=1 October 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz reveals the nickname has given himself |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcaraz-nickname-carlitos-interview-press-conference |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> Shi [[Cocin katolika|ɗan Katolika]] ne, kuma ya sami albarka daga firistoci kafin manyan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz makes time for blessing amid US Open pressure |url=https://aleteia.org/2025/08/25/heres-the-catholic-way-carlos-alcaraz-prepares-for-us-open/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Macken: The athletic side of the newest saints |url=https://bccatholic.ca/voices/pat-macken-bccath/macken-the-athletic-side-of-the-newest-saints |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The B.C. Catholic |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin ƙarami == A lokacin yana da shekaru 10, Alcaraz ya fafata a wajen Spain a karon farko a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 10 a Croatia, <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz – the Birth of One Boy's Dreams, the Death of One Man's Hopes {{!}} InsideTennis.com |url=https://www.insidetennis.com/2023/06/carlos-alcaraz-the-birth-of-one-boys-dreams-the-death-of-one-mans-hopes/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> inda ya sha kashi a wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=The 'brutal charisma' and staggering game of Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/33944927/heir-apparent-carlos-alcaraz-ready-complete-tennis-takeover-2022-french-open |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ya zama memba na hukuma a ƙungiyar Babolat, daga baya ya shiga jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka fi shahara a duniya tun yana ɗan shekara 13. A shekarar 2015, Alcaraz ta lashe gasar 'yan kasa da shekara 12 ta Rafa Nadal Tour Masters, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ta lashe gasar 'yan kasa da shekara 14. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=James |date=1 August 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz's little brother notches a win on Rafa Nadal Tour |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcarazs-little-brother-jaime-notches-win-rafa-nadal-tour |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Alcaraz ta ji daɗin kakar wasa mai ban mamaki a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 14. Ya lashe XIV Taça Internacional Maia Jovem, ya doke Daniel Rincón a wasan karshe, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz and Radulova reign on clay in Maia |url=https://www.tenniseurope.org/cookies/?returnurl=%2Fnews%2F111601%2FAlcaraz-and-Radulova-reign-on-clay-in-Maia |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.tenniseurope.org}}</ref> kuma daga baya ya kama Babolat Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U12 Babolat Cup International Masters Finals – Roberta Gaskell Crowned Champion – Yorkshire Tennis |url=https://www.yorkshiretennis.org.uk/u12-babolat-cup-international-masters-finals-roberta-gaskell-crowned-champion/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wannan bazarar, ya taimaka wa Spain lashe Kofin bazara na Turai na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 14 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilic |first=Jovica |date=10 July 2017 |title=Spain and Ukraine win 14&U European Summer Cups |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/45284/spain-and-ukraine-win-14ampu-european-summer-cups/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref> kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar Sipaniya da ta zo ta biyu zuwa Switzerland a Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa na Duniya ta ITF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Carlos Alcaraz's younger brother is now set to follow in his footsteps this year |url=https://tennishead.net/carlos-alcarazs-younger-brother-is-now-set-to-follow-in-his-footsteps-this-year/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=tennishead.net |language=en-GB}}</ref> Alcaraz ya ci gaba da haɓɓakarsa a shekarar 2018. A watan Yuli, ya lashe gasar Dutch Junior Open, inda ya doke Filip Kolasinski a wasan karshe, <ref>{{Cite web |title=TC Bakkum Dutch Junior Open 2018 |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/tc-bakkum-dutch-junior-open-2018/ned/2018/j-g2-ned-01a-2018/draws-and-results/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> kuma makonni bayan haka ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ta hanyar doke Elmer Møller . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz & Bartone victorious at European 16&U Championships |url=https://www.tenniseurope.org/cookies/?returnurl=/news/121329/Alcaraz-Bartone-victorious-at-European-16U-Championships |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.tenniseurope.org}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar a gasar cin kofin Junior Davis da aka yi a Budapest, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar cin kofin Spain, inda ya ceci maki a wasa yayin da yake bin Harold Mayot a wasanni daya-daya kafin ya dawo ya lashe wasan da ya fi daukar hankali bayan Faransa ta fara jagoranci. <ref name="ChildhoodCoach">{{Cite web |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=27 May 2023 |title='This boy was born to be No 1': the making of Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/may/26/born-to-be-no-1-tennis-the-making-of-carlos-alcaraz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601065251/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/may/26/born-to-be-no-1-tennis-the-making-of-carlos-alcaraz |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Tom |date=30 September 2018 |title=SPAIN WINS 2018 JUNIOR DAVIS CUP AFTER COMEBACK VICTORY |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/news-and-media/articles/spain-wins-junior-davis-cup-after-comeback-victory/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2019, Alcaraz ya lashe gasar J300 Villena, inda ya doke Illya Beloborodko a wasan karshe, <ref>{{Cite web |title=J300 Villena \ Trofeo Juan Carlos Ferrero (Villena), J300 Boys, 2019-03-26 Tennis Results |url=https://www.coretennis.net/majic/pageServer/0r0100000c/en/tid/73829/Tournament-Rounds.html |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.coretennis.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=J300 Villena |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/j300-villena/esp/2025/j-j300-esp-2025-001/champions/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> kuma an sanya shi a matsayi na 1 a gasar Tennis Europe Junior Tour a shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=From European Junior Champion to record breaker: Carlos Alcaraz Garfia |url=https://www.tenniseurope.org/cookies/?returnurl=/news/127560/From-European-Junior-Champion-to-record-breaker-Carlos-Alcaraz-Garfia |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.tenniseurope.org}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ƙarami, ya samu matsayi mafi girma a duniya a fannin aiki na lamba 22. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Garfia 2025: biography, Career, Net Worth, earnings and titles |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis-player/1348/carlos-alcaraz-garfia/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=www.tennisworldusa.org}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == === 2018–2020: Farawar farko ta ƙwararren ɗan wasa === A watan Fabrairun 2018, yana da shekaru 14, Alcaraz ya buga wasan tennis na farko na ƙwararru a matsayin wanda zai fafata a gasar Spain F5 ITF Futures da ke Murcia. Ya fitar da Federico Gaio, ɗan wasa na biyu kuma ɗan wasa na duniya mai lamba 292 a zagayen farko, kuma daga ƙarshe ya kai zagayen kwata-kwata. Ya tattara maki biyu na farko na ATP daga wannan gasa, kuma ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasa na duniya na 1414 a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz: How Covid has kept a lid on this mercurial talent |url=https://tennishead.net/carlos-alcaraz-how-covid-has-kept-a-lid-on-this-mercurial-talent/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=tennishead.net |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, Alcaraz yana da shekaru 15, ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar Challenger wasa a JC Ferrero Challenger da ke Villena. Ya yi nasara a zagayen farko da wani matashi mai suna [[Jannik Sinner]] mai shekaru 17, wanda ya yi nasara a wasanni goma sha shida a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Challenger TV: Watch Carlos Alcaraz & Jannik Sinner's first meeting ahead of French Open clash |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/watch-alcaraz-sinner-first-meeting-alicante-2019#:~:text=A%2015-year-old%20Alcaraz,one%20hour%20and%2050%20minutes. |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Da wannan nasarar, Alcaraz ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekarar 2003 da ya lashe wasan Challenger. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilic |first=Jovica |date=3 April 2024 |title=Five Years of Fire: Carlos Alcaraz vs. Jannik Sinner's First Encounter |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Carlos_Alcaraz/143738/five-years-of-fire-carlos-alcaraz-vs-jannik-sinner-s-first-encounter/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref> An kayar da shi a zagaye na biyu da Lukáš Rosol, ɗan wasa na takwas. Mako guda bayan haka a gasar Murcia Open, ya doke Pedro Martínez na biyar a matsayi na biyar kuma na duniya mai lamba 140 a zagaye na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Addicott |first=Adam |date=10 April 2019 |title=Emulating Nadal, 15-year-old Carlos Alcaraz Stuns Top 150 Player On Challenger Tour |url=https://www.ubitennis.net/2019/04/emulating-nadal-15-year-old-carlos-alcaraz-stuns-top-150-player-challenger-tour/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=UBITENNIS |language=en-US}}</ref> Alcaraz ya ci gaba da lashe kofuna hudu na Challenger, uku daga cikinsu kafin ya kai shekara 18. Shi ne ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekarar 2003 da ya kai wasan cin kofin Challenger. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Challenger Trieste: 17-year-old Alcaraz wins first title |url=https://www.tennisnet.com/en/news/atp-challenger-trieste-17-year-old-alcaraz-wins-first-title |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=tennisnet.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2020, yana da shekaru 16, Alcaraz ya fara buga babban wasansa na ATP a Rio Open bayan ya sami katin gargadi na babban wasan guda ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=Carlos Alcaraz grabs 2020 Rio Open wild card for an ATP debut |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/ATP_Tennis/81432/carlos-alcaraz-grabs-2020-rio-open-wild-card-for-an-atp-debut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215222514/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/ATP_Tennis/81432/carlos-alcaraz-grabs-2020-rio-open-wild-card-for-an-atp-debut/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=15 February 2020 |website=Tennis World USA}}</ref> Ya doke Albert Ramos Viñolas, ɗan wasa na duniya na 41, a tseren marathon mai tsawon sa'o'i uku da mintuna 37. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz, 16, Wins ATP Tour Debut In Rio |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/garin-andujar-alcaraz-rio-2020-monday |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekarar 2003 da ya lashe gasar ATP Tour, kuma ya cimma wannan nasarar kafin a haifi kowa a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciotti |first=Lorenzo |date=18 February 2020 |title=Carlos Alcaraz Garfia, the first player born in 2003 to win an ATP Tour match! |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/videos/ATP_Tennis/84227/carlos-alcaraz-garfia-the-first-player-born-in-2003-to-win-an-atp-tour-match/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Shahida |date=16 April 2025 |title=Diego Dedura-Palomero celebrates wildly after emulating Sinner, Alcaraz, Fonseca |url=https://www.tennis365.com/atp-tour/first-player-born-each-year-win-atp-match-featuring-carlos-alcaraz-jannik-sinner-diego-dedura-palomero |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> An kayar da shi a zagaye na biyu ta hannun Federico Coria . A watan Satumba na 2020, Alcaraz yana da shekaru 17, ya buga zagaye na farko na cancantar shiga gasar French Open da aka dage. Ya riƙe maki biyu a wasanni don kayar da Aleksandar Vukic a jere, amma ya ƙare da rashin nasara a wasanni uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vukic saves two match points in Roland Garros win |url=https://www.tennis.com.au/news/2020/09/22/vukic-saves-two-match-points-in-roland-garros-win |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121112837/https://www.tennis.com.au/news/2020/09/22/vukic-saves-two-match-points-in-roland-garros-win |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Tennis Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> === 2021: Gasar ATP ta farko, Zakaran Next Gen === Alcaraz ya fara buga wasa a babban wasan da aka buga a gasar Australian Open ta 2021 . Shi ne mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya cancanci shiga gasar tun bayan [[Novak Djokovic]] a shekarar 2005. <ref name=":023">{{Cite web |title=Parallels with Rafa mean no escape for Alcaraz |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/features/parallels-rafa-mean-no-escape-alcaraz |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ausopen.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da aka dage babban jadawalin wasannin saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], Alcaraz ya buga gasar Great Ocean Road Open a farkon watan Fabrairu, inda Thiago Monteiro ya kayar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiago Monteiro vs. Carlos Alcaraz Melbourne 2021 Round of 16 &#124; Match Stats |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/8998/ms008 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> A wasansa na farko da aka yi canjaras a gasar Australian Open, Alcaraz ya doke Botic van de Zandschulp a jere. Shi ne kaɗai matashi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da suka wuce zagaye na farko, kuma mutum na farko da aka haifa a shekarar 2003 da ya lashe wasa a babban wasa. <ref name=":023" /> A zagaye na biyu, Mikael Ymer ya kayar da Alcaraz. [[File:Carlos_Alcaraz.jpg|left|thumb| Alcaraz a gasar French Open ta 2021]] Alcaraz ya buga gasannin Challenger da ATP Tour a duk lokacin bazara, ciki har da Gran Canaria Challenger II da Open Occitanie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco Trungelliti vs. Carlos Alcaraz Gran Canaria 2021 Round of 16 &#124; Match Stats |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/9458/ms008 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallon Griekspoor vs. Carlos Alcaraz Montpellier 2021 1st Round Qualifying &#124; Match Stats |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/375/qs013 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Ya samu kyaututtuka a gasar Mexican Open, inda ya sha kashi a hannun zakaran da ya lashe Alexander Zverev a zagaye na farko; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander Zverev vs. Carlos Alcaraz Acapulco 2021 Round of 32 &#124; Match Stats |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/807/ms031 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> a gasar Barcelona Open, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Frances Tiafoe a zagaye na farko; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frances Tiafoe vs. Carlos Alcaraz Barcelona 2021 Round of 64 &#124; Match Stats |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/425/ms041 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> da kuma a gasar Andalucía Open, inda ya doke Nikola Milojevic, Feliciano Lopez, da kuma Casper Ruud, wanda ya zo na uku a gasar ATP, inda ya shiga gasar ATP mafi zurfi a rayuwarsa. Ya sha kashi a hannun ɗan ƙasarsa Jaume Munar a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaume Munar vs. Carlos Alcaraz Marbella 2021 Semi-Finals &#124; Estadísticas de Partido |url=https://www.atptour.com/es/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/9462/ms003 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=es}}</ref> Alcaraz ya sami nasara a gasar Miami Open, inda ya sha kashi a zagaye na farko a hannun Emil Ruusuvuori . Wannan shine farkon bayyanarsa a gasar ATP Masters 1000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emil Ruusuvuori vs. Carlos Alcaraz Miami 2021 Round of 128 &#124; Match Stats |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/match-stats/archive/2021/403/ms081 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> An sake ba shi wani kyautar ATP 1000 a gasar Madrid Open . Alcaraz ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar a tarihin gasar bayan ya sha kaye a zagaye na farko a hannun Adrian Mannarino, inda ya karya tarihin da [[Rafael Nadal]] ya kafa a shekarar 2004. Daga nan ya haɗu da Nadal a karon farko da suka haɗu a fagen wasa, kuma ya sha kashi a hannun sa a wasanni biyu a ranar da ya cika shekaru goma sha takwas da haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz on 'Dream' Nadal Clash: 'It's the Best Birthday Present' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2021-monday-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504040630/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2021-monday-reaction |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Alcaraz ya shiga gasar Challenger Oeiras III a matsayin ɗan wasa mara matsayi, kuma ya doke Facundo Bagnis a wasan ƙarshe don lashe kambun Challenger na huɗu a rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Claims Historic Fourth Challenger Crown |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-2021-oeiras-challenger-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601170732/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-2021-oeiras-challenger-title |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2021 |title=Alcaraz Triumphs at Oeiras Open Challenger |url=https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/74206/alcaraz-triumphs-at-oeiras-open-challenger |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175712/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/74206/alcaraz-triumphs-at-oeiras-open-challenger |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2021, ya tashi daga matsayi na 114 zuwa na 94 a cikin jerin 'yan wasa na ATP. Ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarami a cikin manyan 'yan wasa 100, da kuma ƙaramin ɗan wasa a cikin manyan 'yan wasa 500. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Carlos Alcaraz moves into the top 100 with a Challenger win in Oeiras |url=https://www.tennisnet.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-moves-into-the-top-100-with-a-challenger-win-in-oeiras |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=tennisnet.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":133">{{Cite web |last=Battersby |first=Kate |date=29 June 2021 |title=Alcaraz making a name |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2021-06-29/teenager_alcaraz_making_name_for_himself.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=wimbledon.com}}</ref> Alcaraz ya samu damar shiga gasar French Open cikin sauƙi, kuma ya kai zagaye na uku, inda Jan-Lennard Struff ya kayar da shi. Shi ne mutum mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kai zagaye na uku a Roland Garros cikin shekaru 29, kuma shi ne mafi ƙarami da ya kai wannan matsayi a kowace babbar gasa tun bayan Nadal a 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz becomes youngest man to reach third round in Paris in 29 years |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/news-and-media/articles/alcaraz-becomes-youngest-man-to-reach-third-round-in-paris-in-29-years/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya fara buga wasa a Wimbledon ta hanyar bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A zagaye na farko, ya doke Yasutaka Uchiyama a wasan farko na zagaye biyar a rayuwarsa. <ref name=":133" /> Daniil Medvedev, mai lamba 2 a duniya, ya sha kaye a zagaye na biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsay |first=Alix |date=1 July 2021 |title=Medvedev too strong for teenager |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2021-07-01/medvedev_too_strong_for_teenager_alcaraz.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=wimbledon.com}}</ref> A watan Yuli, Alcaraz ya lashe gasar Umag Open, inda ya doke Richard Gasquet don lashe gasar ATP ta farko a rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2021 |title=No escaping Carlos Alcaraz: 18-year-old becomes youngest ATP champion since 2008 in Umag |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/umag-atp-250-atp/no-escaping-carlos-alcaraz-18-year-old-becomes-youngest-atp-champion-since-2008-in-umag-436105.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne zakaran ATP mafi ƙarami tun Kei Nishikori a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joao Fonseca makes history in Buenos Aires, wins first ATP Tour title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/cerundolo-fonseca-buenos-aires-2025-final |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> A zagaye na uku na gasar US Open, Alcaraz ya doke Stefanos Tsitsipas na duniya na 3 a wasan da suka buga a filin wasa na Arthur Ashe a zagaye na biyar. Yana da shekaru 18 da watanni huɗu, Alcaraz ya zama mafi ƙarancin mutum da ya doke ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa uku a gasar US Open tun lokacin da aka fara gasar ATP a shekarar 1973. Ya kuma zama mafi ƙarancin mutum a babban zagaye na huɗu tun bayan Andrei Medvedev mai shekaru 17 a gasar French Open ta 1992, kuma mafi ƙarancin mutum a zagaye na huɗu na gasar US Open tun bayan Michael Chang mai shekaru 17 a 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Records Biggest Career Win, Shocks Stefanos Tsitsipas in US Open Thriller |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/tsitsipas-alcaraz-us-open-2021-friday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904001025/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/tsitsipas-alcaraz-us-open-2021-friday |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Alcaraz, 18, stuns Tsitsipas; Tiafoe tops Rublev |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/32141025/daniil-medvedev-cruises-pablo-andujar-fourth-round-us-open |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904010845/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/32141025/daniil-medvedev-cruises-pablo-andujar-fourth-round-us-open |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya kai zagayen kwata fainal ta hanyar doke Peter Gojowczyk wanda ya yi nasara a wasan share fage. Ya zama ɗan wasan kwata-kwata na maza na US Open a Zamanin Buɗe Ido, mafi ƙarancin shekaru tun Thomaz Koch a 1963, kuma mafi ƙarami a kowane babban gasa tun Michael Chang a Gasar French Open ta 1990 . Ya yi ritaya daga buga wasa da Félix Auger-Aliassime a zagayen kwata-kwata bayan ya ji rauni a ƙafarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Latest: Alcaraz says leg muscle made him stop at Open |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-latest-fernandez-19-reaches-us-open-women-s-semis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611083455/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-latest-fernandez-19-reaches-us-open-women-s-semis |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> A gasar Indian Wells, an zabi Alcaraz a matsayi na 30 a gasar ATP Masters 1000, amma ya sha kashi a zagayen farko a hannun [[Andy Murray]] . A gasar Vienna Open makonni biyu bayan haka, Alcaraz ya haɗu da Murray don sake fafatawa kuma ya kayar da shi. Daga nan ya doke Matteo Berrettini, ɗan wasa na 7 a duniya, inda ya lashe gasar a matsayi na biyu a cikin manyan 'yan wasa 10 a rayuwarsa, sannan ya shiga cikin manyan 'yan wasa 35 a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com |title=In his win over Matteo Berrettini, Carlos Alcaraz showed that blurring speed and crisp technique can still prevail against a bigger opponent |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/in-his-win-over-matteo-berrettini-carlos-alcaraz-showed-that-blurring-speed-and- |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya sha kashi a hannun Alexander Zverev a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2021 |title=On-song Zverev outguns Alcaraz to reach Vienna final %%page%% – Tennis Majors Zverev outguns Alcaraz to reach Vienna final |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/on-song-zverev-outguns-alcaraz-to-reach-vienna-final-509336.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> A gasar Paris Masters, Alcaraz ta yi nasara ta uku a kan [[Jannik Sinner|Jannik Sinner,]] ɗan wasa na takwas a gasar ATP a karon farko da suka fafata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rigal |first=Joseph |date=3 November 2021 |title=Carlos Alcaraz stuns Jannik Sinner to open ATP Finals door for Hubert Hurkacz and Cameron Norrie |url=https://tennishead.net/carlos-alcaraz-stuns-jannik-sinner-to-open-atp-finals-door-for-hubert-hurkacz-and-cameron-norrie/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Tennishead |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da haka, a zagaye na 16, Alcaraz bai iya jurewa da jama'ar gida masu cike da tashin hankali suna goyon bayan ɗan Faransa Hugo Gaston ba kuma ya sha kashi a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |date=5 November 2021 |title=Alcaraz blown away by the most remarkable set of tennis seen in 2021 |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcaraz-gaston-paris-comeback |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya kammala kakar wasa a gasar Next Gen ATP Finals ; ya cancanci zama na uku a bayan Sinner da Auger-Alissime, amma ya zama na farko bayan sun janye. Ya mamaye zagayen da aka yi don lashe kambun, inda ya fadi wasa daya kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz leaves NextGen behind with Milan magic – Roland-Garros – The official site |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/magic-carlos-alcaraz-wins-nextgen-2021-milan |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=www.rolandgarros.com |language=en-us}}</ref> === 2022: Zakaran gasar US Open, lamba 1 a duniya === An zabi Alcaraz a karon farko a wani babban gasa a gasar Australian Open . Ya kai zagaye na uku, inda Matteo Berrettini ya sha kashi a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Carlos Alcaraz Has Done Quicker Than the Big Three |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-australian-open-2022-monday-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119053743/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-australian-open-2022-monday-reaction |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Wannan daga baya zai zama wani tabo na musamman a tarihin nasarar da Alcaraz ya samu a jere a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=Carlos Alcaraz reveals how he kept five-set streak alive in Australian Open epic |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-australian-open-five-set-record-zverev-b2910771.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> A gasar Rio Open, Alcaraz ya lashe kambunsa na farko na ATP 500 ta hanyar doke Diego Schwartzman a wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Rises to Career-High After Rio de Janeiro Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-atp-rankings-21-february-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221233858/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-atp-rankings-21-february-2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Ya zama ɗan ƙaramin wanda ya lashe gasar ATP 500 tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri rukunin a shekarar 2009. Ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasa 20 mafiya hazaka a gasar ATP a karon farko a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2022. A gasar Indian Wells, Alcaraz ya doke zakaran kare kambun Cameron Norrie inda ya kai zagayen farko na wasan kusa da na karshe na ATP Masters 1000, wanda ya sha kashi a hannun [[Rafael Nadal]] . Makonni biyu bayan haka, a gasar Miami Open, Alcaraz ya doke Casper Ruud don lashe kambunsa na farko na 1000. Shi ne ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar tseren gudu ta maza a tarihin gasar, haka kuma shi ne zakaran tseren gudu ta ATP Masters 1000 na maza mafi ƙaranci tun bayan [[Rafael Nadal]] a Monte-Carlo a 2005. Shi ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Spain na farko da ya lashe gasar Miami. A Monte-Carlo, Alcaraz ya fusata da Sebastian Korda . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz exits in windy Monte Carlo against unseeded Sebastian Korda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/apr/13/monte-carlo-masters-tennis-cameron-norrie-dan-evans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909091103/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/apr/13/monte-carlo-masters-tennis-cameron-norrie-dan-evans |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya doke Stefanos Tsitsipas a zagayen kwata na karshe na gasar Barcelona Open, inda ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasa 10 mafiya kwarewa a duniya a karon farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=ATP Barcelona: Carlos Alcaraz downs Stefanos Tsitsipas and writes history |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/On_the_ATP_results_with/112794/atp-barcelona-carlos-alcaraz-downs-stefanos-tsitsipas-and-writes-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612145924/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/On_the_ATP_results_with/112794/atp-barcelona-carlos-alcaraz-downs-stefanos-tsitsipas-and-writes-history/ |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz beats Stefanos Tsitsipas in Barcelona Open thriller to guarantee spot in world's top-10 |url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-barcelona/2022/carlos-alcaraz-beats-stefanos-tsitsipas-in-barcelona-open-thriller-to-guarantee-spot-in-world-s-top-_sto8896118/story.shtml |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Eurosport}}</ref> Ya zama mutum mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya shiga cikin manyan 'yan wasa 10 tun bayan Nadal a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2005, daidai shekaru 17 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=Alcaraz Downs Tsitsipas Again, Reaches Barcelona Semis |url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2022/April/Alcaraz-Downs-Tsitsipas-Again,-Reaches-Barcelona-S.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611054850/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2022/April/Alcaraz-Downs-Tsitsipas-Again,-Reaches-Barcelona-S.aspx |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022 |publisher=Tennis Now}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Straight-A Student' Carlos Alcaraz Makes Historic Top 10 Breakthrough |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-top-10-feature-april-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620021504/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-top-10-feature-april-2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Alcaraz ya doke Pablo Carreño Busta inda ya lashe kofin Barcelona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2022 |title=Amazing Alcaraz Wins Barcelona Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-carreno-busta-barcelona-2022-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314141008/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-carreno-busta-barcelona-2022-final |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Kwana bayan cikarsa shekaru 19, Alcaraz ya doke zakaran duniya sau biyar, mai lamba 4 a duniya kuma na uku [[Rafael Nadal]] a zagayen kwata-kwata na gasar Madrid Open . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Takes Out Rafael Nadal in Madrid |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/nadal-alcaraz-madrid-2022-friday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506172936/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/nadal-alcaraz-madrid-2022-friday |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Wannan ita ce nasarar farko da Alcaraz ya samu a kan Nadal, kuma ita ce haduwarsu ta ƙarshe a matakin Tour. Washegari, Alcaraz ya fuskanci [[Novak Djokovic|Novak Djokovic,]] ɗan wasan duniya na 1, a karon farko da ya haɗu. Bayan sa'o'i uku da mintuna talatin da shida, Alcaraz ya yi nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na uku. Ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya ci nasara a wasa da lamba 1 a duniya tun bayan Nadal a 2004, kuma ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo da ya taɓa kayar da Nadal da Djokovic a jere a kan yumbu. A wasan ƙarshe, Alcaraz ya wargaza zakaran kare kambun kuma ɗan wasa na 3 a duniya Alexander Zverev cikin awa ɗaya da mintuna huɗu. Ya zama zakara mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin gasar a 19 shekaru, 3 kwanaki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=History-Maker: Alcaraz Continues Rewriting The History Books |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2022-history-maker |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702192848/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2022-history-maker/ |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2022, Alcaraz ya hau matsayi mafi girma a duniya a matsayi na 6. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Defeats Alexander Zverev for Madrid Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-zverev-madrid-2022-final-sunday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509071148/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-zverev-madrid-2022-final-sunday |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> An yi hasashen cewa Alcaraz zai zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi so a gasar French Open . A wasan zagaye na biyu da ya yi da Albert Ramos Viñolas, an kai shi zagaye biyar kuma an tilasta masa ya ceci maki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=22 May 2022 |title=Alcaraz v Londero: Things We Learned |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rg2022-things-learned-from-carlos-alcaraz-first-round-londero |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601055351/https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rg2022-things-learned-from-carlos-alcaraz-first-round-londero |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[French Open]]}}</ref> Ya sha kashi a hannun Alexander Zverev a zagayen kwata na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=28 May 2022 |title=Alcaraz v Korda: Things We Learned |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rg2022-r3-carlos-alcaraz-v-sebastian-korda-things-we-learned |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601055352/https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rg2022-r3-carlos-alcaraz-v-sebastian-korda-things-we-learned |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[French Open]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2022 |title=Alcaraz Breaks New Ground With Khachanov Win In Paris |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-khachanov-roland-garros-2022-r4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530163456/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-khachanov-roland-garros-2022-r4 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> A gasar Wimbledon, Alcaraz ta sha kashi a hannun [[Jannik Sinner]] a zagaye na huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wimbledon 2022: Jannik Sinner holds on to sink Carlos Alcaraz to make quarter-finals at SW19 |url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/wimbledon/2022/wimbledon-2022-jannik-sinner-holds-on-to-down-carlos-alcaraz-to-make-quarter-finals-at-sw19_sto9017773/story.shtml |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Eurosport}}</ref> A gasar Hamburg Open, Alcaraz ya yi rashin nasara a karon farko a wasan karshe na ATP da Lorenzo Musetti . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2022 |title=Musetti Stuns Alcaraz In Hamburg For His First ATP Tour Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-musetti-hamburg-2022-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724210823/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-musetti-hamburg-2022-final |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, wannan sakamakon ya kai shi ga wani sabon matsayi a duniya a matsayi na 5 a duniya a ranar 25 ga Yuli; ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya shiga cikin manyan 'yan wasa 5 tun bayan Nadal a 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top-5 Alcaraz Sets All-Next Gen Final with Musetti |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-molcan-hamburg-2022-sf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724073733/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-molcan-hamburg-2022-sf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Alcaraz Makes History, Cracks Top 5: 'It's Pretty Amazing' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-top-5-pepperstone-atp-rankings-feature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727133536/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-top-5-pepperstone-atp-rankings-feature |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya kai wasan karshe na biyu a jere a gasar Croatia Open Umag, a wani rashin nasara da [[Jannik Sinner]] ya yi. Ya zama lamba 4 a duniya a ranar 1 ga Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Rides Hot Start into Umag SFS |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-bagnis-umag-2022-friday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730055941/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-bagnis-umag-2022-friday |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Beats Giulio Zeppieri to Reach Umag Final |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-zeppieri-umag-2022-saturday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730195301/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-zeppieri-umag-2022-saturday |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> [[File:Carlos_Alcaraz_Wimbledon_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb| Alcaraz a Gasar Wimbledon ta 2022]] Saurin Alcaraz na Arewacin Amurka bai fara da kyau ba: ya fusata da Tommy Paul a karon farko a gasar Canadian Open, <ref>{{Cite web |title=TNT Sports is not available in your region |url=https://www.tntsports.co.uk/geoblocking.shtml |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=www.tntsports.co.uk}}</ref> da Cameron Norrie a wasan kwata-kwata na Cincinnati Open . Kafin gasar US Open, Alcaraz, [[Rafael Nadal]], Casper Ruud, Daniil Medvedev, da Stefanos Tsitsipas duk suna fafatawa don lashe matsayi na 1 a duniya . A zagaye na huɗu, Alcaraz ya doke tsohon zakaran Marin Čilić a zagaye biyar, kuma ya zama mafi ƙarancin mutum da ya kai zagayen kwata-kwata na US Open a lokacin Open Era . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=usopen|title=Carlitos is finding success in New York at a young age. https://t.co/fOpdx9ncC2|date=6 September 2022|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907041535/https://twitter.com/usopen/status/1567035942849888259|archive-date=7 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> A zagayen kwata na ƙarshe, Alcaraz ya ceci maki a wasa a zagaye na huɗu kafin ya murmure ya yi nasara a zagaye biyar da [[Jannik Sinner]] . Wasan ya ɗauki awanni biyar da mintuna goma sha biyar, kuma ya sami nasarar ƙarshe a tarihin gasar da ƙarfe 2:50 na safe EST. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Open: Carlos Alcaraz outlasts Jannik Sinner in five-hour epic to reach semi-finals |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/12692535/us-open-carlos-alcaraz-outlasts-jannik-sinner-in-five-hour-epic-to-reach-semi-finals |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya buga wasa na uku a jere da ci biyar a jere inda ya doke Frances Tiafoe . [[File:Carlos_Alcaraz,_Swiss_Indoors_Basel_2022.jpg|thumb| Carlos Alcaraz, ɗan wasan Switzerland na cikin gida Basel 2022.]] Daga nan Alcaraz ya hadu da Casper Ruud, wanda ya zo na biyar a jerin 'yan wasa na ƙarshe a babban wasansa na farko, wasan da ya ninka a matsayin bugun fenariti ga matsayi na 1 a duniya. Alcaraz ya lashe wasan a zagaye hudu inda ya lashe babban kofi na farko. Ya zama ƙarami a lamba 1 a tarihin ATP Rankings a 19 shekaru, 130 Kwanaki, sun karya tarihin Lleyton Hewitt, kuma na biyu mafi karancin shekaru bayan Lew Hoad . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=Alcaraz wins US Open title & rises to world No. 1 |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ruud-us-open-2022-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912002152/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ruud-us-open-2022-final |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> <ref name="ATPWorldNo1">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=Alcaraz becomes youngest world No. 1 in Pepperstone ATP rankings history |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-climbs-to-world-no-1-us-open-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912000636/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-climbs-to-world-no-1-us-open-2022 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Youngest Year-End ATP No. 1 Presented By Pepperstone In History |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-year-end-no-1-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111255/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-year-end-no-1-2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Ya kuma zama zakaran gasar maza mafi ƙanƙanta tun bayan Nadal a gasar French Open ta 2005, mafi ƙanƙanta zakaran US Open tun bayan Pete Sampras a 1990, kuma mutum na farko da aka haifa a shekarun 2000 da ya lashe babban kambun 'yan wasa ɗaya. Kakar wasan Alcaraz ta ƙare cikin sauƙi. Ya sha kashi a wasansa na farko a matsayin ɗan wasa na ɗaya a duniya a hannun Félix Auger-Aliassime a gasar cin kofin Davis Cup ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz loses debut as world No. 1 to Félix Auger-Aliassime in Davis Cup Finals meeting |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/davis-cup-spain-leads-canada-1-0-alcaraz-next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106020537/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/davis-cup-spain-leads-canada-1-0-alcaraz-next |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=[[Tennis.com]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Ya sha kashi a hannun David Goffin a zagayen farko na gasar Astana Open, sannan ya sake shan kashi a hannun Auger-Aliassime a Basel . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2022 |title=In-Form Felix Flies Past Alcaraz In Basel |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-auger-aliassime-basel-2022-saturday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030165358/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-auger-aliassime-basel-2022-saturday |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=30 October 2022 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya kai zagayen kwata na ƙarshe na gasar Paris Masters, amma ya yi ritaya bayan ya koma Holger Rune . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2022 |title=Rune into Paris semis after Alcaraz retires, Djokovic advances |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/rune-into-paris-semi-finals-after-alcaraz-retires-2022-11-04/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106020525/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/rune-into-paris-semi-finals-after-alcaraz-retires-2022-11-04/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Kwana guda bayan haka, ya sanar da cewa ya samu rauni a cikin ciki wanda ya tilasta masa korar makwanni shida, wanda hakan ya tilasta masa kammala kakar wasa da wuri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Livie |first=Alex |date=6 November 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz facing six weeks out with injury, will miss ATP Finals and Davis Cup in 'tough and painful' blow |url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-finals/2022/carlos-alcaraz-facing-six-weeks-out-with-injury-will-miss-atp-finals-and-davis-cup-in-tough-and-pain_sto9214903/story.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115070641/https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-finals/2022/carlos-alcaraz-facing-six-weeks-out-with-injury-will-miss-atp-finals-and-davis-cup-in-tough-and-pain_sto9214903/story.shtml |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=[[Eurosport]]}}</ref> A lokacin yana da shekaru 19 da kwanaki 214, Alcaraz ya ƙare shekarar a matsayin ƙarami kuma matashi na farko a duniya a matsayin lamba 1 a zamanin ATP, kuma na biyu mafi ƙarami a tarihin duniya bayan Hoad. <ref name=":0" /> === 2023: Zakaran Wimbledon === [[File:Carlos_Alcaraz_Roland_Garros_2023_cropped2.jpg|right|thumb| Alcaraz a gasar French Open ta 2023]] A ranar 7 ga Janairu, Alcaraz ya sanar da janyewarsa daga gasar Australian Open saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa ta dama yayin atisaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=Australian Open 2023: World No. 1 Carlos Alcaraz withdraws from Grand Slam tournament due to leg injury |url=https://www.cbssports.com/tennis/news/wta-requiring-resolution-of-peng-shuai-case-for-womens-tennis-tournaments-return-to-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107033406/https://www.cbssports.com/tennis/news/wta-requiring-resolution-of-peng-shuai-case-for-womens-tennis-tournaments-return-to-china/ |archive-date=7 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=cbssports.com}}</ref> Ya riƙe matsayi na ɗaya a duniya tsawon makonni 20, amma ya sha kaye bayan gasar ga zakaran [[Novak Djokovic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Djokovic Returns To No. 1, Mover Of Week |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/djokovic-pepperstone-atp-rankings-30-january-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208002730/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/djokovic-pepperstone-atp-rankings-30-january-2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya fara kakar wasansa a gasar Argentina Open, inda ya fara wasa a karon farko. Ya doke Cameron Norrie a wasan ƙarshe a jere, inda ya lashe kofinsa na farko tun bayan gasar US Open ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2023 |title=Tennis, ATP – Argentina Open 2023: Alcaraz wins the final against Norrie |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/argentina-open-alcaraz-wins-the-title-661801.html |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, Alcaraz ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar Rio Open, inda yake kare kambun, shi ma da Norrie; duk da haka, ya ƙara masa rauni a ƙafarsa a lokacin wasan kuma ya sha kashi a wasanni uku. Alcaraz ya janye daga gasar Mexican Open, yana mai cewa raunin da ya samu kenan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Both Alcaraz and Norrie withdraw from Acapulco |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/both-alcaraz-and-norrie-withdraw-from-acapulco-663856.html |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> A gasar Indian Wells, Alcaraz ya yi nasarar cin nasara ta 100 a rayuwarsa da Tallon Griekspoor, wanda shi ne ɗan wasa na 31 a gasar a zagaye na uku, wanda hakan ya sa shi ɗan wasa na biyu mafi sauri da ya kai wannan matsayi bayan John McEnroe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz 'really proud' to reach milestone before Djokovic, Nadal and Federer |url=https://tennishead.net/carlos-alcaraz-really-proud-to-reach-milestone-before-djokovic-nadal-and-federer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315145121/https://tennishead.net/carlos-alcaraz-really-proud-to-reach-milestone-before-djokovic-nadal-and-federer/ |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=tennishead.net}}</ref> Ya doke [[Jannik Sinner]] a wasan kusa da na karshe da kuma Daniil Medvedev a wasan karshe don daukar kofin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=SF Preview: Alcaraz, Sinner Renew Rivalry In Indian Wells |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-sinner-indian-wells-2023-sf-preview |access-date=25 March 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya lashe gasar Indian Wells ba tare da ya faɗi ko ɗaya ba tun bayan [[Roger Federer]] a shekarar 2017, kuma shi ne ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar Sunshine Double a duka ƙungiyoyin biyu. Sakamakon haka, ya sake samun matsayi na 1 a duniya a ranar 20 ga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2023 |title=Alcaraz Wins Indian Wells, Returns To World No. 1 |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-medvedev-indian-wells-2023-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085101/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-medvedev-indian-wells-2023-final |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya yi fatan kammala gasar Sunshine Double a Miami, inda ya kasance zakaran da ke kare kambun. Ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe ba tare da ya fadi ko da wasa daya ba, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Jannik Sinner a wasanni uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinner Storms Back To Beat Alcaraz In Miami SF, Ending Spaniard's No. 1 Reign |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-sinner-miami-2023-sf |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Da rashin maki na kambunsa, Alcaraz ya koma matsayi na 2 a jerin 'yan wasa na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=Jannik Sinner wins the point of the year, then ends Carlos Alcaraz's hopes for a Sunshine Double |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-point-of-the-year-by-jannik-sinner-and-carlos-alcaraz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402045713/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-point-of-the-year-by-jannik-sinner-and-carlos-alcaraz |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Tennis.com}}</ref> An shirya Alcaraz zai buga wasa a Monte-Carlo Masters a mako mai zuwa, amma ya janye saboda raunin da ya samu a hannunsa na hagu da kuma rashin jin daɗin tsoka a kashin bayansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=Rafael Nadal, Carlos Alcaraz pull out of Monte Carlo Masters |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/nadal-alcaraz-pull-out-of-clay-court-monte-carlo-masters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524225356/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/nadal-alcaraz-pull-out-of-clay-court-monte-carlo-masters |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[Tennis.com]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Ya doke Stefanos Tsitsipas a wasan ƙarshe na gasar Barcelona Open don kare kambunsa ba tare da ya faɗi ko da wasa ɗaya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=Barcelona Open: Carlos Alcaraz beats Stefanos Tsitsipas to retain title |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/12864374/barcelona-open-carlos-alcaraz-beats-stefanos-tsitsipas-to-retain-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524235345/https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/12864374/barcelona-open-carlos-alcaraz-beats-stefanos-tsitsipas-to-retain-title |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Ya kuma kare kambunsa a gasar Madrid Open, inda ya doke Jan-Lennard Struff don lashe kambunsa na goma a rayuwarsa, sannan ya ƙara rinjayensa a kan yumbun Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Makes History with 10th Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2023-final-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508000728/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2023-final-reaction |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> A gasar Italian Open, Alcaraz ya dawo da matsayi na 1 daga hannun Djokovic ta hanyar buga wasansa na zagaye na biyu. Duk da haka, ya fusata a zagaye na uku da Fabian Marozsan, wanda ya zo na 135 a duniya a jere, a cikin abin da Jon Wertheim ya kira babban tashin hankali na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabian Marozsan Beats Carlos Alcaraz in Rome Upset |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-marozsan-rome-2023-monday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522152536/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-marozsan-rome-2023-monday/ |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> Alcaraz ya faɗi wasa ɗaya kacal kafin wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na Roland-Garros, inda ya haɗu da [[Novak Djokovic]] a karo na biyu na wasansu na aiki. Wannan fafatawa ce da ake sa ran yi, domin mutanen biyu ba su buga wasa ba sama da shekara guda duk da ci gaba da fafatawar da suke yi a matsayi na 1 a duniya. Wasan ya kasance mai gasa har sai da Alcaraz ya yi kasa a gwiwa a farkon saitin na uku saboda ciwon baya da matsin lamba na kwakwalwa da kuma karfin jiki; Djokovic ya yi nasara a zagaye hudu, inda ya ci gasar kuma ya sake samun matsayi na 1. <ref name="CrampVsDjokovic">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2023 |title=Djokovic beats cramping Alcaraz, into French final |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/37826198/novak-djokovic-beats-carlos-alcaraz-reaches-french-open-final |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> [[File:Carlos_Alcaraz_Wimbledon_2023_Gentlemen's_Singles_Trophy.jpg|left|thumb| Alcaraz yana riƙe da Kofin Kalubalen 'Yan Wasan Gentlemen bayan ya lashe Gasar Wimbledon ta 2023]] A gasar Queen's Club, Alcaraz ya lashe kofinsa na farko a kan ciyawa a gasarsa ta uku da aka yi a matakin Tour, inda ya doke Alex de Minaur a wasan karshe. Wannan nasarar ta kuma mayar da shi matsayin lamba 1 a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingle |first=Sean |date=26 June 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz wins Queen's and declares himself a 'favourite' for Wimbledon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/25/alcaraz-wins-queens-favourite-for-wimbledon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706225946/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/25/alcaraz-wins-queens-favourite-for-wimbledon |archive-date=6 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Duk da cewa Alcaraz bai yi wani abin a zo a gani ba a gasar Wimbledon, ya yi kasa da seti biyu kacal a wasan karshe, inda ya fafata da Djokovic, wanda ya lashe kofi sau bakwai da kuma Djokovic, wanda ya kare sau hudu. Alcaraz ya kasance mai ƙarfin gwiwa a farkon saitin amma ya riƙe ƙarfin gwiwarsa don lashe wasan a cikin seti biyar. Ya ɗauki awanni huɗu da mintuna arba'in da biyu, kuma nan take aka yaba masa a matsayin wani labari na zamani. Wannan shine kofinsa na farko a Wimbledon, kuma shine karo na biyu da ya lashe babban kofi gaba daya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz beats Novak Djokovic to win Wimbledon title in final for the ages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/16/carlos-alcaraz-novak-djokovic-wimbledon-final-singles-men-tennis |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Alcaraz kuma ya zama mutum ɗaya tilo da ba a cikin Big Four ba da ya lashe gasar Wimbledon ta 'yan wasa tun daga shekarar 2002, kafin a haife shi da kansa. <ref name="auto12">{{Cite web |last=Gharib |first=Anthony |date=16 July 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz wins Wimbledon, denies Novak Djokovic record 24th Grand Slam singles title |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/wimb/2023/07/16/novak-djokovic-carlos-alcaraz-wimbledon-mens-final-result/70417922007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717061050/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/wimb/2023/07/16/novak-djokovic-carlos-alcaraz-wimbledon-mens-final-result/70417922007/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Alcaraz ya sha kashi a wasan kusa da na karshe na Toronto a hannun Tommy Paul . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=12 August 2023 |title=Alcaraz stunned by Paul in Toronto quarters |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/de-minaur-shocks-medvedev-reach-semis-toronto-2023-08-11/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Daga nan ya sake haɗuwa da Djokovic a wasan ƙarshe na Cincinnati . Alcaraz ya sha kashi a zagaye uku, duk da cewa ya samu maki a gasar zakarun Turai a zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe. Shi ne mafi tsayin daka a tarihin gasar ATP Masters 1000, kuma shine mafi tsayi a tarihin gasar, a cikin awanni 3 da mintuna 49; Djokovic ya yaba da hakan a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi wahala a rayuwarsa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGrogan |first=Ed |date=21 August 2023 |title=Novak Djokovic saves championship point in thrilling Cincinnati final win over Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/novak-djokovic-carlos-alcaraz-cincinnati-final-championship-point |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821015125/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/novak-djokovic-carlos-alcaraz-cincinnati-final-championship-point |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Tennis.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=21 August 2023 |title=Novak Djokovic overcomes Carlos Alcaraz to win Cincinnati title in instant classic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/aug/20/coco-gauff-karolina-muchova-cincinnati-open |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719021528/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/aug/20/coco-gauff-karolina-muchova-cincinnati-open |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya shiga gasar US Open a matsayin zakaran kare kambun, kuma ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe saboda rashin nasara a wasa daya kacal. Duk da haka, ya sha kashi a can a hannun zakaran 2021 Daniil Medvedev a zagaye hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=9 September 2023 |title=Daniil Medvedev stuns Carlos Alcaraz to set up US Open final showdown with Novak Djokovic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/sep/09/daniil-medvedev-stuns-carlos-alcaraz-to-set-up-us-open-final-showdown-with-novak-djokovic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909040451/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/sep/09/daniil-medvedev-stuns-carlos-alcaraz-to-set-up-us-open-final-showdown-with-novak-djokovic |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Bayan gasar, Alcaraz ya sake rasa matsayi na 1 a hannun Djokovic, wanda ya kare maki ba tare da ya kare ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Djokovic's Devastating Start To US Open |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/djokovic-muller-us-open-2023-monday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829074008/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/djokovic-muller-us-open-2023-monday |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Alcaraz ya shiga kakar wasa ta kaka da hunturu da nufin samun matsayi na 1 a ƙarshen shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Alcaraz: 'No. 1 Is One Of The Main Goals' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-beijing-2023-preview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022031/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-beijing-2023-preview |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Alcaraz On No. 1 Battle: 'Djokovic Is On My Mind In Every Practice' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-shanghai-2023-preview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107053710/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-shanghai-2023-preview |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, kamar shekarar 2022, ya fuskanci koma baya a ƙarshen shekara yayin da yawon shakatawa ya koma filin wasa mai ƙarfi. Ya sha kashi a hannun [[Jannik Sinner]] a wasan kusa da na karshe na Beijing, sannan ya sha kashi a hannun Grigor Dimitrov a zagaye na 16 a Shanghai . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Sinner powers past Alcaraz to book Beijing final with Medvedev |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/medvedev-into-china-open-final-after-routine-win-over-zverev-2023-10-03/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107055215/https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/medvedev-into-china-open-final-after-routine-win-over-zverev-2023-10-03/ |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Southby |first=Ben |date=11 October 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz suffers shock defeat to Grigor Dimitrov in latest Shanghai Masters upset – 'I knew what I had to do' |url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-shanghai/2023/carlos-alcaraz-suffers-shock-defeat-to-grigor-dimitrov-in-latest-shanghai-masters-upset-i-knew-what-_sto9832953/story.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022028/https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-shanghai/2023/carlos-alcaraz-suffers-shock-defeat-to-grigor-dimitrov-in-latest-shanghai-masters-upset-i-knew-what-_sto9832953/story.shtml |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[Eurosport]]}}</ref> Ya janye daga Basel saboda rauni, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Alcaraz Withdraws From Basel |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-basel-2023-withdrawal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022032/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-basel-2023-withdrawal |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> kuma ya sha kashi a zagayen farko na gasar Paris Masters a hannun Roman Safiullin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Alcaraz: 'A Lot Of Things To Improve' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-reaction-paris-2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> A gasar ATP da aka yi a [[Torino|Turin]], Alcaraz ya sha kashi a hannun Alexander Zverev amma ya doke Andrey Rublev da Daniil Medvedev a zagayen zagaye. Ya cancanci zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Djokovic, wanda daga baya ya zama zakara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Southby |first=Ben |date=19 November 2023 |title='I'm not at his level' – Carlos Alcaraz admits 'unbelievable' Novak Djokovic is superior indoors after ATP Finals defeat |url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-finals/2023/im-not-at-his-level-carlos-alcaraz-admits-unbelievable-novak-djokovic-is-superior-indoors-after-atp-_sto9889172/story.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119135056/https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/atp-finals/2023/im-not-at-his-level-carlos-alcaraz-admits-unbelievable-novak-djokovic-is-superior-indoors-after-atp-_sto9889172/story.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[Eurosport]]}}</ref> A ƙarshe, Alcaraz ya ƙare shekarar da ta zo ta 2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2023 |title=Ferrero On Alcaraz's 'Extremely Good' Year |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ferrero-turin-2023-sf-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022032/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ferrero-turin-2023-sf-reaction |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=20 November 2023 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> ===2024: Nasarar Channel Slam da lambar azurfa ta Olympics=== [[File:Carlos Alcaraz - Vainqueur Roland Garros 2024.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.7|Alcaraz yana riƙe da kofin Coupe des Mousquetaires bayan wasan ƙarshe na [[2024 French Open – Men's singles|gasar maza ta mutum ɗaya]] a [[2024 French Open]]]] Alcaraz ya fara wasanninsa na shekarar 2024 a [[2024 Australian Open – Men's singles|Australian Open]]. Ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a wasansa da [[Miomir Kecmanović|Miomir Kecmanovic]], inda ya kai matakin wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe a karon farko a rayuwarsa ta wasan tennis;<ref>{{cite web |title=Alcaraz joins illustrious quarterfinal club|url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/alcaraz-joins-illustrious-quarterfinal-club|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022034/https://ausopen.com/articles/news/alcaraz-joins-illustrious-quarterfinal-club|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|website=ausopen.com|language=en}}</ref> sai dai ya sha kashi a wannan mataki a hannun [[Alexander Zverev]] da ci 3–1 a rukuni-rukuni.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024|title=Alcaraz wiped out in quarterfinal loss to Zverev|url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/39376735/carlos-alcaraz-crashes-aussie-open-loss-zverev|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223051155/https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/39376735/carlos-alcaraz-crashes-aussie-open-loss-zverev|archive-date=23 February 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|work=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu, Alcaraz ya zaɓi sake buga wasanni a filayen laka na Kudancin Amurka a karo na uku a jere. Ya shiga [[2024 Argentina Open – Singles|Argentina Open]] a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar a shekarar da ta gabata, amma ya sha kashi a hannun [[Nicolás Jarry]] a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2024|title=Alcaraz moves on, gets Jarry in Argentina semis|url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/39541489/top-seed-carlos-alcaraz-reaches-argentina-open-semifinals|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223051721/https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/39541489/top-seed-carlos-alcaraz-reaches-argentina-open-semifinals|archive-date=23 February 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|work=ESPN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2024|title=Alcaraz upset by Jarry in Argentina Open semifinals|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-beaten-by-by-nicolas-jarry-argentina-open/article67859895.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022034/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-beaten-by-by-nicolas-jarry-argentina-open/article67859895.ece|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|work=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> A mako na gaba, ya janye daga [[2024 Rio Open|Rio Open]] bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara wasansa na farko, sakamakon karkacewar idon sawunsa na dama.<ref name="RioOpenAnkle2">{{cite news |date=21 February 2024|title=Alcaraz rolls ankle, exits Rio Open after 2 points.|url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/39565422/carlos-alcaraz-injures-ankle-exits-rio-open-2-games|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022036/https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/39565422/carlos-alcaraz-injures-ankle-exits-rio-open-2-games|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|work=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> Ya sanar da cewa ya samu rauni na karkacewar jijiyar gefen idon sawunsa, amma zai rasa horo na "kwanaki kaɗan" kawai kafin [[2024 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles|Indian Wells]].<ref name="RioOpenAnkle2" /> A matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar a shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a wasu filayen da yake matuƙar so a Indian Wells, Alcaraz ya dawo cikin ƙwarewarsa.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2024|title=Alcaraz buzzing after seeing off bee invasion, Zverev in 'most unusual match'|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-indian-wells-2024-thursday-qf-reaction|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022548/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-indian-wells-2024-thursday-qf-reaction|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=15 March 2024|publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref> A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, ya doke [[Jannik Sinner]], inda ya kawo ƙarshen wasanni 19 da Sinner ya ci a jere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/mar/15/bee-invasion-forces-delay-of-alcaraz-zverev-quarter-final-at-indian-wells |title=Carlos Alcaraz survives bee invasion to set up Indian Wells semi-final with Jannik Sinner |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022556/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/mar/15/bee-invasion-forces-delay-of-alcaraz-zverev-quarter-final-at-indian-wells |url-status=live|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="atptour.com2">{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-sinner-indian-wells-2024-sf-report |title=Carlos Alcaraz snaps Jannik Sinner's winning streak in Indian Wells SFs |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317074750/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-sinner-indian-wells-2024-sf-report |url-status=live|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Daga nan ya doke [[Daniil Medvedev]] a wasan ƙarshe, inda ya lashe kambunsa na farko cikin watanni takwas.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz wins second straight Indian Wells title with victory over Medvedev in final|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/carlos-alcaraz-wins-second-straight-indian-wells-title-with-victory-over-medvedev-in-final|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317234703/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/carlos-alcaraz-wins-second-straight-indian-wells-title-with-victory-over-medvedev-in-final|archive-date=17 March 2024|access-date=17 March 2024|work=[[tennis.com]]}}</ref> A [[2024 Miami Open – Men's singles|Miami Open]], Alcaraz ya kai wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe ba tare da rasa ko rukuni ɗaya ba, amma [[Grigor Dimitrov]] ya doke shi a wannan mataki.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2024|title=Miami Showtime Alcaraz ousts Musetti; Dimitrov buries his Miami 'kryptonite'|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-musetti-miami-2024-tuesday|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022552/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-musetti-miami-2024-tuesday|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=1 April 2024|publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2024|title=Grigor Dimitrov stuns Carlos Alcaraz in straight sets to reach Miami Open semis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/mar/29/dimitrov-stuns-alcaraz-in-straight-sets-to-reach-miami-open-semi-finals|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022551/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/mar/29/dimitrov-stuns-alcaraz-in-straight-sets-to-reach-miami-open-semi-finals|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=1 April 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Bayan gasar, ya sauka zuwa matsayi na 3 a duniya, a bayansu [[Novak Djokovic]] da Sinner, wanda ya lashe Miami Open. [[File:2024 Summer Olympics men's singles tennis tournament's podium, 2024-08-04 (59) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|Alcaraz yana karɓar lambar azurfarsa bayan wasan ƙarshe na [[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|gasar maza ta mutum ɗaya]] a [[2024 Summer Olympics]]]] Rauni ya kawo cikas ga kakar wasannin laka ta Alcaraz. Ya janye daga [[2024 Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte-Carlo Masters]] da [[2024 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell|Barcelona Open]] saboda matsala a hannunsa na dama, musamman yankin gabansa.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz withdraws from Monte Carlo Masters with right forearm injury|url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13111526/carlos-alcaraz-withdraws-from-monte-carlo-masters-with-right-arm-injury|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719022555/https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13111526/carlos-alcaraz-withdraws-from-monte-carlo-masters-with-right-arm-injury|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=21 May 2024|work=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz: Spaniard withdraws from the Barcelona Open with injury|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/68812339|access-date=21 May 2024|work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> A [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]], Alcaraz ya ci gaba da fama da wannan rauni, wanda ya hana shi buga bugun forehand ɗinsa na musamman da cikakken ƙarfi. Ya sha kashi a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe a hannun [[Andrey Rublev]], wanda daga baya ya lashe gasar,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner joins Carlos Alcaraz on the on sidelines ahead of Italian Open in Rome|url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13128067/jannik-sinner-joins-carlos-alcaraz-on-the-on-sidelines-ahead-of-italian-open-in-rome|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023054/https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/13128067/jannik-sinner-joins-carlos-alcaraz-on-the-on-sidelines-ahead-of-italian-open-in-rome|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=7 May 2024|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref> sannan ya janye daga [[2024 Italian Open (tennis)|Rome Open]].<ref name=":14" /> Duk da haka, Alcaraz ya murmure a kan lokaci domin ya buga [[2024 French Open – Men's singles|French Open]] a watan Yuni. Duk da wasu wasannin farko da ba su yi masa sauƙi ba, ya kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ya doke mai matsayi na biyu, [[Jannik Sinner]], a cikin rukuni biyar masu tsauri, ya kuma kai wasan ƙarshe na Roland Garros a karon farko. Alcaraz ya doke [[Alexander Zverev]] a wani wasa na rukuni biyar, inda ya lashe kambunsa na farko na Roland Garros. Yana da shekaru 21 da kwanaki 35, ya zama ɗan wasan tennis namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru a tarihi da ya lashe babban kambu a filaye iri uku daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsay|first=George|date=9 June 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz wins third major title with five-set victory at the French Open over Alexander Zverev|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/09/sport/french-open-final-mens-final-2024-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023054/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/09/sport/french-open-final-mens-final-2024-spt-intl/index.html|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=9 June 2024|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Elbaba|first=Julia|date=9 June 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz becomes the youngest man in complete the Surface Slam|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-youngest-man-grand-slam-finals-3-surfaces/3431479/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607200013/https://web.archive.org/web/20240607200013/https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-youngest-man-grand-slam-finals-3-surfaces/3431479/|archive-date=7 June 2024|access-date=9 June 2024|publisher=NBC Los Ángeles.com|language=EN}}</ref> A watan Yuli, Alcaraz ya kare kambunsa na [[2024 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] ta hanyar doke [[Novak Djokovic]] da ci 3–0 a rukuni-rukuni, a sake fafatawa da juna bayan wasan ƙarshe na [[2023 Wimbledon Championships|2023]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2024|title=Alcaraz crushes Djokovic to retain Wimbledon title|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c8864j5815go|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719012819/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c8864j5815go|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=14 July 2024|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wimbledon: Carlos Alcaraz bullies Novak Djokovic to win his second straight title at All England Club|url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/32498/13177804/wimbledon-carlos-alcaraz-bullies-novak-djokovic-to-win-his-second-straight-title-at-all-england-club|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023055/https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/32498/13177804/wimbledon-carlos-alcaraz-bullies-novak-djokovic-to-win-his-second-straight-title-at-all-england-club|archive-date=19 July 2024|access-date=14 July 2024|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 21 da kwanaki 70, Alcaraz ya zama ɗan wasan tennis namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru a zamanin Open Era da ya kammala nasarar [[Channel Slam]] (lashe French Open da Wimbledon a kakar wasa ɗaya).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roopanarine|first=Les|date=14 July 2024|title=Alcaraz sweeps past Djokovic to retain Wimbledon title|url=https://www.lovegametennis.com/carlos-alcaraz-sweeps-past-novak-djokovic-to-retain-wimbledon-title-tennis/|access-date=19 July 2024|website=Love Game Tennis|language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya shiga [[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|gasar Olympics]] a wasannin ninkaya da na mutum ɗaya. Yana haɗin gwiwa da Rafael Nadal, ya kai wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe a ninkaya. A gasar mutum ɗaya, Alcaraz ya kai wasan ƙarshe ba tare da rasa ko rukuni ɗaya ba. Ana kallonsa a matsayin wanda ake sa ran zai lashe lambar zinare; duk da haka, ya sha kashi a hannun Djokovic a rukuni biyu masu tsauri, inda babu ɗayansu da ya rasa wasansa na hidima.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024|title=Novak Djokovic beats Carlos Alcaraz to win Olympic tennis gold and seal 'Golden Slam'|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/cjk33v1n8n4o|access-date=5 August 2024|website=[[BBC Sport]]|language=}}</ref> Ya zama ɗan wasan tennis namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya taɓa lashe lambar azurfa a gasar mutum ɗaya. Alcaraz bai shiga [[2024 National Bank Open – Men's singles|Canadian Open na 2024]] ba, inda ya bayyana gajiya a matsayin dalili. Ya buga [[2024 Cincinnati Open – Men's singles|Cincinnati Open na 2024]], amma [[Gaël Monfils]] ya yi nasarar doke shi a zagayen farko.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2024|title=Monfils stuns Alcaraz in Cincinnati|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-monfils-cincinnati-2024-friday|access-date=16 August 2024|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Wannan wasa ya kasance karo na farko da Alcaraz ya fasa raket a filin wasa, lamarin da ya jawo ɗaukar hankalin kafafen yaɗa labarai sosai kuma ya sa ya bayar da uzurin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024|title=El monumental cabreo de Alcaraz: destroza su raqueta tras perder en Cincinnati|url=https://www.elmundo.es/deportes/tenis/2024/08/16/66bfaa02e85ecea4598b459a.html|access-date=11 December 2024|website=ELMUNDO|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez|first=Diego Fonseca|date=17 August 2024|title=Alcaraz: primera raqueta reventada, perdón público y foco en el US Open|url=https://elpais.com/deportes/tenis/2024-08-17/alcaraz-primera-raqueta-reventada-perdon-publico-y-foco-en-el-us-open.html|access-date=11 December 2024|website=El País|language=es}}</ref><ref name="RacquetSmash">{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/17/sport/carlos-alcaraz-cincinnati-open-racket-spt-intl/index.html |title=Carlos Alcaraz apologizes for smashing and breaking racket in 'worst match' of his career |date=17 August 2024 |access-date=11 December 2024 |last=Ronald|first=Issy|last2=Schlachter|first2=Thomas|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Daga nan ya buga [[2024 US Open – Men's singles|US Open na 2024]], inda ya sha kashi a zagaye na biyu da ci 3–0 a hannun [[Botic van de Zandschulp]], lamarin da ya ba mutane mamaki. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka fitar da shi daga babbar gasa tun Wimbledon ta 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hansen|first1=James|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|title=Carlos Alcaraz knocked out of U.S. Open by Botic van de Zandschulp in major upset|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5733308/2024/08/30/carlos-alcaraz-us-open-result-van-de-zandschulp/|access-date=30 August 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Alcaraz ya dawo da kwarin gwiwarsa ta hanyar samun nasarori a gasannin ƙungiyoyi na [[2024 Davis Cup|Davis Cup]] da [[2024 Laver Cup|Laver Cup]]. Bayan haka, ya doke [[Jannik Sinner]] a wasan ƙarshe na [[2024 China Open – Men's singles|China Open]]. Wannan shi ne karo na uku da Alcaraz ya haɗu da Sinner a shekarar 2024, kuma ya sake samun nasara a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2 October 2024|title=Alcaraz ends Sinner's winning streak to land China Open|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/oct/02/carlos-alcaraz-ends-jannik-sinner-winning-streak-in-pulsating-encounter-to-land-china-open-tennis|access-date=24 October 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Da wannan nasara, Alcaraz ya sake karɓar matsayi na 2 a duniya daga [[Alexander Zverev]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brugnoli|first=Simone|date=30 September 2024|title=BREAKING: Carlos Alcaraz leapfrogs Zverev to No.2 in ATP ranking|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Carlos_Alcaraz/148635/breaking-carlos-alcaraz-leapfrogs-zverev-to-no2-in-atp-ranking/|access-date=24 October 2024|website=Tennis World USA|language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko a tarihin ATP Tour da ya lashe kambun gasar mutum ɗaya ta [[ATP 500]] a kowane irin fili – [[Clay court|laka]], [[Grass court|ciyawa]] da [[hardcourt|filin ƙasa mai tauri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciriza|first=Alejandro|date=2 October 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz vence a Jannik Sinner y conquista el torneo de Pekín|url=https://elpais.com/deportes/tenis/2024-10-02/carlos-alcaraz-vence-a-jannik-sinner-y-conquista-el-torneo-de-pekin.html|access-date=2 October 2024|website=El País|language=es}}</ref><ref name="ChinaOpenSinner">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2024|title=China Open: Carlos Alcaraz recovers to beat Jannik Sinner in dramatic final|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/ce8v6560lnro|access-date=15 December 2024|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sai dai, ya sake samun sakamako marasa daidaito a sauran gasannin kaka, kamar yadda ya faru a shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Ya sha kashi a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe na [[2024 Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]] a hannun [[Tomáš Macháč]], sannan ya sha kashi a zagaye na 16 na [[2024 Rolex Paris Masters|Paris Masters]] a hannun [[Ugo Humbert]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024|title=Carlos Alcaraz stunned by Tomas Machac at Shanghai Masters|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c5y0vjye5gpo|access-date=7 December 2024|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz on Ugo Humbert defeat: 'I gave everything'|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-paris-2024-thursday-reaction|access-date=7 December 2024|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Bai ji daɗin ƙoshin lafiya ba a lokacin [[2024 ATP Finals|ATP Finals]], amma bai janye daga gasar ba. Ya doke [[Andrey Rublev]], amma ya sha kashi a hannun [[Casper Ruud]] da Alexander Zverev da ci 3–0 a rukuni-rukuni, inda ya fita daga gasar a matakin zagayen rukuni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024|title=ATP Finals: Carlos Alcaraz exits after losing to Alexander Zverev|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c3deml3xng2o|access-date=7 December 2024|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Alcaraz ya sake haɗuwa da [[Spain Davis Cup team|ƙungiyar Davis Cup ta Spain]] a [[Málaga]] domin buga wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe. [[Netherlands Davis Cup team|Ƙungiyar Netherlands]] ta fitar da su daga gasar, lamarin da ya kawo ƙarshen rayuwar [[Rafael Nadal]] a wasan tennis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024|title=Rafael Nadal: Retiring superstar's career over after Spain lose to the Netherlands at Davis Cup|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c0k82v4n25vo|access-date=7 December 2024|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Alcaraz ya zama ɗan wasa namiji na farko da ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na 3 a duniya duk da lashe manyan kambuna biyu. ===2025: Lakubban Faransa da US Open, komawa matsayi na 1=== Alcaraz ya fara kakar wasansa ta 2025 a Australian Open ta 2025, inda yake kokarin zama mafi karancin shekaru da zai kammala Grand Slam na Aiki (Career Grand Slam).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/carlos-quest-history-making-crown-ao-2025 |title=Carlos' quest for a history-making crown at AO 2025 |date=18 January 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |last=Ridge|first=Patric|website=ausopen.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Zagoria|first=Adam|date=6 January 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz Eyeing Career Slam At Australian Open: 'My Main Goal' For The Season|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamzagoria/2025/01/06/carlos-alcaraz-eyeing-career-slam-at-australian-open-my-main-goal-for-the-season/|access-date=16 March 2025|work=Forbes}}</ref> Sai dai, Novak Djokovic ya kayar da shi a zagayen daf da na kusa da karshe (quarterfinals), a wasan da aka daure wa guda a matsayin wanda ya gudanar da shi cikin fargaba daga bangarensa na raga.<ref name="BBCDjokovicAO2025">{{Cite web |last=Jurejko|first=Jonathan|date=21 January 2025|title=Djokovic overcomes injury to stun Alcaraz in Melbourne|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cvg8nz90xkjo|website=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=2025-01-21 |title=Novak Djokovic defies injury to stun Carlos Alcaraz at Australian Open |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jan/21/novak-djokovic-defies-injury-to-stun-carlos-alcaraz-at-australian-open-tennis |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Alcaraz ya zabi ya gudanar da wasanni a filayen taurin Turai (European hardcourts) a watan Fabrairu a karorinsa na farko a rayuwarsa. Ya lashe kofin farko na filin gida me tauri (indoor hardcourt) na rayuwarsa a Rotterdam Open, inda ya kayar da Alex de Minaur a wasan karshe.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz wins Rotterdam Open for first indoor title|url=https://www.espn.com.au/tennis/story/_/id/43765633/carlos-alcaraz-wins-rotterdam-open-first-indoor-title|access-date=16 March 2025|publisher=ESPN|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> A gasar Qatar Open, Alcaraz ya yi rashin nasara a zagayen quarterfinals a hannun Jiří Lehečka, duk da cewa shi ne ya fara karye sajin Lehečka a kowane saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiri Lehecka shocks Carlos Alcaraz in Doha|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-lehecka-doha-2025-thursday|access-date=16 March 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> A matsayinsa na wanda yake kare kofinsa sau biyu a Indian Wells, Alcaraz ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Jack Draper a zagayen semifinal duk da ya doke shi 6-0 (bagel) a saiti na biyu. Wannan shi ne rashin nasara na farko da Alcaraz ya yi bayan zagayen quarterfinals a wata gasa a cikin tsawon shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John|first=Andrew|title=BNP Paribas Open: Jack Draper stuns Carlos Alcaraz to reach first Indian Wells final|url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/sports/tennis/bnp/2025/03/15/jack-draper-stuns-carlos-alcaraz-to-reach-indian-wells-final/82452718007/|access-date=16 March 2025|website=The Desert Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> Cikin rashin kyakkyawan yanayi, daga nan Alcaraz ya yi rashin nasara a wasansa na farko a Miami a hannun lamba 55 na duniya, David Goffin, wanda hakan ya zama rashin nasararsa ta uku kacal a zagayen farko na rayuwarsa a gasar ATP 1000.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2025|title=Goffin upsets Alcaraz with stunning Miami comeback|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-goffin-miami-2025-friday}}</ref> File:Carlos Alcaraz - Roland Garros 2025 - serving (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Alcaraz yana yin sabis a French Open ta 2025 Kakar wasan Alcaraz ta filin laka (clay season) ta kasance me nasara sosai. Ya fara ta ne a Monte-Carlo Masters, wata gasa da a baya bai taba lashe ko da wasa guda daya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz on clay: 100 matches and a legacy of greatness|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-clay-feature-monte-carlo-2025|access-date=13 April 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Ko da yake har yanzu yana cikin yanayin rashin daidaituwa a farko, Alcaraz ya yi kazar-kazar ta tsakiyar saiti uku masu tsanani tare da Arthur Fils a quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz: World number one has 'missed clay' after reaching semi-finals with win over Arthur Fils|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/ckgr41p941no|access-date=3 October 2025|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> A wasan karshe, ya doke Lorenzo Musetti domin samun lakabin ATP Masters 1000 na farko a cikin watanni goma sha uku. Alcaraz ya isa wasan karshe na Barcelona Open cikin sauki, inda ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Holger Rune. Biyan bayan wasan karshe, ya sanar da janye jikinsa daga Madrid Open sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a kafafunsa biyu.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2025|title=Holger Rune stuns Carlos Alcaraz to win Barcelona Open title|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/44766918/holger-rune-stuns-carlos-alcaraz-win-barcelona-open-title|access-date=21 April 2025|website=espn.com|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eccleshare|first=Charlie|date=24 April 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz withdraws from Madrid Open with muscle injury|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6295860/2025/04/24/carlos-alcaraz-madrid-open-out-injury/|access-date=26 April 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Alcaraz ya doke lamba 1 na duniya Jannik Sinner domin lashe kofinsa na farko na Italian Open. Ya zama mutum na uku da ya lashe kowani babban kofi na zamani a filin laka (French Open, Monte-Carlo, Madrid, da Rome) bayan Rafael Nadal da Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=West|first=Ewan|date=18 May 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz emulates Rafael Nadal & Novak Djokovic as he claims maiden Italian Open title|url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcaraz-jannik-sinner-italian-open-clay-feat-rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic|access-date=18 May 2025|website=Tennis365|language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya sake saduwa da Sinner a wasan karshe na biyu a jere a French Open. Bayan lashe saiti biyu na farko, Sinner yana da maki uku na lashe kofin (championship points) a kan sabis din Alcaraz a saiti na hudu. Alcaraz ya kare kansa daga 0–40 sannan ya karye sabis din Sinner da kansa domin lashe saitin. Wannan ya tilasta saiti na biyar, wanda Alcaraz ya lashe tare da mamaya a super tiebreak, ta haka ya sami lakabinsa na biyar na Grand Slam. A tsawon sa'o'i 5 da mintuna 29, wannan shi ne wasan karshe na French Open mafi tsawo da aka taba yi, kuma wasan karshe na babban kofi (major final) na biyu mafi tsawo a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025|title=French Open 2025 results: Carlos Alcaraz fights back to beat Jannik Sinner in classic Roland Garros final|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c0eqjpzq972o|access-date=8 June 2025|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Haka kuma shi ne karon farko da Alcaraz ya dawo bayan an bahi ratar saiti biyu ba tare da ya ci ko guda ba,<ref name="ATPRG2025">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz joins this list of players to rally from two sets down in a Grand Slam final...|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-roland-garros-2025-final-two-set-comeback|access-date=8 June 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> kuma ya zama dan wasa maza na tara da ya cimma wannan nasarar domin lashe wasan karshe na babban kofi guda daya.<ref name="ATPRG2025" />. Marubuta da dama da masu sharhin wasanni sun ayyana shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi girman wasanni a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tennis.com|title=Was the Carlos Alcaraz-Jannik Sinner Roland Garros match the best ever played?|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/carlos-alcaraz-jannik-sinner-2025-roland-garros-best-match-ever|access-date=3 October 2025|website=Tennis.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025|title=I saw Alcaraz and Sinner's epic final – and it changed tennis forever|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/alcaraz-sinner-french-open-final-rivalry-b2766292.html|access-date=3 October 2025|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025|title=Alcaraz vs Sinner: Was this the greatest tennis match of the decade?|url=https://www.shortlist.com/sport/alcarez-vs-sinner-was-this-the-greatest-tennis-match-of-the-decade|access-date=3 October 2025|website=Shortlist|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025|title=How Alcaraz broke his own limits – and Sinner – to win astonishing French Open final|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/alcaraz-sinner-french-open-result-report-b2766076.html|access-date=3 October 2025|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flink|first=Steve|date=9 June 2025|title=Steve Flink: Alcaraz Somehow Stops Sinner in a Roland Garros Epic|url=https://www.ubitennis.net/2025/06/steve-flink-alcaraz-somehow-stops-sinner-in-a-roland-garros-epic/|access-date=3 October 2025|website=UBITENNIS|language=en-US}}</ref> Alcaraz ya fara kakar wasansa na filin ciyawa (grass season) a Queen's Club Championships. Nasarar da ya samu a semifinals a kan Roberto Bautista Agut ita ce nasararsa ta 250 a ATP; ya zama namiji na uku mafi sauri da ya cimma wannan nasara a Zamanin Budewa (Open Era).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz claims 250th win, surges into Queen's Club final|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-bautista-agut-london-2025-saturday|access-date=22 June 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya doke Jiří Lehečka a wasan karshe domin samun lakabinsa na uku a jere, kuma lakabinsa na biyar a kakar wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz outlasts Jiri Lehecka for second Queen's Club title|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-lehecka-london-2025-final|access-date=22 June 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> A zagayen farko na Wimbledon, Alcaraz ya fuskanci kalubalen saiti biyar ba tsammani daga Fabio Fognini, wanda tuni ya sanar da yin murabus dinsa kuma bai lashe ko wasa guda ba a tsawon kakar wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz survives five-set scare from Fabio Fognini in Wimbledon opener|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-fognini-wimbledon-2025-monday|access-date=11 August 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya rasa saiti guda kowanne a hannun Jan-Lennard Struff, Andrey Rublev, da Taylor Fritz, amma a karshe har yanzu ya kai wasansa na karshe na hudu a jere. Ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Jannik Sinner a saiti hudu, wanda shi ne rashin nasararsa ta farko a wasan karshe na Grand Slam kuma rashin nasararsa ta farko a hannun Sinner tun shekarar 2023. Wannan kuma ya kawo karshen nasarori 24 a jere na Alcaraz, mafi tsawo a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |date=2025-07-13 |title=Wimbledon 2025 results: Jannik Sinner beats Carlos Alcaraz to win first All England Club title |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c5ykw5n0p7no |access-date=2026-08-17 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> File:P20250907DT-0983 President Donald Trump attends the U.S. Open Men’s Championship.jpg|left|thumb|upright=.7|Alcaraz a wasan karshe na US Open ta 2025 Alcaraz da Sinner sun fuskanci juna a wani babban wasan karshe kuma a Cincinnati Open. Sinner ya sha wahala ta fuskar jiki, sannan ya janye yayin da Alcaraz ke gaba da 5–0 a saiti na farko. Saboda haka Alcaraz ya sami lakabinsa na uku na ATP 1000 a kakar wasan.<ref name="ATPCincinnati2025">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz claims first Cincinnati crown after Jannik Sinner retires|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-alcaraz-cincinnati-2025-final|access-date=19 August 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> A US Open, Alcaraz ya wuce ta zagayen farko guda shida na gasar tare da samun nasarar 6-0 (bagelling) a kan Mattia Bellucci da Luciano Darderi a hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025|title=US Open 2025 results: Carlos Alcaraz cruises through to fourth round of US Open|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c15ljzy3dqjo|access-date=30 August 2025|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> A semifinal, ya sami nasararsa ta farko a kan Novak Djokovic a fili me tauri (hardcourt).<ref name="NYTUSOpen2025">{{Cite news |last1=Futterman|first1=Matthew|last2=Eccleshare|first2=Charlie|date=5 September 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz overpowers Novak Djokovic to reach U.S. Open final|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6601703/2025/09/05/carlos-alcaraz-novak-djokovic-us-open-result-analysis/|access-date=6 September 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Alcaraz ya kai wasan karshe ba tare da ya yi rashin nasarar ko da saiti guda ba, wanda shi ne mutum na farko da ya yi hakan a US Open tun Roger Federer a 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar|first=Rana|date=6 September 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz follows Federer's 2015 path to US Open final, beats Djokovic without dropping a set|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/carlos-alcaraz-follows-federers-2015-path-to-us-open-final-beats-djokovic-without-dropping-a-set/articleshow/123728168.cms?from=mdr|access-date=6 September 2025|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Wannan shi ne wasansa na karshe na takwas a jere a matakin yawon shakatawa (tour-level final), kuma a karo na uku a jere a wasan karshe na Grand Slam, ya fuskanci Jannik Sinner. Alcaraz ya doke shi a saiti hudu domin samun lakabinsa na shida na Grand Slam a cikin daya daga cikin tsawon tafiye-tafiye mafi kyau a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025|title=US Open 2025 results: How Carlos Alcaraz produced 'faultless' performance to beat Jannik Sinner and win title|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c9v7nld4we2o|access-date=3 October 2025|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya zama namiji na hudu kuma mafi karancin shekaru a Zamanin Budewa (Open Era) da ya lashe lakubban Grand Slam da dama a kowane irin fili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025|title=Alcaraz bests Sinner to win US Open, sixth Slam|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/46190196/carlos-alcaraz-defeats-rival-jannik-sinner-us-open|access-date=8 September 2025|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Tare da wannan nasarar, Alcaraz ya kuma sake karbe matsayin lamba 1 na duniya a karon farko a cikin shekaru biyu.<ref name="ATPNo1Return2025">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz returns to World No. 1 following US Open triumph|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-no-1-return-september-2025|access-date=7 September 2025|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya fara fitowarsa ta farko a Japan Open Tennis Championships. A saiti na farko na wasansa na zagayen farko da Sebastián Báez, ya murde idon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2025|title=Carlos Alcaraz says he was "scared" after hurting ankle in first-round win at Japan Open|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/ce8467zl778o|access-date=28 September 2025|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da raunin, ya ci gaba da taka leda har ya kai wasansa na karshe na tara a jere, inda ya fuskanci Taylor Fritz. Bayan ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Fritz a Laver Cup kwanaki 10 kawai da suka gabata, Alcaraz ya wuce ta kansa domin karkare kofinsa na takwas na shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz exacts quick Taylor Fritz revenge, captures Tokyo title on debut |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-fritz-tokyo-2025-final |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya sanar da janye jikinsa daga Shanghai Masters saboda rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz pulls out of Shanghai Masters just hours after winning Japan Open |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-shanghai-masters-injury-withdraw-b2836573.html |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en|date=30 September 2025}}</ref> Ya yi rashin nasara a wasansa na farko a Paris Masters a hannun Cameron Norrie a saiti uku, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen nasarorinsa na jere a wasannin karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz first player to qualify for 2025 Nitto ATP Finals {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-nitto-atp-finals-2025-qualification |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> A ATP Finals, Alcaraz ya doke Alex de Minaur, Taylor Fritz, da Lorenzo Musetti domin zama na farko a rukuninsa na round robin. Tare da nasarar da ya samu a kan Musetti, ya tabbatar da matsayin lamba 1 na karshen shekara a karo na biyu. Alcaraz ya doke Félix Auger-Aliassime a semifinal, inda ya yi kurakurai uku kacal marasa karfi (unforced errors) a saiti na farko. Ya ci gaba zuwa wani wasan karshe kuma da Jannik Sinner, wanda ya yi rashin nasara a saiti babu kakkautawa (straight sets).<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=ATP Finals: Jannik Sinner beats Carlos Alcaraz to defend title in Turin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c05147lz7g9o |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya sanar da janye jikinsa daga Davis Cup saboda raunin tsokar cinyarsa (hamstring), ta haka ya kammala kakar wasansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=Carlos Alcaraz: World number one withdraws from Spain's Davis Cup Finals team |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/ce8z53330g6o |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===2026: Lakabin Australia, Kammala Career Grand Slam, Rauni=== A lokacin shirye-shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa na watan Disamba, Alcaraz ya rabu da kocin da suka daɗe tare, Juan Carlos Ferrero.<ref name="Jurejko">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-17 |title=Carlos Alcaraz splits with coach Juan Carlos Ferrero after long partnership |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c0mpj8427pzo |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB|last=Jurejko|first=Jonathan}}</ref> Alcaraz ya fara kakar wasansa ta 2026 a Australian Open ta 2026, inda ya kai zagayen semifinal ba tare da ya yi rashin nasarar ko da saiti guda ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Australian Open 2026 results: Carlos Alcaraz storms past Alex de Minaur and into semi-finals |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c8rm8jg5507o |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wasan semifinal da ya buga da Alexander Zverev, ya lashe saiti biyu na farko kafin ya fuskanci matsala sakamakon ciwon tsoka (cramps). Bayan ya yi rashin nasara a saiti na uku da na hudu a zagayen gaba-da-gaba (tiebreaks), ya dawo da kaimi domin lashe saiti na karshe. A tsawon sa'o'i 5 da mintuna 27, wannan shi ne wasan semifinal mafi tsawo a tarihin Australian Open kuma wasa na uku mafi tsawo gaba ɗaya a tarihin gasar.<ref name="ATPZverevAO2026">{{cite web |date=30 January 2026|title=Alcaraz downs Zverev in Melbourne marathon, reaches maiden Australian Open final|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-zverev-australian-open-2026-sf|access-date=30 January 2026|website=atptour.com|publisher=ATPTour}}</ref> Alcaraz ya zama mafi ƙarancin shekaru a Zamanin Buɗewa (Open Era) da ya kai wasan ƙarshe a dukkan manyan gasassaki hudu (majors), inda ya karya rikodin da Jim Courier ya kafa a shekarar 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tennis.com|date=30 January 2026|title=Carlos Alcaraz battles into first Australian Open final with marathon win over Zverev|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/carlos-alcaraz-battles-into-first-australian-open-final-with-marathon-win-over-alexander-zverev-five-sets-cramping|access-date=30 January 2026|website=Tennis.com|language=en}}</ref> Daga nan ya doke Novak Djokovic domin lashe lakabinsa na farko na Australian Open, inda ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru a tarihi da ya kammala Career Grand Slam a wasan maza marasa abokin tarayya (singles).<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz becomes youngest player to complete Career Grand Slam |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/carlos-alcaraz-becomes-youngest-player-to-complete-career-grand-slam |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=KhelWire |date=1 February 2026}}</ref>File:Carlos Alcaraz US Open 2026 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Carlos Alcaraz yana motsa jiki a US Open ta 2026Alcaraz ya janye jikinsa daga Rotterdam Open sakamakon gajiya, sannan ya koma gudanar da kakar wasansa a Qatar Open. Ya rasa saiti guda kacal a hannun Karen Khachanov a zagayen quarterfinals, yayin da ya ci gaba da tafiya zuwa wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz rallies past Karen Khachanov in Doha {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-khachanov-doha-2026-qf|access-date=2026-02-21|website=ATP Tour|language=en}}</ref> Ya lallasa Arthur Fils a cikin mintuna 50, wasa mafi sauri da ya kammala a rayuwarsa zuwa wannan lokacin, domin samun lakabinsa na biyu na shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=Qatar Open: Carlos Alcaraz demolishes Arthur Fils in 50 minutes to win title |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cx28lxv7gedo |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya koma Indian Wells. Nasararsa a zagayen quarterfinals da Cameron Norrie ita ce nasararsa ta 34 a jere a filin waje mai tauri (outdoor hardcourts) - jerin nasarori na uku mafi tsawo irinsa a Zamanin Buɗewa, wanda ya yi daidai da na Pete Sampras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Peter |date=2026-03-08 |title=The seven biggest outdoor hardcourt winning streaks in ATP history as Carlos Alcaraz joins the list |url=https://www.thetennisgazette.com/news/the-seven-biggest-outdoor-hardcourt-winning-streaks-in-atp-history-as-carlos-alcaraz-joins-the-list/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Tennis Gazette |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wasan semifinal, Alcaraz ya sake karawa da Daniil Medvedev a matsayin maimaitawar wasannin karshe na 2023 da 2024, inda ya yi rashin nasara a saiti babu kakkautawa (straight sets).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniil Medvedev ends Carlos Alcaraz's perfect start to 2026 to reach Indian Wells final {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-medvedev-indian-wells-2026-sf |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> A Miami Open, Sebastian Korda ya doke Alcaraz ba tsammani a zagaye na uku, wanda hakan ya kammala bajinta mai ban takaici a gasannin Sunshine Double.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-22 |title=Miami Open: World number one Carlos Alcaraz suffers surprise defeat to American Sebastian Korda in third round |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cg73g9m21n8o |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Alcaraz ya kai wasan karshe a gasarsa ta farko a filin laka (clay court) na shekarar a Monte Carlo, inda ya yi rashin nasarar wasan da kuma matsayin lamba 1 na duniya a hannun abokin hamayyarsa Jannik Sinner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Monte Carlo Masters: Jannik Sinner beats Carlos Alcaraz to return to world top spot |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/c8dl5qge2r8o |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki ya buga wasansa na farko a Barcelona Open, inda aka ba shi hutun likita domin duba gantsar hannunsa (forearm). Bayan wasan ya janye jikinsa daga gasar, sakamakon raunin hannu da ba a bayyana takamaiman irinsa ba wanda daga baya aka gano tenosynovitis ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-15|title=Barcelona Open: Carlos Alcaraz pulls out of tournament with wrist injury|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cly0037eg1xo|access-date=2026-04-20|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Futterman |first=Matthew |date=2026-08-20 |title=Carlos Alcaraz confirms U.S. Open return via soccer transfer figure Fabrizio Romano |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7527126/2026/08/20/carlos-alcaraz-tennis-comeback-us-open-romano/ |access-date=2026-08-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ya kuma janye jikinsa daga Madrid Open.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz withdraws from Madrid {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2026-withdrawal |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> A karshen watan Afirilu, ya sanar da janye jikinsa daga Italian Open da French Open, dukkan gasannin biyu da yake kare kofunansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alcaraz to miss Rome & Roland Garros: 'We will come out of it stronger' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-rome-roland-garros-2026-withdrawal |website=ATP Tour |access-date=24 April 2026}}</ref> A watan Mayu, ya sanar da janye jikinsa daga Queen's Club Championships da Wimbledon, inda a dukkaninsu shi ne ke kare kofin da kuma wanda ya zo na biyu (runner-up).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-19 |title=Alcaraz withdraws from Wimbledon & Queen's Club |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-queens-club-wimbledon-2026-withdrawal |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=atptour.com}}</ref> Bai shiga Canadian Open ba, kuma ya janye jikinsa daga Cincinnati Open, inda shi ne ke kare kofin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Futterman |first=Matthew |date=2026-08-10 |title=Carlos Alcaraz withdraws from Cincinnati Open, with U.S. Open title defense in doubt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7492918/2026/08/04/carlos-alcaraz-out-cincinnati-open/ |access-date=2026-08-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Agusta, Alcaraz ya sanar da cewa zai koma gasar gogayya a US Open, inda shi ma ke kare kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz: Fabrizio Romano breaks news US Open champion is to make comeback from wrist injury at Flushing Meadows |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/33694/13575157/carlos-alcaraz-fabrizio-romano-breaks-news-us-open-champion-is-to-make-comeback-from-wrist-injury-at-flushing-meadows |access-date=2026-08-20 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar ma'aurata gauraye (mixed doubles) tare da haɗin gwiwa mai muhimmanci da Serena Williams; sun yi rashin nasara a zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-25 |title=Williams-Alcaraz fall in US Open mixed quarter-finals |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260825-williams-alcaraz-fall-in-us-open-mixed-quarter-finals |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz ya buga wasansa na farko guda ɗaya (singles) a cikin watanni biyar da Roman Safiullin inda ya sami nasara a saiti babu kakkautawa, kodayake saurin sabis ɗinsa ya ragu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz eases past Roman Safiullin on return at US Open {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-safiullin-us-open-2026-monday |access-date=2026-08-31 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Da sauri ya watsar da rashin sabo sannan ya kai wasan quarterfinals dinsa na biyar na rayuwarsa a US Open, inda ya rasa saiti guda kacal a kanti, a hannun Jaime Faria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurejko |first=Jonathan |date=2026-09-03 |title=US Open 2026 results: Carlos Alcaraz fights back to beat Jaime Faria as injury comeback in New York continues |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cqjkdnv729jo |access-date=2026-09-06 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tsawanta jerin nasarorinsa a manyan gasassaki (majors) zuwa 18, mafi kyau a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz completes his Grand Slam set vs. Tommy Paul, reaches US Open QFs {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-paul-us-open-2026-sunday-r4 |access-date=2026-09-06 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Daga nan Alcaraz ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Ben Shelton a quarterfinals a saiti biyar, inda Shelton ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu bayan Matteo Berrettini da ya doke Alcaraz a saiti biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouquette |first=Cédric |date=2026-09-09 |title=Shelton ends Alcaraz’s US Open reign in late-night thriller |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/us-open-news/history-made-past-3am-shelton-ends-alcarazs-us-open-reign-at-the-latest-finish-the-tournament-has-ever-seen-860615.html |access-date=2026-09-09 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Gagayya (Rivalries)== === Jannik Sinner === Carlos Alcaraz da Jannik Sinner sun fuskanci juna har sau 17 a gasar ATP Tour, inda Alcaraz ke gaba da nasarori 10–7.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/carlos-alcaraz-vs-jannik-sinner/a0e2/s0ag |title=Jannik Sinner VS Carlos Alcaraz {{!}} Head 2 Head |website=ATP Tour |access-date=6 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennisnow.com/News/2024/June/Closing-Power-Alcaraz-Fights-off-Sinner-in-Five-f.aspx |title=Closing Power: Alcaraz Fights off Sinner in Five for First French Open Final |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023057/https://www.tennisnow.com/News/2024/June/Closing-Power-Alcaraz-Fights-off-Sinner-in-Five-f.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Wasanni masu muhimmanci na farko sun haɗa da zagayen quarterfinals na US Open ta 2022, wanda Alcaraz ya lashe a saiti biyar bayan ya kare maki guda na nasara (match point) har ya kai ga lashe lakabin gasar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Media |first=P. A. |date=8 September 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz prevails over Jannik Sinner in latest ever US Open finish |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/08/carlos-alcaraz-prevails-over-jannik-sinner-in-latest-ever-us-open-finish-tennis |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Su biyun sun fuskanci juna sau uku a shekarar 2024, inda Alcaraz ya lashe dukkan wasannin uku, ciki har da wasan ƙarshe mai tsananin gogayya na China Open.<ref name="ChinaOpenSinner" /> Sinner ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Alcaraz a shekarar 2024 adadin da ya yi daidai da rashin nasarar da ya yi a hannun dukkan sauran 'yan wasan tour baki ɗaya. A shekarar 2025, Alcaraz da Sinner sun fuskanci juna a wasannin ƙarshe na manyan gasassaki (majors) guda uku a jere. Alcaraz ya lashe wasansu na ƙarshe na farko a babban kofi a French Open, duk da cewa Sinner yana da maki uku na lashe kofin (championship points) a saiti na hudu. Mujallar ''The Guardian'' ta yaba da wasan a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman wasannin ƙarshe da aka taba yi a kowane irin wasan motsa jiki."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Daniel |date=8 June 2025 |title=Alcaraz fights back to beat Sinner in all-time classic French Open men's final – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2025/jun/08/french-open-2025-mens-final-jannik-sinner-v-carlos-alcaraz-tennis-live |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sun sake saduwa a Wimbledon, inda Sinner ya yi nasara a saiti hudu, yana kwace kofin daga hannun zakara mai kare kofinsa Alcaraz; sannan a US Open, inda Alcaraz ya yi nasara a saiti hudu, yana kwace kofin daga hannun zakara mai kare kofinsa Sinner.<ref name="ATPNo1Return2025" /> A karo na biyu a jere, sun raba manyan kofunan shekarar biyu-biyu. Sun kuma fuskanci juna a wasannin ƙarshe guda biyu na ATP Masters 1000 a shekarar 2025, a Italian Open da Cincinnati Open, wanda duka Alcaraz ne ya lashe su;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner on Rome run: 'I am closer than expected' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-rome-2025-final-reaction |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ATPCincinnati2025" /> da kuma wasan ƙarshe na ATP Finals na 2025, inda Sinner ya doke Alcaraz a saiti babu kakkautawa (straight sets).<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Sinner ya doke Alcaraz a saiti babu kakkautawa domin samun lakabin gasar Monte-Carlo Masters a karon farko da suka fuskanci juna a shekarar 2026. An bayyana gagayyarsu a matsayin "wata gogayya mai yiwuwa za ta ayyana wani zamani da kanta".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klosok |first1=Aleks |title=Friendly rivals Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz look set to dominate men's tennis. Is it time to call them the 'Big Two?' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/12/sport/jannik-sinner-carlos-alcaraz-atp-finals-spt-intl/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=6 September 2025 |language=en |date=12 November 2024}}</ref> === Alexander Zverev === Carlos Alcaraz da Alexander Zverev sun fuskanci juna har sau goma sha uku, inda Alcaraz ke gaba da nasarori 7–6.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/carlos-alcaraz-vs-alexander-zverev/a0e2/z355 |title=Carlos Alcaraz VS Alexander Zverev {{!}} Head 2 Head |website=ATP Tour |access-date=15 March 2026 }}</ref> Sun fuskanci juna sau biyu a shekarar 2021, inda Zverev ya lallasa Alcaraz mai shekaru 17–18 a dukkanin wasannin biyu. Wasan farko mai muhimmanci a tsakaninsu shi ne wasan ƙarshe na Madrid Open a shekarar 2022, inda Alcaraz ya lallasa zakara mai kare kofinsa Zverev a cikin sa'a ɗaya da mintuna hudu.<ref name="BBCMadrid2022" /> Bayan 'yan makonni, sun yi wasansu na farko a babban kofi (major) a zagayen quarterfinals na French Open, inda Zverev ya doke Alcaraz a saiti hudu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=2022-05-31 |title=Zverev eases into second French Open semi-final with win against Alcaraz |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/may/31/zverev-eases-into-second-french-open-semi-final-with-win-against-alcaraz |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sun kara gudanar da wasanni masu muhimmanci a zagayen quarterfinals na US Open ta 2023, wanda Alcaraz ya lashe, da kuma quarterfinals na Australian Open ta 2024, wanda Zverev ya lashe. A shekarar 2024 sun fuskanci juna a wasan ƙarshe na French Open, inda Zverev ke neman samun lakabinsa na farko na babban kofi. Zverev ya samu ratar saiti biyu zuwa ɗaya, amma Alcaraz ya jure har ya doke shi a saiti biyar domin samun lakabinsa na farko na French Open.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=2024-06-09 |title=Carlos Alcaraz outlasts Alex Zverev in five-set thriller to win French Open |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jun/09/carlos-alcaraz-outlasts-alex-zverev-in-five-set-thriller-to-win-french-open |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A wasan semifinals na Australian Open ta 2026, Alcaraz ya samu ratar saiti biyu na farko kafin ya fuskanci matsala sakamakon ciwon tsoka (cramps). Zverev ya lashe saiti biyu na gaba a zagayen gaba-da-gaba (tiebreaks), amma Alcaraz ya dawo da kaimi a tsaye domin lashe saiti na biyar, yana ci gaba zuwa wasansa na ƙarshe na farko a Australian Open. A tsawon sa'o'i 5 da mintuna 27, wannan shi ne wasan semifinal mafi tsawo a tarihin Australian Open.<ref name="ATPZverevAO2026" /> === Novak Djokovic === File:2023 Wimbledon Men's singles final (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright=.7|Carlos Alcaraz da Novak Djokovic bayan wasan ƙarshe na Wimbledon ta 2023 Carlos Alcaraz da Novak Djokovic sun fuskanci juna har sau goma; duk da tazarar shekaru 16 a tsakaninsu, gogayyar tasu ta kasance mai cike da harkar gogayya ta daidaito, inda sakamakon fuskantar juna ke kunnen doki a 5–5.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/carlos-alcaraz-vs-novak-djokovic/a0e2/d643 |title=Carlos Alcaraz VS Novak Djokovic {{!}} Head 2 Head |website=ATP Tour |access-date=16 November 2025 }}</ref> Wasanni tara daga cikin goma da suka buga sun kasance a zagayen semifinals ko finals na "manya" gasassaki: a dukkan manyan gasassaki hudu (majors), Masters 1000 guda biyu na ATP, ATP Finals da Wasannin Olimpic. Saduwarsu ta farko ita ce a semifinals na Madrid Open ta 2022, inda Alcaraz ya samu nasara a saiti na karshe mai kayyade sakamako (deciding set tiebreaker), inda ya zama mutum guda tilos a tarihi da ya samu nasarori a jere a kan Nadal da Djokovic a filin laka (clay). Duk da gwagwarmayarsu ta neman matsayin lamba 1 na duniya, ba su sake fuskantar juna ba har na tsawon fiye da shekara guda. Daga karshe sun sake fuskantar juna a semifinals na French Open ta 2023, wanda ya kasance wasan da aka zuba idanu a kansa da kafofin labarai suka yi ta yayatawa.<ref name="SiDjokovicSemi" /><ref name="GuardianDjokovicSemi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapetanakis |first=Arthur |date=8 June 2023 |title=SF Preview: Carlos Alcaraz vs. Novak Djokovic In Clash For The Ages |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-djokovic-roland-garros-2023-sf-preview |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925094747/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-djokovic-roland-garros-2023-sf-preview |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cambers |first=Simon |date=8 June 2023 |title=Alcaraz v Djokovic: Where the match can be won |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rg2023-semi-final-preview-alcaraz-djokovic-tactical-breakdown |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=www.rolandgarros.com |language=en-us |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602182743/https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/rg2023-semi-final-preview-alcaraz-djokovic-tactical-breakdown |url-status=live}}</ref> Djokovic ya yi nasara a saiti hudu, yayin da wasan ke cike da gogayya har zuwa lokacin da Alcaraz ya samu tangarda a farkon saiti na uku saboda ciwon tsoka (cramps).<ref name="CrampVsDjokovic" /> Ba da jimawa ba biyu sun sake saduwa domin sake fuskantar juna a wasan ƙarshe na Wimbledon ta 2023, inda Alcaraz ya doke Djokovic wanda ya lashe kofin sau hudu a jere a cikin wasa mai cike da tarihi na saiti biyar wanda ya dauki sa'o'i 4 da mintuna 42.<ref name="NYTimesWimbledon" /> Wata guda bayan haka, sun yi wata gogayyar mai matukar girma a wasan ƙarshe na Cincinnati Open ta 2023, inda Djokovic ya samu nasara a saiti uku masu matukar matsin lamba bayan ya kare maki guda na nasarar kofin (championship point). A tsawon sa'o'i 3 da mintuna 49, wannan shi ne wasan ƙarshe na ATP Tour mafi tsawo a saiti biyu cikin uku a tarihi, kuma wasa mafi tsawo a tarihin gasar, wanda kuma aka yaba masa nan take a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasanni a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=21 August 2023 |title=Djokovic outlasts Alcaraz to win instant-classic final in Cincinnati |url=https://www.thescore.com/atp/news/2696096 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=theScore.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malinowski |first=Scoop |date=21 August 2023 |title=Djokovic and Carlos Produce the Highest Level of Tennis Ever Witnessed In Cincy – Tennis-Prose.com |url=https://www.tennis-prose.com/articles/djokovic-and-carlos-produce-the-highest-level-of-tennis-ever-witnessed-in-cincy/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023607/https://www.tennis-prose.com/articles/djokovic-and-carlos-produce-the-highest-level-of-tennis-ever-witnessed-in-cincy/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Daga nan sun buga wasan da ba shi da wata babbar gogayya a ATP Finals, inda Djokovic ya lallasa Alcaraz a saiti babu kakkautawa (straight sets).<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2023 |title=ATP Finals results 2023: Novak Djokovic beats Carlos Alcaraz to set up Jannik Sinner final |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/67461418 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Djokovic da Alcaraz sun fuskanci juna sau biyu a bazaran shekarar 2024, duka a wasannin ƙarshe masu muhimmanci gaske. A ranar 14 ga Yuli, Alcaraz ya sami nasara cikin sauki a saiti babu kakkautawa a kan Djokovic a karawa ta biyu na wasan ƙarshe na Wimbledon na shekarar baya. Makonni uku bayan haka, a ranar 4 ga Agusta, Djokovic ya doke Alcaraz a wasan ƙarshe na Wasannin Olimpic a filin Court Philippe Chatrier. Ba a karye sabis ɗin ko ɗaya daga cikinsu ba a saiti biyun, inda Djokovic ya lashe zagayen gaba-da-gaba (tiebreaks) duka guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novak Djokovic defeats Carlos Alcaraz for first Olympic gold medal |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/djokovic-alcaraz-paris-olympics-2024-gold-medal-match |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Masanin tarihin wasanni Steve Flink ya kira shi "wasa mafi kyau na saiti biyu da na taba gani".<ref>{{Cite web |last=manfred |date=4 August 2024 |title="The Best Two-Set Match I Have Ever Seen" – Steve Flink On Novak Djokovic – Carlos Alcaraz Olympic Final |url=https://worldtennismagazine.com/archives/23630 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=World Tennis Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217181305/https://worldtennismagazine.com/archives/23630 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mujallar ''Tennis.com'' ta jera wasan a matsayin wasan ATP na shekara na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tignor |first=Steve |date=20 December 2024 |title=TENNIS.com's 2024 ATP Match of the Year: Novak Djokovic conquers Carlos Alcaraz at the Olympics, and finally wins gold |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/2024-tennis-atp-match-of-the-year-novak-djokovic-carlos-alcaraz-olympics-paris |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=Tennis.com}}</ref> Djokovic da Alcaraz sun fuskanci juna sau biyu a shekarar 2025. A saduwarsu ta farko a matakin quarterfinals a Australian Open, Djokovic ya sami nasara a saiti hudu domin ci gaba da kare rikodinsa na rashin nasara a hannun Alcaraz a filin tauri (hardcourt) da kuma rushe burinsa na samun Career Grand Slam.<ref name="BBCDjokovicAO2025" /> Sun sake saduwa a semifinals na US Open, inda Alcaraz ya ɗauki pansa a saiti babu kakkautawa domin samun nasararsa ta farko a kan Djokovic a filin tauri (hardcourt).<ref name="NYTUSOpen2025" /> Tikitin shiga kalle wasan sun kasance mafi tsada a tarihin US Open.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAM |date=4 September 2025 |title=US Open ticket prices soar to unprecedented level: How much does it cost to watch Carlos Alcaraz vs Novak Djokovic? |url=https://www.marca.com/en/tennis/us-open/2025/09/04/68b9f44146163fdd7c8b4581.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=MARCA |language=en}}</ref> Tare da wannan wasan, Alcaraz da Djokovic sun kammala saduwa a kowace daya daga cikin manyan gasassaki hudu (majors), wani abu da gagayyar Federer–Nadal ba ta taba cimmawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Shahida |date=3 September 2025 |title=Djokovic-Alcaraz rivalry set for Grand Slam milestone that Federer and Nadal failed to achieve |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/novak-djokovic-carlos-alcaraz-achieve-feat-eluded-roger-federer-rafael-nadal |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> Djokovic da Alcaraz sun fuskanci juna sau ɗaya a shekarar 2026, a wasan ƙarshe na Australian Open, wanda Alcaraz ya lashe a saiti hudu domin kawo ƙarshen rikodin cikakkiyar nasara na Djokovic 10–0 a wasannin ƙarshe na Australian Open kuma ya zama mai wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kammala Career Grand Slam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alcaraz dents Djokovic's Melbourne final perfection, wins first Australian Open title|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-djokovic-australian-open-2026-final|website=ATPTour|date=1 February 2026|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> Musamman ma, Alcaraz (tare da Stan Wawrinka) na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan tennis guda biyu da suke da cikakken rikodin nasara a wasannin ƙarshe na babban kofi (major final) a kan Djokovic. ==Sallon Wasa (Playing style)== Alcaraz ɗan wasan tennis ne mai amfani da [[All-court player|ko ina a fili]], amma da farko yana amfani da salo mai kai hari daga baya (baseline). An san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta rufe fili da ikon samun ƙwallo a matsayin tsaro, sau da yawa yana mai da matsayin tsaro zuwa damar kai hari yayin karawa. Harbinsa na [[forehand]] mai madaidaicin hannu shine harbi mafi ƙarfi: yana iya buga shi a faɗace da sauri don samun maki na nasara (winners) daga kowane matsayi na fili, ko kuma ya ƙara adadin topspin mai yawa da tazara a saman ragar. Yana wasa da [[backhand]] na hannu biyu mai faɗi kuma ƙasa-ƙasa. Saboda harinsa, Alcaraz yawanci yana samar da babban adadin [[Glossary of tennis terms#winner|winners]] da [[Glossary of tennis terms#unforced error|kuskuren da ba a tilasta masa ba (unforced errors)]] daga harbin ƙasa, musamman na forehand ɗinsa. Alcaraz yana da sabis na farko mai ƙarfi dangane da tsawonsa; yawanci tsakanin mile 115 zuwa 120 a sa'a guda (mph) kuma yakan kai mile 135 a sa'a guda, amma ana buga shi da matsakaicin wurin da aka sa gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Alcaraz's Scintillating Serve Toppled Djokovic's Return In The Wimbledon Final &#124; |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-djokovic-wimbledon-2023-final-brain-game |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818230616/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-djokovic-wimbledon-2023-final-brain-game |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz: The story behind his new & improved serve |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-serve-feature-wimbledon-2024 |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz yawanci yana ƙara topspin ga sabis ɗinsa na biyu domin samar da tsalle mai tsawo na ƙwallo, wanda ke tura abokan karawarsa baya ko kuma tilasta musu maido ƙwallo mai rauni. Wannan sabis yawanci yana kaiwa km/h 150 zuwa 170 (mile 93 zuwa 106 a sa'a guda).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CARLOS ALCARAZ VS. ALEX DE MINAUR &#124; LONDON 2023 |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/stats-centre/live/2022/403/MS001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704205433/https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/stats-centre/live/2022/403/MS001 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Mafi yawancin lokuta saboda rashin ainihin wurin da ake sa gaba, ana bayyana sabis na Alcaraz a matsayin mafi rauni a wasansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2025 |title=Alcaraz says new serve still a work in progress as he targets Career Grand Slam |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/australian-open-news/alcaraz-says-new-serve-still-a-work-in-progress-as-he-targets-career-grand-slam-803085.html |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ƙwararre ne wajen maido da sabis (returner), musamman na sabis na farko. A shekarar 2024, ya lashe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na wasannin sabis na abokan karawarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaderboard &#124; ATP Tour |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/stats/leaderboard?boardType=return&timeFrame=52week&surface=all&versusRank=all&formerNo1=false |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz yana da wasan raga mai burge mutane tare da kyakkyawan drop volleys da drive volleys, sannan yakan yi serve-and-volley a lokuta masu muhimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2023 |title='Carlos Alcaraz can serve and volley at...', says former ATP ace |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Carlos_Alcaraz/126770/-carlos-alcaraz-can-serve-and-volley-at-says-former-atp-ace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704205432/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Carlos_Alcaraz/126770/-carlos-alcaraz-can-serve-and-volley-at-says-former-atp-ace/ |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Harbinsa na boje ƙwallo a kusa da raga ([[drop shot]]) mai cike da baje fasaha shine mabudin wasansa. Nauyin harbin ƙasarsa yana tura abokan karawarsa zuwa bayan fili, wanda hakan ke sa drop shots ɗinsa ke da wuyar kaiwa. An lura da 'yar fifikonsa na amfani da forehand drop shots fiye da backhand a matsayin wani abu da ba a saba gani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Shot Has Carlos Alcaraz Popularised? |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/forehand-drop-shot-success-alcaraz-2023 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> [[Andy Roddick]] ya bayyana cewa drop shot na Alcaraz shine "mafi kyau a tarihin tennis".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Callum |date=14 July 2024 |title=Andy Roddick says Carlos Alcaraz has one shot that is the best in the history of tennis ahead of Wimbledon final |url=https://www.thetennisgazette.com/news/andy-roddick-says-carlos-alcaraz-has-one-shot-that-is-the-best-in-the-history-of-tennis-ahead-of-wimbledon-final/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=The Tennis Gazette |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wasu 'yan wasa da masu sharhi sun yaba wa Alcaraz a matsayin wanda ke da alhakin karuwar amfani da drop shot a tsakanin dukkanin gasassakin kwararru a 'yan shekarun nan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=21 May 2025 |title=Drop by drop: Carlos Alcaraz leads shift back to the most deft shot in tennis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/may/21/drop-shot-tennis-carlos-alcaraz-clay-french-open |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eccleshare |first=Charlie |date=28 May 2025 |title=Drop shots in tennis go from eccentric to essential, with some help from Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6384608/2025/05/28/tennis-drop-shot-how-why-best-players/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Alcaraz ya sami yabo saboda halayensa na motsa jiki da na jiki. Musamman ma, gudu na kai tsaye, ikon maida hari, da babban saurin ƙafafunsa sun sa ana kwatanta shi da [[Rafael Nadal]]. An kwatanta shi da [[Novak Djokovic]] saboda motsin gefensa mai ƙarfi da rufe fili, wanda tsaga ƙafafu na jiki (splits) da sulbi a cikin fili lokacin tsaro ke taimaka masa, musamman a bangaren backhand. Kamar [[Roger Federer]], taɓawa mai ban mamaki da hari na musamman sun kasance masu muhimmanci ga nasararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rouquette |first1=Cédric |last2=Bourrières |first2=Rémi |last3=Cambers |first3=Simon |date=17 October 2022 |title=From Carlitos to Alcaraz, Episode 3: Attack, defence, power, touch – Alcaraz the pioneer of "total tennis" |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/how-carlitos-became-alcaraz-episode-3-attack-defence-power-touch-alcaraz-the-pioneer-of-total-tennis-629786.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005151/https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/how-carlitos-became-alcaraz-episode-3-attack-defence-power-touch-alcaraz-the-pioneer-of-total-tennis-629786.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidov |first=Liya |date=13 July 2023 |title=TECH Talk: If the Big 3 had a baby, his name would be Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/tech-talk-big-3-came-together-baby-name-carlos-alcaraz-federer-nadal-djokovic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005151/https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/tech-talk-big-3-came-together-baby-name-carlos-alcaraz-federer-nadal-djokovic |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Tennis.com |language=en}}</ref> Djokovic ya bayyana cewa Alcaraz yana haɗa "mafi kyau daga dukkanin duniyoyi uku" na wasansa, na Federer, da kuma na Nadal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wimbledon: Novak Djokovic praises 'complete' champion Carlos Alcaraz as blend of Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and himself after epic final |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/12922029/wimbledon-novak-djokovic-praises-complete-champion-carlos-alcaraz-as-blend-of-roger-federer-rafael-nadal-and-himself-after-epic-final |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723081913/https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/12922029/wimbledon-novak-djokovic-praises-complete-champion-carlos-alcaraz-as-blend-of-roger-federer-rafael-nadal-and-himself-after-epic-final |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=Sky Sports |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> Rashin nasarar Alcaraz yana samuwa akai-akai a gajeren wasanni, musamman a tsarin saiti biyu cikin uku (best-of-three). A wani lokaci ana sukarsa saboda rashin daidaiton sakamako, a dukkanin wasanni da lokutan gasar (seasons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilander's honest diagnosis of Alcaraz's problem: "He is going to be quite inconsistent" |url=https://www.puntodebreak.com/en/2025/04/01/wilanders-honest-diagnosis-of-alcarazs-problem-he-is-going-to-be-quite-inconsistent |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Puntodebreak.com |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz da kansa ya yi ikirarin cewa ba ya iya yin wasa mai kyau ba tare da yana jin dadin kansa a fili ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciriza |first=Alejandro |date=26 April 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz, the last great virtuoso of tennis |url=https://english.elpais.com/sports/2023-04-26/carlos-alcaraz-the-last-great-virtuoso-of-tennis.html |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref> Amsar Alcaraz sau da yawa ana yaba mata saboda kirkirar fasaha a fili da kyan gani na wasansa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=27 March 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz is the most exciting player in men's tennis and he will only get better |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/mar/27/carlos-alcaraz-is-the-best-in-the-world-and-he-is-only-going-to-get-better |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=10 June 2024 |title=Carlos Alcaraz is already remarkable but has plenty of improvement still to come |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jun/10/tennis-french-open-carlos-alcaraz |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An bayyana shi sau da yawa a matsayin "mutum mai samar da bidiyoyi masu kayatarwa" (human highlight reel).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Simon |last2=Amako |first2=Uche |date=2 September 2023 |title=Human highlight reel Carlos Alcaraz and Dan Evans entertain fans in thrilling US Open battle |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2023/09/02/us-open-carlos-alcaraz-dan-evans-live-score-updates-norrie/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Futterman |first=Matthew |date=13 January 2025 |title=Carlos Alcaraz, tennis highlight reel, exits ATP Tour Finals knowing how to improve |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5924985/2024/11/15/carlos-alcaraz-tennis-highlights-atp-tour-finals-result/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Tim |date=1 July 2023 |title='He's a human highlight reel': the star power of tennis player Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/01/star-power-tennis-player-carlos-alcaraz-wimbledon |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya ce, "A fili yake, ina son lashe kowane wasa da nake bugawa, amma a lokaci guda, ina son jin dadi, in gwada abubuwa daban-daban, in sa mutane su ji dadin kallon tennis da kallon wasannina. Wani lokaci ina magana da kaina game da abin da ya fi muhimmanci: ko in yi nasara ko kuma in yi abubuwa masu kyau."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jenkins |first=Sally |date=4 September 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz's attitude is as transfixing as his tennis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2023/09/04/carlos-alcaraz-us-open-style/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> == Masu horarwa da tawaga (Coaches and team) == Masu horar da Alcaraz a lokacin yarinta sune Kiko Navarro da Carlos Santos.<ref name="ChildhoodCoach"/> A watan Satumban 2018, Alcaraz mai shekaru goma sha biyar ya koma [[Villena]] domin fara horo a [[Ferrero Tennis Academy]] a karkashin Jagorancin [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], wanda ya zama kocin kansa.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=Juan Carlos Ferrero será el nuevo coach de Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.equelite.com/jcferrerero-nuevo-coach-carlos-alcaraz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626171617/https://www.equelite.com/jcferrerero-nuevo-coach-carlos-alcaraz/ |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Equelite JC Ferrero Sport Academy |language=es}}</ref> Ferrero ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatun horarwa da yawa daga manyan 'yan wasa domin kawai ya horar da Alcaraz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |title=Ferrero enjoying life as coach of rising star Alcaraz |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/news-and-media/articles/ferrero-enjoying-life-as-coach-of-rising-star-alcaraz/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cascales: "La clave es que Alcaraz no pierda la ambición" |url=https://www.puntodebreak.com/2024/11/14/cascales-clave-alcaraz-no-pierda-ambicion |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=Puntodebreak.com |language=es}}</ref> Haɗin gwiwartu ta sami yabo sosai: Ferrero ya lashe lambar yabo ta [[ATP Awards|ATP Coach of the Year Award]] a shekarar 2022 da 2025. A watan Disamba na 2025, Alcaraz ba tare da tsammani ba ya sanar da cewa shi da Ferrero sun raba jiha bayan shekaru bakwai.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2025 |title=Alcaraz splits with Ferrero, who says 'I wish I could have continued' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ferrero-split-december-2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=atptour.com |publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2024, an sanar da cewa [[Samuel López (tennis coach)|Samuel López]], tsohon mamban tawagar horarwa ta Ferrero, zai shiga tawagar Alcaraz domin yin aiki a karkashin Ferrero a matsayin kochi na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=Alcaraz adds Samuel Lopez to his coaching team |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/atp/alcaraz-adds-samuel-lopez-to-his-coaching-team-798371.html |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=Tennis Majors |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan tashi daga aikin na Ferrero, ya zama babban kocin Alcaraz na lokacin gasar 2026.<ref name="Jurejko" /> Alcaraz ya ci gaba da kasancewa da ma'aikata iri ɗaya kusan tun lokacin da ya zo tour. Tawagarsa ta haɗa da mai horar da motsa jiki Alberto Lledó, mai maganin gargajiya/taimakon jiki (physiotherapist) Juanjo Moreno, likita Juanjo López, da kuma wakili Albert Molina. Ɗan uwansa Álvaro yana aiki a matsayin mai taya shi [[hitting partner|horon harbi]] na tsawon lokaci kuma, tun daga 2026, kocin taimakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This is how Carlos Alcaraz's team looks ahead to 2025 |url=https://www.puntodebreak.com/en/2024/12/13/this-is-how-carlos-alcarazs-team-looks-ahead-to-2025 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Puntodebreak.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlos Alcaraz reveals why brother Alvaro will 'take on more prominence' in his team|url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcaraz-reveals-brother-will-take-on-more-prominence-as-new-team-role-emerges|website=Tennis365|date=2026-01-23|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Oli Dickson|last=Jefford}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Alcaraz ya naɗa abokinsa na ƙuruciya Fran Rubio a matsayin ƙarin physiotherapist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Shahida |date=5 February 2025 |title=Carlos Alcaraz adds close friend and trusted figure to his team |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcaraz-adds-close-friend-and-trusted-figure-to-his-coaching-team |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz kuma yana aiki da masanin halayyar dan adam na wasanni Isabel Balaguer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Simon |date=15 July 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz sees psychologist in bid to beat Novak Djokovic on Centre Court |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2023/07/15/carlos-alcaraz-psychologist-novak-djokovic-wimbledon-final/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> == Waje da filin wasa (Off the court) == === Yarjejeniyar tallata samfura (Endorsements) === Nike ke ɗaukar nauyin Alcaraz wajen sutura da takalma, sannan Babolat yana ɗaukar nauyinsa wajen raket na wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tennisfansite.com/carlos-alcaraz-sponsors-brands-ambassador/ |title=Brands That Sponsor Carlos Alcaraz |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403192832/https://tennisfansite.com/carlos-alcaraz-sponsors-brands-ambassador/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Yana yin wasa da raket din Babolat Pure Aero 98, tare da zare na RPM Team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.babolat.com/us/heroes-players-blog-carlos-alcaraz/carlos-alcaraz.html?section=heroes |title='There will never be another Rafa. I am Carlos.' |work=Babolat.com |date= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118052956/https://www.babolat.com/us/heroes-players-blog-carlos-alcaraz/carlos-alcaraz.html?section=heroes |url-status=live}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, Alcaraz ya zama ambassadan kamfanin Rolex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rolex.com/world-of-rolex/tennis.html |title=Tennis – Rolex Timeless Luxury Watches |work=Rolex.com |date= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516181416/https://www.rolex.com/world-of-rolex/tennis.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tennisfansite.com/carlos-alcaraz-rolex-ambassador/ |title=Carlos Alcaraz is Now a Rolex Ambassador |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521225311/https://tennisfansite.com/carlos-alcaraz-rolex-ambassador/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, ya fito a cikin yakin tallata tufafin cikin gida na kamfanin kera sutura na Amurka Calvin Klein na shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bein |first=Kat |date=10 January 2023 |title=Tennis Star Carlos Alcaraz Strips Down For Calvin Klein Underwear Campaign |url=http://gothammag.com/carlos-alcaraz-calvin-klein-underwear-campaign-pictures-gray-sorrenti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311171114/https://gothammag.com/carlos-alcaraz-calvin-klein-underwear-campaign-pictures-gray-sorrenti |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |magazine=Gotham Magazine}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, ya zama ambassadan alamar Louis Vuitton.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hess |first=Liam |date=28 June 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz Is Louis Vuitton's Newest Ambassador |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/carlos-alcaraz-louis-vuitton-ambassador-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703164528/https://www.vogue.com/article/carlos-alcaraz-louis-vuitton-ambassador-announcement |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref> Alcaraz kuma ambassada ne na bankin Brazil Itaú Unibanco,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Carlos Alcaraz estrela nova campanha de Itaú Personnalité sobre tênis |url=https://propmark.com.br/carlos-alcaraz-estrela-nova-campanha-de-itau-personnalite-sobre-tenis/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=propmark |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626122423/https://propmark.com.br/carlos-alcaraz-estrela-nova-campanha-de-itau-personnalite-sobre-tenis/ |archive-date=26 June 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kamfanin kayan kwalliyar fata na kasar Sifaniya Isdin,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isdin.com/blog/conoce-isdinlovers/ |title=Carlos Alcaraz, the new tennis star |publisher=Isdin.com |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010194358/https://www.isdin.com/blog/conoce-isdinlovers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kamfanin abinci na Sifaniya ElPozo,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elpozo.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-is-brand-ambassador-for-elpozo/ |title=Carlos Alcaraz is Brand Ambassador for ELPOZO |work=ElPozo Alimentación – |publisher=Elpozo.com |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717232420/https://www.elpozo.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-is-brand-ambassador-for-elpozo/ |url-status=live}}</ref> da kuma kamfanin kera motoci na Jamus BMW a karkashin reshensu na BMW Spain.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/spain/article/detail/T0403868ES/carlos-alcaraz-conversa-con-los-m%C3%A1s-j%C3%B3venes-en-su-presentaci%C3%B3n-oficial-con-bmw-espa%C3%B1a?language=es |title=Carlos Alcaraz talks with the youngest in his official presentation with BMW Spain |newspaper=BMW Group Pressclub |publisher=BMW Group |date= |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010194405/https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/spain/article/detail/T0403868ES/carlos-alcaraz-conversa-con-los-m%C3%A1s-j%C3%B3venes-en-su-presentaci%C3%B3n-oficial-con-bmw-espa%C3%B1a?language=es |url-status=live}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, Alcaraz ya zama ambassadan kamfanin abinci na kasa da kasa Danone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danone X Alcaraz |url=https://www.danone.com/newsroom/press-releases/danone-x-alcaraz.html |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=www.danone.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin watan kuma, an sanar da shi a matsayin ambassadan alamar ruwan kwalba na Faransa Evian, wanda yake karkashin kamfanin Danone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2025 |title=Evian snaps up Carlos Alcaraz as brand ambassador |url=https://www.marketing-beat.co.uk/2025/06/26/carlos-alcaraz-evian-brand/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2025, an sanar da shi a matsayin ambassadan alamar YoPRO, alamar yogurt mai dauke da sinadarin gina jiki mai yawa wadda ita ma ke karkashin Danone, tare da 'yar uwar alamar Oikos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Aashay |date=16 July 2025 |title=YoPRO fortifies active lifestyles with Carlos Alcaraz's partnership |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/yopro-fortifies-active-lifestyles-with-carlos-alcaraz-partnership/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=SportsMint Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oster |first=Danielle |title=Oikos Names Tennis Star Carlos Alcaraz Global Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/408374/oikos-names-tennis-star-carlos-alcaraz-global-bran.html |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=www.mediapost.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2026, kamfanin Babolat wanda ya dade yana daukar nauyin Alcaraz ya sanar da fitar da jerin raket da jakunkuna na kasuwanci na "Carlitos Junior" domin matasan 'yan wasan tennis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Europa |date=2026-02-17 |title=Babolat lanza la primera gama Carlitos junior inspirada en Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.europapress.es/deportes/tenis-00166/noticia-babolat-lanza-primera-gama-carlitos-junior-inspirada-carlos-alcaraz-20260217131949.html |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=www.europapress.es}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, Alcaraz ya zama ambassada na Sunreef Yachts, kuma ya sayi jirgin ruwa na Ultima 88 catamaran, biyo bayan shawara daga abokin ambassadanci Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-25 |title=Tennis player Carlos Alcaraz buys Sunreef Ultima 88 catamaran |url=https://www.superyachttimes.com/yacht-news/carlos-alcaraz-buys-sunreef-ultima-88-catamaran |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=SYT}}</ref> A watan Afirilun 2026, an sanar da shi a matsayin ambassada na kamfanin fasaha na kasa da kasa na Indiya Infosys, wanda kuma yake samar da bayanan tennis ga ATP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Infosys |title=7-Time Grand Slam Champion Carlos Alcaraz is Infosys Global Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/7-time-grand-slam-champion-carlos-alcaraz-is-infosys-global-brand-ambassador-302743087.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, ya zama ambassada na Ant International, reshen biyan kudi da fasahar kudi (fintech) na kasar Singapore wanda ke karkashin kamfanin Ant Group na kasar Sinar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-19 |title=Ant International Names Tennis World No. 1 Carlos Alcaraz Global Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.financemagnates.com/fintech/ant-international-names-tennis-world-no-1-carlos-alcaraz-global-brand-ambassador/ |access-date=2026-08-31 |website=Financial and Business News {{!}} Finance Magnates |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, Forbes ta yi iyakar kimanta cewa Alcaraz shi ne ɗan wasan tennis mai fafatawa mafi samun kudin shiga, ta hanyar hada kudin tallace-tallace da kudaden kyaututtukan nasara, a shekara ta biyu a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Brett |title=The World's Highest-Paid Tennis Players 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2024/08/23/the-worlds-highest-paid-tennis-players-2024/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Forbes2025">{{Cite magazine |last=Knight |first=Brett |date=22 August 2025 |title=The World's Highest-Paid Tennis Players 2025 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2025/08/22/the-worlds-highest-paid-tennis-players-2025/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |magazine=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Sportico ta yi kiyasin cewa Alcaraz shi ne dan wasan motsa jiki na goma a duniya mafi samun kudi daga tallata samfura (ba a tsallake kudaden kyaututtuka ba) a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |date=2026-01-14 |title=Highest-Paid Athletes in the World: Ronaldo Leads Top 100 With $260M |url=https://www.sportico.com/personalities/athletes/2026/worlds-highest-paid-athletes-cristiano-ronaldo-1234880803/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Sportico.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === A cikin kafafen yanar gizo da al'adu da aka sani (In the media and popular culture) === Alcaraz ya bayyana a lokuta biyu na shirin docuseries na Netflix na Break Point,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/what-happened-carlos-alcaraz-holger-rune-wimbledon-break-point-season-2-episode-2-summary-recap-coach |title=What happened after Carlos Alcaraz and Holger Rune's Wimbledon clash on 'Break Point' Season 2? |website=[[tennis.com]] |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023609/https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/what-happened-carlos-alcaraz-holger-rune-wimbledon-break-point-season-2-episode-2-summary-recap-coach |url-status=live}}</ref> kuma ya fafata da Rafael Nadal a The Netflix Slam, wani wasan tennis na kai tsaye da MGM Resorts International ta shirya a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Donelly |first=Matt |date=March 4, 2024 |title=The Netflix Slam Gave Great Live Tennis – And Even Better Streaming Marketing |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/netflix-tennis-slam-nadal-alcaraz-marketing-1235929576/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304204808/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/netflix-tennis-slam-nadal-alcaraz-marketing-1235929576/ |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Alcaraz shine mauduyu na shirin Netflix Carlos Alcaraz: My Way, wanda ya nadar da lokacin wasansa na shekarar 2024 kuma aka fitar da shi a ranar 23 ga Afirilu, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carlos-alcaraz-netflix-documentary-series-alcaraz-streaming-1235852200/ |title=Carlos Alcaraz Sets Netflix Docuseries, Promises "Everything You Don't See on a Tennis Court" |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=14 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314171436/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carlos-alcaraz-netflix-documentary-series-alcaraz-streaming-1235852200/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Shirin mai kashi uku ya maida hankali ne kan saɓani tsakanin Alcaraz da tawagarsa yayin da yake kokarin daidaita burinsa na kafa tarihi a wasan tennis da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum ta saurayi mai shekaru 21. Ya haɗa da fitowar Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer, Garbiñe Muguruza, Martina Navratilova, Andre Agassi, Björn Borg, da John McEnroe tare da sauran gwanayen wasan tennis.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Futterman |first1=Matthew |last2=Eccleshare |first2=Charlie |date=24 April 2025 |title=What Carlos Alcaraz's 'My Way' Netflix docuseries says about his tennis present and future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6304336/2025/04/24/carlos-alcaraz-my-way-netflix-review-analysis/ |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A watan Afirilun 2025, Barney Ronay na jaridar The Guardian ya bayyana Alcaraz a matsayin "dan wasa mai ban sha'awa a duniya a halin yanzu".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ronay |first=Barney |date=5 April 2025 |title=Glazed Carlos Alcaraz perfect for the online world but still jarringly human |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/apr/05/glazed-carlos-alcaraz-perfect-for-the-online-world-but-still-jarringly-human |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An san shi da murmushi mai faɗi da kuma kwarjini a filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Carlos Alcaraz looks unbeatable – and has never lost his smile |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/37794353/carlos-alcaraz-looks-unbeatable-never-lost-smile |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz: The smile, grit & history-making |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-it-all-adds-up |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Ya sami kulawar kafafen yanar gizo sosai a waje da filin wasa saboda rayuwarsa ta sirri, musamman tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Ibiza.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carayol |first=Tumaini |date=15 June 2025 |title=Buoyant Carlos Alcaraz to continue with his mid-season party breaks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jun/15/carlos-alcaraz-french-open-ibiza-queens-club-tennis |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Simon |date=15 June 2025 |title=A year after angering his boss with a session in Ibiza, Carlos Alcaraz is at it again |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2025/06/15/carlos-alcaraz-ibiza-party-celebrate-french-open-win/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Zabubbukan askin gashinsa na Alcaraz, musamman askinsa na ras (buzz cut) da bai tsara ba a gasar US Open ta 2025 da kuma fenti rawaya da ya sa wa gashinsa daga baya, sun dauki hankalin kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Carlos Alcaraz's shaved head makes its US Open debut in his first-round win |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-open-2025-carlos-alcaraz-haircut-f051897769c252a05629f2d020572d89 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Carlos Alcaraz Debuts His Boldest Haircut Yet at Rolex Paris Masters |url=https://www.si.com/onsi/serve/style/carlos-alcaraz-debuts-his-boldest-haircut-yet-at-rolex-paris-masters |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Serve On SI |language=en-US}}</ref> An san shi da yin zanen jiki (tattoo) domin tunawa da nasarorin gasar Grand Slam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Australian Open 2025 results: Carlos Alcaraz plans kangaroo tattoo, Novak Djokovic wins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cj65576e66ko |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jaridar The New York Times ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mutane mafi gayu" na shekarar 2025, kuma GQ ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan tennis maza mafi gayu a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Styles Desk |date=2025-12-07 |title=The 67 Most Stylish People of 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/07/style/best-dressed-people-2025.html |access-date=2025-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Remsen |first=Nick |date=2026-08-20 |title=The 18 Most Stylish Men’s Tennis Players of All Time |url=https://www.gq.com/story/most-stylish-male-tennis-players-ever |access-date=2026-08-31 |website=GQ |language=en-US}}</ref> A gasar US Open ta 2026, Nike ta kaddamar da tarin tufafin wasa na Cactus Jack x Carlos Alcaraz Performance Collection tare da hadin gwiwar Alcaraz da Travis Scott, wanda Alcaraz ya sanya a filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Buy: Cactus Jack x Carlos Alcaraz Nike Performance Collection |url=https://houseofheat.co/nike/travis-scott-x-nike-zoom-vapor-12-hc-jj2180-100 |access-date=2026-08-31 |website=House of Heat° |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an samu muhawara a kafofin yada labarai lokacin da Alcaraz ya fasa raket dinsa a bainar jama'a a karon farko a lokacin wasa a Cincinnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Alcaraz sorry for overreaction, destroying racket |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/40895640/carlos-alcaraz-apologizes-smashing-racket-tough-loss |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya gabatar da hakuri a bainar jama'a.<ref name="RacquetSmash" /> Alcaraz kuma an san shi da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da kafofin yada labarai. Bayan rashin nasararsa a gasar US Open ta 2024, ya bayyana cewa, "Na dauki matakai baya, kamar ban komai da kyau a bangaren lafiyar kwakwalwa, ba ni da karfi. Ban san yadda zan sarrafa kaina ba yayin da nake fuskantar matsaloli kuma ban san yadda zan bi da shi ba."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz: 'I feel like I've gone backwards mentally' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-us-open-2024-r2-reaction-spanish |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Biyo bayan rashin nasara a Indian Wells a shekarar 2025, ya amince cewa ya ji "rashin natsuwa a duk tsawon ranar", kuma bayan nasara a Monte Carlo bayan wata daya, ya ce ya kasance yana "fuskantar matsaloli wajen shiga filin wasa" har ma ya yi tunanin daukar dogon hutu daga wasan tennis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nervous Carlos Alcaraz: I worried more about Draper than my own game |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-indian-wells-2025-semifinal-reaction |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montegan |first=Christian |date=14 April 2025 |title='I was struggling': Alcaraz wins Monte Carlo after 'tough month', sends mental health reminder |url=https://www.thefirstserve.com.au/post/i-was-struggling-alcaraz-wins-monte-carlo-tough-month-sends-reminder-that-players-are-human |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=The First Serve |language=en}}</ref> Masu sharhi daban-daban, ciki har da Andy Roddick, Boris Becker, da Andrea Petkovic, sun jaddada irin gaskiyarsa ta musamman game da lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llewellyn |first=Liam |date=23 April 2025 |title=Andy Roddick says Carlos Alcaraz is currently doing something which no tennis player before him ever has |url=https://www.thetennisgazette.com/news/andy-roddick-says-carlos-alcaraz-is-currently-doing-something-which-no-tennis-player-before-him-ever-has/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=The Tennis Gazette |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Ethan |date=19 March 2025 |title=Roddick Questions Alcaraz's Openness About Mental Insecurity Following Indian Wells Loss |url=https://motorcyclesports.net/roddick-questions-alcarazs-openness-about-mental-insecurity-following-indian-wells-loss/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=M Sports |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ewan |date=25 April 2025 |title=Boris Becker warns Carlos Alcaraz's team they are 'demanding too much' of him |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/boris-becker-warning-carlos-alcaraz-mental-health-advice |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> An saka Alcaraz a cikin jerin sunaye na Time 100 Next a shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 September 2022 |title=2022 TIME100 Next: Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://time.com/collection/time100-next-2022/6213921/carlos-alcaraz/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin sunaye na ''50 Names in the Boardroom''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2025 |title=The List: 50 Names In The Boardroom |url=https://boardroom.tv/2025-the-list-cover-story/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Boardroom |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ayyukan jin ƙai === A watan Afrilun 2024, Alcaraz ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da gidauniyar Carlos Alcaraz Garfia Foundation, da nufin inganta rayuwar yara marasa galihu. Gidauniyar tana da hedkwatarta a El Palmar kuma tana gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da makarantun yankin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-foundation-launch-2024 |title=Alcaraz launches foundation to support children in need |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=21 May 2024 |publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]] |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521090834/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-foundation-launch-2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fundacionalcaraz.org/ |language=spanish |title=Fundación Alcaraz |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521090836/https://fundacionalcaraz.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Gidauniyar Alcaraz ta samar da motocin bas don sufurin masu aikin sa-kai bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a Valencia a shekara ta 2024, inda a lokacin guda Alcaraz da Juan Carlos Ferrero suka gudanar da gwanjon sadaka domin tara kuɗaɗe ga waɗanda lamarin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciotti |first=Lorenzo |date=6 November 2024 |title=Carlos Alcaraz and coach Ferrero help Valencians hit by dramatic flood |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/149583/carlos-alcaraz-and-coach-ferrero-help-valencians-hit-by-dramatic-flood/ |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, Alcaraz ya ƙaddamar da baje koli na gidauniyarsa mai taken "Los Pies en la Tierra" a Murcia, yana mai fito da muhimmancin ba da daidaiton damammaki ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Carlos Alcaraz Foundation inaugurates its Los Pies en la Tierra exhibition |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-foundation-exhibition-inauguration |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Baje kolin ya zagaya zuwa sauran yankunan ƙasar Sifaniya, gami da Madrid da Seville, a shekarun 2025 da 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los tesoros de Alcaraz darán el salto de Murcia a toda España |url=https://castellonplaza.com/castellonplaza/deportes4966/los-tesoros-de-alcaraz-daran-el-salto-de-murcia-a-toda-espana |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Castellón Plaza |language=es}}</ref> === Sa hannu a sauran wasanni === Alcaraz masoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke goyon bayan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sifaniya ta Real Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid Stars Support Carlos Alcaraz |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-real-madrid-vini-rodrygo-madrid-2023 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2026, ya gabatar da kofin duniya na FIFA a madadin Louis Vuitton kafin wasan ƙarshe na tsakanin Sifaniya da Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waller |first=Thomas |date=2026-07-20 |title=Louis Vuitton Sets the Stage for Spain’s World Cup Victory |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/louis-vuitton-trophy-trunk-spains-world-cup-2026-victory-1239076049/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref> An san shi sosai wajen nuna goyon baya na fili ga sauran 'yan wasan Sifaniya da dama, ciki har da matuƙin motar Formula One Fernando Alonso da kuma ɗan wasan MMA ɗan asalin Jojiya da Sifaniya Ilia Topuria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz's Passion For F1: 'What Fernando Alonso Is Doing Is Crazy!' |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-formula-one-miami-2023-feature |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz meets Ilia Topuria in Madrid |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-madrid-2024-ilia-topuria-meeting |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> Alcaraz kuma gwanin taka leda ne a wasannin golf da na ciki (chess). A shekara ta 2023, dandalin Chess.com ya ƙira wani na'urar robot (bot) na Carlos Alcaraz wanda kowane mai amfani da dandalin zai iya ƙalubalanta a shafin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz The Chess Player |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-chess-feature-november-2023 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Timelines na sakamakon gasar Grand Slam === {{Performance key|short=yes}} ''Zuwa gasar [[2026 US Open – Men's singles|2026 US Open]].'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Gasar!!2020!!2021!!2022!!2023!!2024!!2025!!2026!!SR!!W–L!!Rabon Nasara % |- | style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0"|Australian Open |A |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |A |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=eaecf0|1 / 5 |bgcolor=eaecf0|18–4 |bgcolor=eaecf0|{{tennis win percentage|won=18|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0"|French Open |style=background:#ecf2ff|Q1 |bgcolor=afeeee|3R |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=yellow|SF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |A |bgcolor=eaecf0|2 / 5 |bgcolor=eaecf0|25–3 |bgcolor=eaecf0|{{tennis win percentage|won=25|lost=3|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0"|Wimbledon |style=color:#767676|NH |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=afeeee|4R |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |style=background:thistle|F |A |bgcolor=eaecf0|2 / 5 |bgcolor=eaecf0|24–3 |bgcolor=eaecf0|{{tennis win percentage|won=24|lost=3|integer=yes}} |- | style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0"|US Open |A |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=yellow|SF |bgcolor=afeeee|2R |bgcolor=lime|'''W''' |bgcolor=ffebcd|QF |bgcolor=eaecf0|2 / 6 |bgcolor=eaecf0|28–4 |bgcolor=eaecf0|{{tennis win percentage|won=28|lost=4|integer=yes}} |- style="background:#eaecf0;font-weight:bold" |style=textalign:left|Nasara–Kaye |0–0 |8–4 |16–3 |17–2 |19–2 |24–2 |11–1 |7 / 21 |95–14 |{{tennis win percentage|won=95|lost=14|integer=yes}} |} === Wasan karshe na gasar Grand Slam === ==== Guda daya: 8 (7 kofuna, 1 wanda ya zo na biyu) ==== {|class="sortable wikitable nowrap" !Sakamako !Shekara !Gasar !Sama !Abokin karawa !class=unsortable|Maki |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2022 |style=background:#ccf|US Open |Hard |{{flagicon|NOR}} Casper Ruud |6–4, 2–6, 7–6^(7–1), 6–3 |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2023 |style=background:#cfc|Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic |1–6, 7–6^(8–6), 6–1, 3–6, 6–4 |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2024 |style=background:#ebc2af|French Open |Clay |{{flagicon|GER}} Alexander Zverev |6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1, 6–2 |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2024 |style=background:#cfc|Wimbledon <small>(2)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic |6–2, 6–2, 7–6^(7–4) |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2025 |style=background:#ebc2af|French Open <small>(2)</small> |Clay |{{flagicon|ITA}} Jannik Sinner |{{nowrap|4–6, 6–7^(4–7), 6–4, 7–6^(7–3), 7–6^(10–2)}} |- |style=background:#ffa07a|Kaye |2025 |style=background:#cfc|Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|ITA}} Jannik Sinner |6–4, 4–6, 4–6, 4–6 |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2025 |style=background:#ccf|US Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|ITA}} Jannik Sinner |6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–4 |- |style=background:#98fb98|Nasara |2026 |style=background:#ffc|Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic |2–6, 6–2, 6–3, 7–5 |} === Timeline din samun nasara a ATP Finals === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:96%;" !Gasar!!2020!!2021!!2022!!2023!!2024!!2025!!2026!!width=35| SR !! width=35| W–L !!width=35|Rabon Nasara % |- |style="background:#efefef;" align=left|ATP Finals |colspan=2 style=color:#767676|DNQ |A{{Efn|Ya samu nasarar shiga amma bai sa mu damar bugawa ba saboda rauni}} |style=background:yellow|SF |style=background:#afeeee|RR |style=background:thistle|F | |bgcolor=efefef|0 / 3 |bgcolor=efefef|7–5 |bgcolor=efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=7|lost=5|integer=yes}} |} === ATP Finals === ==== Guda daya: 1 (1 wanda ya zo na biyu) ==== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Sakamako ! Shekara ! Gasar ! Sama ! Abokin karawa ! class="unsortable" | Maki |- |style=background:#ffa07a|Kaye |2025 |style=background:#ffffcc|ATP Finals |Hard (i) |{{flagicon|ITA}} Jannik Sinner |6–7^(4–7), 5–7 |} === Gasar Wasannin Olimpic na Bazara === ==== Guda daya: 1 (Lambar azurfa) ==== {|class="wikitable" !Sakamako !Shekara !Gasar !Sama !Abokin karawa !width=140 class="unsortable"| Maki |- |bgcolor=FFA07A |Kaye |2024 |style=background:#ffea5c|Paris Olympics |Clay |{{flagicon|SRB}} Novak Djokovic |6–7^(3–7), 6–7^(2–7) |} == Tarihi da Rahotanni == === Tarihin duk lokaci === {| class="wikitable" !Lamari !Tun daga !Tarihin da aka kafa !Abonin karawa/ 'Yan wasa |- | rowspan="2" |'''Grand Slam tournaments''' | rowspan="2" |1877 |Samun nasarar manyan kofuna biyu bayan ceto maki 1+ na match points |Rod Laver <br />Novak Djokovic |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kammala samun nasarar career Grand Slam – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2026|2|1}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |} === Tarihin zamanin Open Era === * Waɗannan rahotannin an same su ne a zamanin Open Era na wasan tennis da kuma cikin gasar ATP Masters 1000 tun daga shekara ta 1990. * Tarihin da ke da rubutu na '''baki mai kauri''' yana nuna nasarorin da babu wanda ya taba samun irinsu. {| class="wikitable" !Tsawon lokaci !Tarihin da aka kafa !Abonin karawa/ 'Yan wasa |- |2021 |Ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kai matakin quarterfinal a US Open – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2021|9|5}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |rowspan="5" |2022 |Ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar ATP 500 – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2022|2|21}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar Miami Open – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2022|4|3}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcaraz Wins First ATP Masters 1000 Title In Miami |work=ATP Tour |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ruud-miami-2022-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404162129/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-ruud-miami-2022-final |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe gasar Madrid Open – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2022|5|8}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2022 |title=Carlos Alcaraz becomes the youngest player to win the Madrid Open title |url=https://firstsportz.com/tennis-news-carlos-alcaraz-creates-history-becomes-the-youngest-player-to-win-the-madrid-open-title/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524110826/https://firstsportz.com/tennis-news-carlos-alcaraz-creates-history-becomes-the-youngest-player-to-win-the-madrid-open-title/ |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya zama ATP world No. 1 – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2022|9|12}}<ref name="ATPWorldNo1" /> |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kammala shekara a matsayin ATP No. 1 – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2022|11|22}}<ref name=":0"/> |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |rowspan="1" |2023 |Buga wasan ƙarshe mafi tsawo a gasar mafi kyawun saiti uku (awanni 3, mintuna 49) |Novak Djokovic |- |rowspan="4" |2024 |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe manyan kofunan guda ɗaya a duka samfurin fili (laka, ciyawa, da mai kauri) – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2024|6|9}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Joyce |title=Carlos Alcaraz Is the Youngest Man To Win Grand Slam Titles on All Three Surfaces Following French Open Win |url=https://hypebeast.com/2024/6/carlos-alcaraz-youngest-player-win-grand-slams-all-three-surfaces-following-french-open-roland-garros-alexander-zverev-win-tennis |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=Hype Beast |date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610110339/https://hypebeast.com/2024/6/carlos-alcaraz-youngest-player-win-grand-slams-all-three-surfaces-following-french-open-roland-garros-alexander-zverev-win-tennis |url-status=live}}</ref> |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kammala samun nasarar Channel Slam – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2024|7|14}} <br /> ''Lasa gasar French Open da Wimbledon a shekara guda'' |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kai wasan ƙarshe na naɗin lambar yabo a gasar Olympic – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2024|8|2}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa na farko da ya lashe kofunan ATP 500 guda ɗaya a duka samfurin fili (laka, ciyawa, da mai kauri) |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |rowspan="8" |2025 |Ɗan wasa na farko da ya lashe kofunan ATP 500 guda ɗaya a duka filin laka, ciyawa, na cikin gida (indoor), da na waje (outdoor hard court) |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe kofunan ATP guda ɗaya a filin laka, ciyawa, na cikin gida, da na waje – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2025|2|9}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ceto maki 3+ na neman nasara (championship points) domin lashe manyan wasannin ƙarshe (major final) |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ya samu nasara a manyan wasannin ƙarshe (major final) daga rashin nasara a saiti biyu na farko |Björn Borg<br />Ivan Lendl<br />Andre Agassi<br />Gastón Gaudio<br />Dominic Thiem<br />Novak Djokovic<br />Rafael Nadal<br />Jannik Sinner |- |Buga wasan ƙarshe mafi tsawo a French Open da aka taɓa yi (awanni 5, mintuna 29) |Jannik Sinner |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe dukkan Big American Titles – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2025|8|18}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/tennis/carlos-alcaraz-creates-history-breaks-pete-sampras-31-year-old-world-record-article-152485225 |title=Carlos Alcaraz Creates History; Breaks Pete Sampras' 31-Year-Old World Record |website=Times Now |date=19 August 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref> <br /> ''Lashe US Open, Indian Wells, Miami Open, da Cincinnati Open a lokacin aikinsa'' |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kai manyan wasannin ƙarshe (major finals) na guda ɗaya har sau uku a jere – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2025|9|5}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kammala double career Surface Slam – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2025|9|7}} <br /> ''Lashe kofuna masu yawa akan dukkan samfurin filaye a lokacin aikinsa'' |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |rowspan="4" |2026 |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kai wasan ƙarshe a dukkan manyan gasannin kofuna (major tournament) – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2026|1|30}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kai manyan wasannin ƙarshe (major finals) na guda ɗaya har sau 4 a jere – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2026|1|30}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya kammala samun nasarar career Grand Slam – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2026|2|1}} |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |- |Ɗan wasa namiji mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya lashe manyan kofuna bakwai guda ɗaya – {{ayd|2003|5|5|2026|2|1}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major milestone: Alcaraz completes Slam set with AO 2026 title {{!}} AO|url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/major-milestone-alcaraz-completes-slam-set-ao-2026-title|website=ausopen.com|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref> |'''Yana tsaye shi kaɗai''' |} == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Alcaraz ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa kamar haka: '''Kyaututtukan ƙwararru''' *ATP Newcomer of the Year – 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz On Winning Newcomer Of The Year: 'I'm So Happy' {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/carlos-alcaraz-newcomer-of-the-year-2020 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> *Sau 2 ya lashe ATP Player of the Year – 2022, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz headlines 2025 ATP Awards; Jannik Sinner, Valentin Vacherot among winners |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/atp-awards-2025-all-winners |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> *ATP Most Improved Player – 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz Named Most Improved Player Of The Year In 2022 ATP Awards {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-atp-awards-2022-most-improved-player-of-the-year |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> *Sau 2 ya lashe Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award – 2023, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Sam |date=9 December 2025 |title=Carlos Alcaraz wins prestigious ATP award for second time |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/carlos-alcaraz-picks-up-prestigious-award-stefan-edberg |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> *ATP Hot Shot of the Year – 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz wins 2025 Hot Shot of the Year |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-best-of-2025-hot-shot |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> *ITWA Player Ambassador Award – 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Clay |date=26 August 2025 |title=Van Tuinen and Varela Nahmías received awards at the ITWA 2025 Gala in New York, which also honoured Alcaraz and Gauff |url=https://www.claytenis.com/cov/itwa-gala-new-york-van-tuinen-varela-nahmias-alcaraz-gauff/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=CLAY |language=en}}</ref> '''Kyaututtukan kafofin sada zumunta da watsa labarai''' *Best Tennis Player ESPY Award – 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2026 |title=ESPYs 2026 Winners: See the Complete List |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1433939/espys-2026-winners-see-the-complete-list-live-updates |access-date=16 July 2026 |website=E! Online}}</ref> *Sau 3 ya lashe Sports Press Association na yankin Murcia — Zakaran ɗan wasa na shekara – 2021,{{efn|Ya raba kyautar da Pedro Acosta.}} 2024, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Acosta and tennis star Alcaraz share top athlete award |url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/05/18/acosta-en-el-olimpo-de-las-estrellas-de-murcia/www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/05/18/acosta-en-el-olimpo-de-las-estrellas-de-murcia/180601 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=The Official Home of MotoGP |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz: "Talking about 2024 is complicated for me: ups and downs, hard moments of injuries and doubts" |url=https://www.footboom1.com/en/news/tennis/2171213-carlos-alcaraz-talking-about-2024-is-complicated-for-me-ups-and-downs-hard-moments-of-injuries-and-doubts |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=www.footboom1.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilic |first=Jovica |date=28 November 2025 |title=Carlos Alcaraz named region's best athlete for 2025 – Murcia's finest |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Carlos_Alcaraz/161784/carlos-alcaraz-named-region-s-best-athlete-for-2025-murcia-s-finest/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}</ref> *Spanish Sportsman of the Year – 2022{{fact|date=April 2026}} *Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year – 2023{{fact|date=April 2026}} *Laureus World Sportsman of the Year – 2026<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Carlos Alcaraz named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-laureus-world-sportsman-of-the-year-2026 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> '''Girmamawa''' *Lambar Yabo ta Zinare ta Yankin Murcia (''Medalla d'Or de la Región de Murcia'') – 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2022 |title=Hot Shots: Rafael Nadal and Carlos Alcaraz celebrate in Spain |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2022-06-10/hot_shots_rafael_nadal_and_carlos_alcaraz_celebrate_in_spain.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=US Open}}</ref> *Zaɓen ''Time'' 100 Next (Phenoms) – 2022<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 September 2022 |title=2022 TIME100 Next |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-next-2022/ |access-date=5 March 2026 |magazine=Time}}</ref> *Zaɓen ''Forbes'' 30 Under 30 (Turai - Wasanni da Wasannin Motsa Jiki) – 2023<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 March 2023 |title=30 Under 30 Europe 2023 - Sports & Games |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2023/europe/sports-games |access-date=5 March 2026 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> *Kyautar Sarki Felipe (''Premio Rey Felipe'') – 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title= Alcaraz receives King Felipe Award |url= https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alcaraz-king-felipe-award-april-2024 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> *Jerin ''Forbes'' na 'yan wasan tennis 10 mafi samun kudin shiga a duniya – 2025 (#1)<ref name="Forbes2025" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ayi92nkch4nlefidf5rjcsikzq9fib 0 177362 965603 961406 2026-10-10T04:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mutane masu launi''' ( Afrikaans ) mutane ne masu launin fata daban-daban a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Botswana]] da kuma ƙaramin yanki [[Zimbabwe|na Zimbabwe]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Zuri'arsu ta samo asali ne daga gaurayar kabilu daban-daban da ta faru tsakanin Turawa, 'yan Afirka da kuma 'yan Asiya. Cakuda tsakanin kabilu daban-daban a Afirka ta Kudu ta fara ne a ƙarni na 17 a yankin Cape Colony na ƙasar Holland inda mazauna ƙasar Holland suka haɗu da mata [[Khoekhoe|Khoi Khoi]] da bayi mata daga sassa daban-daban na Afirka da Asiya, inda suka samar da yara masu launin fata daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Coloured Communities of Southern Africa, a story |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/the-coloured-communities-of-southern-africa-a-story/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, gaurayawan launin fata ya faru a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran [[Kudancin Afirka]] tare da wasu 'yan ƙasar Turai daban-daban (kamar Portugal, Birtaniya, Jamusawa, Irish, Faransawa da sauransu) waɗanda suka haɗu da sauran ƙabilun Afirka, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin mutanen da suka haɗa da launin fata daban-daban waɗanda daga baya aka sanya zuriyarsu a matsayin 'Masu Launi' a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rijistar Jama'a, 1950 a lokacin Wariyar Launin Fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Coloured Communities of Southern Africa, a story |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/the-coloured-communities-of-southern-africa-a-story/#:~:text=In%20KwaZulu-Natal%2C%20the%20Coloured%20possess%20a%20diverse%20heritage%2C,British%20and%20Afrikaner%20colonizers%2C%20and%20Arabs%20and%20Asians |website=African American Registry}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=coloured |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coloured?q=coloured |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309100643/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coloured?q=coloured |archive-date=March 9, 2014 |access-date=14 April 2014 |website=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University}}</ref> <ref name="Posel2001">{{Cite journal |last=Posel |first=Deborah |year=2001 |title=What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife |url=http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf |journal=Transformation |pages=50–74 |issn=0258-7696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101109/http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-08}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da launi suna samuwa a Yammacin Cape, amma suna da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Dangane da Ƙididdigar Afirka ta Kudu ta 2022, Coloureds suna wakiltar 8.15% na mutane a cikin Afirka ta Kudu, yayin da suka kai 42.1% na yawan jama'a a Yammacin Cape da 41.6% a Arewacin Cape, suna wakiltar yawancin jama'a cikin waɗannan larduna biyu na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="census.statssa.gov.za">{{Cite web |title=Census 2022 Statistical Release |url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf |website=census.statssa.gov.za |publisher=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> A Yammacin Cape, wani nau'i na musamman na ''Cape Coloured'' da ke da alaƙa da al'adun Cape Malay ya ci gaba. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa kungiyar tana da mafi girman matakan kakanninmu a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Wit |first=Erika |last2=Delport |first2=Wayne |last3=Rugamika |first3=Chimusa E. |last4=Meintjes |first4=Ayton |last5=Möller |first5=Marlo |last6=van Helden |first6=Paul D. |last7=Seoighe |first7=Cathal |last8=Hoal |first8=Eileen G. |date=2010-08-01 |title=Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1 |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1 |issn=1432-1203 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihin kakanninmu == === Afirka ta Kudu === An san Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin 'al'umma mai laushi' saboda al'adu daban-daban, kabilun, kabilanci, addinai da ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=What's in a Name? The Story Behind the Rainbow Nation {{pipe}} Henri Steenkamp |url=https://henristeenkamp.org/whats-in-a-name-the-story-behind-the-rainbow-nation/}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da launi kamar yadda aka sani a yau sakamakon bambancin kakanninmu ne, yankuna, harsuna, da kabilun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neethling |first=Bertie |year=2020 |title=The so-called Coloured people of South Africa: Modern anthroponymic reconstruction? |url=https://onomajournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Onoma-55-1.12-Neethling-final-web-August.pdf |journal=Onoma |volume=55 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.34158/ONOMA.55/2020/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218200910/https://onomajournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Onoma-55-1.12-Neethling-final-web-August.pdf |archive-date=2025-12-18 |access-date=2026-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Yankin Cape na Dutch / Yankin Cape ==== Mataki na farko da mafi girma na auren launin fata / gaurayewa a Afirka ta Kudu ya faru ne a cikin Dutch Cape Colony da sauran Cape Colony wanda ya fara daga karni na 17, jim kadan bayan isowar mazauna Dutch, waɗanda Jan van Riebeeck ya jagoranta, ta hanyar Kamfanin Dutch East India (wanda aka fi sani da 'VOC'). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Melting Pot the Role and Status of the Mixed Population at the Cape 1652-1795 |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7111625/cape-melting-pot-the-role-and-status-of-the-mixed-population-at-the-cape-1652-1795}}</ref> Lokacin da Dutch suka zauna a Cape a cikin 1652, sun sadu da [[Khoekhoe|Khoi Khoi]] waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are the Cape Coloureds of South Africa? |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/who-are-the-cape-coloureds-of-south-africa}}</ref> Bayan sun zauna a Cape, Dutch sun kafa gonaki waɗanda ke buƙatar aiki mai zurfi, saboda haka, sun tilasta [[Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu|bautar a Cape]]. Wasu daga cikin [[Khoekhoe|Khoi Khoi]] sun zama ma'aikata ga manoman Dutch a Cape. Duk da haka, akwai juriya daga Khoi Khoi, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Khoikhoi-Dutch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=How Indigenous South Africans Resisted the First European Intruders |url=https://www.africarebirth.com/how-indigenous-south-africans-resisted-the-first-european-intruders/}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, Dutch sun shigo da bayi daga wasu sassan duniya, musamman Mutanen Malay daga Indonesia ta yanzu da [[Mutanen Bantu]] daga sassa daban-daban na [[Kudancin Afirka]].<ref name="The Early Cape Slave Trade {{pipe}} S">{{Cite web |title=The Early Cape Slave Trade {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/early-cape-slave-trade}}</ref> An kuma shigo da bayi daga Malaysia, Indiya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (wanda aka fi sani da 'Bengal'), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Madagascar, Mauritius da sauran Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Groenewald |first=Gerald |date=2010 |title=Slaves and Free Blacks in VOC Cape Town, 1652–1795 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8018427 |journal=History Compass |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=964–983 |doi=10.1111/J.1478-0542.2010.00724.X}}</ref><ref name="CAMISSA HERITAGE - Origin and Histo">{{Cite web |last=Skies |first=Infinite |date=10 March 2019 |title=CAMISSA HERITAGE - Origin and History of South African Cape Coloured People |url=https://www.academia.edu/38523613}}</ref> Saboda wannan, Cape tana da yawan bayi daban-daban a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Groenewald |first=Gerald |date=2010 |title=Slaves and Free Blacks in VOC Cape Town, 1652–1795 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8018427 |journal=History Compass |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=964–983 |doi=10.1111/J.1478-0542.2010.00724.X}}</ref> An ba wa bayi kusan sunayen Kirista amma an nuna wuraren da suka fito a cikin bayanan tallace-tallace da sauran takardu, don haka yana yiwuwa a kiyasta rabo na bayi daga yankuna daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Slaves at the Cape {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/first-slaves-cape}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci, ana ba wa bayi sunayen iyayensu, sunayen da ke nufin haruffa a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki (misali Adams, Jephta, Thomas, Esau, Solomons, Jacobs, Matthews, Peters, Daniels), sunayen da suka nuna watan da suka isa Cape (misali Satumba, Maris / Maart, Janairu, Janairu / Janairu, Afrilu), sunayen waɗanda ke nufin tarihin Girkanci da Roman (misali Cupido, Titus, Hannibal) ko sunayen da Madagascar daga yankin da suka fito daga yankin 'Bali' daga yankin Madagascar<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Groenewald |first=Gerald |date=2010 |title=Slaves and Free Blacks in VOC Cape Town, 1652–1795 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8018427 |journal=History Compass |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=964–983 |doi=10.1111/J.1478-0542.2010.00724.X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The slave experience – Slavery in South Africa |url=https://slavery.iziko.org.za/slaveexperience/#:~:text=Examples%20of%20such%20names%20are%3A%20Fortuijn%20%28English%20%3D,surnames%20such%20as%20January%2C%20February%2C%20September%20o |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918050616/https://slavery.iziko.org.za/slaveexperience/#:~:text=Examples%20of%20such%20names%20are%3A%20Fortuijn%20%28English%20%3D,surnames%20such%20as%20January%2C%20February%2C%20September%20o |archive-date=2025-09-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=I'm Not Black, I'm Coloured - South Africa (2009) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bPuGewLPUE |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Wadannan bayi, duk da haka, sun warwatse kuma sun rasa asalin al'adunsu a tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-slavery-and-early-colonisation-south-africa}}</ref> Ko da a farkon shekarun mulkin mallaka, yankin da aka fi sani da 'Cape Town', ya sami sha'awar kasa da kasa saboda cikakkiyar hanyar kasuwanci ce tsakanin Turai da Asiya, wanda ya sanya Cape Town muhimmiyar tashar kasuwanci.<ref name="historyrise.com">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2025 |title=The Arrival of the Dutch: VOC, Cape Colony, and Early Settlers |url=https://historyrise.com/the-arrival-of-the-dutch-voc-cape-colony-and-the-early-settler-era/ |website=History Rise}}</ref> Wannan shine babban dalilin da ya sa Dutch suka mallaki Cape don VOC ta iya sarrafawa da amfana daga Hanyar Cape-Sea. Wannan kuma shine babban dalilin da ya sa Dutch Cape Colony (musamman a Cape Town) ya zama tukunyar narkewar mutane waɗanda suka zo daga sassa daban-daban na duniya kuma wannan tukunyar mai narkewa har yanzu tana nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Melting Pot the Role and Status of the Mixed Population at the Cape 1652-1795 |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7111625/cape-melting-pot-the-role-and-status-of-the-mixed-population-at-the-cape-1652-1795}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen Turai na farko da suka zauna a Cape maza ne saboda galibi 'yan kasuwa ne, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, sojoji, masu bincike, manoma da 'yan siyasa waɗanda ba su kawo iyalansu tare da su ba; sabili da haka, sun kirkiro sabbin iyalai a Cape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Melting Pot the Role and Status of the Mixed Population at the Cape 1652-1795 |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7111625/cape-melting-pot-the-role-and-status-of-the-mixed-population-at-the-cape-1652-1795}}</ref> Saboda yawancin mazauna Dutch a Cape maza ne, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aure kuma sun haifi rukuni na farko na yara masu launin fata tare da matan Khoi Khoi na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Melting Pot the Role and Status of the Mixed Population at the Cape 1652-1795 |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7111625/cape-melting-pot-the-role-and-status-of-the-mixed-population-at-the-cape-1652-1795}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowar bayi, mutanen Holland sun yi aure kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya masu launin fata tare da Malay daga Indonesia, Bantu na Kudancin Afirka, Indiyawa da sauran kabilun bayi a Cape.<ref name="study.com">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Amy C. |title=Cape Coloureds - Origins, Culture & Families |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/cape-coloureds-origins-culture.html?msockid=31e14f9a4e30671f2e725b284f306666 |url-access=registration |website=study.com}}</ref> Har zuwa wani mataki, bayi a Cape suna da ƙungiyoyin launin fata tare da juna kuma an haifi yara masu launin fata daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi saboda bayi sun kasance na kabilu daban-daban (Afirka da Asiya). <ref name="History of Camissa People">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2019 |title=History of Camissa People |url=https://camissapeople.wordpress.com/history-of-camissa-people/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin wadannan bayi sun haɗu da ma'aikatan Khoi Khoi na gida kuma an haifi wasu nau'ikan yara tare da al'adu daban-daban.<ref name="History of Camissa People" /> Ba kamar mulkin One-drop a Amurka ba, mazauna Dutch a Cape ba su kalli yara masu launin fata a matsayin "fararen da ya isa ya zama fari", "baƙar fata don zama baƙar fata" ko "Asian da ya isa zama Asiya", sabili da haka, yara masu launin fatar da aka ba su daga duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin launin fata a Cape sun girma, sun haɗu kuma sun yi aure tsakanin kansu, sun kafa al'ummarsu ta Creole wanda daga baya za a san shi da "Cape Coloured" (kalin da mulkin wariyar launin fata ya ba su a lokacin karni na 20).<ref name="aaregistry.org">{{Cite web |title=The Coloured Communities of Southern Africa, a story |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/the-coloured-communities-of-southern-africa-a-story/}}</ref> [[File:Krotoa.webp|thumb|Krotoa, wata mace ta Khoi Khoi wacce ita ce 'yar asalin Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta yi aure tsakanin launin fata]] Aure na farko tsakanin launin fata a Cape ya kasance tsakanin Krotoa (mace Khoi Khoi wacce ta kasance bawa, mai fassara kuma mai tattaunawa mai mahimmanci tsakanin Dutch da Khoi Khui. Sunan Dutch dinta shine "Eva Van Meerhof") da [[Peter Havgard]] (wani likitan Danish wanda Dutch ya sake masa suna "Pieter Van Meerhof <ref>{{Cite web |title=Krotoa (Eva) {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/krotoa-eva}}</ref>). Bayan ta haifi 'ya'ya uku masu launin fata, an kuma san Krotoa a matsayin mahaifiyar da ta haifi al'ummar masu launi a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love in the time of imperialism: Krotoa 'Eva' van Meerhof {{pipe}} University of Cape Town |url=https://humanities.uct.ac.za/apc/love-time-imperialism-krotoa-eva-van-meerhof}}</ref> A ƙarshe, yawancin mutanen Holland sun zauna a Cape har sai Cape ta fada ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya a farkon karni na 19. <ref name="historyrise.com" /> Daga cikinsu akwai dangin Van Wijk (waɗanda zuriyarsu ta zama 'Van Wyk') waɗanda suka isa Cape a cikin 1686 da dangin Erasmus waɗanda suka isa a cikin 1689.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dutch Settlement {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/dutch-settlement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of candlewoods country estate |url=https://www.candlewoodsvenue.co.za/images/CandlewoodsHistory.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126093339/https://www.candlewoodsvenue.co.za/images/CandlewoodsHistory.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2007 |title=Van Wyk Family: History of the van Wyk Family Name |url=https://familyvanwyk.blogspot.com/2007/04/history-of-van-wyk-family-name.html}}</ref> Zuwan karin mutanen Holland a Cape ya haifar da daukar ma'aikatan Khoi Khoi da shigo da karin bayi daga sassa daban-daban na Asiya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Worden |first=Nigel |last2=Malan |first2=Antonia |date=19 January 2017 |title=17 Constructing and Contesting Histories of Slavery at the Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/30997994}}</ref> Daga tsakiyar karni na 17 har zuwa karni na 19 da karni na 20, duk sunayen mahaifiyar Dutch a yankin Cape da sauran Afirka ta Kudu sun samo asali ne a cikin sunayen mahaifi na Afrikaans waɗanda sune sunayen mahaifi da aka fi sani da su tsakanin White South Africans da Coloured South Africants misali Van Niekerk, Strydom (daga 'Strijdom'), De Waal, Pietersen, Van Rooyen, Van Tonder, Han, Steenhuisen, De Jongh (daga De Jong), Van Wuts, Van Wemo, Der Der Der Der Pi Piizen, Men Men Men Men, Men Menk, Men Men, Wisk, Men, Men, Wist, Wisker, Wisk Huguenots (wanda aka fi sani da 'Huguenots na Faransa') Furotesta ne na Faransa waɗanda suka tsere wa fitarwa da tsanantawa na Furotesta a Faransa. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi hijira zuwa Dutch Cape Colony don neman mafaka tsakanin al'ummar Dutch da ke akwai a ƙarshen 1600s da farkon 1700s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Huguenot History |url=https://huguenotsociety.org.za/history-of-the-huguenots/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Huguenot Society of South Africa |url=https://huguenotsociety.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/HUGUENOT_SOCIETY-SA_History.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626103915/https://huguenotsociety.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/HUGUENOT_SOCIETY-SA_History.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-26}}</ref> Duk da kasancewa 'yan gudun hijira, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin [[Afrikaans|Al'ummar da ke magana da harshen Afrikaans]] na yanzu, yankin Cape gaba ɗaya da sauran Afirka ta Kudu. Da yake fitowa daga kasar da ke da tarihin samar da ruwan inabi, waɗannan 'Yan gudun hijirar Faransa sun fara gonakin inabi na Cape Winelands, suna juya shi cikin ɗayan manyan masu samar da ruwan sha a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The French Huguenots - Franschhoek, South Africa |url=https://southafrica.co.za/french-huguenots.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=Ranked: World's Biggest Wine Producers by Country |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/biggest-wine-producers-by-country/}}</ref> Garin Franschhoek (wanda ke nufin "kusurwar Faransanci" a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland da Afrikaans) a cikin Yammacin Cape na yanzu, an sanya masa suna a matsayin mafaka inda VOC ta ba da Huguenots da yawa. An kuma sanya Huguenots da yawa zuwa Stellenbosch, Paarl da sauran Cape Winelands saboda wannan cikakkiyar yanayi ce (dangane da yanayi da ƙasa mai kyau) don su dasa gonakin inabi da samar da ruwan inabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De Bruin |first=Karen |date=2021 |title=From Viticulture to Commemoration: French Huguenot Memory in the Cape Colony (1688-1824) |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0047.007/--from-viticulture-to-commemoration-french-huguenot-memory?rgn=main;view=fulltext |website=Journal of the Western Society for French History}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin Huguenots, waɗanda suka isa Cape, sun riga sun yi aure, ba da daɗewa ba 'ya'yansu da zuriyarsu suka shiga cikin al'ummar Cape kuma bayan 'yan tsararraki, sun yi magana da Yaren mutanen Holland, ba [[Faransanci]] ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first large group of French Huguenots arrive at the Cape {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-large-group-french-huguenots-arrive-cape}}</ref> Kamar yawancin masu magana da White-Afrikaans, yawancin masu magana na Coloured-Afrikaans (musamman waɗanda suka fito daga Yammacin Cape na yanzu, Gabashin Cape da Arewacin Cape) suma suna da wasu kakanninmu daga Faransa saboda Huguenots waɗanda suka haɗu da Dutch da sauran kabilun a yankin Cape.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |last=Romero |first=Patricia |date=2004-01-01 |title=Encounter at the Cape: French Huguenots, the Khoi and Other People of Color |url=https://www.academia.edu/109760433 |journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History |doi=10.1353/CCH.2004.0038}}</ref> Masu magana da White-Afrikaans da masu magana da Coloured-Afrikaans waɗanda musamman suka samo asali ne daga yankin Cape Winelands (musamman daga yankin Franschhoek, yankin Stellenbosch da yankin Paarl) na iya samun karin kakannin Faransanci saboda wannan shine inda yawancin Huguenots a cikin Cape Colony inda aka ware su don manufar yin ruwan inabi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME - The Huguenot Society of South Africa |url=https://huguenotsociety.org.za/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=huguenotsociety.org.za |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103020420/https://huguenotsociety.org.za/ |archive-date=2026-01-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta hanyar tasirin Huguenots a Cape, sunayen Faransanci sun zama sanannun a cikin al'ummar Afrikaans (duka White da Coloured) misali Jacques, Cheryl, Elaine, André, Michelle, Louis, Chantel / Chantelle, Leon, François, Jaden, Rozanne, Leroy, Monique, René, Lionel . <ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 1,000 French Names (Male and Female) |url=https://listophile.com/names/nationality/french/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Listophile |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda hadewa tare da Dutch da sauran kabilun da ke Cape, sunayen mahaifiyar Afrikaans da Ruwa sun fito ne daga asalin Faransanci misali Delport, Nel, Du Preez, Le Roux, [[Cilliers]]" id="mwATc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="De Villiers">De Villiers, Joubert, Marais, Du Plessis, Visagie, [[Minnaar]]" id="mwATw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pienaar">Pienaar, De Klerk (daga 'Le Clerc'), Fourie, Theron, Cronje, Viljoen (daga 'Villion'), Du Toit, [[Reyneke]], Malan, Naude, Terblanche, De Lief, Fouche, Minna, Crief, Montna, Crów.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huguenot surnames which exist in South Africa |url=https://www.oocities.org/hugenoteblad/surname.htm?202523}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1600 da 1700, Jamus ita ce babbar abokin ciniki ta Netherlands a Turai kuma saboda kyakkyawar dangantaka, VOC ta dauki sama da Jamusawa 100 000 da ke sa Jamusawa su zama manyan 'yan kasashen waje na Turai a daular Dutch.<ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org">{{Cite web |last=Olga Witmer |date=2020-09-15 |title=Germans, the Dutch East India Company, and Early Colonial South Africa |url=https://ghil.hypotheses.org/23 |website=German Historical Institute London Blog |doi=10.58079/P1PG |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duk lokacin mulkin Holland, VOC ta aika da kusan 15 000 Jamusawa zuwa Dutch Cape Colony don yin aiki a matsayin jami'ai, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, masu gudanarwa da sojoji.<ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org" /> Kamar Huguenots na Faransa, Jamusawa a cikin Dutch Cape Colony suma an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Dutch da ke akwai kuma sun koyi Yaren mutanen Holland wanda ya maye gurbin [[Jamusanci]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personalia of the Germans at the Cape, 1652-1806 |url=https://www.cdbooks-r-us.com/supportdocs/personaliapreface.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705162203/http://www.cdbooks-r-us.com:80/supportdocs/personaliapreface.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-05}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, Jamusawa a Cape sun zama manoma, malamai, 'yan kasuwa da ministoci.<ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org" /> Kusan dukkanin Jamusawa da suka zauna a Cape a duk lokacin mulkin Dutch maza ne sabili da haka, kusan dukkanin maza na Jamus a Cape sun auri mata a waje da al'adunsu (ciki har da matan Afirka da Asiya). <ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Immigrants to the Cape Colony under the Dutch 1652-1806 |url=https://safrika.org/Personalia_en.html}}</ref> Saboda hadewa tare da Dutch da sauran kabilun a Cape, akwai sunayen mahaifiyar Afrikaans da yawa na asalin Jamusanci misali Kla, Ackerman, Vosloo, Hertzog, Botha, Grobler, Hartzenberg, Pretorius, Booysen, Steenkamp, Kruger (daga 'Krüger'), Louw, Venter, Cloete, Schoeman, Mulder, Kriel, Meyer, Breytenbach, Engelbrecht, Potgieter, Muller, Maritz, Liebenberg, Lieben, Schersman, Shuster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2013 |title=German influence on Boer-Afrikaner people |url=https://afrikanerway.wordpress.com/2013/11/17/german-influence-on-boer-afrikaner-people/#:~:text=Some%20of%20the%20most%20common%20Afrikaner%20surnames%20are,Muller%20%28M%C3%BCller%29%2C%20Meyer%2C%20Potgieter%2C%20Schoeman%20%28Schuman%29%20or%20Liebenberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=The meaning and history of the last name Grobler |url=https://venere.it/en/the-meaning-and-history-of-the-last-name-grobler |access-date=28 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422184523/https://venere.it/en/the-meaning-and-history-of-the-last-name-grobler/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani rukuni na Turawa waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Dutch Cape Colony sun fito ne daga Arewacin Turai (wanda aka fi sani da 'Scandinavia'). A zahiri, sun kasance daga cikin 'yan Turai na farko da suka zauna a Cape Colony, tare da Dutch da Jamus. Yawancin Scandinavians a Cape ma'aikatan VOC ne yayin da wasu 'yan kasuwa ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda suke buƙatar Cape a matsayin rabin hanyar zuwa Asiya da kuma akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winquist |first=Alan |date=January 1978 |title=Scandinavians and South Africa |url=https://pillars.taylor.edu/ayres-collection-books/12/ |journal=Ayres Special Collection}}</ref> Scandinavians a Cape galibi sun fito ne daga Sweden da Denmark yayin da wasu suka fito ne daga Norway da Finland.<ref name="pillars.taylor.edu">{{Cite web |last=Alan H. Winquist |title=Scandinavians and South Africa |url=https://pillars.taylor.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=ayres-collection-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820002934/https://pillars.taylor.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=ayres-collection-books |archive-date=2022-08-20}}</ref> Yayinda VOC ke gwagwarmaya don samun masu sa kai na Dutch don zama ma'aikata, ya juya ga Scandinavians. Scandinavians a Cape galibi mishaneri ne, sojoji, masu gudanarwa, 'yan kasuwa, malamai, ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci da ma'aikatan gwamnati.<ref name="pillars.taylor.edu" /> Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Scandinavia na farko da suka zauna a Cape shine mijin Danish na Krotoa, [[Peter Havgard]], wanda sunansa na Dutch shine '[[Pieter Van Meerhof]]'.<ref name="pillars.taylor.edu" /> Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun Scandinavians a Cape shine mai binciken Sweden kuma jami'in VOC, Olof Bergh (wanda matarsa, Anna De Konnning, ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi). <ref name="pillars.taylor.edu" /> Kamar yawancin masu magana da White-Afrikaans, yawancin Cape Coloureds suna da wasu kakanninmu daga Arewacin Turai (musamman Sweden da Denmark) saboda waɗannan Scandinavians waɗanda suka haɗu da Dutch da sauran kabilun a yankin Cape.<ref name="pillars.taylor.edu" /> Sunan mahaifiyar Afrikaans na yau da kullun 'Trichardt' / 'Triegaardt' ya samo asali ne daga sunan mahaifiyar Sweden '[[Trädgård]]'.<ref name="pillars.taylor.edu" /> Sauran sunayen mahaifi na asalin Scandinavia sun zama wani ɓangare na al'ummar da ke magana da Afrikaans misali [[Zeederberg]], Knoetze, [[Blomerus]], Wentzel, Lindeque / [[Lindeques]] (daga sunan mahaifiyar Sweden 'Lindequast'). <ref name="pillars.taylor.edu" /> Wasu daga cikin mutanen Fotigal sun zauna a Cape kuma an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Cape, wanda shine yadda sunan mahaifiyar Fotigal 'Ferreira' ya zama sunan mahaifiyar Afrikaans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ferreira Family in SA |url=https://www.baviaans.net/articles/the_ferreira_family_in_sa}}</ref> Bayan lokaci, fararen al'ummar Cape sun samo asali ne a cikin kabilanci na fararen Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda yanzu aka sani da Boers / Afrikaners. Mafi shahararren kabilanci na bayi na Asiya a Cape sune Malay waɗanda suka zo daga Indonesia yayin da wasu suka zo daga Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title=South Africa's Forgotten Minority: The Cape Malays - Henri Steenkamp |url=https://henristeenkamp.org/south-africas-forgotten-minority-cape-malays/}}</ref> Har ila yau, bayi na Indonesiya sun ƙunshi wasu kabilun (kamar [[Java]]_people" id="mwAeE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Javanese people">Mutanen Javan daga tsibirin Java da [[Bali]]_people" id="mwAeM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Balinese people">Mutanen Balinese daga tsibirin Bali). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2018 |title=CAMISSA HERITAGE: Indigenes, Slaves, Indentured Labour and Migrants of Colour at the Cape of Good Hope |url=https://camissapeople.wordpress.com/2018/01/17/camissa-heritage-indigenes-slaves-indentured-labour-and-migrants-of-colour-at-the-cape-of-good-hope/}}</ref> Saboda Indonesia da Malaysia duka jihohin Musulmi ne, bayi da aka kwashe daga waɗannan ƙasashe sune waɗanda suka gabatar da Islama a cikin Dutch Cape Colony, kuma Islama ta zama addini na biyu mafi girma a cikin Cape Coloureds, bayan Kiristanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Muslims in South Africa: 1700 - 1799 by Ebrahim Mahomed Mahida {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/history-muslims-south-africa-1700-1799-ebrahim-mahomed-mahida}}</ref> Kamar Kiristoci, waɗannan Musulmai sun yada Islama ta hanyar aikin mishan, saboda haka ya zama addini na biyu mafi girma tsakanin Cape Coloureds . <ref name="naqshbandi.org.za">{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Yusuf da |last2=Davids |first2=Achmat |title=Pages from Cape Muslim History |url=https://naqshbandi.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PAGES-FROM-CAPE-MUSLIM-HISTORY-V3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413221353/https://naqshbandi.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PAGES-FROM-CAPE-MUSLIM-HISTORY-V3.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2024 |publisher=Naqshbandi-Muḥammadi South Africa |isbn=0-7960-0622-9}}</ref> Musulmai na Indonesiya kuma an san su da '[[Mardyckers]]' ko 'Mardijkers'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Manilata |date=2014 |title=The Mardijkers of Batavia: Construction of a Colonial Identity (1619-1650) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158475 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=901–910 |jstor=44158475}}</ref> Koyaya, yawancin 'yan Indonesiya ba Musulmai ba ne, sabili da haka, sun kuma tuba zuwa Kiristanci. An kuma tura 'yan Indonesiya da yawa zuwa Dutch Cape Colony a matsayin fursunoni da aka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka ƙare a matsayin bayi a matsayin horo don tawaye da mulkin Dutch a Indonesia (wanda ake kira Dutch East Indies). <ref name="The Cape Malay {{pipe}} South African">{{Cite web |title=The Cape Malay {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/cape-malay}}</ref> Wadannan Malays da sauran Indonesians suna da mafi girman tasirin da ba na Turai ba a cikin Cape Colony a ƙarƙashin mulkin Dutch.<ref name="The Cape Malay">{{Cite web |title=The Cape Malay |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/799458895/The-Cape-Malay}}</ref> Babban dalilin da ya sa wannan tasirin ya kasance cewa, ba kamar sauran kabilun bayi a Cape ba, bayi Malay da sauran bayi na Indonesiya suma sarakuna ne, malamai, tsoffin 'yan siyasa da tsoffin shugabannin addinai waɗanda aka kawo su a matsayin fursunoni; sabili da haka, sun yi amfani da tasirin su da iko don zama fitattun mutane tsakanin mutanen da aka zalunta da kuma bayi na Cape.<ref name="The Cape Malay" /> Wadannan fursunoni da aka yi gudun hijira sun hada da [[Tuan Guru]] (wani yarima na Indonesiya da aka yi hijira wanda ya kafa masallaci na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke cikin [[Bo-Kaap|Bo-kaap]], Cape Town) da [[Sheikh Yusuf]] (wani Musulmi na Indonesiya wanda aka yi gudunmawar zuwa Cape. Garin Macassar kusa da Cape Town an sanya masa suna ne bayan garinsu, [[Makassar]] a Indonesia). <ref name="The Cape Malay" /> Ta hanyar tasirin waɗannan Indonesiyawa, Musulunci ya zama mafaka ga wasu bayi da ma'aikatan Khoi Khoi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beyers |first=Jaco |date=8 April 2016 |title=Beyond denial and exclusion: The history of relations between Christians and Muslims in the Cape Colony during the 17th–18th centuries with lessons for a post-colonial theology of religions |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/32132c3b-2dca-4cc1-ab53-bb4f64d5c0ec/content |url-status=live |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies |publisher=AOSIS |doi=10.4102/hts.v72i1.3117 |issn=0259-9422 |eissn=2072-8050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520072850/https://repository.up.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/32132c3b-2dca-4cc1-ab53-bb4f64d5c0ec/content |archive-date=20 May 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin Malays (tare da sauran bayi na Indonesiya da bayi na Malaysian) a cikin Cape sun haɗu da launin fata a cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured, ƙananan 'yan tsiraru daga cikinsu sun adana al'ummarsu don ci gaba da al'adunsu da tasirin su, sabili da haka, sun zama sanannun 'Cape Malays' (wanda aka fi sani da 'Cape Muslims'). <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=The Preservation of Cape Malay Culture in Cape Town — plak.co.za |url=https://plak.co.za/the-preservation-of-cape-malay-culture-in-cape-town/}}</ref> Saboda tasirin su, wasu Musulmai a Cape sun shiga cikin al'ummar Cape Malay (musamman bayi na Indiya, bayi na Gabashin Afirka da kuma baƙi na ƙarshe da ma'aikata masu zaman kansu daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, Turkiyya, Indiya, Indonesia da Zanzibar waɗanda suka zauna lokacin da Cape Colony ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya, a cikin 1800s da farkon 1900s), saboda haka Cape Malays ma sun kasance masu kiro.<ref name="naqshbandi.org.za" /> Har zuwa ƙarami, har ma da mutanen Khoi, mutanen da ke da launi / launin fata da fararen mutanen da suka tuba zuwa Islama kuma suka bi al'adun Malay suma an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Cape Malay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kader |first=Yaseen |date=31 August 2021 |title=Cape Malay: a South African Muslim identity borne out of colonialism |url=https://taalmuseum.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Cape-Malay-a-South-African-Muslim-identity-borne-out-of-colonialism-aug-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218200917/https://taalmuseum.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Cape-Malay-a-South-African-Muslim-identity-borne-out-of-colonialism-aug-2021.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2025 |website=gal-dem.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Da Costa |first=Yusuf |date=1992 |title=Assimilatory processes amongst the Cape Muslims in South Africa during the 19th century |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/02580144.1992.10520103?needAccess=true |journal=South African Journal of Sociology |volume=23 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1080/02580144.1992.10520103 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Saboda kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin Cape Coloureds da Cape Malays, al'ummomin biyu sun haɗu, musamman a Cape Town, wanda shine zuciyar al'ummar Cape Malay a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="The Cape Malay" /> Tare da fadada Cape Colony, yaduwar Islama da sauran dalilai, yawancin Cape Malays sun yi ƙaura zuwa sassa daban-daban na yankin Cape; tare da wasu suna zuwa har Port Elizabeth zuwa Gabas yayin da wasu suka tafi har zuwa Kimberly zuwa Arewa.<ref name="uun-halimah.blogspot.com">{{Cite web |title=Conflict of Identities: The Case of South Africa's Cape Malays |url=https://uun-halimah.blogspot.com/2008/11/conflict-of-identities-case-of-south.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=Port Elizabeth of Yore: The Malays Create a Niche |url=https://thecasualobserver.co.za/port-elizabeth-yore-malay-population-port-elizabeth/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Muslims in South Africa: 1652 - 1699 by Ebrahim Mahomed Mahida {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/history-muslims-south-africa-1652-1699-ebrahim-mahomed-mahida}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Concise historical review : Malay Camp |url=https://www.spu.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/03MalayCamp/AfricanaLibrary/03Newspaper_Documents/n.d.-Historical-view-of-the-Malay-Camp-p1-6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218200919/https://www.spu.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/03MalayCamp/AfricanaLibrary/03Newspaper_Documents/n.d.-Historical-view-of-the-Malay-Camp-p1-6.pdf |archive-date=2025-12-18}}</ref> Wasu Cape Malays har ma sun wuce yankin Cape kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa cikin Afirka ta Kudu, musamman bayan gano zinariya a Johannesburg a 1886. <ref name="uun-halimah.blogspot.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Portal |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-Malay-community-of-Gauteng-syncretism/9913888607691}}</ref> Koyaya, a lokacin wariyar launin fata, an rarraba mutanen Cape Malays a matsayin rukuni na 'Coloureds' saboda irin wannan kakanninmu tare da Cape Coloureds kuma saboda Dokar Rijistar Jama'a, 1950 ta haɗa yawan Afirka ta Kudu cikin kabilu huɗu: Black, White, Coloured da Indiya.<ref name="journals.co.za">{{Cite journal |last=Vahed |first=Goolam |year=2004 |title=The Quest for 'Malay' identity in Apartheid South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10231757_695 |journal=Alternation |volume=11}}</ref> Saboda haka, an tilasta wa 'yan Cape Malays da yawa su zauna a cikin al'ummomin masu launi a karkashin Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya a lokacin wariyar launin fata.<ref name="uun-halimah.blogspot.com" /> Bayan mamayewar Burtaniya a 1814, an soke bautar a Cape a 1834, wanda ya haifar da Babban Trek lokacin da Boers suka bar Cape a matsayin Voortrekkers kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa cikin Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Jamhuriyar Boer. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery is abolished at the Cape {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/slavery-abolished-cape#:~:text=On%201%20December%201834%2C%20slavery%20came%20to%20an,of%20Commons%20and%20by%20the%20House%20of%20Lords}}</ref> Yawancin bayi da aka 'yantar (waɗanda suka zama Cape Coloureds) sun kasance a baya. Yawancin bayi da aka 'yantar sun koma wani yanki a Cape Town wanda aka fi sani da Gundumar shida. A cikin shekarun 1800 (musamman bayan kawar da bautar a 1834) da farkon shekarun 1900, Cape ta karbi kwararar 'yan gudun hijira, baƙi da ma'aikata masu aiki daga: Burtaniya, Ireland, Jamus, Lithuania, St Helena, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Indiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka (yawancin waɗannan kungiyoyin sun shiga cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured).<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite web |last=Skies |first=Infinite |date=10 March 2019 |title=CAMISSA HERITAGE - Origin and History of South African Cape Coloured People |url=https://www.academia.edu/38523613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lithuanian footsteps in South Africa |url=https://vilnews.com/2011-01-south-africa |access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zipp |first=Gisela |date=September 2012 |title=History of the German Settlers in the Eastern Cape |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357167610_History_of_the_German_Settlers_in_the_Eastern_Cape |publisher=ResearchGate}}</ref> [[File:Felix_Florez.jpg|thumb|Felix Florez, wani mutumin Filipino a kalk Bay a 1863]] A cikin shekarun 1800, Philippines, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, ta fuskanci mummunan tawaye a kan mulkin mallaka ya Mutanen Espanya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1830, Filipinos na farko da suka isa Cape sun zauna a [[Kalk Bay|Kalk Bay, Cape Town]] inda suka kama kifi don rayuwa sannan Kalk Bay ya zama sabon gidansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Filipino community recognized in Kalk Bay! {{pipe}} the Heritage Portal |url=https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/notice/history-filipino-community-recognized-kalk-bay}}</ref> Lokacin da labarin ya kai Philippines, yawancin Filipinos sun taru zuwa Kalk Bay, kuma nan da nan suka warwatse a ko'ina cikin Cape Town da sauran sassan yankin da ke yanzu Yammacin Cape, inda yawancin su suka shiga cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalk Bay Historical Association |url=https://www.kbha.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Bulletin-Number-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518220324/http://www.kbha.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Bulletin-Number-1.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-18}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, yawancin Cape Coloureds na iya gano wasu daga cikin tushensu zuwa Philippines saboda Filipinos na Kalk Bay.<ref name="academia.edu" /> Yawancin Filipinos da suka zauna a Cape sun haɗu da wasu kakannin Mutanen Espanya sakamakon Mutanen Espanya waɗanda suka haɗu da 'yan asalin Philippines yayin da wasu kawai Filipinos na Mutanen Espanya ne na zuriyar Mutanen Espanya, sabili da haka, wasu Cape Coloureds na iya gano wasu tushen su zuwa Spain saboda Filipinos of Kalk Bay.<ref name="academia.edu" /> A cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured, sunayen mahaifi daga Filipinos na Kalk Bay (waɗanda galibi sunayen mahaifiyar Mutanen Espanya ne da Filipinos suka samu daga Mutanen Espanya) sune Gomez, Pascal, Torrez, De La Cruz, Fernandez, Florez (kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin 'Floris'), Manuel, da Garcia.<ref name="academia.edu" /> ==== Griqua ==== [[File:Adam_kok_III.jpg|left|thumb|Adam Kok III, shugaban mutanen Griqua masu launi]] A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a cikin Dutch Cape Colony, ƙungiyoyin launin fata waɗanda suka kasance tsakanin Yammacin Turai (musamman Dutch) da [[Khoekhoe|Khoi Khoi]] sun kirkiro ƙungiyar mutane masu launin fata waɗanda aka sani da Griqua . <ref name="academia_19907156">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Autonomy in South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/19907156 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=academia.edu}}</ref> Mutanen Griqua na iya gano kakanninsu zuwa kabilun biyu, Koks da Barendse, na farko ya kunshi mafi yawa daga Khoikhoi kuma na biyu daga zuriyar Turai.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Griqua {{pipe}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/griqua}}</ref> Nazarin kwayar halitta da aka yi a karni na 21 ya nuna cewa Griquas suna da asalin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]], [[Mutanen San|San]], da Tswana. Abin da ya raba Griquas daga Cape Coloureds shi ne cewa Griquas ba su da asalin Asiya a cikin zuriyarsu kuma ba kamar Cape Colouredes waɗanda suka karɓi salon rayuwar Yamma da Asiya ba, Griquas sun fi manne wa salon rayuwar Afirka, musamman na Khoi Khoi.<ref name="pletthistory.org">{{Cite web |title=The Story of the Griqua Re-visited {{pipe}} the van Plettenberg Historical Society |url=https://pletthistory.org/the-story-of-the-griqua-re-visited/}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Lokacin kafin wariyar launin fata === Mutanen da ke da launi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata da manufofin da suka riga ta. [[Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka|Kungiyar Siyasa ta Afirka]], wacce aka kafa a 1902, tana da mambobi masu launi na musamman; shugabansu Abdullah Abdurahman ya tara kokarin siyasa na launi na shekaru da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Abdullah Abdurahman 1872 - 1940 |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/abdurahman-a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121035811/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/abdurahman-a.htm |archive-date=2007-11-21 |access-date=2009-10-23 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu launi daga baya sun shiga African National Congress da United Democratic Front . Ko a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ko wasu, mutane da yawa masu launin fata sun kasance masu aiki a cikin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Hakkin siyasa na mutane masu launi sun bambanta ta wurin wuri da kuma tsawon lokaci. A cikin karni na 19 suna da irin wannan haƙƙin ga Whites a cikin Cape Colony (ko da yake samun kudin shiga da cancantar dukiya sun shafe su sosai). A cikin Jamhuriyar Transvaal ko Orange Free State, suna da 'yancin hakki kaɗan. An zabi mambobi masu launi a cikin ikon birni na Cape Town (ciki har da, shekaru da yawa, Abdurahman). Kafa kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ta ba wa mutanen da ke da launi ikon mallakar, kodayake a shekara ta 1930 an ƙuntata su ga zabar wakilan fari. Sun gudanar da takunkumin jefa kuri'a akai-akai don nuna rashin amincewa. Irin wannan takunkumin na iya taimakawa ga nasarar Jam'iyyar National a shekarar 1948. Ya gudanar da shirin wariyar launin fata wanda ya kwace mutanen Coloured daga sauran ikon jefa kuri'a. Kalmar "kaffir" kalma ce ta launin fata da aka yi amfani da ita don nunawa ga mutanen Afirka baƙi a Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da yake har yanzu ana amfani da shi akan baƙar fata, ba ya yaduwa kamar yadda yake akan mutane masu launi. === Lokacin wariyar launin fata === [[File:ApartheidPopulationGroups.jpg|thumb|Bayani game da lambobin ainihi na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin takardar ainihi a lokacin wariyar launin fata dangane da rukunin fararen fata, masu launi da na Indiya]] Mutanen da ke da launi sun kasance suna ƙarƙashin tilasta ƙaura. Misali, gwamnati ta sake komawa Coloured daga biranen Cape Town na Gundumar shida, wanda daga baya aka rushe shi. Sauran yankunan da aka tilasta musu barin sun hada da Constantia, Claremont, Simon's Town. An tura mazauna zuwa sassan da aka tsara ta launin fata na yankin birni a kan Cape Flats. Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata, mutanen da ke da launi sun sami ilimi mafi ƙasƙanci da na fararen fata. Duk da haka, ya fi kyau fiye da wanda aka ba wa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu. == Launi a wasu ƙasashen kudancin Afirka == [[File:South_Africa_racial_map,_1979.gif|thumb|350x350px|Taswirar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta buga a 1979, tare da bayanai daga ƙididdigar Afirka ta Kudu ta 1970]] Ana amfani da kalmar Coloured a Namibia, don bayyana mutanen da suka haɗu, musamman ɓangaren Khoisan, da ɓangaren Turai. ''[[Kabilar basters|Basters]]'' na Namibia sun kasance wata kabilanci daban wacce a wasu lokuta ana daukar ta a matsayin rukuni na yawan mutanen da ke da launi na wannan ƙasar. A karkashin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, an kara manufofi da dokokin wariyar launin fata zuwa abin da ake kira Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma. A Namibia, gwamnati ta bi da Coloureds ta hanyar da za a iya kwatanta da na Coloureds na Afirka ta Kudu. A Zimbabwe kuma zuwa ƙaramin Zambia, an yi amfani da kalmar Coloured ko ''[[Goffal]]'' don nunawa ga mutanen da suka haɗu. Yawancin su sun fito ne daga iyayen Afirka da Burtaniya, ko Afirka da Indiya. Wasu iyalai masu launi sun fito ne daga baƙi masu launi na Cape daga Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke da yara tare da mata na yankin. A karkashin gwamnatin [[Rhodesia]] mafi yawan fararen fata, Coloureds suna da dama fiye da baƙar fata na Afirka, gami da cikakken haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, amma har yanzu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci na zamantakewa. Ana amfani da kalmar Coloured a [[Eswatini]]. === Al'adun al'adu === [[File:Tyla_Seethal_2022_a.png|thumb|[[Tyla]], mawaƙan Afirka ta Kudu mai launi na al'adun Zulu, Irish da Indiya.]] Akwai ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da mawaƙa da yawa da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin al'ummar Coloured. Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eoan Group yana yin wasan kwaikwayo da ballet a Cape Town. Kaapse Klopse carnival, wanda ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara a ranar 2 ga Janairu a Cape Town, da kuma mawaƙa na Cape Malay da wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa wani muhimmin bangare ne na lokacin hutun birnin. Kaapse Klopse ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu fafatawa da yawa waɗanda ke raira waƙa da rawa a titunan Cape Town a ranar Sabuwar Shekara a farkon wannan shekara. A zamanin yau drumlines a cikin kayan ado masu farin ciki, masu launi suna yin a filin wasa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan Kirsimeti a cikin yanayi mai tsarki amma ba su da haske, galibi sun haɗa da mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa waɗanda ke raira waƙa da kunna waƙoƙin Kirsimeti akan tituna. A fagen zane-zane da wallafe-wallafen, masu launi da yawa sun yi tare da CAPAB (Cape Performing Arts Board) ballet da kamfanin opera, kuma al'umma sun samar da manyan mawaƙa uku na Afrikaans sanannun mawaƙa, Adam Small, S.V. Petersen, da [[P.J. Philander]]. A shekara ta 1968, an kafa Majalisar Al'adu da Nishaɗi don inganta ayyukan al'adu na Al'umma mai launi. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} cr15l6zfj0t15tgcmgsys7how8fnfdz 0 177382 965252 958902 2026-10-09T13:42:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ra'ayin gyara''' aiki ne da ake yawan amfani da shi a fannin koyo da cimma nasara . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Huma |first=Sarwat |last2=Ullah |first2=Himayat |last3=Sarfraz |first3=Junaid |date=2024-10-22 |title=Strategies to develop an efficient feedback system in medical education and its outcome – An interventional study |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159x.2024.2418586 |journal=Medical Teacher |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/0142159x.2024.2418586 |issn=0142-159X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawanci yana ƙunshe da ɗalibi yana karɓar ra'ayoyi na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun game da fahimtarsa ko aikinsa akan ayyuka daban-daban daga wakili kamar [[malami]], koci, ma'aikaci ko takwarorinsa. <ref name="Hattie Timperley 2007 pp. 81–112">{{Cite journal |last=Hattie |first=John |last2=Timperley |first2=Helen |author-link2=Helen Timperley |year=2007 |title=The Power of Feedback |journal=Review of Educational Research |publisher=American Educational Research Association (AERA) |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=81–112 |doi=10.3102/003465430298487 |issn=0034-6543 |s2cid=82532100 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Domin a samu nasarar isar da ra'ayoyin gyara, dole ne a yi shi ba tare da kimantawa ba, goyon baya, a kan lokaci, kuma a taƙaice. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="Shute 2008 pp. 153–189">{{Cite journal |last=Shute |first=Valerie J. |year=2008 |title=Focus on Formative Feedback |journal=Review of Educational Research |publisher=American Educational Research Association (AERA) |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=153–189 |doi=10.3102/0034654307313795 |issn=0034-6543 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Misalan martanin gyara == Akwai nau'ikan martanin gyara iri-iri, kowannensu yana da nasa amfani da ya dace. Gyaran martani yana farawa ne tun daga ƙuruciya da uwa, inda iyaye ko masu kula da yara ke yin gyare-gyare masu sauƙi na kurakuran magana na ƙaramin yaro. Irin wannan ra'ayi, wanda aka sani da sake maimaitawa, sau da yawa yakan sa yaron ya maimaita furucinsa daidai (ko kuma tare da ƙananan kurakurai) don kwaikwayon samfurin iyaye. A matakin [[Makarantar sakandare|makarantar yara]] ko [[Makarantar jariri|makarantar yara]], amsawar gyara yawanci ba ta da tsari kuma ba ta da tushe. Irin wannan ra'ayi ya zama ruwan dare a manyan maki, amma, yayin da ɗalibai ke ci gaba da samun maki, al'ada ce ga malamansu su ba da gyare-gyare a rubuce akan samfuran aikinsu ko kuma a kan takardu daban-daban na ra'ayoyin. Ana iya bayar da ra'ayoyin da aka rubuta da baki a cikin jimloli (watau, ra'ayoyin da aka bayar game da labarin) waɗanda ke bayyana fa'idodi da raunin aikin, wanda a wannan yanayin, aikin da aka saba yi ya ƙunshi malami ya nuna ƙarfi uku da kuma "mataki na gaba" don ci gaba a nan gaba. Musamman ra'ayoyin da aka rubuta na iya ƙunsar wani adadin "alama" akan aikin ɗalibi, tare da kurakurai da aka ja layi a ƙasa ko aka zagaye su kuma aka saka ko aka lura da gyare-gyare a gefen . Ana iya rubuta ra'ayoyin a matsayin maki, kamar kashi, maki na harafi, ko matakin nasara da aka ayyana ta takamaiman ma'ana. Ana iya samun maki bisa ga ra'ayin malamin game da aikin, amma kimantawa bisa ga ƙa'idodi bayyanannu yana ƙara zama ruwan dare. Misalin irin wannan kimantawa ta cikakke shine rubric . Tsarin rubutu na yau da kullun shine ginshiƙi a cikin nau'in grid wanda ke lissafa ma'auni da yawa, alamun aiki, da matakan nasara. Misali, wani tsari na aikin rubuta muƙala zai iya haɗawa da "nahawu" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sharuɗɗansa; alamar aiki don matakin cimma nasara na "B" a cikin nahawu na iya zama, "Muƙalar ta ƙunshi ƙananan kurakuran nahawu da yawa" yayin da alamar aiki don matakin cimma nasara na "A" a cikin nahawu na iya zama, "Muƙalar ba ta ƙunshi kurakuran nahawu ba." Irin waɗannan rukunonin suna ba wa ɗalibai damar ganin ƙarfi da rauninsu idan aka kwatanta da sharuɗɗa daban-daban. Wannan ya bambanta da zagi, wanda ke gaya wa wani cewa bai isa ba ba tare da bayyana dalili ba, kuma ba misalai ne na gyara ra'ayi ba. == Adadin martanin gyara == A cikin manyan maki, gyare-gyare na iya zama da yawa ko kuma sun fi rikitarwa, kodayake yawan gyare-gyaren ya bambanta daga malami zuwa malami. Irin waɗannan gyare-gyare na iya zama bazuwar don ƙoƙarin isar da saƙo ga ɗalibi game da kurakuran da aka yi. A madadin haka, ana iya mayar da hankali kan gyare-gyare kan jerin nau'ikan kurakurai da aka zaɓa. Misali, malamai wani lokacin suna mai da hankali kan gyara kurakurai na asali da farko da fatan taimaka wa ɗalibai su shawo kansu cikin gaggawa domin magance kurakurai masu rikitarwa a cikin ayyukan da za a yi a gaba. Malamai za su iya gyara ɗaya, da dama, ko ma duk misalan wani kuskure na musamman. Akwai wasu muhawara game da adadin jimillar gyare-gyaren da malamai ya kamata su yi kan wani aiki. Malaman da ke yin gyare-gyare masu yawa suna ba da "gaskiya" fahimtar yadda ɗalibai ke buƙatar gyara, amma irin wannan ra'ayi na iya zama abin mamaki. Idan ɗalibai suka ɗauki irin wannan ra'ayin a zuciya, za su iya ganin aikinsu a matsayin gazawa, wanda hakan zai ɓata musu suna da kuma kwarin gwiwarsu. Ɗalibai za su iya yin watsi da irin wannan ra'ayin kuma su yi watsi da shi a matsayin suka mai yawa, ko kuma su ji tsoron cewa malamin yana nuna son kai a kansu. Sabanin haka, malaman da ke yin gyare-gyare kaɗan na iya ba wa ɗalibansu damar mai da hankali kan ingantawa a ɗaya ko wasu muhimman fannoni, amma rashin wasu gyare-gyare masu amfani na iya zama illa ga ci gaban ɗalibansu a nan gaba. Musamman ma, ɗaliban da suka yi wasu kurakurai za a iya sa su fahimci cewa ba sa yin kurakurai kwata-kwata, ko kuma cewa waɗannan kurakuran ba su da mahimmanci don su cancanci ƙoƙarin da ake buƙata don sake koyan ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da su da kuma guje wa irin waɗannan kurakuran a nan gaba. == Ra'ayi a matsayin kayan aikin gudanarwa == A duniyar kasuwanci, ana iya amfani da ra'ayoyin jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki [[Motivation|na ƙarfafa gwiwa]] da kuma na koyarwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Powerful Ways to Coach a Happier Team |url=https://coachcircle.life/2021/05/05/3-powerful-ways-to-coach-a-happier-team/ |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=CoachCircle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513142935/https://coachcircle.life/2021/05/05/3-powerful-ways-to-coach-a-happier-team/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mafi kyawun hanyar yin feedback a wurin aiki shine * Takamaimai kuma a kan lokaci, mafi kyau ta amfani da misali na baya-bayan nan, ko kuma a bayar nan take. * Manufofi gwargwadon iyawa (misali "ga abin da ya faru, kuma wannan shine fahimtar da na samu"), maimakon bayani mara ma'ana ko na fassara. * Ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da abubuwan da ma'aikaci ya yi waɗanda suka ƙara daraja ko kuma suka burge manajan. == Ra'ayoyin da aka mayar da hankali kan fasaha == Tsarin amsawa kuma na iya bayar da martanin gyara. Ba kamar malamai ko takwarorinsu ba, waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar kwanaki ko makonni kafin su ba da ra'ayi kan wani aiki, ra'ayi ta hanyar fasaha na iya bayar da ra'ayi kan lokaci, wanda galibi ana ambatonsa a matsayin babban abin da ke sa ɗalibai su karɓi ra'ayinsu mai kyau. <ref name="Shute 2008 pp. 153–189" /> Bugu da ƙari, tsarin software ba shi da wata matsala da zarge-zargen son kai na mutum. Saboda kyawun ƙwarewar sarrafa bayanai, tsarin software yana bin diddigin nau'ikan kurakuran da aka yi, yana sanya su cikin jerin gwano bisa ga yawan da ake samu, sannan kuma yana tura ɗalibai su mai da hankali kan waɗannan kurakuran da aka riga aka ayyana a matsayin waɗanda suka fi buƙatar kulawa. Dandamali kamar OnTask suna taimaka wa malamai wajen ƙirƙirar saƙonnin ra'ayi na musamman ga ɗalibai. <ref name="Pardo Bartimote-Aufflick Buckingham Shum Dawson pp. 235–249">{{Cite journal |last=Pardo |first=Abelardo |last2=Bartimote-Aufflick |first2=Kathryn |last3=Buckingham Shum |first3=Simon |last4=Dawson |first4=Shane |last5=Gao |first5=Jing |last6=Gašević |first6=Dragan |last7=Leichtweis |first7=Steve |last8=Liu |first8=Danny |last9=Martinez-Maldonaldo |first9=Roberto |last10=Mirriahi |first10=Negin |last11=Moskal |first11=Adon Christian Michael |last12=Schulte |first12=Jurgen |last13=Siemens |first13=George |last14=Vigentini |first14=Lorenzo |date=2018-12-11 |title=OnTask: Delivering Data-Informed, Personalized Learning Support Actions |journal=Journal of Learning Analytics |publisher=Society for Learning Analytics Research |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=235–249 |doi=10.18608/jla.2018.53.15 |issn=1929-7750 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, ra'ayoyin da aka bayar ba sa inganta koyo ta atomatik ga ɗalibai. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda ɗalibai ke fahimtar sa da kuma yadda suke mayar da bayanan da aka ba su zuwa aiki. <ref name="Winstone Nash Parker Rowntree pp. 17–37">{{Cite journal |last=Winstone |first=Naomi E. |last2=Nash |first2=Robert A. |last3=Parker |first3=Michael |last4=Rowntree |first4=James |date=2016-09-08 |title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes |journal=Educational Psychologist |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=17–37 |doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538 |issn=0046-1520 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Iraj Fudge Khan Faulkner pp. 1–16">{{Cite journal |last=Iraj |first=Hamideh |last2=Fudge |first2=Anthea |last3=Khan |first3=Huda |last4=Faulkner |first4=Margaret |last5=Pardo |first5=Abelardo |last6=Kovanović |first6=Vitomir |date=2021-11-05 |title=Narrowing the Feedback Gap: Examining Student Engagement with Personalized and Actionable Feedback Messages |journal=Journal of Learning Analytics |publisher=Society for Learning Analytics Research |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.18608/jla.2021.7184 |issn=1929-7750 |s2cid=243812266 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Madadin hanyoyin amsawar gyara == Ganin yadda ake daidaita tsakanin bayar da martani mai yawa ko kuma ƙarancin amsawa, akwai wasu nau'ikan martani daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya taimaka wa ɗalibai wajen gano kurakurai da kuma guje wa kurakurai. Amma wani lokacin, canjin hali ya isa. Ɗaliban da ba su yarda da ra'ayoyin gyara ba, suna iya buƙatar a shawo kansu cewa yawan ra'ayoyin da suka bayar fiye da yadda suke tsammani zai iya zama da amfani a gare su a nan gaba. A gefe guda kuma, malaman da a da suka ji dole su gyara kurakurai da yawa gwargwadon iyawa domin "taimakawa" ɗalibansu gwargwadon iyawa za su iya yanke shawara cewa ya fi kyau a mai da hankalin ɗalibai kan gyara kurakurai mafi bayyana maimakon yin alama a kan duk kurakurai, wanda hakan zai iya zama abin gajiya ga ɓangarorin biyu. Hakika, fannin koyon harshe na biyu ya kasance yana ganin sauyi daga malamai zuwa ga mayar da hankali kan iya magana da kyau - watau, ikon rubutu da magana a cikin yanayi mai kyau, mai amfani - maimakon yin watsi da al'amuran tsari, kamar haruffa ko alamomin rubutu. Ta hanyar kwatantawa, har ma a fannin lissafi, wanda a al'ada ake ganinsa a matsayin wanda guje wa kurakurai ke da matuƙar muhimmanci, an ƙara mai da hankali kan warware matsaloli masu ƙirƙira da kuma kimanta tunani dangane da fannoni daban-daban na fasaha, kamar maƙunsar bayanai da kalkuleta, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen tabbatar da daidaito. Saboda horo da gogewar da suka samu a wani fanni na musamman, malamai na iya zama tushen da ya fi dacewa wajen bayar da amsa ga gyara, amma, a wasu yanayi, akwai wasu hanyoyin samun amsa ga waɗanda suka fi samun nasara. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, takwarorinsu na iya taimaka wa junansu sosai, musamman a yanayin takwarorinsu masu ƙwarewa wajen taimaka wa takwarorinsu masu buƙata. Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi taka-tsantsan don tabbatar da cewa takwarorinsu ba sa yawan sukar juna. Saboda haka, malamai na iya umurtar ɗalibai da su iyakance adadin martanin da ba su dace ba yayin da suke tabbatar da isasshen adadin martanin da aka bayar. Idan ana maganar tantance ayyukan makaranta ko takardu, yana da muhimmanci a bayar da tsokaci da shawarwari da za su inganta ƙwarewar ɗalibi kuma su ba shi damar girma. Wasu shawarwari don yin tasiri wajen yin hakan sun fito ne daga malamai kuma za a iya taƙaita su kamar haka: * A haɗa da mafi dacewa da sharhi inda ɗalibi zai fi ganin su, kamar a shafi na farko. Dalibai galibi suna mayar da martani da farko ga adadin sharhin da aka yi a kan takardar, suna neman ganin yadda malamin ya "jini" a kan takardunsu. Saboda haka, ba za su iya karanta cikakken sharhin da ke bayyana a ƙarshe ba. * Dole ne malamai su daidaita maganganu masu kyau da marasa kyau, suna tunawa da muhimmancin ra'ayoyi masu kyau. Yana ƙarfafa ɗalibai, yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaba, kuma yana gina kwarin gwiwa. Idan aka gaya wa ɗalibai dalilin da yasa wani abu yake da kyau, za su iya yin ƙarin bayani daga baya. Takardu marasa kyakkyawan ra'ayi suna haifar da mummunan kwarin gwiwa ga ɗalibai. * Abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne yadda aka yi amfani da kalmomin a jumlar. Malamai suna buƙatar su ci gaba da yin amfani da salon da ya dace. Suka mai gina jiki tana da matuƙar amfani, amma sukar da ke lalata ta fi ta sauran. Da zarar wani ya lalata kwarin gwiwarka a matsayin marubuci, kusan ba zai yiwu a rubuta da kyau ba. * Mafita ga "yin tsokaci fiye da kima" ita ce a raba tsokaci na inji da tsokaci mai mahimmanci. Sharhin injina yana ƙarfafa ɗalibi ya ga takardar a matsayin wani abu da aka gyara wanda kawai ke buƙatar gyara. Duk da haka, muhimman bayanai sun nuna cewa ɗalibi yana buƙatar haɓaka ma'anar ta hanyar yin ƙarin bincike. * Lokacin da kake yin tsokaci kan takardun ɗalibai, ka yi tunanin masu sauraro da kuma manufarsu. Aikin malami shine ya isa ga ɗalibai don taimaka musu su koyi da kuma girma. Idan ra'ayoyin ba su cimma wannan burin ba, to babu damuwa tsawon lokaci da ƙoƙari da aka yi a cikin jaridun. * Bayanan da ke gefen takardun suna da ɗan bambanci. Da yake ba a da isasshen sarari a gefen, malamai suna amfani da ƙarin jan layi, coding, da kuma taƙaitawa. Yawancin bayanan gefe suna yiwa matsala alama ba tare da ƙarin bayani ko misali ba. Misali, malami ya rubuta, "Akwai ayyuka masu ƙarfi ga POV ɗinku" akan takardu waɗanda ba sa tunanin cewa POV (don ra'ayi) na iya zama kalmar da ba a saba gani ba. Wannan martanin ba wai kawai yana rikitar da ɗalibai da kuma ɓata musu rai ba, har ma yana taimaka musu su inganta. Hulɗar malamai da ɗalibai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma rubuce-rubucen da ba su da maki suma madadin al'adar yin martani ta hanyar rubutu da aka saba yi. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan ra'ayoyin yawanci suna da tsari, ba na taƙaitawa ba - watau, an yi su ne don taimaka wa ɗalibai su ci gaba, ba kawai don kimanta ko sanya aikinsu a kan wani aiki ba. Suna iya zama gyara sosai a yanayi, amma rashin maki na ƙarshe zai iya rage [[Anxiety|damuwar]] ɗalibai da kuma ƙarfafa ɗaukar haɗari, domin ɗalibai suna ganin kurakuran su a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ake ci gaba da yi. Wani sabon nau'in martanin gyara shine siffofin IF-AT. Fasahar Kimanta Ra'ayoyin Kai Tsaye, wacce aka fi sani da IF-AT, tsarin gwaji ne wanda ke canza jarabawar gargajiya ta zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa zuwa damar koyo mai hulɗa ga ɗalibai da kuma damar kimantawa mai ƙarin bayani ga malamai. IF-AT yana amfani da fom ɗin amsoshi masu zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa tare da siririn fim mai ɓoyewa wanda ke rufe zaɓuɓɓukan amsoshin. Maimakon amfani da fensir don cike da'ira, kowane ɗalibi yana goge amsarsa kamar yana goge tikitin caca. Ɗalibin zai cire murfin murabba'in da ya dace da amsar da ya zaɓa ta farko. Idan amsar daidai ce, tauraro ko wata alama ta bayyana a wani wuri a cikin murabba'in murabba'i yana nuna cewa ya/ta sami amsar da ta dace. Ana ƙarfafa koyo na ɗalibi nan take, ɗalibin ya sami cikakken yabo game da amsar, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa tambaya ta gaba. Idan ba daidai ba ne, ɗalibi dole ne ya sake karanta tambayar da sauran zaɓuɓɓukan amsar sannan ya zaɓi na biyu ko ma na uku har sai an gano amsar da ta dace. Ɗalibin zai sami ɗan maki kaɗan don yunƙurin da yawa kuma ya koyi amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya yayin ɗaukar jarrabawar. Ɗaya daga cikin mabuɗin tsarin IF-AT shine cewa ɗalibai ba sa barin tambaya ba tare da sanin amsar da ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the IF-AT? |url=http://www.epsteineducation.com/home/about/default.aspx |access-date=4 March 2015 |website=Epstein Educational Enterprises |publisher=Epstein Educational Resources}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Nazarin koyo * Koyon ƙarfafawa * Kimanta Aiki == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3kdfxw97if0zwjmii7a9ir1kvs84rrw 0 177499 965488 960067 2026-10-09T21:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez''' (daga ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1922 zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 2010), wanda kuma aka sani da sunansa na farko '''CAP''' kuma galibi ana kiransa da ''El Gocho'' (saboda asalinsa na Andean), ɗan siyasa ne na [[Venezuela]] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasar Venezuela na 47 da na 50 daga shekara ta 1974 zuwa shekarar 1979 da kuma tsakanin shekarar 1989 zuwa shekarar 1993. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Acción Democrática, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Venezuela a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na ashirin. Bayan faduwar mulkin kama karya na [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] da dawowarsa daga gudun hijira, Pérez ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin cikin gida na Rómulo Betancourt tsakanin shekara ta 1959 da shekara ta 1964, lokacin da ya shahara da tsauraran martanin da yake mayar wa 'yan daba. An san shugabancinsa na farko da ''Saudiyya Venezuela'' saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sakamakon yawan kudaden shiga da ake samu daga fitar da man fetur. Duk da haka, shugabancinsa na biyu ya ga ci gaba da rikicin tattalin arziki na shekarun 1980, jerin rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, tarzoma da aka fi sani da Caracazo da kuma yunƙurin juyin mulki sau biyu a shekarar 1992 . A watan {{Nowrap|May 1993}} ya zama shugaban ƙasar Venezuela na farko da Kotun Ƙoli ta [[:es:Proceso de destitución de Carlos Andrés Pérez|tsige]] bisa zargin sa da satar kuɗin bolívars {{Nowrap|250 million}} (kimanin dala miliyan 2.7) mallakar wani asusun shugaban ƙasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka yi amfani da kuɗinsa wajen tsoma baki a babban zaɓen Nicaragua na shekarar 1990 da kuma hayar masu tsaron lafiyar Shugaba [[Violeta Chamorro]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Carlos Andrés Pérez a hacienda ''La Argentina'', a kan iyakar Venezuela da Colombia kusa da garin Rubio, jihar Táchira, shi ne na 11 cikin yara 12 a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsayi. Mahaifinsa, Antonio Pérez Lemus, ɗan ƙasar Colombia ne mai shuka kofi kuma mai sayar da magunguna daga asalin ƙasar Sipaniya da [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary Islander]] wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Venezuela a shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. Mahaifiyarsa, Julia Rodríguez, 'yar wani fitaccen mai filaye ne a garin Rubio kuma jikanyar 'yan gudun hijirar Venezuela waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Andes da Colombia bayan Yaƙin Tarayya, yakin basasar da ya lalata Venezuela a shekarun 1860.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Pérez ya yi karatu a Makarantar María Inmaculada da ke Rubio, wacce malaman addinin Dominican ke gudanarwa. Yarintarsa ta yi tsakanin gidan danginsa da ke cikin gari, wani gidan da aka yi da salon mulkin mallaka na Spain, da kuma gidan kofi na mahaifinsa da kakansa na mahaifiyarsa. Saboda tasirin kakansa, mai son tattara littattafai, Pérez ya yi karatu da ƙarfi tun yana ƙarami, ciki har da littattafan gargajiya na Faransa da Sifaniyanci na Jules Verne da Alexandre Dumas . Yayin da yake girma, Pérez ya fahimci siyasa sosai kuma ya sami damar karanta [[Voltaire]], Rousseau, da [[Karl Marx|Marx]] ba tare da sanin iyayensa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Haɗakar faduwar farashin kofi, takaddamar kasuwanci, da cin zarafi da wasu mayaka da ke kawance da shugaban kama karya Juan Vicente Gómez suka shirya, ya haifar da lalacewar kuɗi da kuma tabarbarewar jiki na Antonio Pérez, wanda ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 1936. Wannan lamari ya tilasta wa Julia da 'ya'yanta maza su ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Venezuela, [[Karakas|Caracas]], a shekarar 1939, inda manyan 'yan'uwan Pérez biyu suka je jami'a. Mutuwar mahaifinsa ta yi tasiri sosai ga matashin Perez, wanda hakan ya ƙarfafa imaninsa cewa 'yanci da haƙƙoƙin dimokuraɗiyya su ne kawai garantin da ya sa aka yi amfani da ikon gwamnati ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma azzalumi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A Caracas, Pérez ya yi rajista a ''makarantar Liceo Andrés Bello'', inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1944 da babban digiri a fannin Falsafa da Wasiku. A shekarar 1944, ya yi rajista na tsawon shekaru uku a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Venezuela da kuma shekara guda a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Kyauta ta Colombia . Duk da haka, ƙara himmar siyasa da yake yi zai hana Pérez kammala karatunsa na lauya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} == Rayuwar siyasa == [[File:Carlos_Andrés_Pérez,_1975.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Carlos Andrés Pérez a lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a kan mulki]] Rayuwar siyasa ta Carlos Andrés Pérez ta fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 15, lokacin da ya zama memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta Venezuela kuma memba na jam'iyyar National Democratic Party, waɗanda dukkansu suka yi adawa da gwamnatin danniya ta Janar Eleazar López Contreras, wanda ya gaji mulkin kama-karya na Juan Vicente Gómez a shekarar 1935. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na farko a yankinsa. Lokacin da ya koma [[Karakas|Caracas]], a shekarar 1939, ya fara harkar siyasa mai cike da tarihi a matsayin shugaban matasa kuma wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Action (AD), inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarni na 20, da farko a matsayin abokin kud da kud da wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Rómulo Betancourt sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban siyasa a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A watan Oktoban 1945, wani gungun fararen hula da matasa hafsoshin sojoji sun yi makirci kan kifar da gwamnatin da Janar Isaías Medina Angarita ke jagoranta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, an nada Pérez a matsayin Sakataren Sirri na Shugaban Junta, Rómulo Betancourt, kuma ya zama Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1946. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1948, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a kan gwamnatin Rómulo Gallegos da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya, an tilasta wa Pérez yin gudun hijira (zuwa [[Cuba]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] da [[Costa Rica]] ) na tsawon shekaru goma. Ya koma Venezuela na ɗan lokaci a ɓoye a shekarar 1952 don kammala ayyukan musamman a yaƙinsa da sabuwar gwamnatin kama-karya. An daure shi a lokuta daban-daban kuma ya shafe sama da shekaru biyu a gidan yari jimilla. A Costa Rica, ya kasance mai himma a da'irar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa ta Venezuela, ya yi aiki a matsayin Edita a Babban Jaridar ''La República'' kuma ya ci gaba da hulɗa da Betancourt da sauran shugabannin AD.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A shekarar 1958, bayan faduwar mulkin kama karya Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Pérez ya koma Venezuela kuma ya shiga cikin sake tsara jam'iyyar AD. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Shari'a daga 1959 zuwa 1964 kuma ya yi fice a matsayin minista mai tsauri kuma ɗan siyasa mai wayo wanda ya yi aiki don magance ƙananan tashe-tashen hankula masu tayar da hankali da tsattsauran ra'ayi na 'yan dama da na hagu, na ƙarshe wanda Cuba ke da tasiri a kansa kuma Cuba ke da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa, waɗanda ake gudanarwa a faɗin ƙasar. Wannan muhimmin mataki ne a cikin zaman lafiya a ƙasar a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 zuwa ƙarshenta, da kuma haɗakar jam'iyyu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi cikin tsarin siyasa. Duk da haka, an zargi Pérez da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a lokacin mulkinsa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Bayan ƙarshen gwamnatin Betancourt da kuma zaɓen 1963, Pérez ya bar gwamnati na ɗan lokaci kuma ya sadaukar da kansa ga ƙarfafa goyon bayansa a cikin jam'iyyar. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar AD a Majalisar Dokoki kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar AD, wani muhimmin aiki da ya taka wajen shimfida harsashin burinsa na shugaban ƙasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} === Shugabancin farko === [[File:Jimmy_Carter_and_President_Carlos_Perez_tour_the_grounds_at_La_Casona,_Venezuela's_presidential_residence._-_NARA_-_178549.tif|left|thumb|250x250px| Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] da Carlos Andrés Pérez a Caracas, 1978]] A shekarar 1973, an zaɓi Carlos Andrés Pérez don tsayawa takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar AD. Pérez, matashi kuma mai kuzari, ya gudanar da wani gagarumin kamfen mai cike da nasara, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya yi amfani da ayyukan ƙwararrun masu tallan Amurka da masu ba da shawara kan siyasa a tarihin ƙasar. A lokacin da ake shirin zaɓe, ya ziyarci kusan dukkan ƙauyuka da biranen Venezuela da ƙafa kuma ya yi tafiya sama da kilomita 5800.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} . An zaɓe shi a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, inda ya sami kashi 48.7% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a kan kashi 36.7% na babban abokin hamayyarsa. Yawan masu kada kuri'a a waɗannan zaɓukan ya kai kashi 97% na dukkan waɗanda suka cancanci zaɓe, matakin da ba a taɓa cimmawa ba tun lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da shirin Pérez na gwamnati ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne ra'ayin cewa man fetur kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Venezuela don samun matsayi na farko a duniya da kuma samar da tsari mai adalci da daidaito a duniya. Abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Yaƙin Yom Kippur na 1973, sun taimaka wajen aiwatar da wannan hangen nesa. Karin farashin mai mai tsanani a lokacin rikicin makamashi na shekarun 1970 ya haifar da kyakkyawan tattalin arziki ga ƙasar a daidai lokacin da Pérez ya fara wa'adin mulkinsa. Ta amfani da hauhawar farashin mai, Pérez ya ƙarfafa goyon bayansa, yana siyan tallafi ta hanyar tallafawa farashi, ƙara albashi <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Coppedge |first=Michael |date=Summer 1994 |title=Prospects for Democratic Governability in Venezuela |url=https://sites.nd.edu/michael-coppedge/files/2018/01/Prospects-for-Democratic-Governability-in-Venezuela.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=39–64 |doi=10.2307/166173 |jstor=166173}}</ref> da kuma ninka kashe kuɗin gwamnati sau uku. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Jennifer L |last2=Smith |first2=William C. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Democratic disequilibrium in Venezuela |journal=[[Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=113 |doi=10.2307/166273 |jstor=166273}}</ref> Manufofinsa, ciki har da mayar da masana'antun ƙarfe da man fetur na ƙasa. Bayan kafa PDVSA, an ƙirƙiri cin hanci da rashawa a Venezuela a matsayin tsarin mallakar ƙasa . <ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |date=2021-10-21 |title=Chávez's Bolivarian Republic Viewed With a Quality Lens |url=https://articlegateway.com/index.php/JMPP/article/view/4679 |journal=Journal of Management Policy and Practice |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.33423/jmpp.v22i3.4679 |issn=1913-8067}}</ref> Ya kuma haɓaka saka hannun jari a manyan ayyukan masana'antu mallakar gwamnati don samar da makamashin aluminum da wutar lantarki, inganta ababen more rayuwa da kuma samar da kuɗaɗen jin daɗin jama'a da shirye-shiryen bayar da tallafin karatu, waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan kuɗaɗen gwamnati, har zuwa kusan {{Nowrap|$53 billion}} . Matakan da ya ɗauka na kare muhalli da kuma haɓaka ci gaba mai ɗorewa sun sami kyautar Kula da Duniya a shekarar 1975, wannan shine karo na farko da wani shugaban Latin Amurka ya sami wannan karramawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} A fagen ƙasa da ƙasa, Pérez ya goyi bayan manufofin dimokuraɗiyya da na ci gaba a Latin Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Ya sake kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da Cuba sannan ya gabatar da kudiri ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS) wanda zai dage takunkumin tattalin arziki da aka kakaba wa kasar. Ya yi adawa da mulkin kama-karya na Somoza da Augusto Pinochet kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kammala yarjejeniyar mika mashigar Panama daga Amurka zuwa ikon Panama. A shekarar 1975, tare da shugaban ƙasar Mexico Luis Echeverría, ya kafa SELA, Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Latin Amurka, wanda aka ƙirƙira don haɓaka haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da musayar kimiyya tsakanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka. Ya kuma goyi bayan tsarin dimokuradiyya a Spain, yayin da ya dawo da Felipe González, wanda ke zaune a gudun hijira, zuwa Spain a cikin jirgin sama na sirri, don haka ya ƙarfafa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Gurguzu ta Spain (PSOE). Bugu da ƙari, ya yi shawarwari kan wata yarjejeniya da Tarayyar Soviet wadda ta bukaci ta samar da mai ga kasuwar Venezuela ta Spain a madadin Venezuela da ta samar da kasuwar Soviet a Cuba. A ƙarshen wa'adin mulkinsa na farko, Pérez ya fuskanci suka kan kashe kuɗi da yawa daga gwamnati. <ref name=":72" /> Ana kiran gwamnatinsa da Saudiyya Venezuela saboda girmanta da kuma babban burinta. Bugu da ƙari, akwai zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da fataucin masu tasiri, waɗanda galibi suka shafi membobin ƙungiyar Pérez, kamar uwar gidansa Cecilia Matos, ko kuma masu kuɗi da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin zaɓensa, wanda aka sani da " Manzanni Goma Sha Biyu ". Rashin jituwa da aka yi da tsohon mai ba shi shawara Betancourt da kuma membobin AD marasa gamsuwa duk sun nuna raguwar matsayin Pérez a siyasance. A lokacin zaɓen 1978, akwai jin cewa 'yan ƙasa da yawa ba a sarrafa kwararar dalar Amurka ba bayan 1973 yadda ya kamata. Kasar na shigo da kashi 80% na dukkan abincin da ake ci daga waje. Noman da ake nomawa ya tsaya cak. Bashin ƙasa ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. Kuma yayin da kudin shiga ga kowane mutum ya ƙaru kuma wadata ta bayyana a Caracas da sauran manyan biranen ƙasar, ƙasar ta fi tsada kuma wasu tsirarun 'yan ƙasar Venezuela har yanzu suna cikin talauci. Wannan rashin jin daɗi ya haifar da shan kaye a zaɓen 'yan adawa na jam'iyyar Social Christian Party a hannun jam'iyyar AD. Sabon shugaban da aka zaɓa, Luis Herrera Campíns, ya bayyana a jawabinsa na farko cewa "yana gadon ƙasar da aka jinginar da ita."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} ==== Bayan zangon karatu na farko ==== [[File:World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_1989-2.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Helmut Haussmann, Carlos Andrés Pérez, [[Raymond Barre]], Michel Camdessus da David Campbell Mulford a taron shekara-shekara na taron tattalin arzikin duniya, 1989]] Carlos Andrés Pérez ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban mutum a harkokin ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1980, an zaɓe shi shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Latin Amurka. Ya yi aiki tare da shugaban ƙasar Tanzaniya [[Julius Nyerere]] a cikin ƙungiyar Kwamitin Kudu-Kudu. Ya shiga cikin harkokin gurguzu na duniya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na wa'adi uku a jere, a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Willy Brandt daga Yammacin Jamus. Willy Brandt da Carlos Andrés Pérez, tare da José Francisco Peña Gómez na [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]], sun faɗaɗa ayyukan ƙungiyar Socialist International daga Turai zuwa Latin Amurka. A shekarar 1988, ya zama memba na Majalisar Shugabannin Gwamnati da aka zaba cikin 'yanci, wanda tsohon Shugaban Amurka, [[Jimmy Carter]], ya kafa. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Taron Jami'ar Harvard kan Bashin Ƙasashen Waje a Latin Amurka, a {{Nowrap|September 1989}} ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2010}} kuma ya sami tallafin karatu na Henry da Nancy Bartels World Affairs Fellowship a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] . === Shugaban ƙasa na biyu === [[File:CarlosAndrésPérez_GeorgeH.W.Bush.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Shugaba Carlos Andrés Pérez tare da Shugaban Amurka George HW Bush a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] a wa'adin mulkinsa na biyu]] Ya kafa yakin neman zaben Venezuela na 1988 bisa ga gadonsa na yalwa a lokacin shugabancinsa na farko <ref name="Marquez131">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Márquez|Sanabria|2018}}</ref> kuma da farko ya ƙi manufofin 'yantar da jama'a. Asusun ajiyar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na Venezuela ya kai dala $300 kacal&nbsp;miliyan a lokacin zaɓen Pérez a matsayin shugaban ƙasa; Pérez ya yanke shawarar mayar da martani ga bashin, kashe kuɗin gwamnati, ƙuntatawa a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma gwamnatin da ke da hayar gidaje ta hanyar 'yantar da tattalin arzikin. <ref name="Marquez131" /> <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=Venezuela's Chavez Era |url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/venezuelas-chavez-era |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517003924/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/venezuelas-chavez-era |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> <ref name=":222" /> Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya bai wa Venezuela rancen dala {{Nowrap|4.5 billion}} tare da sharadin aiwatar da matakan tsuke bakin aljihu. <ref name=":72" /> <ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last=Lander |first=Edgardo |last2=Fierro |first2=Luis A. |date=Jul 1996 |title=The Impact of Neoliberal Adjustment in Venezuela, 1989-1993 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X9602300304 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=50–73 |doi=10.1177/0094582X9602300304 |issn=0094-582X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Carlos Andrés ya sanar da majalisar ministocin fasaha da kuma ƙungiyar manufofin tattalin arziki don gyara rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki mai suna ''[[:es:El Gran Viraje|El Gran Viraje]]'' ( English: ), waɗanda masu suka suka kira su da ''El Paquetazo Económico'' ( English: ). <ref name="Marquez132">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Márquez|Sanabria|2018}}</ref> <ref name="Rivero102">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> Pérez ya aiwatar da irin waɗannan gyare-gyare ba tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin siyasa ba, ciki har da jam'iyyarsa ta AD, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=López Maya |first=Margarita |date=February 2003 |title=The Venezuelan "Caracazo" of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness |journal=[[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |language=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=117–137 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X02006673 |s2cid=145292996 |quote=In this regard, the Caracazo was not such a spontaneous outburst as is commonly believed. We have found that anti-neoliberal student protest had been building in the previous days in Merida as well as other cities.}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da toshe manufofinsa na gaba a Majalisa tare da janye goyon bayansa, inda mutane da yawa suka ɗauki shirin a matsayin cin amana. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romero |first=Anibal |date=1997 |title=Rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic: The agony of democracy in Venezuela |journal=[[Latin American Research Review]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.1017/S002387910003764X}}</ref> Daga cikin manufofin akwai rage tallafin mai da kuma ƙara kuɗin sufuri na jama'a da kashi talatin cikin ɗari (VEB 16 Venezuelan bolívares, ko US$0.4). <ref name="Marquez132" /> <ref name="Rivero102" /> An yi tsammanin za a aiwatar da ƙarin a ranar 1 ga Maris 1989, amma direbobin bas sun yanke shawarar ƙara farashin a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, kwana ɗaya kafin ranar albashi a Venezuela. A martanin da aka mayar, zanga-zanga da tarzoma sun fara ne a safiyar ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1989 a Guarenas, wani gari kusa da Caracas, wanda aka sani da El Caracazo . <ref name=":2" /> Rashin shiga tsakani a kan lokaci daga hukumomi, yayin da [[:es:Policía Metropolitana de Caracas|'Yan sandan Metropolitan na Caracas]] ke yajin aikin kwadago, ya haifar da zanga-zangar da tarzoma ta bazu cikin sauri zuwa babban birnin da sauran garuruwa a faɗin ƙasar. <ref name=":72" /> <ref name=":022" /> <ref name="Rivero109">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> <ref name=":122" /> Martanin ya haifar da ayyana dokar ta-baci kuma ya haifar da mace-mace da dama, tun daga kiyasin hukuma na mutuwar mutane 277 <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> zuwa kiyasin da ba na hukuma ba na har zuwa 5,000, lokacin tashin hankali mafi muni a tarihin dimokuradiyya na Venezuela. <ref name=":022" /> An danganta mutuwar ne da aiwatar da Shirin Ávila da Pérez ya yi, wanda ya haifar da kashe masu zanga-zanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TalCual |first=Opinión |date=2021-11-15 |title=Del plan Ávila al plan Zamora, por Beltrán Vallejo |url=https://talcualdigital.com/del-plan-avila-al-plan-zamora-por-beltran-vallejo/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[Tal Cual]] |language=es}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] sun ruwaito cewa [['Yancin Dan Adam da na siyasa a Venezuela|haƙƙin ɗan adam a Venezuela]] ya tabarbare a lokacin gwamnatin Pérez, inda ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarshe suka rubuta a shekarar 1993 cewa "lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance da ƙaruwar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da tsare mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, azabtarwa, yanke hukunci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, danne zanga-zangar jama'a da zanga-zanga." <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=1993 |title=Venezuela: The Eclipse of Human Rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr530071993en.pdf |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=October 1993 |title=Human Rights in Venezuela |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Venez93O.pdf |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Azabtarwa a Venezuela a lokacin gwamnatin Carlos Andrés Pérez abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cewar Amnesty International, inda kungiyar ta ce yayin da gwamnati da dokokinta suka yi Allah wadai da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, hukumomi har yanzu suna yin hanyoyin azabtarwa waɗanda "suka kasance masu sauƙi amma masu rikitarwa: an tsara su ne don haifar da mummunan ciwo tare da mafi ƙarancin maki." <ref name=":6" /> Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙara da cewa talakawa 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da ƙananan yara, galibi ana azabtar da su ne daga hare-haren 'yan sanda da [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|tsare su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba]], daga baya ana azabtar da su a lokuta da dama. <ref name=":6" /> A ƙarshen shekarar 1991, gwamnatin Carlos Andrés Pérez ta sami jimillar dala $2.287.&nbsp;biliyan saboda gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa kamfanonin kera kayayyaki. <ref name="Rivero180">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> Gwanjon da ya fi shahara shine kamfanin sadarwa na CANTV 's, wanda aka sayar akan farashin dala Amurka $1.885.&nbsp;biliyan ga ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi American AT&amp;amp;T International, General Telephone Electronic da kuma Venezuelan Electricidad de Caracas da Banco Mercantil . Katangewar da aka yi wa Venezuela ta kawo ƙarshen ikon mallakar sadarwa da ya wuce hasashen da aka yi, inda aka sayar da sama da dala 1.&nbsp;biliyan sama da farashin tushe da kuma dala 500 na Amurka&nbsp;fiye da miliyan fiye da tayin da mai fafatawa da shi na gaba ya bayar. <ref name="Rivero179">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rivero|2011}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekara, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya ragu zuwa kashi 31%, yanzu asusun ajiyar kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya na Venezuela ya kai dala Amurka $14&nbsp;biliyan kuma akwai ci gaban tattalin arziki na kashi 9% (wanda ake kira "ci gaban Asiya"), mafi girma a Latin Amurka a lokacin. <ref name="Rivero180" /> Gabaɗaya, sakamakon manufofin 'yanci sun gauraye; <ref name=":022" /> zuwa 1992 an mayar da nasarorin da yawa, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kasance tsakanin kashi talatin zuwa arba'in cikin ɗari kuma Venezuela ba ta daidaita tattalin arziki ba. <ref name=":022" /> Babban abin da aka cimma a wannan lokacin shi ne cewa Venezuela ta sami damar biyan basussukan ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":022" /> A shekarar 1992, gwamnatinsa ta tsira daga yunkurin juyin mulki sau biyu . An yi yunƙurin farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1992, kuma Laftanar Kanar [[Hugo Chávez]] ne ya jagorance shi, wanda daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Da yake yunkurin ya gaza a fili, an yi wa Chávez kallon wanda ya fi shahara a ƙasar lokacin da aka ba shi damar bayyana kai tsaye a talabijin na ƙasar don yin kira ga sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da su dakatar da yaƙin. Lokacin da ya yi haka, Chávez ya shahara a talabijin na ƙasa cewa ya gaza ne kawai a " ''por ahora'' "—"a yanzu". Tawaye na biyu, kuma mafi muni, ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1992, inda aka samu mace-mace da yawa fiye da na farko. Rahotanni da dama na yadda ake azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa, masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da kuma ɗalibai sun faru ne a lokacin da Pérez ya dakatar da garantin kundin tsarin mulki. <ref name=":6" /> === Tsigewa === A ranar 20 ga Maris 1993, Babban Lauyan Gwamnati [[:es:Ramón Escovar Salom|Ramón Escovar Salom]] ya gabatar da ƙara a kan Pérez saboda satar kuɗi na bolivar {{Nowrap|250 million}} mallakar wani asusun gwamnati na musamman, ko kuma ''sakatariyar partida'' . An fara gabatar da wannan batu ga jama'a a {{Nowrap|November 1992}} ta hannun ɗan jarida José Vicente Rangel . An yi amfani da kuɗin wajen tsoma baki a babban zaɓen Nicaragua na 1990, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Laureano Márquez}}</ref> kuma a lokacin wannan tsari an gano cewa an yi amfani da kuɗin wajen tallafawa da kuma hayar masu tsaron lafiyar Shugaba [[Violeta Chamorro]] . A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1993, Kotun Koli ta yi la'akari da cewa zargin ya yi daidai, kuma washegari Majalisar Dattawa ta kada kuri'ar kwace wa Pérez kariyar da ke hannunsa. Yawancin waɗanda ke Majalisar Dattawa waɗanda suka goyi bayan tsige Pérez 'yan jam'iyyar AD ne. Pérez ya ƙi yin murabus, amma bayan matsakaicin hutun wucin gadi na kwanaki 90 da Shugaban ƙasa ya samu a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 188 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1961, Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta cire Pérez daga mukaminsa na dindindin a ranar 31 ga Agusta. <ref name="Kada" /> == Bayan shugabancin ƙasa == An kammala shari'ar Pérez a watan Mayu na shekarar 1996, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni 28 a gidan yari. A shekarar 1998, an sake gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, a wannan karon bisa zargin satar kudaden gwamnati, wanda ake zarginsa da boye asusun ajiyar banki na hadin gwiwa a New York tare da uwar gidansa, Cecilia Matos. Kafin shari'ar, an zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Venezuela don Jiharsa ta Táchira, bisa ga zaɓen sabuwar jam'iyyar da ya kafa, ''Movimiento de Apertura y Participación Nacional'' (Apertura), don haka ya sami kariya daga gurfanarwa. Duk da haka, yayin da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Venezuela na 1999 ya amince da shi ya rusa Majalisar Dattawa kuma ya ƙirƙiri Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa mai zaman kanta, Pérez ya rasa kujerarsa. A shekarar 1999, ya sake tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, amma bai samu kujera ba. A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2001, yayin da yake Jamhuriyar Dominican, wata kotu a Caracas ta ba da umarnin a tsare shi, bisa zargin satar kudaden gwamnati. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2002, an nemi a mika shi ga hukuma. <ref name="CIDOB">{{In lang|es}} [http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/carlos_andres_perez_rodriguez Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez' biography, CIDOB]</ref> Bayan haka, ya yi gudun hijira a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]], inda daga nan ya zama abokin hamayyar Shugaba [[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Chavez]] . A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2003, yana da shekaru 80, ya kamu da bugun jini wanda ya sa ya zama nakasasshe. A lokacin da yake Miami, bayan rikicin Daktari Ranch, Pérez ya ce makircin ƙarya ne amma dole ne a cire Chávez da ƙarfi, yana mai cewa "Chávez ya ƙi duk hanyoyin fita cikin lumana da aka gabatar masa" kuma "ba wai ina goyon bayan tashin hankali ba ne, amma babu wata hanyar fita daga Chavez". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-12 |title=Ex presidente y líder de oposición llaman a la rebelión en Venezuela |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2004/05/12/0001/14/1A14DFACF79E4636A9DF50410446BAB5.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[El Universo]] |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-11 |title=EU rechaza patrocine golpe contra Chávez |url=https://hoy.com.do/eu-rechaza-patrocine-golpe-contra-chavez/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Hoy Digital |language=en |quote=Pérez aseguró que «en estos momentos no hay algún complot contra Chávez, pero hay que sacarlo por la fuerza».<br /><br />En Venezuela «no se presentará un nuevo caracazo», pero «inevitablemente habrá muertos, como en toda acción armada», advirtió el ex presidente venezolano en declaraciones desde Miami a la privada radio Caracol de Bogotá.<br /><br />«Chávez ha rechazado todas las salidas pacíficas que se le han presentado. De manera que ya no queda sino el último recurso: la violencia», agregó Pérez, tras insistir en que «no es que yo sea partidario de la violencia, sino que no hay otro camino para salir de Chávez».}}</ref> A cikin 2009, babban lauyan Venezuela Luisa Ortega Díaz ya ba da umarnin a fitar da Pérez saboda aiwatar da shirin Ávila . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=30 September 2009 |title=Extradition of Former Venezuelan President Requested |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/extradition-of-former-venezuelan-president-requested/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=[[Americas Quarterly]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Yana da shekaru 26 ya auri 'yar uwarsa ta farko Blanca Rodríguez wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya shida: Sonia, Thais, Martha, Carlos Manuel, María de Los Angeles da María Carolina. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya fara wata dangantaka ta aure da sakatariyarsa ta wancan lokacin [[Cecilia Matos]] . Ya kuma haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da Cecilia, María Francia da Cecilia Victoria Pérez, yayin da ya auri Blanca Rodríguez. Matos ta zama shahararriya a siyasar Venezuela tun daga shekarun 1970, har zuwa shekarun 1990, sakamakon jita-jitar cin hanci da rashawa da safarar mutane ya ta'allaka ne akan matsayinta na uwargidan Shugaban Kasa. Irin waɗannan zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa sun yi wa matsayin Pérez na siyasa illa. Duk da cewa Pérez ya fara shari'ar saki a kan matarsa a shekarar 1998, shari'ar ta gaza kuma aka dakatar da ita. Har zuwa rasuwarsa, Pérez ya ci gaba da auren Blanca bisa doka duk da cewa yana zaune a gudun hijira tun 1998 tare da Matos, inda ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin gidansa da ke Miami, Jamhuriyar Dominican da New York. A shekara ta 2003, ya yi fama da bugun jini mai rauni wanda ya shafi tunaninsa da kuma ƙarfin jikinsa sosai. A ranar 31 ga Maris 2008, babban sakataren Acción Democrática, Henry Ramos Allup, ya sanar da cewa Pérez yana son komawa Venezuela daga gudun hijira, don yin shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Caracas. <ref name="AE">{{Cite web |last=Union Radio |date=1 April 2008 |title=Ex presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez desea regresar a Venezuela |url=http://www.unionradio.com.ve/Noticias/Noticia.aspx?noticiaid=236566 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405140656/http://www.unionradio.com.ve/Noticias/Noticia.aspx?noticiaid=236566 |archive-date=5 April 2008 |language=es}}</ref> == Mutuwa == [[File:Funeral_of_Carlos_Andrés_Pérez.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Jana'izar Carlos Andrés Pérez a Caracas]] A ranar 25 ga Disamba 2010, an garzaya da Pérez zuwa Asibitin Mercy da ke [[Miami]], inda ya mutu a wannan rana. Da farko an ruwaito cewa musabbabin mutuwar shine bugun zuciya, <ref name="FC">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2010 |title=Falleció el ex presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez |url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/12/25/pol_ava_fallecio-en-el-ex-pr_25A4897053.shtml |access-date=25 December 2010 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref> amma daga baya an ayyana cewa "gazawar numfashi ne". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomon |first=Gisela |title=Venezuelan ex-president Carlos Andres Perez dies |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/12/25/1988555/venezuelan-ex-president-carlos.html |access-date=26 December 2010 |publisher=Miami Herald |agency=AP}}</ref> Daga baya ya bayyana cewa 'ya'yan Blanca Rodríguez da Pérez mata huɗu da ɗansu sun sami labarin mutuwar Pérez daga wani gidan yanar gizo, domin Matos ko 'ya'yanta mata ba su sanar da su game da rasuwar ba. Chávez ya yi ta'aziyya, amma ya yi tsokaci cewa yana fatan tsarin mulkin Pérez ba zai dawo ƙasar ba: "Allah Ya huta lafiya. Amma tare da shi."&nbsp;... Allah ya sa tsarin siyasar da ya siffanta ta ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ya kuma bar nan har abada." 'Yan uwan Pérez a Miami sun ce za a binne Pérez a Miami kuma ba su da niyyar mayar da gawarsa zuwa Venezuela har sai Chávez ya daina kan mulki. Kasa da sa'o'i 24 kafin jana'izar, wakilan lauyoyi na Blanca Rodríguez sun sami umarnin kotu na dakatar da bikin. Umarnin ya dogara ne akan haƙƙin doka na Blanca Rodríguez a matsayin bazawara ga Pérez na tantance inda za a binne shi. An ruwaito cewa dangin Miami sun amince da buƙatarta ta mayar da gawar Pérez ga Venezuela amma daga baya sun musanta cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2011, an dawo da gawar Pérez zuwa Venezuela, watanni tara bayan mutuwarsa. Akwatin ya iso ne a cikin jirgin sama daga Atlanta, Georgia, tare da rakiyar Magajin Garin Caracas Antonio Ledezma, abokin Pérez kuma memba na Democratic Action (AD). Da zarar an isa Caracas, an kai shi hedikwatar AD, inda sama da mutane 5,000 suka jira su ga akwatin gawar da kuma akwatin da aka lulluɓe da tutar Venezuela. An binne gawar Pérez a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2011. Cecilia Matos ta mutu a [[Bogotá]], Colombia, sakamakon matsalolin koda da na numfashi tana da shekaru 66. Mutuwarta ta zo ne kwanaki 25 bayan an binne Pérez, bayan takaddamar iyali da ta daɗe tana tasowa game da inda ya kamata a binne shi a ƙarshe.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2016}} == A cikin al'adun jama'a == Fim ɗin shirin gaskiya mai suna ''CAP 2 Intentos'' ( ''Turanci:'' CAP 2 Attempts), wanda [[:es:Carlos Oteyza|Carlos Oteyza]] ya jagoranta, ya mayar da hankali kan wa'adin shugabancin Andrés Pérez guda biyu ba tare da an jera su ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganadores del premio Algo de Cine |url=https://www.grancine.net/noticias-detalle.php?id=7628 |access-date=3 August 2021}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya Oteyza ta fitar da wani shirin gaskiya, ''[[CAP Inédito]]'' (CAP Unedited), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba a taɓa bugawa ba a baya kuma daga ra'ayin sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Documental sobre Carlos Andrés Pérez llega a YouTube |url=https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/documental-carlos-andres-perez-llega-youtube-n5344328 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Diario las Américas]] |language=es}}</ref> == Daraja == === Girmamawar ƙasashen waje === * {{Flag|Italy}} : ** [[File:Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg|70x70px]]Knight Grand Cross tare da abin wuya na Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya (17 Nuwamba 1976) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/35601 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.quirinale.it}}</ref> * {{Flag|Portugal}} : ** [[File:PRT_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.png|70x70px]]Babban abin wuya na rundunar Soja ta Saint James ta takobi (1 ga Yuni 1977) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas |url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.ordens.presidencia.pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Spain}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg|70x70px]]Akwatin Aljihu na Odar Charles na III (6 ga Satumba 1978) <ref>{{Cite web |title=BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1978-23372 |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-23372 |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=www.boe.es}}</ref> * {{Flagu|Malaysia}} : ** [[File:MY_Darjah_Utama_Seri_Mahkota_Negara_(Crown_of_the_Realm)_-_DMN.svg|70x70px]]Mai Karɓar Girmamawa na Order of the Crown of the Kingdom (1990) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan. |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> * {{Flag|Jamaica}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Jamaica.gif|70x70px]]Memba Mai Girma na Order of Jamaica <ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of Jamaica |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/awards/order-of-jamaica/ |access-date=2019-10-27 |website=jis.gov.jm}}</ref> * {{Flag|Yugoslavia}} ** [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png|70x70px]]Tsarin Tauraron Yugoslavia Mai Girma <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |date=17 September 1976 |title=Одликувања |url=http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/7C2E1D1E96FE4CC7B2E5F6331E656D7A.pdf |journal=Službeni list SFRJ |volume=XXXII |issue=41 |pages=1272}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=19 March 1976 |title=Идеје Симона Боливара имају трајну вредност |url=https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp&#124;issue:UB_00064_19760319&#124;page:1&#124;query:%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0 |journal=Borba |pages=1}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen shugabannin Venezuela * Jerin ministocin harkokin cikin gida na Venezuela * Jerin gwamnonin Gundumar Tarayya ta Venezuela == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rdvymszx45bd1vkzxl2st10aq2inize 0 177678 965538 961294 2026-10-10T00:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinnaswami Rajam''' (28 Nuwamba 1882 - 21 Yuli 1955) ɗan kasuwa ne mai tasowa, fitaccen masanin masana'antu, kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Madras ta Jami'ar Anna, [[Chennai]] a yanzu.<ref name="annauniv">{{Cite web |title=Consortium - Anna University |url=https://www.annauniv.edu/univdept.php |access-date=2015-08-10 |publisher=annauniv.edu}}</ref> Marigayi Dr. CP Ramaswami Iyer ya kira shi "majagaba a fannin masana'antu". <ref name="mitindia">{{Cite web |title=Madras Institute Of Technology |url=http://www.mitindia.edu/home/objective/125-mitindia/home |access-date=2015-08-10 |publisher=mitindia.edu}}</ref> <ref name="MIT Alumni Association">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.mitaa.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53 |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=The MIT Alumni Association |publisher=MITAA}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chinnaswami Rajam a shekarar 1882 a ƙauyen Swamimalai, (kusa da Kumbakonam ) a gundumar Thanjavur ta jihar Madras (yanzu [[Tamil Nadu]] ). Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Garin Kumbakonam, ya shiga Makarantar Saka Saƙa ta Gwamnati ta Salem a shekarar 1904 don ya ƙware a fannin saka. Da farko ya kafa masana'antar kayan hannu (makamai masu tashi sama) don samar da kayan kwalliya, tawul, kayan riga da sauransu, amma daga baya kuma ya fara cinikin kayayyakin masarufi. Bayan bai yi nasara sosai a wannan harkar ba, ya zama mai aikin sa kai a jam'iyyar Congress kuma ya koyi wahalar da bil'adama ke fuskanta. Wata ganawa da Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, ta jawo hankalinsa zuwa ga fannin falsafa na rayuwa.<ref name="angelfire">{{Cite web |title=MIT Founder's Life History |url=https://www.angelfire.com/mi/goldenmit/rajam.html |access-date=2015-08-10 |publisher=[[Angelfire]]}}</ref> == A matsayina na Masanin Masana'antu == A farkon shekarar 1909, Rajam ya fara kasuwancin kayan fata da Mysoor Tanneries tare da taimakon kuɗi daga abokansa, kuma wannan wani sauyi ne a rayuwarsa wanda ya kai ga samun wadata a nan gaba. Bayan ya shafe kusan shekaru biyar yana aiki, ya shiga Mysore Tanneries a matsayin manaja kuma kamfanin ya bunƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa inda suke mu'amala da shagunan ƙasashen waje na Turai kamar Whiteway Laidaw & company. A shekarar 1918, Rajam ya kafa kamfanin India Company Private Limited tare da abokan hulɗa uku, kuma a shekarar 1923 wannan kamfanin ya zama wakilin Tata Steel Limited kuma yana cinikin tan 2,000 na ƙarfe a kowane wata. <ref name="angelfire" /> Wannan harkar ta mayar da Rajam wani babban manaja mai tasiri a harkokin kasuwanci a Madras. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Those were the days: A premier college that imparts technical education |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2018/06/24/those-were-the-days-a-premier-college-that-imparts-technical-education |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608160915/https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/2018/06/23223143/1077182/those-were-the-days-a-premier-college-that-imparts-.vpf |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}</ref> A wani mataki na gaba, Rajam ya kafa Kamfanin Supply Corporation Limited a shekarar 1932, daga baya kuma a shekarar 1933 ya kafa wasu kamfanoni biyu: Kamfanin Negapatam Electric Supply Company Limited da kuma Kamfanin Indian Steel Rolling Mills Limited. Kasuwancin kamfanoni ya zama mai riba sosai kuma Rajam ya zama babban mai masana'antu a jihar Madras. Ya kasance shugaban kamfanoni biyar: India Company Pvt. Ltd., Kumbakonam Electric Supply Corporation Ltd., Negapatam Electric Supply Company Limited, Indian Steel Rolling Mills Limited da Garage Limited. Babban jarin da aka fara biya na waɗannan kamfanonin ya wuce rupees 5&nbsp;miliyan a wancan lokacin.<ref name="angelfire" /> == Kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Madras == Rajam ya kasance mai son iyali kuma yana son abin da zai fi kyau ga 'ya'yansa shida, amma bayan rashin ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza da matarsa ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1944, ya zama mai taimakon jama'a . <ref name="angelfire" /> Ya sayar da bungalow guda biyu akan jimlar rupees 0.5&nbsp;miliyan don mallakar filin cibiyar: Cibiyar Fasaha ta Madras (MIT). Manufar kafa cibiyar fasaha ta samo asali ne daga rashin ma'aikatan Indiya da za su girka da kuma kula da kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a waɗannan masana'antu.<ref name="Origin and Aspirations">{{Cite web |title=Origin and Aspirations |url=https://www.angelfire.com/mi/goldenmit/history.html |access-date=10 June 2016 |publisher=Angelfire}}</ref><ref name="Abdul Kalam at MIT">{{Cite web |title=Address at the Launch of A Visionary's Reach - A book on C Rajam and Founding of Madras Institute of Technology |url=http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/theme/jsp/guest/content-display.jsp |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=abdulkalam.com |publisher=abdulkalam.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604051145/http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/theme/jsp/guest/content-display.jsp |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami taimako daga fitattun mutane kamar M. Subbaraya Aiyar, MK Ranganthan, K. Srinivasan, CR Srinivasan da L. Venkatakrishna Iyer.<ref name="Our own MIT">{{Cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Our own MIT |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2023/our-own-mit.html |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=Madras Musings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701133006/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2023/our-own-mit.html |archive-date=1 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin wani jawabi na musamman a Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban MIT, tsohon shugaban Indiya marigayi Dr. [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]] ya bayyana Rajam a cikin jawabinsa da cewa: "Ya hango ƙira, haɓakawa, kulawa da kuma yadda tsarin injiniya ya kamata a haɗa shi a fannin fasaha. Haka ya yi aiki don kafa MIT".<ref name="Abdul Kalam at MIT" /> == Fira Ministan Indiya ya amince da shi == Jawabin Firayim Ministan Indiya na farko Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru a taron farko (9 ga Oktoba 1952) na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Madras ya nuna ƙoƙarin wanda ya kafa da abokan aikinsa: "Ko ta yaya, abin da ya fi burgewa game da wannan cibiya mai tasowa shi ne cewa ku, bayan kun fara daga ƙananan farawa, kuna samun ci gaba mai kyau da ƙoƙarinku, fiye da abin da za ku iya samu idan kun sami lokaci mafi sauƙi, kuna sanya komai a gabanku."<ref name="madrasmusings">{{Cite web |title=Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2023/our-own-mit.html |access-date=2015-08-10 |publisher=madrasmusings.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701133006/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2023/our-own-mit.html |archive-date=2016-07-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mutuwa da gado == A ranar 21 ga Yulin 1955, Chinnaswami Rajam ya rasu yana da shekaru 73. Sri Prakasa, Gwamna, [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Kasturi Srinivasan, CR Srinivasan, C. Subramaniam da M. Bhaktavatsalam, da sauransu, sun yi ta'aziyya ga iyalan da ke gidansa.<ref name="C Rajam Death">{{Cite web |title=Late Sri C.Rajam Aiyar, industrialist and his institution Madras Institute of Technology |url=https://navrangindia.blogspot.com/2018/11/late-sri-crajam-aiyar-industrialist-and.html |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=navrangindia.blogspot.com |publisher=Navrang India}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin jikanyar Rajam, Dr. Prema Srinivasan<ref name="madrasmusings" /> shahararriyar marubuciya ce kuma mai yin bita akai-akai kan littattafan yara a cikin jaridar ''The Hindu.''<ref name="Prema Srinivasan Author">{{Cite web |title=Children's Fiction in English in India, Trends and Motifs |url=https://www.jacketflap.com/bookdetail.asp?bookid=8185427844 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=jacketflap.com |publisher=JacketFlap}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8wnrwqyf2ebdr9h0m7bp1g9a2vbmdjt 0 177697 965621 961161 2026-10-10T05:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Crionica''''' wani kalan asu ne na dangin Erebidae . George Hampson ne ya kafa jinsin a cikin 1926. <ref>{{Cite web |last=De Prins |first=J. |last2=De Prins |first2=W. |name-list-style=amp |date=2019 |title=''Crionica'' Hampson, 1926 |url=http://www.afromoths.net/genus/show/760450 |access-date=June 2, 2020 |website=Afromoths |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121152448/http://www.afromoths.net/genus/show/760450 |archive-date=January 21, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitkin |first=Brian |last2=Jenkins |first2=Paul |name-list-style=amp |date=November 5, 2004 |title=''Crionica'' Hampson, 1926 |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/butmoth/search/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=7375.0 |access-date=June 2, 2020 |website=Butterflies and Moths of the World |publisher=[[Natural History Museum, London]]}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == * ''[[Crionica bifurcata]]'' <small>Gaede, 1939</small> * ''[[Crionica cervicornis]]'' Fawcett, 1917<small>Fawcett, shekara ta 1917</small> * ''[[Crionica diversipennis]]'' <small>Gaede, 1939</small> * ''[[Crionica incurvata]]'' <small>Gaede, 1939</small> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 600oh1zuf969xx0p4zbnab30f29znp6 0 177812 965666 961656 2026-10-10T06:59:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Dala-Waja | official_name = Dala-Waja | settlement_type = Village | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Balanga Local Government Area|Balanga]] | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 761113 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Dala-Waja''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga Local Government Area|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] ta [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. Dala-Waja na daga cikin yankunan da ake samu a Balanga, kuma ana lissafa shi a cikin jerin yankuna da ƙauyukan ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Dala-Waja tana da lambar gidan waya ta '''761113'''. Bayanan wuraren zama na Gombe State sun sanya Dala-Waja a ƙarƙashin Balanga tare da wannan lambar gidan waya, tare da wasu ƙauyuka da suke ƙarƙashinta. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin yankin Dala-Waja akwai ƙauyuka da dama. Jerin ƙauyukan Balanga ya ambaci '''Batumi, Dele, Demi, Dimori, Fulani, Garu, Kodishere, Kumi''' da '''Kwasilau''' a matsayin ƙauyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dala-Waja. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Dala-Waja tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da al'ummar [[Waja people|Waja]] ta Gombe. Binciken tarihi kan Waja ya bayyana cewa Waja suna daga cikin al'ummomin da suka daɗe suna zaune a yankin kudancin Gombe, musamman a Balanga, kuma Dala-Waja na daga cikin wuraren da aka danganta da rarrabuwar al'ummar Waja a yankin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Higazi |first=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |journal=Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> A bayanin tarihin Waja, an bayyana cewa bayan ƙaura zuwa yankin Gombe, al'ummar Waja sun bazu zuwa wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da Dala-Waja, Talasse, Dong, Reme, Gelengu da Bangu. Wannan ya nuna muhimmiyar alaƙar Dala-Waja da tarihin zamantakewar Waja a yankin Balanga. <ref>{{cite web |title=Waja people |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja_people |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin gudanar da zaɓe, Dala-Waja tana cikin yankin da INEC ta haɗa da '''Bangu/Dala-Waja/Wala-Lunguda'''. Kundin bayanan INEC ya nuna cewa wannan yanki yana cikin tsarin zaɓe na Balanga, kuma an haɗa shi da wasu sassan Balanga wajen tsara wakilcin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 General Elections Information Kit |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-GENERAL-ELECTIONS-INFO-KIT-.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> INEC ta kuma nuna cewa akwai wuraren zaɓe masu suna '''Deluwa, Dala Waja Primary School''' da '''Nadiya, Dala Waja Primary School''' a cikin Balanga. Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna cewa makarantar firamare ta Dala-Waja tana daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyukan zaɓe a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A tsarin mazabar jiha, INEC ta sanya '''Balanga North''' cikin yankunan da suka haɗa da Bangu, Dala-Waja, Wala-Lunguda, Gelengu-Balanga, Kulani-Degri, Sikkam, Swa-Wala-Waja-Refele-Gassi da Talasse-Dong-Reme. Wannan ya nuna cewa Dala-Waja tana cikin tsarin gudanar da wakilcin siyasa na Balanga North. <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 General Elections Information Kit |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan taswira sun nuna cewa Dala-Waja tana kusan a latitude '''9.9331° N''' da longitude '''11.72652° E''', kuma tana da tsayin kusan mita 366 sama da matakin teku. Taswirar kuma ta nuna cewa Dala-Waja tana kusa da Bangu da Dong, waɗanda su ma suke cikin Balanga. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dala Waja Map - Village - Balanga, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/17036878 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Dala-Waja tana cikin wani yanki na Gombe da ke da al'ummomin Waja da sauran ƙabilu. Tarihin Waja ya danganta Dala-Waja da sauran wuraren zama na Waja a Balanga, yayin da tsarin gudanarwar jihar da na zaɓe ke haɗa yankin da sauran al'ummomin Balanga. <ref>{{cite web |title=Waja people |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja_people |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Balanga Local Government Area]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Waja people]] * [[Waja language]] * [[Talasse]] * [[Bangu, Gombe State]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jk99a5fv3l4y53mr11g38lalww0kz92 0 177883 965726 961903 2026-10-10T09:43:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Degre | settlement_type = Village | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Balanga | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Kulani/Degre/Sikkam | postal_code = 761119 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Degre''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Balanga Local Government Area]] ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Degre yana cikin yankin da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ta tsara a matsayin '''Kulani/Degre/Sikkam Registration Area''', wadda ke da lambar '''06''' a Balanga LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Matsayin gudanarwa == Degre tana ƙarƙashin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Balanga Local Government Area]] ta Jihar Gombe. A tsarin gudanar da zaɓe, Degre tana cikin Registration Area mai suna '''Kulani / Degre / Sikkam''', wadda INEC ta ba lambar '''06'''. IOM ma ta jera Kulani/Degre/Sikkam a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wards na Balanga LGA a bayanan tantance wards ɗinta na Gombe State. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Degre tana cikin Balanga LGA, a yankin kudancin [[Jihar Gombe]]. Bayanai kan ƙauyuka da wuraren zama na Gombe sun jera Degri/Degre a matsayin wani yanki na Balanga, tare da wasu ƙananan wuraren zama da ke kewaye da ita. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ƙauyuka da wuraren zama == Bayanan wuraren zama da aka tattara a ƙarƙashin Degri/Degre sun haɗa da '''Baginere, Birwe, Ching, Degri, Fulani, Gelengu, Kali, Kuki, Kwana, Lagulane, Luni, Putoki''' da '''Tudun Wada'''. Waɗannan sunayen suna cikin jerin wuraren zama da aka danganta da Degri a Balanga LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Sai dai a kundin INEC, wuraren zaɓe na wannan Registration Area ba su tsaya kan sunan Degre kaɗai ba; an haɗa su da Kulani da Sikkam saboda Registration Area ɗin tana wakiltar waɗannan yankuna tare. Wannan ya sa sunan hukuma na ward ɗin ya kasance '''Kulani/Degre/Sikkam'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kulani/Degre/Sikkam tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin zaɓe na Balanga LGA. Kundin INEC na Janairu 2015 ya nuna cewa Registration Area ɗin tana da **polling units 24**, waɗanda aka rarraba a wurare daban-daban na Kulani, Degre da Sikkam. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da INEC ta jera a wannan Registration Area akwai '''Jono Buta I, Kulani Primary School; Jono Buta II, Kulani Primary School; Chessi Chamciyo I da II; Kwande Tikire; Gurma I da II; Gubili; Kalami Village Open Space; Tihu; Kwande; Laman Buta; Ching Chillage; Ching Primary School; Fulani Kadi; Luki; Suri; Sikkam Jone; Sikkam Mayo; Kware Dadiyo; Taku Garu; Taku Garu Bwalu''' da '''Taku Garuk/Sarki'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yawan jama'a da gidaje == Ba a samu sahihiyar ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma da ta ware Degre ita kaɗai ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka adadin yawan jama'a a cikin wannan labarin domin kauce wa amfani da ƙididdigar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. Bayanai na IOM game da Kulani/Degre/Sikkam suna bayar da bayanan assessment na ward gaba ɗaya, ba ƙidayar jama'ar Degre kaɗai ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Lambobin gidan waya == An jera Degri a cikin bayanan wuraren zama na Gombe da lambar gidan waya '''761119'''. Wannan lambar tana da alaƙa da Degri/Degre a Balanga LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Balanga (Gombe)]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kulani]] * [[Sikkam]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Balanga Local Government Area]] [[Category:Villages in Gombe State]] [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] c6ek6w6fmbbu1u3pc3nitnug6eek6lr 0 177902 965750 962041 2026-10-10T10:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Divya Gokulnath''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1987) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ilimi 'yar ƙasar Indiya wacce ita ce ta kafa kamfanin Byju's, wani kamfanin fasahar ilimi da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 a Bangalore, Indiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Divya kuma ta girma a [[Bengaluru]]. <ref name="Ghosh 2020">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Debojyoti |date=21 November 2020 |title=Byju's better half |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/byjus-better-half/104850 |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=Fortune India}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Runduna a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Indiya, yayin da mahaifiyarta kuma jami'in shirye-shirye ce a Doordarshan. Divya ita ce kaɗai 'ya ga iyayenta. A lokacin yarinta, mahaifin Divya ya koyar da ita kimiyya. Divya, wacce ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Jama'a ta Frank Anthony, ta ci gaba da samun digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a [[Biotechnology|fannin Biotechnology]] daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta RV. Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2007, ta haɗu da [[Byju Raveendran]], malaminta na shirye-shiryen GRE. Byju ta ƙarfafa ta ta zama malamar makaranta saboda tambayoyinta a lokacin hutu tsakanin azuzuwan. <ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> Aikinta na malamar makaranta ya fara ne a shekarar 2008 tana da shekaru 21. A shekarar 2020, ta shaida wa ''Fortune India'' cewa, "Aji ne mai salon zama mai ɗalibai 100. Sun yi ƙanƙanta da ni shekaru biyu kawai, don haka don in yi kama da manya, na saka saree a aji." <ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> A lokacin aikinta na koyarwa, ta koyar da lissafi, Turanci, da kuma tunani mai ma'ana.<ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> == Sana'a == A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Divya ta ɗauki nauyin ƙwarewar mai amfani, abubuwan da ke ciki, da kuma tallan alamar kasuwanci don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai ba su da katsewa. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙoƙarin, an samar da abubuwan da Byju ya wallafa na ilimi kyauta ga ɗalibai a lokacin annobar, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin sabbin masu amfani da shi miliyan 13.5, wanda ya kawo jimillar zuwa miliyan 50 nan da Afrilu 2020 da kuma jimillar ɗalibai miliyan 70 nan da Satumba 2020, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 4.5. A cewar ''Forbes'', ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Divya, mijinta [[Byju Raveendran]] da ɗan'uwansa Riju Raveendran, suna da jimillar dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 3.05. Divya kuma tana rubutu a yanar gizo, ciki har da makomar ilimi, iyaye, da kuma shigar mata a fannonin STEM kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar rage gibin albashin jinsi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title='First acknowledge pay gap, then devise a long-term strategy to fix it': BYJU'S co-founder Divya Gokulnath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/byjus-co-founder-divya-gokulnath-teaching-learning-womens-day-empowerment-pay-gap-strategy-organisation-employees-female-interview-7806344/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi magana da ''Mint Startup Diaries'' game da ƙalubalen da mata 'yan kasuwa ke fuskanta, kuma ta rubuta wani labarin ra'ayi tare da [[Byju Raveendran]] a cikin ''Vogue India'' game da fasahar ilimi a Indiya. A watan Maris na 2022, an naɗa Divya Gokulnath a matsayin Shugaban Rundunar Aiki ta EdTech ta Ƙungiyar Ɗakunan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Indiya.<ref name="fc">{{Cite web |title=FICCI announces the appointment of Divya Gokulnath, Co-founder, BYJUS as Chair of the FICCI EdTech Taskforce,Mar 23, 2022 |url=http://www.ficci.in/pressrelease-page.asp?nid=4411 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=ficci.in}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, Babbar Kotun Karnataka ta dakatar da wani yunƙuri da wasu masu hannun jari na Byju suka yi na cire mukaman shugabanci daga Byju Raveendran, Divya Gokulnath, da Riju Raveendran, kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 13 ga Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=George |date=2024-02-23 |title=Byju's shareholders vote to oust founder Raveendran, seek board revamp; company calls EGM invalid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/byjus-shareholders-vote-to-remove-ceo-byju-raveendran-family-9177457/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BYJU's investors seek ouster of founders Byju Raveendran, Divya Gokulnath |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-byju-s-investors-seek-ouster-of-founders-byju-raveendran-divya-gokulnath-egm-notice-3076527 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | |- | 2019 | rowspan="2" | Manyan Muryoyin LinkedIn : Indiya | |- | 2020 | |- | 2020 | ''Kasuwanci A Yau'' Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya | |- | 2020 | ''Jerin'' Ƙarfin Mata | |- | 2020 | Mata 'Yan Kasuwa Masu Ƙarfi na ''Forbes'' Asia | |- | 2020 | ''Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Indiya'' | |- | 2021 | Manyan Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwanci a Fortune | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=-Debojyoti |title=Divya Gokulnath - Most Powerful Women in 2021 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/divya-gokulnath?year=2021 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | Jerin Mata Masu Arziki na Kotak Private Banking na Hurun a 2021 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Vamanna |title=Meet Divya Gokulnath, Ruchi Kalra and Neha Bansal — the richest women startup entrepreneurs in India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/meet-divya-gokulnath-ruchi-kalra-and-neha-bansal-the-richest-women-startup-entrepreneurs-in-india/slidelist/93213069.cms |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Business Insider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008093145/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/meet-divya-gokulnath-ruchi-kalra-and-neha-bansal-the-richest-women-startup-entrepreneurs-in-india/slidelist/93213069.cms |archive-date=2022-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Fortune India ' yan ƙasa da shekara 40 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=-Asmita |title=Divya Gokulnath - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2022 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/divya-gokulnath?year=2022 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Kamfanin Indian Express 'ExpressAWE' | <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=ExpressAWE 2022 Highlights: Anu Aga gets Lifetime Achievement award, Nykaa's Falguni Nayar named newsmaker of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/expressawe-2022-live-updates-indias-top-women-entrepreneurs-felicitated-sheryl-sandberg-to-speak/2406785/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Divya ta auri [[Byju Raveendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Byju Raveendran's wife pens emotional post on his struggles, says 'it was tough' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/byju-raveendran-s-wife-pens-emotional-post-on-his-struggles-says-it-was-tough-101664336163340.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 2020, Divya ta zauna tare da wasu 'yan uwa goma sha ɗaya, ciki har da ɗansu ƙarami sannan aka haifi ɗansu na biyu kusa da farkon 2021. Kafin annobar COVID-19, ta yi aiki na dogon lokaci a ofishin, amma a lokacin kulle-kulle, ta fara aiki daga gida.<ref name="Phadnis 2020" /> A shekarar 2021, ta shaida wa ''jaridar Indian Express'' cewa a lokacin da take yin hakan, ta kan haɗa da "hada darussan kan layi na ɗanta, tarurruka, yin rikodin darussan bidiyo da kuma yin lokaci tare da jariri." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] haqsmo198qa8scstm7k6pwrpthmkjwm 0 178020 965394 962325 2026-10-09T19:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Buwangal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Buwangal yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Buwangal ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Buwangal a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Buwangal, Balanga, Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Siyasa da zaɓe == Buwangal yana cikin yankin rajistar zaɓe na Kindiyo. Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta jera wurin zaɓe mai suna ''Buwangal/Gulanti, Kofar Mai Ung.'' a wannan yankin.{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j2zvrstuvbnqte94ylv86k4v99iiqgp 0 178184 965393 962986 2026-10-09T19:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Butta|settlement_type=Ƙauye|subdivision_type=Ƙasa|subdivision_name=[[Najeriya]]|subdivision_type1=Jiha|subdivision_name1=[[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]|subdivision_type2=Ƙaramar Hukuma|subdivision_name2=[[Balanga (Najeriya)|Balanga]]|subdivision_type3=Yanki|subdivision_name3=Kulani|postal_code_type=Lambar gidan waya (Postal code)|postal_code=761116|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1}} '''Butta''' ƙauye ne da ke yankin Kulani, a [[Balanga (Najeriya)|Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] ta [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Bayanai kan lambobin gidan waya sun bayyana Butta a matsayin ƙauyen karkara da ke cikin yankin Kulani, kuma yana da lambar gidan waya '''761116'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Browse Postcode - 761116 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761116/ |access-date=4 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Butta yana cikin yankin Kulani na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. A jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe, an jera Butta tare da Bila, Chamchiyo, Chessi, Chiffe, Gurma, Kauye, Konogwarau, Kore, Kulani Diyo, Kwangu, Laman, Pida Jawan, Sai, Swali, Swelbwalai, Tikire, Unguwan Ardo, Unguwan Batari da Unguwan Gurkuma a ƙarƙashin Kulani.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=4 October 2026}}</ref> == Zaɓe == Butta yana cikin yankin gudanarwar zaɓe na '''Kulani/Degri/Sikkam''' na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Kundin rumfunan zaɓe na INEC ya nuna cewa wannan yankin yana da rumfunan zaɓe 24, waɗanda suka haɗa da rumfunan da ke Kulani, Chessi, Gurma, Kore, Laman, Ching, Putoki da sauran wurare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=4 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (Postal code) == Butta yana da lambar gidan waya '''761116'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kulani Postal Codes: 761116 |url=https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/balanga/kulani/ |access-date=4 October 2026|Balanga, Gombe}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kulani Postal Codes: 761116 |url=https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/balanga/kulani/ |access-date=4 October 2026|Balanga, Gombe}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l62su8gxy1am22owydak3m2ml3rx64t 0 178334 965237 963685 2026-10-09T12:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bankin ƙauye''' wata hanya ce ta adana kuɗi da kuma bayar da kuɗi ta hanyar da ake gudanar da ayyukan kuɗi a cikin gida a cikin bankin al'umma maimakon a cikin bankin kasuwanci mai tsakiya. Bankin ƙauye ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin al'adu kuma kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi don amfani da ƙananan cibiyoyin kuɗi (MFIs) a matsayin hanyar sarrafa farashi. Grameen Bank ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin banki na farko na ƙauye sannan daga baya ƙungiyoyi kamar wanda ya kafa FINCA International John Hatch suka ƙirƙiro su. Daga cikin hukumomin da ba na riba ba da ke Amurka akwai aƙalla cibiyoyin kuɗi na ƙananan kamfanoni 31 (MFIs) waɗanda suka haɗa kai suka ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye sama da 800 a aƙalla ƙasashe 90. Kuma a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa akwai MFIs na ƙasashen da ke karɓar baƙi - wani lokacin da dama - waɗanda suma masu aikin banki ne na ƙauye.<ref name="cat">{{Cite web |title="A Brief Primer on FINCA", a lecture by John Hatch at the University of Berkeley's Haas School of Business, July 21, 2004 |url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610061801/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/HaasGlobal/docs/hatch_fincaprimer.doc |archive-date=2007-06-10 |access-date=2007-04-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}</ref>Za'a iya ganin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a duniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya (misali Laos), inda digitization ke tafiya da sauri don isa yankunan karkara tare da mafita a kan layi da na waje. <ref name="la.usembassy.gov">{{Cite web |title=Villages start digital, modern Village Banks |url=https://la.usembassy.gov/villages-in-kasi-and-vang-vieng-districts-start-digital-modern-village-banks/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=US Embassy in Laos |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Bankin ƙauye ƙungiya ce ta tallafin kai (wani lokacin ba bisa ka'ida ba) ta mambobi 20 zuwa 30, galibi mata shugabannin gidaje ko kuma a matsayin asusun haɗin gwiwa na kowane gida. A cewar wasu kafofin, a cikin bankin ƙauye na yau da kullun, kusan kashi 50% na sabbin mambobi za a iya rarraba su a matsayin matalauta sosai - wakiltar iyalai da ke da kuɗin yau da kullun (DPCE) na ƙasa da US $ 1, yayin da sauran suna da matsakaici (DPCE = $ 1-2 / rana) ko marasa talauci (DPCE > $ 2). Abokan ciniki na bankin ƙauyen suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya a mako ko wata don amfani da kansu daga rance na aiki, wuri mai aminci don saka kuɗi, musayar ƙwarewa, horar da ƙwarewa، mai ba da shawara, da kuma motsa juna. Kudin bashi yawanci yana farawa a $ 50- $ 100 kuma ana danganta su da tanadi don haka yawan abokin ciniki ya adana yawan abin da zai iya aro. Lokacin rance na yau da kullun shine watanni huɗu kuma ana biyan shi a cikin kashi 16 na mako-mako.<ref name="cat" /> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2006, kashi 95% na abokan ciniki da aka rufe ta hanyar samfurin samfurin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 71 da cibiyoyin da ke ba da rancen banki na ƙauye mata ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Bank Handbook |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2014-en-operating-village-banks-handbook-annexes.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}</ref> Domin rage buƙatar jinginar gida (wani cikas ga karɓar lamunin banki), wasu bankunan ƙauye suna dogara ne akan wani nau'in hanyar bayar da lamuni na haɗin kai. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin garantin haɗin gwiwa, inda kowane memba na bankin ƙauye ke tabbatar da lamunin kowane memba. Wannan tsarin yana haifar da yanayi na matsin lamba na zamantakewa a cikin bankin ƙauye, inda farashin kunya na zamantakewa ke motsa membobin banki su biya bashin su gaba ɗaya. Haɗin garantin haɗin gwiwa da matsin lamba na zamantakewa yana sa har ma da talakawa su sami lamuni. Wannan hanyar ta tabbatar da tasiri sosai ga FINCA, tana samar da ƙimar biyan kuɗi sama da kashi 97% a cikin hanyar sadarwarta ta duniya. Bankunan ƙauye ƙungiyoyi ne masu dimokuraɗiyya sosai, masu gudanar da kansu, ƙungiyoyi na asali. Suna zaɓar shugabanninsu, suna zaɓar membobinsu, suna ƙirƙirar dokokin kansu, suna yin lissafin kansu, suna sarrafa duk kuɗi, suna rarrabawa da ajiye duk kuɗi, suna warware matsalolin lamuni, kuma suna ɗaukar tarar kansu ga membobin da suka zo a makare, ba su halarci taro ba, ko kuma suka faɗi a baya a cikin biyan kuɗinsu.<ref name="cat" /> Akwai wasu bege a farkon shekarun ci gaban bankin ƙauye cewa waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka za su iya zama masu zaman kansu da kuma tallafawa kansu, amma wannan bege daga baya an watsar da shi. Yawancin bankunan ƙauyuka da ke aiki a yau suna kula da kai tsaye ta ma'aikatan wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ko cibiyar microfinance, daga inda suke karɓar yawancin kuɗin rance. == Tushen kudade == Kudin banki na ƙauye yawanci suna amfani da ƙimar riba ta kasuwa. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 game da cibiyoyin microfinance 71 da ke cikin banki na ƙauye sun sami matsakaicin amfanin fayil na 27.7%, bayan daidaitawa don hauhawar farashi na gida. Bankin ƙauyen da kansa yawanci zai nuna wannan adadin lokacin da yake ba da rance ga kowane memba. Wadannan kudaden galibi suna da ƙarancin waɗanda masu ba da rance na gida ke caji a ƙasashe da yawa, kodayake har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar su da yawa ta wasu ƙa'idodi. Akwai manyan samfuran daban-daban guda uku don samar da kudade: 1. FINCA ce ke ba da babban kuɗin rance tare da biyan kuɗi na mako-mako wanda duk membobin suka tabbatar - watau, sauran membobin ƙungiyar dole ne su rufe raguwar memba ɗaya. Wannan nau'in alhakin hadin gwiwa na karamin bashi yana da rikici, tare da [[Muhammad Yunus]] (alal misali) ya ƙi tsarin alhakin haɗin gwiwa a cikin kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa ta Bankin Grameen. 2. An tashe babban birnin kai tsaye daga al'ummar yankin. Musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu al'adun "ceton" (misali Laos) ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin babban abin koyi mai nasara. 3. Injin babban birnin daga mai ba da gudummawa, NGO ko aikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu hanya ce ta uku don tabbatar da kudade na farko na bankin ƙauye. == Hanyar Duniya ga Bankin Ƙauye == Sau da yawa ana kafa Bankin ƙauye a yankunan karkara tare da iyakantaccen damar samun kuɗi. Yawancin shirye-shiryen an kafa su ne a Kudancin Amurka, Sub-Saharan da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Wata takarda ta [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] daga 1991 ta kwatanta bankin ƙauyen da aka kusanci a ƙasashe biyar: Thailand, Costa Rica, Arewacin Mexico, El Salvador da Guatemala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Banking - A Cross-country study of a COmmunity-based lending methodology |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026144117/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL634.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID from 1991 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani takarda na USAID daga 1996 ya tattauna canje-canje a cikin hanyoyin zuwa ƙarin tsari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MBP Village Banking Research Agenda |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225005112/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacg196.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=USAID |language=en-US}}</ref>"Alliance Foundation" ya ambaci a shafin yanar gizon su, cewa shirin su ya buɗe bankunan ƙauyuka 25 a nahiyoyi 3 (Guatemala, Mexico, Indiya da Philippines). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alliance Foundation supports the Village Bank Program |url=https://apwfoundation.org/village-bank-program/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Alliance Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == FINCA / Kudancin Amurka == Ya zuwa 2020, FINCA International ta ba da rahoton cewa kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa da su 20 a duk duniya sun yi aiki da mutane sama da 10,000, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why FINCA |url=https://finca.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817185243/http://www.finca.org/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2016-08-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da farko ma'aikatan gida ciki har da jami'an bashi da masu sa ido. Kowane jami'in bashi yana halartar taron mako-mako na kowane banki na ƙauyen 10-15 don horar da kwamitin shugabancinsa da kuma saka idanu kan ayyukan bankin. Baya ga motsawa da ilimin manya, jami'in bashi yana kula da halartar abokin ciniki, yana sa ido kan daidaito na lissafin kuɗi, yana bincika daidaito na rancen mako na yanzu da tarin ajiya, da kuma bincika lokacin da karɓar ajiya na taron da ya gabata. Hakanan, kowane bankin ƙauye ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun jami'an - shugaban (wanda ke jagorantar tsarin yanke shawara na dimokuradiyya na bankin), sakatare (wanda ke halarta kuma yana riƙe da minti) da kuma mai ba da kuɗi (wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da duk ma'amaloli na kuɗi daidai). A ƙarshe, kowane banki na ƙauye yana da nasa fasfo, kuma ma'aunin da ta yi na biyan bashin bashi da ajiyar kuɗi dole ne koyaushe su kasance daidai da waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin rikodin mai ba da kuɗi ga kowane abokin ciniki.<ref name="cat" /> == Bankin ƙauye a kudu maso gabashin Asiya == ILO da GIZ sun gudanar da shirye-shiryen banki na ƙauye masu nasara (musamman a Lao PDR) na kimanin shekaru 20 kuma sun ci gaba da haɓaka tsarin bankin ƙauyen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microfinance in Rural Areas- Access to Finance for the Poor (AFP) |url=https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2021-en-microfinance-in-rural-areas.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=GIZ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Banking in Lao PDR |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_159170.pdf |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ILO |language=en-US}}</ref> An kirkiro dandamali na dijital don haɗa kai da tsara bankunan ƙauyen a Lao PDR. A zamanin yau yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don hana talauci da kuma sauƙaƙe gidaje daga talauci. [3] <ref name="la.usembassy.gov" />A Bali, Indonesia, akwai abin da ake kira LPDs - cibiyoyin bashi na ƙauye da aka kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of village credit institutions (LPD) to realize the economic empowerment |url=https://www.revistaespacios.com/a20v41n05/a20v41n05p07.pdf |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan LPDs an ambaci su kuma a cikin wata kasida a kan ƙofar bincike daga Mayu 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coso based control, Sustainability of People's Credit Institutions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380770649_Coso-Based_Control_With_The_Belief_in_Karmaphala_In_The_Business_Sustainability_of_People's_Credit_Institutions_LPD |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Research publihsed 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimman Abubuwan Nasara na Bankin Kauye == Bankin ƙauye, wanda kuma ake kira banki na al'umma, ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai ko ƙananan banki don gina ma'aikata a kan matakan ƙauyuka. Ilimin kudi da horar da gudanar da kudi shine mahimmin abu don gina bankin ƙauye mai ɗorewa. Bugu da ƙari, bankin ƙauyen yana buƙatar a kafa shi a cikin al'umma don samun tallafi na ci gaba. Dandalin dijital da tsarin dama na littattafan banki na ƙauye, bayanan abokin ciniki da hanyoyin zasu tabbatar da daidaitattun tsari, wanda mutane a yankunan karkara zasu iya bi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Access to Finance Project in Laos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_94q4TptmCA |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Youtube |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani kalubale shi ne a tsawon lokaci cewa bankunan ƙauyen za su sami adadi da yawa a tsawon lokaci fiye da rance. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage talauci kuma a lokaci guda yana da haɗari ga riba-karen kuɗin shiga na bankin ƙauyen. Yana da mahimmanci a kafa kasuwar kuɗi banki tsakanin ƙauyuka, don haka musayar ruwa zai yiwu. == Dubi kuma == * CVECA * farashi mai laushi (finance) * John Hatch * karamin bashi * karamin kudi * ROSCA * Kamfen ɗin Taron Kudin Ƙananan Kudin * Kungiyar taimakon kai * rance na hadin kai == Manazarta == l26okj7t4sada3f03si9gis1a1uncwl 0 178349 965535 963818 2026-10-09T23:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chidi_Kwubiri.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Chidi Kwubiri]] '''Chidi Kwubiri''' (* 1966 - 26 Disamba 2025 a [[Umuahia]], [[Najeriya]]) ta kasance mai zane-zane [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na kasar Najeriya]]-da Jamusanci. Chidi Kwubiri ta fara zama dalibi a shekarar 1993 kuma jim kadan bayan haka dalibi na yau da kullun (zane) a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a karkashin Michael Buthe . Bayan rasuwar Buthe a shekara ta 1994, ya canza zuwa babban aji na A. R. Penck kuma ya bar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin babban ɗalibin A. R, Penck. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Kwubiri ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a Pulheim kusa da [[Köln|Cologne]], inda yake da ɗakinsa a [https://www.walzwerk.de/ WALZWERK], wani masana'antu na tarihi. Chidi Kwubiri tana da nune-nunen solo da rukuni da yawa a Turai, Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Amurka. A cikin 2016 ya tsara murfin MISEREOR, wanda ke da al'adar sama da shekaru 40, don Kamfen na MISEREON Lenten na duniya na 2017/2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2016 |title=MISEREOR-Hungertuch Künstler Chidi Kwubiri: Kunst ist mir angeboren |url=https://blog.misereor.de/2016/09/13/misereor-hungertuch-kuenstler-chidi-kwubiri-kunst-ist-mir-angeboren/ |access-date=25 March 2017 |publisher=Misereor |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=MISEREOR Lenten Campaign. MISEREOR Lenten Veil 'I am, because you are' 2017/2018 (by Chidi Kwubiri) |publisher=Misereor}}</ref> == Nuni == 2020: * "blue yana da zafi kuma ja yana da sanyi", Klasse AR Penck, Galerie Frank Schlag, Essen, Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |title=RÖMER + RÖMER |url=https://roemerandroemer.com/}}</ref> 2019: * 12th Florence Biennale, Italiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Participating Artists 2019 |url=https://www.florencebiennale.org/en/artists-2019/}}</ref> * "tafiye zuwa cikin zamani na AFRICAN ART", Belvedere Art Space, Beirut, Lebanon <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belvedere |url=http://www.belvedereartspace.com/Home/ExhibitionDetails/16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724014433/http://belvedereartspace.com/Home/ExhibitionDetails/16 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=www.belvedereartspace.com}}</ref> * "Scattering The Lines - Connecting The Dots", Cartoon Art Gallery, Dubai, U.A.E.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Report |title=No plans for today? Choose from these 10 events in UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/20190119/no-plans-for-today-choose-from-these-10-events-in-uae- |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=2026-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203070426/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/in-the-city/20190119/no-plans-for-today-choose-from-these-10-events-in-uae- |archive-date=2024-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2018: * Ambassador mai kyau MISEREOR 2017/2018 "Ni ne, saboda kai ne"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neues MISEREOR-Hungertuch: "Ich bin, weil du bist" &#124; MISEREOR |url=https://www.misereor.de/presse/pressemeldungen-misereor/neues-misereor-hungertuch-ich-bin-weil-du-bist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923072414/https://www.misereor.de/presse/pressemeldungen-misereor/neues-misereor-hungertuch-ich-bin-weil-du-bist |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> * "Maganar motsin rai", Gallery 1957, Accra/Ghana (s) * An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin "Aikin Tarihi na Trier/Jamus" 2017: * Gidan zane-zane, Legas / Najeriya (kuma 2008 - 2016) 2015: * 56th Venice Biennale - jingina "italia docet" / Italiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Italia Docet Laboratorium - Collateral Event of the 56 International Art Exhibition - la Biennale di Venezia - Exhibition at Venice Biennale in Venice |url=https://www.artrabbit.com/events/italia-docet-laboratorium-collateral-event-of-the-56-international-art-exhibition-la-biennale-di-venezia |website=ArtRabbit}}</ref> 2014: * Casablanca Biennale / Morocco <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://en.biennalecasablanca.org/archive-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806064521/https://en.biennalecasablanca.org/archive-2014 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> 2013: * zama Ifitry / Morocco * "mahaifiyar harshe", masallacin haikalin, Legas/Nijeriya (s) 2012: * tashar jirgin sama, Miami/Amurka 2010: * "Jigon Afirka": Phillips na Pury, Birnin New York, Amurka 2009/10: * "whip not child": art project against violence on kids (initiator) in co-operation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and Goethe Institute, Nigeria/Germany 2009: * Gidan baje kolin OPERA, Paris, Faransa 2008: * "Tunanin", Gidan sa hannu, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya * Millenia Fine Art, Orlando, Florida, Amurka 2007: * Cibiyar Goethe, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus * Sabon Rathaus. [[Hanover|Hannover]], Jamus * "Zwei Schritte Voraus" (matakai biyu a gaba), [[Berlin]] * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Jamus 2006: * Cibiyar Kasuwancin Duniya, [[Las Vegas]], Amurka * Kungiyar Fasaha ta gani (AVA), Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu * Gidan baje kolin ACHT P! PRAVATO, Bonn, Jamus (kuma a cikin 1998) * Gallery OTT, Düsseldorf, Jamus (s), (kuma a cikin 2003, 2002 da 1997) 2005: * "komawa ga tushen", Cibiyar Goethe. Legas, Najeriya * Gidan baje kolin fasaha na kasa da kasa "Palm Beach Contemporary", Palm Beach, Florida, Amurka * Kunsttage Rhein-Erft, Brauweiler Abbey, Jamus (kuma a cikin 2002 da 2001) 2004: * "The Internationals", Millenia Gallery, Orlando, Florida, Amurka * Kunstverein Erftstadt, Altes Stadthaus, Erftstadt-Lechenich, Jamus * Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Tivat, Montenegro * Biennial na biyu na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa na Graphic a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], Rasha * Holland Art Fair, The [[Hague]], Netherlands 2003: * Gidan baje kolin fasaha na kasa da kasa "LINEART" (Gallery DE OPSTEKER), Ghent, Belgium * "Da nisa daga daji", Gallery De Opsteker, [[Amsterdam]] da Durgerdam, Netherlands 2001: * ''Masu zane-zane daga Jamus'', Church Street Gallery, Orlando, Florida, Amurka * Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Jamus 2000: * Aikin zane-zane na waje, Skulpturenmeile, [[Steinhagen, North Rhein-Westphalia|Steinhagen]], Jamus * [[World Heritage Centre|Hedikwatar UNESCO]], Paris, Faransa 1999: * Bankin Koelner (masu zane-zane biyu), Cologne, Jamus * Jakobskirche (Cocin St Jacob), Babban Birnin Fasaha na Turai 1999, Weimar, Jamus * Gidauniyar Dokta Georg Haar, Babban Birnin Fasaha na Turai 1999, Weimar, Jamus 1998: * aikin "ConverArt", BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion) * Westfälisches Landesmuseum, Münster, Jamus * "art mai yawa", Düsseldorf, Jamus * Gidan Xenios, Frankfurt/Main, Jamus 1993: * Hedwig da Robert Samuel Foundation, Düsseldorf, Jamus; Kyaututtuka na tallafi na fasaha (zaɓin) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4ufct3g25xia44kxwdz24jvarx6xwui 0 178359 965522 963878 2026-10-09T22:53:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Michaela "Chaeli" Mycroft''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1994) 'Yar fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi ce ta Afirka ta Kudu mai fama da cutar kwakwalwa wadda ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta duniya ta yara a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In my life, disability has never been seen as a problem or a burden. It is part of my life and an opportunity to do things differently. |url=https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=KidsRights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624212100/https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity |archive-date=2019-06-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mairead Maguire, wacce ta lashe kyautar Nobel Peace, ce ta ba ta kyautar.   A shekara ta 2004 Mycroft (mai shekaru 9), 'yar uwarta Erin (11), Tarryn Terry (12), Justine Terry (9), da Chelsea Terry (6) sun kafa The Chaeli Campaign a Cape Town don tara kuɗi don keken guragu na Mycroft. [1] Yanzu haka ƙungiyar tana gudanar da shirye-shirye bakwai waɗanda ke shafar rayuwar sama da masu cin gajiyar shirin 7,000 kowace shekara. [ana buƙatar hujja] A shekarar 2012, a taron koli na duniya na masu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel da aka gudanar a Chicago, an ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel Peace Laureate FW de Klerk, a madadin dukkan masu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel . A shekarar 2013, an ba Mycroft kyautar Duniyar Yara (Rukunin Matasa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaeli Mycroft • World of Children Hero Award |url=https://worldofchildren.org/honoree/michaela-chaeli-mycroft/ |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=World of Children |language=en-US}}</ref> wadda ke karrama matashi ɗan ƙasa da shekara 21 wanda ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a rayuwar sauran yara. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2015, tana da shekaru 21, Mycroft ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau kan [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a Tanzania, dutsen da ya fi kowanne tsayi a Afirka. Ta yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta a kan dutse.   <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastaugh |first=Sophie |date=August 26, 2015 |title=The inspirational 20-year-old conquering Africa's highest peak in a wheelchair |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/africa/chaeli-mycroft-kilimanjaro-climb/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=CNN}}</ref> Mycroft ya kafa tarihi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, tare da Anita Engelbrecht, ta hanyar zama 'yan wasa na farko da ke cikin keken guragu da suka kammala tseren Marathon na Comrades, tseren ultramarathon mai nisan kilomita 89 tsakanin Pietermaritzburg da Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-30 |title=First wheelchair athletes complete Comrades |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/Athletics/South-Africa/first-wheelchair-athletes-complete-comrades-20160530 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=Sport 24 |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na farko a cikin tarihin shekaru 95 na taron da wani ɗan wasa na keken guragu ya yi nasarar yin kira ga masu shirya taron da su sauya dokoki. A baya an hana 'yan wasan keken guragu shiga gasar. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|channel=UC7LpGqhuzS_k57SuQXAgVCg}} * {{IMDb name|nm12006961}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] gdmcqjqns1vsk3z7we006cymr3pxn0b 0 178397 965624 963995 2026-10-10T05:47:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965624 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Cristian Alonso Riquelme Piña''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Chile wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Liga de Primera Deportes Concepción a aro daga Colo-Colo . == Ayyukan kulob din == Yayinda yake yaro, Riquelme ya wakilci tawagar garinsu, Casablanca, kuma ya fuskanci Everton na Viña del Mar. Bayan wannan wasan, ya shiga tsarin matasa na Everton yana da shekaru 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Quién es Riquelme, la joya chilena que quiere River |url=https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-cristian-riquelme-joya-chilena-id396337.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na sana'a a wasan farko na Chile na 2021 da Union La Calera a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2021, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a watan Fabrairun 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=La joya de Everton y de la Roja Sub 20 que quiere River Plate |url=https://chile.as.com/chile/2021/12/07/futbol/1638875115_828614.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[Diario AS|AS Chile]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=JUVENILES ORO Y CIELO FIRMAN SU PRIMER CONTRATO PROFESIONAL |url=https://everton.cl/juveniles-oro-y-cielo-firman-su-primer-contrato-profesional/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[Everton de Viña del Mar]] |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A rabi na biyu na 2024, Riquelme ya sauya zuwa Colo-Colo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Christian |date=1 August 2024 |title=Zamorano style: la singular numeración que usará Mauricio Isla en Colo Colo |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/zamorano-style-la-singular-numeracion-que-usara-mauricio-isla-en-colo-colo/YFK2Y3E3JVFE3IBOZZU5DKT7NI/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[La Tercera]] |language=es |quote=En el acto también fue presentado Cristián Riquelme, el lateral izquierdo que los albos reclutaron desde Everton.}}</ref> An ba da rancensa ga Deportes Concepción don rabi na biyu na shekara ta 2026. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Riquelme ta wakilci Chile a matakin kasa da shekaru 17 a duka gasar zakarun Kudancin Amurka ta 2019, inda ta buga dukkan wasannin, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2019, inda za ta buga wasanni hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarro |first=Nicolás |date=11 December 2021 |title=Cristian Riquelme, la joven promesa de Everton de Viña del Mar que ven desde River Plate: "Son solo rumores, pero claro que me gustaría ir" |url=https://bolavip.com/cl/nacional/Cristian-Riquelme-la-joven-promesa-de-Everton-de-Vina-del-Mar-que-ven-desde-River-Plate-Son-solo-rumores-pero-claro-que-me-gustaria-ir-20211211-0003.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Bolavip Chile |language=es}}</ref> Tun daga 2021, ana kiransa akai-akai don horar da microcycles na Chile U20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=Nómina para Microciclo de la Selección Chilena Masculina Sub 20 |url=http://www.laroja.cl/new/nomina-para-microciclo-de-la-seleccion-chilena-masculina-sub-20 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> A matakin kasa da shekaru 20, ya fara bugawa a wasan sada zumunci da Peru U20 a ranar 14 ga Yulin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=La Roja Sub 20 cayó ante Perú en La Videna |url=https://laroja.cl/new/la-roja-sub-20-cayo-ante-peru-en-la-videna |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya bayyana cewa gunkinsa na kwallon kafa shine Andrew Robertson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Neyra |first=Pablo |date=23 October 2019 |title=Cristian Riquelme: conoce al mundialista de La Roja Sub 17 |url=https://laroja.cl/cristian-riquelme-conoce-al-mundialista-de-la-roja-sub-17 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|14 July 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|cristian-alonso-riquelme-pina/602792}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Everton |2021 | rowspan="4" |Sashen Farko na Chile |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2022 |7 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |12 |0 |- |2023 |25 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024 |12 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !47 !1 !10 !0 !3 !0 !60 !1 |- |Colo-Colo |2024 |Sashen Farko na Chile |3 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !50 !1 !12 !0 !3 !0 !65 !1 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] s5zpevkolu70prfxsd95bzcj78p5d85 0 178401 965301 964023 2026-10-09T16:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Binciken ajiya wani nau'in bincike ne wanda ya haɗa da neman da kuma cire shaida daga bayanan ajiya. Ana iya gudanar da waɗannan bayanan ko dai a cikin cibiyoyin tattarawa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Council on Archives |title=Multilingual Archival Terminology |url=http://www.ciscra.org/mat/mat/term/64 |website=International Council on Archives}}</ref> kamar ɗakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi, ko kuma a cikin kulawar ƙungiyar (ko kungiya ta gwamnati, kasuwanci, iyali, ko wata hukuma) wacce ta samo asali ko ta tara su, ko kuma ta maye gurbin (canja, ko kuma ɗakunan ajiya na cikin gida). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Society of American Archivists |title=A glossary of archival and records terminology |url=https://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/i/institutional-archives}}</ref> Ana iya bambanta bincike na tarihi da (1) bincike na biyu (wanda ba a fahimta ba a cikin ɗakin karatu ko kan layi), wanda ya haɗa da ganowa da tuntuɓar tushen sakandare da suka shafi batun bincike; da kuma (2) tare da wasu nau'ikan bincike na farko da bincike na kwarewa kamar Aikin gona da gwaji. == Tarihin kungiyoyin adana bayanai == Tsohon tarihin sun kasance na daruruwan shekaru. Misali, a Turai, an kafa Babban Tarihin Crown na Aragon a cikin 1318, ko Tarihin Asirin Vatican wanda aka fara a karni na 17 kuma yana dauke da takardun jihar, littattafan asusun papal, da wasikun papal wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 8. An kafa Archives Nationales a Faransa a cikin 1790 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da mallakar da ta samo asali daga AD 625, kuma sauran tarihin Turai suna da irin wannan asalin. Tarihi a cikin duniyar zamani, yayin da kwanan nan, na iya riƙe kayan da ke dawowa ƙarni da yawa, alal misali, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Amurka da farko a cikin 1934. [1] NARA ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da tarin da suka samo asali daga kafa Amurka a karni na 18. Daga cikin tarin NARA akwai sanarwar 'yancin kai, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, da kwafin Magna Carta. British National Archives (TNA) ya gano tarihinsa zuwa kirkirar Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Jama'a a 1838, yayin da aka kafa wasu jihohi da hukumomin ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Jami'o'i wani wuri ne na adana kayan tarihi da tarin rubuce-rubuce. Yawancin jami'o'i suna da kayan tarihi waɗanda ke ba da labarin kasuwancin jami'ar. Wasu jami'o'i kuma suna da ɗakunan ajiya ko tarin rubuce-rubuce waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan wani bangare ko wani na al'adun jihar ko ƙasar da jami'ar take. Makarantu da cibiyoyin addini, da kuma karatun gida da tarin tarihi, gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyi na bincike na iya riƙe ɗakunan ajiya. Dalilin da ya sa aka nuna faɗin da zurfin tarihin shine don ba da ra'ayi game da matsalolin da masu binciken tarihin ke fuskanta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ɗakunan ajiya suna da adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce. Misali, Tarihin Asirin Vatican yana da sama da mil 52 na adana kayan tarihi. Yawancin ɗakunan ajiya yanzu suna karɓar canja wurin dijital, wanda kuma zai iya gabatar da ƙalubale don nuni da samun dama. == Hanyoyin bincike na tarihi == Binciken tarihi yana cikin zuciyar mafi yawan ilimi da sauran nau'ikan binciken tarihi na asali; amma ana gudanar da shi akai-akai (tare da hanyoyin bincike na layi daya) a wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], gami da karatun wallafe-wallafen, rhetoric, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], da Nazarin ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L'Eplattenier |first=Barbara E. |date=2009 |title=An Argument for Archival Research Methods: Thinking Beyond Methodology |journal=College English |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |jstor=25653008}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Catherine |date=January 2000 |title=The archaeology of business networks: the use of archival records in case study research |journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |doi=10.1080/0965254x.2000.10815560 |s2cid=52203137}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya zama mahimmanci a wasu nau'ikan bincike marasa ilimi, kamar gano iyalai na haihuwa ta hanyar tallafi, da bincike na aikata laifuka. Bayanan da cibiyoyin adana bayanai ke riƙewa suna da amfani a cikin binciken kimiyya da kuma kafa haƙƙin jama'a. Baya ga horo, irin hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin binciken ajiya na iya bambanta dangane da ƙungiyarsa da kayan aikinsa. Misali, a cikin ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda ke da adadi mai yawa na kayan da ba a sarrafa su ba, mai bincike na iya samun shawarwari kai tsaye tare da ma'aikatan ajiya waɗanda suke da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tarin da ƙungiyarsu don zama da amfani saboda suna iya zama tushen bayanai game da kayan da ba su da tsari ko kayan da suka danganci su a wasu ɗakunan ajiyar ajiya da wuraren ajiya. Lokacin da ba a tsara wani ajiya gaba ɗaya ba ko kuma ya dace da horo ɗaya, masu bincike, alal misali masu ilimin asali, na iya dogaro da hanyoyin sadarwar al'ada ko na al'ada don tallafawa bincike ta hanyar raba bayanai game da takamaiman ƙungiyar ɗakunan ajiya da tarin tare da juna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duff |first=Wendy |last2=Johnson |first2=Catherine |date=January 2003 |title=Where Is the List with All the Names? Information-Seeking Behavior of Genealogists |journal=The American Archivist |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.17723/aarc.66.1.l375uj047224737n |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yakel |first=Elizabeth |date=2004 |title=Seeking Information, Seeking Connections, Seeking Meaning: Genealogists and Family Historians |url=http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper205 |journal=Information Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128012047/http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper205 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Gudanar da bincike a wani ajiya == [[File:Hoover-Archive-Reading-Room.jpg|thumb|Gidan karatu na Cibiyar Hoover da Tarihin Tarihi. Gidan karatu sarari ne a cikin ajiya inda masu amfani zasu iya bincika kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikata.]] Binciken ajiya gabaɗaya ya fi rikitarwa kuma yana cin lokaci fiye da bincike na biyu, yana gabatar da ƙalubale wajen ganowa, ganowa da fassara takardun da suka dace. Kodayake ɗakunan ajiya suna da irin waɗannan fasalulluka da halaye suna iya bambanta a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Duk da yake ɗakunan ajiya na jama'a na iya samun umarni waɗanda ke buƙatar su kasance masu sauƙi kamar yadda zai yiwu, wasu nau'ikan, kamar kamfanoni, na addini, ko ɗakunan ajiyar masu zaman kansu, za su sami digiri daban-daban na samun dama da ganowa.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu kayan za a iya ƙuntata su ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar waɗanda ke ƙunshe da bayanai masu mahimmanci ko waɗanda aka rarraba, ayyukan da ba a buga ba, ko kuma yarjejeniyar da aka sanya tare da mai ba da kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright and Unpublished Material {{!}} Society of American Archivists |url=https://www2.archivists.org/publications/brochures/copyright-and-unpublished-material |access-date=2018-11-27 |website=www2.archivists.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ajiya galibi na musamman ne, kuma mai bincike dole ne ya kasance a shirye don tafiya don isa gare su. Ko da lokacin da kayan suna samuwa a cikin tsarin dijital akwai ƙuntatawa a kansu wanda ke hana su samun dama daga shafin yanar gizon. === Neman tarin kayan tarihi === Kafin bincike na kan layi, kundin ƙungiyar sun kasance muhimmiyar kayan aiki don gano kayan aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da ɗakunan ajiya. A Amurka, masu bincike sun yi amfani da National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections don gano wuraren ajiya kodayake yawancin bayanansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsarin kan layi. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na cibiyoyin adana bayanai ta hanyar bincike na kan layi. Bugu da kari, tashoshin kamar Europeana, Digital Public Library of America da National Library of Australia's Trove suna ba da haɗin kai ga cibiyoyin membobin. A Burtaniya, JISC ta dauki bakuncin ArchivesHub, yayin da [https://www.oclc.org/research/themes/research-collections/archivegrid.html ArchiveGrid] na OCLC ke ba da tashar jiragen ruwa ta duniya ga yawancin cibiyoyin da ke da ɗakin karatu, waɗanda ke amfani da MARC a matsayin kayan aiki don mallakar su. Kungiyar Masu Kula da [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060511/http://www.archivescanada.ca/ Tarihin Kanada] (ACA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin software na Artefactual don ƙirƙirar ArchivesCanada, yayin da Australian Society of Archivists suka yi amfani da wannan software don Directory of Archives a Australia. An samar da wasu kayan aikin bincike na kan layi da yawa don sauƙaƙe bincike da ganowa, gami da Location Register of English Literary Manuscripts and Letters, jagorancin ArchiveSearch ga kayan ajiya a cibiyoyin Cambridge, Burtaniya, da CARTOMAC: Archives littéraires d'Afrique. Idan ba za a iya samun tarihin ta hanyar bincike na kan layi ko tarin da aka jera a fili ba za a yi amfani da shi ba, mai bincike na iya bin diddigin wanzuwarsa ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar bin kalaman da nassoshi na wasu masu bincike. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kayan da kamfanoni ko wasu kungiyoyi ke riƙewa waɗanda ba za su iya amfani da mai adana bayanai ba don haka ba su san girman ko abinda ke cikin kayan su ba.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin ƙuntataccen tarihin, ana iya ƙuntata damar ne kawai ga mutanen da ke da wasu takaddun shaida ko alaƙa da cibiyoyi kamar jami'o'i sannan kuma kawai ga waɗanda ke da wani matakin. Wadanda ba su da takardun shaida masu mahimmanci na iya buƙatar neman wasiƙun gabatarwa daga mutum ko ma'aikata don samar da ajiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fje8csyfk6bvqbzziyyegyv0n7k91ci 0 178544 965307 964623 2026-10-09T17:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anglo-Saxon brooches babban rukuni ne na kayan ado da aka samu a [[Ingila]] daga ƙarni na biyar zuwa na goma sha ɗaya. A farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, akwai manyan nau'o'i biyu na brooch: brooch mai tsawo (bow) da brooch mai zagaye (disc). Nau'in dogon brooch ya haɗa da gicciye, murabba'in kai, radiate-head, da ƙananan brooches masu tsawo. Tsawon brooches ya fita daga cikin fashion a ƙarshen karni na shida. Tsarin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ya samo asali ne daga ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa da aka samar a Kent a farkon karni na shida. A farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, nau'in ƙuƙwalwar zagaye ya haɗa da saucer, ƙuƙwalwa mai amfani, maɓallin, ƙuɓɓugar (sashin zoben zagaye), penannular (marasa cikakkiyar zobe), da quoit (ƙuƙwallo biyu, ɗaya daga cikin kowane nau'in da suka gabata). Tsarin zagaye shine mafi yawan nau'ikan brooch a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon, tare da brooches na zagaye da ba na enamelled ba shine mafi yawan salon brooch. Akwai wasu nau'o'in da suka fada cikin nau'o-nau'i daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da tsuntsu da S-shaped brooch na farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon da kuma tsaron-pin, strip, ottonian, rectangular, da tsuntsaye motif na tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo- Saxon. Yawancin brooches da aka samu a farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune salon Continental waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Turai. Wadannan salon sun samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci a Ingila. A cikin karni na shida, ma'aikatan ƙarfe daga Kent, kuma a ƙarshe wasu yankuna, sun fara ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa ta amfani da salon su na musamman da dabarun. Misalai mafi sanannun ƙwayoyin Anglo-Saxon sune Sutton brooch, Saar brooch, Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch, da Kingston Brooch. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tsakiyar karni na biyar ta nuna farkon [[Ingila]] ta Anglo-Saxon.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Zamanin Anglo-Saxon ya ƙunshi lokutan lokaci daban-daban guda uku: farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxony, wanda ya kai tsakiyar karni na biyar zuwa farkon karni na bakwai; tsakiyar zamanin Anglo- Saxon, wanda ya shafi karni na bakwai zuwa ƙarni na tara; da kuma ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-saxon, wanda zai haɗa da ƙarni na goma da na goma.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2011}} Kayan da aka sa a cikin Anglo-Saxon Ingila sun kasance kayan ado na tufafi, tare da manufar haɗa tufafi tare. Yawanci sun kunshi fil, clasp, da kuma bazara, waɗanda aka ɓoye su ta farantin da ke gaba. Dangane da salon, fuskar brooch (ko farantin) na iya zama ba tare da an yi masa ado ba, kawai an yi masa kayan ado ko kuma an yi masa kyau sosai. Zai bambanta da girman da siffar. Wadannan tsoffin brooches za a iya raba su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu, tsawo da kuma nau'i-nau'i. An gina burodi daga karafa daban-daban, gami da jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe, azurfa, zinariya ko haɗuwa da karafa. Ana iya yin su ta amfani da dabaru iri-iri, gami da simintin, inlaying ko zane. Sanyawa wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita akai-akai, saboda ana iya yin brooches da yawa daga wannan ƙirar.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}} Mata ne suka fi sa takalma na zamanin Anglo-Saxon. A cewar masanin tarihin tufafi, Penelope Walton Rogers, "Ga mace ta Anglo-Saxon, brooches, pins, clasps da buckles suna da mahimmanci ga tufafinta kamar maɓallin zamani da zip-fasteners. Koyaya kayan ado ne kuma duk da haka an yi amfani da su don bayyana asalin zamantakewa da al'adu, aikin su na farko shine riƙe gefen tufafi tare da sarrafa flap na tufafi".{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} Ko da yake mata sune masu amfani da sutura a farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa ba a samo sutura sau da yawa kamar kayan ado a ƙarshen zamanin Anglo- Saxon ba.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Hanyoyin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, musamman ƙananan ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa sun kasance siffar da girman da za su yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗaure tufafi. Wannan salon brooch, wanda ba a yi masa ado ba, galibi ana danganta shi da maza bayan farkon karni na bakwai.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2011}} == Tarihin lokaci == Yawancin brooches da aka samu a farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune salon Continental waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Turai da Scandinavia. Tsawon brooch shine salon da ke da alaƙa da farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila. An fara bayyana brooches na zagaye a Ingila a tsakiyar karni na biyar.[1]A cikin karni na shida, masu sana'a daga Kent sun fara kera brooches ta amfani da nasu salon da dabarun.Kentish square-headed brooches da zagaye (Kentish) kayan ado brooches sun kasance salon da suka samo asali a Kent.[1]Tsarin zagaye shine nau'in brooch da aka fi so a ƙarshen karni na shida.[1] A cikin karni na bakwai, duk brooches a Ingila sun ragu.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Sun sake bayyana a karni na takwas kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu kyau har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. Hanyoyin burodi sun kasance mafi yawa a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. A wannan lokacin, salon da aka fi so sune nau'ikan murfin murfin (Kentish). Ana iya raba siffofin zagaye gabaɗaya zuwa salon enamelled da wanda ba enamelled ba.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} Wasu 'yan salon da ba na zagaye ba ne suka kasance masu kyau a cikin ƙarni na takwas zuwa na goma sha ɗaya. Ana iya haɗa ansate, tsaron tsaro, tsintsiya da wasu nau'ikan a cikin wannan rukuni. Ansate brooches sune brooches na gargajiya daga Turai suka yi ƙaura zuwa Ingila kuma sun zama masu salo a ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. Tsaro-pin brooches, mafi yawa a farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon ya zama abin mamaki a karni na bakwai kuma a karni na takwas, ya samo asali a cikin tsintsiya. Sauran brooches a wannan lokacin sun hada da tsuntsu, ottonian, rectangle da giciye. Misalai mafi sanannun ƙwanƙwasawa na Anglo-Saxon sune Sutton brooch, Saar brooch, Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch, Kingston Brooch da ƙwanƙusa na azurfa na Pentney Hoard . <ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=Portable Antiquities brooches |url=https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Portable Antiquities Scheme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918073822/https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches |archive-date=18 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon ƙwanƙwasawa na Anglo-Saxon == === Tsawon brooches === [[File:Iron_Age_to_Roman_Colchester_bow_brooch_(FindID_559842).jpg|left|thumb|Ƙarfin ƙarfe]] [[File:Early-Medieval_(Anglo-Saxon)_Bow_Brooch_(FindID_289849).jpg|right|thumb|Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo na Anglo-Saxon]] Long brooches, wanda aka fi sani da bow brooches، ya samo asali ne daga Roman Iron Age-shaped brooches. Sun haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban na ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, da ƙananan ƙuƙwasawa, ƙuƙulwa masu kama da juna, ƙuɓɓuka masu kama da ɗaya da ƙuƙuka masu kama. Tsawon ya kunshi kai da ƙafa da kuma wani sashi a tsakiya da ake kira baka. Sashe na baka yana juyawa daga kai zuwa ƙafa, kuma kusurwar baka na iya bambanta dangane da salon.<ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches" /> Roman brooches suna da baka mafi girma fiye da Anglo-Saxon brooches. A ƙarni na biyar, baka ta ƙusa ƙarami ne kawai a tsakiya.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} ==== Sadarwa mai murabba'i ==== Gilashin da ke da murabba'i yawanci suna da kawuna na rectangular, ba murabba'in ba kamar yadda aka bayyana da sunansu. Ƙafar gabaɗaya tana da siffar lozenge.<ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches" /> Wannan brooch yana da siffar gicciye a wasu nau'ikan, tare da kayan ado na dabba inda baka da ƙafa suka haɗu. Square-heads sun samo asali ne a Scandinavia a karni na biyar kuma sun bazu zuwa [[Ingila]] da kudu zuwa [[Turai]] zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyar. A [[Ingila]], akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan murabba'in murabba'i, gami da babban murabba'ی, ƙaramin murabba'í da Kentish murabba'ir.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}}Ana samun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa a cikin Kent da Gabashin Anglian.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}} [[File:Square-Headed_Brooch_MET_DP30025.jpg|right|thumb|Ƙarƙashin kai mai murabba'i]] ===== Babban murabba'in ===== Manyan murabba'in murabba'i suna auna 100-150mm tsawo. Yawanci suna da girma kuma suna da nauyi. Su ne mafi yawan salon brooch da aka samo a cikin manyan kaburbura na mata a ƙarni na biyar da na shida. Babban murabba'in murabba'i ana yin su ne da jan ƙarfe, kuma maganin farfajiyar zinariya, azurfa da tinning sun zama ruwan dare. Wadannan kayan ado galibi ana yin ado da su a cikin Salin's Style I. Binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa kowane murabba'in murabba'i na musamman ne kuma mai yiwuwa al'ada ce da aka yi wa mutane ta hanyar masu sana'a masu tafiya.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} [[File:Small_Square-headed_Brooch_(FindID_1016).jpg|left|thumb|Ƙananan murabba'in murabba'i]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cbsvu6h9qn38r07x1ph3frskxelfour 0 178635 965749 964970 2026-10-10T10:53:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin HTML, yaren daidaita rubutu don takardu da aka tsara don nunawa a cikin burauzar yanar gizo, alamun < div > < span > ne da ake amfani da su don ayyana sassan takarda, don haka ana iya gane su lokacin da ake buƙatar rarrabuwa ta musamman. Inda sauran abubuwan HTML kamar < p > sakin layi), < em > girmamawa), da sauransu, suka wakilci ma'anar abubuwan da ke ciki daidai, ƙarin amfani da alamun < span > < div > haifar da samun damar masu karatu da sauƙin kiyayewa ga marubuta. Idan babu wani abu na HTML da ke akwai < div > < span > na iya wakiltar sassan takarda mai mahimmanci ta yadda za a iya amfani da halayen HTML kamar <code>class</code>, <code>id</code>, <code>lang</code>, ko <code>dir</code> . <ref name="HTML5-div">{{Cite web |title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/grouping-content.html#the-div-element |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=W3C |at=4.4 Grouping content}}</ref> <ref name="HTML5-span">{{Cite web |title=HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-span-element |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801133040/http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-span-element |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=W3C |at=4.5 Text-level semantics}}</ref> < span > yana wakiltar ɓangaren [[HTML element#Inline elements|layi]] na takarda, misali kalmomi a cikin jimla. < div > yana wakiltar ɓangaren [[HTML element#Block elements|matakin toshe]] na takarda kamar sakin layi kaɗan, ko hoto mai taken sa. < div > yana nufin rabawa. Abubuwan suna ba da damar amfani da halayen ma'ana (misali <code>lang="en-US"</code> ), salon [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] (misali, launi da rubutu), ko [[Client-side scripting|rubutun gefen abokin ciniki]] (misali, zane-zane, ɓoyewa, da haɓakawa). <ref name="HTML5-div" /> <ref name="HTML5-span" /> < div > yana bayyana "raba" takardar, wani abu mai matakin toshe wanda ya fi bambanta da abubuwan da ke sama da ƙasa fiye da tsawon kayan da ke cikin layi. == Misalai == Misali, don yin wani ɓangare na rubutu a cikin sakin layi ja, ana iya amfani da < span > kamar haka [ i ] : {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:33.3%;" |Tsarin HTML<br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 98%">(lambar yanar gizo da ake amfani da ita don ƙara tsari zuwa rubutu)</span> ! style="width:33.3%;" | Fitowar da aka nuna<br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 98%">(kamar yadda masu ziyartar shafin yanar gizon suka gani)</span> |- style="vertical-align:top;" |<syntaxhighlight lang="html">I am <span style="color: red;">red</span> and I am <span style="color: blue;">blue</span>!</syntaxhighlight> |<br /><br /><br /><br />Ni <span style="color: red;">ja ne</span> kuma ni <span style="color: blue;">shuɗi ne</span> ! |} An gabatar da < span > ga HTML a cikin daftarin [http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-html-i18n-01 html-i18n] na ƙungiyar masu aiki ta duniya a shekarar 1995. Duk da haka, sai HTML 4.01 ya zama wani ɓangare na harshen HTML, wanda ya bayyana a cikin HTML 4 W3C Working Draft a 1997. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-06-13 |title=HTML/Elements/span - Web Education Community Group |url=http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements/span |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180117/http://www.w3.org/community/webed/wiki/HTML/Elements/span |archive-date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2013-11-14}}</ref> An gabatar < span > don yin alama ga kowane layin rubutu, saboda "ana buƙatar akwati na gama gari don ɗaukar halayen LANG da BIDI a lokuta inda babu wani abu da ya dace." Har yanzu yana amfani da wannan manufar gabaɗaya, kodayake an ayyana nau'ikan abubuwan ma'ana masu yawa tun daga lokacin, kuma akwai ƙarin halaye da yawa waɗanda ƙila za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su. == Bambance-bambance da ɗabi'un da aka saba da su == Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin < div > < span > Bambancin da ya fi shahara shine yadda ake nuna abubuwan. A cikin HTML na yau da kullun < div > abu ne mai matakin toshe yayin < span > shine abu mai layi . Toshe < div > ware wani ɓangare na takarda a shafin a zahiri, kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin matakin toshe. Sinadarin < span > ƙunshi wani bayani da ya yi daidai da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu abubuwan da ke cikin layi kawai. A aikace, ana iya canza yanayin bayyanar abubuwan ta hanyar amfani da Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), kodayake abubuwan da aka yarda da su na kowane abu ba za a iya canza su ba. Misali, ba tare da la'akari da CSS ba, wani abu < span > bazai ƙunshi yara masu matakin toshe ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HTML 5.1: 4. The elements of HTML |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html51/semantics.html#semantics |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=W3C}}</ref> == Amfani mai amfani == Ana amfani da abubuwan < span > da < div > kawai don nuna haɗakar abubuwan da aka rufe da ma'ana. Akwai manyan dalilai guda uku da ya sa ake amfani da alamun < span > < div > da halayen <code>class</code> ko <code>id</code> : === Salo tare da CSS === Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga abubuwan < span > < div > ɗauki halayen <code>class</code> ko <code>id</code> tare da CSS don amfani da tsari, rubutu, launi, da sauran halayen gabatarwa ga sassan abubuwan. CSS ba wai kawai ya shafi salon gani ba ne: idan aka yi magana da babbar murya ta hanyar mai binciken murya, salon CSS na iya shafar saurin magana, damuwa, wadata har ma da matsayi a cikin hoton sitiriyo . Saboda waɗannan dalilai, kuma don tallafawa yanar gizo mai ma'ana, halayen da aka haɗa da abubuwan da ke cikin HTML ya kamata su bayyana manufar ma'anarsu, maimakon kawai halayen nunin da aka yi niyya a cikin wani takamaiman hanya. Misali, HTML a cikin < span class = "red-bold" > password too short </ span > yana da rauni a ma'anarsa, yayin da < em class = "warning" > password too short </ em > yana amfani da wani abu na < em > don nuna girmamawa (yana bayyana a matsayin rubutu a cikin rubutun da aka yi da ita), kuma yana gabatar da sunan aji mafi dacewa. Ta hanyar amfani da CSS yadda ya kamata, irin waɗannan "gargaɗin" za a iya yin su da launin ja mai kauri a kan allo, amma idan aka buga su za a iya cire su, domin a lokacin ya yi latti a yi wani abu game da su. Wataƙila idan ana magana da su ya kamata a ƙara musu damuwa, sannan a rage musu yawan magana. Misali na biyu shine alamar ma'ana mai wadata, maimakon kawai gabatarwa. === Hasken ma'ana === Za a iya gabatar da wannan haɗakarwa da lakabin sassan abubuwan da ke cikin shafin don sanya shafin ya zama mai ma'ana a cikin ma'ana gabaɗaya. Tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyar World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) tana gudanar da wani babban aikin Yanar Gizo na Ma'ana wanda aka tsara don sa yanar gizo gaba ɗaya ta zama mai amfani da ma'ana ga tsarin bayanai na yau da kullun. Motsin ƙananan siffofi wani yunƙuri ne na gina ra'ayin <code>class</code> ma'ana. Misali, manhajar da ke da masaniyar microformats na iya samun wani abu kamar < span class = "tel" > 123-456-7890 </ span > ta atomatik kuma ta ba da damar buga lambar wayar ta atomatik. === Samun dama daga lambar === Da zarar an aika da alamar HTML ko XHTML zuwa burauzar abokin ciniki na shafi, akwai yiwuwar lambar gefen abokin ciniki za ta buƙaci ta kewaya tsarin ciki (ko Tsarin Abubuwan Takardu ) na shafin yanar gizo. Dalilin da ya fi yawa shine ana isar da shafin tare da [[JavaScript|JavaScript na gefen abokin ciniki]] wanda zai samar da ɗabi'ar ci gaba da canzawa bayan an nuna shafin. Misali, idan ana nufin mirgina linzamin kwamfuta a kan hanyar haɗin "Saya yanzu" don a ƙara jaddada farashin, a wani wuri a shafin, lambar JavaScript za ta iya yin hakan, amma JavaScript yana buƙatar gano ɓangaren farashin, duk inda yake a cikin alamar. Alamar da ke ƙasa za ta isa: < div class = "price" > $45.99 </ div > . Wani misali kuma shine dabarar shirye-shiryen Ajax, inda, misali, danna hanyar haɗin hypertext zai iya sa lambar JavaScript ta dawo da rubutun don sabon ƙimar farashi ya bayyana a maimakon wanda yake a cikin shafin, ba tare da sake loda shafin gaba ɗaya ba. Idan sabon rubutun ya dawo daga sabar, dole ne JavaScript ya gano ainihin yankin da ke shafin da za a maye gurbinsa da sabon bayanin. Kayan aikin gwaji ta atomatik suma suna iya buƙatar kewaya alamar shafin yanar gizo ta amfani da <code>class</code> abubuwan < span > < div > halayen <code>id</code> . A cikin HTML da aka samar da shi ta hanyar amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa, wannan na iya haɗawa da amfani da kayan aikin gwajin shafi kamar HttpUnit, memba na dangin xUnit, da kayan aikin gwajin kaya ko damuwa kamar Apache JMeter lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a shafukan yanar gizo masu tsari . == Yawan Amfani == Amfani < div > da < span > kyau muhimmin ɓangare ne na alamar HTML da XHTML. Duk da haka, wani lokacin ana amfani da su fiye da kima. Tsarin jerin abubuwa daban-daban da ake da su a cikin HTML na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da cakuda < div > da < span > aka yi a gida. Misali, wannan:<syntaxhighlight lang="html"> <ul class="menu"> <li>Main page</li> <li>Contents</li> <li>Help</li> </ul> </syntaxhighlight>wanda ke samar da * Babban shafi * Abubuwan da ke ciki * Taimako ... yawanci ya fi kyau maimakon haka:<syntaxhighlight lang="html"> <div class="menu"> <span>Main page</span> <span>Contents</span> <span>Help</span> </div> </syntaxhighlight>wanda ke samar da<div class="menu"> <span>Babban shafi</span> <span>Abubuwan da ke ciki</span> <span>Taimako</span> </div>Wasu misalan amfani da HTML maimakon abubuwan < div > < span > haɗa da amfani da < fieldset > don raba fom ɗin yanar gizo, amfani da < legend > don gano irin waɗannan rabe-raben da kuma amfani da < label > gano abubuwan < input > maimakon abubuwan < div > < span > < table > ake amfani da su don irin waɗannan dalilai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raggett |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Raggett |last2=Arnaud Le Hors |last3=Ian Jacobs |year=1999 |title=Adding structure to forms: the FIELDSET and LEGEND elements |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/interact/forms.html#h-17.10 |access-date=12 July 2010 |website=HTML 4.01 Specification |publisher=[[W3C]] |quote=The <code>FIELDSET</code> element allows authors to group thematically related controls and labels. Grouping controls makes it easier for users to understand their purpose while simultaneously facilitating tabbing navigation for visual user agents and speech navigation for speech-oriented user agents. The proper use of this element makes documents more accessible.}}</ref> HTML5 ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da dama; wasu misalai sun haɗa da abubuwan < header >, < footer >, < nav > da < figure > . Amfani da abubuwan da suka dace da ma'anar yana samar da tsari mafi kyau ga takardun HTML fiye da < span > ko < div > . <ref>{{Cite web |last=van Kesteren |first=Anne |year=2010 |title=HTML5 differences from HTML4 |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/html5-diff/#language |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=W3C}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * HTML da HTML5 * Abubuwan HTML * Siffar HTML * Takardun Salon Cascading da Taimako: Takardun Salon Cascading * CDATA * Abubuwan da ke cikin Yanayi (COinS) * [[JavaScript]] * Yanar Gizo Mai Ma'ana   == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/global.html#h-7.5.4 Abubuwan da ke haɗa abubuwa: abubuwan DIV da SPAN] * [https://quicklightweb.com/how-to-create-a-diagonal-or-slanted-div-using-css.php Ƙirƙiri Diagonal ko Slanted Div ta amfani da CSS] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jj9nhb5t091dmqobqf1p3o34rjq8fy7 0 178671 965240 2026-10-09T12:47:02Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 965240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Thomas Algernon Brown''' (22 ga Mayu, 1900 – 5 ga Oktoba, 1960) ɗan lauya ne kuma alƙalin Birtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a ƙasashen da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. Ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Yankin Arewacin Najeriya daga shekarar 1955 zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1960. Ya taka rawa a sauye-sauyen dokoki da tsarin shari’a a Arewacin Najeriya kafin da kuma lokacin da ƙasar ta samu ’yancin kai. An karrama shi da lambar girmamawar sarauta ta Knight Bachelor a shekarar 1956 saboda hidimarsa a fannin shari’a. <ref name="Brown">{{cite web |title=Algernon Brown (judge) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Brown_%28judge%29 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa ta farko da karatu == An haifi Thomas Algernon Brown a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1900, a Ingila. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Marlborough College kafin ya shiga aikin soja. A shekarar 1920, ya shiga rundunar sojojin dawakai ta Indiya, inda ya yi aikin soja a yankin Waziristan. Daga baya, ya koma karatun lauya a Oriel College ta Jami’ar Oxford a shekarar 1922, sannan aka kira shi zuwa aikin lauya a shekarar 1926. <ref name="Brown"/> == Aikinsa == Brown ya fara aikin lauya a Ingila, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon wasu shekaru kafin ya koma yankunan da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. A shekarar 1933, ya fara aiki a Gold Coast, wadda a yau ake kira Ghana, a matsayin lauyan gwamnati. A shekarar 1939, ya yi aiki da sashen shari’a na Colonial Office, sannan a shekarar 1940 ya koma Kenya, inda ya zama Solicitor-General, wato babban jami’in bayar da shawarar shari’a ga gwamnati. <ref name="Brown"/> A shekarar 1946, an naɗa shi alƙali a Kotun Ƙoli ta Singapore. Ya yi aiki a can har zuwa shekarar 1955, kuma a wasu lokuta ya riƙe wasu manyan muƙaman shari’a. Daga baya, aka naɗa shi Babban Alƙalin Yankin Arewacin Najeriya, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa. <ref name="Brown"/> == Gudummawarsa ga tsarin shari’ar Arewacin Najeriya == A lokacin da yake Babban Alƙalin Arewacin Najeriya, Brown ya shiga cikin muhimman sauye-sauyen dokoki da tsarin gudanar da shari’a a yankin. Waɗannan sauye-sauye sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi dokokin laifuffuka da hanyoyin gudanar da shari’a. Binciken tarihin aiwatar da Shari’a a Arewacin Najeriya ya nuna cewa Brown ya taka rawa a muhawarorin da suka shafi sauya wasu hanyoyin gudanar da shari’a a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. <ref name="Ostien">{{cite book |last=Ostien |first=Philip |title=Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A Sourcebook |volume=1 |chapter=Religion and the Making of Nigeria |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/52/36/2020715236/2020715236.pdf |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Binciken ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da wani taro a gidansa da ke Kaduna domin tattauna sauye-sauyen dokokin gudanar da shari’a. A yayin taron, Brown ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar, musamman waɗanda ya ɗauka sun kauce wa tsarin shari’ar Birtaniya da aka saba amfani da shi. <ref name="Ostien"/> A shekarar 1956, an karrama shi da lambar girmamawar Knight Bachelor saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin shari’a. <ref name="Brown"/> == Mutuwarsa == Brown ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1960, a Kaduna, yana da shekaru 60. A lokacin rasuwarsa, yana kan muƙaminsa na Babban Alƙalin Arewacin Najeriya, kuma an tsara zai yi ritaya a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1960. <ref name="WithinNigeria">{{cite web |title=October 5 in Nigerian History: Chief Justice Sir Algernon Brown Died in Kaduna |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/10/05/october-5-in-nigerian-history-chief-justice-sir-algernon-brown-died-in-kaduna/ |website=Within Nigeria |date=5 October 2026}}</ref> Rahotannin da aka wallafa game da mutuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ma’aikacin gidansa ne ya gano gawarsa a ɗakin kwanciyarsa da misalin ƙarfe 6:30 na safe. An kuma ruwaito cewa an samu bindigar hannu kirar revolver a wurin, kuma babu alamun an kutsa gidan ta ƙarfi. Saboda waɗannan bayanai, an yi zargin cewa mutuwarsa ta kasance sakamakon kashe kansa. Sai dai yana da muhimmanci a bambanta wannan zargi da tabbataccen hukuncin binciken hukuma. <ref name="WithinNigeria"/> Mutuwarsa ta faru ne kwanaki huɗu bayan Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kai daga Birtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. Duk da kusancin waɗannan abubuwa a lokaci, babu isasshiyar hujja da za ta tabbatar da cewa samun ’yancin kan Najeriya yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwarsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Tarihin Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin shari'a a Najeriya]] * [[Arewacin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h7oy5xuvcozr4xtgo2frxox2phrzw0x 965241 965240 2026-10-09T12:52:55Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 965241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sir Thomas Algernon Brown Babban Alƙalin Arewacin Najeriya da Ya Rasu Kwanaki.jpg|thumb|Sir Thomas Algernon Brown, tsohon Babban Alƙalin Yankin Arewacin Najeriya, wanda ya rasu a Kaduna ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1960, kwanaki huɗu bayan Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kai daga Birtaniya.]]'''Sir Thomas Algernon Brown''' (22 ga Mayu, 1900 – 5 ga Oktoba, 1960) ɗan lauya ne kuma alƙalin Birtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a ƙasashen da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. Ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Yankin Arewacin Najeriya daga shekarar 1955 zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1960. Ya taka rawa a sauye-sauyen dokoki da tsarin shari’a a Arewacin Najeriya kafin da kuma lokacin da ƙasar ta samu ’yancin kai. An karrama shi da lambar girmamawar sarauta ta Knight Bachelor a shekarar 1956 saboda hidimarsa a fannin shari’a. <ref name="Brown">{{cite web |title=Algernon Brown (judge) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Brown_%28judge%29 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa ta farko da karatu == An haifi Thomas Algernon Brown a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1900, a Ingila. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Marlborough College kafin ya shiga aikin soja. A shekarar 1920, ya shiga rundunar sojojin dawakai ta Indiya, inda ya yi aikin soja a yankin Waziristan. Daga baya, ya koma karatun lauya a Oriel College ta Jami’ar Oxford a shekarar 1922, sannan aka kira shi zuwa aikin lauya a shekarar 1926. <ref name="Brown"/> == Aikinsa == Brown ya fara aikin lauya a Ingila, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon wasu shekaru kafin ya koma yankunan da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. A shekarar 1933, ya fara aiki a Gold Coast, wadda a yau ake kira Ghana, a matsayin lauyan gwamnati. A shekarar 1939, ya yi aiki da sashen shari’a na Colonial Office, sannan a shekarar 1940 ya koma Kenya, inda ya zama Solicitor-General, wato babban jami’in bayar da shawarar shari’a ga gwamnati. <ref name="Brown"/> A shekarar 1946, an naɗa shi alƙali a Kotun Ƙoli ta Singapore. Ya yi aiki a can har zuwa shekarar 1955, kuma a wasu lokuta ya riƙe wasu manyan muƙaman shari’a. Daga baya, aka naɗa shi Babban Alƙalin Yankin Arewacin Najeriya, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa. <ref name="Brown"/> == Gudummawarsa ga tsarin shari’ar Arewacin Najeriya == A lokacin da yake Babban Alƙalin Arewacin Najeriya, Brown ya shiga cikin muhimman sauye-sauyen dokoki da tsarin gudanar da shari’a a yankin. Waɗannan sauye-sauye sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi dokokin laifuffuka da hanyoyin gudanar da shari’a. Binciken tarihin aiwatar da Shari’a a Arewacin Najeriya ya nuna cewa Brown ya taka rawa a muhawarorin da suka shafi sauya wasu hanyoyin gudanar da shari’a a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. <ref name="Ostien">{{cite book |last=Ostien |first=Philip |title=Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A Sourcebook |volume=1 |chapter=Religion and the Making of Nigeria |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/52/36/2020715236/2020715236.pdf |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Binciken ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da wani taro a gidansa da ke Kaduna domin tattauna sauye-sauyen dokokin gudanar da shari’a. A yayin taron, Brown ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar, musamman waɗanda ya ɗauka sun kauce wa tsarin shari’ar Birtaniya da aka saba amfani da shi. <ref name="Ostien"/> A shekarar 1956, an karrama shi da lambar girmamawar Knight Bachelor saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin shari’a. <ref name="Brown"/> == Mutuwarsa == Brown ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1960, a Kaduna, yana da shekaru 60. A lokacin rasuwarsa, yana kan muƙaminsa na Babban Alƙalin Arewacin Najeriya, kuma an tsara zai yi ritaya a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1960. <ref name="WithinNigeria">{{cite web |title=October 5 in Nigerian History: Chief Justice Sir Algernon Brown Died in Kaduna |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/10/05/october-5-in-nigerian-history-chief-justice-sir-algernon-brown-died-in-kaduna/ |website=Within Nigeria |date=5 October 2026}}</ref> Rahotannin da aka wallafa game da mutuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ma’aikacin gidansa ne ya gano gawarsa a ɗakin kwanciyarsa da misalin ƙarfe 6:30 na safe. An kuma ruwaito cewa an samu bindigar hannu kirar revolver a wurin, kuma babu alamun an kutsa gidan ta ƙarfi. Saboda waɗannan bayanai, an yi zargin cewa mutuwarsa ta kasance sakamakon kashe kansa. Sai dai yana da muhimmanci a bambanta wannan zargi da tabbataccen hukuncin binciken hukuma. <ref name="WithinNigeria"/> Mutuwarsa ta faru ne kwanaki huɗu bayan Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kai daga Birtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. Duk da kusancin waɗannan abubuwa a lokaci, babu isasshiyar hujja da za ta tabbatar da cewa samun ’yancin kan Najeriya yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuwarsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Tarihin Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin shari'a a Najeriya]] * [[Arewacin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dv9fqvmxo79g6dyf5oqhugjh6v1sgch 0 178672 965242 2026-10-09T12:53:10Z Najaatuhd 25547 Sabon shafi: Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa Yankin Gaza. 965242 wikitext text/x-wiki Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa Yankin Gaza. g833a8cwm9nz8jf18e4h0nwm2wp6eiu 965243 965242 2026-10-09T12:55:12Z Najaatuhd 25547 965243 wikitext text/x-wiki Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa Yankin Gaza. '''Tarihi''' 7g8l45yaec5gap187mucwq48n8f52dn 965245 965243 2026-10-09T12:57:55Z Najaatuhd 25547 965245 wikitext text/x-wiki Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' bww4ima4decs0sr6as2eye2ritq41ub 965246 965245 2026-10-09T12:58:38Z Najaatuhd 25547 965246 wikitext text/x-wiki Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).[10] An saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.[11] igpcg6dw9hx4zrue63a74lp7hu4hl1s 965291 965246 2026-10-09T16:33:55Z IB Muazzam 15405 965291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sub}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).[10] An saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.[11] mm2lasbod964e3coykp7odf6gc80326 965292 965291 2026-10-09T16:34:24Z IB Muazzam 15405 965292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{subt}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).[10] An saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.[11] qw3cwr228oylz6tvgu1i4yaxba0kzdk 965293 965292 2026-10-09T16:34:45Z IB Muazzam 15405 965293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).[10] An saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.[11] 80q5w7bga3rwjxhoyuh2kcp00s3x9w6 965294 965293 2026-10-09T16:36:55Z IB Muazzam 15405 965294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).[10] An saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.[11] 5doj2l6ogd040jfs2ubri26msz2xtdp 965508 965294 2026-10-09T22:36:30Z Najaatuhd 25547 965508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).<ref>Airstrikes and artillery pound Gaza". CNN. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref>A saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.<ref>Gilad Shalit walks free after five years as a Hamas captive in exchange for 1.027 Palestinians". ''The Daily Mirror''. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2012</ref> 54eqq5h13oczqkcc7ws7tclneta9ljl 965509 965508 2026-10-09T22:37:05Z Najaatuhd 25547 965509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).<ref>Airstrikes and artillery pound Gaza". CNN. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref>A saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.<ref>Gilad Shalit walks free after five years as a Hamas captive in exchange for 1.027 Palestinians". ''The Daily Mirror''. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2012</ref> == manazarta == jzgqtfblwepgpbqreum4i682bokgs9s 965510 965509 2026-10-09T22:38:08Z Najaatuhd 25547 965510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).<ref>Airstrikes and artillery pound Gaza". CNN. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref>A saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.<ref>Gilad Shalit walks free after five years as a Hamas captive in exchange for 1.027 Palestinians". ''The Daily Mirror''. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2012</ref> == manazarta == 2008 Al Qassam harin e3tp3jkislsggk9rv76jg5i44uw2dln 965512 965510 2026-10-09T22:40:27Z Najaatuhd 25547 965512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza '''Tarihi''' '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).<ref>Airstrikes and artillery pound Gaza". CNN. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref>A saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.<ref>Gilad Shalit walks free after five years as a Hamas captive in exchange for 1.027 Palestinians". ''The Daily Mirror''. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2012</ref> == manazarta == '''2008 Al Qasim harin ''' A ranar 19 ga Afrilun 2008, Falasdinawa 'yan kunar bakin wake sun tayar da bama-baman da ke jikinsu a mashigar. A cewar hukumar ta IDF, an yi amfani da motocin jeeps guda biyu da kuma wani APC (jigon jigilar makamai) tare da tayar da bama-bamai guda biyu, inda suka kashe ‘yan kunar bakin wake uku tare da jikkata sojojin Isra’ila 13. An kare sojojin daga mummunan rauni ta hanyar katanga a mashigar. Wata gobarar Isra’ila ta sake tashi a wata jam’iyyar APC ta biyu da ke kusa da kan iyakar Kerem Shalom jim kadan bayan tashin bam. Kungiyar Hamas ta dauki alhakin kai harin. A cewar Abu Obeidah, kakakin rundunar Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, reshen soji na Hamas, an yi amfani da wasu motoci guda hudu da suka makale, uku daga cikinsu sun fashe, daya kuma ya janye. Ya bayyana hakan a matsayin “kyauta ga mutanen da aka yi wa kawanya” da kuma “aikin soji kawai”. 4x73og8iw1a3bbmb2q0vg16bbjadsyb 965514 965512 2026-10-09T22:42:01Z Najaatuhd 25547 965514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}Mashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza == '''Tarihi''' == '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).<ref>Airstrikes and artillery pound Gaza". CNN. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref>A saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.<ref>Gilad Shalit walks free after five years as a Hamas captive in exchange for 1.027 Palestinians". ''The Daily Mirror''. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2012</ref> '''2008 Al Qasim harin ''' A ranar 19 ga Afrilun 2008, Falasdinawa 'yan kunar bakin wake sun tayar da bama-baman da ke jikinsu a mashigar. A cewar hukumar ta IDF, an yi amfani da motocin jeeps guda biyu da kuma wani APC (jigon jigilar makamai) tare da tayar da bama-bamai guda biyu, inda suka kashe ‘yan kunar bakin wake uku tare da jikkata sojojin Isra’ila 13. An kare sojojin daga mummunan rauni ta hanyar katanga a mashigar. Wata gobarar Isra’ila ta sake tashi a wata jam’iyyar APC ta biyu da ke kusa da kan iyakar Kerem Shalom jim kadan bayan tashin bam. Kungiyar Hamas ta dauki alhakin kai harin. A cewar Abu Obeidah, kakakin rundunar Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, reshen soji na Hamas, an yi amfani da wasu motoci guda hudu da suka makale, uku daga cikinsu sun fashe, daya kuma ya janye. Ya bayyana hakan a matsayin “kyauta ga mutanen da aka yi wa kawanya” da kuma “aikin soji kawai”. == manazarta == 7lhf6701srj9y4up0d49as4hbgblvws 965517 965514 2026-10-09T22:47:05Z Najaatuhd 25547 965517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{delete}}YMashigar iyaka ta Kerem Shalom (Ibrananci: מעבר כרם שלום, "Gonar Inabi ta Zaman Lafiya"; Larabci: معبر كرم أبو سالم, Karem Abu Salem) mashiga ce ta iyaka da ke a mahadar sassan iyaka guda biyu: ɗaya tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Isra'ila, ɗayan kuma tsakanin Yankin Gaza da Masar. Ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya ta motoci daga Isra'ila ko Masar zuwa yankin gaza == '''Tarihi''' == '''2006 Gilad Shalit incident''' A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2006, mayakan kungiyar Al-Qassam ta Falasdinawa sun kama Soja mai mukamin Corporal Gilad Shalit kusa da Kerem Shalom, bayan da suka shigo cikin Isra'ila daga yankin Gaza ta hanyar wani rami a karkashin kasa. An kashe sojojin Isra'ila (IDF) biyu tare da jikkata wasu mutane uku, ban da Shalit da aka kama. Domin mayar da martani da kuma nufin ceto Shalit, sojojin Isra'ila sun shiga yankin Gaza a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a matsayin wani bangare na aikin soji mai suna "Summer Rains" (Ruwan Sama na Lokacin Bazara).<ref>Airstrikes and artillery pound Gaza". CNN. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2012.</ref>A saki Shalit ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar fursunoni a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011.<ref>Gilad Shalit walks free after five years as a Hamas captive in exchange for 1.027 Palestinians". ''The Daily Mirror''. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2012</ref> '''2008 Al Qasim harin ''' A ranar 19 ga Afrilun 2008, Falasdinawa 'yan kunar bakin wake sun tayar da bama-baman da ke jikinsu a mashigar. A cewar hukumar ta IDF, an yi amfani da motocin jeeps guda biyu da kuma wani APC (jigon jigilar makamai) tare da tayar da bama-bamai guda biyu, inda suka kashe ‘yan kunar bakin wake uku tare da jikkata sojojin Isra’ila 13. An kare sojojin daga mummunan rauni ta hanyar katanga a mashigar. Wata gobarar Isra’ila ta sake tashi a wata jam’iyyar APC ta biyu da ke kusa da kan iyakar Kerem Shalom jim kadan bayan tashin bam. Kungiyar Hamas ta dauki alhakin kai harin. A cewar Abu Obeidah, kakakin rundunar Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, reshen soji na Hamas, an yi amfani da wasu motoci guda hudu da suka makale, uku daga cikinsu sun fashe, daya kuma ya janye. Ya bayyana hakan a matsayin “kyauta ga mutanen da aka yi wa kawanya” da kuma “aikin soji kawai”. == manazarta == 7kjszqpmsdxzuhljlzphe5k1yxv0aki 0 178673 965253 2026-10-09T13:53:37Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367102268|Lucian Burdujan]]" 965253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucian Burdujan''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] da kuma ɗan wasan gaba . == Sana'a == An haifi Burdujan a Piatra Neamț . Ya fara aikinsa a Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț a cikin 2002. A shekara ta 2004, ya koma FC Rapid București amma ya kasa yin wasa akai-akai a cikin goma sha ɗaya na farko. Mafi kyawun lokacin da ya yi a Rapid shine a kakar wasa ta farko, lokacin da ya sami damar zura kwallaye takwas. Ya ji rauni a mafi yawan kakar wasa ta 2006-07. A lokacin rani na 2008, Burdujan ya bar Rapid zuwa SC Vaslui don musanya da Ștefan Mardare . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Vaslui a wasan da suka yi da Neftchi Baku a gasar cin kofin UEFA Intertoto . A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008–09, shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a raga a duk gasannin da Vaslui ya buga, inda ya zura kwallaye goma sha ɗaya, wanda ya yi daidai da Mike Temwanjera . A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2011, yanzu yana wasa da Steaua București, Burdujan ya zira kwallaye na farko da na biyar a nasarar Steaua da ci 5–0 a gida akan Unirea Urziceni . Burdujan ya bar Steaua, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da ƙungiyar Chornomorets ta Ukraine a ranar 24 ga Yuni 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Лучиан Бурдуян подписал контракт с "Черноморцем" |url=https://chornomorets.football/news/news4859 |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=FC Choronomorets |language=ru-UA}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2014, an sanar da Burdujan ya shiga Hoverla Uzhhorod daga Tavriya Simferopol . == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="2" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț |2002–03 |19 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |1 |- |2003–04 |24 |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |24 |7 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !43 !8 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !43 !8 |- | rowspan="5" |Rapid București |2004–05 |22 |8 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |22 |8 |- |2005–06 |17 |3 |3 |1 |11 |1 |1 |0 |32 |5 |- |2006–07 |7 |1 |1 |0 |4 |1 |1 |1 |13 |3 |- |2007–08 |23 |6 |1 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |28 |7 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !69 !18 !5 !2 !17 !2 !2 !1 !93 !23 |- | rowspan="4" |Vaslui |2008–09 |28 |6 |3 |2 |5 |3 |0 |0 |36 |11 |- |2009–10 |18 |2 |3 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 |23 |4 |- |2010–11 |8 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |2 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !54 !10 !7 !4 !7 !3 !0 !0 !68 !17 |- |Steaua București |2010–11 |5 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Chornomorets Odesa |2011–12 |20 |4 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |22 |4 |- |2012–13 |23 |5 |5 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |28 |7 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !43 !9 !7 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !50 !11 |- ! colspan="2" |Career total !214 !46 !19 !8 !24 !5 !2 !1 !259 !60 |} == Daraja == '''București Mai Sauƙi''' * Kofin României : 2006, 2007 * Gasar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar La Liga ta 1 : 2006 * Supercupa Romaniei ya zo na biyu: 2006, 2007 '''Vaslui''' * Cupa Romaniei: 2010 * Kofin Intertoto na UEFA : 2008 '''Hatta''' * Sashe na Ɗaya na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa : 2015–16 '''Ƙungiyar Europa''' * Ta zo ta biyu a gasar Premier ta Gibraltar : 2016 == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Official website {{In lang|ro}} * {{Soccerway|lucian-burdujan/11931}} * Lucian Burdujan at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] 2q24yaq9jenz5w3qsku5i8ybar8utqk 965254 965253 2026-10-09T13:54:24Z Baffa ali 47435 965254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucian Burdujan''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] da kuma ɗan wasan gaba . == Sana'a == An haifi Burdujan a Piatra Neamț . Ya fara aikinsa a Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț a cikin 2002. A shekara ta 2004, ya koma FC Rapid București amma ya kasa yin wasa akai-akai a cikin goma sha ɗaya na farko. Mafi kyawun lokacin da ya yi a Rapid shine a kakar wasa ta farko, lokacin da ya sami damar zura kwallaye takwas. Ya ji rauni a mafi yawan kakar wasa ta 2006-07. A lokacin rani na 2008, Burdujan ya bar Rapid zuwa SC Vaslui don musanya da Ștefan Mardare . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Vaslui a wasan da suka yi da Neftchi Baku a gasar cin kofin UEFA Intertoto . A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008–09, shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a raga a duk gasannin da Vaslui ya buga, inda ya zura kwallaye goma sha ɗaya, wanda ya yi daidai da Mike Temwanjera . A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2011, yanzu yana wasa da Steaua București, Burdujan ya zira kwallaye na farko da na biyar a nasarar Steaua da ci 5–0 a gida akan Unirea Urziceni . Burdujan ya bar Steaua, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da ƙungiyar Chornomorets ta Ukraine a ranar 24 ga Yuni 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Лучиан Бурдуян подписал контракт с "Черноморцем" |url=https://chornomorets.football/news/news4859 |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=FC Choronomorets |language=ru-UA}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2014, an sanar da Burdujan ya shiga Hoverla Uzhhorod daga Tavriya Simferopol . == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="2" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț |2002–03 |19 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |1 |- |2003–04 |24 |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |24 |7 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !43 !8 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !43 !8 |- | rowspan="5" |Rapid București |2004–05 |22 |8 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |22 |8 |- |2005–06 |17 |3 |3 |1 |11 |1 |1 |0 |32 |5 |- |2006–07 |7 |1 |1 |0 |4 |1 |1 |1 |13 |3 |- |2007–08 |23 |6 |1 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |28 |7 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !69 !18 !5 !2 !17 !2 !2 !1 !93 !23 |- | rowspan="4" |Vaslui |2008–09 |28 |6 |3 |2 |5 |3 |0 |0 |36 |11 |- |2009–10 |18 |2 |3 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 |23 |4 |- |2010–11 |8 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |2 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !54 !10 !7 !4 !7 !3 !0 !0 !68 !17 |- |Steaua București |2010–11 |5 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Chornomorets Odesa |2011–12 |20 |4 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |22 |4 |- |2012–13 |23 |5 |5 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |28 |7 |- ! colspan="1" |Total !43 !9 !7 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !50 !11 |- ! colspan="2" |Career total !214 !46 !19 !8 !24 !5 !2 !1 !259 !60 |} == Daraja == '''București Mai Sauƙi''' * Kofin României : 2006, 2007 * Gasar da ta zo ta biyu a gasar La Liga ta 1 : 2006 * Supercupa Romaniei ya zo na biyu: 2006, 2007 '''Vaslui''' * Cupa Romaniei: 2010 * Kofin Intertoto na UEFA : 2008 '''Hatta''' * Sashe na Ɗaya na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa : 2015–16 '''Ƙungiyar Europa''' * Ta zo ta biyu a gasar Premier ta Gibraltar : 2016 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Official website {{In lang|ro}} * {{Soccerway|lucian-burdujan/11931}} * Lucian Burdujan at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] == Manazarta == p4cswb406a4y8u7oe39xd2nlu3ygugy 0 178674 965258 2026-10-09T14:12:32Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355346283|Charley Boone]]" 965258 wikitext text/x-wiki Charley Boone (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda kwanan nan ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar USL Super League Spokane Zephyr . Bayan ta shafe mafi yawan shekarunta na ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji tare da Montana Grizzlies, Boone ta buga kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Minnesota Aurora FC kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Mai Tsaron Gasar USL W League na Shekarar 2025. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Boone a [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], ga iyayensa Jeff da Renee Boone. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charley Boone - Soccer |url=https://gogriz.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/6867 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201832/https://gogriz.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/6867 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana da 'yar'uwa, Georgia, wacce ta buga wasanni uku na ƙwallon ƙafa a jami'ar Montana tare da ita. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Maxwell |date=2024-09-26 |title=Boone helps best defense in Big Sky history |url=https://www.montanakaimin.com/sports/boone-helps-best-defense-in-big-sky-history/article_91d4ca5c-7b92-11ef-8597-636b5dfa8e0b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213141719/https://www.montanakaimin.com/sports/boone-helps-best-defense-in-big-sky-history/article_91d4ca5c-7b92-11ef-8597-636b5dfa8e0b.html |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Kaimin]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-01 |title=Griz add second Boone |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2022/4/1/soccer-griz-add-second-boone |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> Boone ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar Crossfire Premier SC, inda aka sanya mata suna cikin ƙungiyar gasar Surf Cup All-Tournament ta 2019. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Charley Boone - Women's Soccer |url=https://gozags.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/3294 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Gonzaga Bulldogs]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Boone da Crossfire Premier za su lashe kofin, inda za su zama ƙungiya ta biyu mafi girma a Amurka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Charley Boone |url=https://mnaurora.com/players/charley-boone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717130023/https://mnaurora.com/players/charley-boone/ |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Minnesota Aurora]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Boone ta halarci Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Seattle, inda, a matsayinta na ɗalibi ta farko, aka naɗa ta a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-Metro. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Roosevelt kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta MVP a taronta na ƙarshe. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-07-20 |title=Boone's deep family ties bring her to Montana |url=https://nbcmontana.com/sports/boones-deep-family-ties-bring-her-to-montana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819005723/https://nbcmontana.com/sports/boones-deep-family-ties-bring-her-to-montana |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[NBC Montana]] |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == === Gonzaga Bulldogs === Boone ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ɗaya a ƙungiyar Gonzaga Bulldogs bayan ya bar makarantar sakandare. Ta sami matsala wajen shiga ƙungiyar Gonzaga kuma ta ƙare da buga wasanni 7 kacal a wasanni 2 a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref name=":2" /> A ƙarshen kamfen ɗin, Boone ya zaɓi shiga shafin canja wurin NCAA don neman wasu damammaki. <ref name=":4" /> === Montana Grizzlies === Boone, wanda ke da alaƙa da iyali da yawa zuwa jihar [[Montana]], ya zaɓi ya koma Jami'ar Montana kafin lokacin kaka na 2021.<ref name=":4" /> A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Lady Griz, ta bayyana a wasanni 19, galibi a matsayin mai maye gurbin.<ref name=":0" /> Duk da sau da yawa samun kanta a kan benci, Boone har yanzu ta sami damar yin tasiri a kan tawagar. A karo na biyu da ta fara aiki, ta zira kwallaye a minti na 87 a wasan kusa da na karshe na Big Sky na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-05 |title=Griz win, advance to title match |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2021/11/5/soccer-griz-win-advance-to-title-match |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214225930/https://gogriz.com/news/2021/11/5/soccer-griz-win-advance-to-title-match |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> Grizzlies za su ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun sannan su ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA, inda Jihar Washington ta ci su a zagaye na farko. Boone ya sami farawa don wasannin biyu.<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshen lokacinta na biyu na kwaleji, an kira Boone Sabon Sabon Shekara na Grizzlies kuma ya sami wuri a cikin ƙungiyar Big Sky All-Tournament.<ref name=":0" /> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Boone ta tabbatar da kanta a matsayin mai mahimmanci a cikin tawagar Montana. Ta fara dukkan wasannin 20 na Grizzlies a tsakiya kuma ta buga dukkan mintuna 44 na yakin.<ref name=":0" /> Boone ya kai matsayi mafi girma a matsayin babban jami'i, yana karɓar karbuwa a kan All-Big Sky First Team kuma a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Montana.<ref name=":1" /> Ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti yayin da Grizzlies suka buga mafi kyawun lokacin tsaro a tarihin Big Sky, inda suka ci kwallaye 9 kawai a wasanni 19.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Boone ta koma Montana don shekara ta biyar ta kwallon kafa yayin da ta bi digiri na biyu a [[Ginin Daji|kasuwanci]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Ira |date=2025-07-24 |title=Boone and Gradney, Named U.M. Scholar Athletes. |url=https://hilinetoday.com/boone-and-gradney-named-u-m-scholar-athletes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725053659/https://hilinetoday.com/boone-and-gradney-named-u-m-scholar-athletes/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Hi-Line Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta ƙare tana wasa a kowane minti na kakar a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Grizzlies. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an kira ta MVP mai tsaron gida da kuma All-Big Sky na farko.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagby |first=Vince |date=2024-11-05 |title=Griz soccer lands five players on First Team All Conference squad |url=https://www.swxlocalsports.com/montana/montana-grizzlies/griz-soccer-lands-five-players-on-first-team-all-conference-squad/article_5f95f016-9bb8-11ef-b717-1383549924aa.html |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=SWX Sports |language=en}}</ref> Kusan ƙarshen kakar, Boone ya ba da gudummawa a nasarar da Montana ta samu 3-0 a kan Weber State wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Big Sky ga Grizzlies.<ref name=":0" /> Gabaɗaya, ta buga wasanni 77 kuma ta zira kwallaye 2 a cikin yanayi huɗu a Montana.<ref name=":0" /> Boone ya kuma sami nasara a cikin aji, ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na Magna cum Laude kuma an kira shi Babban Masanin Sama-Athlete a tsakiyar shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Boone, Gradney named Big Sky Scholar-Athletes |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2025/7/16/general-boone-gradney-named-big-sky-scholar-athletes |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Minnesota Aurora === Bayan barin kwaleji, Boone ya shiga kulob din Minnesota Aurora FC a gaban yakin neman zabe na USL W League na 2025. A watan Yunin 2025, an sanya mata suna a cikin tawagar league ta watan bayan wasan kwaikwayo mai karfi. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-08 |title=W League Team of the Month: June 2025 |url=https://www.uslwleague.com/news_article/show/1342335-w-league-team-of-the-month-june-2025 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[USL W League]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Yayin da kakar ta ci gaba, Boone ta tabbatar da matsayinta a cikin jerin Aurora, tana wasa a wasanni 14 daga cikin wasanni 15 na kulob din (ciki har da dukkan wasannin 3 na playoff). <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Minnesota Aurora's Charley Boone is USL-W Defender of the Year |url=https://www.fox9.com/sports/minnesota-aurora-charley-boone-defender |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=FOX 9 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta taimaka wa tawagar ta sami matsayi na farko a cikin Heartland Division kafin ta ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na USL W League, inda Utah United ta ci Aurora.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Shelby |date=2025-07-16 |title=Minnesota Aurora's Charley Boone is USL W League Defender of the Year |url=https://www.startribune.com/charley-boone-minnesota-aurora-usl-w-league-defender-of-the-year-womens-soccer/601428389 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717051819/https://www.startribune.com/charley-boone-minnesota-aurora-usl-w-league-defender-of-the-year-womens-soccer/601428389 |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar, an kira Boone mai kare shekara.<ref name=":6" /> Ayyukanta tare da sauran ƙungiyar tsaron Minnesota sun haifar da jimlar shutouts 10 kuma kawai 4 da aka ba da izini a duk lokacin kakar.<ref name=":7" /> === Spokane Zephyr === A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Boone ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kungiyar Spokane Zephyr FC ta USL Super League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Zephyr FC Signs Gritty Defender and 2025 USL W League Defender of the Year, Charley Boone |url=https://www.uslspokane.com/news/2025/08/14/spokane-zephyr-fc-signs-gritty-defender-and-2025-usl-w-league-defender-of-the-year-charley-boone/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=USL Spokane |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 72 a cikin nasarar 2-0 a kan Tampa Bay Sun FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Zephyr FC has Strong Offensive Showing in 2-0 Win Over Tampa Bay Sun FC |url=https://www.uslspokane.com/news/2025/09/13/spokane-zephyr-fc-has-strong-offensive-showing-in-2-0-win-over-tampa-bay-sun-fc/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=USL Spokane |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ninka bayan kakar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|September 13, 2025}}<ref name=Soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Minnesota Aurora FC |2025 |USL W League |11 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |15 |0 |- |Spokane Zephyr FC |2025–26 |USL Super League |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !12 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 !16 !0 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Montana Grizzlies''' * Gasar Big Sky: 2021 <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-07-11 |title=Montana wins seventh Big Sky championship |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2021/11/7/soccer-montana-wins-seventh-big-sky-championship |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> * Big Sky masu cin kofin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun: 2023, 2024 <ref name=":8" /> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar Big Sky ta gasar: 2021 <ref name=":9" /> * Kungiyar farko All-Big Sky: 2023, 2024 <ref name=":0" /> * USL W League Defender of the Year: 2025 <ref name=":7" /> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Charley Boone at Soccerway.com * [https://gogriz.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/6867 Charley Boone] a Montana Grizzlies [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8f8zmpakhwftkiu1y91nen1n7byr2x3 965259 965258 2026-10-09T14:13:08Z Baffa ali 47435 965259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charley Boone '''(an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda kwanan nan ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar USL Super League Spokane Zephyr . Bayan ta shafe mafi yawan shekarunta na ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji tare da Montana Grizzlies, Boone ta buga kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Minnesota Aurora FC kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Mai Tsaron Gasar USL W League na Shekarar 2025. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Boone a [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], ga iyayensa Jeff da Renee Boone. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charley Boone - Soccer |url=https://gogriz.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/6867 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201832/https://gogriz.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/6867 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana da 'yar'uwa, Georgia, wacce ta buga wasanni uku na ƙwallon ƙafa a jami'ar Montana tare da ita. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Maxwell |date=2024-09-26 |title=Boone helps best defense in Big Sky history |url=https://www.montanakaimin.com/sports/boone-helps-best-defense-in-big-sky-history/article_91d4ca5c-7b92-11ef-8597-636b5dfa8e0b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213141719/https://www.montanakaimin.com/sports/boone-helps-best-defense-in-big-sky-history/article_91d4ca5c-7b92-11ef-8597-636b5dfa8e0b.html |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Kaimin]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-01 |title=Griz add second Boone |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2022/4/1/soccer-griz-add-second-boone |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> Boone ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar Crossfire Premier SC, inda aka sanya mata suna cikin ƙungiyar gasar Surf Cup All-Tournament ta 2019. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Charley Boone - Women's Soccer |url=https://gozags.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/3294 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Gonzaga Bulldogs]] |language=en}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Boone da Crossfire Premier za su lashe kofin, inda za su zama ƙungiya ta biyu mafi girma a Amurka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Charley Boone |url=https://mnaurora.com/players/charley-boone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717130023/https://mnaurora.com/players/charley-boone/ |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Minnesota Aurora]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Boone ta halarci Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Seattle, inda, a matsayinta na ɗalibi ta farko, aka naɗa ta a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-Metro. <ref name=":2" /> Daga nan ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Roosevelt kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta MVP a taronta na ƙarshe. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-07-20 |title=Boone's deep family ties bring her to Montana |url=https://nbcmontana.com/sports/boones-deep-family-ties-bring-her-to-montana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819005723/https://nbcmontana.com/sports/boones-deep-family-ties-bring-her-to-montana |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[NBC Montana]] |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == === Gonzaga Bulldogs === Boone ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ɗaya a ƙungiyar Gonzaga Bulldogs bayan ya bar makarantar sakandare. Ta sami matsala wajen shiga ƙungiyar Gonzaga kuma ta ƙare da buga wasanni 7 kacal a wasanni 2 a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref name=":2" /> A ƙarshen kamfen ɗin, Boone ya zaɓi shiga shafin canja wurin NCAA don neman wasu damammaki. <ref name=":4" /> === Montana Grizzlies === Boone, wanda ke da alaƙa da iyali da yawa zuwa jihar [[Montana]], ya zaɓi ya koma Jami'ar Montana kafin lokacin kaka na 2021.<ref name=":4" /> A kakar wasa ta farko tare da Lady Griz, ta bayyana a wasanni 19, galibi a matsayin mai maye gurbin.<ref name=":0" /> Duk da sau da yawa samun kanta a kan benci, Boone har yanzu ta sami damar yin tasiri a kan tawagar. A karo na biyu da ta fara aiki, ta zira kwallaye a minti na 87 a wasan kusa da na karshe na Big Sky na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-05 |title=Griz win, advance to title match |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2021/11/5/soccer-griz-win-advance-to-title-match |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214225930/https://gogriz.com/news/2021/11/5/soccer-griz-win-advance-to-title-match |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> Grizzlies za su ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun sannan su ci gaba zuwa Gasar NCAA, inda Jihar Washington ta ci su a zagaye na farko. Boone ya sami farawa don wasannin biyu.<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshen lokacinta na biyu na kwaleji, an kira Boone Sabon Sabon Shekara na Grizzlies kuma ya sami wuri a cikin ƙungiyar Big Sky All-Tournament.<ref name=":0" /> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Boone ta tabbatar da kanta a matsayin mai mahimmanci a cikin tawagar Montana. Ta fara dukkan wasannin 20 na Grizzlies a tsakiya kuma ta buga dukkan mintuna 44 na yakin.<ref name=":0" /> Boone ya kai matsayi mafi girma a matsayin babban jami'i, yana karɓar karbuwa a kan All-Big Sky First Team kuma a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Montana.<ref name=":1" /> Ta jagoranci tawagar a cikin minti yayin da Grizzlies suka buga mafi kyawun lokacin tsaro a tarihin Big Sky, inda suka ci kwallaye 9 kawai a wasanni 19.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Boone ta koma Montana don shekara ta biyar ta kwallon kafa yayin da ta bi digiri na biyu a [[Ginin Daji|kasuwanci]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Ira |date=2025-07-24 |title=Boone and Gradney, Named U.M. Scholar Athletes. |url=https://hilinetoday.com/boone-and-gradney-named-u-m-scholar-athletes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725053659/https://hilinetoday.com/boone-and-gradney-named-u-m-scholar-athletes/ |archive-date=July 25, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Hi-Line Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta ƙare tana wasa a kowane minti na kakar a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Grizzlies. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an kira ta MVP mai tsaron gida da kuma All-Big Sky na farko.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagby |first=Vince |date=2024-11-05 |title=Griz soccer lands five players on First Team All Conference squad |url=https://www.swxlocalsports.com/montana/montana-grizzlies/griz-soccer-lands-five-players-on-first-team-all-conference-squad/article_5f95f016-9bb8-11ef-b717-1383549924aa.html |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=SWX Sports |language=en}}</ref> Kusan ƙarshen kakar, Boone ya ba da gudummawa a nasarar da Montana ta samu 3-0 a kan Weber State wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Big Sky ga Grizzlies.<ref name=":0" /> Gabaɗaya, ta buga wasanni 77 kuma ta zira kwallaye 2 a cikin yanayi huɗu a Montana.<ref name=":0" /> Boone ya kuma sami nasara a cikin aji, ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na Magna cum Laude kuma an kira shi Babban Masanin Sama-Athlete a tsakiyar shekara ta 2025.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Boone, Gradney named Big Sky Scholar-Athletes |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2025/7/16/general-boone-gradney-named-big-sky-scholar-athletes |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Minnesota Aurora === Bayan barin kwaleji, Boone ya shiga kulob din Minnesota Aurora FC a gaban yakin neman zabe na USL W League na 2025. A watan Yunin 2025, an sanya mata suna a cikin tawagar league ta watan bayan wasan kwaikwayo mai karfi. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-08 |title=W League Team of the Month: June 2025 |url=https://www.uslwleague.com/news_article/show/1342335-w-league-team-of-the-month-june-2025 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[USL W League]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Yayin da kakar ta ci gaba, Boone ta tabbatar da matsayinta a cikin jerin Aurora, tana wasa a wasanni 14 daga cikin wasanni 15 na kulob din (ciki har da dukkan wasannin 3 na playoff). <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=Minnesota Aurora's Charley Boone is USL-W Defender of the Year |url=https://www.fox9.com/sports/minnesota-aurora-charley-boone-defender |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=FOX 9 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta taimaka wa tawagar ta sami matsayi na farko a cikin Heartland Division kafin ta ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na USL W League, inda Utah United ta ci Aurora.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Shelby |date=2025-07-16 |title=Minnesota Aurora's Charley Boone is USL W League Defender of the Year |url=https://www.startribune.com/charley-boone-minnesota-aurora-usl-w-league-defender-of-the-year-womens-soccer/601428389 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717051819/https://www.startribune.com/charley-boone-minnesota-aurora-usl-w-league-defender-of-the-year-womens-soccer/601428389 |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar, an kira Boone mai kare shekara.<ref name=":6" /> Ayyukanta tare da sauran ƙungiyar tsaron Minnesota sun haifar da jimlar shutouts 10 kuma kawai 4 da aka ba da izini a duk lokacin kakar.<ref name=":7" /> === Spokane Zephyr === A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Boone ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kungiyar Spokane Zephyr FC ta USL Super League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Zephyr FC Signs Gritty Defender and 2025 USL W League Defender of the Year, Charley Boone |url=https://www.uslspokane.com/news/2025/08/14/spokane-zephyr-fc-signs-gritty-defender-and-2025-usl-w-league-defender-of-the-year-charley-boone/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=USL Spokane |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 72 a cikin nasarar 2-0 a kan Tampa Bay Sun FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Zephyr FC has Strong Offensive Showing in 2-0 Win Over Tampa Bay Sun FC |url=https://www.uslspokane.com/news/2025/09/13/spokane-zephyr-fc-has-strong-offensive-showing-in-2-0-win-over-tampa-bay-sun-fc/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=USL Spokane |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ninka bayan kakar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|September 13, 2025}}<ref name=Soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Minnesota Aurora FC |2025 |USL W League |11 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |15 |0 |- |Spokane Zephyr FC |2025–26 |USL Super League |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !12 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 !16 !0 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Montana Grizzlies''' * Gasar Big Sky: 2021 <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-07-11 |title=Montana wins seventh Big Sky championship |url=https://gogriz.com/news/2021/11/7/soccer-montana-wins-seventh-big-sky-championship |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=[[Montana Grizzlies]] |language=en}}</ref> * Big Sky masu cin kofin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun: 2023, 2024 <ref name=":8" /> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar Big Sky ta gasar: 2021 <ref name=":9" /> * Kungiyar farko All-Big Sky: 2023, 2024 <ref name=":0" /> * USL W League Defender of the Year: 2025 <ref name=":7" /> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Charley Boone at Soccerway.com * [https://gogriz.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/charley-boone/6867 Charley Boone] a Montana Grizzlies [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g4n0vpo26jgze1t8e6i719d4ha44o15 0 178675 965260 2026-10-09T14:21:07Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351842420|Elizabeth H. Brödel]]" 965260 wikitext text/x-wiki Elizabeth Huntington Brödel (9 ga Oktoba, 1903 - 25 ga Oktoba, 1986), wanda aka fi ganinta a matsayin Elizabeth H. Broedel, ta kasance mai zane-zane na likitancin Amurka kuma 'yar mai zane-zanen likitanci Max Brödel . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Brödel a Baltimore, Maryland, a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1903, 'yar Max Brödel da Ruth Marian Huntington Brödel . Iyayenta biyu masu zane-zane ne na kimiyya, mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Leipzig]], Jamus, ya kasance mai zane-zane na likita wanda ke zaune a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Smruti K. |last2=Couldwell |first2=William T. |last3=Liu |first3=James K. |date=July 2011 |title=Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration: Historical vignette |url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/115/1/article-p182.xml |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.3171/2011.1.JNS101094 |issn=0022-3085 |pmid=21294618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kammala karatun Kwalejin Smith, ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga Encyclopaedia of American Horticulture. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Natalie |date=June 2019 |title=SPOTLIGHT: The Art of Medicine |url=https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216013416/https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=SCIART MAGAZINE |language=en}}</ref> Brödel ya halarci Makarantar Bryn Mawr, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith a 1925. Ta yi karatun fasaha tare da mahaifinta, kuma a Kwalejin Hunter da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland . == Ayyuka == Bayan kwaleji, Brödel ta fara aiki a Asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, inda ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a sashen ilimin mata. Daga bisani ta yi aiki a takaice a Asibitin Jami'ar Duke, daga 1931 zuwa 1933. Ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cornell da ke zaune a asibiti a Manhattan daga 1934 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Brödel |first=Elizabeth |date=February 15, 1949 |title=Medical Art at the New York Hospital |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1519newy_57/page/7/mode/1up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=7–8 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969. Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniya na Association of Medical Illustrators lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1944. Ta kuma koyar da zane-zane na likita.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1950 |title=First of '50 |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1950newy/page/2/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Broedel |journal=The Pulse |pages=2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Brödel ya kwatanta labaran jarida da litattafai da yawa, gami da Williams' Obstetrics (bugawa ta 1936) da magajinsa, Stander's Textbook of Obstetics (1945).<ref name=":1" /> Hotunan ta na haihuwa sun kasance wani ɓangare na baje kolin tafiya a 1945, kuma a National Library of Medicine a 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1945 |title=Medical Art |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1945newy_0/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=10 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Hotonta na matakai na ci gaban jariri ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin ''Shekarar Kimiyya'' ta 1972, littafin shekara-shekara na World Book Encyclopedia . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Brödel ya mutu a shekara ta 1986, yana da shekaru 83, a Sandy Spring, Maryland . A shekara ta 1987 an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, "don gudummawar ilimi ga ci gaban fasaha kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita ga kimiyya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award – Art as Applied to Medicine |url=https://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206094845/http://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |archive-date=2015-12-06 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] ph53xsnm9izhzfzs0cguvbtfsidwvv2 965261 965260 2026-10-09T14:21:44Z Baffa ali 47435 965261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Huntington Brödel''' (9 ga Oktoba, 1903 - 25 ga Oktoba, 1986), wanda aka fi ganinta a matsayin Elizabeth H. Broedel, ta kasance mai zane-zane na likitancin Amurka kuma 'yar mai zane-zanen likitanci Max Brödel . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Brödel a Baltimore, Maryland, a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1903, 'yar Max Brödel da Ruth Marian Huntington Brödel . Iyayenta biyu masu zane-zane ne na kimiyya, mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Leipzig]], Jamus, ya kasance mai zane-zane na likita wanda ke zaune a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Smruti K. |last2=Couldwell |first2=William T. |last3=Liu |first3=James K. |date=July 2011 |title=Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration: Historical vignette |url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/115/1/article-p182.xml |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.3171/2011.1.JNS101094 |issn=0022-3085 |pmid=21294618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kammala karatun Kwalejin Smith, ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga Encyclopaedia of American Horticulture. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Natalie |date=June 2019 |title=SPOTLIGHT: The Art of Medicine |url=https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216013416/https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=SCIART MAGAZINE |language=en}}</ref> Brödel ya halarci Makarantar Bryn Mawr, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith a 1925. Ta yi karatun fasaha tare da mahaifinta, kuma a Kwalejin Hunter da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland . == Ayyuka == Bayan kwaleji, Brödel ta fara aiki a Asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, inda ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a sashen ilimin mata. Daga bisani ta yi aiki a takaice a Asibitin Jami'ar Duke, daga 1931 zuwa 1933. Ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cornell da ke zaune a asibiti a Manhattan daga 1934 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Brödel |first=Elizabeth |date=February 15, 1949 |title=Medical Art at the New York Hospital |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1519newy_57/page/7/mode/1up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=7–8 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969. Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniya na Association of Medical Illustrators lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1944. Ta kuma koyar da zane-zane na likita.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1950 |title=First of '50 |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1950newy/page/2/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Broedel |journal=The Pulse |pages=2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Brödel ya kwatanta labaran jarida da litattafai da yawa, gami da Williams' Obstetrics (bugawa ta 1936) da magajinsa, Stander's Textbook of Obstetics (1945).<ref name=":1" /> Hotunan ta na haihuwa sun kasance wani ɓangare na baje kolin tafiya a 1945, kuma a National Library of Medicine a 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1945 |title=Medical Art |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1945newy_0/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=10 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Hotonta na matakai na ci gaban jariri ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin ''Shekarar Kimiyya'' ta 1972, littafin shekara-shekara na World Book Encyclopedia . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Brödel ya mutu a shekara ta 1986, yana da shekaru 83, a Sandy Spring, Maryland . A shekara ta 1987 an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, "don gudummawar ilimi ga ci gaban fasaha kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita ga kimiyya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award – Art as Applied to Medicine |url=https://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206094845/http://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |archive-date=2015-12-06 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] h21p6xrf6x5gdzlxiao623e5ji2sqgf 965295 965261 2026-10-09T16:40:15Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Manazarta */ 965295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Huntington Brödel''' (9 ga Oktoba, 1903 - 25 ga Oktoba, 1986), wanda aka fi ganinta a matsayin Elizabeth H. Broedel, ta kasance mai zane-zane na likitancin Amurka kuma 'yar mai zane-zanen likitanci Max Brödel . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Brödel a Baltimore, Maryland, a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1903, 'yar Max Brödel da Ruth Marian Huntington Brödel . Iyayenta biyu masu zane-zane ne na kimiyya, mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Leipzig]], Jamus, ya kasance mai zane-zane na likita wanda ke zaune a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Smruti K. |last2=Couldwell |first2=William T. |last3=Liu |first3=James K. |date=July 2011 |title=Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration: Historical vignette |url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/115/1/article-p182.xml |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.3171/2011.1.JNS101094 |issn=0022-3085 |pmid=21294618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kammala karatun Kwalejin Smith, ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga Encyclopaedia of American Horticulture. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Natalie |date=June 2019 |title=SPOTLIGHT: The Art of Medicine |url=https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216013416/https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=SCIART MAGAZINE |language=en}}</ref> Brödel ya halarci Makarantar Bryn Mawr, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith a 1925. Ta yi karatun fasaha tare da mahaifinta, kuma a Kwalejin Hunter da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland . == Ayyuka == Bayan kwaleji, Brödel ta fara aiki a Asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, inda ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a sashen ilimin mata. Daga bisani ta yi aiki a takaice a Asibitin Jami'ar Duke, daga 1931 zuwa 1933. Ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cornell da ke zaune a asibiti a Manhattan daga 1934 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Brödel |first=Elizabeth |date=February 15, 1949 |title=Medical Art at the New York Hospital |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1519newy_57/page/7/mode/1up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=7–8 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969. Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniya na Association of Medical Illustrators lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1944. Ta kuma koyar da zane-zane na likita.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1950 |title=First of '50 |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1950newy/page/2/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Broedel |journal=The Pulse |pages=2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Brödel ya kwatanta labaran jarida da litattafai da yawa, gami da Williams' Obstetrics (bugawa ta 1936) da magajinsa, Stander's Textbook of Obstetics (1945).<ref name=":1" /> Hotunan ta na haihuwa sun kasance wani ɓangare na baje kolin tafiya a 1945, kuma a National Library of Medicine a 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1945 |title=Medical Art |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1945newy_0/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=10 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Hotonta na matakai na ci gaban jariri ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin ''Shekarar Kimiyya'' ta 1972, littafin shekara-shekara na World Book Encyclopedia . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Brödel ya mutu a shekara ta 1986, yana da shekaru 83, a Sandy Spring, Maryland . A shekara ta 1987 an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, "don gudummawar ilimi ga ci gaban fasaha kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita ga kimiyya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award – Art as Applied to Medicine |url=https://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206094845/http://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |archive-date=2015-12-06 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Mutum]] qv78l6lc42mxtdgo48yxnimqnblssxb 965296 965295 2026-10-09T16:40:45Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Manazarta */ 965296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Huntington Brödel''' (9 ga Oktoba, 1903 - 25 ga Oktoba, 1986), wanda aka fi ganinta a matsayin Elizabeth H. Broedel, ta kasance mai zane-zane na likitancin Amurka kuma 'yar mai zane-zanen likitanci Max Brödel . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Brödel a Baltimore, Maryland, a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1903, 'yar Max Brödel da Ruth Marian Huntington Brödel . Iyayenta biyu masu zane-zane ne na kimiyya, mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Leipzig]], Jamus, ya kasance mai zane-zane na likita wanda ke zaune a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Smruti K. |last2=Couldwell |first2=William T. |last3=Liu |first3=James K. |date=July 2011 |title=Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration: Historical vignette |url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/115/1/article-p182.xml |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.3171/2011.1.JNS101094 |issn=0022-3085 |pmid=21294618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kammala karatun Kwalejin Smith, ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga Encyclopaedia of American Horticulture. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Natalie |date=June 2019 |title=SPOTLIGHT: The Art of Medicine |url=https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216013416/https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=SCIART MAGAZINE |language=en}}</ref> Brödel ya halarci Makarantar Bryn Mawr, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith a 1925. Ta yi karatun fasaha tare da mahaifinta, kuma a Kwalejin Hunter da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland . == Ayyuka == Bayan kwaleji, Brödel ta fara aiki a Asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, inda ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a sashen ilimin mata. Daga bisani ta yi aiki a takaice a Asibitin Jami'ar Duke, daga 1931 zuwa 1933. Ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cornell da ke zaune a asibiti a Manhattan daga 1934 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Brödel |first=Elizabeth |date=February 15, 1949 |title=Medical Art at the New York Hospital |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1519newy_57/page/7/mode/1up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=7–8 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969. Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniya na Association of Medical Illustrators lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1944. Ta kuma koyar da zane-zane na likita.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1950 |title=First of '50 |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1950newy/page/2/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Broedel |journal=The Pulse |pages=2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Brödel ya kwatanta labaran jarida da litattafai da yawa, gami da Williams' Obstetrics (bugawa ta 1936) da magajinsa, Stander's Textbook of Obstetics (1945).<ref name=":1" /> Hotunan ta na haihuwa sun kasance wani ɓangare na baje kolin tafiya a 1945, kuma a National Library of Medicine a 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1945 |title=Medical Art |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1945newy_0/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=10 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Hotonta na matakai na ci gaban jariri ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin ''Shekarar Kimiyya'' ta 1972, littafin shekara-shekara na World Book Encyclopedia . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Brödel ya mutu a shekara ta 1986, yana da shekaru 83, a Sandy Spring, Maryland . A shekara ta 1987 an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, "don gudummawar ilimi ga ci gaban fasaha kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita ga kimiyya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award – Art as Applied to Medicine |url=https://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206094845/http://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |archive-date=2015-12-06 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Category:Mutum]] lk88u7t6m23urnt5trpp7yn5wiyvdfw 965298 965296 2026-10-09T16:41:44Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Manazarta */ 965298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Huntington Brödel''' (9 ga Oktoba, 1903 - 25 ga Oktoba, 1986), wanda aka fi ganinta a matsayin Elizabeth H. Broedel, ta kasance mai zane-zane na likitancin Amurka kuma 'yar mai zane-zanen likitanci Max Brödel . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Brödel a Baltimore, Maryland, a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1903, 'yar Max Brödel da Ruth Marian Huntington Brödel . Iyayenta biyu masu zane-zane ne na kimiyya, mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Leipzig]], Jamus, ya kasance mai zane-zane na likita wanda ke zaune a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Smruti K. |last2=Couldwell |first2=William T. |last3=Liu |first3=James K. |date=July 2011 |title=Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration: Historical vignette |url=https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/115/1/article-p182.xml |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.3171/2011.1.JNS101094 |issn=0022-3085 |pmid=21294618 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kammala karatun Kwalejin Smith, ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane ga Encyclopaedia of American Horticulture. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Middleton |first=Natalie |date=June 2019 |title=SPOTLIGHT: The Art of Medicine |url=https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216013416/https://www.sciartmagazine.com/spotlight-the-art-of-medicine.html |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=SCIART MAGAZINE |language=en}}</ref> Brödel ya halarci Makarantar Bryn Mawr, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith a 1925. Ta yi karatun fasaha tare da mahaifinta, kuma a Kwalejin Hunter da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland . == Ayyuka == Bayan kwaleji, Brödel ta fara aiki a Asibitin Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, inda ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a sashen ilimin mata. Daga bisani ta yi aiki a takaice a Asibitin Jami'ar Duke, daga 1931 zuwa 1933. Ta kasance mai zane-zane na likita a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cornell da ke zaune a asibiti a Manhattan daga 1934 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Brödel |first=Elizabeth |date=February 15, 1949 |title=Medical Art at the New York Hospital |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1519newy_57/page/7/mode/1up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=7–8 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969. Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniya na Association of Medical Illustrators lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1944. Ta kuma koyar da zane-zane na likita.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1950 |title=First of '50 |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1950newy/page/2/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Broedel |journal=The Pulse |pages=2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Brödel ya kwatanta labaran jarida da litattafai da yawa, gami da Williams' Obstetrics (bugawa ta 1936) da magajinsa, Stander's Textbook of Obstetics (1945).<ref name=":1" /> Hotunan ta na haihuwa sun kasance wani ɓangare na baje kolin tafiya a 1945, kuma a National Library of Medicine a 1969. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1945 |title=Medical Art |url=https://archive.org/details/pulse1945newy_0/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Elizabeth+Brodel |journal=The Pulse |pages=10 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Hotonta na matakai na ci gaban jariri ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin ''Shekarar Kimiyya'' ta 1972, littafin shekara-shekara na World Book Encyclopedia . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Brödel ya mutu a shekara ta 1986, yana da shekaru 83, a Sandy Spring, Maryland . A shekara ta 1987 an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins, "don gudummawar ilimi ga ci gaban fasaha kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita ga kimiyya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ranice W. Crosby Distinguished Achievement Award – Art as Applied to Medicine |url=https://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206094845/http://medicalart.johnshopkins.edu/history-archives/the-ranice-w-crosby-distinguished-achievement-award/ |archive-date=2015-12-06 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Category: Ƴar Adam]] bxgkaal9xro0qd3u2xlhd7ewk297eti 0 178676 965263 2026-10-09T14:33:01Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335882674|Alpheus Beede Stickney]]" 965263 wikitext text/x-wiki   Alpheus Beede "A.B. Stickney (27 ga Yuni, 1840 - 9 ga Agusta, 1916) shi ne shugaban farko na Chicago Great Western Railway, daga 1884 zuwa 1909. == Matasa da ilimi == [[Fayil:AlpheusBStickney1860.jpg|left|thumb|Alpheus Beede Stickney, c. 1860.]] An haifi Alpheus Beede Stickney a Wilton, Maine, a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1840, ɗan fari na Daniel Stickney da matarsa ta uku, Ursula Maria Beede . == Ayyukan jirgin kasa == Stickney aboki ne na sirri kuma na sana'a na James J. Hill, mai ba da gudummawa ga jirgin ƙasa, wanda aka sani a rayuwarsa da "The Empire Builder". Stickney ya yi masa aiki kuma yana da hannu a cikin layin dogo na Stickney daga baya. Stickney a cikin 1879 ya kasance mai kula da gine-gine na St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway, daga baya aka sani da Great Northern Railway. James J. Hill a cikin 1881 ya aika Stickney ya zama mai kula da gine-gine na Canadian Pacific Railway. A shekara ta 1885 ya fara abin da zai zama Chicago_Great_Western_Railway" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chicago Great Western Railway">Chicago Great Western Railway, wanda ya haɗa Chicago, Minneapolis, Omaha, da Kansas City. Clearing Yard a Birnin Chicago ya kafa shi ne a cikin 1889. Stickney ya kasance maverick tsakanin shugabannin layin dogo na lokacin. Ya goyi bayan wasu ka'idoji daga gwamnatin tarayya kuma ya yi adawa da mafi yawan cin zarafin layin dogo. Ra'ayinsa an kwatanta shi da kyau ta hanyar ambaton da ke biyowa: : ''"Manyan jami'an yanzu sun zama masu iko, - 'masu kula da hanyar dogo,' 'sarakunan hanyar dogo.' Sun yi tafiya a cikin jihar, kewaye da ma'aikatan su, shugabannin sassan daban-daban, waɗanda kusan sun kasance masu muhimmanci kamar shugabanninsu. Lokacin da suka ziyarci wani gari a kan layin su, manyan 'yan kasuwa sun yi gaggawar gaisuwa da su. 'Yan kasuwa sun aika da kwando na champagne ga shugabannin sassan zirga-zirgar su, yayin da suka ba su masu amfani da su kyauta a hannunsu masu ba su.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eigen's Political & Historical Quotations |url=http://www.politicalquotes.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830212610/http://www.politicalquotes.org/ |archive-date=30 August 2006 |access-date=2006-09-13}}</ref> == Kyauta == Stickney ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1916, kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Oakland, St. Paul, Minnesota . Garin Stickney, Illinois, wani yanki na [[Chicago]] a kudancin [[Berwyn]] da Cicero, an sanya masa suna. == Manazarta == *   * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''James J. Hill da Bude Arewa maso Yamma''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. .{{ISBN|0-19-502070-7}} * Derleth, Agusta ''Hanyar Milwaukee: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko'' (Creative Age Press, New York, 1948). *   * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbum:@field(DOCID+@lit(lhbum19129div148)) Mutanen ci gaba na Minnesota. Hotunan tarihin rayuwa da hotuna na shugabannin kasuwanci, siyasa da sana'o'i; tare da zane-zane na tarihi da bayanin ...]a memory.loc.gov * Grant, H. Roger, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606050849/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v011/p0189-p0191.pdf ''A. B. Stickney da James J. Hill: Bayani game da dangantakar Railroad''] == Haɗin waje == *  Ayyuka ta ko game daAlpheus Beede StickneyaTushen Wikisource * Works by or about Alpheus Beede Stickneya cikinTarihin Intanet * Alpheus Beede StickneyaNeman Kabari {{S-start}} {{Succession box||before=|title=President of [[Chicago Great Western Railway]] and predecessors|years=1884 &ndash; 1909|after=[[Samuel Morse Felton, Jr.]]}} {{S-end}} gdaw8dpk1l7v2o0l0cmgvnldowrrgkn 965264 965263 2026-10-09T14:33:32Z Baffa ali 47435 965264 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Alpheus Beede "A.B. Stickney (27 ga Yuni, 1840 - 9 ga Agusta, 1916) shi ne shugaban farko na Chicago Great Western Railway, daga 1884 zuwa 1909. == Matasa da ilimi == [[Fayil:AlpheusBStickney1860.jpg|left|thumb|Alpheus Beede Stickney, c. 1860.]] An haifi Alpheus Beede Stickney a Wilton, Maine, a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1840, ɗan fari na Daniel Stickney da matarsa ta uku, Ursula Maria Beede . == Ayyukan jirgin kasa == Stickney aboki ne na sirri kuma na sana'a na James J. Hill, mai ba da gudummawa ga jirgin ƙasa, wanda aka sani a rayuwarsa da "The Empire Builder". Stickney ya yi masa aiki kuma yana da hannu a cikin layin dogo na Stickney daga baya. Stickney a cikin 1879 ya kasance mai kula da gine-gine na St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway, daga baya aka sani da Great Northern Railway. James J. Hill a cikin 1881 ya aika Stickney ya zama mai kula da gine-gine na Canadian Pacific Railway. A shekara ta 1885 ya fara abin da zai zama Chicago_Great_Western_Railway" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chicago Great Western Railway">Chicago Great Western Railway, wanda ya haɗa Chicago, Minneapolis, Omaha, da Kansas City. Clearing Yard a Birnin Chicago ya kafa shi ne a cikin 1889. Stickney ya kasance maverick tsakanin shugabannin layin dogo na lokacin. Ya goyi bayan wasu ka'idoji daga gwamnatin tarayya kuma ya yi adawa da mafi yawan cin zarafin layin dogo. Ra'ayinsa an kwatanta shi da kyau ta hanyar ambaton da ke biyowa: : ''"Manyan jami'an yanzu sun zama masu iko, - 'masu kula da hanyar dogo,' 'sarakunan hanyar dogo.' Sun yi tafiya a cikin jihar, kewaye da ma'aikatan su, shugabannin sassan daban-daban, waɗanda kusan sun kasance masu muhimmanci kamar shugabanninsu. Lokacin da suka ziyarci wani gari a kan layin su, manyan 'yan kasuwa sun yi gaggawar gaisuwa da su. 'Yan kasuwa sun aika da kwando na champagne ga shugabannin sassan zirga-zirgar su, yayin da suka ba su masu amfani da su kyauta a hannunsu masu ba su.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eigen's Political & Historical Quotations |url=http://www.politicalquotes.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830212610/http://www.politicalquotes.org/ |archive-date=30 August 2006 |access-date=2006-09-13}}</ref> == Kyauta == Stickney ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1916, kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Oakland, St. Paul, Minnesota . Garin Stickney, Illinois, wani yanki na [[Chicago]] a kudancin [[Berwyn]] da Cicero, an sanya masa suna. == Manazarta == *   * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''James J. Hill da Bude Arewa maso Yamma''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. .{{ISBN|0-19-502070-7}} * Derleth, Agusta ''Hanyar Milwaukee: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko'' (Creative Age Press, New York, 1948). *   * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbum:@field(DOCID+@lit(lhbum19129div148)) Mutanen ci gaba na Minnesota. Hotunan tarihin rayuwa da hotuna na shugabannin kasuwanci, siyasa da sana'o'i; tare da zane-zane na tarihi da bayanin ...]a memory.loc.gov * Grant, H. Roger, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606050849/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v011/p0189-p0191.pdf ''A. B. Stickney da James J. Hill: Bayani game da dangantakar Railroad''] == Haɗin waje == *  Ayyuka ta ko game daAlpheus Beede StickneyaTushen Wikisource * Works by or about Alpheus Beede Stickneya cikinTarihin Intanet * Alpheus Beede StickneyaNeman Kabari {{S-start}} {{Succession box||before=|title=President of [[Chicago Great Western Railway]] and predecessors|years=1884 &ndash; 1909|after=[[Samuel Morse Felton, Jr.]]}} {{S-end}} e13wbu4vmm7pdhjp1qvcnhio3ng58wx 965265 965264 2026-10-09T14:34:14Z Baffa ali 47435 965265 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Alpheus Beede "A.B. Stickney (27 ga Yuni, 1840 - 9 ga Agusta, 1916) shi ne shugaban farko na Chicago Great Western Railway, daga 1884 zuwa 1909. == Matasa da ilimi == [[Fayil:AlpheusBStickney1860.jpg|left|thumb|Alpheus Beede Stickney, c. 1860.]] An haifi Alpheus Beede Stickney a Wilton, Maine, a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1840, ɗan fari na Daniel Stickney da matarsa ta uku, Ursula Maria Beede . == Ayyukan jirgin kasa == Stickney aboki ne na sirri kuma na sana'a na James J. Hill, mai ba da gudummawa ga jirgin ƙasa, wanda aka sani a rayuwarsa da "The Empire Builder". Stickney ya yi masa aiki kuma yana da hannu a cikin layin dogo na Stickney daga baya. Stickney a cikin 1879 ya kasance mai kula da gine-gine na St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway, daga baya aka sani da Great Northern Railway. James J. Hill a cikin 1881 ya aika Stickney ya zama mai kula da gine-gine na Canadian Pacific Railway. A shekara ta 1885 ya fara abin da zai zama Chicago_Great_Western_Railway" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chicago Great Western Railway">Chicago Great Western Railway, wanda ya haɗa Chicago, Minneapolis, Omaha, da Kansas City. Clearing Yard a Birnin Chicago ya kafa shi ne a cikin 1889. Stickney ya kasance maverick tsakanin shugabannin layin dogo na lokacin. Ya goyi bayan wasu ka'idoji daga gwamnatin tarayya kuma ya yi adawa da mafi yawan cin zarafin layin dogo. Ra'ayinsa an kwatanta shi da kyau ta hanyar ambaton da ke biyowa: : ''"Manyan jami'an yanzu sun zama masu iko, - 'masu kula da hanyar dogo,' 'sarakunan hanyar dogo.' Sun yi tafiya a cikin jihar, kewaye da ma'aikatan su, shugabannin sassan daban-daban, waɗanda kusan sun kasance masu muhimmanci kamar shugabanninsu. Lokacin da suka ziyarci wani gari a kan layin su, manyan 'yan kasuwa sun yi gaggawar gaisuwa da su. 'Yan kasuwa sun aika da kwando na champagne ga shugabannin sassan zirga-zirgar su, yayin da suka ba su masu amfani da su kyauta a hannunsu masu ba su.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eigen's Political & Historical Quotations |url=http://www.politicalquotes.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830212610/http://www.politicalquotes.org/ |archive-date=30 August 2006 |access-date=2006-09-13}}</ref> == Kyauta == Stickney ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1916, kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Oakland, St. Paul, Minnesota . Garin Stickney, Illinois, wani yanki na [[Chicago]] a kudancin [[Berwyn]] da Cicero, an sanya masa suna. *   * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''James J. Hill da Bude Arewa maso Yamma''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. .{{ISBN|0-19-502070-7}} * Derleth, Agusta ''Hanyar Milwaukee: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko'' (Creative Age Press, New York, 1948). *   * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbum:@field(DOCID+@lit(lhbum19129div148)) Mutanen ci gaba na Minnesota. Hotunan tarihin rayuwa da hotuna na shugabannin kasuwanci, siyasa da sana'o'i; tare da zane-zane na tarihi da bayanin ...]a memory.loc.gov * Grant, H. Roger, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606050849/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHprint/v011/p0189-p0191.pdf ''A. B. Stickney da James J. Hill: Bayani game da dangantakar Railroad''] == Haɗin waje == *  Ayyuka ta ko game daAlpheus Beede StickneyaTushen Wikisource * Works by or about Alpheus Beede Stickneya cikinTarihin Intanet * Alpheus Beede StickneyaNeman Kabari {{S-start}} {{Succession box||before=|title=President of [[Chicago Great Western Railway]] and predecessors|years=1884 &ndash; 1909|after=[[Samuel Morse Felton, Jr.]]}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == 8yf30wwvrh0iybanwfyf8sxxsjpflen 0 178677 965268 2026-10-09T14:46:59Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364950725|List of depictions of the Virgin and Child]]" 965268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carlo_crivelli,_madonna_di_macerata,_1470-73_ca._01.jpg|thumb|''Budurwa da Yaro'' ta Italiya mai sauƙi ta Carlo Crivelli, c. 1470]] '''Budurwa da Yaro''' ko '''Madonna da Yaro''' Ko '''[[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] da Yaro''' yawanci suna nufin zane-zane na Maryamu da Ɗauki [[Isa|Yesu]] tare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] da Orthodox, kuma musamman a cikin Fasahar Marian a cikin Cocin Katolika. Sunayen daban-daban suna iya musayar su yadda ya kamata, kuma kowane aiki na musamman ana iya ba da lakabi daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. == Siffofin Musamman == [[File:The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saints_and_a_Donor_by_Palma_Vecchio.jpeg|thumb|''Sacra conversazione'' ko Budurwa da Yaro tare da tsarkaka, a wannan yanayin a cikin shimfidar wuri tare da hoton mai ba da gudummawa, Palma Vecchio, c. 1519]] [[File:Circle_of_Joos_van_Cleve_-_Maria_Lactans.jpg|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Maria Lactans</i></nowiki>, Circle of Joos van Cleve, 1515-20]] [[File:Musée_Cinquantenaire_Sedes_sapientiae.jpg|thumb|Kujerar Hikima, Budurwa da aka ɗora a kan kursiyin tare da Yaro, Fasahar Mosan, ƙarni na 11.]] * Ma'aikaciyar jinya Madonna (Maria/Madonna Lactans) * Kujerar Hikima, Budurwa da aka ɗora a kan kursiyin tare da Yaro, musamman a cikin fasahar RomanesqueAyyukan Romanesque * Hodegetria, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci daga cikin da yawa daga cikin gabas Orthodox gumakan Virgin da Child * Black Madonna * Madonna kyakkyawa == Jerin ayyukan == Hotuna na Budurwa da Yaro sun kasance ƙarni da yawa batun da aka fi sani da fasahar addini ta Kirista. Akwai dubban hotuna na tarihi da suka tsira. Wadannan sune jerin (watakila ba cikakke ba) na waɗanda ke da labaran, waɗanda aka jera ta hanyar irin taken su na yau da kullun (ko da yake ana iya samun wasu siffofin lakabi). === Budurwa da Yaro === * Budurwa da Yaro (The Northbrook Madonna) * Budurwa da Yaro (Filocamo, Palermo) na Antonio Filocamo * Budurwa da Yaro da aka ɗora a kursiyin (Turanci, The Cloisters), wani mutum-mutumi * Budurwa da Yaro (bayan van der Goes?) na Hugo van der Goos ko Gerard David * Budurwa da Yaro (Rubens) * Budurwa da Yaro da aka hau gadon sarauta (van der Weyden) * Budurwa da Yaro daga Sainte-Chapelle, siffar hauren giwa * Budurwa da Yaro da Peter Paul Rubens ya kewaye su da Masu Tsarki * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Canon van der Paele * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Kat Rembrandt van Rijn * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'ika (Botticelli, Florence) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'ika (Botticelli, Boston) wanda aka fi sani da Uwargidanmu na Eucharist ta Sandro Botticelli * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'iku Hudu na Gerard David * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'iku huɗu (Donatello) , ƙarfe na tagulla na Donatello * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Budurwa Masu Tsarki Hudu huɗu ta Master of the Virgo inter Virgines * <nowiki><i id="mwXw">Budurwa da Yaro tare da Jariri Yahaya Maibaftisma</i></nowiki> (Botticelli, Cleveland) * <nowiki><i id="mwYg">Budurwa da Yaro tare da Jariri Yahaya Maibaftisma</i></nowiki> (Botticelli, São Paulo) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Rosary na Artemisia Gentileschi * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Saint Anne, batun a cikin fasahar Kirista wanda ke nuna Saint Anne tare da 'yarta, Budurwa Maryamu, da jikanta Yesu ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da St. Anne (Leonardo) na Leonardo da Vinci ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da St. Anne (van Steffeswert) , wanda aka fi sani da Yaren mutanen Holland a matsayin Budurwa da Yara tare da St, Anne (van steffeswert), aikin Jan van Steffeswert ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da St Anne da St John the Baptist na Leonardo da Vinci ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da Saint Anne (Masaccio) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Tsarkaka (van der Weyden) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da tsarkaka Barbara da Catherine ta Quentin Matsys * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'iku Biyu (Andrea del Verrochio) === Madonna da Yaro === [[File:WLA_vanda_Virgin_and_Child_copper_Cathedral_of_Torcello.jpg|thumb|Irin Hodegetria. Rubutun ƙarni na 12 da aka samo a cikin Cathedral na Torcello; cikakken adadi kamar na asali a Constantinople]] * Madonna da Yaro tare da Tsarkaka ta Agnolo Gaddi * Madonna da Child (Filippo Lippi) * Madonna da Child An Naɗa su tare da Tsarkaka (Raphael) ta Raphael * Madonna da Child (Artemisia Gentileschi) * Madonna da Child (Botticelli, Avignon) na Sandro Botticelli * Madonna da Child (Duccio) na Duccio di Buoninsegna * Madonna da Child (Lippi) na Filippo Lippi * Madonna da Child (Masaccio) na Masaccio * Madonna da Child (van Dyck) na Anthony van Dyck * Madonna tare da Child tsakanin Sts. Flavian da Onuphrius na Lorenzo Lotto * Madonna da Child Kissing by Quentin Matsys * Madonna da Yaro suna wasa tare da Veil by Jan Gossaert * Madonna da Child tare da Littafin Raphael * Madonna tare da Yaro An kafa shi tsakanin tsarkaka Yahaya Maibaftisma da Sebastian ta Pietro Perugino * Madonna da Child tare da jariri St. John the Baptist (Leonardo da Vinci) na Leonardo da Vinci * Madonna tare da yaro tare da Matashi Yahaya Maibaftisma (Cranach) na Lucas Cranach the Elder * Madonna da Child tare da St. Anne (Dei Palafrenieri) na Caravaggio * Madonna da Child tare da Saint John da Mala'iku, wanda aka fi sani da Manchester Madonna, zane da ba a gama ba wanda aka danganta ga Michelangelo * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka Mika'ilu Babban Mala'ika da Andrea ta Cima da Conegliano * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka polyptych (Duccio) , wani nau'i biyar na Madonna polyptych na Duccio di Buoninsegna * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka (Signorelli, Arezzo) na Luca Signorelli * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka Luka da Catherine na Alexandria ta Titian * Madonna da Child tare da St. John the Baptist da St. Mary Magdalene ta Neroccio di Bartolomeo de 'Landi * Madonna da Child da Mala'iku Biyu (Botticelli) na Filippo Lippi * Madonna tare da yaro (Crivelli) na Carlo Crivelli * Madonna tare da Yara da Tsarkaka (Pontormo) na Jacopo Pontormo * Madonna tare da Child da Mala'iku shida (Duccio) na Duccio di Buoninsegna * Madonna da Child tare da Masu Ba da gudummawa Biyu (van Dyck) na Anthony van Dyck * Madonna tare da Rubuce-rubuce Yaro ta Pinturicchio * Madonna tare da Rubuce-rubuce Child da Bishop by Pinturicchio * Madonna tare da Writing Child da St. Jerome na Pinturicchio * Madonna Adoration the Child tare da Mala'iku biyar (Botticelli) by Botticelli === Madonna na === * Madonna na Jan Vos wanda aka fi sani da Budurwa da Yara, tare da tsarkaka da mai ba da gudummawa ta Jan van Eyck * La Madonna de Bogota (Raphael) wanda aka danganta ga Raphael * Madonna na Bruges ta hanyar siffar marmara ta Michelangelo * Madonna of the Carnation wanda aka fi sani da Madonna tare da Vase ko Madonna tare da Child, na Leonardo da Vinci * Madonna na Harpies ta Andrea del Sarto * Madonna na tawali'u (Gentile da Fabriano) * Madonna na tawali'u (Fra Angelico) * Madonna na Loreto (Raphael) * Madonna na Pinks na Raphael * Madonna na Quail wanda aka danganta ga Pisanello * Madonna na Red Cherubim na Giovanni Bellini * Madonna na Rose Garden wanda aka danganta ga Michelino da Besozzo ko Stefano da Verona * Madonna na Roudnice * Madonna na Rose (Raphael) na Raphael * Madonna na Rose Bower na Stefan Lochner * Madonna na Rose Bower na Martin Schongauer * Madonna na Ƙananan Bishiyoyi ta Giovanni Bellini * Madonna of the Stairs wani zane-zane na Michelangelo * Madonna na Veveri * Madonna del Bordone ta Coppo di Marcovaldo * Madonna del Padiglione (Botticelli) wanda aka fi sani da Madonna da Child tare da Mala'iku Uku ta Sandro Botticelli * Madonna del Prato (Bellini) * Madonna del Prato (Raphael) * Madonna della seggiola ta Raphael * Madonna Della Strada * Madonna na Yarnwinder, jerin ayyukan da aka danganta ga Leonardo da Vinci da wani mai zane * Madonna Litta da aka danganta ga Leonardo da Vinci === Wuri ko sunan mai shi na farko === * Aldobrandini Madonna ta Titian * Alzano Madonna ko Madonna tare da yaro, na Giovanni Bellini * Diptych na Philip de Croÿ tare da Budurwa da Yaro zane-zane biyu na Rogier van der Weyden * Garvagh Madonna ta Raphael * [[Ince Hall Madonna]], wanda aka fi sani da Budurwa da Yara Karatu ta Jan van Eyck * Lucca Madonna (van Eyck) na Jan van Eyck boo2g7f85jd999l9o8lwsxfia03pkrb 965269 965268 2026-10-09T14:47:48Z Baffa ali 47435 965269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Carlo_crivelli,_madonna_di_macerata,_1470-73_ca._01.jpg|thumb|''Budurwa da Yaro'' ta Italiya mai sauƙi ta Carlo Crivelli, c. 1470]] '''Budurwa da Yaro''' ko '''Madonna da Yaro''' Ko '''[[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]] da Yaro''' yawanci suna nufin zane-zane na Maryamu da Ɗauki [[Isa|Yesu]] tare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] da Orthodox, kuma musamman a cikin Fasahar Marian a cikin Cocin Katolika. Sunayen daban-daban suna iya musayar su yadda ya kamata, kuma kowane aiki na musamman ana iya ba da lakabi daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. == Siffofin Musamman == [[File:The_Virgin_and_Child_with_Saints_and_a_Donor_by_Palma_Vecchio.jpeg|thumb|''Sacra conversazione'' ko Budurwa da Yaro tare da tsarkaka, a wannan yanayin a cikin shimfidar wuri tare da hoton mai ba da gudummawa, Palma Vecchio, c. 1519]] [[File:Circle_of_Joos_van_Cleve_-_Maria_Lactans.jpg|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Maria Lactans</i></nowiki>, Circle of Joos van Cleve, 1515-20]] [[File:Musée_Cinquantenaire_Sedes_sapientiae.jpg|thumb|Kujerar Hikima, Budurwa da aka ɗora a kan kursiyin tare da Yaro, Fasahar Mosan, ƙarni na 11.]] * Ma'aikaciyar jinya Madonna (Maria/Madonna Lactans) * Kujerar Hikima, Budurwa da aka ɗora a kan kursiyin tare da Yaro, musamman a cikin fasahar RomanesqueAyyukan Romanesque * Hodegetria, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci daga cikin da yawa daga cikin gabas Orthodox gumakan Virgin da Child * Black Madonna * Madonna kyakkyawa == Jerin ayyukan == Hotuna na Budurwa da Yaro sun kasance ƙarni da yawa batun da aka fi sani da fasahar addini ta Kirista. Akwai dubban hotuna na tarihi da suka tsira. Wadannan sune jerin (watakila ba cikakke ba) na waɗanda ke da labaran, waɗanda aka jera ta hanyar irin taken su na yau da kullun (ko da yake ana iya samun wasu siffofin lakabi). === Budurwa da Yaro === * Budurwa da Yaro (The Northbrook Madonna) * Budurwa da Yaro (Filocamo, Palermo) na Antonio Filocamo * Budurwa da Yaro da aka ɗora a kursiyin (Turanci, The Cloisters), wani mutum-mutumi * Budurwa da Yaro (bayan van der Goes?) na Hugo van der Goos ko Gerard David * Budurwa da Yaro (Rubens) * Budurwa da Yaro da aka hau gadon sarauta (van der Weyden) * Budurwa da Yaro daga Sainte-Chapelle, siffar hauren giwa * Budurwa da Yaro da Peter Paul Rubens ya kewaye su da Masu Tsarki * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Canon van der Paele * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Kat Rembrandt van Rijn * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'ika (Botticelli, Florence) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'ika (Botticelli, Boston) wanda aka fi sani da Uwargidanmu na Eucharist ta Sandro Botticelli * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'iku Hudu na Gerard David * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'iku huɗu (Donatello) , ƙarfe na tagulla na Donatello * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Budurwa Masu Tsarki Hudu huɗu ta Master of the Virgo inter Virgines * <nowiki><i id="mwXw">Budurwa da Yaro tare da Jariri Yahaya Maibaftisma</i></nowiki> (Botticelli, Cleveland) * <nowiki><i id="mwYg">Budurwa da Yaro tare da Jariri Yahaya Maibaftisma</i></nowiki> (Botticelli, São Paulo) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Rosary na Artemisia Gentileschi * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Saint Anne, batun a cikin fasahar Kirista wanda ke nuna Saint Anne tare da 'yarta, Budurwa Maryamu, da jikanta Yesu ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da St. Anne (Leonardo) na Leonardo da Vinci ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da St. Anne (van Steffeswert) , wanda aka fi sani da Yaren mutanen Holland a matsayin Budurwa da Yara tare da St, Anne (van steffeswert), aikin Jan van Steffeswert ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da St Anne da St John the Baptist na Leonardo da Vinci ** Budurwa da Yaro tare da Saint Anne (Masaccio) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Tsarkaka (van der Weyden) * Budurwa da Yaro tare da tsarkaka Barbara da Catherine ta Quentin Matsys * Budurwa da Yaro tare da Mala'iku Biyu (Andrea del Verrochio) === Madonna da Yaro === [[File:WLA_vanda_Virgin_and_Child_copper_Cathedral_of_Torcello.jpg|thumb|Irin Hodegetria. Rubutun ƙarni na 12 da aka samo a cikin Cathedral na Torcello; cikakken adadi kamar na asali a Constantinople]] * Madonna da Yaro tare da Tsarkaka ta Agnolo Gaddi * Madonna da Child (Filippo Lippi) * Madonna da Child An Naɗa su tare da Tsarkaka (Raphael) ta Raphael * Madonna da Child (Artemisia Gentileschi) * Madonna da Child (Botticelli, Avignon) na Sandro Botticelli * Madonna da Child (Duccio) na Duccio di Buoninsegna * Madonna da Child (Lippi) na Filippo Lippi * Madonna da Child (Masaccio) na Masaccio * Madonna da Child (van Dyck) na Anthony van Dyck * Madonna tare da Child tsakanin Sts. Flavian da Onuphrius na Lorenzo Lotto * Madonna da Child Kissing by Quentin Matsys * Madonna da Yaro suna wasa tare da Veil by Jan Gossaert * Madonna da Child tare da Littafin Raphael * Madonna tare da Yaro An kafa shi tsakanin tsarkaka Yahaya Maibaftisma da Sebastian ta Pietro Perugino * Madonna da Child tare da jariri St. John the Baptist (Leonardo da Vinci) na Leonardo da Vinci * Madonna tare da yaro tare da Matashi Yahaya Maibaftisma (Cranach) na Lucas Cranach the Elder * Madonna da Child tare da St. Anne (Dei Palafrenieri) na Caravaggio * Madonna da Child tare da Saint John da Mala'iku, wanda aka fi sani da Manchester Madonna, zane da ba a gama ba wanda aka danganta ga Michelangelo * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka Mika'ilu Babban Mala'ika da Andrea ta Cima da Conegliano * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka polyptych (Duccio) , wani nau'i biyar na Madonna polyptych na Duccio di Buoninsegna * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka (Signorelli, Arezzo) na Luca Signorelli * Madonna da Child tare da tsarkaka Luka da Catherine na Alexandria ta Titian * Madonna da Child tare da St. John the Baptist da St. Mary Magdalene ta Neroccio di Bartolomeo de 'Landi * Madonna da Child da Mala'iku Biyu (Botticelli) na Filippo Lippi * Madonna tare da yaro (Crivelli) na Carlo Crivelli * Madonna tare da Yara da Tsarkaka (Pontormo) na Jacopo Pontormo * Madonna tare da Child da Mala'iku shida (Duccio) na Duccio di Buoninsegna * Madonna da Child tare da Masu Ba da gudummawa Biyu (van Dyck) na Anthony van Dyck * Madonna tare da Rubuce-rubuce Yaro ta Pinturicchio * Madonna tare da Rubuce-rubuce Child da Bishop by Pinturicchio * Madonna tare da Writing Child da St. Jerome na Pinturicchio * Madonna Adoration the Child tare da Mala'iku biyar (Botticelli) by Botticelli === Madonna na === * Madonna na Jan Vos wanda aka fi sani da Budurwa da Yara, tare da tsarkaka da mai ba da gudummawa ta Jan van Eyck * La Madonna de Bogota (Raphael) wanda aka danganta ga Raphael * Madonna na Bruges ta hanyar siffar marmara ta Michelangelo * Madonna of the Carnation wanda aka fi sani da Madonna tare da Vase ko Madonna tare da Child, na Leonardo da Vinci * Madonna na Harpies ta Andrea del Sarto * Madonna na tawali'u (Gentile da Fabriano) * Madonna na tawali'u (Fra Angelico) * Madonna na Loreto (Raphael) * Madonna na Pinks na Raphael * Madonna na Quail wanda aka danganta ga Pisanello * Madonna na Red Cherubim na Giovanni Bellini * Madonna na Rose Garden wanda aka danganta ga Michelino da Besozzo ko Stefano da Verona * Madonna na Roudnice * Madonna na Rose (Raphael) na Raphael * Madonna na Rose Bower na Stefan Lochner * Madonna na Rose Bower na Martin Schongauer * Madonna na Ƙananan Bishiyoyi ta Giovanni Bellini * Madonna of the Stairs wani zane-zane na Michelangelo * Madonna na Veveri * Madonna del Bordone ta Coppo di Marcovaldo * Madonna del Padiglione (Botticelli) wanda aka fi sani da Madonna da Child tare da Mala'iku Uku ta Sandro Botticelli * Madonna del Prato (Bellini) * Madonna del Prato (Raphael) * Madonna della seggiola ta Raphael * Madonna Della Strada * Madonna na Yarnwinder, jerin ayyukan da aka danganta ga Leonardo da Vinci da wani mai zane * Madonna Litta da aka danganta ga Leonardo da Vinci === Wuri ko sunan mai shi na farko === * Aldobrandini Madonna ta Titian * Alzano Madonna ko Madonna tare da yaro, na Giovanni Bellini * Diptych na Philip de Croÿ tare da Budurwa da Yaro zane-zane biyu na Rogier van der Weyden * Garvagh Madonna ta Raphael * [[Ince Hall Madonna]], wanda aka fi sani da Budurwa da Yara Karatu ta Jan van Eyck * Lucca Madonna (van Eyck) na Jan van Eyck ldfe65uozwi53s7zk3oeuithzcvrdd7 0 178678 965299 2026-10-09T16:44:14Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371733277|Lisa Gorton]]" 965299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lisa Gorton''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) mawaki ce ta Australiya, marubuciya, edita kuma marubuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://www.lisagorton.com/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Mysite |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce marubuciyar tarin waƙoƙi guda huɗu da suka lashe lambar yabo: Press Release, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/press-release/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Hotel Hyperion, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Hyperion |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/hotel-hyperion/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Empirical, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empirical |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> da ''Mirabilia''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Mirabilia {{!}} Poetry by Lisa Gorton |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/lisa-gorton-mirabilia/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Littafinta na biyu, The Life of Houses, ya sami lambar yabo ta NSW Premier's People's Choice Award for Fiction da kuma lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista ta wallafe-wallafen Fiction (wanda aka raba). <ref name="giramondopublishing.com">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=Joanne Burns and Lisa Gorton Winners of NSW Premier's Literary Awards |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/joanne-burns-and-lisa-gorton-winners-of-nsw-premiers-literary-awards/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2016-11-08 |title=Prime Minister's Literary awards 2016: Lisa Gorton and Charlotte Wood share fiction prize |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/09/prime-ministers-literary-awards-2016-lisa-gorton-and-charlotte-wood-share-fiction-prize |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Gorton kuma shi ne editan littafin Black Inc's Best Australian Poems 2013. == Ilimi == Gorton ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Melbourne da [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="poetryinternational.org">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton (poet) - Australia - Poetry International |url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/29505/Lisa-Gorton/en/tile |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.poetryinternational.org}}</ref> A Oxford, a matsayin [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Rhodes Scholar]], Gorton ya kammala MPhil a cikin Renaissance Literature da DPhil a kan John Donne . <ref name="poetryinternational.org" /> Ta sami lambar yabo ta John Donne Society don Kyakkyawan Buga a Nazarin Donne . <ref name="RedRoom">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://redroompoetry.org/poets/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Red Room Poetry |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1994 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Vincent Buckley Poetry . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Jane |date=17 April 2015 |title=Lisa Gorton: Prize-winning poet writes her first novel |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/lisa-gorton-prizewinning-poet-writes-her-first-novel-20150411-1mhp1c.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin editan shayari don ''Binciken Littafin Australiya'', an zaɓi Gorton a matsayin ABR Poet of the Month a watan Oktoba 2019. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/author/1062-lisagorton |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Australian Book Review |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2019 |title=Lisa Gorton is Poet of the Month |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/abr-online/archive/2019/october-2019-no-415/480-copy-of-interview/5913-lisa-gorton-is-poet-of-the-month |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Australian Book Review |series=No. 415 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Gorton ya ba da gudummawa ga rubutun Australian Book Review <ref name=":0" /> da Sydney Review of Books . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/writer/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2021 ta kasance editan waka na Island Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Team |url=https://islandmag.com/meet-the-team |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=Island magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ita ce jikokin tsohon Firayim Minista [[John Gorton]] . <ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubuce == An rubuta waƙoƙin Gorton a ko'ina, ciki har da The Turnrow Anthology of Contemporary Australian Poetry, The Best Australian Poems series (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, [4] 2014, 2015 [4]), Contemporary Australian Feminist Poetry, Anthology of Australian Prose Poetry Magazine Mayu 2016 zaɓi na waƙoƙar Australiya, wanda Robert Adamson ya shirya, tare da hotuna na Juno Gemes, [4] da kuma waƙoƙan kan layi Poetry International [4] da ''Lyrikline''.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2016 |editor-last=Adamson |editor-first=Robert |others=Juno Gemes, photographer |title=Australian Poets |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/issue/88998/may-2015-570bf91a451dc |journal=Poetry |language=en |access-date=2024-06-29 |via=Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="poetryinternational.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DREAMS AND ARTEFACTS (Lisa Gorton) |url=https://www.lyrikline.org/en/poems/dreams-and-artefacts-11052 |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.lyrikline.org}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya samun waƙarta a kan layi a mujallar ''Cordite''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=http://cordite.org.au/author/lisagorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Cordite Poetry Review |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga rubutun Gorton a cikin Sydney Review of Books <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/writer/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> da Australian Book Review, <ref name="Lisa Gorton" /> kuma a cikin tarin rubutun Australian Face. <ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Ley |editor-first=James |editor2-last=Menzies-Pike |editor2-first=Catriona |title=The Australian Face |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/the-australian-face-essays-from-the-sydney-review-of-books/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gorton ya rubuta rubutun gabatarwa don sake fitar da littafin Christina Stead mai suna The Little Hotel . Ta kuma rubuta rubutun kundin ga zane-zane na Izabela Pluta mai suna Apparent Distance a cikin baje kolin 2019 The National a Art Gallery of New South Wales . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorton |first=Lisa |title=Izabela Pluta – Sydney 2019 |url=https://www.the-national.com.au/artists/izabela-pluta/apparent-distance/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The National 4 |language=en}}</ref> Gorton yana da sha'awar waƙoƙin ekphrastic. Ta kirkiro jerin waƙoƙi don littafin mai zane-zane na Izabela Pluta Figures of Slippage and Oscillation . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izabela Pluta – Figures of slippage and oscillation |url=https://www.perimeterbooks.com/products/special-edition-pre-order-izabela-pluta-figures-of-slippage-and-oscillation |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Perimeter Books |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma rubuta waƙoƙin ekphrastic don kundin littafin 2010 Adelaide Biennial of Contemporary Art Before and After Science, don baje kolin Conversations in Ellipsis, da kuma Melbourne Now limited edition volume daga National Gallery of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversations in ellipsis: an exercise in affect & association... time & (e)motion studies, or things unsaid |url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/3906/conversations-in-ellipsis-an-exercise-in-affect-26-/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Artlink Magazine |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Kyautar Gorton don shayari sun haɗa da Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Victoria don shayari, <ref name="Lisa Gorton">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/author/1062-lisagorton |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.australianbookreview.com.au |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kyautar Vincent Buckley Poetry, <ref name="RedRoom" /> da Kyautar Philip Hodgins Memorial. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/authors/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Littafinta The Life of Houses an ba shi lambar yabo ta New South Wales Premier's People's Choice Award, da kuma Firayim Minista's Fiction Prize . <ref name="giramondopublishing.com" />   Har ila yau, an sanya littattafan waƙarta a cikin Kyautar Firayim Minista don Waƙoƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for the Arts |first=Department of Infrastructure |date=2020-09-09 |title=Empirical |url=https://www.arts.gov.au/pm-literary-awards/current-awards/empirical |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.arts.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Kyautar [[Mary Gilmore]] Poetry, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.wheelercentre.com/people/lisa-gorton |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The Wheeler Centre |language=en}}</ref> Kyautar Melbourne don Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empirical |url=https://www.newsouthbooks.com.au/books/empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=www.newsouthbooks.com.au |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Waƙoƙin Firayim Ministan NSW. * 1994 Kyautar waka ta Vincent Buckley <ref name=":1" /> * Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Victoria ta 2008 don Waƙoƙi (sa'an nan C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry) don Fitar da Jarida <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2009 |title=Victorian Premier's Literary Awards: Winners and Shortlist 2008, State Library of Victoria |url=https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs/literary/pla/recipients/shortlist_winner_08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103002618/https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs/literary/pla/recipients/shortlist_winner_08.html |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> * 2013 Queensland Literary Awards Judith Wright Calanthe Award, shortlisted for Hotel Hyperion <ref name="RedRoom" /> * 2014 Kyautar Littafin Firayim Minista na Yammacin Australia don Waƙoƙi, wanda aka jera don Otal Hyperion <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=2014 Premier's Book Awards |url=https://slwa.wa.gov.au/about-us/western-australian-premiers-book-awards/awards-archive/2014 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=State Library of Western Australia}}</ref> * 2014 Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal for Excellence in Literature for Hotel Hyperion <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal |url=https://www.mildurawritersfestival.com/philip-hodgins-memorial-medal.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Mildura Writers Festival |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Littattafai don Fiction, wanda ya lashe hadin gwiwa don The Life of Houses <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 November 2018 |title=Winners and shortlist |url=https://www.communications.gov.au/pm-literary-awards/current-awards |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Department of Communications and the Arts |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 New South Wales Firayim Minista na wallafe-wallafen Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a don ''Rayuwar Gidaje'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Houses by Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.angusrobertson.com.au/books/the-life-of-houses-lisa-gorton/p/9781922146809 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.angusrobertson.com.au |language=en}}</ref> * 2020 Kyautar Kenneth Slessor don Waƙoƙi, an ƙaddamar da shi don Empirical <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=20 March 2020 |title=NSW Premier's Literary Awards 2020 shortlists announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/03/20/148069/nsw-premiers-literary-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> * 2022 Kyautar Wesley Michel Wright <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Australian Centre Literary Awards - Wesley Michel Wright Prize in Poetry |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v479 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=AustLit: Discover Australian Stories |publisher=The University of Queensland}}</ref> * 2023 Kyautar Kenneth Slessor don Waƙoƙi, wanda aka jera don ''Miribilia <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/awards/kenneth-slessor-prize-poetry |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=State Library of NSW}}</ref>'' == Amsa mai mahimmanci == '''A kan Bincike''Labari mai ban sha'awa''''' Jessica Wilkinson, mawaki kuma edita na mujallar ''Rabbit'', ta yi hira da Gorton game da tarin shayinta na Empirical, tana lura da sha'awar Lisa game da "yadda jin daɗin wuri ya samo asali".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessica L. Wilkinson interviews Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.rabbitpoetry.com/blog/jessica-l-wilkinson-interviews-lisa-gorton |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Rabbit Poetry |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin Sydney Review of Books, mawaki kuma mai sukar Michael Farrell ya ba da shawarar cewa tarin shayari na Gorton Empirical yana ba da "model na tunanin 3D", yana mai cewa "Gorton yana sake farfadowa - kuma yana fassara - kayan rubutu na tarihi a cikin shayari na zamani", kuma cewa aikinta "yana aiki ne a matsayin maganin akidar kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncrushed Local Thought {{!}} Michael Farrel reviews Empirical by Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/review/lisa-gorton-empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> A cikin The Sydney Morning Herald, James Antoniou ya rubuta cewa: "wani muhimmin murya yana raguwa a nan: tabbatarwa, polyphonic kuma, ga duk kwanciyar hankali, hangen nesa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antoniou |first=James |date=2019-08-02 |title=The place of poetry and the poetry of place |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/the-place-of-poetry-and-the-poetry-of-place-20190729-p52bpu.html |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> '''A ''Rayuwar Gidaje''''' A cikin Sydney Review of Books, Kerryn Goldsworthy ya rubuta game da littafin farko na Gorton The Life of Houses: "Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa matsayin Gorton ya kasance mai daraja sosai, mawaki mai cin lambar yabo na Australiya shine kusurwar hangen nesa ta musamman da ta sirri a duniya. Wani abu ne wanda, kamar yadda Auden ya yi la'akari da shi, ba batun samun inuwa ba ne kawai kamar yadda yake da yin wani abu mai kyau ba, ba kawai zabar kalmar ko kuma yana nuna sabon abu mai hankali ba, yana wakiltar sabon abu mai mahimmanci na rana ba, yana haifar da shi ba, yana nunawa ba tare da tunani ba, yana nufin wani abu mai mahimmanci ba, yana da tunani ba ne, wanda ba, yana ba. == Ayyuka == === Waƙoƙi === An buga ''Waƙoƙi'' guda ɗaya a cikin HEAT, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Giramondo {{!}} Giramondo Publishing Company |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/about/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Waƙoƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 March 2020 |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lisa-gorton |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Poetry Foundation |language=en}}</ref> ''''''''Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙin Australiya na 2012'''''''', Mafi Kyawun waƙoƙin Australia na 2009, Mafi Kyawun Australian Waƙoƙoƙi na 2010, da Mafi Kyawun Mawallafin Australiya na 2012. *   *   *   *   *   * * == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.lisagorton.com Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://giramondopublishing.com/authors/lisa-gorton/ Giramondo Publishing - Mawallafin] * [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A12400 AustLit Database - Tarihi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7z0pmx3xqbnekrm68tv7qw3ss2rpnt4 965300 965299 2026-10-09T16:44:41Z Baffa ali 47435 965300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lisa Gorton''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) mawaki ce ta Australiya, marubuciya, edita kuma marubuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://www.lisagorton.com/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Mysite |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce marubuciyar tarin waƙoƙi guda huɗu da suka lashe lambar yabo: Press Release, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/press-release/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Hotel Hyperion, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Hyperion |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/hotel-hyperion/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Empirical, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empirical |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> da ''Mirabilia''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Mirabilia {{!}} Poetry by Lisa Gorton |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/lisa-gorton-mirabilia/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Littafinta na biyu, The Life of Houses, ya sami lambar yabo ta NSW Premier's People's Choice Award for Fiction da kuma lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista ta wallafe-wallafen Fiction (wanda aka raba). <ref name="giramondopublishing.com">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=Joanne Burns and Lisa Gorton Winners of NSW Premier's Literary Awards |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/joanne-burns-and-lisa-gorton-winners-of-nsw-premiers-literary-awards/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2016-11-08 |title=Prime Minister's Literary awards 2016: Lisa Gorton and Charlotte Wood share fiction prize |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/09/prime-ministers-literary-awards-2016-lisa-gorton-and-charlotte-wood-share-fiction-prize |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Gorton kuma shi ne editan littafin Black Inc's Best Australian Poems 2013. == Ilimi == Gorton ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Melbourne da [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="poetryinternational.org">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton (poet) - Australia - Poetry International |url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/29505/Lisa-Gorton/en/tile |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.poetryinternational.org}}</ref> A Oxford, a matsayin [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Rhodes Scholar]], Gorton ya kammala MPhil a cikin Renaissance Literature da DPhil a kan John Donne . <ref name="poetryinternational.org" /> Ta sami lambar yabo ta John Donne Society don Kyakkyawan Buga a Nazarin Donne . <ref name="RedRoom">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://redroompoetry.org/poets/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Red Room Poetry |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1994 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Vincent Buckley Poetry . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Jane |date=17 April 2015 |title=Lisa Gorton: Prize-winning poet writes her first novel |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/lisa-gorton-prizewinning-poet-writes-her-first-novel-20150411-1mhp1c.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin editan shayari don ''Binciken Littafin Australiya'', an zaɓi Gorton a matsayin ABR Poet of the Month a watan Oktoba 2019. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/author/1062-lisagorton |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Australian Book Review |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2019 |title=Lisa Gorton is Poet of the Month |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/abr-online/archive/2019/october-2019-no-415/480-copy-of-interview/5913-lisa-gorton-is-poet-of-the-month |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Australian Book Review |series=No. 415 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Gorton ya ba da gudummawa ga rubutun Australian Book Review <ref name=":0" /> da Sydney Review of Books . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/writer/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2021 ta kasance editan waka na Island Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Team |url=https://islandmag.com/meet-the-team |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=Island magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ita ce jikokin tsohon Firayim Minista [[John Gorton]] . <ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubuce == An rubuta waƙoƙin Gorton a ko'ina, ciki har da The Turnrow Anthology of Contemporary Australian Poetry, The Best Australian Poems series (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, [4] 2014, 2015 [4]), Contemporary Australian Feminist Poetry, Anthology of Australian Prose Poetry Magazine Mayu 2016 zaɓi na waƙoƙar Australiya, wanda Robert Adamson ya shirya, tare da hotuna na Juno Gemes, [4] da kuma waƙoƙan kan layi Poetry International [4] da ''Lyrikline''.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2016 |editor-last=Adamson |editor-first=Robert |others=Juno Gemes, photographer |title=Australian Poets |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/issue/88998/may-2015-570bf91a451dc |journal=Poetry |language=en |access-date=2024-06-29 |via=Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="poetryinternational.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DREAMS AND ARTEFACTS (Lisa Gorton) |url=https://www.lyrikline.org/en/poems/dreams-and-artefacts-11052 |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.lyrikline.org}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya samun waƙarta a kan layi a mujallar ''Cordite''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=http://cordite.org.au/author/lisagorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Cordite Poetry Review |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga rubutun Gorton a cikin Sydney Review of Books <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/writer/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> da Australian Book Review, <ref name="Lisa Gorton" /> kuma a cikin tarin rubutun Australian Face. <ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Ley |editor-first=James |editor2-last=Menzies-Pike |editor2-first=Catriona |title=The Australian Face |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/the-australian-face-essays-from-the-sydney-review-of-books/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gorton ya rubuta rubutun gabatarwa don sake fitar da littafin Christina Stead mai suna The Little Hotel . Ta kuma rubuta rubutun kundin ga zane-zane na Izabela Pluta mai suna Apparent Distance a cikin baje kolin 2019 The National a Art Gallery of New South Wales . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorton |first=Lisa |title=Izabela Pluta – Sydney 2019 |url=https://www.the-national.com.au/artists/izabela-pluta/apparent-distance/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The National 4 |language=en}}</ref> Gorton yana da sha'awar waƙoƙin ekphrastic. Ta kirkiro jerin waƙoƙi don littafin mai zane-zane na Izabela Pluta Figures of Slippage and Oscillation . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izabela Pluta – Figures of slippage and oscillation |url=https://www.perimeterbooks.com/products/special-edition-pre-order-izabela-pluta-figures-of-slippage-and-oscillation |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Perimeter Books |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma rubuta waƙoƙin ekphrastic don kundin littafin 2010 Adelaide Biennial of Contemporary Art Before and After Science, don baje kolin Conversations in Ellipsis, da kuma Melbourne Now limited edition volume daga National Gallery of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversations in ellipsis: an exercise in affect & association... time & (e)motion studies, or things unsaid |url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/3906/conversations-in-ellipsis-an-exercise-in-affect-26-/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Artlink Magazine |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Kyautar Gorton don shayari sun haɗa da Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Victoria don shayari, <ref name="Lisa Gorton">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/author/1062-lisagorton |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.australianbookreview.com.au |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kyautar Vincent Buckley Poetry, <ref name="RedRoom" /> da Kyautar Philip Hodgins Memorial. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/authors/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Littafinta The Life of Houses an ba shi lambar yabo ta New South Wales Premier's People's Choice Award, da kuma Firayim Minista's Fiction Prize . <ref name="giramondopublishing.com" />   Har ila yau, an sanya littattafan waƙarta a cikin Kyautar Firayim Minista don Waƙoƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for the Arts |first=Department of Infrastructure |date=2020-09-09 |title=Empirical |url=https://www.arts.gov.au/pm-literary-awards/current-awards/empirical |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.arts.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Kyautar [[Mary Gilmore]] Poetry, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.wheelercentre.com/people/lisa-gorton |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The Wheeler Centre |language=en}}</ref> Kyautar Melbourne don Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empirical |url=https://www.newsouthbooks.com.au/books/empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=www.newsouthbooks.com.au |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Waƙoƙin Firayim Ministan NSW. * 1994 Kyautar waka ta Vincent Buckley <ref name=":1" /> * Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Victoria ta 2008 don Waƙoƙi (sa'an nan C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry) don Fitar da Jarida <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2009 |title=Victorian Premier's Literary Awards: Winners and Shortlist 2008, State Library of Victoria |url=https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs/literary/pla/recipients/shortlist_winner_08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103002618/https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs/literary/pla/recipients/shortlist_winner_08.html |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> * 2013 Queensland Literary Awards Judith Wright Calanthe Award, shortlisted for Hotel Hyperion <ref name="RedRoom" /> * 2014 Kyautar Littafin Firayim Minista na Yammacin Australia don Waƙoƙi, wanda aka jera don Otal Hyperion <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=2014 Premier's Book Awards |url=https://slwa.wa.gov.au/about-us/western-australian-premiers-book-awards/awards-archive/2014 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=State Library of Western Australia}}</ref> * 2014 Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal for Excellence in Literature for Hotel Hyperion <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal |url=https://www.mildurawritersfestival.com/philip-hodgins-memorial-medal.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Mildura Writers Festival |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Littattafai don Fiction, wanda ya lashe hadin gwiwa don The Life of Houses <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 November 2018 |title=Winners and shortlist |url=https://www.communications.gov.au/pm-literary-awards/current-awards |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Department of Communications and the Arts |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 New South Wales Firayim Minista na wallafe-wallafen Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a don ''Rayuwar Gidaje'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Houses by Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.angusrobertson.com.au/books/the-life-of-houses-lisa-gorton/p/9781922146809 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.angusrobertson.com.au |language=en}}</ref> * 2020 Kyautar Kenneth Slessor don Waƙoƙi, an ƙaddamar da shi don Empirical <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=20 March 2020 |title=NSW Premier's Literary Awards 2020 shortlists announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/03/20/148069/nsw-premiers-literary-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> * 2022 Kyautar Wesley Michel Wright <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Australian Centre Literary Awards - Wesley Michel Wright Prize in Poetry |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v479 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=AustLit: Discover Australian Stories |publisher=The University of Queensland}}</ref> * 2023 Kyautar Kenneth Slessor don Waƙoƙi, wanda aka jera don ''Miribilia <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/awards/kenneth-slessor-prize-poetry |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=State Library of NSW}}</ref>'' == Amsa mai mahimmanci == '''A kan Bincike''Labari mai ban sha'awa''''' Jessica Wilkinson, mawaki kuma edita na mujallar ''Rabbit'', ta yi hira da Gorton game da tarin shayinta na Empirical, tana lura da sha'awar Lisa game da "yadda jin daɗin wuri ya samo asali".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessica L. Wilkinson interviews Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.rabbitpoetry.com/blog/jessica-l-wilkinson-interviews-lisa-gorton |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Rabbit Poetry |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin Sydney Review of Books, mawaki kuma mai sukar Michael Farrell ya ba da shawarar cewa tarin shayari na Gorton Empirical yana ba da "model na tunanin 3D", yana mai cewa "Gorton yana sake farfadowa - kuma yana fassara - kayan rubutu na tarihi a cikin shayari na zamani", kuma cewa aikinta "yana aiki ne a matsayin maganin akidar kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncrushed Local Thought {{!}} Michael Farrel reviews Empirical by Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/review/lisa-gorton-empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> A cikin The Sydney Morning Herald, James Antoniou ya rubuta cewa: "wani muhimmin murya yana raguwa a nan: tabbatarwa, polyphonic kuma, ga duk kwanciyar hankali, hangen nesa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antoniou |first=James |date=2019-08-02 |title=The place of poetry and the poetry of place |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/the-place-of-poetry-and-the-poetry-of-place-20190729-p52bpu.html |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> '''A ''Rayuwar Gidaje''''' A cikin Sydney Review of Books, Kerryn Goldsworthy ya rubuta game da littafin farko na Gorton The Life of Houses: "Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa matsayin Gorton ya kasance mai daraja sosai, mawaki mai cin lambar yabo na Australiya shine kusurwar hangen nesa ta musamman da ta sirri a duniya. Wani abu ne wanda, kamar yadda Auden ya yi la'akari da shi, ba batun samun inuwa ba ne kawai kamar yadda yake da yin wani abu mai kyau ba, ba kawai zabar kalmar ko kuma yana nuna sabon abu mai hankali ba, yana wakiltar sabon abu mai mahimmanci na rana ba, yana haifar da shi ba, yana nunawa ba tare da tunani ba, yana nufin wani abu mai mahimmanci ba, yana da tunani ba ne, wanda ba, yana ba. == Ayyuka == === Waƙoƙi === An buga ''Waƙoƙi'' guda ɗaya a cikin HEAT, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Giramondo {{!}} Giramondo Publishing Company |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/about/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Waƙoƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 March 2020 |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lisa-gorton |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Poetry Foundation |language=en}}</ref> ''''''''Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙin Australiya na 2012'''''''', Mafi Kyawun waƙoƙin Australia na 2009, Mafi Kyawun Australian Waƙoƙoƙi na 2010, da Mafi Kyawun Mawallafin Australiya na 2012. *   *   *   *   *   * * == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.lisagorton.com Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://giramondopublishing.com/authors/lisa-gorton/ Giramondo Publishing - Mawallafin] * [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A12400 AustLit Database - Tarihi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rsdo2qjigmkkkvu8ezt06av3092u2j6 965396 965300 2026-10-09T19:23:41Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lisa Gorton''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) mawaki ce 'yar [[Asturaliya]], marubuciya, edita kuma marubuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://www.lisagorton.com/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Mysite |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce marubuciyar tarin waƙoƙi guda huɗu da suka lashe lambar yabo: Press Release, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/press-release/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Hotel Hyperion, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Hyperion |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/hotel-hyperion/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Empirical, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empirical |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> da ''Mirabilia''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Mirabilia {{!}} Poetry by Lisa Gorton |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/lisa-gorton-mirabilia/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Littafinta na biyu, The Life of Houses, ya sami lambar yabo ta NSW Premier's People's Choice Award for Fiction da kuma lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista ta wallafe-wallafen Fiction (wanda aka raba). <ref name="giramondopublishing.com">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=Joanne Burns and Lisa Gorton Winners of NSW Premier's Literary Awards |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/joanne-burns-and-lisa-gorton-winners-of-nsw-premiers-literary-awards/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2016-11-08 |title=Prime Minister's Literary awards 2016: Lisa Gorton and Charlotte Wood share fiction prize |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/09/prime-ministers-literary-awards-2016-lisa-gorton-and-charlotte-wood-share-fiction-prize |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Gorton kuma shi ne editan littafin Black Inc's Best Australian Poems 2013. == Ilimi == Gorton ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Melbourne da [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="poetryinternational.org">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton (poet) - Australia - Poetry International |url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/29505/Lisa-Gorton/en/tile |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.poetryinternational.org}}</ref> A Oxford, a matsayin [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Rhodes Scholar]], Gorton ya kammala MPhil a cikin Renaissance Literature da DPhil a kan John Donne . <ref name="poetryinternational.org" /> Ta sami lambar yabo ta John Donne Society don Kyakkyawan Buga a Nazarin Donne . <ref name="RedRoom">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://redroompoetry.org/poets/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Red Room Poetry |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1994 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Vincent Buckley Poetry . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Jane |date=17 April 2015 |title=Lisa Gorton: Prize-winning poet writes her first novel |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/lisa-gorton-prizewinning-poet-writes-her-first-novel-20150411-1mhp1c.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin editan shayari don ''Binciken Littafin Australiya'', an zaɓi Gorton a matsayin ABR Poet of the Month a watan Oktoba 2019. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/author/1062-lisagorton |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Australian Book Review |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2019 |title=Lisa Gorton is Poet of the Month |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/abr-online/archive/2019/october-2019-no-415/480-copy-of-interview/5913-lisa-gorton-is-poet-of-the-month |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Australian Book Review |series=No. 415 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Gorton ya ba da gudummawa ga rubutun Australian Book Review <ref name=":0" /> da Sydney Review of Books . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/writer/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2021 ta kasance editan waka na Island Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Team |url=https://islandmag.com/meet-the-team |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=Island magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ita ce jikokin tsohon Firayim Minista [[John Gorton]] . <ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubuce == An rubuta waƙoƙin Gorton a ko'ina, ciki har da The Turnrow Anthology of Contemporary Australian Poetry, The Best Australian Poems series (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, [4] 2014, 2015 [4]), Contemporary Australian Feminist Poetry, Anthology of Australian Prose Poetry Magazine Mayu 2016 zaɓi na waƙoƙar Australiya, wanda Robert Adamson ya shirya, tare da hotuna na Juno Gemes, [4] da kuma waƙoƙan kan layi Poetry International [4] da ''Lyrikline''.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2016 |editor-last=Adamson |editor-first=Robert |others=Juno Gemes, photographer |title=Australian Poets |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/issue/88998/may-2015-570bf91a451dc |journal=Poetry |language=en |access-date=2024-06-29 |via=Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="poetryinternational.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DREAMS AND ARTEFACTS (Lisa Gorton) |url=https://www.lyrikline.org/en/poems/dreams-and-artefacts-11052 |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.lyrikline.org}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya samun waƙarta a kan layi a mujallar ''Cordite''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=http://cordite.org.au/author/lisagorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Cordite Poetry Review |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga rubutun Gorton a cikin Sydney Review of Books <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/writer/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> da Australian Book Review, <ref name="Lisa Gorton" /> kuma a cikin tarin rubutun Australian Face. <ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Ley |editor-first=James |editor2-last=Menzies-Pike |editor2-first=Catriona |title=The Australian Face |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/books/the-australian-face-essays-from-the-sydney-review-of-books/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Gorton ya rubuta rubutun gabatarwa don sake fitar da littafin Christina Stead mai suna The Little Hotel . Ta kuma rubuta rubutun kundin ga zane-zane na Izabela Pluta mai suna Apparent Distance a cikin baje kolin 2019 The National a Art Gallery of New South Wales . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorton |first=Lisa |title=Izabela Pluta – Sydney 2019 |url=https://www.the-national.com.au/artists/izabela-pluta/apparent-distance/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The National 4 |language=en}}</ref> Gorton yana da sha'awar waƙoƙin ekphrastic. Ta kirkiro jerin waƙoƙi don littafin mai zane-zane na Izabela Pluta Figures of Slippage and Oscillation . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izabela Pluta – Figures of slippage and oscillation |url=https://www.perimeterbooks.com/products/special-edition-pre-order-izabela-pluta-figures-of-slippage-and-oscillation |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Perimeter Books |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma rubuta waƙoƙin ekphrastic don kundin littafin 2010 Adelaide Biennial of Contemporary Art Before and After Science, don baje kolin Conversations in Ellipsis, da kuma Melbourne Now limited edition volume daga National Gallery of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversations in ellipsis: an exercise in affect & association... time & (e)motion studies, or things unsaid |url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/3906/conversations-in-ellipsis-an-exercise-in-affect-26-/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Artlink Magazine |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Kyautar Gorton don shayari sun haɗa da Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Victoria don shayari, <ref name="Lisa Gorton">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/arts-update/author/1062-lisagorton |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.australianbookreview.com.au |language=en-gb}}</ref> Kyautar Vincent Buckley Poetry, <ref name="RedRoom" /> da Kyautar Philip Hodgins Memorial. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/authors/lisa-gorton/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Littafinta The Life of Houses an ba shi lambar yabo ta New South Wales Premier's People's Choice Award, da kuma Firayim Minista's Fiction Prize . <ref name="giramondopublishing.com" />   Har ila yau, an sanya littattafan waƙarta a cikin Kyautar Firayim Minista don Waƙoƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for the Arts |first=Department of Infrastructure |date=2020-09-09 |title=Empirical |url=https://www.arts.gov.au/pm-literary-awards/current-awards/empirical |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.arts.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Kyautar [[Mary Gilmore]] Poetry, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.wheelercentre.com/people/lisa-gorton |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=The Wheeler Centre |language=en}}</ref> Kyautar Melbourne don Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Kyawu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empirical |url=https://www.newsouthbooks.com.au/books/empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=www.newsouthbooks.com.au |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Waƙoƙin Firayim Ministan NSW. * 1994 Kyautar waka ta Vincent Buckley <ref name=":1" /> * Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Victoria ta 2008 don Waƙoƙi (sa'an nan C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry) don Fitar da Jarida <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2009 |title=Victorian Premier's Literary Awards: Winners and Shortlist 2008, State Library of Victoria |url=https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs/literary/pla/recipients/shortlist_winner_08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103002618/https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/programs/literary/pla/recipients/shortlist_winner_08.html |archive-date=3 January 2009 |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> * 2013 Queensland Literary Awards Judith Wright Calanthe Award, shortlisted for Hotel Hyperion <ref name="RedRoom" /> * 2014 Kyautar Littafin Firayim Minista na Yammacin Australia don Waƙoƙi, wanda aka jera don Otal Hyperion <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=2014 Premier's Book Awards |url=https://slwa.wa.gov.au/about-us/western-australian-premiers-book-awards/awards-archive/2014 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=State Library of Western Australia}}</ref> * 2014 Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal for Excellence in Literature for Hotel Hyperion <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal |url=https://www.mildurawritersfestival.com/philip-hodgins-memorial-medal.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Mildura Writers Festival |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Littattafai don Fiction, wanda ya lashe hadin gwiwa don The Life of Houses <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 November 2018 |title=Winners and shortlist |url=https://www.communications.gov.au/pm-literary-awards/current-awards |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Department of Communications and the Arts |language=en}}</ref> * 2016 New South Wales Firayim Minista na wallafe-wallafen Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a don ''Rayuwar Gidaje'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Houses by Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.angusrobertson.com.au/books/the-life-of-houses-lisa-gorton/p/9781922146809 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.angusrobertson.com.au |language=en}}</ref> * 2020 Kyautar Kenneth Slessor don Waƙoƙi, an ƙaddamar da shi don Empirical <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=20 March 2020 |title=NSW Premier's Literary Awards 2020 shortlists announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/03/20/148069/nsw-premiers-literary-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> * 2022 Kyautar Wesley Michel Wright <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Australian Centre Literary Awards - Wesley Michel Wright Prize in Poetry |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v479 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=AustLit: Discover Australian Stories |publisher=The University of Queensland}}</ref> * 2023 Kyautar Kenneth Slessor don Waƙoƙi, wanda aka jera don ''Miribilia <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/awards/kenneth-slessor-prize-poetry |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=State Library of NSW}}</ref>'' == Amsa mai mahimmanci == '''A kan Bincike''Labari mai ban sha'awa''''' Jessica Wilkinson, mawaki kuma edita na mujallar ''Rabbit'', ta yi hira da Gorton game da tarin shayinta na Empirical, tana lura da sha'awar Lisa game da "yadda jin daɗin wuri ya samo asali".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessica L. Wilkinson interviews Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.rabbitpoetry.com/blog/jessica-l-wilkinson-interviews-lisa-gorton |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Rabbit Poetry |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin Sydney Review of Books, mawaki kuma mai sukar Michael Farrell ya ba da shawarar cewa tarin shayari na Gorton Empirical yana ba da "model na tunanin 3D", yana mai cewa "Gorton yana sake farfadowa - kuma yana fassara - kayan rubutu na tarihi a cikin shayari na zamani", kuma cewa aikinta "yana aiki ne a matsayin maganin akidar kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncrushed Local Thought {{!}} Michael Farrel reviews Empirical by Lisa Gorton |url=https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/review/lisa-gorton-empirical/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Sydney Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> A cikin The Sydney Morning Herald, James Antoniou ya rubuta cewa: "wani muhimmin murya yana raguwa a nan: tabbatarwa, polyphonic kuma, ga duk kwanciyar hankali, hangen nesa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antoniou |first=James |date=2019-08-02 |title=The place of poetry and the poetry of place |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/the-place-of-poetry-and-the-poetry-of-place-20190729-p52bpu.html |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> '''A ''Rayuwar Gidaje''''' A cikin Sydney Review of Books, Kerryn Goldsworthy ya rubuta game da littafin farko na Gorton The Life of Houses: "Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa matsayin Gorton ya kasance mai daraja sosai, mawaki mai cin lambar yabo na Australiya shine kusurwar hangen nesa ta musamman da ta sirri a duniya. Wani abu ne wanda, kamar yadda Auden ya yi la'akari da shi, ba batun samun inuwa ba ne kawai kamar yadda yake da yin wani abu mai kyau ba, ba kawai zabar kalmar ko kuma yana nuna sabon abu mai hankali ba, yana wakiltar sabon abu mai mahimmanci na rana ba, yana haifar da shi ba, yana nunawa ba tare da tunani ba, yana nufin wani abu mai mahimmanci ba, yana da tunani ba ne, wanda ba, yana ba. == Ayyuka == === Waƙoƙi === An buga ''Waƙoƙi'' guda ɗaya a cikin HEAT, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Giramondo {{!}} Giramondo Publishing Company |url=https://giramondopublishing.com/about/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Giramondo Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> Waƙoƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 March 2020 |title=Lisa Gorton |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lisa-gorton |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Poetry Foundation |language=en}}</ref> ''''''''Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙin Australiya na 2012'''''''', Mafi Kyawun waƙoƙin Australia na 2009, Mafi Kyawun Australian Waƙoƙoƙi na 2010, da Mafi Kyawun Mawallafin Australiya na 2012. *   *   *   *   *   * * == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.lisagorton.com Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://giramondopublishing.com/authors/lisa-gorton/ Giramondo Publishing - Mawallafin] * [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A12400 AustLit Database - Tarihi] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2s1xx4b09a5atos44z33kvtbrmgga9g 0 178679 965304 2026-10-09T17:02:40Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/995525945|National Youth Orchestra of Iraq]]" 965304 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ('''NYOI''') ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta matasa wacce ta ƙunshi mawaƙa daga sassa daban-daban na Iraki . Membobin suna tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 29. Ana zaɓar su a kowane kaka-tsaki ta hanyar aiwatar da sauraron kan layi da bidiyo. == Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Iraki == Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Iraki ce ta Zuhal Sultan yana da shekaru 17. Ta yi aiki tare da Raw Television a jerin sunayen Battlefront na shugabannin Generation Y a lokacin 2008/9 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A watan Satumbar 2008, Raw TV ta aika da sanarwar manema labarai mai taken "Iraqi Teen yana neman Maestro for Youth Orchestra" ga manema labarai na Burtaniya, wanda Scottish Conductor, Paul MacAlindin, ya karanta kuma ya amsa. Bayan ya zabi Paul a matsayin darektan kiɗa, Zuhal ya kawo aboki da kuma abokin kiɗa, Allegra Klein, Daraktan mawaƙa don Harmony a New York. Tare, sun yi aiki a kan layi don kafa karatun bazara na farko na shekara ta 2009. An shirya sauraron YouTube tare da 'yan wasa a Bagadaza da Yankin Kurdawa na Iraki. An sami kudade daga gwamnatocin Bagadaza da Kurdawa, da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya da Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya. Majalisar Burtaniya, a wannan lokacin da Tony Reilly ya jagoranta, ita ma ta zama abokin aiki a Iraki. == Darussan == Kungiyar mawaƙa tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin karatun bazara na mako biyu. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an gudanar da darasi a yankin Kurdish na Iraki. Shirin ya haɗa da horo mai zurfi daga ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Turai da na Amurka, yana ba da dama ga ƙwararrun masu kida don karɓar darussan rukuni da ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin membobin ba su da ƙarancin karatu ko kuma sun koyar da kansu. Shirin ya hada da rushe kankara da kuma zaman haɗin kai tsakanin mambobi da masu koyarwa. == Dubi kuma == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807223322/http://friends-nyoi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus Förderverein Nationales Jugendorchester des Irak e.V. ke gudanarwa - "JOI"] * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Iraki * Zuhal Sultan * [http://musicians4harmony.org/index.html Masu kiɗa don jituwa] * Jerin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta matasa == Manazarta == sodqsljq9z0pdebsq6y8ifne7x0r8d0 965306 965304 2026-10-09T17:03:25Z Baffa ali 47435 965306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ('''NYOI''') ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta matasa wacce ta ƙunshi mawaƙa daga sassa daban-daban na Iraki . Membobin suna tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 29. Ana zaɓar su a kowane kaka-tsaki ta hanyar aiwatar da sauraron kan layi da bidiyo. == Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Iraki == Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Iraki ce ta Zuhal Sultan yana da shekaru 17. Ta yi aiki tare da Raw Television a jerin sunayen Battlefront na shugabannin Generation Y a lokacin 2008/9 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A watan Satumbar 2008, Raw TV ta aika da sanarwar manema labarai mai taken "Iraqi Teen yana neman Maestro for Youth Orchestra" ga manema labarai na Burtaniya, wanda Scottish Conductor, Paul MacAlindin, ya karanta kuma ya amsa. Bayan ya zabi Paul a matsayin darektan kiɗa, Zuhal ya kawo aboki da kuma abokin kiɗa, Allegra Klein, Daraktan mawaƙa don Harmony a New York. Tare, sun yi aiki a kan layi don kafa karatun bazara na farko na shekara ta 2009. An shirya sauraron YouTube tare da 'yan wasa a Bagadaza da Yankin Kurdawa na Iraki. An sami kudade daga gwamnatocin Bagadaza da Kurdawa, da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya da Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya. Majalisar Burtaniya, a wannan lokacin da Tony Reilly ya jagoranta, ita ma ta zama abokin aiki a Iraki. == Darussan == Kungiyar mawaƙa tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin karatun bazara na mako biyu. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an gudanar da darasi a yankin Kurdish na Iraki. Shirin ya haɗa da horo mai zurfi daga ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Turai da na Amurka, yana ba da dama ga ƙwararrun masu kida don karɓar darussan rukuni da ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin membobin ba su da ƙarancin karatu ko kuma sun koyar da kansu. Shirin ya hada da rushe kankara da kuma zaman haɗin kai tsakanin mambobi da masu koyarwa. == Dubi kuma == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807223322/http://friends-nyoi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus Förderverein Nationales Jugendorchester des Irak e.V. ke gudanarwa - "JOI"] * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Iraki * Zuhal Sultan * [http://musicians4harmony.org/index.html Masu kiɗa don jituwa] * Jerin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta matasa == Manazarta == e7oqnl2e05805vkp6b3npzksgw4h91k 965370 965306 2026-10-09T18:28:59Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ('''NYOI''') ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta matasa wacce ta ƙunshi mawaƙa daga sassa daban-daban na Iraki. Membobin suna tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 29. Ana zaɓar su a kowane kaka-bazara ta hanyar aiwatar da gwaji ta yanar gizo da bidiyo. == Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Iraki == Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Iraki ce ta Zuhal Sultan yana da shekaru 17. Ta yi aiki tare da Raw Television a jerin sunayen Battlefront na shugabannin Generation Y a lokacin 2008/9 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A watan Satumbar 2008, Raw TV ta aika da sanarwar manema labarai mai taken "Iraqi Teen yana neman Maestro for Youth Orchestra" ga manema labarai na Burtaniya, wanda Scottish Conductor, Paul MacAlindin, ya karanta kuma ya amsa. Bayan ya zabi Paul a matsayin darektan kiɗa, Zuhal ya kawo aboki da kuma abokin kiɗa, Allegra Klein, Daraktan mawaƙa don Harmony a New York. Tare, sun yi aiki a kan layi don kafa karatun bazara na farko na shekara ta 2009. An shirya sauraron YouTube tare da 'yan wasa a Bagadaza da Yankin Kurdawa na Iraki. An sami kudade daga gwamnatocin Bagadaza da Kurdawa, da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya da Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya. Majalisar Burtaniya, a wannan lokacin da Tony Reilly ya jagoranta, ita ma ta zama abokin aiki a Iraki. == Darussan == Kungiyar mawaƙa tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin karatun bazara na mako biyu. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an gudanar da darasi a yankin Kurdish na Iraki. Shirin ya haɗa da horo mai zurfi daga ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Turai da na Amurka, yana ba da dama ga ƙwararrun masu kida don karɓar darussan rukuni da ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin membobin ba su da ƙarancin karatu ko kuma sun koyar da kansu. Shirin ya hada da rushe kankara da kuma zaman haɗin kai tsakanin mambobi da masu koyarwa. == Dubi kuma == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807223322/http://friends-nyoi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus Förderverein Nationales Jugendorchester des Irak e.V. ke gudanarwa - "JOI"] * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Iraki * Zuhal Sultan * [http://musicians4harmony.org/index.html Masu kiɗa don jituwa] * Jerin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta matasa == Manazarta == 1hswiz37ti6peqz7ekgqi7vpd6qismr 965374 965370 2026-10-09T18:31:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ('''NYOI''') ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta matasa wacce ta ƙunshi mawaƙa daga sassa daban-daban na Iraki. Membobin suna tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 29. Ana zaɓar su a kowane kaka-bazara ta hanyar aiwatar da gwaji ta yanar gizo da bidiyo. == Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Iraki == Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Iraki ce ta Zuhal Sultan yana da shekaru 17. Ta yi aiki tare da Raw Television a jerin sunayen Battlefront na shugabannin Generation Y a lokacin 2008/9 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa<ref>"Iraq's first ever National Youth Orchestra". British Council. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</ref>. A watan Satumbar 2008, Raw TV ta aika da sanarwar manema labarai mai taken "Iraqi Teen yana neman Maestro for Youth Orchestra" ga manema labarai na Burtaniya, wanda Scottish Conductor, Paul MacAlindin, ya karanta kuma ya amsa. Bayan ya zabi Paul a matsayin darektan kiɗa, Zuhal ya kawo aboki da kuma abokin kiɗa, Allegra Klein, Daraktan mawaƙa don Harmony a New York. Tare, sun yi aiki a kan layi don kafa karatun bazara na farko na shekara ta 2009. An shirya sauraron YouTube tare da 'yan wasa a Bagadaza da Yankin Kurdawa na Iraki. An sami kudade daga gwamnatocin Bagadaza da Kurdawa, da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya da Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya. Majalisar Burtaniya, a wannan lokacin da Tony Reilly ya jagoranta, ita ma ta zama abokin aiki a Iraki. == Darussan == Kungiyar mawaƙa tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin karatun bazara na mako biyu. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an gudanar da darasi a yankin Kurdish na Iraki. Shirin ya haɗa da horo mai zurfi daga ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Turai da na Amurka, yana ba da dama ga ƙwararrun masu kida don karɓar darussan rukuni da ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin membobin ba su da ƙarancin karatu ko kuma sun koyar da kansu. Shirin ya hada da rushe kankara da kuma zaman haɗin kai tsakanin mambobi da masu koyarwa. == Dubi kuma == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807223322/http://friends-nyoi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus Förderverein Nationales Jugendorchester des Irak e.V. ke gudanarwa - "JOI"] * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Iraki * Zuhal Sultan * [http://musicians4harmony.org/index.html Masu kiɗa don jituwa] * Jerin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta matasa == Manazarta == 4pg4iwtusbu6ntvj9wjdfcnxyps3wq5 965378 965374 2026-10-09T18:34:45Z Uncle Bash007 9891 /* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Iraki */ 965378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ('''NYOI''') ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta matasa wacce ta ƙunshi mawaƙa daga sassa daban-daban na Iraki. Membobin suna tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 29. Ana zaɓar su a kowane kaka-bazara ta hanyar aiwatar da gwaji ta yanar gizo da bidiyo. == Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Iraki == Zuhal Sultan c ta samar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Iraki a lokacin tana da shekaru 17. Ta yi aiki tare da ''Raw Television'' a jerin fina-finan da suka lashe kyaututtuka mai suna Battlefront na shugabannin Generation Y a lokacin wasanni na 2008/9 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A watan Satumbar 2008, Raw TV ta aika da sanarwar manema labarai mai taken "Iraqi Teen yana neman Maestro for Youth Orchestra" ga manema labarai na Burtaniya, wanda Scottish Conductor, Paul MacAlindin, ya karanta kuma ya amsa. Bayan ya zabi Paul a matsayin darektan kiɗa, Zuhal ya kawo aboki da kuma abokin kiɗa, Allegra Klein, Daraktan mawaƙa don Harmony a New York. Tare, sun yi aiki a kan layi don kafa karatun bazara na farko na shekara ta 2009. An shirya sauraron YouTube tare da 'yan wasa a Bagadaza da Yankin Kurdawa na Iraki. An sami kudade daga gwamnatocin Bagadaza da Kurdawa, da kuma Majalisar Burtaniya da Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya. Majalisar Burtaniya, a wannan lokacin da Tony Reilly ya jagoranta, ita ma ta zama abokin aiki a Iraki. == Darussan == Kungiyar mawaƙa tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin karatun bazara na mako biyu. A shekara ta biyu a jere, an gudanar da darasi a yankin Kurdish na Iraki. Shirin ya haɗa da horo mai zurfi daga ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Turai da na Amurka, yana ba da dama ga ƙwararrun masu kida don karɓar darussan rukuni da ɗaya zuwa ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin membobin ba su da ƙarancin karatu ko kuma sun koyar da kansu. Shirin ya hada da rushe kankara da kuma zaman haɗin kai tsakanin mambobi da masu koyarwa. == Dubi kuma == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180807223322/http://friends-nyoi.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus Förderverein Nationales Jugendorchester des Irak e.V. ke gudanarwa - "JOI"] * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Iraki * Zuhal Sultan * [http://musicians4harmony.org/index.html Masu kiɗa don jituwa] * Jerin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta matasa == Manazarta == 8cfauprfud9dy8qqbpglns3h0qd1krw 0 178680 965323 2026-10-09T17:50:40Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378385451|Ceratitis capitata]]" 965323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Fly October 2008-4.jpg|image_caption=Female, with ovipositor visible at the end of the abdomen|taxon=Ceratitis capitata|authority=([[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1824)|range_map=|range_map_caption=}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwari na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwari ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico. === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] njm58z5isyzg0jl553avmjpawkkrnu4 965324 965323 2026-10-09T17:53:25Z Baffa ali 47435 965324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Fly October 2008-4.jpg|image_caption=Female, with ovipositor visible at the end of the abdomen|taxon=Ceratitis capitata|authority=([[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1824)|range_map=|range_map_caption=}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwari na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwari ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico. === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k1v7kcissw113rhrebhi1ggcm3qv0vb 965325 965324 2026-10-09T17:54:38Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya */ 965325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Fly October 2008-4.jpg|image_caption=Female, with ovipositor visible at the end of the abdomen|taxon=Ceratitis capitata|authority=([[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1824)|range_map=|range_map_caption=}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwari na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwari ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Fisher KT, Hill AR, Sproul AN |date=1985 |title=Eradication of ''Ceratitis Capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00228.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta ==   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aupfbnpd7yu1oo430f06y68yu27epjj 965326 965325 2026-10-09T17:55:08Z Baffa ali 47435 965326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Fly October 2008-4.jpg|image_caption=Female, with ovipositor visible at the end of the abdomen|taxon=Ceratitis capitata|authority=([[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1824)|range_map=|range_map_caption=}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwari na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwari ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Fisher KT, Hill AR, Sproul AN |date=1985 |title=Eradication of ''Ceratitis Capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00228.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref>   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == pqobuq3da7oxjnipdqynevxf2mp4pfk 965343 965326 2026-10-09T18:06:03Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwaro na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwaro ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Fisher KT, Hill AR, Sproul AN |date=1985 |title=Eradication of ''Ceratitis Capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00228.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref>   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 66sa5bssk5z4ty3yablttiuw4kz2x5r 965521 965343 2026-10-09T22:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tephritidae_Ceratitis_capitata,_male.jpg|thumb|Maza na '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', yana nuna launi mai haske na idanun jinsin]] '''''Ceratitis capitata''''', wanda aka fi sani da kwaro na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum ko medfly, kwaro ne mai launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Sahara na Afirka. Ba shi da dangi na kusa a Yammacin Yamma kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin cututtukan 'ya'yan itace mafi muni a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas MC, Heppner JB, Woodruff RE, Weems HV, Steck GJ, Fasulo TR |date=July 2001 |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN37100.pdf |journal=DPI Entomology Circulars |publisher=Florida Department Agr Cons Serv}}</ref> Akwai cututtukan cututtukani a [[California]], [[Florida]], da [[Texas]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa na kawarwa don hana kwari daga kafa kansa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name=":0" /> ''C. capitata'' shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in kwari na 'ya'yan itace saboda ikon da yake da shi na tsira daga yanayin sanyi da nasara fiye da sauran nau'in' yan itace da kuma ikon da yake na zama fiye da' ya'yan itacen 200 na wurare masu zafi da kayan lambu wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa da lalacewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyukan da ake amfani da su don kawar da tsutsa bayan gabatar da shi cikin sabon yanayi na iya zama da wahala sosai kuma mai tsada, amma kamuwa da ''C. capitata'' yana rage amfanin gona kuma yana haifar da matakai masu tsada don sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayani na jiki == === Kwai === Kwayoyin ''C. capitata'' suna da siffarsu mai laushi, launin fari mai haske, da siffofi masu santsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kowace kwai kusan in) ne a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> {{Convert|1|mm}}Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kwari, ƙwai suna da Yankin micropylar tare da siffar tubular.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsuntsaye === An bayyana tsutsotsi na C. capitata kamar suna da siffar tsutsotsi na 'ya'yan itace na yau da kullun wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da ƙuyan ƙarshen baya da kuma wutsiyar caudal.[1] A ƙarshen kashi na uku da na ƙarshe na medfly, tsutsotsi suna auna tsakanin 7 da 9 millimeters (35⁄128 da 45⁄128 in) tare da kusan wurare takwas na fusiform da ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin su.[1] [[File:Ceratitis_capitata_-_larvae.jpg|right|thumb|Tsuntsu na tsutsa]] === Babba === Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna auna zuwa in) a tsawon. {{Convert|3 to 5|mm}}Akwai halaye masu yawa na bayyanar gani na siffofin jiki na ''C. capitata''. Zuciya tana da fari mai laushi zuwa rawaya tare da alamar baki, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙarancin baki da ke kan farfajiyar baya da kuma haske guda biyu a kan rabin basal. Fuka-fukan medfly suna dauke da band a fadin tsakiyar fuka-fuki tare da duhu streaks da spots a tsakiyar fuka. A cikin binciken da Siomava et al. suka yi, masu bincike sun yi amfani da geometric morphometrics don nazarin siffar fuka-fuki a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban guda uku ciki har da ''C. capitata''. Ta hanyar binciken da suka yi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsutsa tana nuna nau'in jima'i mai yawa (SShD) tsakanin ɓangaren kusa da nesa na fuka-fuki. Ana iya amfani da wannan bambancin don rarrabe tsakanin maza da mata tunda fuka-fukan maza suna da faɗi da gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da mata. Wannan bambancin jikin mutum yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan yana bawa maza damar kawar da iska da kuma haifar da tasirin "buzzing" mai ji a lokacin jan hankalin abokin aure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mediterranean Fruit Fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann)(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf |access-date=2026-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621140957/https://cals.arizona.edu/crops/insects/fruitfly.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya rarrabe maza ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa suna da setae biyu tsakanin idanunsu; setae suna da kyau kuma baƙar fata a ƙarshen su. == Rarraba == The Geographic Distribution Map of ''C. capitata'' provides information on the distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''C. capitata'', throughout the world. The information is mainly based on available Mediterranean fruit fly national surveillance reports. Therefore, the map displays assessments of the presence of this pest at the national level and in some cases at sub-national levels. According to this map, ''C. capitata'' is present throughout [[Afirka|Africa]], [[Amurka ta Kudu|South]] and Central America, the [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Middle East]], and Southern Europe. It has been confirmed to be absent in much of [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]], the [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]], some parts of [[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]], and most of [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. [[Sauyin yanayi|Climate change]] might have role in modifying the distribution and abundance of ''C. capitata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilioli |first=Gianni |last2=Sperandio |first2=Giorgio |last3=Colturato |first3=Michele |last4=Pasquali |first4=Sara |last5=Gervasio |first5=Paola |last6=Wilstermann |first6=Anne |last7=Dominic |first7=Anto Raja |last8=Schrader |first8=Gritta |date=2021-10-05 |title=Non-linear physiological responses to climate change: the case of ''Ceratitis capitata'' distribution and abundance in Europe |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |pages=261–279 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02639-9 |issn=1573-1464 |s2cid=244216891 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matakai huɗu na sake zagayowar rayuwar ''C. capitata'' sune kwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da matakai na manya. Maza medflies suna sanyawa a cikin rukuni na kusan ƙwai 10-14 kuma suna ajiye su kawai a ƙarƙashin fata na 'ya'yan itacen da suka karɓa.<ref name=":0" /> Da zarar an ajiye ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata, sai su fure a cikin 'yan kwanaki kawai, suna fitowa a matsayin maggots, ko tsutsotsi. An san kwari na ''C. capitata'' don warwatsewa har zuwa nisan kilomita 12 don neman 'ya'yan itace. A lokuta inda 'ya'yan itace masu karɓar baƙi suke da yawa a wuraren da suke yanzu, ba za su warwatse fiye da ƙafa 300 zuwa 700 ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Tasirin zafin jiki === Tsuntsaye na iya kammala rayuwarsu a cikin kwanaki 21 a cikin yanayi mafi kyau. A yanayin sanyi, sake zagayowar rayuwa na medfly na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100 don kammalawa. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|50|F}} ° F (10 ° C), ci gaban kwari ya ƙare. Oviposition a cikin mata ya daina faruwa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|60|F}} ° F (16 ° C). <ref name=":0" /> === Rayuwa ta Rayuwa === Rayuwar ''C. capitata'' ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda rabin yawancin jama'a suka mutu a cikin kwanaki 60. Koyaya, yanayin sanyi da abinci mai kyau na iya ba da damar wasu kwari su rayu watanni 6 ko har zuwa shekara guda. A cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a ƙarƙashin tsarin abinci na sukari da furotin, tsawon rayuwar mata yawanci ya fi na maza tsawon kwanaki 1.5. A matsakaici, tsawon rayuwar kwari a cikin bauta ya fi na kwari na daji tsawon kwanaki 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carey JR, Liedo P, Harshman L, Zhang Y, Müller HG, Partridge L, Wang JL |date=December 2002 |title=Life history response of Mediterranean fruit flies to dietary restriction |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=biosciharshman |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00019.x |pmid=12882344 |s2cid=36822766 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ceratitis capitata'' |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.extento.hawaii.edu}}</ref> Rayuwar wasu nau'o'in halittu kuma suna shafar lokutan karancin abinci, wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da nasarar mamayewa, daidaitawa, da bambancin halittu. Tsayayyar yunwa dabi'ar filastik ce wacce ta bambanta saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da juriya ga yunwa (SR) na ''C. capitata'' ya gano cewa SR yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru kuma ana tsara takamaiman alamu dangane da abincin manya da larval. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun nuna SR mafi girma fiye da maza, kuma mafi girman tasiri a kan SR a cikin ''C. capitata'' ya kasance saboda shekaru da abincin manya wanda ya biyo bayan jima'i da abincin larval.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerofotis CD, Kouloussis NA, Koukougiannidou C, Papadopoulos NT, Damos P, Koveos DS, Carey JR |date=July 2019 |title=Age, sex, adult and larval diet shape starvation resistance in the Mediterranean fruit fly: an ecological and gerontological perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910704G |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47010-0 |pmc=6656776 |pmid=31341198 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan abinci == Daga cikin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, ''C. capitata'' yana da mafi yawan' ya'yan itacen, gami da nau'ikan'ikan' ya'ya itace da kayan lambu sama da 200. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance su ga akee, star apple, orange, grapefruit, [[Gweba|guava]], mango, plum, da pears.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Plant Health - PDEP- Mediterranean fruit fly Pest Profile |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/target_pest_disease_profiles/mediterranean_ff_profile.html |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> ''C. capitata'' a cikin manya da kuma larval mataki ciyarwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> === Tsuntsu === Saboda abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga girman manya da ci gaba, tsutsotsi sun fi son cin 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Mafi yawan glucose da sucrose suna bunkasa ci gaba da kuma yawan magungunan da ke fitowa idan aka kwatanta da abinci mai yawa da maltose.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2017 |title=Adaptation to divergent larval diets in the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=289–303 |bibcode=2017Evolu..71..289L |doi=10.1111/evo.13113 |pmc=5324619 |pmid=27883361}}</ref> Ta hanyar sarrafa abincin larval tare da alaƙa da yisti da sucrose, masu bincike sun iya nuna cewa bambancin matakan yisti da sukari a cikin abincin yana canza yawan sunadarai zuwa carbohydrates wanda ke shafar ikon pupating larvae don tara ajiyar lipid. Abinci tare da babban furotin zuwa carbohydrate ratios ya samar da tsutsotsi tare da babban sunadarai da abubuwan da ke cikin lipid. Sabanin haka, abinci tare da ƙananan furotin zuwa rabo na carbohydrate ya haifar da tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da raguwar nauyin lipids.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blay S, Yuval B |date=July 1997 |title=Nutritional correlates of reproductive success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54...59B |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0445 |pmid=9268435 |s2cid=41943967}}</ref> Yanayin iyaye na iya shafar martani na larval ga yanayin abinci na yanzu ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da tasirin uwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leftwich PT, Nash WJ, Friend LA, Chapman T |date=February 2019 |title=Contribution of maternal effects to dietary selection in Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=278–292 |bibcode=2019Evolu..73..278L |doi=10.1111/evo.13664 |pmc=6492002 |pmid=30592536}}</ref> === Ɗan ƙarami === Bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan citrus, ɓangaren 'ya'yan itace da kuma matakin ''C. capitata'' sun sami tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aikin larval, ƙananan sakamako akan pupae, kuma babu tasiri akan ƙwai. An nuna mafi girman yawan rayuwa a kan orange mai zaki; duk da haka, an sami mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokacin ci gaba da mafi nauyi daga orange cultivars. A takaice dai, kaddarorin sinadarai irin su acidity da abubuwan da ke narkewa ba su da tasiri sosai a kan rayuwar larval da pupal amma manyan tasirin akan nauyin pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papachristos DP, Papadopoulos NT, Nanos GD |date=June 2008 |title=Survival and development of immature stages of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruit |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=866–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[866:sadois]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18613588 |s2cid=25240073 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Babba === Manya suna samun abincin carbohydrate daga 'ya'yan itace da suka nuna da furotin daga lalacewar' ya'yan itacen ko sauran naman tsuntsaye. Duk da yake tsutsotsi sun fi son tsakiyar 'ya'yan itace, manya sun fi son ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen da ke ƙunshe da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki idan aka kwatanta da nama. An tabbatar da abubuwan da suka fi so ta hanyar binciken da aka sanya medflies a saman orange da papayas koyaushe suna motsawa ƙasa zuwa sassa masu gina jiki yayin da kwari da aka sanya kusa da kasa sun kasance a wurin farawa. Tsuntsaye masu girma yawanci suna cin abinci a tsakiyar safiya / ƙarshen rana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Dangane da nasarar haifuwa na namiji ''C. capitata,'' maza da ake ciyar da su abinci wanda ba shi da furotin da aka yi jima'i a ƙananan ƙimar fiye da maza da aka ciyar da furotin. A takaice dai, abincin namiji yana da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar jima'i na namiji ''C. capitata'' kamar yadda karɓar mata ke nunawa ga ci gaba da jima'i.<ref name="Nutritional correlates of reproduct" /> An nuna, cewa manya na ''C. capitata'' suna karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na diazotrophic daga iyalin Enterobacteriaceae a cikin hanji. Wadannan symbionts suna gyara nitrogen ta hanyar enzyme nitrogenase wanda zai iya rage iyakar nitrogen kuma ta haka ne zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga mai masaukin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behar |first=A. |last2=Yuval |first2=B. |last3=Jurkevitch |first3=E. |date=August 2005 |title=Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=2637–2643 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.2637B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02615.x |issn=0962-1083 |pmid=16029466 |s2cid=16454141}}</ref> == Halin jima'i == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === Binciken filin da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, musamman a Kula, Maui da Kona, Hawaii, ya nuna masu bincike a fili bambanci a cikin halayyar jima'i na ''C. capitata''. Ana iya raba al'adar jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in kwari zuwa matakai biyu na asali: (1) halayyar lek da (2) soyayya. === Maza === A cikin halayyar lek, maza suna farawa ta hanyar samun yanki da yin wasa tare da juna don matsayi mafi kyau. Leks koyaushe suna cikin matsayi wanda ke inganta yawan hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ganye.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arita |first=Lorna |name-list-style=vanc |date=1989 |title=Sexual Selection and Lek Behavior in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly |journal=Pacific Science |volume=43 |via=University of Hawaii}}</ref> Yin jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' fly yawanci yana farawa tare da maza da aka ajiye a kasan farfajiyar ganye a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Da zarar maza sun tsaya a waɗannan wurare, suna fara aikin jima'i ta hanyar samar da leks da kuma sakin pheromones na jima'i don jawo hankalin budurwa mata. Idan ya yi nasara, jima'i zai faru a wannan lokacin. Wani wuri mai mahimmanci don yin jima'i shine a kan 'ya'yan itace kanta a ƙarshen safiya ko da yamma. Maza suna sanya kansu a nan a cikin ƙoƙari na yin jima'i da mata da suka riga sun yi jima'i ta hanyar yaudara ko tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prokopy |first=Ronald J. |last2=Hendrichs |first2=Jorge |name-list-style=vanc |date=1979-09-15 |title=Mating Behavior of ''Ceratitis capitata'' on a Field-Caged Host Tree |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=642–648 |doi=10.1093/aesa/72.5.642}}</ref> Binciken da Churchill-Stanland et al. suka gudanar, ya nuna cewa girman namiji na iya nuna nasarar da suka samu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa kwari masu nauyin kimanin 8-9 MG suna da nasarar haɗuwa mafi kyau yayin da ƙananan kwari (watau <6 MG) suna da ƙarancin nasarar haɗuwa.<ref name=":0" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da maza suka yi daidai ko girma, yawan jima'i ya yi daidai kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar eclosion, tashi, da saurin jima'i suna da alaƙa da girman pupal.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Churchill-Stanland C, Stanland R, Wong TT, Tanaka N, McInnis DO, Dowell RV |date=1986-06-01 |title=Size as a Factor in the Mating Propensity of Mediterranean Fruit Flies, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the Laboratory |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=614–619 |doi=10.1093/jee/79.3.614}}</ref> A lokacin soyayya, ana musayar sakonni tsakanin namiji da mace. Yayin da mace ke gabatowa, namiji yana riƙe da ciki a ƙarƙashin jikinsa tare da jakarsa ta ciki har yanzu tana kumbura kuma fuka-fukan har yanzu suna girgiza. Da zarar mace ta kasance - in) na namiji, namiji zai fara jerin motsi na kai. {{Convert|3–5|mm}}A cikin sakan 1-2 na fara motsi na kai, namiji ya fara sa fuka-fukansa kuma yana motsawa kusa da mace. Da zarar ya isa, namiji sai ya tsalle a kan baya na mace kuma ya fara jima'i.<ref name=":5" /> === Mata === An nuna cewa a lokacin jima'i, mata suna fuskantar canji a cikin halayen da ke cikin ƙanshi. Musamman, budurwa mata sun fi son pheromones na maza masu ci gaba da jima'i a kan ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace. Mata suna nuna wannan fifiko har sai haɗuwa ta faru, bayan haka sun fi son ƙanshin 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jang |first=Eric B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1995-08-01 |title=Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=705–710 |bibcode=1995JInsP..41..705J |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(95)00015-M |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da takamaiman furotin, [[CcapObp22]], wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 37% na ainihi tare da furotin mai ɗaure pheromone na ''Drosophila melanogaster''. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an nuna wannan furotin don ɗaure kayan aikin pheromone na namiji, musamman farnesene, mai karfi sosai hydrophobic terpene.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Falchetto M, Ciossani G, Scolari F, Di Cosimo A, Nenci S, Field LM, Mattevi A, Zhou JJ, Gasperi G, Forneris F |date=June 2019 |title=Structural and biochemical evaluation of ''Ceratitis capitata'' odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1111/imb.12559 |pmid=30548711 |s2cid=56483660}}</ref> == Halitta == Ƙaddamar da jima'i a cikin ''C. capitata'' ta hanyar Tsarin XY na yau da kullun ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Meccariello A, Salvemini M, Primo P, Hall B, Koskinioti P, Dalíková M, Gravina A, Gucciardino MA, Forlenza F, Gregoriou ME, Ippolito D, Monti SM, Petrella V, Perrotta MM, Schmeing S, Ruggiero A, Scolari F, Giordano E, Tsoumani KT, Marec F, Windbichler N, Arunkumar KP, Bourtzis K, Mathiopoulos KD, Ragoussis J, Vitagliano L, Tu Z, Papathanos PA, Robinson MD, Saccone G |date=September 2019 |title=Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/181106/9/aax1318_CombinedPDF_v3.pdf |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1457–1460 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1457M |doi=10.1126/science.aax1318 |pmid=31467189 |s2cid=201675673 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin mamaki ga dipteran da kuma frugivore, medflies ba su da kwayar halitta ta opsin don fahimtar haske mai launin shudi kamar yadda aka nuna daga aikin tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta da aka kammala a watan Satumbar 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Papanicolaou A, Schetelig MF, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Benoit JB, Bourtzis K, Castañera P, Cavanaugh JP, Chao H, Childers C, Curril I, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Gasperi G, Geib S, Georgakilas G, Gibbs RA, Giers SD, Gomulski LM, González-Guzmán M, Guillem-Amat A, Han Y, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Hernández-Crespo P, Hughes DS, Jones JW, Karagkouni D, Koskinioti P, Lee SL, Malacrida AR, Manni M, Mathiopoulos K, Meccariello A, Murali SC, Murphy TD, Muzny DM, Oberhofer G, Ortego F, Paraskevopoulou MD, Poelchau M, Qu J, Reczko M, Robertson HM, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot AE, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Savini G, Schreiner P, Scolari F, Siciliano P, Sim SB, Tsiamis G, Ureña E, Vlachos IS, Werren JH, Wimmer EA, Worley KC, Zacharopoulou A, Richards S, Handler AM |date=September 2016 |title=The whole genome sequence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' (Wiedemann), reveals insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of a highly invasive pest species |journal=Genome Biology |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016GenBi..17..192P |doi=10.1186/s13059-016-1049-2 |pmc=5034548 |pmid=27659211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin binciken da Spanos et al. suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2001, masu bincike sun sami damar tsara dukkan kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial na kwari. Sun gano cewa kwayar halitta ta kasance nau'i-nau'i 15,980 tare da kwayoyin halitta 22 na tRNA da kwayoyin halittar 13 da ke ƙunshe da sunadarai na mitochondrial. Yin amfani da wannan bayanin, masu bincike sun sami damar amfani da wannan jerin kwayoyin halitta a matsayin kayan aiki na bincike don nazarin yawan jama'a da kuma hanyar da za a tantance tushen gabatarwa na baya-bayan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spanos L, Koutroumbas G, Kotsyfakis M, Louis C |date=2000 |title=The mitochondrial genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Insect Molecular Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00165.x |pmid=10762421 |s2cid=42596774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rigakafi da yaduwar cututtuka == A cikin binciken da Postlethwait et al. suka kammala a shekarar 1987, masu bincike sun tantance yadda rigakafin rigakafin medfly ta amfani da maganin kwayar cuta. Bayan ya yi wa medfly rigakafi tare da ''Enterobacter cloacae'', mai bincike ya cire haemolymph daga maza kuma ya gano cewa yana dauke da abubuwan antibacterial masu ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da haemollyph na sarrafawa.<ref name="Postlethwait1988" /> Ta hanyar ƙarin gwaji, sun sami damar nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi sun samo asali ne a cikin sa'o'i 3 na rigakafi kuma sun kasance kusan kwanaki 8. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medflies suna da amsawar rigakafi wanda yayi kama da ''Drosophila melanogaster'' . <ref name="Postlethwait1988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Postlethwait JH, Saul SH, Postlethwait JA |date=1988-01-01 |title=The antibacterial immune response of the medfly, ''Ceratitis capitata'' |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |bibcode=1988JInsP..34...91P |doi=10.1016/0022-1910(88)90159-X}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ''C. capitata'' annoba ce ta duniya wacce ke shafar daruruwan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace na kasuwanci da na daji, an yi bincike mai yawa don tantance ikon kwari na watsa cututtuka. Wani binciken da Sela et al. suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi amfani da furotin mai haske mai haske (GFP) wanda aka sanya E. coli a cikin maganin ciyar da 'ya'yan itace don nuna cewa kwari da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da E. Coli ya sami damar ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa kwanaki 7 bayan gurɓata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa medfly yana da damar zama mai ɗaukar cututtukan mutane zuwa 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |date=July 2005 |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.4052S |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 |pmc=1169043 |pmid=16000820}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == Bincike ya nuna cewa an gano kwari na ''C. capitata'' na daji don shiga cikin halayyar kai tsaye, hulɗar abokin adawar kai tsaye, kuma ba zai iya ba da ganye ga mai mamayewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sautunan da ake samarwa yayin girgizar jiki sun zama halayyar barazana. Sautunan tashin hankali sun fi girma a cikin farar (kimanin 1-3 kHz) yayin da sautunan da aka samar a lokacin da ba na tashin hankali ba kamar lokutan soyayya sun kasance a kusa da 0.16-0.35 kHz.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briceño |first=Remberto |name-list-style=vanc |date=1999 |title=Aggressive behavior in medflies (Ceratitis Capitata) and its modification by mass rearing (Diptera:Tephritidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=17–27}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana iya lura da halayen tashin hankali yayin al'adar soyayya. Idan an gano cewa kwari mai zuwa ya zama kwari namiji mai shigowa, kwari namijin da ke zaune ya dakatar da matsayinsa na kira kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ga mai shigowa. Wannan hulɗa yana ci gaba har sai kowanne bangare ya rasa matsayi ko kuma ya bar matsayin. Maza kuma na iya shiga cikin ayyukan karewa wanda ya kunshi "fuska" tare da namiji mai shigowa maimakon "kai-kai" na jiki. Maza a cikin matsayi na "fuska-fuska" na iya wucewa har zuwa minti 5 har sai namiji daya ya juya ya bar yankin.<ref name=":5" /> == Hare-hare da kawarwa == A Amurka, ''C. capitata'' ya mamaye jihohi huɗu ([[Hawaii]], [[California]], [[Texas]], da [[Florida]]) amma an kawar da shi daga duka sai dai Hawaii. Koyaya, an sake gabatar da yawan mutanen da aka sake dawowa a California a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2009, yana buƙatar ƙarin kawarwa da ƙoƙarin keɓewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2009 |title=County planning quarantine after Medfly discovery in Escondido |url=http://www.cbs8.com/Global/story.asp?S=11145854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004136/http://www.cbs8.com/global/story.asp?s=11145854 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |access-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> An kuma kawar da shi daga [[New Zealand]] da [[Chile]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} === Kokarin kawarwa a Mexico da Guatemala === An fara gano kwari a yankin a Costa Rica a shekarar 1955. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta bazu zuwa arewa, ta kai [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] a 1976 da Mexico a 1977. Don fara kokarin kawar da shi, Mass-rearing and Sterilization Laboratory yana samar da kwari miliyan 500 a kowane mako a ƙarshen 1979. Ta hanyar sakin wadannan kwari marasa amfani a cikin daji, masana kimiyya sun sami damar hana yaduwar kwari zuwa arewa ba, amma a hukumance sun bayyana shi kamar yadda aka kawar da shi daga duk Mexico da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Guatemala a watan Satumbar 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrichs J, Ortiz G, Liedo P, Schwarz A |date=1983-01-01 |title=Six years of successful medfly program in Mexico and Guatemala |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313629719 |journal=Fruit Flies of Economic Importance |pages=353–365}}</ref> === Kokarin kawarwa a Yammacin Ostiraliya === Yin amfani da fasahar kwari mai laushi, an kawar da kwari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 daga Carnarvon, Yammacin Australia. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Yammacin Ostiraliya ta gudanar da binciken yiwuwar yin amfani da Fasahar Insect Sterile don kawar da yawan medfly. Mataki na 1 na wannan binciken ya yi amfani da tarkuna 70 don tabbatar da yawan yanayi na tsuntsayen daji kafin a sake su. A Mataki na 2 na binciken, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta fitar da kwari miliyan 7.5 a kowane mako; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba wajen iyakance yawan kwari na daji. A lokacin matakai na 3 da 4, yawan kwari da aka saki ya karu zuwa miliyan 12 a mako kuma an haɗa shi da kula da sinadarai. Bayan da ba a gano kwari na daji ba, an fara mataki na 5, janye kula da sinadarai daga ci gaba da rarrabawa. An ayyana kawarwa lokacin da ba a sami kwari ko tsutsotsi ba a lokacin Oktoba 1984 zuwa Janairu 1985. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tsararraki 3 na tsuntsaye; ƙofar kawar da Hendrichs et al. (1982) suka yi amfani da ita a cikin kawar da medfly a Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Fisher KT, Hill AR, Sproul AN |date=1985 |title=Eradication of ''Ceratitis Capitata'' (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Carnarvon, Western Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00228.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Yaduwar cutar a California === An sadaukar da bincike da yawa ga hanyoyin sarrafa medfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leftwich |first=Philip T. |last2=Koukidou |first2=Martha |last3=Rempoulakis |first3=Polychronis |last4=Gong |first4=Hong-Fei |last5=Zacharopoulou |first5=Antigoni |last6=Fu |first6=Guoliang |last7=Chapman |first7=Tracey |last8=Economopoulos |first8=Aris |last9=Vontas |first9=John |last10=Alphey |first10=Luke |date=2014-10-07 |title=Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1792 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28141372L |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=4150327 |pmid=25122230}}</ref> Musamman, amfani da fasahar kwari mai tsabta ya ba da damar kawar da nau'in daga wurare da yawa. [[File:K7779-1.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Wani tarko da aka yi amfani da shi don kama ''C. capitata.'']] In 1981, California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious medfly infestation in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was advised by the state's agricultural industry and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS) to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle outpaced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed malathion at night, and the California National Guard set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit. In the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of sterile male medflies in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}} Daga ƙarshe, an kawar da cutar, amma duka jinkirin gwamnan da girman aikin sun kasance masu rikitarwa tun daga lokacin. Wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa malathion yana da guba ga mutane, dabbobi, da kwari. Don mayar da martani ga irin wannan damuwa, shugaban ma'aikatan Brown, B. T. Collins, ya shirya taron manema labarai inda ya sha karamin gilashin malathion a fili. Mutane da yawa sun koka da cewa, yayin da malathion bazai kasance mai guba sosai ga mutane ba, aerosol spray dauke da shi yana lalatawa ga fenti na mota. A cikin mako na Satumba 9, 2007, an sami kwari masu girma da tsutsarsu a Dixon, California. Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta California da hadin gwiwar gundumar da jami'an aikin gona na tarayya sun fara kawar da kuma keɓewa a yankin. An kafa yanki na keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 114 a yankin tare da mazauna yankin da aka haramta daga jigilar kayan gida da kayan aikin gona da aka iyakance ta hanyar doka. An gudanar da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa a kusa da inda aka gano kwari, sannan aka saki miliyoyin ƙwayoyin maza don yaki da kamuwa da cutar. An ayyana kawarwa a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2008, lokacin da ba a gano "wild" (watau wadanda ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta) ba har tsawon ƙarni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-072 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=07-069 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2008, an sami kwari hudu a El Cajon, California. Hukumar Aikin Gona ta San Diego County ta aiwatar da shirin magani, gami da rarraba miliyoyin kwari na maza, keɓewar kayan gida, da kuma yayyafa ƙasa tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, ma'aikatan gano kwari a San Bernardino County sun sami kwari daya a birnin Upland. An gano wani medfly na biyu a watan Nuwamba kuma an kafa yankin keɓewa na murabba'in kilomita 95 a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. An bi da kaddarorin da ke cikin mita 200 na wuraren ganowa tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ke dauke da Spinosad, an gudanar da cire 'ya'yan itace a yankin, kuma an fara shirin sakin medfly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Medfly Quarantine Issued |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/upland-medfly-quarantine/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDFA - Public Affairs - Press Release Archive |url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/exec/Public_Affairs/Press_Releases/Archive/pr.html?id=21-151#:~:text=SACRAMENTO,%20November%2022,%202021%20%E2%80%93,of%20Upland,%20San%20Bernardino%20County. |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.cdfa.ca.gov}}</ref> An yi la'akari da kokarin keɓewa da nasara kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2022 tunda ba a gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba bayan Nuwamba 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Medfly Quarantine Lifted in Upland, Ontario, Montclair and Rancho Cucamonga |url=https://awm.sbcounty.gov/medfly-quarantine-lifted-in-upland-ontario-montclair-and-rancho-cucamonga/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=AWM |language=en-US}}</ref>   == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=University of Hawaii |author-link=University of Hawaii |title=Crop Knowledge Master |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm}} * {{Cite web |title=Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=521}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054721/http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php Tsoro na California Medfly na 1981] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428061837/http://cisr.ucr.edu/mediterranean_fruit_fly.html CISR Takaitaccen Bayani game da Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum] * Bayanan Bayani na Species - Fly na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum (Ceratitis capitata), Cibiyar Bayani ta Kasa, Laburaren Aikin Gona na Amurka. Ya lissafa bayanai da albarkatun gaba ɗaya don ƙudan zuma na 'ya'yan itace na Bahar Rum. * [http://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/naipc/twd/Pages/default.aspx Bayanan Ma'aikatan Tephritid] * [http://www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt www.moscamed-guatemala.org.gt] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == e69accrkfklue4qnsgb0naolms60rax 0 178681 965328 2026-10-09T17:56:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371947947|Coba bowl]]" 965328 wikitext text/x-wiki An samar da '''Kwando na Coba''' (tare da damar kusan lita 1.4) a ko'ina, da farko a arewacin Mesopotamiya amma kuma an samo su a yankin da ke kewaye da su, tsakanin c. 4600 BC da c. 4200 BC, a cikin canji tsakanin marigayi Ubaid da farkon Uruk lokacin zama babban tsari a wannan lokacin. Wannan lokacin ana kiransa Terminal Ubaid, Ubaid 5, da Late Chalcolithic 1. An yi su da sauri, ba a fentin su ba kuma ba su da kyau, tare da yanayin kayan lambu, sau da yawa ana cire su a kan ƙananan waje, kuma a cikin yawa, suna tunatar da kwano na rim. Bayyanarsu ta nuna canji mai mahimmanci a al'adar tukwane a lokacin. An gabatar da su a matsayin magajin kwano na beveled rim. An fara gano nau'in ne a Coba Höyük . An ba da shawarar cewa sun yi aiki a matsayin kwano na abinci kamar yadda kwano na rim na iya kasancewa a zamanin Uruk. == Bayani na nau'in == [[File:Archaeological_Museum_of_the_University_of_Münster_-_Objects_from_Anatolia_18_26_43_357000.jpeg|thumb|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Jami'ar Münster - Coba Bowl]] Lokacin da aka samo kwano na Coba (a cikin rukunin Mass Produced Bowls) a Cobayük an bayyana nau'ikan biyu, ɗaya beige / launin toka mai laushi tare da gauraye da yanayin kwayoyin halitta kuma ɗayan ya gama kuma tare da launin ja. Tun daga wannan lokacin ma'anar ta fadada yayin da aka sami karin misalai a wasu shafuka. Irin wannan "Wide Flower-Pots" wasu masu bincike suna ɗaukar su a matsayin bambancin gida na kwano na Coba waɗanda wannan ake muhawara.[./Coba_bowl#cite_note-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>][3][4] Daga baya, ma'anar kwano na Coba ya fadada don rufe wani aji na tukwane na Ubaid. Wannan nau'in tukwane mai laushi, wanda ba a fentin shi ba, da kuma kayan kwalliya da aka samar sun bambanta sosai daga kayan kwalliya na zamanin Ubaid. Gabaɗaya, kwanon Coba sun fi zagaye a yankunan yamma kuma sun fi "shaped-v" a yankunan gabas. A halin yanzu kwano na Coba suna rukuni zuwa nau'o'i huɗu: * Nau'in I - galibi gabas, tushe mai laushi wanda aka samar daban, bangarorin da aka samu a Tell Abu Husseini, Tell Leilan, Tepe Gawra, Kurban da Norşuntepe * Nau'in II - ƙananan, ganuwar convex, tushe na zagaye, hannu mai santsi da kuma cirewa, wanda aka samo a Tell Feres, Tell Afis, Oylum Höyük, Tabara el Akrad, Sakçe Gözü, Hammam et-Turkman, Horum Höyük. Tell esh-Sheikh, Tell al-'Abr, Tell Leilan, Abu Husseini, Norşuntepe, Ziyada, da Chagar Bazar * Nau'in III - kama da Nau'in II tare da bangon dutse mafi girma da aka cire a waje da kuma tushe mai laushi, wanda aka samu a ko'ina cikin yankin ciki har da Değirmentepe, Arslantepe, da Arpachiya * Nau'in IV - "Wide Flower-Pots", galibi gabas, conical tare da ƙasa mai laushi, wanda aka yi ta amfani da coils, wanda aka samo a Grai Resh, Norşuntepe, Tell al-Hawa, Tell Brak, Nineveh, Nuzi, da Telul eth-Thalathat == Rarraba == Duk da yake an samo shi da farko a Arewacin Mesopotamiya, an samo kofuna na Coba da yawa a shafuka a Anatolia da Siriya da Iran na zamani. A Tell Hammam et-Turkman Phase VA kwashe kwalban Coba sun kai sama da kashi 50% na taron.[1] A Tell Zeidan kwano na yumbu na LC1 sun kasance 29%, kuma a cikin fure-fure na LC2 sun kasance 28%.[2][3][4] Bincike a zamanin Harim Castle (Castrum Harenc) a Siriya ya sami raguwa na kwano na Coba.[5] A Değirmentepe (Malatya) an sami kofuna na Coba (Building BC-15, Building I-9, Building FC-2, Building DU-2). [6][7] An samo kofuna na Coba a Tepe Gawra da raguwa a Kenan Tepe.[8][9] An sami adadi mai yawa a kan Late Chalcolithic Level XV a Yumuktepe (Mersin). [10] A Salat Tepe an sami raguwar Coba da yawa a matakin 1B.[11] Har ila yau a Tell al 'Abr, Tell Afis, Tilbeş Höyük, Girdi Qala da Logardan, Tell Tawila, da Tell Leilan.[12][13][14][15] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kwano mai laushi|Gilashin da aka yi da shi]] == Manazarta == cpuyoufbgdwk64jp93aiidfl5ptlesy 965335 965328 2026-10-09T18:03:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Muhdavdullahi moved page [[Kwallon Coba]] to [[Kwanon Coba]] 965328 wikitext text/x-wiki An samar da '''Kwando na Coba''' (tare da damar kusan lita 1.4) a ko'ina, da farko a arewacin Mesopotamiya amma kuma an samo su a yankin da ke kewaye da su, tsakanin c. 4600 BC da c. 4200 BC, a cikin canji tsakanin marigayi Ubaid da farkon Uruk lokacin zama babban tsari a wannan lokacin. Wannan lokacin ana kiransa Terminal Ubaid, Ubaid 5, da Late Chalcolithic 1. An yi su da sauri, ba a fentin su ba kuma ba su da kyau, tare da yanayin kayan lambu, sau da yawa ana cire su a kan ƙananan waje, kuma a cikin yawa, suna tunatar da kwano na rim. Bayyanarsu ta nuna canji mai mahimmanci a al'adar tukwane a lokacin. An gabatar da su a matsayin magajin kwano na beveled rim. An fara gano nau'in ne a Coba Höyük . An ba da shawarar cewa sun yi aiki a matsayin kwano na abinci kamar yadda kwano na rim na iya kasancewa a zamanin Uruk. == Bayani na nau'in == [[File:Archaeological_Museum_of_the_University_of_Münster_-_Objects_from_Anatolia_18_26_43_357000.jpeg|thumb|Gidan kayan gargajiya na Jami'ar Münster - Coba Bowl]] Lokacin da aka samo kwano na Coba (a cikin rukunin Mass Produced Bowls) a Cobayük an bayyana nau'ikan biyu, ɗaya beige / launin toka mai laushi tare da gauraye da yanayin kwayoyin halitta kuma ɗayan ya gama kuma tare da launin ja. Tun daga wannan lokacin ma'anar ta fadada yayin da aka sami karin misalai a wasu shafuka. Irin wannan "Wide Flower-Pots" wasu masu bincike suna ɗaukar su a matsayin bambancin gida na kwano na Coba waɗanda wannan ake muhawara.[./Coba_bowl#cite_note-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>][3][4] Daga baya, ma'anar kwano na Coba ya fadada don rufe wani aji na tukwane na Ubaid. Wannan nau'in tukwane mai laushi, wanda ba a fentin shi ba, da kuma kayan kwalliya da aka samar sun bambanta sosai daga kayan kwalliya na zamanin Ubaid. Gabaɗaya, kwanon Coba sun fi zagaye a yankunan yamma kuma sun fi "shaped-v" a yankunan gabas. A halin yanzu kwano na Coba suna rukuni zuwa nau'o'i huɗu: * Nau'in I - galibi gabas, tushe mai laushi wanda aka samar daban, bangarorin da aka samu a Tell Abu Husseini, Tell Leilan, Tepe Gawra, Kurban da Norşuntepe * Nau'in II - ƙananan, ganuwar convex, tushe na zagaye, hannu mai santsi da kuma cirewa, wanda aka samo a Tell Feres, Tell Afis, Oylum Höyük, Tabara el Akrad, Sakçe Gözü, Hammam et-Turkman, Horum Höyük. Tell esh-Sheikh, Tell al-'Abr, Tell Leilan, Abu Husseini, Norşuntepe, Ziyada, da Chagar Bazar * Nau'in III - kama da Nau'in II tare da bangon dutse mafi girma da aka cire a waje da kuma tushe mai laushi, wanda aka samu a ko'ina cikin yankin ciki har da Değirmentepe, Arslantepe, da Arpachiya * Nau'in IV - "Wide Flower-Pots", galibi gabas, conical tare da ƙasa mai laushi, wanda aka yi ta amfani da coils, wanda aka samo a Grai Resh, Norşuntepe, Tell al-Hawa, Tell Brak, Nineveh, Nuzi, da Telul eth-Thalathat == Rarraba == Duk da yake an samo shi da farko a Arewacin Mesopotamiya, an samo kofuna na Coba da yawa a shafuka a Anatolia da Siriya da Iran na zamani. A Tell Hammam et-Turkman Phase VA kwashe kwalban Coba sun kai sama da kashi 50% na taron.[1] A Tell Zeidan kwano na yumbu na LC1 sun kasance 29%, kuma a cikin fure-fure na LC2 sun kasance 28%.[2][3][4] Bincike a zamanin Harim Castle (Castrum Harenc) a Siriya ya sami raguwa na kwano na Coba.[5] A Değirmentepe (Malatya) an sami kofuna na Coba (Building BC-15, Building I-9, Building FC-2, Building DU-2). [6][7] An samo kofuna na Coba a Tepe Gawra da raguwa a Kenan Tepe.[8][9] An sami adadi mai yawa a kan Late Chalcolithic Level XV a Yumuktepe (Mersin). [10] A Salat Tepe an sami raguwar Coba da yawa a matakin 1B.[11] Har ila yau a Tell al 'Abr, Tell Afis, Tilbeş Höyük, Girdi Qala da Logardan, Tell Tawila, da Tell Leilan.[12][13][14][15] == Dubi kuma == * [[Kwano mai laushi|Gilashin da aka yi da shi]] == Manazarta == cpuyoufbgdwk64jp93aiidfl5ptlesy 0 178682 965330 2026-10-09T18:01:36Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378376198|De Quervain's thyroiditis]]" 965330 wikitext text/x-wiki De Quervain's thyroiditis, wanda aka fi sani da subacute granulomatous thyroiditis ko '''giant cell thyroiditis'''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na glandar thyroid. De Quervain thyroiditis ana nuna shi da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da mumps, adenovirus, da enterovirus. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. De Quervain thyroiditis ana gano shi ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na C-reactive da kuma yawan erythrocyte. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan glucocorticoid don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da mumps, <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> adenovirus, <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> Epstein-Barr virus, <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus]], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] klg7na06l4ojybyzfcf2h885sshi16f 965333 965330 2026-10-09T18:03:19Z Baffa ali 47435 965333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De Quervain's thyroiditis, '''wanda aka fi sani da subacute granulomatous thyroiditis ko '''giant cell thyroiditis'''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na glandar thyroid. De Quervain thyroiditis ana nuna shi da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da mumps, adenovirus, da enterovirus. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. De Quervain thyroiditis ana gano shi ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na C-reactive da kuma yawan erythrocyte. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan glucocorticoid don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da mumps, <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> adenovirus, <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> Epstein-Barr virus, <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus]], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 4m9tsxl6c58zz6p1eggq5zd1sluegec 965349 965333 2026-10-09T18:09:55Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De Quervain's thyroiditis, '''wanda aka fi sani da ''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis'' ko '''''giant cell thyroiditis'''''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na ''glandar thyroid''. De Quervain thyroiditis yana tattare da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, kumburin makoshi, da ciwon wuya. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da mumps, adenovirus, da enterovirus. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. De Quervain thyroiditis ana gano shi ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na C-reactive da kuma yawan erythrocyte. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan glucocorticoid don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da mumps, <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> adenovirus, <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> Epstein-Barr virus, <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus]], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == nrrxn6h7ujqa1666dm1mjji60fsf642 965351 965349 2026-10-09T18:15:19Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De Quervain's thyroiditis, '''wanda aka fi sani da ''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis'' ko '''''giant cell thyroiditis'''''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na ''glandar thyroid''. De Quervain thyroiditis yana tattare da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, kumburin makoshi, da ciwon wuya. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. Cutar De Quervain's thyroiditis na da alaka da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da ''mumps'', ''adenovirus'', da ''enterovirus''. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. De Quervain thyroiditis ana gano shi ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na C-reactive da kuma yawan erythrocyte. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan glucocorticoid don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da mumps, <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> adenovirus, <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> Epstein-Barr virus, <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus]], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 8v1aybystcitdz4cnjk91byq7k2h4uw 965353 965351 2026-10-09T18:17:28Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De Quervain's thyroiditis, '''wanda aka fi sani da ''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis'' ko '''''giant cell thyroiditis'''''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na ''glandar thyroid''. De Quervain thyroiditis yana tattare da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, kumburin makoshi, da ciwon wuya. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. Cutar ''De Quervain's thyroiditis'' na da alaka da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da ''mumps'', ''adenovirus'', da ''enterovirus''. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. Ana gano cutar ''De Quervain thyroiditis'' ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na ''C-reactive'' da kuma yawan ''erythrocyte''. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan glucocorticoid don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomi da alamomi == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == De Quervain's thyroiditis an haɗa shi da cututtukan ƙwayoyin [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da mumps, <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> adenovirus, <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> Epstein-Barr virus, <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus]], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == h6y2k5an6sa26gsbrr7lt7t7ufh27lt 965358 965353 2026-10-09T18:22:01Z Uncle Bash007 9891 965358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De Quervain's thyroiditis, '''wanda aka fi sani da ''subacute granulomatous thyroiditis'' ko '''''giant cell thyroiditis'''''. <ref name="hand–foot–mouth disease">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=de Quervain thyroiditis in a young boy following hand–foot–mouth disease |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=527–529 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1305-5 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886354}}</ref> Cutar kumburi ce mai iyakance kansa na ''glandar thyroid''. De Quervain thyroiditis yana tattare da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], alamun mura, kumburin makoshi, da ciwon wuya. Cutar tana da tarihin halitta na matakai huɗu: ciwon thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis, yanayin euthyroid, matakin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyrous. Cutar ''De Quervain's thyroiditis'' na da alaka da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da ''mumps'', ''adenovirus'', da ''enterovirus''. Yana iya samun wani bangare na gado, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na marasa lafiya da ke da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba suna da HLA B15/62 mai kyau, kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani ko watanni na faduwa a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da HLA B67. Ana gano cutar ''De Quervain thyroiditis'' ta hanyar sakamakon asibiti da gwaji, tare da fasalulluka na dakin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da furotin mai ƙarfi na ''C-reactive'' da kuma yawan ''erythrocyte''. Gwajin aikin thyroid sau da yawa yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine da thyroxine a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Thyroid scans suna nuna karamin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci saboda lalacewar thyroid follicles, amma suna ƙaruwa yayin murmurewa saboda ingantaccen ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar iodine na thyroid. Thyroid ultrasonography yawanci yana nuna fadada Glandar thyroid da hypoechogenicity, yayin da launi Doppler ultrasonography na iya nuna ƙarancin ko na al'ada. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ba shi da yawa, amma burin allura mai kyau na iya taimakawa a lokuta masu tambaya don rarrabe sa hannu ɗaya daga zubar da jini a cikin cyst ko kumburi. Magani ya haɗa da magungunan alamomi, magungunan ''glucocorticoid'' don cututtuka masu tsanani, da Masu hana beta-adrenergic don alamun thyrotoxic. Yanayin yawanci yana warwarewa cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. Koyaya, kashi 20-56% na marasa lafiya masu girma suna fuskantar hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci, wanda zai iya ci gaba da shekaru. Hypothyroidism mai maimaitawa yana da wuya, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2% na shari'o'in, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin shekara guda bayan ganewar asali. An bayar da rahoton sake dawowa na baya. == Alamomin gane cuta == Marasa lafiya yawanci suna da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon makogwaro, myalgia, Arthralgia, da Rashin lafiya, wanda ke biyo bayan [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], mai raɗaɗi, da ciwon wuyansa.<ref name="Eponym">{{Cite journal |last=Engkakul |first=Pontipa |last2=Mahachoklertwattana |first2=Pat |last3=Poomthavorn |first3=Preamrudee |date=2011 |title=Eponym: de Quervain thyroiditis |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1306-4 |issn=0340-6199 |pmid=20886353}}</ref> Ciwon wuyan yawanci yana da gefe ɗaya da farko, sannan ya bazu zuwa wancan gefen kuma yana iya haskakawa zuwa maƙarƙashiya, kunne, occiput, ko kirji.<ref name="Greene 1971">{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=James N. |year=1971 |title=Subacute thyroiditis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(71)90327-5 |issn=0002-9343 |pmid=4936649}}</ref><ref name="f159">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |date=1993 |title=The Management of Subacute (DeQuervain's) Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=253–255 |doi=10.1089/thy.1993.3.253 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=8257868}}</ref> Sauran alamun, kamar dysphagia da matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da toshewar hanyar iska, ba a saba gani ba.<ref name="Eponym" /> Glandar thyroid tana da zafi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma ya kumbura, wanda zai iya zama daidai ko asymmetrical.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin rabin matasa da abin ya shafa da kashi biyu bisa uku na manya suna da yaduwar glandar thyroid.<ref name="Greene 1971" /><ref name="Children">{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=E. |last2=Katsushima |first2=Y. |last3=Fujiwara |first3=I. |last4=Iinuma |first4=K. |year=2003 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in Children: Patient Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.6.897 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=12948304}}</ref> Ana ganin nodules na thyroid a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na marasa lafiya.<ref name="Incidence Cohort">{{Cite journal |last=Fatourechi |first=Vahab |last2=Aniszewski |first2=Jaroslaw P. |last3=Fatourechi |first3=Guiti Z. Eghbali |last4=Atkinson |first4=Elizabeth J. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=Steven J. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Clinical Features and Outcome of Subacute Thyroiditis in an Incidence Cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, Study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=2100–2105 |doi=10.1210/jc.2002-021799 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=12727961}}</ref> Fata da ke kewaye da shi a wasu lokuta yana da dumi kuma yana da erythematous. Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa ba ta da yawa.<ref name="Eponym" /> A farkon matakan yanayin, kusan rabin marasa lafiya suna fuskantar alamun cutar thyrotoxic kamar [[Anxiety|damuwa]], [[tachycardia]], bugun zuciya, da asarar nauyi.<ref name="c773">{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref><ref name="c962">{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Elizabeth N. |last2=Farwell |first2=Alan P. |last3=Braverman |first3=Lewis E. |date=2003-06-26 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=348 |issue=26 |pages=2646–2655 |doi=10.1056/nejmra021194 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=12826640}}</ref> Tarihin halitta na de Quervain thyroiditis yana da matakai huɗu, wanda ya fara da rashin jin daɗi na thyroid da Thyrotoxicosis, sannan ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na euthyroid, ɗan gajeren lokacin hypothyroid, da kuma dawo da yanayin euthyroid.<ref name="c773" /> == Siloli == De Quervain's thyroiditis na da alaka da ƙwayoyin cutab [[Influenza|mura]] iri-iri, gami da ''mumps'', <ref name="MUMPS">{{Cite journal |last=Eylan |first=E. |last2=Zmucky |first2=R. |last3=Sheba |first3=Ch. |date=1957 |title=Mumps Virus and Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=The Lancet |volume=269 |issue=6978 |pages=1062–1063 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(57)91438-1 |pmid=13429875}}</ref> ''adenovirus'', <ref name="4½-Year-Old">{{Cite journal |last=BUCHTA |first=RICHARD M. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Subacute Thyroiditis in a 4½-Year-Old Girl |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) |volume=134 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1091 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130230068019 |issn=1072-4710 |pmid=7435469}}</ref> ''Epstein-Barr virus'', <ref name="Epstein-Barr Virus">{{Cite journal |last=Volta |first=Cecilia |last2=Carano |first2=Nicola |last3=Street |first3=Maria Elisabeth |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Sergio |date=2005 |title=Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in a Three-Year-Old Girl |journal=Thyroid |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1191 |doi=10.1089/thy.2005.15.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=16279854 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[cytomegalovirus|''cytomegalovirus'']], <ref name="Cytomegalovirus">{{Cite journal |last=Al Maawali |first=A. |last2=Al Yaarubi |first2=S. |last3=Al Futaisi |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=An Infant with Cytomegalovirus-induced Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2008.21.2.191 |issn=2191-0251 |pmid=18422033}}</ref> ''coxsackievirus, <ref name="Coxsackie">{{Cite journal |last=Brouqui |first=P. |last2=Raoult |first2=D. |last3=Conte-Devolx |first3=B. |date=1991-06-15 |title=Coxsackie Thyroiditis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |publisher=American College of Physicians |volume=114 |issue=12 |pages=1063–1064 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-114-12-1063_2 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=1851403}}</ref> influenza, [4] echovirus, <ref name="m871">{{Cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Robert |last2=Row |first2=Vas V. |last3=Ezrin |first3=Calvin |date=1967 |title=Circulating Viral and Thyroid Antibodies in Subacute Thyroiditis 1 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1275–1284 |doi=10.1210/jcem-27-9-1275 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=4292248}}</ref> da enterovirus.''<ref name="g015">{{Cite journal |last=Desailloud |first=Rachel |last2=Hober |first2=Didier |date=2009 |title=Viruses and thyroiditis: an update |journal=Virology Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1743-422X-6-5 |issn=1743-422X |pmc=2654877 |pmid=19138419 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban de Quervain's thyroiditis na iya samun wani sashi na gado.<ref name="Eponym" /> Kimanin kashi biyu cikin uku na marasa lafiya tare da de Quervain's thyroiditis an gano suna da sakamako mai kyau na histocompatibility antigen (HLA) B35.<ref name="f816">{{Cite journal |last=Bech |first=Karine |last2=Lumholtz |first2=Bo |last3=Nerup |first3=Jørn |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mogens |last5=Platz |first5=Per |last6=Ryder |first6=Lars P. |last7=Svejgaard |first7=Arne |last8=Siersbæk-Nielsen |first8=Kaj |last9=Hansen |first9=Jens Mølholm |last10=Larsen |first10=Jørgen Hannover |date=1977 |title=HLA Antigens in Graves' Disease |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=510–516 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.0860510 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=72471}}</ref><ref name="t633">{{Cite journal |last=NYULASSY |first=ŠTEFAN |last2=HNILICA |first2=PETER |last3=BUC |first3=MILAN |last4=GUMAN |first4=MILAN |last5=HIRSCHOVÁ |first5=VIERA |last6=JÁN |first6=ŠTEFANOVIC |year=1977 |title=Subacute (de Quervain's) Thyroiditis: Association with HLA-Bw35 Antigen and Abnormalities of the Complement System, Immunoglobulins and Other Serum Proteins |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1210/jcem-45-2-270 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=885992}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa tagwayen iri ɗaya waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous don haplotype na HLA B35 sun kuma sami de Quervain thyroiditis a lokaci guda.<ref name="x916">{{Cite journal |last=RUBIN |first=ROBERT A. |last2=GUAY |first2=ANDRÉ T. |year=1991 |title=Susceptibility to Subacute Thyroiditis Is Genetically Influenced: Familial Occurrence in Identical Twins |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.1089/thy.1991.1.157 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=1822362}}</ref> Har ila yau, an rubuta lokuta masu ban sha'awa na de Quervain thyroiditis don samun HLA B15/62, kuma watanni na rani ko na fall shine lokacin da de Quervaine thyroiditis ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke gwada tabbatacce ga HLA B67. <ref name="z180">{{Cite journal |last=DE BRUIN |first=TJERK W. A. |last2=RIEKHOFF |first2=FRANS P. M. |last3=DE BOER |first3=JOHANNES J. |year=1990 |title=An Outbreak of Thyrotoxicosis due to Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-2-396 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=2298855}}</ref><ref name="b784">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N |last2=Tamai |first2=H |last3=Sudo |first3=T |last4=Mukuta |first4=T |last5=Tanaka |first5=H |last6=Kuma |first6=K |last7=Kimura |first7=A |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T |year=1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> == Hanyoyin kamuwa == Har yanzu ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar thyroiditis ta Quervain ba. Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, ba cutar rigakafi ba ce. Duk da haka, mafi kusantar dalilin shine kamuwa da kwayar cuta.<ref name="Eponym" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar don ilimin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ta thyroid shine lalacewar ƙwayar cuta sakamakon cytotoxic T cell ganewar kwayar cuta da kwayar cuti da aka gabatar a matsayin mai rikitarwa.<ref name="g015" /><ref name="q743">{{Cite journal |last=Kojima |first=Masaru |last2=Nakamura |first2=Shigeo |last3=Oyama |first3=Tetsunari |last4=Sugihara |first4=Shiro |last5=Sakata |first5=Noriyuki |last6=Masawa |first6=Nobuhide |year=2002 |title=Cellular Composition of Subacute Thyroiditis. An Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases |journal=Pathology&nbsp;— Research and Practice |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=198 |issue=12 |pages=833–837 |doi=10.1078/0344-0338-00344 |issn=0344-0338 |pmid=12608662}}</ref> == Binciken gano cuta == Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don gano cutar thyroiditis na Quervain sune sakamakon asibiti da gwajin.<ref name="Eponym" /> Haɓakawar furotin na C-reactive da ƙimar erythrocyte sune siffofin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yanayin.<ref name="Greene 1971" /> Duk da yake yawanci na al'ada, yawan leukocyte na jini na iya ƙaruwa dan kadan. Akwai yiwuwar anemia wanda yake normochromic da normocytic. Gwajin aikin thyroid akai-akai yana nuna raguwar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da karuwar matakan serum na triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) a lokacin gagarumin lokaci na cutar.<ref name="Eponym" /> Matakan T3 da T4 na intrathyroid sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar rabo na T3 zuwa T4, wanda yawanci ƙasa da 20 (ng / dL raba ta μg / dL). <ref name="r154">{{Cite journal |last=AMINO |first=NOBUYUKI |last2=YABU |first2=YUKIKO |last3=MIKI |first3=TETSURO |last4=MORIMOTO |first4=SHIGETO |last5=KUMAHARA |first5=YUICHI |last6=MORI |first6=HIDEMITSU |last7=IWATANI |first7=YOSHINORI |last8=NISHI |first8=KEIKO |last9=NAKATANI |first9=KIYOMI |last10=MIYAI |first10=KIYOSHI |year=1981 |title=Serum Ratio of Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine, and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Calcitonin Concentrations in Graves' Disease and Destruction- Induced Thyrotoxicosis* |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.1210/jcem-53-1-113 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=6165731}}</ref> Kusan duk marasa lafiya sun kara serum thyroglobulin, wanda ya dace da lalacewar follicular.<ref name="v670">{{Cite journal |last=Madeddu |first=G. |last2=Casu |first2=A. R. |last3=Costanza |first3=C. |last4=Marras |first4=G. |last5=Arras |first5=M. L. |last6=Marrosu |first6=A. |last7=Langer |first7=M. |date=1985 |title=Serum thyroglobulin levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of subacute 'painful' thyroiditis. A sequential study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1985.00360020063012 |issn=0003-9926 |pmid=3977482}}</ref> === Ilimin Halittar Jiki === Binciken Microscopic ya nuna canje-canje na musamman da ke dogara da mataki da kuma rikice-rikice a duk faɗin glandar thyroid. A farkon lokaci mai tsanani, ƙwayoyin follicular na thyroid suna lalacewa kuma an maye gurbinsu da microabscesses da neutrophil infiltrates. Yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, cututtukan granulomatous na gargajiya suna samuwa, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar tarin lymphocytes, ƙwayoyin plasma da manyan histiocytes da ke kewaye da tarin colloid. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangarorin colloid. A ƙarshen matakai, ƙwayoyin suna nuna ƙwayoyin lymphocytic da fibrosis. A karkashin microscopy na lantarki, subacute thyroiditis yana nuna duka cututtukan granulomatous da wadanda ba granulomatoous ba. Rashin cututtukan Granulomatous yana nuna asarar tsarin salula na yau da kullun na sel na follicular, gajerun microvilli da manyan sel. Rashin cututtukan da ba na granulomatous ba suna nuna rushewar membrane na follicular, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da T lymphocytes, monocytes da histiocytes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofner |first=C. |last2=Hittmair |first2=A. |last3=Kröll |first3=I. |last4=Bangerl |first4=I. |last5=Zechmann |first5=W. |last6=Tötsch |first6=M. |last7=Ladurner |first7=D. |last8=Böcker |first8=W. |last9=Schmid |first9=K. W. |date=February 1994 |title=Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis in an endemic goitre area |journal=Cytopathology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2303.1994.tb00125.x |issn=0956-5507 |pmid=8173029}}</ref> Thyroid scans ta amfani da technetium (99mTc) pertechnetate ko RAIU yawanci suna nuna ƙaramin karɓa a lokacin matsanancin lokaci. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka rushe follicles na thyroid, wanda ke lalata kamawar iodine.<ref name="Eponym" /> Thyroid scan uptake karuwa a duk lokacin dawowa saboda ingantaccen ikon glandar thyroid don kama iodine, wanda daga ƙarshe ya koma al'ada bayan cikakken warkewa.<ref name="c773" /> Ana ganin girman glandar thyroid da kuma yankin da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin oxygen wanda ke da alaƙa da yankin kumburi a kan hoton thyroid. <ref name="c838">{{Cite journal |last=OMORI |first=Nariko |last2=OMORI |first2=Kazue |last3=TAKANO |first3=Kazue |year=2008 |title=Association of the Ultrasonographic Findings of Subacute Thyroiditis with Thyroid Pain and Laboratory Findings |journal=Endocrine Journal |publisher=Japan Endocrine Society |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=583–588 |doi=10.1507/endocrj.k07e-163 |issn=0918-8959 |pmid=18490832}}</ref> Ana iya nuna ƙarancin kwararar jijiyoyin jini ko na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi ta Doppler . <ref name="f203">{{Cite journal |last=HIROMATSU |first=YUJI |last2=ISHIBASHI |first2=MASATOSHI |last3=MIYAKE |first3=IKUYO |last4=SOYEJIMA |first4=ERI |last5=YAMASHITA |first5=KIMIKO |last6=KOIKE |first6=NORIMASA |last7=NONAKA |first7=KYOHEI |year=1999 |title=Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ganewar nama ba. Buɗewar allura mai laushi na iya taimakawa a cikin yanayi masu rikitarwa, kamar yankin ciwon da aka takaita ga ƙulli ɗaya ko yanki mai iyaka, don bambance hannun da ke cikin ɗaya daga zubar jini zuwa cikin mafitsara ko ƙari. <ref name="g410">{{Cite journal |last=Walfish |first=P. G. |date=1997 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=6 |pages=117–122 |issn=0831-652X |pmid=9174718}}</ref> == Magani == Manufofin magani shine rage alamun cutar hyperthyroidism da kuma rage rashin jin daɗi. Maganin ciwo yana buƙatar maganin alamun cutar ne kawai ta amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroid ko aspirin . <ref name="Eponym" /> Ciwon da aka yi masa sauƙi zuwa matsakaici ana iya magance shi ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana kumburi marasa steroidal (NSAIDs) ko salicylates, kamar su salicylic acid (600 mg a kowace awa 6), naproxen (500-1000 mg sau biyu a rana) ko ibuprofen (400-800 mg a kowace awa 8). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ohsako |first=N. |last2=Tamai |first2=H. |last3=Sudo |first3=T. |last4=Mukuta |first4=T. |last5=Tanaka |first5=H. |last6=Kuma |first6=K. |last7=Kimura |first7=A. |last8=Sasazuki |first8=T. |date=December 1995 |title=Clinical characteristics of subacute thyroiditis classified according to human leukocyte antigen typing |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=3653–3656 |doi=10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530615 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8530615}}</ref> Mutane masu fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani na iya amfana daga maganin glucocorticoid, wanda galibi yakan haifar da sakamako mai kyau cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. <ref name="f159" /> Ciwon da ake fama da shi mai tsanani da ake yi wa magani da corticosteroids na baki kamar prednisone, wanda ake fara shansa da 40 mg kowace rana, wanda yawanci yakan kawo sauƙi cikin sauri cikin kwana 1 zuwa 2. Da zarar an shawo kan ciwo, ana rage yawan maganin prednisone da 5 zuwa 10 MG a kowane mako tsawon kimanin watanni 2. Maganin Corticosteroid baya hana matsalar thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance alamun cutar Thyrotoxic ta amfani da beta-adrenergic blockers kamar atenolol da propranolol . <ref name="Eponym" /> Magungunan da aka hana amfani da su sun haɗa da Thionamides (maganin hana thyroid) kuma maganin iodine mai rediyoaktif ba shi da tasiri kuma an hana shi amfani da shi a lokacin hyperthyroidism, saboda thyrotoxicosis yana faruwa ne sakamakon zubewar hormone thyroid da aka riga aka samar daga ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace maimakon haɗakar hormone mai aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slatosky |first=J. |last2=Shipton |first2=B. |last3=Wahba |first3=H. |date=2000-02-15 |title=Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1047–1052, 1054 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10706157}}</ref> Ba kasafai ake samun marasa lafiya da matakan TSH a jini sun wuce microU/L 10 ko kuma alamun asibiti da suka bayyana suna buƙatar maye gurbin levothyroxine na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa 2. Bayan haka, ana dakatar da Levothyroxine na tsawon wata 1, sannan a sake gwada aikin thyroid don tantance ko hypothyroidism na wucin gadi ne ko na dindindin. == Ganewar bambance-bambance == Babban bambance-bambancen ganewar cutar thyroid ta De Quervain sune cutar thyroid mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (suppurative) da kuma cutar thyroid mai zubar jini. Ciwon thyroiditis mai yaduwa yawanci yana tare da leukocytosis mai alama, shaidar duban dan tayi na ƙurji da kuma ruwan da ya fi yawa a cikin neutrophil a lokacin da allurar ta yi ƙanƙanta, yayin da buƙatar wani ƙulli mai zubar jini ke haifar da jini. Bambancin cutar thyroid ta De Quervain daga wasu cututtukan thyroid ya dogara ne akan takamaiman binciken asibiti, dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna: Cutar Kabari: Ciwon thyroid mai tsanani ba shi da siffofi na musamman na cutar Graves kamar exophthalmos da pretibial myxedema. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindra |first=Archana |last2=Braunstein |first2=Glenn D. |date=2006-05-15 |title=Thyroiditis |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1769–1776 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=16734054}}</ref> T3 na jini yana da ɗan tsayi kaɗan kuma hoton duban dan tayi na Doppler yana nuna raguwar kwararar jini (idan aka kwatanta da yawan kwararar jini da ake gani a cikin cutar Graves). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiromatsu |first=Y. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=M. |last3=Miyake |first3=I. |last4=Soyejima |first4=E. |last5=Yamashita |first5=K. |last6=Koike |first6=N. |last7=Nonaka |first7=K. |date=December 1999 |title=Color Doppler ultrasonography in patients with subacute thyroiditis |journal=Thyroid |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1193 |doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.1189 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=10646657}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid da Amiodarone ya haifar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goichot |first=Bernard |last2=Grunenberger |first2=Fabienne |last3=Schlienger |first3=Jean Louis |date=2002-06-29 |title=Amiodarone-induced thyroiditis |journal=Lancet |location=London, England |volume=359 |issue=9325 |pages=2275–2276; author reply 2276–2277 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09271-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=12103312}}</ref> : Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar matakan iodine na fitsari, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 500 mcg/L a cikin ciwon thyroid na subacute. Tsarin Hypothyroidism na Tsakiya: A lokacin sauyawa daga hyperthyroid zuwa matakin hypothyroid, ƙananan matakan TSH da T4 kyauta na ɗan lokaci na iya faruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar cutar hypothyroidism ta tsakiya. Sauran Abubuwa: Ƙarin bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cutar thyroid ba tare da ciwo ba, cutar thyroid bayan haihuwa, cutar thyroid ta radiation, cutar thyroid da ke haifar da abin da ke hana binciken wuri, cutar thyroid ta hanyar tausasawa, cutar Hashimoto mai raɗaɗi, cutar lymphoma da ciwon daji na thyroid. == Matsaloli == Duk da cewa cutar thyroid ta De Quervain galibi tana da iyaka, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya faruwa: Guguwar Thyroid / Matsalar Thyrotoxic: Babban lalacewar follicular na iya haifar da guguwar thyroid mai barazana ga rayuwa a wasu lokutan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Steven I. |last2=Ladenson |first2=Paul W. |date=March 2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyroid storm |journal=Thyroid |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.1089/thy.2007.0070 |issn=1050-7256 |pmid=17381366}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salih |first=Abdulwahid M. |last2=Kakamad |first2=F. H. |last3=Rawezh |first3=Q. S. |last4=Masrur |first4=S. A. |last5=Shvan |first5=H. M. |last6=Hawbash |first6=M. R. |last7=Lhun |first7=T. H. |date=2017 |title=Subacute thyroiditis causing thyrotoxic crisis; a case report with literature review |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |volume=33 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.02.041 |issn=2210-2612 |pmc=5387892 |pmid=28399492}}</ref> Matsalolin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki: Yawan zagayawar hormones na thyroid na iya haifar da tachycardia na ventricular da ba ya tsayawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alper |first=Ahmet Taha |last2=Hasdemir |first2=Hakan |last3=Akyol |first3=Ahmet |last4=Cakmak |first4=Nazmiye |date=2007-03-02 |title=Incessant ventricular tachycardia due to subacute thyroiditis |journal=International Journal of Cardiology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=e22–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.068 |issn=1874-1754 |pmid=17134771}}</ref> Zazzaɓin da Ba a San Asalinsa Ba: Ciwon thyroiditis na iya bayyana a matsayin zazzaɓin da ba a san asalinsa ba yayin gwaje-gwajen gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karachalios |first=G. N. |last2=Amantos |first2=K. |last3=Kanakis |first3=K. V. |last4=Deliousis |first4=A. |last5=Karachaliou |first5=I. G. |last6=Zacharof |first6=A. K. |date=January 2010 |title=Subacute thyroiditis presenting as fever of unknown origin |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00927.x |issn=1742-1241 |pmid=17956558}}</ref> Ciwon Tsoka na Dindindin: Duk da cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna komawa yanayin euthyroid na yau da kullun cikin watanni 3 zuwa 4, kimanin kashi 5% na marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da hypothyroidism na dindindin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=S. |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=A. |last3=Caruso |first3=M. |last4=Monaco |first4=F. |last5=D'Armiento |first5=M. |date=May 1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0001-5598 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin hormone na thyroid na tsawon rai. == Hasashen Yanayi == Ciwon thyroid na De Quervain cuta ce da ke shafar kai wanda galibi yakan tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba cikin watanni uku zuwa shida. <ref name="Greene 1971" /> <ref name="Children" /> Ko da kuwa tsananin cutar ko kuma irin maganin da aka yi amfani da shi, kashi 20-56% na manya sun fuskanci hypothyroidism na ɗan lokaci 'yan makonni bayan lokacin hyperthyroidism . <ref name="fifty-six">{{Cite journal |last=Benbassat |first=C. A. |last2=Olchovsky |first2=D. |last3=Tsvetov |first3=G. |last4=Shimon |first4=I. |year=2007 |title=Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005 |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1007/bf03347442 |issn=0391-4097 |pmid=17923793}}</ref> Ko da yake yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 5-15% na lokuta, ci gaba da cutar hypothyroidism na iya faruwa shekaru bayan an gano cutar. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="z496">{{Cite journal |last=Lio |first=Serafino |last2=Pontecorvi |first2=Alfredo |last3=Caruso |first3=Michela |last4=Monaco |first4=Fabrizio |last5=D'Armiento |first5=Massimo |year=1984 |title=Transitory subclinical and permanent hypothyroidism in the course of subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |doi=10.1530/acta.0.1060067 |issn=0804-4643 |pmid=6428116}}</ref> Ciwon thyroid na dawowa na de Quervain ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 2% na lokuta, kuma yawanci yakan sake bayyana cikin shekara guda bayan an gano cutar. Amma akwai rahotannin sake dawowa bayan shekaru da dama. <ref name="Incidence Cohort" /> <ref name="a183">{{Cite journal |last=Nishihara |first=Eijun |last2=Ohye |first2=Hidemi |last3=Amino |first3=Nobuyuki |last4=Takata |first4=Kazuna |last5=Arishima |first5=Takeshi |last6=Kudo |first6=Takumi |last7=Ito |first7=Mitsuru |last8=Kubota |first8=Sumihisa |last9=Fukata |first9=Shuji |last10=Miyauchi |first10=Akira |year=2008 |title=Clinical Characteristics of 852 Patients with Subacute Thyroiditis before Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |publisher=Japanese Society of Internal Medicine |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=725–729 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0740 |issn=0918-2918 |pmid=18421188 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="x151">{{Cite journal |last=Iitaka |first=M |last2=Momotani |first2=N |last3=Ishii |first3=J |last4=Ito |first4=K |year=1996 |title=Incidence of subacute thyroiditis recurrences after a prolonged latency: 24-year survey. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |publisher=The Endocrine Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636251 |issn=0021-972X |pmid=8636251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin Cututtuka == Ciwon thyroiditis na Subacute ko De Quervain wani nau'in cuta ne da ba a saba gani ba, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutane 12.1 cikin 100,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="Sonographic Characteristics">{{Cite journal |last=Frates |first=Mary C. |last2=Marqusee |first2=Ellen |last3=Benson |first3=Carol B. |last4=Alexander |first4=Erik K. |date=2013 |title=Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis: Grayscale and Color Doppler Sonographic Characteristics |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.505 |pmid=23443191}}</ref> Yara ba kasafai suke kamuwa da cutar thyroid ta De Quervain ba. Da rabon mata da maza na 4–7:1, mata sun fi fuskantar matsala fiye da maza. <ref name="Eponym" /> == Tarihi == An fara bayar da rahoton cutar thyroid ta De Quervain a shekarar 1895 ta hannun Mygind. <ref name="h849">{{Cite journal |last=Mygind |first=Holger |year=1895 |title=Thyroiditis Acuta Simplex. |journal=The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1017/s1755146300152771 |issn=1755-1463}}</ref> Fritz de Quervain ya bambanta wannan rashin lafiya da sauran nau'ikan cutar thyroid a cikin 1904 bisa ga wani bincike na tarihi, <ref name="o699">{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F. de |date=2024-07-02 |title=Die akute, nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis : und die Beteiligung der Schilddrüse an akuten Intoxikationen und Infektionen überhaupt |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000796679746560 |journal=(No Title) |language=la |page= |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> kuma de Quervain da Giordanengo sun tabbatar da ganewar cutar a cikin 1936. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quervain |first=F |last2=Giordanengo |first2=G |date=1936 |title=Die akute und subakute nicht eiterige Thyreoiditis |journal=Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir |volume=44 |pages=538–590}}</ref> == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Ranganath |first=Rohit |last2=Shaha |first2=Manish A. |last3=Xu |first3=Bin |last4=Migliacci |first4=Jocelyn |last5=Ghossein |first5=Ronald |last6=Shaha |first6=Ashok R. |date=2016 |title=de Quervain's thyroiditis: A review of experience with surgery |journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=534–537 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.08.006 |pmc=5574176 |pmid=27686396 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Mark |last2=La Porte |first2=Sarah |date=2021-07-09 |title=Case Report: De Quervain's Thyroiditis as a Long-Term Sequelae Complication to SARS-CoV-2 Infection |journal=Case Reports in Acute Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |doi=10.1159/000517705 |issn=2504-5288 |pmc=8339010 |ref=none}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Tabassom |first=Ayesha |last2=Chippa |first2=Venu |last3=Edens |first3=Mary Ann |date=2023-07-17 |title=De Quervain Thyroiditis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/ |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30252322 |ref=none}} * {{Cite web |title=Subacute Thyroiditis |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/subacute-thyroiditis |website=Penn Medicine |ref=none}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == ngh6honv1sea8qk1au97g2j6dij1fji 0 178684 965340 2026-10-09T18:05:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371491088|Çineköy inscription]]" 965340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun Çineköy''' rubutun tsohuwar Harsuna biyu ne, wanda aka rubuta a cikin yarukan Hieroglyphic Luwian da Phoenician. An rubuta rubutun ne a rabi na biyu na karni na 8 BC. An gano shi a cikin 1997 kusa da ƙauyen Çine, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 30 a kudancin [[Adana]], babban birnin Lardin Adana (tsohuwar Cilicia) a kudancin [[Turkiyya]].&nbsp; An fara bayar da rahoton binciken kuma an bayyana shi a cikin 1999, {{Sfn|İpek|Tosun|Tekoğlu|1999}} kuma an buga bugu na farko na rubutun a cikin 2000.[2]{{Sfn|Tekoğlu|Lemaire|İpek|Tosun|2000}}An yi muhimman ƙari ga fassarar rubutun a cikin 2007,{{Sfn|Lanfranchi|2007}} 2012,{{Sfn|Payne|2012}} 2015,{{Sfn|Yakubovich|2015a}} da 2017.{{Sfn|Hawkins|2017}} Wani muhimmin rubutun iri ɗaya an san shi da rubutun Karatepe, wanda aka sani a baya. Dukkanin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sun gano sarakunan tsohuwar [[Adana]] daga "gidan Mopsos" (wanda aka ba shi a cikin Hieroglyphic Luwian a matsayin Muksa kuma a cikin Phoenician a matsayin Mopsos a cikin nau'in ''mps''). Ya kasance sanannen sarki na zamanin d ̄ a. == Tarihi == Abinda aka samo rubutun shine abin tunawa ga Allahn Guguwa Tarhunza . Mai mulki da aka sani da Urikki ne ya rubuta rubutun a cikin matani na Assuriya, wanda yayi daidai da War (a) ika a Luwian. Tambayar ko mutum ɗaya ne kamar Awar (i) ku na rubutun Karatepe ko kuma wani daban ya kasance mai muhawara.{{Sfn|Simon|2014}}{{Sfn|Bryce|2016}}Shi ne sarki mai mulki Quwê (sunan Assuriya), Cilicia ta zamani. A cikin Luwian an san wannan yankin da 'Hiyawa'. {{Sfn|Bryce|2012}} A cikin wannan rubutun mai mahimmanci, Urikki ya yi nuni da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mulkinsa da iyayengijin Assuriya. Har ila yau, a cikin rubutun Phoenician, Awariku ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya gina sansani 15 a masarautarsa.{{Sfn|Bryce|2012}}A cikin fassarar Luwian na wannan rubutun, an fassara wannan jumlar ba daidai ba ne a matsayin ambaton lalata sansanoni.{{Sfn|Yakubovich|2015a}} == Siriya a matsayin sunan Luwian don Assuriya == [[File:Adana_Museum_Çineköy_03.jpg|thumb|Rubutun PhoenicianRubuce-rubucen Phoenician]] [[File:AdanaMuseumCineköy2.jpg|thumb|Wani ɓangare na rubutun Çineköy a Gidan Tarihin Archaeology na Adana]] Rubutun Çineköy yana da muhimmancin musamman don tantance asalin (etymology) na kalmar Siriya, tambaya da aka yi muhawara tsakanin masana tun 1871, lokacin da Theodor Nöldeke ya ba da bayani na harshe wanda ya danganci samo Siriya daga Assuriya.[1]Wannan bayanin ya sami goyon baya mafi yawa daga cikin malamai. Binciken rubutun Çineköy ya ba da ƙarin shaida don haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin kalmomin Siriya da Assuriya. Sashe na Phoenician na rubutun ya ambaci ʾŠR (Ashur), da kuma ʾŠRYM (Assyrians), yayin da sashin Luwian ya ba da labarin wannan abun ciki ta amfani da su + ra / i- (Syria). Da yake nazarin rubutun, masanin tarihi Robert Rollinger ya nuna a cikin 2006 cewa sashin Luwian ya ba da hujja mai mahimmanci don amfani da kalmar Siriya a matsayin ma'anar Assuriya, don haka ya warware batun.[1][1] Sashe da aka bincika na rubutun Phoenician ya karanta: :: ''Kuma sarki [na Aššur da (?) ]'' :: ''Dukan "Gidan" na Aššur ("ŠR) sun kasance a gare ni uba '' :: ''uwa, da DNNYM da Assuriyawa ("ŠRYM) '' :: ''sun kasance "Gidan" guda ɗaya.'' Sashe mai dacewa na rubutun Luwian ya karanta: :: §VI Sa'an nan kuma, an sanya / wani Sarkin Assuriya (su+ra / i-wa / i-ni-sa (URBS)) da dukan "Gidan" na Assuriya (Su+ra / I-wa / I-za-ha (URBS) a matsayin fa[ther da mo]ther a gare ni,§VII da Hiyawa da Assuriya (suna + ra / i-awa / i-ia-sa-ha (URBS)) an sanya su "Gidan".<br />''da Hiyawa da Assuriya (su+ra/i-wa/i-ia-sa-ha (URBS)) an sanya su "Gidan" guda ɗaya.'' Da yake lura da [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya|yarjejeniyar masana]] game da fassarar kalmomin Siriya / Assuriya a cikin rubutun Çineköy, wasu masu bincike sun kuma bincika irin waɗannan kalmomin da suka bayyana a wasu rubuce-rubucen zamani, suna ba da shawarar wasu ƙarin fassarori.{{Sfn|Simon|2012}}{{Sfn|Payne|2012}}{{Sfn|Weeden|2013}}{{Sfn|Dinçol|Dinçol|Hawkins|Marchetti|2014}}{{Sfn|Hawkins|Weeden|2016}} == Dubi kuma == * Sunan Siriya * Kalmomin Kiristoci na Siriya * Jihohin Luwian-Aramean * Karatepe na harsuna biyu == Manazarta == lmia9585dxm6g11c04kwk9ankhaouni 965361 965340 2026-10-09T18:23:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Çineköy''' rubutun tsohuwar Harsuna biyu ne, wanda aka rubuta a cikin yarukan Hieroglyphic Luwian da Phoenician. An rubuta rubutun ne a rabi na biyu na karni na 8 BC. An gano shi a cikin 1997 kusa da ƙauyen Çine, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 30 a kudancin [[Adana]], babban birnin Lardin Adana (tsohuwar Cilicia) a kudancin [[Turkiyya]].&nbsp; An fara bayar da rahoton binciken kuma an bayyana shi a cikin 1999, {{Sfn|İpek|Tosun|Tekoğlu|1999}} kuma an buga bugu na farko na rubutun a cikin 2000.[2]{{Sfn|Tekoğlu|Lemaire|İpek|Tosun|2000}}An yi muhimman ƙari ga fassarar rubutun a cikin 2007,{{Sfn|Lanfranchi|2007}} 2012,{{Sfn|Payne|2012}} 2015,{{Sfn|Yakubovich|2015a}} da 2017.{{Sfn|Hawkins|2017}} Wani muhimmin rubutun iri ɗaya an san shi da rubutun Karatepe, wanda aka sani a baya. Dukkanin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sun gano sarakunan tsohuwar [[Adana]] daga "gidan Mopsos" (wanda aka ba shi a cikin Hieroglyphic Luwian a matsayin Muksa kuma a cikin Phoenician a matsayin Mopsos a cikin nau'in ''mps''). Ya kasance sanannen sarki na zamanin d ̄ a. == Tarihi == Abinda aka samo rubutun shine abin tunawa ga Allahn Guguwa Tarhunza . Mai mulki da aka sani da Urikki ne ya rubuta rubutun a cikin matani na Assuriya, wanda yayi daidai da War (a) ika a Luwian. Tambayar ko mutum ɗaya ne kamar Awar (i) ku na rubutun Karatepe ko kuma wani daban ya kasance mai muhawara.{{Sfn|Simon|2014}}{{Sfn|Bryce|2016}}Shi ne sarki mai mulki Quwê (sunan Assuriya), Cilicia ta zamani. A cikin Luwian an san wannan yankin da 'Hiyawa'. {{Sfn|Bryce|2012}} A cikin wannan rubutun mai mahimmanci, Urikki ya yi nuni da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mulkinsa da iyayengijin Assuriya. Har ila yau, a cikin rubutun Phoenician, Awariku ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya gina sansani 15 a masarautarsa.{{Sfn|Bryce|2012}}A cikin fassarar Luwian na wannan rubutun, an fassara wannan jumlar ba daidai ba ne a matsayin ambaton lalata sansanoni.{{Sfn|Yakubovich|2015a}} == Siriya a matsayin sunan Luwian don Assuriya == [[File:Adana_Museum_Çineköy_03.jpg|thumb|Rubutun PhoenicianRubuce-rubucen Phoenician]] [[File:AdanaMuseumCineköy2.jpg|thumb|Wani ɓangare na rubutun Çineköy a Gidan Tarihin Archaeology na Adana]] Rubutun Çineköy yana da muhimmancin musamman don tantance asalin (etymology) na kalmar Siriya, tambaya da aka yi muhawara tsakanin masana tun 1871, lokacin da Theodor Nöldeke ya ba da bayani na harshe wanda ya danganci samo Siriya daga Assuriya.[1]Wannan bayanin ya sami goyon baya mafi yawa daga cikin malamai. Binciken rubutun Çineköy ya ba da ƙarin shaida don haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin kalmomin Siriya da Assuriya. Sashe na Phoenician na rubutun ya ambaci ʾŠR (Ashur), da kuma ʾŠRYM (Assyrians), yayin da sashin Luwian ya ba da labarin wannan abun ciki ta amfani da su + ra / i- (Syria). Da yake nazarin rubutun, masanin tarihi Robert Rollinger ya nuna a cikin 2006 cewa sashin Luwian ya ba da hujja mai mahimmanci don amfani da kalmar Siriya a matsayin ma'anar Assuriya, don haka ya warware batun.[1][1] Sashe da aka bincika na rubutun Phoenician ya karanta: :: ''Kuma sarki [na Aššur da (?) ]'' :: ''Dukan "Gidan" na Aššur ("ŠR) sun kasance a gare ni uba '' :: ''uwa, da DNNYM da Assuriyawa ("ŠRYM) '' :: ''sun kasance "Gidan" guda ɗaya.'' Sashe mai dacewa na rubutun Luwian ya karanta: :: §VI Sa'an nan kuma, an sanya / wani Sarkin Assuriya (su+ra / i-wa / i-ni-sa (URBS)) da dukan "Gidan" na Assuriya (Su+ra / I-wa / I-za-ha (URBS) a matsayin fa[ther da mo]ther a gare ni,§VII da Hiyawa da Assuriya (suna + ra / i-awa / i-ia-sa-ha (URBS)) an sanya su "Gidan".<br />''da Hiyawa da Assuriya (su+ra/i-wa/i-ia-sa-ha (URBS)) an sanya su "Gidan" guda ɗaya.'' Da yake lura da [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya|yarjejeniyar masana]] game da fassarar kalmomin Siriya / Assuriya a cikin rubutun Çineköy, wasu masu bincike sun kuma bincika irin waɗannan kalmomin da suka bayyana a wasu rubuce-rubucen zamani, suna ba da shawarar wasu ƙarin fassarori.{{Sfn|Simon|2012}}{{Sfn|Payne|2012}}{{Sfn|Weeden|2013}}{{Sfn|Dinçol|Dinçol|Hawkins|Marchetti|2014}}{{Sfn|Hawkins|Weeden|2016}} == Dubi kuma == * Sunan Siriya * Kalmomin Kiristoci na Siriya * Jihohin Luwian-Aramean * Karatepe na harsuna biyu == Manazarta == fxwoai4mi3t7rc9tml7o56cr7r4oww1 0 178685 965341 2026-10-09T18:05:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322969171|Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions]]" 965341 wikitext text/x-wiki Rubutun [[Harshen Punic|Neopunic]] na Cherchell sune rubutun Neopuntic guda biyu a kan marmara da aka gano a cikin 1875 da 1882 a Cherchell a [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]]. A halin yanzu suna cikin Louvre, wanda aka sani da AO 1028 da AO 5294. Dukansu biyu Louvre ya samo su daga Achille Schmitter, mai tara al'adu a Cherchell, tare da taimakon [[:fr:Antoine Héron de Villefosse|Antoine Héron na Villefosse]] . Stele na biyu ya ambaci Micipsa, ɗan [[Masinissa]], kuma an rubuta shi ne a shekara ta 118 KZ. An gano rubutun Neopunic na baya a Cherchell a 1847, wanda aka buga a 1859, a kan cymbal na jan ƙarfe.<ref name="Judas 1859 pp. 167–169">{{Cite journal |last=Judas |first=A. |year=1859 |title=SUR UN MONUMENT PUNIQUE. INÉDIT |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41746513 |journal=Revue Archéologique |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–169 |issn=00350737 |eissn=21043868 |jstor=41746513 |access-date=2023-04-23}}</ref> == Ginin jana'izar (AO 5294) == [[File:Cherchell_funerary_pillar_inscription.jpg|thumb|Rubutun ginshiƙi na jana'izar Cherchell. An gudanar da shi a cikin tarihin Louvre (ba a nuna jama'a ba) ]] An gano wannan rubutun a watan Fabrairun 1875 a wani fili, a kan hanyar zuwa Tenès. Da farko ya zama mallakar mai yin burodi daga Cherchell, wanda ya sayar da shi ga Achille Schmitter, mai karɓar al'adu a Cherchell . An zana shi a kan fararen marmara, 17cm × 24cm, kuma ya ƙunshi layi shida na "Neopunic" da aka kiyaye sosai, sai dai duk da haka ga layi na shida wanda ke da rata. Rubutun sadaukarwa ce ta 'yar ga mahaifiyarta.[1][2] {| |+ |(1) |SKR BR" L"ŠT N'MT MHRT ṬN "T HMṢBT RŠ B'T |'' (Wannan shine) abin tunawa ne mai dorewa ga mace wacce ke da koyarwa kuma mai basira; wannan [[Matzevah|matzebet]] an gina ta ne ta hanyar Rosh, 'yar'' |- |(2) |'BD'ŠMN BN 'ZRB'L L"M" LT'WNT "ḤR "Š P'L ṢYW'N |'''Abd-Eshmun, ɗan Hasdrubal, ga mahaifiyarta, ga T'WNT, bayan an yi abin tunawa'' |- |(3) |LHḤYM H"ŠL" 'ZRB'L HYLD ŠḤRB'B'N ŠQLN |''ga masu rai ta Hasdrubal, matasa. ŠḤRB'L, ɗan ŠQLN,'' |- |(4) |"M" LŠRT ŠNT ḤMŠM B"Y ḤŠBR LṬHRT NKTBT |''mahaifiyarsa, wacce ta miƙa wuya na shekaru hamsin a tsibirin ḤŠBR don haramta tsarkakewa,'' |- |(5) |WNŠMR" R"T MY QN" W"Y DR" LŠMR" M'ŠRT |''kuma ta hana kanta ganin ruwan kara, da kuma (tsarin) tsibirin DR", don kiyaye kanta mai tsabta.'' |- |(6) |KMŠLM[T 'L TMT P]'L' HNŠKBT BT ŠMNM ŠT |''An ba ta lada saboda ta, ta mutu (a) shekaru tamanin.'' |} == Rubutun Micipsa (AO 1028) == [[File:Cherchell_Neopunic_inscriptions_(141).jpg|thumb|Rubutun Micipsa]] Louvre ne ya sayi Micipsa a cikin 1882 daga Schmitter; ana zaton ya samo asali ne a Porte de Tenez, inda Schmitter ya ba da rahoton yin wasu abubuwan da aka gano.<ref>{{Cite web |date=118 |title=Stèle |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010135023}}</ref> Rubutun ya ƙunshi layi goma sha ɗaya na Neopunic, wanda aka zana a kan farin marmara tare da jan jijiyoyi na ja, auna 30cm × 22cm. Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * == Manazarta == 9qrk0mryqzaib1vob4mgc5d5jrylxvc 965362 965341 2026-10-09T18:24:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rubutun [[Harshen Punic|Neopunic]] na Cherchell sune rubutun Neopuntic guda biyu a kan marmara da aka gano a cikin 1875 da 1882 a Cherchell a [[Aljeriya ta Faransa]]. A halin yanzu suna cikin Louvre, wanda aka sani da AO 1028 da AO 5294. Dukansu biyu Louvre ya samo su daga Achille Schmitter, mai tara al'adu a Cherchell, tare da taimakon [[:fr:Antoine Héron de Villefosse|Antoine Héron na Villefosse]] . Stele na biyu ya ambaci Micipsa, ɗan [[Masinissa]], kuma an rubuta shi ne a shekara ta 118 KZ. An gano rubutun Neopunic na baya a Cherchell a 1847, wanda aka buga a 1859, a kan cymbal na jan ƙarfe.<ref name="Judas 1859 pp. 167–169">{{Cite journal |last=Judas |first=A. |year=1859 |title=SUR UN MONUMENT PUNIQUE. INÉDIT |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41746513 |journal=Revue Archéologique |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–169 |issn=00350737 |eissn=21043868 |jstor=41746513 |access-date=2023-04-23}}</ref> == Ginin jana'izar (AO 5294) == [[File:Cherchell_funerary_pillar_inscription.jpg|thumb|Rubutun ginshiƙi na jana'izar Cherchell. An gudanar da shi a cikin tarihin Louvre (ba a nuna jama'a ba) ]] An gano wannan rubutun a watan Fabrairun 1875 a wani fili, a kan hanyar zuwa Tenès. Da farko ya zama mallakar mai yin burodi daga Cherchell, wanda ya sayar da shi ga Achille Schmitter, mai karɓar al'adu a Cherchell . An zana shi a kan fararen marmara, 17cm × 24cm, kuma ya ƙunshi layi shida na "Neopunic" da aka kiyaye sosai, sai dai duk da haka ga layi na shida wanda ke da rata. Rubutun sadaukarwa ce ta 'yar ga mahaifiyarta.[1][2] {| |+ |(1) |SKR BR" L"ŠT N'MT MHRT ṬN "T HMṢBT RŠ B'T |'' (Wannan shine) abin tunawa ne mai dorewa ga mace wacce ke da koyarwa kuma mai basira; wannan [[Matzevah|matzebet]] an gina ta ne ta hanyar Rosh, 'yar'' |- |(2) |'BD'ŠMN BN 'ZRB'L L"M" LT'WNT "ḤR "Š P'L ṢYW'N |'''Abd-Eshmun, ɗan Hasdrubal, ga mahaifiyarta, ga T'WNT, bayan an yi abin tunawa'' |- |(3) |LHḤYM H"ŠL" 'ZRB'L HYLD ŠḤRB'B'N ŠQLN |''ga masu rai ta Hasdrubal, matasa. ŠḤRB'L, ɗan ŠQLN,'' |- |(4) |"M" LŠRT ŠNT ḤMŠM B"Y ḤŠBR LṬHRT NKTBT |''mahaifiyarsa, wacce ta miƙa wuya na shekaru hamsin a tsibirin ḤŠBR don haramta tsarkakewa,'' |- |(5) |WNŠMR" R"T MY QN" W"Y DR" LŠMR" M'ŠRT |''kuma ta hana kanta ganin ruwan kara, da kuma (tsarin) tsibirin DR", don kiyaye kanta mai tsabta.'' |- |(6) |KMŠLM[T 'L TMT P]'L' HNŠKBT BT ŠMNM ŠT |''An ba ta lada saboda ta, ta mutu (a) shekaru tamanin.'' |} == Rubutun Micipsa (AO 1028) == [[File:Cherchell_Neopunic_inscriptions_(141).jpg|thumb|Rubutun Micipsa]] Louvre ne ya sayi Micipsa a cikin 1882 daga Schmitter; ana zaton ya samo asali ne a Porte de Tenez, inda Schmitter ya ba da rahoton yin wasu abubuwan da aka gano.<ref>{{Cite web |date=118 |title=Stèle |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010135023}}</ref> Rubutun ya ƙunshi layi goma sha ɗaya na Neopunic, wanda aka zana a kan farin marmara tare da jan jijiyoyi na ja, auna 30cm × 22cm. Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * == Manazarta == 3adugnb7565mk4uun2a64zrqo28oay2 0 178686 965344 2026-10-09T18:07:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314960725|Byblos Necropolis graffito]]" 965344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun Byblos Necropolis''' rubutun Phoenician ne wanda ke cikin Royal necropolis na Byblos . An gano rubutun kabarin Ahiram a bangon kudu na shaft wanda ke kaiwa ga hypogeum, kimanin mita uku daga buɗewa. Rubutun layi uku tare da fassarar [[William F. Albright]]: {| |+ |(1) |Sanya |'''Ldt''' |''Ku kula!'' |- |(2) |Sanya ta gaba |'''hn ypd lk''' |''Duba, za ka zo ka yi baƙin ciki'' |- |(3) |Wannan shi ne wannan |'''Rahotanni daga farkon''' |''a ƙasa a nan! <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albright |first=W.F. |date=1947 |title=The Phoenician inscriptions of the tenth century B.C. from Byblus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596081 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=153-160: p. 156 |doi=10.2307/596081 |jstor=596081 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref>'' |} René Dussaud, wanda ya sami rubutun, ya fassara shi a matsayin "Avis, voici ta perte (est) a kasa" ("Ka lura, ga asararka (is) a kasa"). Alamar ta huɗu ta layin na biyu (yanzu ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin Pū), ba a bayyane take ba, da alama an zana bēt a saman qōp, ko kuma akasin haka. Pierre Montet, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi wanda ya tono kabarin sarauta a 1922, ya yi wannan sharhi:<blockquote>Tun da yake rubutun ya ɗan fi girma fiye da niches a bangon gabas da yamma, yana da sauƙin fahimtar dalilin da ya sa aka zana wannan sanarwa a nan. Ginin da ya huta a cikin niches ya goyi bayan bene wanda ya mamaye faɗin shaft. Masu gina kabarin ba su yi la'akari da cewa gawar sarki an kare ta sosai ta hanyar shimfiɗa kofar da kuma bangon da aka gina a ƙofar ɗakin a tsakiyar rijiyar ba, don haka sun shimfiɗa bene na itace wanda ya zama cikas na uku. Masu fashi, wadanda za su cire hanyar kuma su fara zubar da rijiyar, ba za su iya guje wa ganin sanarwa ba da zarar sun isa wannan bene.</blockquote> == Bayanan littattafai == * {{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=L. H. |author-link=Louis-Hugues Vincent |date=1925 |title=Les fouilles de Byblos |trans-title=The excavations of Byblos |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44102762 |journal=Revue Biblique (1892-1940) |language=fr |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=161–193 |issn=1240-3032 |jstor=44102762 |via=}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iqsngw62io0cf7rf26u2uydnhbips9s 965363 965344 2026-10-09T18:25:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Byblos Necropolis''' rubutun Phoenician ne wanda ke cikin Royal necropolis na Byblos . An gano rubutun kabarin Ahiram a bangon kudu na shaft wanda ke kaiwa ga hypogeum, kimanin mita uku daga buɗewa. Rubutun layi uku tare da fassarar [[William F. Albright]]: {| |+ |(1) |Sanya |'''Ldt''' |''Ku kula!'' |- |(2) |Sanya ta gaba |'''hn ypd lk''' |''Duba, za ka zo ka yi baƙin ciki'' |- |(3) |Wannan shi ne wannan |'''Rahotanni daga farkon''' |''a ƙasa a nan! <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albright |first=W.F. |date=1947 |title=The Phoenician inscriptions of the tenth century B.C. from Byblus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596081 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=153-160: p. 156 |doi=10.2307/596081 |jstor=596081 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref>'' |} René Dussaud, wanda ya sami rubutun, ya fassara shi a matsayin "Avis, voici ta perte (est) a kasa" ("Ka lura, ga asararka (is) a kasa"). Alamar ta huɗu ta layin na biyu (yanzu ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin Pū), ba a bayyane take ba, da alama an zana bēt a saman qōp, ko kuma akasin haka. Pierre Montet, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi wanda ya tono kabarin sarauta a 1922, ya yi wannan sharhi:<blockquote>Tun da yake rubutun ya ɗan fi girma fiye da niches a bangon gabas da yamma, yana da sauƙin fahimtar dalilin da ya sa aka zana wannan sanarwa a nan. Ginin da ya huta a cikin niches ya goyi bayan bene wanda ya mamaye faɗin shaft. Masu gina kabarin ba su yi la'akari da cewa gawar sarki an kare ta sosai ta hanyar shimfiɗa kofar da kuma bangon da aka gina a ƙofar ɗakin a tsakiyar rijiyar ba, don haka sun shimfiɗa bene na itace wanda ya zama cikas na uku. Masu fashi, wadanda za su cire hanyar kuma su fara zubar da rijiyar, ba za su iya guje wa ganin sanarwa ba da zarar sun isa wannan bene.</blockquote> == Bayanan littattafai == * {{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=L. H. |author-link=Louis-Hugues Vincent |date=1925 |title=Les fouilles de Byblos |trans-title=The excavations of Byblos |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44102762 |journal=Revue Biblique (1892-1940) |language=fr |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=161–193 |issn=1240-3032 |jstor=44102762 |via=}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6w0iu5wj4s17sahmrsfn88xb5nnw9io 0 178687 965347 2026-10-09T18:08:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305125755|Byblos marble inscription]]" 965347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun marmara na Byblos''' rubutun Phoenician ne a kan wani fararen marmara na sarcophagus da aka gano a kusa da 1957 a cikin farfajiyar Byblos Castle a yankin da bangon gabas na hasumiyar yake. An rubuta shi zuwa 550-450 KZ, lokacin [[Daular Achaemenid]]; Layin 3 na rubutun ana zaton yana nufin sarki na Farisa. Rubutun kuma yana nufin murhu. Yankin ya karye a hannun dama da hagu. Ya auna 56 cm x 43 cm tare da kauri na 6.5-12 cm. An adana ragowar jimlar layi 7, waɗanda aka raba su sosai ta hanyar raba layi. An zana rubutun a bayyane, haruffa na yau da kullun, tare da rabuwa da kalmomi na lokaci-lokaci. Jean Starcky ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1969, kuma ana gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut (N 60.1). An san shi da KAI 280, da kuma "Byblos 13" saboda shi ne na goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos. Halin rubutun yayi kama da KAI 9, rubutun Ɗan Shipitbaal. == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * Starcky Jean. Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na Byblos A cikin: Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, Volume 45, 1969. Haɗin da aka ba Mista Maurice Dunand. Littafi na I. shafi na 257-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefao.1969.1203 == Manazarta == 7atr7rvcfkaw690ck0cdf2p1qpso3k2 965365 965347 2026-10-09T18:25:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun marmara na Byblos''' rubutun Phoenician ne a kan wani fararen marmara na sarcophagus da aka gano a kusa da 1957 a cikin farfajiyar Byblos Castle a yankin da bangon gabas na hasumiyar yake. An rubuta shi zuwa 550-450 KZ, lokacin [[Daular Achaemenid]]; Layin 3 na rubutun ana zaton yana nufin sarki na Farisa. Rubutun kuma yana nufin murhu. Yankin ya karye a hannun dama da hagu. Ya auna 56 cm x 43 cm tare da kauri na 6.5-12 cm. An adana ragowar jimlar layi 7, waɗanda aka raba su sosai ta hanyar raba layi. An zana rubutun a bayyane, haruffa na yau da kullun, tare da rabuwa da kalmomi na lokaci-lokaci. Jean Starcky ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1969, kuma ana gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut (N 60.1). An san shi da KAI 280, da kuma "Byblos 13" saboda shi ne na goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos. Halin rubutun yayi kama da KAI 9, rubutun Ɗan Shipitbaal. == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * Starcky Jean. Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na Byblos A cikin: Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph, Volume 45, 1969. Haɗin da aka ba Mista Maurice Dunand. Littafi na I. shafi na 257-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefao.1969.1203 == Manazarta == 5f021ct555dz7p0aklvwtr1a3kj8ix2 0 178688 965352 2026-10-09T18:16:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347052643|Byblos figurines]]" 965352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siffofin Byblos''' ko siffofin Phoenician kusan 1,500-2,000 ne ex-voto siffofin da aka samu a tsoffin haikalin Phoenician a [[Lebanon]], da farko a Byblos, amma kuma a Kamid al lawz. Hotunan sun kasance daga karni na biyu BC kuma an yi su da tagulla, azurfa, ko jan ƙarfe.{{Sfn|Seeden|1980}}<ref name="Aubet2013">{{Cite book|last3=María Eugenia Aubet}}</ref>Ana ɗaukar siffofin Byblos a matsayin mafi kyawun misali na irin su a duk faɗin Levant. {{Sfn|Seeden|1980}}{{Sfn|Philip|1988}} Yawancin siffofin an samo su ne a cikin Haikali na Obelisks, inda aka sami ajiya 20 da pitchers dauke da nau'ikan irin waɗannan siffofi, tare da ƙarami, amma muhimmiyar rukuni daga cikinsu da aka samu a cikin Haikalin Baalat Gebal makwabta.<ref name="Aubet2013" /> An karɓi siffofin don wakiltar Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Lebanon. == Amfani da shi == An samo mafi yawan siffofin a wuraren binciken archaeological a cikin kwalba na tukwane, tare da kayan aiki, makamai, kayan ado, da sauran abubuwan al'ada.{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}} Kungiyar farko da aka samo ta kasance a Haikali na Baalat Gebal kuma masu binciken tarihi Pierre Montet da Maurice Dunand ne suka buga bayanai game da su. Dukansu biyu da farko sun dauki siffofin a matsayin "tushen tushe".{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}}Bayan ci gaba da ganowa a Haikali na Obelisks, Dunand ya ba da shawarar cewa watakila, suna iya zama tarurruka na "bayar da ajiya" don bukukuwa.{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}}A cikin 1966, duk da haka, Negbi da Moskowitz sun ba da shawarar a maimakon haka, cewa abubuwa daban-daban da aka gano an ɓoye su cikin hanzari, a gaban bala'i mai zuwa.{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}} == Bayyanawa == Hotunan suna auna 3-38 cm tsawo, galibi suna wakiltar maza, kuma suna da tangs da ke fitowa daga ƙafafunsu wanda zai ba su damar sanya su a kan tushe. &nbsp;Yawancin suna sanye da hular da ke kama da Labba <ref name="Hakimian" /> yayin da wasu ke kama da hedjet na Masar kuma wasu suna sanye leko, [1] suna nuna karuwar dangantaka da Masar a lokacin Daular goma sha biyu da goma sha uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of Levantine Costumes |url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/general/600/640/646/costumes_of_the_Levant/origin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224115446/http://almashriq.hiof.no/general/600/640/646/costumes_of_the_Levant/origin.html |archive-date=24 February 2010 |website=Almashriq |publisher=Hiof |quote=Small Phoenician statues dug up in Lebanon show this same style of conical cap, while bas reliefs from the Aleppo citadel also depict men wearing a cap of the same proportions as the labbade worn today.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Briquel-Chatonnet|Gubel|2007}}Wasu tsirara ne wasu kuma suna sa gajerun kilts.<ref name="Hakimian" /> Da farko, mutane da yawa suna dauke da sanda, wuka, mace, ko gatari.<ref name="Hakimian" /> Dangane da rubutun a kan babban obelisk a Haikali na Obelisks, ana fassara maza don su yi kama da Resheph, allahn Phoenician na yaƙi da annoba.<ref name="Hakimian" /> An bayyana siffofin a matsayin "marasa kyau, mai laushi, mai yawa". {{Sfn|Philip|1988}}Wataƙila an samar da su a Byblos don a yi amfani da su azaman hadayu na al'ada. An samo siffofi don irin wannan, amma ƙananan siffofi, a binciken Phoenician a Naariya . {{Sfn|Philip|1988}} Ana fassara su a matsayin hadayu na rantsuwa saboda ba a same su a cikin kaburbura ba kuma ba a warwatsa su sosai don zama wani ɓangare na hanyoyin musayar ba.[1]Masanin kimiyyar Lebanon Maurice Chehab ya samar da wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da waɗannan siffofi yana cewa "adadin siffofi masu kyau, waɗanda aka sanya a cikin waɗannan tukwane, ana nuna su cikin cikakken motsi kuma suna sanye da lebbadé ko ƙwallo, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi a wasu yankuna na dutsen Lebanon. Wannan kawunansu an riƙe shi a kai ta hanyar chinstrap. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kuri'un sun haɗa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan siffofin da suka yi kama da cewa mutum zai iya tunanin cewa suna wakiltar sojojin da masu tallafawa haikalin [sunan][1] == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == === Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut === Hotunan da aka nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut an nuna su a ƙasa:<gallery> File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_2.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_3.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_4.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_5.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_6.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_7.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_8.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut - including an atypical, female figurine File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_9.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_10.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_11.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:Carthago_exhibition_-_Male_Statuettes_(49340886532).jpg|At an exhibition in Rome </gallery> == Manazarta == 2pg17d6p1ebmsmagk4xfd5oy8mexijx 965366 965352 2026-10-09T18:26:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Siffofin Byblos''' ko siffofin Phoenician kusan 1,500-2,000 ne ex-voto siffofin da aka samu a tsoffin haikalin Phoenician a [[Lebanon]], da farko a Byblos, amma kuma a Kamid al lawz. Hotunan sun kasance daga karni na biyu BC kuma an yi su da tagulla, azurfa, ko jan ƙarfe.{{Sfn|Seeden|1980}}<ref name="Aubet2013">{{Cite book|last3=María Eugenia Aubet}}</ref>Ana ɗaukar siffofin Byblos a matsayin mafi kyawun misali na irin su a duk faɗin Levant. {{Sfn|Seeden|1980}}{{Sfn|Philip|1988}} Yawancin siffofin an samo su ne a cikin Haikali na Obelisks, inda aka sami ajiya 20 da pitchers dauke da nau'ikan irin waɗannan siffofi, tare da ƙarami, amma muhimmiyar rukuni daga cikinsu da aka samu a cikin Haikalin Baalat Gebal makwabta.<ref name="Aubet2013" /> An karɓi siffofin don wakiltar Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Lebanon. == Amfani da shi == An samo mafi yawan siffofin a wuraren binciken archaeological a cikin kwalba na tukwane, tare da kayan aiki, makamai, kayan ado, da sauran abubuwan al'ada.{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}} Kungiyar farko da aka samo ta kasance a Haikali na Baalat Gebal kuma masu binciken tarihi Pierre Montet da Maurice Dunand ne suka buga bayanai game da su. Dukansu biyu da farko sun dauki siffofin a matsayin "tushen tushe".{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}}Bayan ci gaba da ganowa a Haikali na Obelisks, Dunand ya ba da shawarar cewa watakila, suna iya zama tarurruka na "bayar da ajiya" don bukukuwa.{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}}A cikin 1966, duk da haka, Negbi da Moskowitz sun ba da shawarar a maimakon haka, cewa abubuwa daban-daban da aka gano an ɓoye su cikin hanzari, a gaban bala'i mai zuwa.{{Sfn|Negbi|Moskowitz|1966}} == Bayyanawa == Hotunan suna auna 3-38 cm tsawo, galibi suna wakiltar maza, kuma suna da tangs da ke fitowa daga ƙafafunsu wanda zai ba su damar sanya su a kan tushe. &nbsp;Yawancin suna sanye da hular da ke kama da Labba <ref name="Hakimian" /> yayin da wasu ke kama da hedjet na Masar kuma wasu suna sanye leko, [1] suna nuna karuwar dangantaka da Masar a lokacin Daular goma sha biyu da goma sha uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of Levantine Costumes |url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/general/600/640/646/costumes_of_the_Levant/origin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224115446/http://almashriq.hiof.no/general/600/640/646/costumes_of_the_Levant/origin.html |archive-date=24 February 2010 |website=Almashriq |publisher=Hiof |quote=Small Phoenician statues dug up in Lebanon show this same style of conical cap, while bas reliefs from the Aleppo citadel also depict men wearing a cap of the same proportions as the labbade worn today.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Briquel-Chatonnet|Gubel|2007}}Wasu tsirara ne wasu kuma suna sa gajerun kilts.<ref name="Hakimian" /> Da farko, mutane da yawa suna dauke da sanda, wuka, mace, ko gatari.<ref name="Hakimian" /> Dangane da rubutun a kan babban obelisk a Haikali na Obelisks, ana fassara maza don su yi kama da Resheph, allahn Phoenician na yaƙi da annoba.<ref name="Hakimian" /> An bayyana siffofin a matsayin "marasa kyau, mai laushi, mai yawa". {{Sfn|Philip|1988}}Wataƙila an samar da su a Byblos don a yi amfani da su azaman hadayu na al'ada. An samo siffofi don irin wannan, amma ƙananan siffofi, a binciken Phoenician a Naariya . {{Sfn|Philip|1988}} Ana fassara su a matsayin hadayu na rantsuwa saboda ba a same su a cikin kaburbura ba kuma ba a warwatsa su sosai don zama wani ɓangare na hanyoyin musayar ba.[1]Masanin kimiyyar Lebanon Maurice Chehab ya samar da wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da waɗannan siffofi yana cewa "adadin siffofi masu kyau, waɗanda aka sanya a cikin waɗannan tukwane, ana nuna su cikin cikakken motsi kuma suna sanye da lebbadé ko ƙwallo, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi a wasu yankuna na dutsen Lebanon. Wannan kawunansu an riƙe shi a kai ta hanyar chinstrap. Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kuri'un sun haɗa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan siffofin da suka yi kama da cewa mutum zai iya tunanin cewa suna wakiltar sojojin da masu tallafawa haikalin [sunan][1] == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == === Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut === Hotunan da aka nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut an nuna su a ƙasa:<gallery> File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_2.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_3.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_4.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_5.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_6.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_7.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_8.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut - including an atypical, female figurine File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_9.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_10.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:National_Museum_of_Beirut_–_Byblos_figurine_11.jpg| Figurine from the National Museum of Beirut File:Carthago_exhibition_-_Male_Statuettes_(49340886532).jpg|At an exhibition in Rome </gallery> == Manazarta == 2c5esydxw92c83295inqbm8v7a67f5g 0 178689 965356 2026-10-09T18:20:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305125752|Byblos clay cone inscriptions]]" 965356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun yumɓu na Byblos''' rubutun Phoenician ne (TSSI III 2,3) a kan yumbu biyu da aka gano a kusa da 1950. An fara buga su ne a cikin Maurice Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos (volume II, 1954), amma bayan shekaru ashirin ne kawai aka fahimci tsufa da tsufa: yanzu an rubuta su zuwa karni na goma sha ɗaya KZ.[1] A halin yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun biyu alamun dukiya ne. Dukansu suna farawa ''da'' harafin "L", watau, preposition la ko ''li'', ma'ana " (dukiya) na", " (na) zuwa". Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun ya ce: :: BDḤMN ::: ''na 'Abd-Ḥammōn'' Sunan Abd-Ḥammōn (a zahiri, "bawan [allahn Ba'al]-Ḥammon") ya zama ruwan dare gama gari; a cikin lokutan baya ana samunsa a cikin rubutun wasikar Helenanci kamar Abdimon (Αβδημων, Αβδη honore, ko Αβδυμων). :: L"Ḥ"ŠBBD (ko L"Ḥ'MBBD) ::: ''na "Aḥī"aš'' (ko "Aḥā"am), ''ɗan Bōdī'' A cikin sunan "Aḥī"aš/m ɓangaren farko, ''aḥi-'', ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ma'anarsa ''ɗan'uwan ...'', ko kuma ɗan'uwana ...''Ɗan'uwana shi ne ...''Sunan Bōdī ko Bōdō kuma an rubuta shi sosai (asalin BD"- a cikin sunaye masu kyau = a hannun, a cikin hidimar [allah], Ibrananci beyad-). == Bayanan littattafai == * Christopher Rollston, "Taron farkon rubutun Phoenician na Byblian: Amsa ga Benjamin Sass".''MAARAV'' 15 (2008): 57-93. * Benjamin Mazar, Rubutun Phoenician daga Byblos da Juyin Halitta na Harshen Phoenician-Ibrananci, a cikin Lokacin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Farko: Nazarin Tarihi (S. Ahituv da B. A. Levine, eds., Urushalima: IES, 1986 [bugawa ta asali: 1946]): 231-247. * [[William F. Albright]], Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na ƙarni na goma K.Z. daga Byblus, JAOS 67 (1947): 153-154. == Manazarta == kqfqzpdo4pwxcih47s7lvm92ltcp0xj 965367 965356 2026-10-09T18:27:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun yumɓu na Byblos''' rubutun Phoenician ne (TSSI III 2,3) a kan yumbu biyu da aka gano a kusa da 1950. An fara buga su ne a cikin Maurice Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos (volume II, 1954), amma bayan shekaru ashirin ne kawai aka fahimci tsufa da tsufa: yanzu an rubuta su zuwa karni na goma sha ɗaya KZ.<ref>F.M. Cross & P.K. McCarter, Jr., 'Two Archaic Inscriptions on Clay Objects from Byblos', in: Rivista di Studi Fenici 1 (1973) pp. 3-8, cited by: Cross, Frank Moore (2003). Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy. Leiden: Brill. p. 336. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57506-911-1</nowiki>.</ref> A halin yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun biyu alamun dukiya ne. Dukansu suna farawa ''da'' harafin "L", watau, preposition la ko ''li'', ma'ana " (dukiya) na", " (na) zuwa". Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun ya ce: :: BDḤMN ::: ''na 'Abd-Ḥammōn'' Sunan Abd-Ḥammōn (a zahiri, "bawan [allahn Ba'al]-Ḥammon") ya zama ruwan dare gama gari; a cikin lokutan baya ana samunsa a cikin rubutun wasikar Helenanci kamar Abdimon (Αβδημων, Αβδη honore, ko Αβδυμων). :: L"Ḥ"ŠBBD (ko L"Ḥ'MBBD) ::: ''na "Aḥī"aš'' (ko "Aḥā"am), ''ɗan Bōdī'' A cikin sunan "Aḥī"aš/m ɓangaren farko, ''aḥi-'', ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ma'anarsa ''ɗan'uwan ...'', ko kuma ɗan'uwana ...''Ɗan'uwana shi ne ...''Sunan Bōdī ko Bōdō kuma an rubuta shi sosai (asalin BD"- a cikin sunaye masu kyau = a hannun, a cikin hidimar [allah], Ibrananci beyad-). == Bayanan littattafai == * Christopher Rollston, "Taron farkon rubutun Phoenician na Byblian: Amsa ga Benjamin Sass".''MAARAV'' 15 (2008): 57-93. * Benjamin Mazar, Rubutun Phoenician daga Byblos da Juyin Halitta na Harshen Phoenician-Ibrananci, a cikin Lokacin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Farko: Nazarin Tarihi (S. Ahituv da B. A. Levine, eds., Urushalima: IES, 1986 [bugawa ta asali: 1946]): 231-247. * [[William F. Albright]], Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na ƙarni na goma K.Z. daga Byblus, JAOS 67 (1947): 153-154. == Manazarta == 84nsfbw9c4o10ios7yjcd8y9thhbrhs 0 178690 965357 2026-10-09T18:21:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305125738|Byblos altar inscription]]" 965357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun bagaden Byblos''' rubutun Phoenician ne a kan bagaden da aka fashe wanda aka gano a kusa da 1923 yayin binciken Pierre Montet a yankin haikalin Byblos. An gano shi a waje da temples da kaburbura, 'yan mita daga hypocausts, a cikin bango na zamani. An zana rubutun Phoenician na layi huɗu a gefe ɗaya. An fassara rubutun kamar haka: {| cellpadding="5" style="border-style:none; border-collapse:collapse; font-family: Aegean, 'MPH 2B Damase', Code2001, 'Free Sans';" | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤄𐤇𐤍𐤅𐤈𐤌 𐤀𐤋 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕}} | |hḥnṭm ʾl pʿlt |Wadannan ''ḥnṭm'' da aka yi |- | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍 𐤁𐤍𐤄}} | |ʾnk ʿbdʾšmn bnh |I, Abdeshmun mai ginin |- | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤁𐤍 𐤀𐤎𐤏𐤀 𐤋𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤍 𐤅𐤋𐤎𐤌𐤋}} | |bn ʾsʿʾ lʾdnn wlsml |ɗan ''ʾsʿʾ'', ga ubangijinmu da kuma mutum-mutumi |- | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤉𐤁𐤓𐤊 𐤅𐤉𐤇𐤅𐤅}} | |bʿl ybrk wyḥww |na Ba'al, Bari ya albarkace shi kuma ya kawo shi da rai.[him] |} Hanyar haruffa da yawa, musamman shi da let sun bambanta da duk wanda aka samo a Lebanon a bari, kusa da Neopunic, don haka an samo asali ne daga zamanin Roman. Daga baya Brian Peckham ya sake shi zuwa 200-100 KZ.[1] Saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa yana da matukar muhimmanci a matsayin "ƙayyadadden lamari" na rubutun Phoenician daga Byblos.[2] Bagaden yana da tsayi 36cm, kuma yana da rubutun a daya daga cikin fuskokinsa. René Dussaud ne ya fara buga shi a 1924-25, kuma ana gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . An san shi da KAI 12, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rubuce-rubuce goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos . == Bayanan littattafai == * Montet, Pierre, BAH 11 - Byblos da Masar Kamfen huɗu na Bincike a Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (1928), shafi na 258, abu: 1020 == Manazarta == p8o5w4v4aolsiui071fps6mkrelbyf9 965369 965357 2026-10-09T18:28:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun bagaden Byblos''' rubutun Phoenician ne a kan bagaden da aka fashe wanda aka gano a kusa da 1923 yayin binciken Pierre Montet a yankin haikalin Byblos. An gano shi a waje da temples da kaburbura, 'yan mita daga hypocausts, a cikin bango na zamani. An zana rubutun Phoenician na layi huɗu a gefe ɗaya. An fassara rubutun kamar haka: {| cellpadding="5" style="border-style:none; border-collapse:collapse; font-family: Aegean, 'MPH 2B Damase', Code2001, 'Free Sans';" | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤄𐤇𐤍𐤅𐤈𐤌 𐤀𐤋 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕}} | |hḥnṭm ʾl pʿlt |Wadannan ''ḥnṭm'' da aka yi |- | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤀𐤍𐤊 𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍 𐤁𐤍𐤄}} | |ʾnk ʿbdʾšmn bnh |I, Abdeshmun mai ginin |- | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤁𐤍 𐤀𐤎𐤏𐤀 𐤋𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤍 𐤅𐤋𐤎𐤌𐤋}} | |bn ʾsʿʾ lʾdnn wlsml |ɗan ''ʾsʿʾ'', ga ubangijinmu da kuma mutum-mutumi |- | align="right" style="font-size:130%;" |{{Lang|phn|𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤉𐤁𐤓𐤊 𐤅𐤉𐤇𐤅𐤅}} | |bʿl ybrk wyḥww |na Ba'al, Bari ya albarkace shi kuma ya kawo shi da rai.[him] |} Hanyar haruffa da yawa, musamman shi da let sun bambanta da duk wanda aka samo a Lebanon a bari, kusa da Neopunic, don haka an samo asali ne daga zamanin Roman. Daga baya Brian Peckham ya sake shi zuwa 200-100 KZ.[1] Saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa yana da matukar muhimmanci a matsayin "ƙayyadadden lamari" na rubutun Phoenician daga Byblos.<ref>Lidzbarski, Mark. "Zu den phönizischen Inschriften von Byblos" Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, vol. 30, 1927, pp. 454-458. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1524/olzg.1927.30.16.229</nowiki> and <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1524/olzg.1927.30.16.231</nowiki></ref> Bagaden yana da tsayi 36cm, kuma yana da rubutun a daya daga cikin fuskokinsa. René Dussaud ne ya fara buga shi a 1924-25, kuma ana gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . An san shi da KAI 12, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rubuce-rubuce goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos . == Bayanan littattafai == * Montet, Pierre, BAH 11 - Byblos da Masar Kamfen huɗu na Bincike a Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (1928), shafi na 258, abu: 1020 == Manazarta == tlxgc025bjud3ozcr9xsr61ydg4hyu6 0 178691 965359 2026-10-09T18:22:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376913618|Byblos bronze spatulas]]" 965359 wikitext text/x-wiki An buga su a cikin Maurice Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos (volume I, 1926-1932, lambobi 1125 da 2334, farantin XXXII). == Spatulas == Spatulas da aka gano a cikin Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos Volume I sune kamar haka: === An rubuta shi === * 2334. Bronze spatula (7 x 4.5cm), kama da no. 1125. An rubuta shi a cikin syllabary na Byblos .<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Byblos syllabary |url=https://www.abjads.org/byblos-syllabary/}}</ref> Lines na tsaye a bayyane suke raba kalmomin, kamar yadda yake a rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na dā. === Ba a rubuta shi ba === * 1345 Ƙananan tagulla (6.5 x 1.5mm), mummunar lalacewa * 2333 Bronze spatula (10.5 x 4.4cm), kama da No. 1125 amma ba tare da rubutun ba * 3227. Ƙananan spatula mai kusurwa uku (8 x 2cm), a cikin tagulla * 3313 Bronze spatula (7.7 x 2.6cm), tare da murabba'in murabba'i == Bayanan littattafai == * Dunand, Mauric^e, 'Spatul^e na tagulla tare da rubutun Phoenician na ƙarni na XIII [yanzu: X]', a cikin: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 2 (1938) 99-107. * B. Donnelly-Lewis (2021), The [https://www.academia.edu/64326104/The_Azarbaʿal_Spatula_KAI_3_A_Debt_Receipt_from_Ancient_Byblos_Linguistic_Notes_for_a_New_Translation_and_Interpretation Azarba'al Spatula (KAI 3), Karɓar Biyan Kuɗi daga Tsohon Byblos: Bayanan Harshe don Sabon Fassara da Fassara], Semitica * Shea, W. H. 1977 Rubutun Byblos Spatula, JAOS 97.2: 164-170 * Ranck, T. E. 1973 Byblos Spatula, Tsohon Bribe ko Kyautar Zaman Lafiya. Jaridar Australiya ta Archaeology 2: 45-50 * P. Kyle McCarter, Jr. da Robert B. Coote, "The Spatula Inscription from Byblos," BASOR 212 (1973): 19-21 * Christopher Rollston, "Taron farkon rubutun Phoenician na Byblian: Amsa ga Benjamin Sass".''MAARAV'' 15 (2008): 57-93. * Benjamin Mazar, Rubutun Phoenician daga Byblos da Juyin Halitta na Harshen Phoenician-Ibrananci, a cikin Lokacin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Farko: Nazarin Tarihi (S. Ahituv da B. A. Levine, eds., Urushalima: IES, 1986 [bugawa ta asali: 1946]): 231-247. * [[William F. Albright]], Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na ƙarni na goma K.Z. daga Byblus, JAOS 67 (1947): 153-154. == Manazarta == qo8n1b1qsgyk7jdz6g6waklfw35eewk 965371 965359 2026-10-09T18:29:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An buga su a cikin Maurice Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos (volume I, 1926-1932, lambobi 1125 da 2334, farantin XXXII). == Spatulas == Spatulas da aka gano a cikin Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos Volume I sune kamar haka: === An rubuta shi === * 2334. Bronze spatula (7 x 4.5cm), kama da no. 1125. An rubuta shi a cikin syllabary na Byblos .<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Byblos syllabary |url=https://www.abjads.org/byblos-syllabary/}}</ref> Lines na tsaye a bayyane suke raba kalmomin, kamar yadda yake a rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na dā. === Ba a rubuta shi ba === * 1345 Ƙananan tagulla (6.5 x 1.5mm), mummunar lalacewa * 2333 Bronze spatula (10.5 x 4.4cm), kama da No. 1125 amma ba tare da rubutun ba * 3227. Ƙananan spatula mai kusurwa uku (8 x 2cm), a cikin tagulla * 3313 Bronze spatula (7.7 x 2.6cm), tare da murabba'in murabba'i == Bayanan littattafai == * Dunand, Mauric^e, 'Spatul^e na tagulla tare da rubutun Phoenician na ƙarni na XIII [yanzu: X]', a cikin: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 2 (1938) 99-107. * B. Donnelly-Lewis (2021), The [https://www.academia.edu/64326104/The_Azarbaʿal_Spatula_KAI_3_A_Debt_Receipt_from_Ancient_Byblos_Linguistic_Notes_for_a_New_Translation_and_Interpretation Azarba'al Spatula (KAI 3), Karɓar Biyan Kuɗi daga Tsohon Byblos: Bayanan Harshe don Sabon Fassara da Fassara], Semitica * Shea, W. H. 1977 Rubutun Byblos Spatula, JAOS 97.2: 164-170 * Ranck, T. E. 1973 Byblos Spatula, Tsohon Bribe ko Kyautar Zaman Lafiya. Jaridar Australiya ta Archaeology 2: 45-50 * P. Kyle McCarter, Jr. da Robert B. Coote, "The Spatula Inscription from Byblos," BASOR 212 (1973): 19-21 * Christopher Rollston, "Taron farkon rubutun Phoenician na Byblian: Amsa ga Benjamin Sass".''MAARAV'' 15 (2008): 57-93. * Benjamin Mazar, Rubutun Phoenician daga Byblos da Juyin Halitta na Harshen Phoenician-Ibrananci, a cikin Lokacin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Farko: Nazarin Tarihi (S. Ahituv da B. A. Levine, eds., Urushalima: IES, 1986 [bugawa ta asali: 1946]): 231-247. * [[William F. Albright]], Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician na ƙarni na goma K.Z. daga Byblus, JAOS 67 (1947): 153-154. == Manazarta == 21ickydcqhlejk1nqh6vdfjkkv9om8i 0 178692 965360 2026-10-09T18:22:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255737466|Byblian royal inscriptions]]" 965360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun sarauta na Byblian''' rubuce-rubuce ne guda biyar daga Byblos da aka rubuta a cikin Rubutun Phoenician na farko, a cikin tsari na wasu sarakunan Byblos, dukansu an gano su a farkon karni na 20. Sun zama mafi girma a cikin tarin dogon rubutun Phoenician daga yankin "ƙasar Phoenician"; shi ne kawai babban shafin a yankin wanda aka tono zuwa matakan pre-Hellenistic. == Rubutun sarauta guda biyar == * Ahiram Sarcophagus (KAI 1), wanda aka gano a 1923, tare da raguwa biyu na tukwane na alabaster tare da sunan Ramesses II. A halin yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . * Rubutun Yehimilk (KAI 4) da aka buga a cikin 1930.<ref name="HF-ByblosKings" /> A halin yanzu a gidan kayan gargajiya na Byblos Castle . * [[Rubutun Abiba'l|Rubutun Abiba]]'l (KAI 5), a kan kursiyin da aka sanya mutum-mutumi na Sheshonq I, wanda aka samo a 1895, wanda aka buga a 1903.{{Sfn|Vriezen|1951}} A halin yanzu a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches Berlin. * Osorkon Bust ko Eliba'l Inscription (KAI 6), wanda aka rubuta a kan wani mutum-mutumi na Osorkon I; wanda aka sani tun 1881, wanda aka buga a 1925. {{Sfn|Vriezen|1951}}A halin yanzu a Louvre. * Rubutun Safatba'al ko "Rubuce-rubucen Jirgin" (KAI 7), wanda aka samo a Byblos a 1936, wanda aka buga a 1945. <ref name="HF-ByblosKings">{{Cite web |title=Middle East Kingdoms- Ancient Central Levant States |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/CanaanByblos.htm |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Kessler Associates}}</ref>{{Sfn|Vriezen|1951}} A halin yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . KAI 2 shine Rubutun Byblos Necropolis kuma KAI 3 shine spatulas na tagulla na Byblos; babu wanda ke dauke da sunayen sarauta ko wasu bayanan tarihi. == Manazarta == e9hnwjhkhcd4f09qqqa4uvuwra1jvcy 965372 965360 2026-10-09T18:29:49Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun sarauta na Byblian''' rubuce-rubuce ne guda biyar daga Byblos da aka rubuta a cikin Rubutun Phoenician na farko, a cikin tsari na wasu sarakunan Byblos, dukansu an gano su a farkon karni na 20. Sun zama mafi girma a cikin tarin dogon rubutun Phoenician daga yankin "ƙasar Phoenician"; shi ne kawai babban shafin a yankin wanda aka tono zuwa matakan pre-Hellenistic. == Rubutun sarauta guda biyar == * Ahiram Sarcophagus (KAI 1), wanda aka gano a 1923, tare da raguwa biyu na tukwane na alabaster tare da sunan Ramesses II. A halin yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . * Rubutun Yehimilk (KAI 4) da aka buga a cikin 1930.<ref name="HF-ByblosKings" /> A halin yanzu a gidan kayan gargajiya na Byblos Castle . * [[Rubutun Abiba'l|Rubutun Abiba]]'l (KAI 5), a kan kursiyin da aka sanya mutum-mutumi na Sheshonq I, wanda aka samo a 1895, wanda aka buga a 1903.{{Sfn|Vriezen|1951}} A halin yanzu a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches Berlin. * Osorkon Bust ko Eliba'l Inscription (KAI 6), wanda aka rubuta a kan wani mutum-mutumi na Osorkon I; wanda aka sani tun 1881, wanda aka buga a 1925. {{Sfn|Vriezen|1951}}A halin yanzu a Louvre. * Rubutun Safatba'al ko "Rubuce-rubucen Jirgin" (KAI 7), wanda aka samo a Byblos a 1936, wanda aka buga a 1945. <ref name="HF-ByblosKings">{{Cite web |title=Middle East Kingdoms- Ancient Central Levant States |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/CanaanByblos.htm |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Kessler Associates}}</ref>{{Sfn|Vriezen|1951}} A halin yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Beirut . KAI 2 shine Rubutun Byblos Necropolis kuma KAI 3 shine spatulas na tagulla na Byblos; babu wanda ke dauke da sunayen sarauta ko wasu bayanan tarihi. == Manazarta == dudpwgi3phgv0ur3luigw7dp3h06fpc 0 178693 965364 2026-10-09T18:25:31Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Ni da uncle = (littafi)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 = Bayanai akai = # Sunan littafin:ni da uncle # Nau'in yare: hausa # Shakar wallafawa:2026 # Sunan marubuchi: zaujeel khair. 965364 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ni da uncle = (littafi)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 = Bayanai akai = # Sunan littafin:ni da uncle # Nau'in yare: hausa # Shakar wallafawa:2026 # Sunan marubuchi: zaujeel khair. mkdke79crfawq8izeh9h9xdbfka5kgb 965375 965364 2026-10-09T18:32:14Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965375 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ni da uncle = (littafi)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 = Bayanai akai = # Sunan littafin:ni da uncle # Nau'in yare: hausa # Shakar wallafawa:2026 # Sunan marubuchi: zaujeel khair # Yanayi:labarin soyayya,nishadi, biyayya,da kumah bantausayi = Ta kai tacchan labari = ni da uncle labarine akan watah matashiya da qaddarar rayuwa take fata ga auran wanada bata sanshibah yakasan che ashe uncle dinta ne rayuwa tayi matah kyau tafita daga wahalar datake chiki kasan tuwar biayyan tah ga mahaifin tanyasta sauya rayuwa zuwa mai dadi. Wannan shine ataqaiche 0npbkyz2ammeoxrcip7lfham6dknr5g 0 178694 965381 2026-10-09T18:45:34Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Ni da yayah aryan = ni da yayah aryan (littafin hausa)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 = Takaitaccen bayani = 965381 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ni da yayah aryan = ni da yayah aryan (littafin hausa)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 = Takaitaccen bayani = raql8atzj94blty522ikkggv37ygln1 0 178695 965382 2026-10-09T18:46:22Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248338598|Charged particle]]" 965382 wikitext text/x-wiki A fannin kimiyyar lissafi (Physics), barbashi mai ɗauke da cajin lantarki (charged particle) shi ne barbashi da ke da cajin lantarki.Misali, wasu ƙananan barbashi na asali, kamar electron (lantarki) da quarks, suna ɗauke da cajin lantarki.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frisch|first1=David H.|author1-link=David H. Frisch|last2=Thorndike|first2=Alan M.|title=Elementary Particles|year=1964|publisher=[[David Van Nostrand]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=54}}</ref> Wasu barbashi da suka haɗu daga ƙananan barbashi, kamar proton, su ma suna ɗauke da cajin lantarki.Haka kuma, ion kamar zarra (atom) ko ƙwayar sinadari (molecule) da ke da ƙarin electron ko ƙarancin electron idan aka kwatanta da adadin proton ɗinta, shi ma barbashi ne mai ɗauke da cajin lantarki. A fannin kimiyyar lissafi (Physics), Plasma tarin barbashi ne masu ɗauke da cajin lantarki, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin tsakiyar zarra (atomic nuclei) da electron da suka rabu da zarra.Haka kuma, plasma na iya zama iskar gas wadda take ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na barbashi masu cajin lantarki. Ana lakafta barbashi a matsayin ''mai kyau'' (+) ko mara kyau (-). Sunayen suna da son rai. Babu wani abu da ke cikin kwayar da aka caji mai kyau wanda ya sa ya zama "mai kyau", kuma haka yake ga kwayar da ba ta da kyau. == Misalan == === Abubuwan da aka caji masu kyau === * protons * positrons (antielectrons) * pions masu caji mai kyauma'aikatan da aka caji * ƙwayoyin alpha * cations === Abubuwan da ba su da kyau === * electrons * antiprotons * muons * Kwayoyin * ma'aikatan da aka caji marasa kyau * anions === Yankin da ke da caji mara kyau === * Neutron * photons * neutrinos * 'Yan wasa masu tsaka-tsaki * z boson * [[boson]]" id="mwRA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Higgs boson">higgs boson * [[Kwayar Zarra|ƙwayoyin halitta]] == Dubi kuma == * Mai ɗaukar caji - yana nufin motsi barbashi masu caji waɗanda ke haifar da halin lantarkiwutar lantarki == Bayanan da aka ambata == jhqyb63lbh6ei2ksla9q0qx44hukngm 0 178696 965383 2026-10-09T18:48:42Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Karin kumallon safe = abinchin safe wanda ake chiy dazarar gari yawaye ana amfaniy da abuh marah nauyi domin lafiya kasan tuwar tsawon daren da akah daukah 965383 wikitext text/x-wiki = Karin kumallon safe = abinchin safe wanda ake chiy dazarar gari yawaye ana amfaniy da abuh marah nauyi domin lafiya kasan tuwar tsawon daren da akah daukah 282w6u1b2s48w3bjdknwnzwkjg8nr68 0 178697 965384 2026-10-09T18:50:57Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Alma'aruf = College of health science and technology dake jihar yobe ah chikin garin potiskum 965384 wikitext text/x-wiki = Alma'aruf = College of health science and technology dake jihar yobe ah chikin garin potiskum 8zxeayvsh758vp6jnjth11pj29qsa4r 0 178698 965386 2026-10-09T18:52:22Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Dagah ke 😍😍😍😍 = (littafin hausa)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 965386 wikitext text/x-wiki = Dagah ke 😍😍😍😍 = (littafin hausa)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 1gud2zcqr83244e98on19rgi1xj1aui 0 178699 965387 2026-10-09T18:55:37Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Sihiri = Sihiri waniy babban al'amari ne wanda ka iyah hada abunda ba ayi tsammanibah 965387 wikitext text/x-wiki = Sihiri = Sihiri waniy babban al'amari ne wanda ka iyah hada abunda ba ayi tsammanibah cxudkutbb2q0d17z98w0bc9cdyo8qxz 965397 965387 2026-10-09T19:23:45Z Zaujeel khair 49197 965397 wikitext text/x-wiki = Sihiri = Sihiri waniy babban al'amari ne wanda ka iyah hada abunda ba ayi tsammanibah. lcmiejedltu8fnz2g0sfslqz2b9m9cv 0 178700 965391 2026-10-09T19:16:46Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368299562|Chakrapani Chalise]]" 965391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chakrapani Chalise''' (Nepali) mawaki ne na Nepalese. Ya rubuta kalmomin taken farko na Nepal a 1924 AD zuwa waƙar da Bakhat Bahadur Budhapirthi ya kirkiro a 1899 AD (kakan mawaƙa Louis Banks ko Dambar Bahadur Budaprithi).<ref name="onlinesahitya">{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani Chalise (1883–1958) |url=http://www.onlinesahitya.com/content/chakrapani-chalise-bridge-between-two-eras-yuba-nath-lamsal |publisher=Online Sahitya}}</ref><ref name="nationalanthems">{{Cite web |title=National Anthem of Nepal |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/np-06.htm |publisher=National Anthem}}</ref><ref name="Radio Nepal 1967">{{Cite web |title=Radio Nepal 1967 |url=http://intervalsignals.net/files/npl-z-radio_nepal_rvd_c1967.m3u |publisher=INTERVAL SIGNALS}}</ref> An kirkiro wani bangare na waka a zamanin Firayim Minista Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Daga baya an umarci Kwamitin Littattafan Harshe na Nepali da su rubuta kalmomi don taken. Chakrapani yana mataimakin mai kula da kwamitin, ya rubuta kalmomin waƙar yabo.<ref name="nationalanthems" /> An dauki Chakrapani a matsayin mawaki wanda ya haɗa lokuta biyu daban-daban a cikin wallafe-wallafen Nepali. Lokacin soyayya na Motiram Bhatta an haɗa shi da zamanin Lekhnath Paudyal ta Pandit Chakrapani. Daga baya, an ba da hatimi na tunawa da Rupees 4.5 na Nepali don gudummawar da ya bayar ga wallafe-wallafen Nepali.<ref name="onlinesahitya" /> An yi bikin cika shekaru 133 da haihuwarsa ta hanyar rarraba kyaututtuka da shirin wallafe-wallafen a Katunje, Bhaktapur ta Chakrapani Smarak Samiti (kwamitin tunawa). == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Chakrapani Chalise a shekara ta 1940 B.S. (1883 AD) a Katunje, Gundumar Bhaktapur a cikin dangin Chalise Brahman ga mahaifin Premlal Chalise da mahaifiyar Nagini Chalise . Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu yayin da yake matashi kuma ya tafi gidan mahaifiyarsa bayan rashin lafiya daga mahaifiyarsa. Ya yi aure yana da shekaru 12 ga Gayatri Devi wanda ke da shekaru 10 kuma yana da ɗa 1 da 'yar daya bayan haka ta mutu. Daga baya ya fahimci kuma ya zama guru na siddha. == Ayyuka == Babban ayyukan da ya buga sune:<ref name="onlinesahitya" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani Chalise |url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87 |publisher=Kavita Kosh, An Indian Poetry Directory}}</ref> * Shriman Gambhir: Mafi Girma Mix[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8zZOGHSNB8&pp=ygUXY2hha3JhcHBhbiBkYXMgb2ZmaWNpYWw%3D Sriman Gambhir: Mafi Girma Mix] * Machchhindranathko Katha * Niti Ratna Manisha * Nepali Samchhipta Ramayana * Nepali Samchhipta Mahabharata * Meghadoot Chhaya * Isabhasyopanishad (Ruwa) * Nepali Bagalikosh * Sahitya Mimamsa * Manusmriti * Chakra Kabita Tarangini (??) * Jaimanya Bharat (an haife shi a matsayin * Bhagawatibhola Bhajanmala * Shri Chitrakootbhavakara * Chakrappan Chalisa (??) * Jatayu Mimamsa (musmusic) * Pinda Kosha * Kanakadasa Mrityu Bhaya (Yana da ya fi dacewa) * Chaudeshwara Lingam (Jirgin) * Laudeshwara Chingam * Modono Jzalila Indusevira * Sarvabhowmasya Jati Bheda (Gwayen) * Saisha Chintamani * Shriman Bhagavadageedha * Gambhira Ramacharitham * Marana Divasa (Remastered 2023) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAxbPSBBBE8&pp=ygUXY2hha3JhcHBhbiBkYXMgb2ZmaWNpYWw%3D maranadivasa (An sake gyara shi 2023)] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] 0vrtj8hl2bd7w7wckbcqa86ipc43fwf 965392 965391 2026-10-09T19:17:20Z Baffa ali 47435 965392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chakrapani Chalise''' (Nepali) mawaki ne na Nepalese. Ya rubuta kalmomin taken farko na Nepal a 1924 AD zuwa waƙar da Bakhat Bahadur Budhapirthi ya kirkiro a 1899 AD (kakan mawaƙa Louis Banks ko Dambar Bahadur Budaprithi).<ref name="onlinesahitya">{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani Chalise (1883–1958) |url=http://www.onlinesahitya.com/content/chakrapani-chalise-bridge-between-two-eras-yuba-nath-lamsal |publisher=Online Sahitya}}</ref><ref name="nationalanthems">{{Cite web |title=National Anthem of Nepal |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/np-06.htm |publisher=National Anthem}}</ref><ref name="Radio Nepal 1967">{{Cite web |title=Radio Nepal 1967 |url=http://intervalsignals.net/files/npl-z-radio_nepal_rvd_c1967.m3u |publisher=INTERVAL SIGNALS}}</ref> An kirkiro wani bangare na waka a zamanin Firayim Minista Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Daga baya an umarci Kwamitin Littattafan Harshe na Nepali da su rubuta kalmomi don taken. Chakrapani yana mataimakin mai kula da kwamitin, ya rubuta kalmomin waƙar yabo.<ref name="nationalanthems" /> An dauki Chakrapani a matsayin mawaki wanda ya haɗa lokuta biyu daban-daban a cikin wallafe-wallafen Nepali. Lokacin soyayya na Motiram Bhatta an haɗa shi da zamanin Lekhnath Paudyal ta Pandit Chakrapani. Daga baya, an ba da hatimi na tunawa da Rupees 4.5 na Nepali don gudummawar da ya bayar ga wallafe-wallafen Nepali.<ref name="onlinesahitya" /> An yi bikin cika shekaru 133 da haihuwarsa ta hanyar rarraba kyaututtuka da shirin wallafe-wallafen a Katunje, Bhaktapur ta Chakrapani Smarak Samiti (kwamitin tunawa). == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Chakrapani Chalise a shekara ta 1940 B.S. (1883 AD) a Katunje, Gundumar Bhaktapur a cikin dangin Chalise Brahman ga mahaifin Premlal Chalise da mahaifiyar Nagini Chalise . Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu yayin da yake matashi kuma ya tafi gidan mahaifiyarsa bayan rashin lafiya daga mahaifiyarsa. Ya yi aure yana da shekaru 12 ga Gayatri Devi wanda ke da shekaru 10 kuma yana da ɗa 1 da 'yar daya bayan haka ta mutu. Daga baya ya fahimci kuma ya zama guru na siddha. == Ayyuka == Babban ayyukan da ya buga sune:<ref name="onlinesahitya" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani Chalise |url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87 |publisher=Kavita Kosh, An Indian Poetry Directory}}</ref> * Shriman Gambhir: Mafi Girma Mix[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8zZOGHSNB8&pp=ygUXY2hha3JhcHBhbiBkYXMgb2ZmaWNpYWw%3D Sriman Gambhir: Mafi Girma Mix] * Machchhindranathko Katha * Niti Ratna Manisha * Nepali Samchhipta Ramayana * Nepali Samchhipta Mahabharata * Meghadoot Chhaya * Isabhasyopanishad (Ruwa) * Nepali Bagalikosh * Sahitya Mimamsa * Manusmriti * Chakra Kabita Tarangini (??) * Jaimanya Bharat (an haife shi a matsayin * Bhagawatibhola Bhajanmala * Shri Chitrakootbhavakara * Chakrappan Chalisa (??) * Jatayu Mimamsa (musmusic) * Pinda Kosha * Kanakadasa Mrityu Bhaya (Yana da ya fi dacewa) * Chaudeshwara Lingam (Jirgin) * Laudeshwara Chingam * Modono Jzalila Indusevira * Sarvabhowmasya Jati Bheda (Gwayen) * Saisha Chintamani * Shriman Bhagavadageedha * Gambhira Ramacharitham * Marana Divasa (Remastered 2023) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAxbPSBBBE8&pp=ygUXY2hha3JhcHBhbiBkYXMgb2ZmaWNpYWw%3D maranadivasa (An sake gyara shi 2023)] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] ==Manazarta == ge67v4k176v47paypi19gb0fk479f3f 965523 965392 2026-10-09T22:54:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 965523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chakrapani Chalise''' (Nepali) mawaki ne na Nepalese. Ya rubuta kalmomin taken farko na Nepal a 1924 AD zuwa waƙar da Bakhat Bahadur Budhapirthi ya kirkiro a 1899 AD (kakan mawaƙa Louis Banks ko Dambar Bahadur Budaprithi).<ref name="onlinesahitya">{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani Chalise (1883–1958) |url=http://www.onlinesahitya.com/content/chakrapani-chalise-bridge-between-two-eras-yuba-nath-lamsal |publisher=Online Sahitya}}</ref><ref name="nationalanthems">{{Cite web |title=National Anthem of Nepal |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/np-06.htm |publisher=National Anthem}}</ref><ref name="Radio Nepal 1967">{{Cite web |title=Radio Nepal 1967 |url=http://intervalsignals.net/files/npl-z-radio_nepal_rvd_c1967.m3u |publisher=INTERVAL SIGNALS |access-date=2026-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203012210/http://intervalsignals.net/files/npl-z-radio_nepal_rvd_c1967.m3u |archive-date=2022-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kirkiro wani bangare na waka a zamanin Firayim Minista Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Daga baya an umarci Kwamitin Littattafan Harshe na Nepali da su rubuta kalmomi don taken. Chakrapani yana mataimakin mai kula da kwamitin, ya rubuta kalmomin waƙar yabo.<ref name="nationalanthems" /> An dauki Chakrapani a matsayin mawaki wanda ya haɗa lokuta biyu daban-daban a cikin wallafe-wallafen Nepali. Lokacin soyayya na Motiram Bhatta an haɗa shi da zamanin Lekhnath Paudyal ta Pandit Chakrapani. Daga baya, an ba da hatimi na tunawa da Rupees 4.5 na Nepali don gudummawar da ya bayar ga wallafe-wallafen Nepali.<ref name="onlinesahitya" /> An yi bikin cika shekaru 133 da haihuwarsa ta hanyar rarraba kyaututtuka da shirin wallafe-wallafen a Katunje, Bhaktapur ta Chakrapani Smarak Samiti (kwamitin tunawa). == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Chakrapani Chalise a shekara ta 1940 B.S. (1883 AD) a Katunje, Gundumar Bhaktapur a cikin dangin Chalise Brahman ga mahaifin Premlal Chalise da mahaifiyar Nagini Chalise . Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu yayin da yake matashi kuma ya tafi gidan mahaifiyarsa bayan rashin lafiya daga mahaifiyarsa. Ya yi aure yana da shekaru 12 ga Gayatri Devi wanda ke da shekaru 10 kuma yana da ɗa 1 da 'yar daya bayan haka ta mutu. Daga baya ya fahimci kuma ya zama guru na siddha. == Ayyuka == Babban ayyukan da ya buga sune:<ref name="onlinesahitya" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani Chalise |url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87 |publisher=Kavita Kosh, An Indian Poetry Directory}}</ref> * Shriman Gambhir: Mafi Girma Mix[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8zZOGHSNB8&pp=ygUXY2hha3JhcHBhbiBkYXMgb2ZmaWNpYWw%3D Sriman Gambhir: Mafi Girma Mix] * Machchhindranathko Katha * Niti Ratna Manisha * Nepali Samchhipta Ramayana * Nepali Samchhipta Mahabharata * Meghadoot Chhaya * Isabhasyopanishad (Ruwa) * Nepali Bagalikosh * Sahitya Mimamsa * Manusmriti * Chakra Kabita Tarangini (??) * Jaimanya Bharat (an haife shi a matsayin * Bhagawatibhola Bhajanmala * Shri Chitrakootbhavakara * Chakrappan Chalisa (??) * Jatayu Mimamsa (musmusic) * Pinda Kosha * Kanakadasa Mrityu Bhaya (Yana da ya fi dacewa) * Chaudeshwara Lingam (Jirgin) * Laudeshwara Chingam * Modono Jzalila Indusevira * Sarvabhowmasya Jati Bheda (Gwayen) * Saisha Chintamani * Shriman Bhagavadageedha * Gambhira Ramacharitham * Marana Divasa (Remastered 2023) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAxbPSBBBE8&pp=ygUXY2hha3JhcHBhbiBkYXMgb2ZmaWNpYWw%3D maranadivasa (An sake gyara shi 2023)] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] ==Manazarta == qhs1fk57gtvtdpm4a87rnzgwttn5sxh 0 178701 965395 2026-10-09T19:22:29Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378723173|Rufous-rumped seedeater]]" 965395 wikitext text/x-wiki Mai '''yin seedeater mai siffar rufous-rumped seedeater''' ( '''''Sporophila hypochroma''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''mai yin seedeater mai launin toka-da-chestnut''', nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne da ke fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazana a cikin dangin Thraupidae, tanagers da abokan hulɗa. <ref name="IOC15.2" /> Ana samunsa a [[Argentina]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], da [[Uruguay]] . == Tsarin Taxonomy da Tsarin == Mai cin gashin tsuntsaye mai siffar rufous yana da tarihin rarrabuwa mai rikitarwa. An bayyana shi a hukumance a shekarar 1915 tare da [[Nomenclature na binomial|nau'in]] ''Sporophila hypochroma'' na yanzu. A lokacin, wannan nau'in yana cikin dangin Fringillidae . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Todd |first=W. E. Clyde |date=1915 |title=Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new South American birds |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3338554 |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=28 |pages=79 |access-date=October 5, 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1970, an sake sanya wa dangin ''Sporophila'' dangin Emberizidae . Dangane da binciken da aka buga tsakanin 1988 da 2011, tun daga shekarar 2012, an mayar da ''Sporophila'' zuwa dangin tanager Thraupidae. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Remsen |first=James Van Jr |last2=Burns |first2=Kevin |title=Proposal (512) to South American Classification Committee: Transfer genera from Emberizidae to Thraupidae |url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop512.html |access-date=October 1, 2026 |website=South American Classification Committee}} </ref> Mai cin gashin da ke da siffar rufous yana da siffar iri ɗaya . <ref name="IOC15.2">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Tanagers and allies |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/tanagers/ |access-date=2 August 2026 |website=IOC World Bird List}}</ref> == Bayani == Mai yin siminti mai rufous-rumped yana da kimanin 10 centimetres (3.9 in) tsayi; wani saurayi yana da nauyin 9.7 grams (0.34 oz) . Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin nau'ikansa. Yana da ƙaramin dogo mai siffar zobe . Nau'in yana da bambancin jinsi . Maza manya suna da kambi mai launin toka da kuma ƙugiya mai kama da "kwalkwali"; sauran fuskarsu tana kama da chestnut. Man wuyansu da na sama suna da launin toka, kuma na ƙasan bayansu da bayansu suna da launin chestnut. Wutsiyarsu galibi baƙi ce mai gefuna masu launin toka a kan gashin fuka-fukan waje. Fikafikansu baƙi ne tare da fararen tushe a kan fikafikan farko waɗanda ke nuna a matsayin faci a kan fikafikan da aka naɗe. Kafafunsu baƙi ne da gefuna masu launin toka. Makogwaronsu da kuma ƙarƙashinsu suna da launin chestnut. Mata suna da kan su mai launin ruwan kasa mai yashi, goshinsu kuma mai launin shuɗi mai haske . Sassan saman su ma launin ruwan kasa ne mai dumi kuma wutsiyar su launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu. Fikafikansu launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da gefunan yashi a kan ƙananan ganyen da kuma ƙaramin farar fata kamar na maza. Gaɓoɓinsu suna da laushi mai laushi wanda ya fi laushi a tsakiyar makogwaro da kuma a cikin ciki. Jinsi biyu suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Maza suna da ƙafafuwa masu launin toka-toka zuwa baƙi; mata suna da launin ƙaho mai duhu zuwa baƙi da kuma ƙafafu masu duhu. Matasa suna kama da manyan mata. == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Ana samun mai cin iri mai siffar rufous daga arewacin [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke Argentina a arewa a cikin wani yanki mai kunkuntar zuwa gabashin Chaco da lardunan gabashin Formosa ; yankin ya haɗa da yammacin Uruguay. Daga nan ne iyakokinta suka faɗaɗa zuwa gabashin Paraguay sannan kuma arewa maso yamma, arewa, da arewa maso gabas zuwa layi daga yammacin Sashen Beni a arewacin Bolivia gabas zuwa kudancin Minas Gerais a Brazil. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan jimlar, da alama yana da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin cibiyoyin gabashin Bolivia da arewa maso gabashin Argentina. <ref name="RRSE-BOW" /> Mai cin iri mai siffar rufous yana zaune a cikin dogayen ciyayi kusa da fadama da sauran wurare masu dausayi. A tsayin daka, yana kamawa daga matakin teku zuwa {{Convert|1100|m|ft}} . <ref name="RRSE-BOW" /> <ref name="Peña" /> <ref name="vanPerlo" /> == Halayya == === Motsi === Mai shukar da ke da rufous-romped seeding yana ƙaura amma cikakkun bayanai game da motsinsa, gami da ainihin lokacin da ba ya haihuwa, ba su da shi. === Ciyarwa === Mai yin shuka mai siffar rufous yana cin irin ciyawa. Yawanci yana ci yayin da yake manne da tushe. Yana cin abinci a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, wani lokacin kuma a manyan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu nau'ikan abinci masu cin iri. === Kiwo === Mai shukar iri mai siffar rufous yana haihuwa tsakanin Disamba da Fabrairu, kuma da alama kawai a cikin ciyayi masu danshi a lokacin damina a ƙananan tsaunuka. Gida ɗaya a Uruguay yana ɗauke da ƙwai biyu. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da ilimin halittar kiwo na nau'in. {{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Sporophila-hypochroma|species=the rufous-rumped seedeater}} === Sauti === Waƙar mai suna "mai dogon waƙar warble mai busa hanci da yawa da ke hawa ko sauka" kuma ana kiranta da "mai tashi ''pwee'' ". == Matsayi == A farkon shekarar 1988, IUCN ta tantance mai cin nama mai siffar rufous a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana, kuma tun daga shekarar 1994, an kimanta shi a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana a matsayin Near Threatened. Tana da rarrabuwar kawuna daban-daban; ba a san yawan jama'arta ba kuma ana kyautata zaton tana raguwa. "Yawancin lalacewar da gyaggyara filayen ciyayi a tsakiyar Kudancin Amurka don noma na inji, kiwo mai ƙarfi da dashen bishiyoyi tare da nau'ikan bishiyoyin da ba na asali ba, da matsin lamba daga masu kama dabbobi sun nuna cewa nau'in yana raguwa da sauri." Yana da "[g]ba a saba gani ba ko kuma ba a saba gani ba, kuma yana da saurin yaduwa". Ba kasafai ake samun irin wannan ba a Brazil. == Manazarta == cn4ml7w4b4ij7ax1cwc58rcqq3ghpt7 965398 965395 2026-10-09T19:24:32Z Baffa ali 47435 965398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mai '''yin seedeater mai siffar rufous-rumped seedeater''' ( '''''Sporophila hypochroma''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''mai yin seedeater mai launin toka-da-chestnut''', nau'in [[tsuntsu]] ne da ke fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazana a cikin dangin Thraupidae, tanagers da abokan hulɗa. <ref name="IOC15.2" /> Ana samunsa a [[Argentina]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]], da [[Uruguay]] . == Tsarin Taxonomy da Tsarin == Mai cin gashin tsuntsaye mai siffar rufous yana da tarihin rarrabuwa mai rikitarwa. An bayyana shi a hukumance a shekarar 1915 tare da [[Nomenclature na binomial|nau'in]] ''Sporophila hypochroma'' na yanzu. A lokacin, wannan nau'in yana cikin dangin Fringillidae . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Todd |first=W. E. Clyde |date=1915 |title=Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new South American birds |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3338554 |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=28 |pages=79 |access-date=October 5, 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1970, an sake sanya wa dangin ''Sporophila'' dangin Emberizidae . Dangane da binciken da aka buga tsakanin 1988 da 2011, tun daga shekarar 2012, an mayar da ''Sporophila'' zuwa dangin tanager Thraupidae. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Remsen |first=James Van Jr |last2=Burns |first2=Kevin |title=Proposal (512) to South American Classification Committee: Transfer genera from Emberizidae to Thraupidae |url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop512.html |access-date=October 1, 2026 |website=South American Classification Committee}} </ref> Mai cin gashin da ke da siffar rufous yana da siffar iri ɗaya . <ref name="IOC15.2">{{Cite web |date=April 2026 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Tanagers and allies |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/tanagers/ |access-date=2 August 2026 |website=IOC World Bird List}}</ref> == Bayani == Mai yin siminti mai rufous-rumped yana da kimanin 10 centimetres (3.9 in) tsayi; wani saurayi yana da nauyin 9.7 grams (0.34 oz) . Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin nau'ikansa. Yana da ƙaramin dogo mai siffar zobe . Nau'in yana da bambancin jinsi . Maza manya suna da kambi mai launin toka da kuma ƙugiya mai kama da "kwalkwali"; sauran fuskarsu tana kama da chestnut. Man wuyansu da na sama suna da launin toka, kuma na ƙasan bayansu da bayansu suna da launin chestnut. Wutsiyarsu galibi baƙi ce mai gefuna masu launin toka a kan gashin fuka-fukan waje. Fikafikansu baƙi ne tare da fararen tushe a kan fikafikan farko waɗanda ke nuna a matsayin faci a kan fikafikan da aka naɗe. Kafafunsu baƙi ne da gefuna masu launin toka. Makogwaronsu da kuma ƙarƙashinsu suna da launin chestnut. Mata suna da kan su mai launin ruwan kasa mai yashi, goshinsu kuma mai launin shuɗi mai haske . Sassan saman su ma launin ruwan kasa ne mai dumi kuma wutsiyar su launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu. Fikafikansu launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da gefunan yashi a kan ƙananan ganyen da kuma ƙaramin farar fata kamar na maza. Gaɓoɓinsu suna da laushi mai laushi wanda ya fi laushi a tsakiyar makogwaro da kuma a cikin ciki. Jinsi biyu suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Maza suna da ƙafafuwa masu launin toka-toka zuwa baƙi; mata suna da launin ƙaho mai duhu zuwa baƙi da kuma ƙafafu masu duhu. Matasa suna kama da manyan mata.<ref name=RRSE-BOW>Jaramillo, A. and A. Bonan Barfull (2020). Rufous-rumped Seedeater (''Sporophila hypochroma''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rursee1.01 retrieved October 5, 2026</ref> == Rarrabawa da wurin zama == Ana samun mai cin iri mai siffar rufous daga arewacin [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke Argentina a arewa a cikin wani yanki mai kunkuntar zuwa gabashin Chaco da lardunan gabashin Formosa ; yankin ya haɗa da yammacin Uruguay. Daga nan ne iyakokinta suka faɗaɗa zuwa gabashin Paraguay sannan kuma arewa maso yamma, arewa, da arewa maso gabas zuwa layi daga yammacin Sashen Beni a arewacin Bolivia gabas zuwa kudancin Minas Gerais a Brazil. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan jimlar, da alama yana da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin cibiyoyin gabashin Bolivia da arewa maso gabashin Argentina. <ref name="RRSE-BOW" /> Mai cin iri mai siffar rufous yana zaune a cikin dogayen ciyayi kusa da fadama da sauran wurare masu dausayi. A tsayin daka, yana kamawa daga matakin teku zuwa {{Convert|1100|m|ft}} . <ref name="RRSE-BOW" /> <ref name="Peña" /> <ref name="vanPerlo" /> == Halayya == === Motsi === Mai shukar da ke da rufous-romped seeding yana ƙaura amma cikakkun bayanai game da motsinsa, gami da ainihin lokacin da ba ya haihuwa, ba su da shi. === Ciyarwa === Mai yin shuka mai siffar rufous yana cin irin ciyawa. Yawanci yana ci yayin da yake manne da tushe. Yana cin abinci a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, wani lokacin kuma a manyan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu nau'ikan abinci masu cin iri. === Kiwo === Mai shukar iri mai siffar rufous yana haihuwa tsakanin Disamba da Fabrairu, kuma da alama kawai a cikin ciyayi masu danshi a lokacin damina a ƙananan tsaunuka. Gida ɗaya a Uruguay yana ɗauke da ƙwai biyu. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da ilimin halittar kiwo na nau'in. {{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Sporophila-hypochroma|species=the rufous-rumped seedeater}} === Sauti === Waƙar mai suna "mai dogon waƙar warble mai busa hanci da yawa da ke hawa ko sauka" kuma ana kiranta da "mai tashi ''pwee'' ". == Matsayi == A farkon shekarar 1988, IUCN ta tantance mai cin nama mai siffar rufous a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana, kuma tun daga shekarar 1994, an kimanta shi a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana a matsayin wanda aka yi wa barazana a matsayin Near Threatened. Tana da rarrabuwar kawuna daban-daban; ba a san yawan jama'arta ba kuma ana kyautata zaton tana raguwa. "Yawancin lalacewar da gyaggyara filayen ciyayi a tsakiyar Kudancin Amurka don noma na inji, kiwo mai ƙarfi da dashen bishiyoyi tare da nau'ikan bishiyoyin da ba na asali ba, da matsin lamba daga masu kama dabbobi sun nuna cewa nau'in yana raguwa da sauri." Yana da "[g]ba a saba gani ba ko kuma ba a saba gani ba, kuma yana da saurin yaduwa". Ba kasafai ake samun irin wannan ba a Brazil. == Manazarta == dtwvku1alh1nz611g58ynzq6ii5t9il 0 178702 965399 2026-10-09T19:27:48Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Dagah wasa = (littafin hausa)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 Dagah wasa sai abuh yazamto gaske 965399 wikitext text/x-wiki = Dagah wasa = (littafin hausa)🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰 Dagah wasa sai abuh yazamto gaske pm72zgy5l2b78hooeyr66w11yw7amlw 0 178703 965401 2026-10-09T19:32:05Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361696636|Leaching model (soil)]]" 965401 wikitext text/x-wiki Misali na leaching shine samfurin hydrological wanda leaching tare da ruwa na [[ban ruwa]] na abubuwan da aka narka, musamman gishiri, a cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] an bayyana shi dangane da tsarin hydrological da kaddarorin ƙasa. Misali na iya bayyana tsari (1) a cikin lokaci da (2) a matsayin aikin adadin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi. Sau da yawa ana yin leaching don <nowiki><i id="mwCg">dawowa</i></nowiki> da Ƙasa mai gishiri ko don adana gishiri mai kyau na ƙasa mai ban ruwa <ref name="Hoorn">J.W. van Hoorn and J.G. van Alphen (2006), Salinity control. In: H.P. Ritzema (Ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, p. 533-600, Publication 16, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. {{ISBN|90-70754-33-9}}.</ref> kamar yadda duk ruwan ban ruwa ya ƙunshi gishiri. == Hanyoyin zubar da ruwa == [[File:Saltleaching.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Hoto na 1. Bayanan gwaji na yankin matukin jirgi na Chacupe]] Tsarin leaching a cikin Ƙasa mai gishiri da za a sake dawowa an kwatanta shi a cikin layin leaching na adadi 1, wanda aka samo daga bayanan yankin matukin jirgi na Chacupe, [[Peru]]. Yana nuna gishirin ƙasa dangane da ƙarfin lantarki (EC) na maganin ƙasa tare da girmama darajarta ta farko (ECi) a matsayin(((((((((The leaching process in a [[:en:Salty_soil|salty soil]] to be reclaimed is illustrated in the leaching curves of figure 1, derived from data of the Chacupe pilot area, [[:en:Peru|Peru]].<ref>C.A. Alva, J.G. van Alphen, A. de la Torre, L. Manrique, 1976. Problemas de Drenaje y Salinidad en la Costa Peruana. ILRI bulletin 16 (Spanish). International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</ref> It shows the [[:en:Soil_salinity|soil salinity]] in terms of [[:en:Electrical_conductivity|electrical conductivity]] (EC) of the soil solution with respect its initial value (ECi) as a function of amount of water percolating through the soil. The top-soil leaches quickly. The salinity of the deeper soil first increases due to the salts leached from the top-soil, but later it also decreases)))))) aikin adadin ruwa da ke shiga cikin ƙasa. Ƙasa ta saman tana ɓace da sauri. Salinity na ƙasa mai zurfi ya fara ƙaruwa saboda gishiri da aka zubar daga ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ragu. == Kyakkyawan zubar da ruwa == [[File:Leachingeff.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Hoto na 2. Ka'idar ingancin leaching]] [[File:SALTMOD4.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Hoto na 3. Hanyoyin leaching da daidaitaccen ingancin leaching]] Saboda rarraba gishiri maras kyau a cikin ƙasa ko rashin daidaituwa na L="cx-link" data-linkid="31" href="./Soil_structure" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Soil structure">Tsarin ƙasa (adadi na 2), ''ingancin leaching'' (EL) na iya bambanta da hadin kai. Ƙasa da ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da wuyar dawowa. A cikin Tagus Delta, [[Portugal]], an sami ingancin leaching na ƙasa mai laushi kamar 0.10 zuwa 0.15to 0.15.<ref>E.A. Vanegas Chacon, 1990. Using SaltMod to predict desalinization in the Leziria Grande Polder, Portugal. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands</ref> Ba za a iya bunkasa ƙasa don [[Noman Zamani|noma mai zurfi]] ba kuma an yi amfani da ita don kiwon bujimai a cikin [[Wurin yin Kiwo na Dabbobi|makiyaya]] na halitta. Ƙasa ta [[Yumbu|yumɓu]] a cikin Delta na Nilu, [[Misra|Misira]], a gefe guda tana da ingancin leaching mafi kyau na 0.7 zuwa 0.8. A cikin adadi na 3, ana nuna layin leaching don ƙwarewar leaching daban-daban, kamar yadda aka ɗauka a cikin ''samfurin leaching'' [[:en:SaltMod|SaltMod]]<ref>SaltMod: description of principles, user manual and examples of application. On line:</ref> tare da bayanai daga yankin matukin jirgi na Mashtul. Darajar da aka lura na salinity na ƙasa sun dace da ingancin leaching na kusan 0.75.<ref>R.J.Oosterbaan and M.A.Senna, 1990. Using SaltMod to predict drainage and salinity control in the Nile delta. In: Annual Report 1989, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 63-74.</ref> Adadin ya nuna tsarin daidaitawa na ingancin leaching, wanda ke da wuyar aunawa kai tsaye. Yankin yumɓu a cikin kogin delta kusa da Chiclayo, Peru, ya kuma tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙarancin gaskequite low. <ref>Reclamation of a coastal saline vertisol by irrigated rice cropping, interpretation of the data with a salt leaching model. In: International Journal of Agricultural Science, 3, 57-66 or</ref> An ba da bayani game da ingancin leaching a cikin nau'ukan ƙasa daban-daban a cikin tebur na gaba <ref>Variations of leaching efficiency determined with soil salinity models calibrated in farm lands and related to soil texture. or</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Nau'in ƙasa !Kyakkyawan zubar da ruwa<br /> |- |[[Sin|China]] |Loamy |1.0 |- |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |[[Yashi|Sandy]] |1.0 |- |[[Tunisiya]] |[[Yumbu|yumɓu]] mai laushi |0.80 |- |[[Indiya]] |Yumbu, wanda ba shi da kyauillite |0.70 |- |[[Turkiyya]] |[[Yumbu]], wanda ba shi da kyau |0.70 |- |[[Tailan|Thailand]] |yumɓu, smectitic *) |0.20 |- |[[Portugal]] |yumɓu, smectitic *) |0.15 |- |[[Peru]] |Yumbu, smectitic *) |0.11 |} * ) Hakanan ana kiranta smectite, vertisol, Montmorillonite, yumɓu mai nauyi, yumɓun kumburi, yumɓuyar da ba ta da kyau == Bukatar zubar da ruwa == ''Bukatun leaching'' na iya nufin: * Adadin ruwan da ake buƙata don kawo gishiri na ƙasa daga ƙimar farko zuwa ƙimar da za a yarda da ita daidai da haƙurin gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka. Daga adadi 1 an ga cewa ana buƙatar 800 mm na ruwa (ko 8000 m³/ha) don kawo salinity na ƙasa zuwa 60% na asalin darajarta a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 40 zuwa 60 cm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da salinity dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 60%, ƙaddamar da layin leaching, amfani da ma'auni na leaching (duba ƙasa) ko samfurin leaching kamar SaltMod ya zama dole don samun amintaccen ƙididdigar ƙarin buƙatun leaching. * Adadin ruwa na shekara-shekara (watau ƙarin adadin ruwan ban ruwa a saman amfanin gona) da ake buƙata don kiyaye ma'aunin gishiri mai karɓa na ƙasa daidai da haƙurin gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka. Rabin :: F_L = Perc / Irr, inda Perc = adadin ruwan da ake buƙata, kuma Irr = jimlar ruwan ban ruwa, : ana kiranta leaching fraction, <ref name="Hoorn" /> duba kuma a ƙasa. == Daidaitawar leaching == Za'a iya bayyana ɓangaren ƙasa na layin leaching, kamar yadda yake a cikin adadi na 3, tare da ma'aunin leaching: <ref name="Hoorn" /> * Ct = Ci + (Co - Ci) exp (-E_L.T.Qp/Ws) inda C = gishiri, Ct = C a cikin ƙasa a _L T, Co = C a ciki a lokacin T = 0, Ci = C na ruwan ban ruwa, EL = ingancin leaching, Qp = matsakaicin ƙimar percolation ta cikin ƙasa, kuma Ws = ruwa da aka adana a cikin ƙasa. == Rashin zubar da ruwa == Don adana ma'aunin gishiri mai karɓa na ƙasa daidai da haƙurin gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka, ɓangaren leaching dole ne ya zama aƙalla: * F_L = Ci/Cs inda Ci = gishiri mai yawa na ruwan ban ruwa, kuma Cs shine gishiri mai kyau na danshi na ƙasa a ƙarfin filin daidai da juriyar gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pmwrfdyxmc2tpq0ye9trfosge62vdur 965405 965401 2026-10-09T19:33:47Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 965405 wikitext text/x-wiki Misali na leaching shine samfurin hydrological wanda leaching tare da ruwa na [[ban ruwa]] na abubuwan da aka narka, musamman gishiri, a cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] an bayyana shi dangane da tsarin hydrological da kaddarorin ƙasa. Misali na iya bayyana tsari (1) a cikin lokaci da (2) a matsayin aikin adadin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi. Sau da yawa ana yin leaching don <nowiki><i id="mwCg">dawowa</i></nowiki> da Ƙasa mai gishiri ko don adana gishiri mai kyau na ƙasa mai ban ruwa <ref name="Hoorn">J.W. van Hoorn and J.G. van Alphen (2006), Salinity control. In: H.P. Ritzema (Ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, p. 533-600, Publication 16, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. {{ISBN|90-70754-33-9}}.</ref> kamar yadda duk ruwan ban ruwa ya ƙunshi gishiri. == Hanyoyin zubar da ruwa == [[File:Saltleaching.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Hoto na 1. Bayanan gwaji na yankin matukin jirgi na Chacupe]] Tsarin leaching a cikin Ƙasa mai gishiri da za a sake dawowa an kwatanta shi a cikin layin leaching na adadi 1, wanda aka samo daga bayanan yankin matukin jirgi na Chacupe, [[Peru]]. Yana nuna gishirin ƙasa dangane da ƙarfin lantarki (EC) na maganin ƙasa tare da girmama darajarta ta farko (ECi) a matsayin aikin adadin ruwa da ke shiga cikin ƙasa. Ƙasa ta saman tana ɓace da sauri. Salinity na ƙasa mai zurfi ya fara ƙaruwa saboda gishiri da aka zubar daga ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ragu. == Kyakkyawan zubar da ruwa == [[File:Leachingeff.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Hoto na 2. Ka'idar ingancin leaching]] [[File:SALTMOD4.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Hoto na 3. Hanyoyin leaching da daidaitaccen ingancin leaching]] Saboda rarraba gishiri maras kyau a cikin ƙasa ko rashin daidaituwa na L="cx-link" data-linkid="31" href="./Soil_structure" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Soil structure">Tsarin ƙasa (adadi na 2), ''ingancin leaching'' (EL) na iya bambanta da hadin kai. Ƙasa da ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da wuyar dawowa. A cikin Tagus Delta, [[Portugal]], an sami ingancin leaching na ƙasa mai laushi kamar 0.10 zuwa 0.15to 0.15.<ref>E.A. Vanegas Chacon, 1990. Using SaltMod to predict desalinization in the Leziria Grande Polder, Portugal. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands</ref> Ba za a iya bunkasa ƙasa don [[Noman Zamani|noma mai zurfi]] ba kuma an yi amfani da ita don kiwon bujimai a cikin [[Wurin yin Kiwo na Dabbobi|makiyaya]] na halitta. Ƙasa ta [[Yumbu|yumɓu]] a cikin Delta na Nilu, [[Misra|Misira]], a gefe guda tana da ingancin leaching mafi kyau na 0.7 zuwa 0.8. A cikin adadi na 3, ana nuna layin leaching don ƙwarewar leaching daban-daban, kamar yadda aka ɗauka a cikin ''samfurin leaching'' [[:en:SaltMod|SaltMod]]<ref>SaltMod: description of principles, user manual and examples of application. On line:</ref> tare da bayanai daga yankin matukin jirgi na Mashtul. Darajar da aka lura na salinity na ƙasa sun dace da ingancin leaching na kusan 0.75.<ref>R.J.Oosterbaan and M.A.Senna, 1990. Using SaltMod to predict drainage and salinity control in the Nile delta. In: Annual Report 1989, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 63-74.</ref> Adadin ya nuna tsarin daidaitawa na ingancin leaching, wanda ke da wuyar aunawa kai tsaye. Yankin yumɓu a cikin kogin delta kusa da Chiclayo, Peru, ya kuma tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙarancin gaskequite low. <ref>Reclamation of a coastal saline vertisol by irrigated rice cropping, interpretation of the data with a salt leaching model. In: International Journal of Agricultural Science, 3, 57-66 or</ref> An ba da bayani game da ingancin leaching a cikin nau'ukan ƙasa daban-daban a cikin tebur na gaba <ref>Variations of leaching efficiency determined with soil salinity models calibrated in farm lands and related to soil texture. or</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Kasar !Nau'in ƙasa !Kyakkyawan zubar da ruwa<br /> |- |[[Sin|China]] |Loamy |1.0 |- |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |[[Yashi|Sandy]] |1.0 |- |[[Tunisiya]] |[[Yumbu|yumɓu]] mai laushi |0.80 |- |[[Indiya]] |Yumbu, wanda ba shi da kyauillite |0.70 |- |[[Turkiyya]] |[[Yumbu]], wanda ba shi da kyau |0.70 |- |[[Tailan|Thailand]] |yumɓu, smectitic *) |0.20 |- |[[Portugal]] |yumɓu, smectitic *) |0.15 |- |[[Peru]] |Yumbu, smectitic *) |0.11 |} * ) Hakanan ana kiranta smectite, vertisol, Montmorillonite, yumɓu mai nauyi, yumɓun kumburi, yumɓuyar da ba ta da kyau == Bukatar zubar da ruwa == ''Bukatun leaching'' na iya nufin: * Adadin ruwan da ake buƙata don kawo gishiri na ƙasa daga ƙimar farko zuwa ƙimar da za a yarda da ita daidai da haƙurin gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka. Daga adadi 1 an ga cewa ana buƙatar 800 mm na ruwa (ko 8000 m³/ha) don kawo salinity na ƙasa zuwa 60% na asalin darajarta a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 40 zuwa 60 cm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da salinity dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 60%, ƙaddamar da layin leaching, amfani da ma'auni na leaching (duba ƙasa) ko samfurin leaching kamar SaltMod ya zama dole don samun amintaccen ƙididdigar ƙarin buƙatun leaching. * Adadin ruwa na shekara-shekara (watau ƙarin adadin ruwan ban ruwa a saman amfanin gona) da ake buƙata don kiyaye ma'aunin gishiri mai karɓa na ƙasa daidai da haƙurin gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka. Rabin :: F_L = Perc / Irr, inda Perc = adadin ruwan da ake buƙata, kuma Irr = jimlar ruwan ban ruwa, : ana kiranta leaching fraction, <ref name="Hoorn" /> duba kuma a ƙasa. == Daidaitawar leaching == Za'a iya bayyana ɓangaren ƙasa na layin leaching, kamar yadda yake a cikin adadi na 3, tare da ma'aunin leaching: <ref name="Hoorn" /> * Ct = Ci + (Co - Ci) exp (-E_L.T.Qp/Ws) inda C = gishiri, Ct = C a cikin ƙasa a _L T, Co = C a ciki a lokacin T = 0, Ci = C na ruwan ban ruwa, EL = ingancin leaching, Qp = matsakaicin ƙimar percolation ta cikin ƙasa, kuma Ws = ruwa da aka adana a cikin ƙasa. == Rashin zubar da ruwa == Don adana ma'aunin gishiri mai karɓa na ƙasa daidai da haƙurin gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka, ɓangaren leaching dole ne ya zama aƙalla: * F_L = Ci/Cs inda Ci = gishiri mai yawa na ruwan ban ruwa, kuma Cs shine gishiri mai kyau na danshi na ƙasa a ƙarfin filin daidai da juriyar gishiri na amfanin gona da za a shuka. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tqkkbqr4elcjogjb0sn5xzazl0czkm9 0 178704 965403 2026-10-09T19:32:50Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375316836|Tommy Hottovy]]" 965403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Lee Hottovy''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1981) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Ƙwallon Baseball|baseball]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda a halin yanzu shi ne mai horar da 'yan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). Boston Red Sox ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na huɗu na daftarin MLB na 2004, kuma ya buga wasa a MLB don Red Sox da Kansas City Royals . Ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na kwaleji a Wichita State . <ref name="cube">{{Cite web |title=Tommy Hottovy |url=http://thebaseballcube.com/profile.asp?P=Tommy-Hottovy |access-date=June 3, 2011 |website=thebaseballcube.com}}</ref> == Sana'ar wasa == === Boston Red Sox === Hottovy ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ɗan wasan jefa ƙwallo na farko tare da Lowell Spinners a shekara ta 2004. A cikin tare da Lowell, mai hannun hagu ya bar maki uku da ya samu. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an daukaka shi zuwa High-A Wilmington, inda ya yi ERA 5.45 da kuma rikodin 3-12 a wasanni 23 da ya fara. Ya raba kakar wasa ta 2006 tsakanin Wilmington da Portland Sea Dogs, da rikodin 10-10 da kuma 3.15 ERA tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ya yi wasanni a shekarar 2007 da 2008 tare da Portland, inda ya yi wasanni 5.61 da 5.00 a waɗannan lokutan, bi da bi. A shekarar 2009, ya zama mai aikin tukwane na cikakken lokaci. An mayar da shi zuwa Low-A Lowell na wasanni biyar kafin ya koma Portland. A matsayinsa na mai sauƙaƙawa daga 2009 zuwa 2011 tare da Lowell, Portland, da Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox, ya buga wasanni 76, inda ya bar maki 63 a cikin . An kira Hottovy zuwa manyan lig-lig a karon farko a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edes |first=Gordon |date=June 3, 2011 |title=Sox add Hottovy, move Daisuke to 60-day DL |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/boston/red-sox/post/_/id/11331/sox-add-hottovy-move-daisuke-to-60-day-dl |access-date=June 3, 2011 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ya fitar da Red Sox daga cikin matsala a wasanni biyu na farko da ya buga a gasar MLB, inda ya haifar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, duka biyun har zuwa karshen wasannin. Jimilla, ya buga wasanni takwas ga Boston, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar samun maki uku a wasanni hudu kafin a nada shi a matsayin wanda za a dauka aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuli. Daga nan aka tura shi kai tsaye zuwa Pawtucket a ranar 20 ga Yuli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2011 |title=Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions |url=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2011/07 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[MLB.com]]}}</ref> A watan Satumba, an nada Hottovy a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Red Sox' Lou Gorman Award . === Kansas City Royals === Hottovy ya zama ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2011, kuma ya sanya hannu da Kansas City Royals a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. Hottovy ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin Royals da Triple-A Omaha . A wasanni 9 da suka yi da Royals, Hottovy ya samu ERA 2.89 tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 6 a cikin  . Tare da Omaha, ya yi nasarar ceton kwallaye 7 a wasanni 41 da kuma ERA 2.52 yayin da ya fitar da kwallaye 61 a cikin innings 50. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Royals ta naɗa Hottovy don aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2012 |title=Royals claim RHP Moscoso, C Hayes off waivers |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/8584277/kansas-city-royals-claim-guillermo-moscoso-brett-hayes-waivers |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ESPN |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> === Toronto Blue Jays === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Texas Rangers ta sayi Hottovy don a sanya masa suna daga baya ko kuma a yi la'akari da kuɗin da za a biya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jeff |date=November 8, 2012 |title=Rangers acquire lefty reliever Tommy Hottovy |url=http://sportsblogs.star-telegram.com/foul_territory/2012/11/rangers-acquire-lefty-reliever-tommy-hottovy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115112150/http://sportsblogs.star-telegram.com/foul_territory/2012/11/rangers-acquire-lefty-reliever-tommy-hottovy.html |archive-date=2012-11-15 |website=Fort Worth Star Telegram}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2013, an zaɓi Hottovy don ya samar wa Lance Berkman wuri a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Evan |date=2013-01-07 |title=Lance Berkman passes physical, signs with Rangers |url=http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lance-berkman-passes-physical-signs-with-rangers.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109232318/http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lance-berkman-passes-physical-signs-with-rangers.html/ |archive-date=January 9, 2013 |website=Dallas Morning News}}</ref> An yi iƙirarin cewa an yi watsi da tayin da Toronto Blue Jays ta yi wa Hottovy a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2013. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=espn_durrett|title=#Rangers Tommy Hottovy claimed off waivers by Toronto.|date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Blue Jays ta naɗa Hottovy a matsayin wanda za a ba aiki a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2013, domin samar wa Henry Blanco gurbin shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasanta. An kai Hottovy zuwa Buffalo Bisons a ranar 16 ga Janairu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=Toronto Blue Jays transactions for January 2013 |url=https://www.mlb.com/bluejays/roster/transactions/2013/01 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Hottovy ya fara kakar wasa ta 2013 tare da Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Buffalo Bisons a ranar 4 ga Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2013 |title=Bisons add trio of arms |url=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs-49564702 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[Minor League Baseball]]}}</ref> Ya zama ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba. Kungiyar Chicago Cubs ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar Hottovy zuwa ƙaramin rukuni tare da gayyatar shiga horon bazara na manyan gasar a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Minor Acquisitions: Tommy Hottovy, Charles Cutler |url=http://www.bleachernation.com/2013/12/12/minor-acquisitions-tommy-hottovy-charles-cutler/ |access-date=December 12, 2013 |website=Bleacher Nation}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, ba tare da ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya yi wa ƙungiyar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor Moves: Rogers, Geltz, Sappelt, Ni, Rodriguez, Hottovy |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2014/05/angels-sign-dustin-richardson.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'ar bayan wasa == An ɗauki Hottovy aiki daga Chicago Cubs don ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Rigakafin Gudun a watan Disamba na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andracki |first=Tony |date=December 17, 2018 |title=How new Cubs pitching coach Tommy Hottovy plans to reduce walks and take staff to the next level |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/chicago/cubs/how-new-cubs-pitching-coach-tommy-hottovy-plans-reduce-walks-and-take-staff-next-level-maddon-chatwood-darvish-lester |access-date=November 10, 2019 |website=NBC Chicago}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurila |first=David |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Tommy Hottovy: Cubs Run Prevention Coordinator |url=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/tommy-hottovy-cubs-run-prevention-coordinator/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |website=Fangraphs}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da aka naɗa shi kocin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Cubs a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stebbins |first=Tim |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Cubs name Tommy Hottovy pitching coach, announce other coaching staff additions |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/chicago/cubs/cubs-name-tommy-hottovy-pitching-coach-announce-other-coaching-staff-additions |access-date=November 10, 2019 |website=NBC Chicago}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da zama kocin 'yan wasa bayan da Cubs suka zaɓi kada Joe Maddon ya dawo, kuma bayan da aka naɗa David Ross a matsayin manajan Cubs a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzales |first=Mark |date=December 9, 2019 |title=David Ross' 1st Cubs coaching staff is complete after addition of Kyle Evans |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/cubs/ct-chicago-cubs-coaching-staff-20191209-k2xd3ls4pfcqlp6dreeg2ubbka-story.html |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> Hottovy ya kamu da [[SARS-CoV-2|cutar COVID-19]] a shekarar 2020 kuma an killace shi na tsawon kwanaki 30; ya warke ya dawo don takaitaccen kakar wasa ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Cubs pitching coach Tommy Hottovy recalls COVID-19 battle as White Sox, Cubs report for training at ballparks |url=https://abc7chicago.com/chicago-white-sox-mlb-news-schedule/6288448/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ABC7 Chicago |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Jesse |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Cubs pitching coach details emotional virus fight |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/29395115/cubs-pitching-coach-tommy-hottovy-details-emotional-fight-coronavirus |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] q8u15ep0mv87xr5wezghew64xxui01w 965404 965403 2026-10-09T19:33:10Z Baffa ali 47435 965404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Lee Hottovy''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1981) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Ƙwallon Baseball|baseball]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda a halin yanzu shi ne mai horar da 'yan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). Boston Red Sox ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na huɗu na daftarin MLB na 2004, kuma ya buga wasa a MLB don Red Sox da Kansas City Royals . Ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na kwaleji a Wichita State . <ref name="cube">{{Cite web |title=Tommy Hottovy |url=http://thebaseballcube.com/profile.asp?P=Tommy-Hottovy |access-date=June 3, 2011 |website=thebaseballcube.com}}</ref> == Sana'ar wasa == === Boston Red Sox === Hottovy ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ɗan wasan jefa ƙwallo na farko tare da Lowell Spinners a shekara ta 2004. A cikin tare da Lowell, mai hannun hagu ya bar maki uku da ya samu. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an daukaka shi zuwa High-A Wilmington, inda ya yi ERA 5.45 da kuma rikodin 3-12 a wasanni 23 da ya fara. Ya raba kakar wasa ta 2006 tsakanin Wilmington da Portland Sea Dogs, da rikodin 10-10 da kuma 3.15 ERA tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ya yi wasanni a shekarar 2007 da 2008 tare da Portland, inda ya yi wasanni 5.61 da 5.00 a waɗannan lokutan, bi da bi. A shekarar 2009, ya zama mai aikin tukwane na cikakken lokaci. An mayar da shi zuwa Low-A Lowell na wasanni biyar kafin ya koma Portland. A matsayinsa na mai sauƙaƙawa daga 2009 zuwa 2011 tare da Lowell, Portland, da Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox, ya buga wasanni 76, inda ya bar maki 63 a cikin . An kira Hottovy zuwa manyan lig-lig a karon farko a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edes |first=Gordon |date=June 3, 2011 |title=Sox add Hottovy, move Daisuke to 60-day DL |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/boston/red-sox/post/_/id/11331/sox-add-hottovy-move-daisuke-to-60-day-dl |access-date=June 3, 2011 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ya fitar da Red Sox daga cikin matsala a wasanni biyu na farko da ya buga a gasar MLB, inda ya haifar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, duka biyun har zuwa karshen wasannin. Jimilla, ya buga wasanni takwas ga Boston, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar samun maki uku a wasanni hudu kafin a nada shi a matsayin wanda za a dauka aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuli. Daga nan aka tura shi kai tsaye zuwa Pawtucket a ranar 20 ga Yuli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2011 |title=Red Sox Roster & Staff – Transactions |url=https://www.mlb.com/redsox/roster/transactions/2011/07 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[MLB.com]]}}</ref> A watan Satumba, an nada Hottovy a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Red Sox' Lou Gorman Award . === Kansas City Royals === Hottovy ya zama ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2011, kuma ya sanya hannu da Kansas City Royals a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. Hottovy ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin Royals da Triple-A Omaha . A wasanni 9 da suka yi da Royals, Hottovy ya samu ERA 2.89 tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 6 a cikin  . Tare da Omaha, ya yi nasarar ceton kwallaye 7 a wasanni 41 da kuma ERA 2.52 yayin da ya fitar da kwallaye 61 a cikin innings 50. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Royals ta naɗa Hottovy don aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2012 |title=Royals claim RHP Moscoso, C Hayes off waivers |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/8584277/kansas-city-royals-claim-guillermo-moscoso-brett-hayes-waivers |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ESPN |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> === Toronto Blue Jays === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Texas Rangers ta sayi Hottovy don a sanya masa suna daga baya ko kuma a yi la'akari da kuɗin da za a biya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jeff |date=November 8, 2012 |title=Rangers acquire lefty reliever Tommy Hottovy |url=http://sportsblogs.star-telegram.com/foul_territory/2012/11/rangers-acquire-lefty-reliever-tommy-hottovy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115112150/http://sportsblogs.star-telegram.com/foul_territory/2012/11/rangers-acquire-lefty-reliever-tommy-hottovy.html |archive-date=2012-11-15 |website=Fort Worth Star Telegram}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2013, an zaɓi Hottovy don ya samar wa Lance Berkman wuri a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Evan |date=2013-01-07 |title=Lance Berkman passes physical, signs with Rangers |url=http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lance-berkman-passes-physical-signs-with-rangers.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109232318/http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lance-berkman-passes-physical-signs-with-rangers.html/ |archive-date=January 9, 2013 |website=Dallas Morning News}}</ref> An yi iƙirarin cewa an yi watsi da tayin da Toronto Blue Jays ta yi wa Hottovy a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2013. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=espn_durrett|title=#Rangers Tommy Hottovy claimed off waivers by Toronto.|date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Blue Jays ta naɗa Hottovy a matsayin wanda za a ba aiki a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2013, domin samar wa Henry Blanco gurbin shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasanta. An kai Hottovy zuwa Buffalo Bisons a ranar 16 ga Janairu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=Toronto Blue Jays transactions for January 2013 |url=https://www.mlb.com/bluejays/roster/transactions/2013/01 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Hottovy ya fara kakar wasa ta 2013 tare da Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Buffalo Bisons a ranar 4 ga Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2013 |title=Bisons add trio of arms |url=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs-49564702 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[Minor League Baseball]]}}</ref> Ya zama ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba. Kungiyar Chicago Cubs ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar Hottovy zuwa ƙaramin rukuni tare da gayyatar shiga horon bazara na manyan gasar a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Minor Acquisitions: Tommy Hottovy, Charles Cutler |url=http://www.bleachernation.com/2013/12/12/minor-acquisitions-tommy-hottovy-charles-cutler/ |access-date=December 12, 2013 |website=Bleacher Nation}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, ba tare da ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya yi wa ƙungiyar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor Moves: Rogers, Geltz, Sappelt, Ni, Rodriguez, Hottovy |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2014/05/angels-sign-dustin-richardson.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'ar bayan wasa == An ɗauki Hottovy aiki daga Chicago Cubs don ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Rigakafin Gudun a watan Disamba na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andracki |first=Tony |date=December 17, 2018 |title=How new Cubs pitching coach Tommy Hottovy plans to reduce walks and take staff to the next level |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/chicago/cubs/how-new-cubs-pitching-coach-tommy-hottovy-plans-reduce-walks-and-take-staff-next-level-maddon-chatwood-darvish-lester |access-date=November 10, 2019 |website=NBC Chicago}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurila |first=David |date=December 1, 2015 |title=Tommy Hottovy: Cubs Run Prevention Coordinator |url=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/tommy-hottovy-cubs-run-prevention-coordinator/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |website=Fangraphs}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da aka naɗa shi kocin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Cubs a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stebbins |first=Tim |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Cubs name Tommy Hottovy pitching coach, announce other coaching staff additions |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/chicago/cubs/cubs-name-tommy-hottovy-pitching-coach-announce-other-coaching-staff-additions |access-date=November 10, 2019 |website=NBC Chicago}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da zama kocin 'yan wasa bayan da Cubs suka zaɓi kada Joe Maddon ya dawo, kuma bayan da aka naɗa David Ross a matsayin manajan Cubs a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzales |first=Mark |date=December 9, 2019 |title=David Ross' 1st Cubs coaching staff is complete after addition of Kyle Evans |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/cubs/ct-chicago-cubs-coaching-staff-20191209-k2xd3ls4pfcqlp6dreeg2ubbka-story.html |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> Hottovy ya kamu da [[SARS-CoV-2|cutar COVID-19]] a shekarar 2020 kuma an killace shi na tsawon kwanaki 30; ya warke ya dawo don takaitaccen kakar wasa ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Cubs pitching coach Tommy Hottovy recalls COVID-19 battle as White Sox, Cubs report for training at ballparks |url=https://abc7chicago.com/chicago-white-sox-mlb-news-schedule/6288448/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ABC7 Chicago |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Jesse |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Cubs pitching coach details emotional virus fight |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/29395115/cubs-pitching-coach-tommy-hottovy-details-emotional-fight-coronavirus |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 5g9f7wg4ge5mb35uxvmuzjdj7jtom96 0 178705 965407 2026-10-09T19:50:32Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377445513|Carlton Gray]]" 965407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Carlton Patrick Gray''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1971) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru takwas a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga UCLA Bruins, kuma an san shi a matsayin All-American. An zaba shi a zagaye na biyu na shirin NFL na 1993 ta Seattle Seahawks, kuma ya taka leda a NFL na Indianapolis Colts, New York Giants da Kansas City Chiefs. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gray a Cincinnati, Ohio . Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Forest Park a Cincinnati, kuma ya kasance mai shirya wasan kwallon kafa, [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]], da waƙa, yana gudu don Forest Park a ƙarƙashin masu horar da Lou Cynkar (High School) da James Michael Lafferty (junior high). An ba shi lambar yabo ta Dial don malamin makarantar sakandare na kasa na shekara a shekarar 1988. Kakansa, [[Benjamin Hooks]], ya yi ritaya a matsayin babban darakta na NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=1998-09-13 |title=PRO FOOTBALL; For Giants' Gray, Growing Up Was a Lesson in History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/sports/pro-football-for-giants-gray-growing-up-was-a-lesson-in-history.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gray ya halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya kasance mai Farawa na shekaru hudu ga kungiyoyin Bruins daga 1989 zuwa 1992. Ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta All-American a matsayin babban jami'i, da kuma lambar yabo ta All-Pac-10 ta farko. Ya kammala na biyu a tarihin UCLA tare da katsewa 16. A shekara ta 1989, ya zama dan wasa na farko a cikin shekaru goma don fara akalla wasanni takwas ga UCLA. A shekara ta 1991, Gray ya kammala na biyu a kasar tare da 10 interceptions. Bayan babban lokacinsa a shekarar 1992, an zabi Gray don yin wasa a Hula Bowl da East-West Shrine Game . == Ayyukan sana'a == === Seattle Seahawks === A cikin 1993 NFL Draft, Seattle Seahawks ne suka zaɓi Gray a zagaye na biyu tare da zaɓi na 30 gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1993 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1993/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga wa Seahawks wasa daga 1993 zuwa 1996.<ref name="pfrprofile">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Gray Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GrayCa20.htm |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1993, ya sanya hannu a hukumance tare da Seahawks. Shekararsa ta farko ya buga wasanni goma, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu. Ya rasa wasanni shida na karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun saboda raunin idon sa. Ya kuma yi rikodin jakar a 1993. A shekara ta 1994, ya buga wasanni 11 kafin ya karya hannunsa a kan Tampa Bay Buccaneers a mako na 11 kuma ya rasa sauran kakar. Dukkanin 1995 da 1996, Carlton ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 16. A shekara ta 1995, Gray ya sami mafi kyawun lokacinsa a matsayin mai sana'a, kasancewar na biyu a kan Seahawks tare da katsewa hudu. Har ila yau, yana da ƙwallon ƙafa 68 da aka taimaka masa 5. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1996, ya sake sanya hannu tare da Seahawks . A lokacin da ya yi shekaru hudu tare da Seahawks, yana da jimlar tara, da kuma jaka daya.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> === Indianapolis Colts === A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1997, Gray ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 4, dala miliyan 9.7 tare da Colts a matsayin wakilin kyauta. A lokacin kakar wasa daya da ya yi tare da Colts, yana da 24 tackles da biyu interceptions.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1998, Colts ta saki Gray saboda mai tsaron gida Tyrone Poole ya dawo daga rauni. === New York Giants === A cikin kakar wasa daya tare da Giants, Gray ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya rubuta 27 tackles, sack na biyu na aikinsa, da kuma tsayarwa daya.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> === Shugabannin Birnin Kansas === Gray ya sanya hannu tare da Chiefs bayan tashiwar Dale Carter da Mark McMillian. A kakar 1999, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta kwallo bakwai.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> A lokacin da aka yi gwagwarmaya a River Falls a shekara ta 2000, Shugabannin suna gwagwarmayar tsarkaka na New Orleans, kuma yayin da dan wasan tsarkaka yake a kasan tarin, Gray sucker ya buge shi. Bayan haka, ya yi wasa da wuya, ya bayyana a wasanni hudu kawai. === Cincinnati Bengals === A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2001, Bengals ta sanya hannu kan Carlton Gray zuwa kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya an yanke shi a sansanin horo kuma bai taɓa buga wasa tare da kulob din garinsu ba. === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kungiyar !Wasanni !Haɗuwa da aka haɗa !Takalma !Taimako na taimako !Sacks !Fumbles da aka tilasta !Fuskar hayaki !Yardun dawowa na Fumble !Tsayarwa !Yankin dawowar tsayarwa !Yards ta hanyar dawowar interception !Tsayarwa mafi tsawo !Tsayarwa da aka dawo don touchdown !An kare hanyoyin da aka kare |- |1993 |SEA |10 |23 |21 |2 |1.0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |33 |11 |16 |0 |8 |- |1994 |SEA |11 |51 |45 |6 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |11 |- |1995 |SEA |16 |73 |68 |5 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |45 |11 |26 |0 |20 |- |1996 |SEA |16 |53 |45 |8 |0.0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |7 |- |1997 |IND |15 |24 |20 |4 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |8 |- |1998 |NYG |14 |29 |26 |3 |1.0 |2 |0 |0 |1 |36 |36 |36 |0 |8 |- |1999 |KC |16 |7 |7 |0 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |- |Ayyuka | |98 |260 |232 |28 |2.0 |3 |1 |0 |12 |117 |10 |36 |0 |63 |} <ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Gray Stats |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/470/carlton-gray |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An kira 'ya'yan Gray Amber da Chance McDonald's All-Americans suna wasa kwando a makarantar sakandare. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 1ytyjuunrnk18f35hpz2rhyceqg41d7 965408 965407 2026-10-09T19:51:30Z Aluja 30485 965408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carlton Patrick Gray''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1971) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru takwas a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga UCLA Bruins, kuma an san shi a matsayin All-American. An zaba shi a zagaye na biyu na shirin NFL na 1993 ta Seattle Seahawks, kuma ya taka leda a NFL na Indianapolis Colts, New York Giants da Kansas City Chiefs. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gray a Cincinnati, Ohio . Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Forest Park a Cincinnati, kuma ya kasance mai shirya wasan kwallon kafa, [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]], da waƙa, yana gudu don Forest Park a ƙarƙashin masu horar da Lou Cynkar (High School) da James Michael Lafferty (junior high). An ba shi lambar yabo ta Dial don malamin makarantar sakandare na kasa na shekara a shekarar 1988. Kakansa, [[Benjamin Hooks]], ya yi ritaya a matsayin babban darakta na NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=1998-09-13 |title=PRO FOOTBALL; For Giants' Gray, Growing Up Was a Lesson in History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/sports/pro-football-for-giants-gray-growing-up-was-a-lesson-in-history.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gray ya halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya kasance mai Farawa na shekaru hudu ga kungiyoyin Bruins daga 1989 zuwa 1992. Ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta All-American a matsayin babban jami'i, da kuma lambar yabo ta All-Pac-10 ta farko. Ya kammala na biyu a tarihin UCLA tare da katsewa 16. A shekara ta 1989, ya zama dan wasa na farko a cikin shekaru goma don fara akalla wasanni takwas ga UCLA. A shekara ta 1991, Gray ya kammala na biyu a kasar tare da 10 interceptions. Bayan babban lokacinsa a shekarar 1992, an zabi Gray don yin wasa a Hula Bowl da East-West Shrine Game . == Ayyukan sana'a == === Seattle Seahawks === A cikin 1993 NFL Draft, Seattle Seahawks ne suka zaɓi Gray a zagaye na biyu tare da zaɓi na 30 gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1993 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1993/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga wa Seahawks wasa daga 1993 zuwa 1996.<ref name="pfrprofile">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Gray Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GrayCa20.htm |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1993, ya sanya hannu a hukumance tare da Seahawks. Shekararsa ta farko ya buga wasanni goma, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu. Ya rasa wasanni shida na karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun saboda raunin idon sa. Ya kuma yi rikodin jakar a 1993. A shekara ta 1994, ya buga wasanni 11 kafin ya karya hannunsa a kan Tampa Bay Buccaneers a mako na 11 kuma ya rasa sauran kakar. Dukkanin 1995 da 1996, Carlton ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 16. A shekara ta 1995, Gray ya sami mafi kyawun lokacinsa a matsayin mai sana'a, kasancewar na biyu a kan Seahawks tare da katsewa hudu. Har ila yau, yana da ƙwallon ƙafa 68 da aka taimaka masa 5. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1996, ya sake sanya hannu tare da Seahawks . A lokacin da ya yi shekaru hudu tare da Seahawks, yana da jimlar tara, da kuma jaka daya.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> === Indianapolis Colts === A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1997, Gray ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 4, dala miliyan 9.7 tare da Colts a matsayin wakilin kyauta. A lokacin kakar wasa daya da ya yi tare da Colts, yana da 24 tackles da biyu interceptions.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1998, Colts ta saki Gray saboda mai tsaron gida Tyrone Poole ya dawo daga rauni. === New York Giants === A cikin kakar wasa daya tare da Giants, Gray ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya rubuta 27 tackles, sack na biyu na aikinsa, da kuma tsayarwa daya.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> === Shugabannin Birnin Kansas === Gray ya sanya hannu tare da Chiefs bayan tashiwar Dale Carter da Mark McMillian. A kakar 1999, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta kwallo bakwai.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> A lokacin da aka yi gwagwarmaya a River Falls a shekara ta 2000, Shugabannin suna gwagwarmayar tsarkaka na New Orleans, kuma yayin da dan wasan tsarkaka yake a kasan tarin, Gray sucker ya buge shi. Bayan haka, ya yi wasa da wuya, ya bayyana a wasanni hudu kawai. === Cincinnati Bengals === A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2001, Bengals ta sanya hannu kan Carlton Gray zuwa kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya an yanke shi a sansanin horo kuma bai taɓa buga wasa tare da kulob din garinsu ba. === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kungiyar !Wasanni !Haɗuwa da aka haɗa !Takalma !Taimako na taimako !Sacks !Fumbles da aka tilasta !Fuskar hayaki !Yardun dawowa na Fumble !Tsayarwa !Yankin dawowar tsayarwa !Yards ta hanyar dawowar interception !Tsayarwa mafi tsawo !Tsayarwa da aka dawo don touchdown !An kare hanyoyin da aka kare |- |1993 |SEA |10 |23 |21 |2 |1.0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |33 |11 |16 |0 |8 |- |1994 |SEA |11 |51 |45 |6 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |11 |- |1995 |SEA |16 |73 |68 |5 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |45 |11 |26 |0 |20 |- |1996 |SEA |16 |53 |45 |8 |0.0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |7 |- |1997 |IND |15 |24 |20 |4 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |8 |- |1998 |NYG |14 |29 |26 |3 |1.0 |2 |0 |0 |1 |36 |36 |36 |0 |8 |- |1999 |KC |16 |7 |7 |0 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |- |Ayyuka | |98 |260 |232 |28 |2.0 |3 |1 |0 |12 |117 |10 |36 |0 |63 |} <ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Gray Stats |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/470/carlton-gray |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An kira 'ya'yan Gray Amber da Chance McDonald's All-Americans suna wasa kwando a makarantar sakandare. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 8f15cbzwfjrqmof7ym7t5v6p19yp786 965410 965408 2026-10-09T19:52:08Z Aluja 30485 965410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carlton Patrick Gray''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1971) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida na tsawon shekaru takwas a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga UCLA Bruins, kuma an san shi a matsayin All-American. An zaba shi a zagaye na biyu na shirin NFL na 1993 ta Seattle Seahawks, kuma ya taka leda a NFL na Indianapolis Colts, New York Giants da Kansas City Chiefs. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Gray a Cincinnati, Ohio . Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Forest Park a Cincinnati, kuma ya kasance mai shirya wasan kwallon kafa, [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]], da waƙa, yana gudu don Forest Park a ƙarƙashin masu horar da Lou Cynkar (High School) da James Michael Lafferty (junior high). An ba shi lambar yabo ta Dial don malamin makarantar sakandare na kasa na shekara a shekarar 1988. Kakansa, [[Benjamin Hooks]], ya yi ritaya a matsayin babban darakta na NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennington |first=Bill |date=1998-09-13 |title=PRO FOOTBALL; For Giants' Gray, Growing Up Was a Lesson in History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/sports/pro-football-for-giants-gray-growing-up-was-a-lesson-in-history.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gray ya halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya kasance mai Farawa na shekaru hudu ga kungiyoyin Bruins daga 1989 zuwa 1992. Ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta All-American a matsayin babban jami'i, da kuma lambar yabo ta All-Pac-10 ta farko. Ya kammala na biyu a tarihin UCLA tare da katsewa 16. A shekara ta 1989, ya zama dan wasa na farko a cikin shekaru goma don fara akalla wasanni takwas ga UCLA. A shekara ta 1991, Gray ya kammala na biyu a kasar tare da 10 interceptions. Bayan babban lokacinsa a shekarar 1992, an zabi Gray don yin wasa a Hula Bowl da East-West Shrine Game . == Ayyukan sana'a == === Seattle Seahawks === A cikin 1993 NFL Draft, Seattle Seahawks ne suka zaɓi Gray a zagaye na biyu tare da zaɓi na 30 gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1993 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1993/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga wa Seahawks wasa daga 1993 zuwa 1996.<ref name="pfrprofile">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Gray Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GrayCa20.htm |access-date=2026-08-27 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1993, ya sanya hannu a hukumance tare da Seahawks. Shekararsa ta farko ya buga wasanni goma, ya fara biyu daga cikinsu. Ya rasa wasanni shida na karshe na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun saboda raunin idon sa. Ya kuma yi rikodin jakar a 1993. A shekara ta 1994, ya buga wasanni 11 kafin ya karya hannunsa a kan Tampa Bay Buccaneers a mako na 11 kuma ya rasa sauran kakar. Dukkanin 1995 da 1996, Carlton ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 16. A shekara ta 1995, Gray ya sami mafi kyawun lokacinsa a matsayin mai sana'a, kasancewar na biyu a kan Seahawks tare da katsewa hudu. Har ila yau, yana da ƙwallon ƙafa 68 da aka taimaka masa 5. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1996, ya sake sanya hannu tare da Seahawks . A lokacin da ya yi shekaru hudu tare da Seahawks, yana da jimlar tara, da kuma jaka daya.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> === Indianapolis Colts === A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1997, Gray ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 4, dala miliyan 9.7 tare da Colts a matsayin wakilin kyauta. A lokacin kakar wasa daya da ya yi tare da Colts, yana da 24 tackles da biyu interceptions.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1998, Colts ta saki Gray saboda mai tsaron gida Tyrone Poole ya dawo daga rauni. === New York Giants === A cikin kakar wasa daya tare da Giants, Gray ya buga wasanni 14 kuma ya rubuta 27 tackles, sack na biyu na aikinsa, da kuma tsayarwa daya.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> === Shugabannin Birnin Kansas === Gray ya sanya hannu tare da Chiefs bayan tashiwar Dale Carter da Mark McMillian. A kakar 1999, ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni 16, kuma ya rubuta kwallo bakwai.<ref name="pfrprofile" /> A lokacin da aka yi gwagwarmaya a River Falls a shekara ta 2000, Shugabannin suna gwagwarmayar tsarkaka na New Orleans, kuma yayin da dan wasan tsarkaka yake a kasan tarin, Gray sucker ya buge shi. Bayan haka, ya yi wasa da wuya, ya bayyana a wasanni hudu kawai. === Cincinnati Bengals === A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2001, Bengals ta sanya hannu kan Carlton Gray zuwa kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya an yanke shi a sansanin horo kuma bai taɓa buga wasa tare da kulob din garinsu ba. === Kididdigar NFL === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kungiyar !Wasanni !Haɗuwa da aka haɗa !Takalma !Taimako na taimako !Sacks !Fumbles da aka tilasta !Fuskar hayaki !Yardun dawowa na Fumble !Tsayarwa !Yankin dawowar tsayarwa !Yards ta hanyar dawowar interception !Tsayarwa mafi tsawo !Tsayarwa da aka dawo don touchdown !An kare hanyoyin da aka kare |- |1993 |SEA |10 |23 |21 |2 |1.0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |33 |11 |16 |0 |8 |- |1994 |SEA |11 |51 |45 |6 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |11 |- |1995 |SEA |16 |73 |68 |5 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |45 |11 |26 |0 |20 |- |1996 |SEA |16 |53 |45 |8 |0.0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |7 |- |1997 |IND |15 |24 |20 |4 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |8 |- |1998 |NYG |14 |29 |26 |3 |1.0 |2 |0 |0 |1 |36 |36 |36 |0 |8 |- |1999 |KC |16 |7 |7 |0 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |- |Ayyuka | |98 |260 |232 |28 |2.0 |3 |1 |0 |12 |117 |10 |36 |0 |63 |} <ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Gray Stats |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/470/carlton-gray |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An kira 'ya'yan Gray Amber da Chance McDonald's All-Americans suna wasa kwando a makarantar sakandare. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] h7qkd89ya5lltksv6c5sloyxgrad4bn 0 178707 965426 2026-10-09T20:35:22Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Zainabu abuh = (littafin hausa)😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍 965426 wikitext text/x-wiki = Zainabu abuh = (littafin hausa)😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍😍 10ydjeu1c3ngno9lx60l2vwr1l82gpm 0 178708 965429 2026-10-09T21:01:49Z Mashummy 49848 Sabon shafi: '''Takara''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Ƙaramar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin Ture, kuma lambar gidan wasikunsa ita ce 770110.<ref name="postcode">{{cite web |title=Takara, Kaltungo – Postcode 770110 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-kaltungo-ture-takara.html |access-date=9 Oktoba 2026 |website=Nigeria Postcode}}</ref><ref name="xplorer">{{cite web |title=Kaltungo LGA Postal Code (Zip Code) – Gombe State |url=https://xplor... 965429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Takara''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Ƙaramar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin Ture, kuma lambar gidan wasikunsa ita ce 770110.<ref name="postcode">{{cite web |title=Takara, Kaltungo – Postcode 770110 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-kaltungo-ture-takara.html |access-date=9 Oktoba 2026 |website=Nigeria Postcode}}</ref><ref name="xplorer">{{cite web |title=Kaltungo LGA Postal Code (Zip Code) – Gombe State |url=https://xplorer.ng/gombe/kaltungo-lga-postal-code-zip-code-gombe-state/ |access-date=9 Oktoba 2026 |website=Xplorer.ng}}</ref> == Wuri == Takara yana cikin yankin Ture na Ƙaramar Hukumar Kaltungo, a Jihar Gombe, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref name="postcode" /> == Lambobin gidan waya == Lambar gidan waya ta Takara ita ce '''770110'''. Wannan lambar tana cikin jerin lambobin gidan waya na yankin Ture da ke Kaltungo.<ref name="postcode" /><ref name="xplorer" /> <nowiki>== Manazarta ==</nowiki> <references /> 3obub9xycyqfw5s2zb5bnfyf2roml5u 3 178709 965440 2026-10-09T21:23:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965440 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bappa.almu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bappa.almu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tl0qic1gowjkhu0pwkh919kdmjkj877 3 178710 965441 2026-10-09T21:23:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965441 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mashummy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mashummy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) qzp9ihltz5dcj3pnvfiwq8o8ddycocf 3 178711 965442 2026-10-09T21:23:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965442 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, IshmaelABBA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/IshmaelABBA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) dscci67l5qaqnh79wdndzp9mvmyxuj4 3 178712 965443 2026-10-09T21:23:53Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965443 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bature40! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bature40|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) pues9j7siob45ya4aaii3dwzzwmmsna 3 178713 965444 2026-10-09T21:24:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965444 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usman oc! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usman oc|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 70wacrvmzbplgmb4l3wh96xzdpwsc1v 3 178714 965445 2026-10-09T21:24:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965445 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mohi13235! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mohi13235|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 41qq5c5movsgiengre39h4gf9g8ni6s 3 178715 965446 2026-10-09T21:24:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965446 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faisaldabai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faisaldabai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 36vwq0fj7yyimgtbalpxq5u0icuzvxt 3 178716 965447 2026-10-09T21:24:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965447 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Banchau! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Banchau|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8ipmi2kayfz7sd1vvgc3wmlk3yd0ls3 3 178717 965448 2026-10-09T21:24:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965448 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Stealthedd! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Stealthedd|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) npevaf3g5j24peoep4jfjtxtwiatxj0 3 178718 965450 2026-10-09T21:24:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965450 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Iiamza1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Iiamza1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) slwec3k4u0wx907vbm935arkpalbb1t 3 178719 965451 2026-10-09T21:25:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965451 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, YasserMeddour! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/YasserMeddour|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rpl6p6ms8olr63mlyu12qul9zc7muk5 3 178720 965452 2026-10-09T21:25:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965452 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Canih28! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Canih28|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4eham16q0grk1i2nuaoc6h9m4mvpcjs 3 178721 965453 2026-10-09T21:25:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965453 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TeWebCH! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TeWebCH|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) axsffin6sd0zn5lw1ani4nms7m3sb6c 3 178722 965454 2026-10-09T21:25:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965454 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abunasir01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abunasir01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4hfowqfnlcmj0bpwsx9kb8l99x9wfno 3 178723 965455 2026-10-09T21:25:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965455 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Inverise! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Inverise|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fgkhdbzwm3tqd9wa3k0siqi2z9yxcqd 3 178724 965456 2026-10-09T21:25:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965456 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar Afuwa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar Afuwa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8dsvd4s31f1mvciiz2nfv25kwdy5t76 3 178725 965457 2026-10-09T21:26:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965457 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, R46 Foamer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/R46 Foamer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tbr89ku9nrv7zg8xnu1bxc7dx3w080i 3 178726 965458 2026-10-09T21:26:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965458 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jafar Mukhtar Danmusa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jafar Mukhtar Danmusa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tgfrs84sxwkzwvw8dfpl3iy5no94miv 3 178727 965459 2026-10-09T21:26:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965459 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Earl of eloquence! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Earl of eloquence|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) cqq9ltue7y42856ytgawdeyms9zkb9w 3 178728 965461 2026-10-09T21:26:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965461 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yahaya Lugga! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yahaya Lugga|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8d20wfujn353mp19b8kpeveez6qb83m 3 178729 965462 2026-10-09T21:26:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965462 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mrfoogles! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mrfoogles|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ad7cevf10sf9drfqism15ltfh9vvarq 3 178730 965463 2026-10-09T21:26:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965463 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, FidotSciecc2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/FidotSciecc2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 38np4zgp1unnebb8rsrj8wmnj6etd9s 3 178731 965465 2026-10-09T21:27:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965465 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dadademi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dadademi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ndyyazc8ib0umk5ejwa0vtqm3sjm9hv 3 178732 965466 2026-10-09T21:27:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965466 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mangogole! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mangogole|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) nse66p8oag7580t9bk56vcp0696ytdo 3 178733 965467 2026-10-09T21:27:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965467 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, QuallenTyp! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/QuallenTyp|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) plw7e1l9nbfilwycr9a76iw98vlquz8 3 178734 965468 2026-10-09T21:27:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965468 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mtvelasquez99! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mtvelasquez99|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) reh21tvm78568qvibqjm06lrwg93wsz 3 178735 965469 2026-10-09T21:27:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965469 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dimz48! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dimz48|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) kcfjntopblue69vta7tcm8f2ym6azxa 3 178736 965470 2026-10-09T21:27:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Le Sharkoïste! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Le Sharkoïste|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 2nkcc1qhx6ig7y6p78s8xod10qi2ez0 3 178737 965471 2026-10-09T21:28:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965471 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bin sadeeq! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bin sadeeq|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) gp1em6zugwzbrb4vfl6j204bb0t9n0r 3 178738 965472 2026-10-09T21:28:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965472 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Frank63! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Frank63|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) gdv28uy5jf308ub74sj9bqkvzilhzqg 3 178739 965473 2026-10-09T21:28:22Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965473 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Generated content! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Generated content|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) mf0ih2c4d2fyeb0auhljjgv0d8pcbjw 3 178740 965474 2026-10-09T21:28:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965474 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, やまとぅんちゅ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/やまとぅんちゅ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 09vhr72c14gv5a1tkcnfrznxw9qcvcc 3 178741 965475 2026-10-09T21:28:42Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965475 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustapha777! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustapha777|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) luzfxqpa0nvx9v57vi4wzd86duxfdo1 3 178742 965476 2026-10-09T21:28:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Angilbas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Angilbas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) a9pt6ccfhyyeq4m7ctkjl29rmpdrh0i 3 178743 965477 2026-10-09T21:29:02Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965477 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, OCNative! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/OCNative|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 5huflcbo5q60nfsfv06dzpq4pz95wfj 3 178744 965478 2026-10-09T21:29:12Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965478 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, پاکستانی ترجمہ شہزادہ 12! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/پاکستانی ترجمہ شہزادہ 12|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 26xao4eivpq7kh6aggcxtn6qn8b1kjz 3 178745 965479 2026-10-09T21:29:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965479 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Missingdogposter! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Missingdogposter|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) o4cl4vwdpj6tl55274atsaisu56du3s 3 178746 965480 2026-10-09T21:29:32Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sirlink2222! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sirlink2222|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rjwgb1jzik2t4jf8boqs9te39np0eo0 3 178747 965481 2026-10-09T21:29:43Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965481 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Peter92542007! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Peter92542007|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) eh4d6qbygi9vdkzw5n5qj4piguaho5z 3 178748 965482 2026-10-09T21:29:52Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965482 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anasalomar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anasalomar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:29, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0067t0oa7imcrujhhbjkyc6ksyju042 3 178749 965483 2026-10-09T21:30:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 965483 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sagirabdullahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sagirabdullahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:30, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0cqltqypnr6rq9ag6e3wvipr99tuffk 0 178750 965499 2026-10-09T22:14:35Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379097316|Manami Konishi]]" 965499 wikitext text/x-wiki   Manami Konishi , wanda kuma aka sani da KONI-TAN, yar wasan Japan ce, mawaƙi, marubuci, rapper, kuma mai shirya rikodin. == Sana'a == Konishi ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Kiyoshi Kurosawa na 2006 ''mai suna Retribution'', wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Venice karo na 63. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=October 10, 2006 |title=Variety Reviews – Retribution – Film Reviews – Venice |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117931820/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a fim ɗin Hiroshi Ando na 2001 ''mai suna Blue'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Jasper |date=May 21, 2003 |title=Midnight Eye review: Blue |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/blue/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]]}}</ref> fim ɗin Katsuhiro Otomo na 2004 mai suna ''Steamboy'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mes |first=Tom |date=September 23, 2004 |title=Midnight Eye review: Steamboy |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/steamboy/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]]}}</ref> fim ɗin Junji Sakamoto na 2010 ''mai suna Strangers in the City'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Russell |date=November 8, 2010 |title=Variety Reviews – Strangers in the City – Film Reviews – Tokyo |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944015/ |website=Variety}}</ref> da fim ɗin Shinji Aoyama na 2011 mai suna ''Tokyo Park'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Neil |date=August 14, 2011 |title=Tokyo Park: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/tokyo-park-film-review-222932 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Fim === * ''Kuro'' (2001) * ''Shuɗi'' (2002) * ''Wasiku daga Duwatsu'' (2002) * ''Utsutsu'' (2002) * ''Bayside Shakedown 2'' (2003) * ''Steamboy'' (2004) * ''Jam Films S'' (2005) * ''Duk Game da Karena'' (2005) * ''Udon'' (2006) * ''Ƙwai na Mala'ika'' (2006) * ''Sakayya'' (2007) * ''Sweet Rain: Shinigami no Seido'' (2008) * ''Nonchan Noriben'' (2009) * ''Tumatir da Shizuku'' (2010) * ''Aibo II'' (2010) * ''Hakika Wata Rana'' (2010) * ''Saru Lock'' (2010) * ''Baƙi a Birni'' (2010) * ''Neman Saurayuwar Gaske'' (2011) * ''Filin shakatawa na Tokyo'' (2011) * ''Miyan: Umarekawari no Monogatari'' (2012) * ''Dare da Rana'' (2019) * ''Majo no Kōsui'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=魔女の香水 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98576/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> === Talabijin === * ''Drama D-yanayin Fukaku Mogure Hakkenden 2001'' (2000) * ''Su10!'' ''Nau'in Mu'ujizar Cocoriko'' (2001) * ''Shiroi Kage'' (2001) * ''Shin Hoshi No Kinka'' (2001) * ''Churasan'' (2001) * ''Tsohon: Seiyo Kotto Yogashi Ten'' (2001) * ''Hito ni Yasashiku'' (2002) * ''Baberu'' (2002) * ''Seikei Bijin'' (2002) * ''Tentai Kansoku'' (2002) * ''Churasan 2'' (2003) * ''Hotman'' (2003) * ''Boku dake no Madonna'' (2003) * ''Unmei ga Mieru Te'' (2003) * ''Renai Shousetsu'' (2004) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Wasan Wuta'' (2004) * ''Hotman '04: Musamman na bazara'' (2004) * ''Churasan 3'' (2004) * ''Kwanakin Orange'' (2004) * ''Ruri no Shima'' (2005) * ''Water Boys 2005 Natsu'' (2005) * ''Yara'' (2006) * ''Watashi no Atama no Naka no Keshigomu'' (2006) * ''Akechi Mitsuhide: Kami ni Aisarenakatta Otoko'' (2007) * ''Ruri no Shima: Special 2007'' (2007) * ''Kira Kira Kenshui'' (2007) * ''Pandora'' (2008) * ''Ashita no Kita Yoshio'' (2008) * ''Ariadne no Dangan'' (2011) * ''Matakin Uwargida'' (2012) * ''Rabin Sama Mai Shuɗi'' (2018) * ''Hiru'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=赤楚衛二と坂口健太郎主演「ヒル」に吉川愛、飯豊まりえ、柳俊太郎、板垣瑞生ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/455044 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=Natalie}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Tegami'' (2004) * ''27'' (2006) == Kundin Waƙoƙi == * "Ranar Rana" (2008) (kamar yadda Kazue Fujiki ya faɗa) * "Ga Mu Nan" (2018) == Kyaututtuka == * 2002: Kyautar Kinema Junpo - Sabon Jarumi * 2002: Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 45 - Sabon Jarumi * 2003: Kyautar Kwalejin Japan ta 26 - Sabon Jarumi * 2009: Kyautar Fina-finai ta Mainichi karo na 64 – Mafi Kyawun Jaruma ga ''Nonchan Noriben'' * 2009: Bikin Fina-finai na Yokohama karo na 31 – Mafi Kyawun Jaruma ga ''Nonchan Noriben'' <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:第３１回ヨコハマ映画祭 ２００９年日本映画個人 |url=http://homepage3.nifty.com/yokohama-eigasai/31-2009/31_2009_shou.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610063354/http://homepage3.nifty.com/yokohama-eigasai/31-2009/31_2009_shou.html |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2010 |publisher=Yokohama Film Festival |language=ja}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|www.konishimanami.com}} * {{IMDb name|0973370|Manami Konishi}} * 小西真奈美 at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese) * [http://www.fujikikazue.com/ Official website of Kazue Fujiki] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 6m1kjv7zy1plzfxpguzowj0a5x495pb 965500 965499 2026-10-09T22:15:08Z Baffa ali 47435 965500 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Manami Konishi , wanda kuma aka sani da KONI-TAN, yar wasan Japan ce, mawaƙi, marubuci, rapper, kuma mai shirya rikodin. == Sana'a == Konishi ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Kiyoshi Kurosawa na 2006 ''mai suna Retribution'', wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Venice karo na 63. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=October 10, 2006 |title=Variety Reviews – Retribution – Film Reviews – Venice |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117931820/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a fim ɗin Hiroshi Ando na 2001 ''mai suna Blue'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Jasper |date=May 21, 2003 |title=Midnight Eye review: Blue |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/blue/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]]}}</ref> fim ɗin Katsuhiro Otomo na 2004 mai suna ''Steamboy'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mes |first=Tom |date=September 23, 2004 |title=Midnight Eye review: Steamboy |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/steamboy/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]]}}</ref> fim ɗin Junji Sakamoto na 2010 ''mai suna Strangers in the City'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Russell |date=November 8, 2010 |title=Variety Reviews – Strangers in the City – Film Reviews – Tokyo |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944015/ |website=Variety}}</ref> da fim ɗin Shinji Aoyama na 2011 mai suna ''Tokyo Park'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Neil |date=August 14, 2011 |title=Tokyo Park: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/tokyo-park-film-review-222932 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Fim === * ''Kuro'' (2001) * ''Shuɗi'' (2002) * ''Wasiku daga Duwatsu'' (2002) * ''Utsutsu'' (2002) * ''Bayside Shakedown 2'' (2003) * ''Steamboy'' (2004) * ''Jam Films S'' (2005) * ''Duk Game da Karena'' (2005) * ''Udon'' (2006) * ''Ƙwai na Mala'ika'' (2006) * ''Sakayya'' (2007) * ''Sweet Rain: Shinigami no Seido'' (2008) * ''Nonchan Noriben'' (2009) * ''Tumatir da Shizuku'' (2010) * ''Aibo II'' (2010) * ''Hakika Wata Rana'' (2010) * ''Saru Lock'' (2010) * ''Baƙi a Birni'' (2010) * ''Neman Saurayuwar Gaske'' (2011) * ''Filin shakatawa na Tokyo'' (2011) * ''Miyan: Umarekawari no Monogatari'' (2012) * ''Dare da Rana'' (2019) * ''Majo no Kōsui'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=魔女の香水 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98576/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> === Talabijin === * ''Drama D-yanayin Fukaku Mogure Hakkenden 2001'' (2000) * ''Su10!'' ''Nau'in Mu'ujizar Cocoriko'' (2001) * ''Shiroi Kage'' (2001) * ''Shin Hoshi No Kinka'' (2001) * ''Churasan'' (2001) * ''Tsohon: Seiyo Kotto Yogashi Ten'' (2001) * ''Hito ni Yasashiku'' (2002) * ''Baberu'' (2002) * ''Seikei Bijin'' (2002) * ''Tentai Kansoku'' (2002) * ''Churasan 2'' (2003) * ''Hotman'' (2003) * ''Boku dake no Madonna'' (2003) * ''Unmei ga Mieru Te'' (2003) * ''Renai Shousetsu'' (2004) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Wasan Wuta'' (2004) * ''Hotman '04: Musamman na bazara'' (2004) * ''Churasan 3'' (2004) * ''Kwanakin Orange'' (2004) * ''Ruri no Shima'' (2005) * ''Water Boys 2005 Natsu'' (2005) * ''Yara'' (2006) * ''Watashi no Atama no Naka no Keshigomu'' (2006) * ''Akechi Mitsuhide: Kami ni Aisarenakatta Otoko'' (2007) * ''Ruri no Shima: Special 2007'' (2007) * ''Kira Kira Kenshui'' (2007) * ''Pandora'' (2008) * ''Ashita no Kita Yoshio'' (2008) * ''Ariadne no Dangan'' (2011) * ''Matakin Uwargida'' (2012) * ''Rabin Sama Mai Shuɗi'' (2018) * ''Hiru'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=赤楚衛二と坂口健太郎主演「ヒル」に吉川愛、飯豊まりえ、柳俊太郎、板垣瑞生ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/455044 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=Natalie}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Tegami'' (2004) * ''27'' (2006) == Kundin Waƙoƙi == * "Ranar Rana" (2008) (kamar yadda Kazue Fujiki ya faɗa) * "Ga Mu Nan" (2018) == Kyaututtuka == * 2002: Kyautar Kinema Junpo - Sabon Jarumi * 2002: Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 45 - Sabon Jarumi * 2003: Kyautar Kwalejin Japan ta 26 - Sabon Jarumi * 2009: Kyautar Fina-finai ta Mainichi karo na 64 – Mafi Kyawun Jaruma ga ''Nonchan Noriben'' * 2009: Bikin Fina-finai na Yokohama karo na 31 – Mafi Kyawun Jaruma ga ''Nonchan Noriben'' <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:第３１回ヨコハマ映画祭 ２００９年日本映画個人 |url=http://homepage3.nifty.com/yokohama-eigasai/31-2009/31_2009_shou.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610063354/http://homepage3.nifty.com/yokohama-eigasai/31-2009/31_2009_shou.html |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2010 |publisher=Yokohama Film Festival |language=ja}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|www.konishimanami.com}} * {{IMDb name|0973370|Manami Konishi}} * 小西真奈美 at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese) * [http://www.fujikikazue.com/ Official website of Kazue Fujiki] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 86orw88bkhuif9ei1fk4biq6a5vo3sn 965501 965500 2026-10-09T22:15:45Z Baffa ali 47435 965501 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Manami Konishi , wanda kuma aka sani da KONI-TAN, yar wasan Japan ce, mawaƙi, marubuci, rapper, kuma mai shirya rikodin. == Sana'a == Konishi ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Kiyoshi Kurosawa na 2006 ''mai suna Retribution'', wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-finai na Venice karo na 63. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=October 10, 2006 |title=Variety Reviews – Retribution – Film Reviews – Venice |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117931820/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a fim ɗin Hiroshi Ando na 2001 ''mai suna Blue'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharp |first=Jasper |date=May 21, 2003 |title=Midnight Eye review: Blue |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/blue/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]]}}</ref> fim ɗin Katsuhiro Otomo na 2004 mai suna ''Steamboy'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mes |first=Tom |date=September 23, 2004 |title=Midnight Eye review: Steamboy |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/reviews/steamboy/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]]}}</ref> fim ɗin Junji Sakamoto na 2010 ''mai suna Strangers in the City'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Russell |date=November 8, 2010 |title=Variety Reviews – Strangers in the City – Film Reviews – Tokyo |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944015/ |website=Variety}}</ref> da fim ɗin Shinji Aoyama na 2011 mai suna ''Tokyo Park'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Neil |date=August 14, 2011 |title=Tokyo Park: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/tokyo-park-film-review-222932 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Fim === * ''Kuro'' (2001) * ''Shuɗi'' (2002) * ''Wasiku daga Duwatsu'' (2002) * ''Utsutsu'' (2002) * ''Bayside Shakedown 2'' (2003) * ''Steamboy'' (2004) * ''Jam Films S'' (2005) * ''Duk Game da Karena'' (2005) * ''Udon'' (2006) * ''Ƙwai na Mala'ika'' (2006) * ''Sakayya'' (2007) * ''Sweet Rain: Shinigami no Seido'' (2008) * ''Nonchan Noriben'' (2009) * ''Tumatir da Shizuku'' (2010) * ''Aibo II'' (2010) * ''Hakika Wata Rana'' (2010) * ''Saru Lock'' (2010) * ''Baƙi a Birni'' (2010) * ''Neman Saurayuwar Gaske'' (2011) * ''Filin shakatawa na Tokyo'' (2011) * ''Miyan: Umarekawari no Monogatari'' (2012) * ''Dare da Rana'' (2019) * ''Majo no Kōsui'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=魔女の香水 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98576/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> === Talabijin === * ''Drama D-yanayin Fukaku Mogure Hakkenden 2001'' (2000) * ''Su10!'' ''Nau'in Mu'ujizar Cocoriko'' (2001) * ''Shiroi Kage'' (2001) * ''Shin Hoshi No Kinka'' (2001) * ''Churasan'' (2001) * ''Tsohon: Seiyo Kotto Yogashi Ten'' (2001) * ''Hito ni Yasashiku'' (2002) * ''Baberu'' (2002) * ''Seikei Bijin'' (2002) * ''Tentai Kansoku'' (2002) * ''Churasan 2'' (2003) * ''Hotman'' (2003) * ''Boku dake no Madonna'' (2003) * ''Unmei ga Mieru Te'' (2003) * ''Renai Shousetsu'' (2004) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Wasan Wuta'' (2004) * ''Hotman '04: Musamman na bazara'' (2004) * ''Churasan 3'' (2004) * ''Kwanakin Orange'' (2004) * ''Ruri no Shima'' (2005) * ''Water Boys 2005 Natsu'' (2005) * ''Yara'' (2006) * ''Watashi no Atama no Naka no Keshigomu'' (2006) * ''Akechi Mitsuhide: Kami ni Aisarenakatta Otoko'' (2007) * ''Ruri no Shima: Special 2007'' (2007) * ''Kira Kira Kenshui'' (2007) * ''Pandora'' (2008) * ''Ashita no Kita Yoshio'' (2008) * ''Ariadne no Dangan'' (2011) * ''Matakin Uwargida'' (2012) * ''Rabin Sama Mai Shuɗi'' (2018) * ''Hiru'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=赤楚衛二と坂口健太郎主演「ヒル」に吉川愛、飯豊まりえ、柳俊太郎、板垣瑞生ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/455044 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=Natalie}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Tegami'' (2004) * ''27'' (2006) == Kundin Waƙoƙi == * "Ranar Rana" (2008) (kamar yadda Kazue Fujiki ya faɗa) * "Ga Mu Nan" (2018) == Kyaututtuka == * 2002: Kyautar Kinema Junpo - Sabon Jarumi * 2002: Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 45 - Sabon Jarumi * 2003: Kyautar Kwalejin Japan ta 26 - Sabon Jarumi * 2009: Kyautar Fina-finai ta Mainichi karo na 64 – Mafi Kyawun Jaruma ga ''Nonchan Noriben'' * 2009: Bikin Fina-finai na Yokohama karo na 31 – Mafi Kyawun Jaruma ga ''Nonchan Noriben'' <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:第３１回ヨコハマ映画祭 ２００９年日本映画個人 |url=http://homepage3.nifty.com/yokohama-eigasai/31-2009/31_2009_shou.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610063354/http://homepage3.nifty.com/yokohama-eigasai/31-2009/31_2009_shou.html |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |access-date=December 11, 2010 |publisher=Yokohama Film Festival |language=ja}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|www.konishimanami.com}} * {{IMDb name|0973370|Manami Konishi}} * 小西真奈美 at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese) * [http://www.fujikikazue.com/ Official website of Kazue Fujiki] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] == Manazarta == 114rstferhtmqupka2jtqusgu1z5tp9 0 178751 965503 2026-10-09T22:26:08Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328277105|MRNA-based disease diagnosis]]" 965503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Workflow_of_Blood-based_mRNA_Tests_on_Cancers.svg|thumb|350x350px| Aikin gwajin mRNA na jini akan takamaiman cututtukan daji.]] Fasahar '''gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA''' hanyoyin gano cututtuka ne ta amfani da RNAs na manzo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Junhong |last2=Grosely |first2=Rosslyn |last3=Prabhakar |first3=Arjun |last4=Lapointe |first4=Christopher P. |last5=Wang |first5=Jinfan |last6=Puglisi |first6=Joseph D. |date=2018-06-20 |title=How Messenger RNA and Nascent Chain Sequences Regulate Translation Elongation |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=87 |pages=421–449 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014818 |issn=1545-4509 |pmc=6594189 |pmid=29925264}}</ref> a matsayin kayan aikin gano ƙwayoyin halitta don gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin DNA na majiyyaci da takamaiman siffofin halittunsu. An yi amfani da fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA a fannin likitanci sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman kan gano ciwace-ciwacen da wuri (kamar cutar kansar ƙwayoyin koda, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Xing |last2=Tian |first2=Feng |last3=Guo |first3=Fei |last4=Zhang |first4=Fangxing |last5=Zhang |first5=Huiyong |last6=Ji |first6=Jin |last7=Zhao |first7=Lin |last8=He |first8=Jingyi |last9=Xiao |first9=Yutian |last10=Li |first10=Longman |last11=Wei |first11=Chunmeng |last12=Huang |first12=Caihong |last13=Li |first13=Yexin |last14=Zhang |first14=Feng |last15=Yang |first15=Bo |date=2022-08-25 |title=Circulating exosomal mRNA signatures for the early diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=270 |doi=10.1186/s12916-022-02467-1 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=9404613 |pmid=36002886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> cutar kansar hanta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tsutsumi |first=M. |last2=Sakamuro |first2=D. |last3=Takada |first3=A. |last4=Zang |first4=S. |last5=Furukawa |first5=T. |last6=Taniguchi |first6=N. |date=May 1996 |title=Detection of a unique γ-glutamyl transpeptidase messenger RNA species closely related to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans: A new candidate for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/abstract/1996/05000/Detection_of_a_unique___glutamyl_transpeptidase.24.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=1093–1097 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230524 |issn=0270-9139 |pmid=8621139}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Omar |first=Haniza |last2=Lim |first2=Chun Ren |last3=Chao |first3=Samuel |last4=Lee |first4=Michelle Mei Lin |last5=Bong |first5=Chin Wei |last6=Ooi |first6=Edie Jian Jiek |last7=Yu |first7=Choon Geok |last8=Tan |first8=Soek Siam |last9=Abu Hassan |first9=Muhammad Radzi |last10=Menon |first10=Jayaram |last11=Muthukaruppan |first11=Raman |last12=Singh |first12=Mandeep |last13=Nik Abdullah |first13=Nik Azim |last14=Ooi |first14=Boon Phoe |last15=Ding |first15=Robert Phooi Huat |date=February 2015 |title=Blood gene signature for early hepatocellular carcinoma detection in patients with chronic hepatitis B |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000112 |issn=1539-2031 |pmid=25569223 |s2cid=20567541}}</ref> [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar nono]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Čelešnik |first=Helena |date=2023-02-08 |title=Blood-Based mRNA Tests as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for Personalised Medicine in Breast Cancer |journal=Cancers |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=1087 |doi=10.3390/cancers15041087 |pmc=9954278 |pmid=36831426 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da [[Ciwon daji na prostate|cutar kansar prostate]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Moul |first=Judd W. |last2=Merseburger |first2=Axel S. |last3=Srivastava |first3=Shiv |date=June 2002 |title=Molecular markers in prostate cancer: the role in preoperative staging |journal=Clinical Prostate Cancer |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |doi=10.3816/cgc.2002.n.006 |issn=1540-0352 |pmid=15046712}}</ref> ). Ana iya amfani da fasahar a nau'ikan samfura daban-daban dangane da yadda samfuran ke cikin sauƙin isa da kuma ko samfuran suna ɗauke da mRNA da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtuka. Misali, a cikin cutar kansar hanta, <ref name=":0" /> kyallen da aka cire a lokacin tiyatar suna da kyau ga gwajin mRNA don yin bincike. Daga cikin waɗannan samfuran da aka fi amfani da su, samfurin jini yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙin isa ta hanyar hanyar da ba ta da amfani sosai. cututtukan da ke lalata jiki. An yi amfani da jini wajen gano wasu cututtuka da wuri, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wurdinger |first=Thomas |last2=In 't Veld |first2=Sjors G. J. G. |last3=Best |first3=Myron G. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Platelet RNA as Pan-Tumor Biomarker for Cancer Detection |journal=Cancer Research |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1371–1373 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3684 |issn=1538-7445 |pmid=32075797 |s2cid=211215420}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imamura |first=Taisuke |last2=Komatsu |first2=Shuhei |last3=Ichikawa |first3=Daisuke |last4=Kawaguchi |first4=Tsutomu |last5=Miyamae |first5=Mahito |last6=Okajima |first6=Wataru |last7=Ohashi |first7=Takuma |last8=Arita |first8=Tomohiro |last9=Konishi |first9=Hirotaka |last10=Shiozaki |first10=Atsushi |last11=Morimura |first11=Ryo |last12=Ikoma |first12=Hisashi |last13=Okamoto |first13=Kazuma |last14=Otsuji |first14=Eigo |date=2016-07-07 |title=Liquid biopsy in patients with pancreatic cancer: Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=22 |issue=25 |pages=5627–5641 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5627 |issn=2219-2840 |pmc=4932201 |pmid=27433079 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamar ciwon huhu mara ƙanana <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotunno |first=Melissa |last2=Hu |first2=Nan |last3=Su |first3=Hua |last4=Wang |first4=Chaoyu |last5=Bertazzi |first5=Pier Alberto |last6=Caporaso |first6=Neil |last7=Taylor |first7=Phil R. |last8=Landi |first8=Maria Teresa |date=2012-10-20 |title=A blood-based gene expression signature of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jco.2012.30.30_suppl.69 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=30_suppl |page=69 |doi=10.1200/jco.2012.30.30_suppl.69 |issn=0732-183X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da ciwon daji na neuroendocrine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malczewska |first=Anna |last2=Bodei |first2=Lisa |last3=Kidd |first3=Mark |last4=Modlin |first4=Irvin M. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Blood mRNA Measurement (NETest) for Neuroendocrine Tumor Diagnosis of Image-Negative Liver Metastatic Disease |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=867–872 |doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01804 |issn=1945-7197 |pmid=30358858}}</ref> == Bayani == Duk da cewa maganin zamani ya daɗe yana bunƙasa, har yanzu muna fuskantar ƙalubale da dama na likitanci. Misali, a cikin ciwon nono, ana duba yanayin jiki guda uku na gargajiya akai-akai don maganin da aka yi niyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Targeted therapy for breast cancer |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/treatment/targeted-therapy |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Canadian Cancer Society |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, ga ciwon nono mai nau'i uku, babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun da za a iya ganowa wanda zai bar shi da mummunan hasashen da kuma yawan mace-mace. Ana amfani da fasahar zamani kamar mRNA don magance irin waɗannan matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya waɗanda har yanzu suke wanzuwa a yau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheung |first=Ka Wan Emily |last2=Choi |first2=Sin-Yu Rachel |last3=Lee |first3=Lok Ting Claire |last4=Lee |first4=Nga Lam Ella |last5=Tsang |first5=Hin Fung |last6=Cheng |first6=Yin Tung |last7=Cho |first7=William Chi Shing |last8=Wong |first8=Elaine Yue Ling |last9=Wong |first9=Sze Chuen Cesar |date=July 2019 |title=The potential of circulating cell free RNA as a biomarker in cancer |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=579–590 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2019.1633307 |issn=1744-8352 |pmid=31215265 |s2cid=195066095}}</ref> === Hanyoyi da aka saba amfani da su wajen gano cututtuka bisa ga mRNA === ; Jerin RNA (jerin RNA) : RNA-seq wata fasaha ce mai yawan amfani da RNA wadda ke ba masana kimiyya damar yin bayanin dukkan RNA ( transcriptome ). Saboda haka, za a iya gano sabbin rubuce-rubuce da matakin bayyana kwayoyin halitta bisa ga ɗakunan karatu na cDNA . Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don gano cutar kansa da kuma tantance magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nie |first=Yue-Hua |last2=Liu |first2=Xiao-Dan |last3=Huang |first3=Ruixue |last4=Xie |first4=Da-Fei |last5=Yin |first5=Wen-Jun |last6=Guan |first6=Hua |last7=Yu |first7=Zi-Jian |last8=Zhou |first8=Ping-Kun |date=2019 |title=Analysis of mRNA Expression Patterns in Peripheral Blood Cells of 3 Patients With Cancer After the First Fraction of 2 Gy Irradiation: An Integrated Case Report and Systematic Review |journal=Dose-Response |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/1559325819833474 |issn=1559-3258 |pmc=6393837 |pmid=30833875}}</ref> ; Juyawan rubutun polymerase sarkar amsawa (RT-PCR) : RT-PCR hanya ce ta gano mRNA da ake amfani da ita sosai. Yana ba da damar jujjuyawar mRNA zuwa cDNA don ƙarin ganewa da cancanta. A farkon shekarar 1992, an yi amfani da RT-PCR a cikin bayyanar kwayar halittar PSA a cikin jinin gefe don gano cutar kansa ta prostate da wuri. <ref name=":3" /> ; PCR na Dijital (dPCR) : dPCR hanya ce ta auna daidaiton ma'aunin farko na mRNA. Ana iya amfani da shi don nazarin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da na epigenetic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molnár |first=Béla |last2=Galamb |first2=Orsolya |last3=Kalmár |first3=Alexandra |last4=Barták |first4=Barbara Kinga |last5=Nagy |first5=Zsófia Brigitta |last6=Tóth |first6=Kinga |last7=Tulassay |first7=Zsolt |last8=Igaz |first8=Péter |last9=Dank |first9=Magdolna |date=June 2019 |title=Circulating cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis - an update |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=477–498 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2019.1613891 |issn=1744-8352 |pmid=31046485 |s2cid=143434977}}</ref> ; Haɗakarwa a cikin wuri (ISH) : ISH hanya ce ta gani ta hanyar amfani da nama don gano mRNA da aka yi niyya a cikin samfuran. "Nama" za a iya ɗaukar samfurin jini. A cikin cutar sankarar myeloid mai tsanani, an yi amfani da ISH a kan samfuran jini na gefe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Gouill |first=S. |last2=Talmant |first2=P. |last3=Milpied |first3=N. |last4=Daviet |first4=A. |last5=Ancelot |first5=M. |last6=Moreau |first6=P. |last7=Harousseau |first7=J. L. |last8=Bataille |first8=R. |last9=Avet-Loiseau |first9=H. |date=April 2000 |title=Fluorescence in situ hybridization on peripheral-blood specimens is a reliable method to evaluate cytogenetic response in chronic myeloid leukemia |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1533–1538 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2000.18.7.1533 |issn=0732-183X |pmid=10735902}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Za a iya taƙaita tsarin aikin gano cutar da aka yi da mRNA a matsayin matakai masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Katie |last2=McAneney |first2=Helen |last3=Smyth |first3=Laura J. |last4=Bailie |first4=Caitlin |last5=McKee |first5=Shane |last6=McKnight |first6=Amy Jayne |date=28 April 2020 |title=A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=107 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01376-x |issn=1750-1172 |pmc=7189570 |pmid=32345347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Mengjie |last2=Hussain |first2=Abid |last3=Yang |first3=Haiyin |last4=Zhang |first4=Jinchao |last5=Liang |first5=Xing-Jie |last6=Huang |first6=Yuanyu |date=1 January 2023 |title=mRNA-based modalities for infectious disease management |journal=Nano Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=672–691 |bibcode=2023NaRes..16..672Z |doi=10.1007/s12274-022-4627-5 |issn=1998-0000 |pmc=9258466 |pmid=35818566}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Katie |last2=McAneney |first2=Helen |last3=Smyth |first3=Laura J. |last4=Bailie |first4=Caitlin |last5=McKee |first5=Shane |last6=McKnight |first6=Amy Jayne |date=December 2020 |title=A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/180078/new-workflow-for-the-analysis-of-mrna-therapeutics/ |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=107 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01376-x |pmc=7189570 |pmid=32345347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Tarin samfurin cutar da aka yi niyya: Samfuran fasahar mRNA na iya zama [[jini]], [[fitsari]], al'adar ƙwayoyin halitta, biopsy na nama, wanke alveola na bronchial, yau, ruwan cerebrospinal . Babban ƙa'idar samun samfuran halitta don gano cututtukan da suka dogara da mRNA shine cewa samfuran sun dace, masu sauƙin isa, masu kiyayewa, masu ɗabi'a da kuma mafi ƙarancin cutarwa. Bugu da ƙari, don wani takamaiman bincike, ya kamata a tattara samfuran cikin wani lokaci don tabbatar da inganci da rage gurɓatattun abubuwa. # Sarrafa RNA: Wannan matakin ya haɗa da cire RNA, juyawar rubutu zuwa cDNA, faɗaɗawa da ganowa. Manufar sarrafa RNA ita ce a cancanta da kuma ƙididdige kwayoyin halittar da ake zargi don ƙarin bincike. # Binciken Bayanai: Bayan samun ingantattun bayanai daga matakin ƙarshe, za a yi amfani da fasahar bioinformatics don ƙarin nazarin bayanan. Akwai kayan aiki da software daban-daban don nazarin bayanai, gami da daidaita bayanai, nazarin ƙididdiga, da kuma yin samfuri. Manufar ita ce a zaɓi takamaiman kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran cututtuka da waɗanda ba na cututtuka ba. Waɗannan kwayoyin halittar da aka zaɓa za a iya gano su a matsayin alamun gano cututtuka don ƙarin tabbatarwa. # Tabbatar da alamar mRNA: Ana zaɓar alamun mRNA ta hanyar hanyoyin bioinformatic. Saboda haka, ya kamata a gwada su da samfuran gaske tare da gwaji mai inganci akan samfuran da aka gano na gaske tare da ganewar asibiti mai tsabta da tsabta. # Amfani da na'urar asibiti: Ana iya gudanar da hanyar ganewar asali ta mRNA don takamaiman cututtuka tare da wasu gwaje-gwajen asibiti don cimma cikakken kimantawa game da yanayin majiyyaci. Gwajin da aka yi bisa mRNA zai iya bai wa ma'aikatan lafiya fassarar matakan RNA da kuma taimakawa wajen samun ƙarin shawarwari kan magani. == Halaye == === Babban hankali === A ɗauki ciwon nono a matsayin misali. Jin daɗin gwajin duban nono na gargajiya na duban nono na iya kaiwa kashi 76%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Hai-long |last2=Zhou |first2=Jiao-qun |last3=Chen |first3=Qiang |last4=Deng |first4=Yong-chuan |date=2021-07-02 |title=Comparison of the sensitivity of mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and combinations of these imaging modalities for the detection of small (≤2 cm) breast cancer |journal=Medicine |language=en-US |volume=100 |issue=26 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000026531 |pmc=8257894 |pmid=34190189}}</ref> Duk da yake ana amfani da hanyar gano mRNA ta jini, ƙarfin ji zai iya kaiwa kashi 80.6%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aarøe |first=Jørgen |last2=Lindahl |first2=Torbjørn |date=2010 |title=Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood cells for early detection of breast cancer |journal=Breast Cancer Res |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=R7 |doi=10.1186/bcr2472 |pmc=2880427 |pmid=20078854 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ma'aunin cancanta da adadi === Fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA tana ba da damar auna mRNA a cikin wasu samfuran, kamar cutar sankarar bargo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gabert |first=J. |last2=Beillard |first2=E. |last3=van der Velden |first3=V. H. J. |last4=Bi |first4=W. |last5=Grimwade |first5=D. |last6=Pallisgaard |first6=N. |last7=Barbany |first7=G. |last8=Cazzaniga |first8=G. |last9=Cayuela |first9=J. M. |last10=Cavé |first10=H. |last11=Pane |first11=F. |last12=Aerts |first12=J. L. E. |last13=De Micheli |first13=D. |last14=Thirion |first14=X. |last15=Pradel |first15=V. |date=December 2003 |title=Standardization and quality control studies of 'real-time' quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fusion gene transcripts for residual disease detection in leukemia - a Europe Against Cancer program |journal=Leukemia |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=2318–2357 |doi=10.1038/sj.leu.2403135 |issn=0887-6924 |pmid=14562125 |s2cid=8961807}}</ref> === Jagorar maganin da aka keɓance === Kamar yadda wasu fasahohi kamar RNA-seq za su iya samar da cikakken bayanin mutum, ana iya haɓaka ganewar cutar da ta dogara da mRNA a fannin likitanci na musamman. A cikin ciwon nono na HER-2, gano matakan bayyanar mRNA na ERBB2 yana da amfani wajen hasashen martanin da za a bayar ga magungunan da ke ɗauke da HER2. === Hanyar gano cutar da kuma hasashenta da wuri === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi da mRNA ta fi saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka kuma ta keɓance ga wasu cututtuka. Ko da yake babu wata alama da ke bayyana, fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi da mRNA na iya zama hanyar tantancewa don canje-canjen farko a matakan RNA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Mark |date=2008 |title=Novel blood-based, five-gene biomarker set for the detection of colorectal cancer |journal=Clin Cancer Res |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1801 |pmid=18203981}}</ref> An lura da yawan bayyanar mRNA na metadherin a cikin jini a cikin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji na hanji]] kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin bambance-bambancen matakan histological <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdel Ghafar |first=Muhammad Tarek |last2=Gharib |first2=Fatma |last3=Abdel-Salam |first3=Sherief |last4=Elkhouly |first4=Reham Abdelkader |last5=Elshora |first5=Ahmed |last6=Shalaby |first6=Khaled H. |last7=El-Guindy |first7=Dina |last8=El-Rashidy |first8=Mohamed Ali |last9=Soliman |first9=Nema A. |last10=Abu-elenin |first10=Mira Maged |last11=Allam |first11=Alzahraa A. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Role of serum Metadherin mRNA expression in the diagnosis and prediction of survival in patients with colorectal cancer |journal=Molecular Biology Reports |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=2509–2519 |doi=10.1007/s11033-020-05334-5 |issn=1573-4978 |pmid=32088817 |s2cid=211234528}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0u6k5qza6ofaw9s74x566vmxmavrvz9 965505 965503 2026-10-09T22:27:36Z Baffa ali 47435 965505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Workflow_of_Blood-based_mRNA_Tests_on_Cancers.svg|thumb|350x350px| Aikin gwajin mRNA na jini akan takamaiman cututtukan daji.]] Fasahar '''gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA''' hanyoyin gano cututtuka ne ta amfani da RNAs na manzo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Junhong |last2=Grosely |first2=Rosslyn |last3=Prabhakar |first3=Arjun |last4=Lapointe |first4=Christopher P. |last5=Wang |first5=Jinfan |last6=Puglisi |first6=Joseph D. |date=2018-06-20 |title=How Messenger RNA and Nascent Chain Sequences Regulate Translation Elongation |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=87 |pages=421–449 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014818 |issn=1545-4509 |pmc=6594189 |pmid=29925264}}</ref> a matsayin kayan aikin gano ƙwayoyin halitta don gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin DNA na majiyyaci da takamaiman siffofin halittunsu. An yi amfani da fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA a fannin likitanci sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman kan gano ciwace-ciwacen da wuri (kamar cutar kansar ƙwayoyin koda, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Xing |last2=Tian |first2=Feng |last3=Guo |first3=Fei |last4=Zhang |first4=Fangxing |last5=Zhang |first5=Huiyong |last6=Ji |first6=Jin |last7=Zhao |first7=Lin |last8=He |first8=Jingyi |last9=Xiao |first9=Yutian |last10=Li |first10=Longman |last11=Wei |first11=Chunmeng |last12=Huang |first12=Caihong |last13=Li |first13=Yexin |last14=Zhang |first14=Feng |last15=Yang |first15=Bo |date=2022-08-25 |title=Circulating exosomal mRNA signatures for the early diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=270 |doi=10.1186/s12916-022-02467-1 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=9404613 |pmid=36002886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> cutar kansar hanta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tsutsumi |first=M. |last2=Sakamuro |first2=D. |last3=Takada |first3=A. |last4=Zang |first4=S. |last5=Furukawa |first5=T. |last6=Taniguchi |first6=N. |date=May 1996 |title=Detection of a unique γ-glutamyl transpeptidase messenger RNA species closely related to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans: A new candidate for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/abstract/1996/05000/Detection_of_a_unique___glutamyl_transpeptidase.24.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=1093–1097 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230524 |issn=0270-9139 |pmid=8621139}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Omar |first=Haniza |last2=Lim |first2=Chun Ren |last3=Chao |first3=Samuel |last4=Lee |first4=Michelle Mei Lin |last5=Bong |first5=Chin Wei |last6=Ooi |first6=Edie Jian Jiek |last7=Yu |first7=Choon Geok |last8=Tan |first8=Soek Siam |last9=Abu Hassan |first9=Muhammad Radzi |last10=Menon |first10=Jayaram |last11=Muthukaruppan |first11=Raman |last12=Singh |first12=Mandeep |last13=Nik Abdullah |first13=Nik Azim |last14=Ooi |first14=Boon Phoe |last15=Ding |first15=Robert Phooi Huat |date=February 2015 |title=Blood gene signature for early hepatocellular carcinoma detection in patients with chronic hepatitis B |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=150–157 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000112 |issn=1539-2031 |pmid=25569223 |s2cid=20567541}}</ref> [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar nono]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Čelešnik |first=Helena |date=2023-02-08 |title=Blood-Based mRNA Tests as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for Personalised Medicine in Breast Cancer |journal=Cancers |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=1087 |doi=10.3390/cancers15041087 |pmc=9954278 |pmid=36831426 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da [[Ciwon daji na prostate|cutar kansar prostate]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Moul |first=Judd W. |last2=Merseburger |first2=Axel S. |last3=Srivastava |first3=Shiv |date=June 2002 |title=Molecular markers in prostate cancer: the role in preoperative staging |journal=Clinical Prostate Cancer |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |doi=10.3816/cgc.2002.n.006 |issn=1540-0352 |pmid=15046712}}</ref> ). Ana iya amfani da fasahar a nau'ikan samfura daban-daban dangane da yadda samfuran ke cikin sauƙin isa da kuma ko samfuran suna ɗauke da mRNA da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtuka. Misali, a cikin cutar kansar hanta, <ref name=":0" /> kyallen da aka cire a lokacin tiyatar suna da kyau ga gwajin mRNA don yin bincike. Daga cikin waɗannan samfuran da aka fi amfani da su, samfurin jini yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙin isa ta hanyar hanyar da ba ta da amfani sosai. cututtukan da ke lalata jiki. An yi amfani da jini wajen gano wasu cututtuka da wuri, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wurdinger |first=Thomas |last2=In 't Veld |first2=Sjors G. J. G. |last3=Best |first3=Myron G. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Platelet RNA as Pan-Tumor Biomarker for Cancer Detection |journal=Cancer Research |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1371–1373 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3684 |issn=1538-7445 |pmid=32075797 |s2cid=211215420}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imamura |first=Taisuke |last2=Komatsu |first2=Shuhei |last3=Ichikawa |first3=Daisuke |last4=Kawaguchi |first4=Tsutomu |last5=Miyamae |first5=Mahito |last6=Okajima |first6=Wataru |last7=Ohashi |first7=Takuma |last8=Arita |first8=Tomohiro |last9=Konishi |first9=Hirotaka |last10=Shiozaki |first10=Atsushi |last11=Morimura |first11=Ryo |last12=Ikoma |first12=Hisashi |last13=Okamoto |first13=Kazuma |last14=Otsuji |first14=Eigo |date=2016-07-07 |title=Liquid biopsy in patients with pancreatic cancer: Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=22 |issue=25 |pages=5627–5641 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5627 |issn=2219-2840 |pmc=4932201 |pmid=27433079 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamar ciwon huhu mara ƙanana <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotunno |first=Melissa |last2=Hu |first2=Nan |last3=Su |first3=Hua |last4=Wang |first4=Chaoyu |last5=Bertazzi |first5=Pier Alberto |last6=Caporaso |first6=Neil |last7=Taylor |first7=Phil R. |last8=Landi |first8=Maria Teresa |date=2012-10-20 |title=A blood-based gene expression signature of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jco.2012.30.30_suppl.69 |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=30_suppl |page=69 |doi=10.1200/jco.2012.30.30_suppl.69 |issn=0732-183X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da ciwon daji na neuroendocrine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malczewska |first=Anna |last2=Bodei |first2=Lisa |last3=Kidd |first3=Mark |last4=Modlin |first4=Irvin M. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Blood mRNA Measurement (NETest) for Neuroendocrine Tumor Diagnosis of Image-Negative Liver Metastatic Disease |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=867–872 |doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01804 |issn=1945-7197 |pmid=30358858}}</ref> == Bayani == Duk da cewa maganin zamani ya daɗe yana bunƙasa, har yanzu muna fuskantar ƙalubale da dama na likitanci. Misali, a cikin ciwon nono, ana duba yanayin jiki guda uku na gargajiya akai-akai don maganin da aka yi niyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Targeted therapy for breast cancer |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/treatment/targeted-therapy |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Canadian Cancer Society |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, ga ciwon nono mai nau'i uku, babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun da za a iya ganowa wanda zai bar shi da mummunan hasashen da kuma yawan mace-mace. Ana amfani da fasahar zamani kamar mRNA don magance irin waɗannan matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya waɗanda har yanzu suke wanzuwa a yau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheung |first=Ka Wan Emily |last2=Choi |first2=Sin-Yu Rachel |last3=Lee |first3=Lok Ting Claire |last4=Lee |first4=Nga Lam Ella |last5=Tsang |first5=Hin Fung |last6=Cheng |first6=Yin Tung |last7=Cho |first7=William Chi Shing |last8=Wong |first8=Elaine Yue Ling |last9=Wong |first9=Sze Chuen Cesar |date=July 2019 |title=The potential of circulating cell free RNA as a biomarker in cancer |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=579–590 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2019.1633307 |issn=1744-8352 |pmid=31215265 |s2cid=195066095}}</ref> === Hanyoyi da aka saba amfani da su wajen gano cututtuka bisa ga mRNA === ; Jerin RNA (jerin RNA) : RNA-seq wata fasaha ce mai yawan amfani da RNA wadda ke ba masana kimiyya damar yin bayanin dukkan RNA ( transcriptome ). Saboda haka, za a iya gano sabbin rubuce-rubuce da matakin bayyana kwayoyin halitta bisa ga ɗakunan karatu na cDNA . Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don gano cutar kansa da kuma tantance magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nie |first=Yue-Hua |last2=Liu |first2=Xiao-Dan |last3=Huang |first3=Ruixue |last4=Xie |first4=Da-Fei |last5=Yin |first5=Wen-Jun |last6=Guan |first6=Hua |last7=Yu |first7=Zi-Jian |last8=Zhou |first8=Ping-Kun |date=2019 |title=Analysis of mRNA Expression Patterns in Peripheral Blood Cells of 3 Patients With Cancer After the First Fraction of 2 Gy Irradiation: An Integrated Case Report and Systematic Review |journal=Dose-Response |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/1559325819833474 |issn=1559-3258 |pmc=6393837 |pmid=30833875}}</ref> ; Juyawan rubutun polymerase sarkar amsawa (RT-PCR) : RT-PCR hanya ce ta gano mRNA da ake amfani da ita sosai. Yana ba da damar jujjuyawar mRNA zuwa cDNA don ƙarin ganewa da cancanta. A farkon shekarar 1992, an yi amfani da RT-PCR a cikin bayyanar kwayar halittar PSA a cikin jinin gefe don gano cutar kansa ta prostate da wuri. <ref name=":3" /> ; PCR na Dijital (dPCR) : dPCR hanya ce ta auna daidaiton ma'aunin farko na mRNA. Ana iya amfani da shi don nazarin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da na epigenetic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molnár |first=Béla |last2=Galamb |first2=Orsolya |last3=Kalmár |first3=Alexandra |last4=Barták |first4=Barbara Kinga |last5=Nagy |first5=Zsófia Brigitta |last6=Tóth |first6=Kinga |last7=Tulassay |first7=Zsolt |last8=Igaz |first8=Péter |last9=Dank |first9=Magdolna |date=June 2019 |title=Circulating cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis - an update |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=477–498 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2019.1613891 |issn=1744-8352 |pmid=31046485 |s2cid=143434977}}</ref> ; Haɗakarwa a cikin wuri (ISH) : ISH hanya ce ta gani ta hanyar amfani da nama don gano mRNA da aka yi niyya a cikin samfuran. "Nama" za a iya ɗaukar samfurin jini. A cikin cutar sankarar myeloid mai tsanani, an yi amfani da ISH a kan samfuran jini na gefe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Gouill |first=S. |last2=Talmant |first2=P. |last3=Milpied |first3=N. |last4=Daviet |first4=A. |last5=Ancelot |first5=M. |last6=Moreau |first6=P. |last7=Harousseau |first7=J. L. |last8=Bataille |first8=R. |last9=Avet-Loiseau |first9=H. |date=April 2000 |title=Fluorescence in situ hybridization on peripheral-blood specimens is a reliable method to evaluate cytogenetic response in chronic myeloid leukemia |journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1533–1538 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2000.18.7.1533 |issn=0732-183X |pmid=10735902}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Za a iya taƙaita tsarin aikin gano cutar da aka yi da mRNA a matsayin matakai masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Katie |last2=McAneney |first2=Helen |last3=Smyth |first3=Laura J. |last4=Bailie |first4=Caitlin |last5=McKee |first5=Shane |last6=McKnight |first6=Amy Jayne |date=28 April 2020 |title=A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=107 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01376-x |issn=1750-1172 |pmc=7189570 |pmid=32345347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Mengjie |last2=Hussain |first2=Abid |last3=Yang |first3=Haiyin |last4=Zhang |first4=Jinchao |last5=Liang |first5=Xing-Jie |last6=Huang |first6=Yuanyu |date=1 January 2023 |title=mRNA-based modalities for infectious disease management |journal=Nano Research |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=672–691 |bibcode=2023NaRes..16..672Z |doi=10.1007/s12274-022-4627-5 |issn=1998-0000 |pmc=9258466 |pmid=35818566}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Katie |last2=McAneney |first2=Helen |last3=Smyth |first3=Laura J. |last4=Bailie |first4=Caitlin |last5=McKee |first5=Shane |last6=McKnight |first6=Amy Jayne |date=December 2020 |title=A scoping review and proposed workflow for multi-omic rare disease research |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/180078/new-workflow-for-the-analysis-of-mrna-therapeutics/ |journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=107 |doi=10.1186/s13023-020-01376-x |pmc=7189570 |pmid=32345347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Tarin samfurin cutar da aka yi niyya: Samfuran fasahar mRNA na iya zama [[jini]], [[fitsari]], al'adar ƙwayoyin halitta, biopsy na nama, wanke alveola na bronchial, yau, ruwan cerebrospinal . Babban ƙa'idar samun samfuran halitta don gano cututtukan da suka dogara da mRNA shine cewa samfuran sun dace, masu sauƙin isa, masu kiyayewa, masu ɗabi'a da kuma mafi ƙarancin cutarwa. Bugu da ƙari, don wani takamaiman bincike, ya kamata a tattara samfuran cikin wani lokaci don tabbatar da inganci da rage gurɓatattun abubuwa. # Sarrafa RNA: Wannan matakin ya haɗa da cire RNA, juyawar rubutu zuwa cDNA, faɗaɗawa da ganowa. Manufar sarrafa RNA ita ce a cancanta da kuma ƙididdige kwayoyin halittar da ake zargi don ƙarin bincike. # Binciken Bayanai: Bayan samun ingantattun bayanai daga matakin ƙarshe, za a yi amfani da fasahar bioinformatics don ƙarin nazarin bayanan. Akwai kayan aiki da software daban-daban don nazarin bayanai, gami da daidaita bayanai, nazarin ƙididdiga, da kuma yin samfuri. Manufar ita ce a zaɓi takamaiman kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran cututtuka da waɗanda ba na cututtuka ba. Waɗannan kwayoyin halittar da aka zaɓa za a iya gano su a matsayin alamun gano cututtuka don ƙarin tabbatarwa. # Tabbatar da alamar mRNA: Ana zaɓar alamun mRNA ta hanyar hanyoyin bioinformatic. Saboda haka, ya kamata a gwada su da samfuran gaske tare da gwaji mai inganci akan samfuran da aka gano na gaske tare da ganewar asibiti mai tsabta da tsabta. # Amfani da na'urar asibiti: Ana iya gudanar da hanyar ganewar asali ta mRNA don takamaiman cututtuka tare da wasu gwaje-gwajen asibiti don cimma cikakken kimantawa game da yanayin majiyyaci. Gwajin da aka yi bisa mRNA zai iya bai wa ma'aikatan lafiya fassarar matakan RNA da kuma taimakawa wajen samun ƙarin shawarwari kan magani. == Halaye == === Babban hankali === A ɗauki ciwon nono a matsayin misali. Jin daɗin gwajin duban nono na gargajiya na duban nono na iya kaiwa kashi 76%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Hai-long |last2=Zhou |first2=Jiao-qun |last3=Chen |first3=Qiang |last4=Deng |first4=Yong-chuan |date=2021-07-02 |title=Comparison of the sensitivity of mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and combinations of these imaging modalities for the detection of small (≤2 cm) breast cancer |journal=Medicine |language=en-US |volume=100 |issue=26 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000026531 |pmc=8257894 |pmid=34190189}}</ref> Duk da yake ana amfani da hanyar gano mRNA ta jini, ƙarfin ji zai iya kaiwa kashi 80.6%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aarøe |first=Jørgen |last2=Lindahl |first2=Torbjørn |date=2010 |title=Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood cells for early detection of breast cancer |journal=Breast Cancer Res |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=R7 |doi=10.1186/bcr2472 |pmc=2880427 |pmid=20078854 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ma'aunin cancanta da adadi === Fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar mRNA tana ba da damar auna mRNA a cikin wasu samfuran, kamar cutar sankarar bargo <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gabert |first=J. |last2=Beillard |first2=E. |last3=van der Velden |first3=V. H. J. |last4=Bi |first4=W. |last5=Grimwade |first5=D. |last6=Pallisgaard |first6=N. |last7=Barbany |first7=G. |last8=Cazzaniga |first8=G. |last9=Cayuela |first9=J. M. |last10=Cavé |first10=H. |last11=Pane |first11=F. |last12=Aerts |first12=J. L. E. |last13=De Micheli |first13=D. |last14=Thirion |first14=X. |last15=Pradel |first15=V. |date=December 2003 |title=Standardization and quality control studies of 'real-time' quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fusion gene transcripts for residual disease detection in leukemia - a Europe Against Cancer program |journal=Leukemia |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=2318–2357 |doi=10.1038/sj.leu.2403135 |issn=0887-6924 |pmid=14562125 |s2cid=8961807}}</ref> === Jagorar maganin da aka keɓance === Kamar yadda wasu fasahohi kamar RNA-seq za su iya samar da cikakken bayanin mutum, ana iya haɓaka ganewar cutar da ta dogara da mRNA a fannin likitanci na musamman. A cikin ciwon nono na HER-2, gano matakan bayyanar mRNA na ERBB2 yana da amfani wajen hasashen martanin da za a bayar ga magungunan da ke ɗauke da HER2. === Hanyar gano cutar da kuma hasashenta da wuri === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi da mRNA ta fi saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka kuma ta keɓance ga wasu cututtuka. Ko da yake babu wata alama da ke bayyana, fasahar gano cututtuka da aka yi da mRNA na iya zama hanyar tantancewa don canje-canjen farko a matakan RNA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Mark |date=2008 |title=Novel blood-based, five-gene biomarker set for the detection of colorectal cancer |journal=Clin Cancer Res |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1801 |pmid=18203981}}</ref> An lura da yawan bayyanar mRNA na metadherin a cikin jini a cikin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji na hanji]] kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin bambance-bambancen matakan histological <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdel Ghafar |first=Muhammad Tarek |last2=Gharib |first2=Fatma |last3=Abdel-Salam |first3=Sherief |last4=Elkhouly |first4=Reham Abdelkader |last5=Elshora |first5=Ahmed |last6=Shalaby |first6=Khaled H. |last7=El-Guindy |first7=Dina |last8=El-Rashidy |first8=Mohamed Ali |last9=Soliman |first9=Nema A. |last10=Abu-elenin |first10=Mira Maged |last11=Allam |first11=Alzahraa A. |date=2020-04-01 |title=Role of serum Metadherin mRNA expression in the diagnosis and prediction of survival in patients with colorectal cancer |journal=Molecular Biology Reports |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=2509–2519 |doi=10.1007/s11033-020-05334-5 |issn=1573-4978 |pmid=32088817 |s2cid=211234528}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6dqcc4nve34ppsadm9harppqduvhzkx 0 178752 965511 2026-10-09T22:39:26Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347288209|Apodemus uralensis cimrmani]]" 965511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Apodemus uralensis cimrmani''''', wanda aka fi sani da Cimrman Ural field bear, wani nau'in bear ne mai wahalar samu a Ural field bear wanda ake samu ne kawai a garin Žatec da ke yankin Ústí nad Labem, [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . Ita ce kawai nau'in halittu masu ƙashin baya da ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Czech. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animals and Plants Unique to the Czech Republic |url=https://lntreasures.com/czech.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=lntreasures.com}}</ref> == Tsarin Haraji == Linzamin filin pygmy ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana wakiltar wani nau'in nau'in halitta daban-daban wanda Vladimír Vohralík ya fara bayyana a hukumance a shekara ta 2002. An yi wannan lakabin nau'in bayan cikakken bincike kan samfuran ƙwayoyin mujiya da aka tattara tsakanin 1974-1981 a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, sannan aka sake kama samfuran da ke raye don tabbatar da binciken farko. Tarihin tsarin beraye na filin pygmy ya kasance mai rikitarwa, inda aka gabatar da sunaye daban-daban [[Harshen Latin|na Latin]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Kafin a bayyana wannan nau'in, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban na kimiyya ga beraye masu siffar pygmy a faɗin Tsakiyar Turai, ciki har da ''Apodemus uralens'' (Pallas, 1811), ''A.&nbsp;masallacinsis'' (Ognev, 1913), ''A.&nbsp;ciscaucasicus'' (Ognev, 1924), da ''A.&nbsp;volhynensis'' (Migulin, 1938). Sunan ''A.&nbsp;microps'', wanda Kratochvíl da Rosický suka fara kafawa a shekarar 1952, an saba amfani da shi ga al'ummar Tsakiyar Turai. Abin da ya sa ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''Bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan al'ummar Bohemian da ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar da sauran al'ummar ''A.'' yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fannin tsarin ''tariffs.&nbsp;''yawan ''microps'' . Binciken kididdiga ya nuna cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Binciken ayyukan da aka bambanta ya raba al'umma cikin nasara tare da daidaiton rarrabuwa na 99.1% ga ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''samfuran ''cimrmani'' da kashi 94.4% na samfuran daga wasu yankuna. Sunan nau'in ''cimrmani'' yana girmama Jára Cimrman, wani sanannen mutum ɗan ƙasar Czech mai ban mamaki wanda aka nuna a matsayin mai ƙirƙira, matafiyi, kuma fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tun farkon ƙarni na 20 wanda ya zama sanannen shahararren al'adu a Jamhuriyar Czech. == Bayani == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' ƙaramin beraye ne a cikin dangin berayen itace, wanda aka bambanta shi da takamaiman siffofi na zahiri waɗanda suka bambanta shi da sauran al'ummomi masu alaƙa. Wannan nau'in halittar yana da ƙanƙanta sosai, har ma a tsakanin beraye masu launin pygmy. Linzamin yana da jikin samansa mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a tsakiyar kansa. Gefen sa kuma launin ruwan kasa ne, yayin da cikinsa launin toka mai haske ne. Ana iya ganin layi mai bambanci inda ɓangarorin da suka fi duhu suka haɗu da cikin mai haske. Wasu mutane na iya nuna ƙaramin tabo mai launin rawaya a ƙirjinsu, kodayake wannan siffa ta bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran - tana bayyana a sarari a cikin wasu beraye, ba a iya ganin ta a wasu ba, kuma ba ta nan gaba ɗaya a cikin da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bambanta shi ne halayen haƙoransa. Haƙoransa masu niƙa ( haƙora ) sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda ake samu a cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da su, tare da layin farko na sama na haƙora yana tsakanin 2.90–3.50&nbsp;mm. A halin yanzu, yana da dogayen ramuka na palatal (wanda ake kira ''foramina incisiva'' ) wanda ke auna 4.3–5.4&nbsp;mm. Waɗannan ramukan ƙananan ramuka ne a rufin baki waɗanda ke haɗa ramukan baki da hanci a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa. Bera yana da ƙananan kunnuwa da ƙananan ƙafafun baya, na biyun yana da girman 17.3-18.6 kawai.&nbsp;tsawon mm. Babban mutum na yau da kullun yana da nauyin kimanin gram 12-15.5, tsawon jikinsa kuma yana tsakanin gram 70-87.&nbsp;mm (ba tare da wutsiya ba), da tsawon wutsiya na kimanin 66-77&nbsp;mm. Tsarin kwayoyin halittar wannan linzamin kwamfuta ya ƙunshi chromosomes 48 (2 ''n'' = 48). Lokacin da masu bincike suka kwatanta wannan nau'in da sauran beraye masu siffar pygmy, sun gano cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen jiki sun kasance iri ɗaya a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin shekaru ba wai kawai sakamakon binciken samfuran shekaru daban-daban ba. == Mazauni da rarrabawa == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana zaune a wani ƙaramin yanki mai keɓewa a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, a tsakiyar garin Žatec. Wannan al'umma tana da fadin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 25 da nisan kilomita 20, wanda ke da iyaka da siffofi na yanayi: tsaunukan Doupovské hory a yamma, da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka na Babban Titin Rakovnická pahorkatina a kudu da kudu maso gabas, da kuma wataƙila Kogin Ohře a arewa. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da wani yanki na musamman na muhalli wanda ke da yanayin ƙasa mai faɗi, noma mai ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wurin zama nata ya ƙunshi gefunan fili da kuma gefen da aka rufe da ciyawa da ciyayi daban-daban. Waɗannan yankuna galibi gona ne, ana noma su sosai, hatsi da kuma beetroot na sukari sune manyan amfanin gona. Tsawon tsayin wannan bera yana da ɗan ƙarami, yawanci tsakanin mita 220-300 sama da matakin teku, tare da wuri ɗaya kawai da aka rubuta ( Mašťov ) wanda ya kai mita 375. Wannan yanki yana fuskantar yanayi busasshe sosai tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ƙasa da 450 mm a cikin tsakiyar yankuna kuma tsakanin 450-500 mm a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Yanayi yana da sanyin hunturu mai sauƙi da kuma lokacin zafi mai zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata a Podbořany (yankin da ke da asali) na −2.5 °C a watan Janairu, 17.8°C a watan Yuli, da kuma 7.7°C a watan Oktoba, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara na 7.8°C. Tsarin ƙasa a ko'ina cikin mazaunin yana da yawa baƙi ko launin ruwan kasa, mai zurfi da kuma wadata, wanda ke tallafawa yawan amfanin gona da ke nuna yanayin yankin. Yawancin yankin ya ƙunshi manyan filayen buɗaɗɗe waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wannan al'umma da aka ware tana da nisa da sauran nau'ikan beraye da aka sani na filin pygmy, waɗanda suka rabu da kimanin 190.&nbsp;km daga mafi kusa da yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Poland da kuma 230&nbsp;kilomita daga kudancin Moravian. Asalin wannan al'umma da aka ware har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba, tare da yiwuwar bayani da suka haɗa da ƙaura mai nisa, faruwar wani abu na tarihi (rayuwa a wannan yanki yayin da take ɓacewa daga yankunan da ke kewaye), ko kuma keɓewa tun lokacin [[Lokacin Boreal|Boreal]] (kimanin shekaru 9,000 zuwa 7,500 da suka wuce). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ftdv356ftxkdp0n2h6cokjv2hue6ml 965513 965511 2026-10-09T22:41:21Z Baffa ali 47435 965513 wikitext text/x-wiki {Databox}} '''''Apodemus uralensis cimrmani''''', wanda aka fi sani da Cimrman Ural field bear, wani nau'in bear ne mai wahalar samu a Ural field bear wanda ake samu ne kawai a garin Žatec da ke yankin Ústí nad Labem, [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . Ita ce kawai nau'in halittu masu ƙashin baya da ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Czech. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animals and Plants Unique to the Czech Republic |url=https://lntreasures.com/czech.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=lntreasures.com}}</ref> == Tsarin Haraji == Linzamin filin pygmy ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana wakiltar wani nau'in nau'in halitta daban-daban wanda Vladimír Vohralík ya fara bayyana a hukumance a shekara ta 2002. An yi wannan lakabin nau'in bayan cikakken bincike kan samfuran ƙwayoyin mujiya da aka tattara tsakanin 1974-1981 a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, sannan aka sake kama samfuran da ke raye don tabbatar da binciken farko. Tarihin tsarin beraye na filin pygmy ya kasance mai rikitarwa, inda aka gabatar da sunaye daban-daban [[Harshen Latin|na Latin]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Kafin a bayyana wannan nau'in, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban na kimiyya ga beraye masu siffar pygmy a faɗin Tsakiyar Turai, ciki har da ''Apodemus uralens'' (Pallas, 1811), ''A.&nbsp;masallacinsis'' (Ognev, 1913), ''A.&nbsp;ciscaucasicus'' (Ognev, 1924), da ''A.&nbsp;volhynensis'' (Migulin, 1938). Sunan ''A.&nbsp;microps'', wanda Kratochvíl da Rosický suka fara kafawa a shekarar 1952, an saba amfani da shi ga al'ummar Tsakiyar Turai. Abin da ya sa ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''Bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan al'ummar Bohemian da ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar da sauran al'ummar ''A.'' yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fannin tsarin ''tariffs.&nbsp;''yawan ''microps'' . Binciken kididdiga ya nuna cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Binciken ayyukan da aka bambanta ya raba al'umma cikin nasara tare da daidaiton rarrabuwa na 99.1% ga ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''samfuran ''cimrmani'' da kashi 94.4% na samfuran daga wasu yankuna. Sunan nau'in ''cimrmani'' yana girmama Jára Cimrman, wani sanannen mutum ɗan ƙasar Czech mai ban mamaki wanda aka nuna a matsayin mai ƙirƙira, matafiyi, kuma fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tun farkon ƙarni na 20 wanda ya zama sanannen shahararren al'adu a Jamhuriyar Czech. == Bayani == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' ƙaramin beraye ne a cikin dangin berayen itace, wanda aka bambanta shi da takamaiman siffofi na zahiri waɗanda suka bambanta shi da sauran al'ummomi masu alaƙa. Wannan nau'in halittar yana da ƙanƙanta sosai, har ma a tsakanin beraye masu launin pygmy. Linzamin yana da jikin samansa mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a tsakiyar kansa. Gefen sa kuma launin ruwan kasa ne, yayin da cikinsa launin toka mai haske ne. Ana iya ganin layi mai bambanci inda ɓangarorin da suka fi duhu suka haɗu da cikin mai haske. Wasu mutane na iya nuna ƙaramin tabo mai launin rawaya a ƙirjinsu, kodayake wannan siffa ta bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran - tana bayyana a sarari a cikin wasu beraye, ba a iya ganin ta a wasu ba, kuma ba ta nan gaba ɗaya a cikin da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bambanta shi ne halayen haƙoransa. Haƙoransa masu niƙa ( haƙora ) sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda ake samu a cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da su, tare da layin farko na sama na haƙora yana tsakanin 2.90–3.50&nbsp;mm. A halin yanzu, yana da dogayen ramuka na palatal (wanda ake kira ''foramina incisiva'' ) wanda ke auna 4.3–5.4&nbsp;mm. Waɗannan ramukan ƙananan ramuka ne a rufin baki waɗanda ke haɗa ramukan baki da hanci a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa. Bera yana da ƙananan kunnuwa da ƙananan ƙafafun baya, na biyun yana da girman 17.3-18.6 kawai.&nbsp;tsawon mm. Babban mutum na yau da kullun yana da nauyin kimanin gram 12-15.5, tsawon jikinsa kuma yana tsakanin gram 70-87.&nbsp;mm (ba tare da wutsiya ba), da tsawon wutsiya na kimanin 66-77&nbsp;mm. Tsarin kwayoyin halittar wannan linzamin kwamfuta ya ƙunshi chromosomes 48 (2 ''n'' = 48). Lokacin da masu bincike suka kwatanta wannan nau'in da sauran beraye masu siffar pygmy, sun gano cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen jiki sun kasance iri ɗaya a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin shekaru ba wai kawai sakamakon binciken samfuran shekaru daban-daban ba. == Mazauni da rarrabawa == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana zaune a wani ƙaramin yanki mai keɓewa a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, a tsakiyar garin Žatec. Wannan al'umma tana da fadin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 25 da nisan kilomita 20, wanda ke da iyaka da siffofi na yanayi: tsaunukan Doupovské hory a yamma, da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka na Babban Titin Rakovnická pahorkatina a kudu da kudu maso gabas, da kuma wataƙila Kogin Ohře a arewa. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da wani yanki na musamman na muhalli wanda ke da yanayin ƙasa mai faɗi, noma mai ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wurin zama nata ya ƙunshi gefunan fili da kuma gefen da aka rufe da ciyawa da ciyayi daban-daban. Waɗannan yankuna galibi gona ne, ana noma su sosai, hatsi da kuma beetroot na sukari sune manyan amfanin gona. Tsawon tsayin wannan bera yana da ɗan ƙarami, yawanci tsakanin mita 220-300 sama da matakin teku, tare da wuri ɗaya kawai da aka rubuta ( Mašťov ) wanda ya kai mita 375. Wannan yanki yana fuskantar yanayi busasshe sosai tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ƙasa da 450 mm a cikin tsakiyar yankuna kuma tsakanin 450-500 mm a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Yanayi yana da sanyin hunturu mai sauƙi da kuma lokacin zafi mai zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata a Podbořany (yankin da ke da asali) na −2.5 °C a watan Janairu, 17.8°C a watan Yuli, da kuma 7.7°C a watan Oktoba, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara na 7.8°C. Tsarin ƙasa a ko'ina cikin mazaunin yana da yawa baƙi ko launin ruwan kasa, mai zurfi da kuma wadata, wanda ke tallafawa yawan amfanin gona da ke nuna yanayin yankin. Yawancin yankin ya ƙunshi manyan filayen buɗaɗɗe waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wannan al'umma da aka ware tana da nisa da sauran nau'ikan beraye da aka sani na filin pygmy, waɗanda suka rabu da kimanin 190.&nbsp;km daga mafi kusa da yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Poland da kuma 230&nbsp;kilomita daga kudancin Moravian. Asalin wannan al'umma da aka ware har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba, tare da yiwuwar bayani da suka haɗa da ƙaura mai nisa, faruwar wani abu na tarihi (rayuwa a wannan yanki yayin da take ɓacewa daga yankunan da ke kewaye), ko kuma keɓewa tun lokacin [[Lokacin Boreal|Boreal]] (kimanin shekaru 9,000 zuwa 7,500 da suka wuce). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3benjjmxds3r0vlph59bi6z36odzp4e 965515 965513 2026-10-09T22:43:26Z Baffa ali 47435 965515 wikitext text/x-wiki {Databox}} '''Apodemus uralensis cimrmani''', wanda aka fi sani da Cimrman Ural field bear, wani nau'in bear ne mai wahalar samu a Ural field bear wanda ake samu ne kawai a garin Žatec da ke yankin Ústí nad Labem, [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . Ita ce kawai nau'in halittu masu ƙashin baya da ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Czech. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animals and Plants Unique to the Czech Republic |url=https://lntreasures.com/czech.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=lntreasures.com}}</ref> == Tsarin Haraji == Linzamin filin pygmy ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana wakiltar wani nau'in nau'in halitta daban-daban wanda Vladimír Vohralík ya fara bayyana a hukumance a shekara ta 2002. An yi wannan lakabin nau'in bayan cikakken bincike kan samfuran ƙwayoyin mujiya da aka tattara tsakanin 1974-1981 a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, sannan aka sake kama samfuran da ke raye don tabbatar da binciken farko. Tarihin tsarin beraye na filin pygmy ya kasance mai rikitarwa, inda aka gabatar da sunaye daban-daban [[Harshen Latin|na Latin]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Kafin a bayyana wannan nau'in, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban na kimiyya ga beraye masu siffar pygmy a faɗin Tsakiyar Turai, ciki har da ''Apodemus uralens'' (Pallas, 1811), ''A.&nbsp;masallacinsis'' (Ognev, 1913), ''A.&nbsp;ciscaucasicus'' (Ognev, 1924), da ''A.&nbsp;volhynensis'' (Migulin, 1938). Sunan ''A.&nbsp;microps'', wanda Kratochvíl da Rosický suka fara kafawa a shekarar 1952, an saba amfani da shi ga al'ummar Tsakiyar Turai. Abin da ya sa ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''Bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan al'ummar Bohemian da ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar da sauran al'ummar ''A.'' yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fannin tsarin ''tariffs.&nbsp;''yawan ''microps'' . Binciken kididdiga ya nuna cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Binciken ayyukan da aka bambanta ya raba al'umma cikin nasara tare da daidaiton rarrabuwa na 99.1% ga ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''samfuran ''cimrmani'' da kashi 94.4% na samfuran daga wasu yankuna. Sunan nau'in ''cimrmani'' yana girmama Jára Cimrman, wani sanannen mutum ɗan ƙasar Czech mai ban mamaki wanda aka nuna a matsayin mai ƙirƙira, matafiyi, kuma fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tun farkon ƙarni na 20 wanda ya zama sanannen shahararren al'adu a Jamhuriyar Czech. == Bayani == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' ƙaramin beraye ne a cikin dangin berayen itace, wanda aka bambanta shi da takamaiman siffofi na zahiri waɗanda suka bambanta shi da sauran al'ummomi masu alaƙa. Wannan nau'in halittar yana da ƙanƙanta sosai, har ma a tsakanin beraye masu launin pygmy. Linzamin yana da jikin samansa mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a tsakiyar kansa. Gefen sa kuma launin ruwan kasa ne, yayin da cikinsa launin toka mai haske ne. Ana iya ganin layi mai bambanci inda ɓangarorin da suka fi duhu suka haɗu da cikin mai haske. Wasu mutane na iya nuna ƙaramin tabo mai launin rawaya a ƙirjinsu, kodayake wannan siffa ta bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran - tana bayyana a sarari a cikin wasu beraye, ba a iya ganin ta a wasu ba, kuma ba ta nan gaba ɗaya a cikin da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bambanta shi ne halayen haƙoransa. Haƙoransa masu niƙa ( haƙora ) sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda ake samu a cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da su, tare da layin farko na sama na haƙora yana tsakanin 2.90–3.50&nbsp;mm. A halin yanzu, yana da dogayen ramuka na palatal (wanda ake kira ''foramina incisiva'' ) wanda ke auna 4.3–5.4&nbsp;mm. Waɗannan ramukan ƙananan ramuka ne a rufin baki waɗanda ke haɗa ramukan baki da hanci a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa. Bera yana da ƙananan kunnuwa da ƙananan ƙafafun baya, na biyun yana da girman 17.3-18.6 kawai.&nbsp;tsawon mm. Babban mutum na yau da kullun yana da nauyin kimanin gram 12-15.5, tsawon jikinsa kuma yana tsakanin gram 70-87.&nbsp;mm (ba tare da wutsiya ba), da tsawon wutsiya na kimanin 66-77&nbsp;mm. Tsarin kwayoyin halittar wannan linzamin kwamfuta ya ƙunshi chromosomes 48 (2 ''n'' = 48). Lokacin da masu bincike suka kwatanta wannan nau'in da sauran beraye masu siffar pygmy, sun gano cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen jiki sun kasance iri ɗaya a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin shekaru ba wai kawai sakamakon binciken samfuran shekaru daban-daban ba. == Mazauni da rarrabawa == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana zaune a wani ƙaramin yanki mai keɓewa a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, a tsakiyar garin Žatec. Wannan al'umma tana da fadin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 25 da nisan kilomita 20, wanda ke da iyaka da siffofi na yanayi: tsaunukan Doupovské hory a yamma, da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka na Babban Titin Rakovnická pahorkatina a kudu da kudu maso gabas, da kuma wataƙila Kogin Ohře a arewa. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da wani yanki na musamman na muhalli wanda ke da yanayin ƙasa mai faɗi, noma mai ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wurin zama nata ya ƙunshi gefunan fili da kuma gefen da aka rufe da ciyawa da ciyayi daban-daban. Waɗannan yankuna galibi gona ne, ana noma su sosai, hatsi da kuma beetroot na sukari sune manyan amfanin gona. Tsawon tsayin wannan bera yana da ɗan ƙarami, yawanci tsakanin mita 220-300 sama da matakin teku, tare da wuri ɗaya kawai da aka rubuta ( Mašťov ) wanda ya kai mita 375. Wannan yanki yana fuskantar yanayi busasshe sosai tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ƙasa da 450 mm a cikin tsakiyar yankuna kuma tsakanin 450-500 mm a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Yanayi yana da sanyin hunturu mai sauƙi da kuma lokacin zafi mai zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata a Podbořany (yankin da ke da asali) na −2.5 °C a watan Janairu, 17.8°C a watan Yuli, da kuma 7.7°C a watan Oktoba, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara na 7.8°C. Tsarin ƙasa a ko'ina cikin mazaunin yana da yawa baƙi ko launin ruwan kasa, mai zurfi da kuma wadata, wanda ke tallafawa yawan amfanin gona da ke nuna yanayin yankin. Yawancin yankin ya ƙunshi manyan filayen buɗaɗɗe waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wannan al'umma da aka ware tana da nisa da sauran nau'ikan beraye da aka sani na filin pygmy, waɗanda suka rabu da kimanin 190.&nbsp;km daga mafi kusa da yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Poland da kuma 230&nbsp;kilomita daga kudancin Moravian. Asalin wannan al'umma da aka ware har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba, tare da yiwuwar bayani da suka haɗa da ƙaura mai nisa, faruwar wani abu na tarihi (rayuwa a wannan yanki yayin da take ɓacewa daga yankunan da ke kewaye), ko kuma keɓewa tun lokacin [[Lokacin Boreal|Boreal]] (kimanin shekaru 9,000 zuwa 7,500 da suka wuce). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qi6levjhbqr7528r1jm1wfhob2slawr 965516 965515 2026-10-09T22:44:15Z Baffa ali 47435 965516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Apodemus uralensis cimrmani''', wanda aka fi sani da Cimrman Ural field bear, wani nau'in bear ne mai wahalar samu a Ural field bear wanda ake samu ne kawai a garin Žatec da ke yankin Ústí nad Labem, [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . Ita ce kawai nau'in halittu masu ƙashin baya da ke rayuwa a Jamhuriyar Czech. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Animals and Plants Unique to the Czech Republic |url=https://lntreasures.com/czech.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=lntreasures.com}}</ref> == Tsarin Haraji == Linzamin filin pygmy ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana wakiltar wani nau'in nau'in halitta daban-daban wanda Vladimír Vohralík ya fara bayyana a hukumance a shekara ta 2002. An yi wannan lakabin nau'in bayan cikakken bincike kan samfuran ƙwayoyin mujiya da aka tattara tsakanin 1974-1981 a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, sannan aka sake kama samfuran da ke raye don tabbatar da binciken farko. Tarihin tsarin beraye na filin pygmy ya kasance mai rikitarwa, inda aka gabatar da sunaye daban-daban [[Harshen Latin|na Latin]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Kafin a bayyana wannan nau'in, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban na kimiyya ga beraye masu siffar pygmy a faɗin Tsakiyar Turai, ciki har da ''Apodemus uralens'' (Pallas, 1811), ''A.&nbsp;masallacinsis'' (Ognev, 1913), ''A.&nbsp;ciscaucasicus'' (Ognev, 1924), da ''A.&nbsp;volhynensis'' (Migulin, 1938). Sunan ''A.&nbsp;microps'', wanda Kratochvíl da Rosický suka fara kafawa a shekarar 1952, an saba amfani da shi ga al'ummar Tsakiyar Turai. Abin da ya sa ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''Bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan al'ummar Bohemian da ke arewa maso yammacin ƙasar da sauran al'ummar ''A.'' yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fannin tsarin ''tariffs.&nbsp;''yawan ''microps'' . Binciken kididdiga ya nuna cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Binciken ayyukan da aka bambanta ya raba al'umma cikin nasara tare da daidaiton rarrabuwa na 99.1% ga ''A.&nbsp;m.&nbsp;''samfuran ''cimrmani'' da kashi 94.4% na samfuran daga wasu yankuna. Sunan nau'in ''cimrmani'' yana girmama Jára Cimrman, wani sanannen mutum ɗan ƙasar Czech mai ban mamaki wanda aka nuna a matsayin mai ƙirƙira, matafiyi, kuma fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tun farkon ƙarni na 20 wanda ya zama sanannen shahararren al'adu a Jamhuriyar Czech. == Bayani == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' ƙaramin beraye ne a cikin dangin berayen itace, wanda aka bambanta shi da takamaiman siffofi na zahiri waɗanda suka bambanta shi da sauran al'ummomi masu alaƙa. Wannan nau'in halittar yana da ƙanƙanta sosai, har ma a tsakanin beraye masu launin pygmy. Linzamin yana da jikin samansa mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a tsakiyar kansa. Gefen sa kuma launin ruwan kasa ne, yayin da cikinsa launin toka mai haske ne. Ana iya ganin layi mai bambanci inda ɓangarorin da suka fi duhu suka haɗu da cikin mai haske. Wasu mutane na iya nuna ƙaramin tabo mai launin rawaya a ƙirjinsu, kodayake wannan siffa ta bambanta sosai tsakanin samfuran - tana bayyana a sarari a cikin wasu beraye, ba a iya ganin ta a wasu ba, kuma ba ta nan gaba ɗaya a cikin da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bambanta shi ne halayen haƙoransa. Haƙoransa masu niƙa ( haƙora ) sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda ake samu a cikin al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da su, tare da layin farko na sama na haƙora yana tsakanin 2.90–3.50&nbsp;mm. A halin yanzu, yana da dogayen ramuka na palatal (wanda ake kira ''foramina incisiva'' ) wanda ke auna 4.3–5.4&nbsp;mm. Waɗannan ramukan ƙananan ramuka ne a rufin baki waɗanda ke haɗa ramukan baki da hanci a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa. Bera yana da ƙananan kunnuwa da ƙananan ƙafafun baya, na biyun yana da girman 17.3-18.6 kawai.&nbsp;tsawon mm. Babban mutum na yau da kullun yana da nauyin kimanin gram 12-15.5, tsawon jikinsa kuma yana tsakanin gram 70-87.&nbsp;mm (ba tare da wutsiya ba), da tsawon wutsiya na kimanin 66-77&nbsp;mm. Tsarin kwayoyin halittar wannan linzamin kwamfuta ya ƙunshi chromosomes 48 (2 ''n'' = 48). Lokacin da masu bincike suka kwatanta wannan nau'in da sauran beraye masu siffar pygmy, sun gano cewa waɗannan bambance-bambancen jiki sun kasance iri ɗaya a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin shekaru ba wai kawai sakamakon binciken samfuran shekaru daban-daban ba. == Mazauni da rarrabawa == ''Apodemus microps cimrmani'' yana zaune a wani ƙaramin yanki mai keɓewa a arewa maso yammacin Bohemia, Jamhuriyar Czech, a tsakiyar garin Žatec. Wannan al'umma tana da fadin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 25 da nisan kilomita 20, wanda ke da iyaka da siffofi na yanayi: tsaunukan Doupovské hory a yamma, da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka na Babban Titin Rakovnická pahorkatina a kudu da kudu maso gabas, da kuma wataƙila Kogin Ohře a arewa. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da wani yanki na musamman na muhalli wanda ke da yanayin ƙasa mai faɗi, noma mai ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wurin zama nata ya ƙunshi gefunan fili da kuma gefen da aka rufe da ciyawa da ciyayi daban-daban. Waɗannan yankuna galibi gona ne, ana noma su sosai, hatsi da kuma beetroot na sukari sune manyan amfanin gona. Tsawon tsayin wannan bera yana da ɗan ƙarami, yawanci tsakanin mita 220-300 sama da matakin teku, tare da wuri ɗaya kawai da aka rubuta ( Mašťov ) wanda ya kai mita 375. Wannan yanki yana fuskantar yanayi busasshe sosai tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ƙasa da 450 mm a cikin tsakiyar yankuna kuma tsakanin 450-500 mm a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Yanayi yana da sanyin hunturu mai sauƙi da kuma lokacin zafi mai zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata a Podbořany (yankin da ke da asali) na −2.5 °C a watan Janairu, 17.8°C a watan Yuli, da kuma 7.7°C a watan Oktoba, wanda ke samar da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara na 7.8°C. Tsarin ƙasa a ko'ina cikin mazaunin yana da yawa baƙi ko launin ruwan kasa, mai zurfi da kuma wadata, wanda ke tallafawa yawan amfanin gona da ke nuna yanayin yankin. Yawancin yankin ya ƙunshi manyan filayen buɗaɗɗe waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin kariyar daji. Wannan al'umma da aka ware tana da nisa da sauran nau'ikan beraye da aka sani na filin pygmy, waɗanda suka rabu da kimanin 190.&nbsp;km daga mafi kusa da yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Poland da kuma 230&nbsp;kilomita daga kudancin Moravian. Asalin wannan al'umma da aka ware har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba, tare da yiwuwar bayani da suka haɗa da ƙaura mai nisa, faruwar wani abu na tarihi (rayuwa a wannan yanki yayin da take ɓacewa daga yankunan da ke kewaye), ko kuma keɓewa tun lokacin [[Lokacin Boreal|Boreal]] (kimanin shekaru 9,000 zuwa 7,500 da suka wuce). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2s669l4z16uylz7l7r6i0o5b1pjk1qv 0 178753 965519 2026-10-09T22:49:06Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377166531|Isotopes of tantalum]]" 965519 wikitext text/x-wiki Tantalum na halitta ( ₇₃ Ta) ya ƙunshi isotopes guda biyu: ¹⁸¹ Ta (99.988%) da ^180m Ta (0.012%). Akwai kuma sanannun radioisotopes na wucin gadi guda 35, waɗanda suka fi daɗewa a cikinsu sune Ta ¹⁷⁹ tare da rabin rayuwa na shekaru 1.82, Ta ¹⁸² tare da rabin rayuwa na kwanaki 114.74, Ta ¹⁸³ tare da rabin rayuwa na kwanaki 5.1, da Ta ¹⁷⁷ tare da rabin rayuwa na awanni 56.46. Duk sauran isotopes suna da rabin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin rana, yawancinsu ƙasa da awa ɗaya. Akwai kuma isomers da yawa, waɗanda suka fi karko (banda Ta ^{mita 180} ) shine Ta ^{mita 182} tare da rabin rayuwa na mintuna 15.8. Duk isotopes da isomers na nukiliya na tantalum ko dai suna da rediyoaktif ko kuma suna da karko a lura, ma'ana ana hasashen cewa suna da rediyoaktif amma ba a ga ainihin ruɓewa ba. An gabatar da Tantalum a matsayin kayan " gishiri " don [[makaman nukiliya]] ( cobalt wani abu ne da aka fi sani da gishiri). Za a canza jaket ɗin tantalum, wanda aka haskaka shi da ƙarfin kwararar neutron mai ƙarfi mai yawa na makamin, zuwa cikin isotope mai rediyoaktif 182 Ta, tana samar da kimanin 1.12&nbsp;MeV na [[Gamma ray|radiation gamma]] a kowane lalacewa da kuma ƙara yawan tasirin radiation na sakamakon makamin tsawon watanni. Ba a san an taɓa ƙera irin wannan makami ba, an gwada shi, ko an yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=D. T. Win |last2=M. Al Masum |year=2003 |title=Weapons of Mass Destruction |url=http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Assumption University Journal of Technology]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=199&ndash;219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001457/http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26 |access-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> == Jerin isotopes ==   == Tantalum-180m == Nuclide mai tsawon 180m Ta ( m yana nufin yanayin da ba ya canzawa ) yana ɗaya daga cikin ' yan isomers na nukiliya kaɗan waɗanda suka fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da yanayin ƙasa. Ko da yake ba wani abu ne na musamman ba a wannan fanni (wannan kadarar tana da alaƙa da bismuth-210m ( 210m Bi) da americium-242m ( 242m Am), da sauran nuclides), abin mamaki ne domin tana da karko a lura : ba a taɓa ganin ruɓewa ba. Sabanin haka, yanayin ƙasa na nukiliya 180 Ta tana da rabin rayuwa na awanni 8 kacal. 180m Ta tana da isasshen kuzari don ruɓewa ta hanyoyi uku: [[Isomeric transition|canjin isomeric]] zuwa [[Ground state|yanayin ƙasa]] na 180 Ta, [[Beta decay|lalacewar beta]] zuwa [[Tungsten|180 W]], ko [[electron capture|kamawar lantarki]] zuwa [[Hafnium|180 Hf]] . Duk da haka, ba a taɓa ganin wani tasirin rediyo daga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yanayin ruɓewa da ka'ida ta yi ba. Tun daga shekarar 2023, rabin rayuwar Ta ^{mita 180} an ƙididdige shi daga lura da gwaji zuwa aƙalla shekaru {{Val|2.9}} (quadrillion 290). <ref name="180mTa_2023">{{Cite journal |last=Arnquist |first=I. J. |last2=Avignone III |first2=F. T. |last3=Barabash |first3=A. S. |last4=Barton |first4=C. J. |last5=Bhimani |first5=K. H. |last6=Blalock |first6=E. |last7=Bos |first7=B. |last8=Busch |first8=M. |last9=Buuck |first9=M. |last10=Caldwell |first10=T. S. |last11=Christofferson |first11=C. D. |last12=Chu |first12=P.-H. |last13=Clark |first13=M. L. |last14=Cuesta |first14=C. |last15=Detwiler |first15=J. A. |date=13 October 2023 |title=Constraints on the Decay of ^180mTa |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=131 |issue=15 |arxiv=2306.01965 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.152501 |pmid=37897780}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehnert |first=Björn |last2=Hult |first2=Mikael |last3=Lutter |first3=Guillaume |last4=Zuber |first4=Kai |year=2017 |title=Search for the decay of nature's rarest isotope ^180mTa |journal=Physical Review C |volume=95 |issue=4 |arxiv=1609.03725 |bibcode=2017PhRvC..95d4306L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.95.044306 |s2cid=118497863}}</ref> Rushewar 180m a hankali180m Ana danganta 180m da babban juyawarsa (raka'a 9) da kuma ƙarancin juyawar yanayin ƙasa. Rushewar Gamma ko beta zai buƙaci a cire raka'a da yawa na motsin kusurwa a mataki ɗaya, don haka tsarin zai yi jinkiri sosai. Irin wannan dannewar rushewar gamma ko beta yana faruwa ga [[Isotopes of bismuth|^210m Bi]], wani mai fitar da alpha mai daɗewa. Saboda wannan kwanciyar hankali, 180m Ta wani nau'in nuclide ne na asali, wanda shine kawai isomer na nukiliya da ke faruwa a zahiri (ban da nuclides masu ɗan gajeren lokaci na rediyo da kuma na duniya). Ya gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin keta dokoki guda biyu da aka bayyana a fili na Mattauch isobar, ɗayan kuma ya shafi tellurium-123 . Haka kuma shine mafi ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko a Duniya da aka lura da su ga kowane abu wanda ke da isotopes masu ƙarfi. A cikin yanayin taurari na s-process tare da makamashin zafi k <nowiki><sub id="mwAW4">B</sub></nowiki> T = {{Val|26}} (watau zafin jiki na kelvin miliyan 300), ana sa ran isomers na nukiliya za su kasance masu cikakken thermal, ma'ana cewa ¹⁸⁰ Ta yana daidaita tsakanin yanayin juyawa kuma ana hasashen rabin rayuwarsa gabaɗaya zai zama awanni 11. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=P. Mohr |last2=F. Kaeppeler |last3=R. Gallino |year=2007 |title=Survival of Nature's Rarest Isotope ¹⁸⁰Ta under Stellar Conditions |journal=Phys. Rev. C |volume=75 |arxiv=astro-ph/0612427 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.75.012802 |s2cid=44724195}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin nuclides guda biyar masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da adadin protons marasa daidaituwa da kuma adadin neutrons marasa daidaituwa, sauran ƙwayoyin nuclides guda huɗu masu daidaituwa sune <nowiki><sup id="mwAXk">2</sup></nowiki> H, <nowiki><sup id="mwAXs">6</sup></nowiki> Li, <nowiki><sup id="mwAX0">10</sup></nowiki> B da <nowiki><sup id="mwAX8">14</sup></nowiki> N. == Duba kuma == '''Kayayyakin 'ya mace banda tantalum''' * Isotopes na tungsten * Isotopes na hafnium * Isotopes na lutetium == Manazarta == 34k4pxt0kdg37mmb83z6fxd4ykupqdi 965520 965519 2026-10-09T22:49:46Z Baffa ali 47435 965520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} Tantalum na halitta ( ₇₃ Ta) ya ƙunshi isotopes guda biyu: ¹⁸¹ Ta (99.988%) da ^180m Ta (0.012%). Akwai kuma sanannun radioisotopes na wucin gadi guda 35, waɗanda suka fi daɗewa a cikinsu sune Ta ¹⁷⁹ tare da rabin rayuwa na shekaru 1.82, Ta ¹⁸² tare da rabin rayuwa na kwanaki 114.74, Ta ¹⁸³ tare da rabin rayuwa na kwanaki 5.1, da Ta ¹⁷⁷ tare da rabin rayuwa na awanni 56.46. Duk sauran isotopes suna da rabin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin rana, yawancinsu ƙasa da awa ɗaya. Akwai kuma isomers da yawa, waɗanda suka fi karko (banda Ta ^{mita 180} ) shine Ta ^{mita 182} tare da rabin rayuwa na mintuna 15.8. Duk isotopes da isomers na nukiliya na tantalum ko dai suna da rediyoaktif ko kuma suna da karko a lura, ma'ana ana hasashen cewa suna da rediyoaktif amma ba a ga ainihin ruɓewa ba. An gabatar da Tantalum a matsayin kayan " gishiri " don [[makaman nukiliya]] ( cobalt wani abu ne da aka fi sani da gishiri). Za a canza jaket ɗin tantalum, wanda aka haskaka shi da ƙarfin kwararar neutron mai ƙarfi mai yawa na makamin, zuwa cikin isotope mai rediyoaktif 182 Ta, tana samar da kimanin 1.12&nbsp;MeV na [[Gamma ray|radiation gamma]] a kowane lalacewa da kuma ƙara yawan tasirin radiation na sakamakon makamin tsawon watanni. Ba a san an taɓa ƙera irin wannan makami ba, an gwada shi, ko an yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=D. T. Win |last2=M. Al Masum |year=2003 |title=Weapons of Mass Destruction |url=http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Assumption University Journal of Technology]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=199&ndash;219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001457/http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26 |access-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> == Jerin isotopes ==   == Tantalum-180m == Nuclide mai tsawon 180m Ta ( m yana nufin yanayin da ba ya canzawa ) yana ɗaya daga cikin ' yan isomers na nukiliya kaɗan waɗanda suka fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da yanayin ƙasa. Ko da yake ba wani abu ne na musamman ba a wannan fanni (wannan kadarar tana da alaƙa da bismuth-210m ( 210m Bi) da americium-242m ( 242m Am), da sauran nuclides), abin mamaki ne domin tana da karko a lura : ba a taɓa ganin ruɓewa ba. Sabanin haka, yanayin ƙasa na nukiliya 180 Ta tana da rabin rayuwa na awanni 8 kacal. 180m Ta tana da isasshen kuzari don ruɓewa ta hanyoyi uku: [[Isomeric transition|canjin isomeric]] zuwa [[Ground state|yanayin ƙasa]] na 180 Ta, [[Beta decay|lalacewar beta]] zuwa [[Tungsten|180 W]], ko [[electron capture|kamawar lantarki]] zuwa [[Hafnium|180 Hf]] . Duk da haka, ba a taɓa ganin wani tasirin rediyo daga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yanayin ruɓewa da ka'ida ta yi ba. Tun daga shekarar 2023, rabin rayuwar Ta ^{mita 180} an ƙididdige shi daga lura da gwaji zuwa aƙalla shekaru {{Val|2.9}} (quadrillion 290). <ref name="180mTa_2023">{{Cite journal |last=Arnquist |first=I. J. |last2=Avignone III |first2=F. T. |last3=Barabash |first3=A. S. |last4=Barton |first4=C. J. |last5=Bhimani |first5=K. H. |last6=Blalock |first6=E. |last7=Bos |first7=B. |last8=Busch |first8=M. |last9=Buuck |first9=M. |last10=Caldwell |first10=T. S. |last11=Christofferson |first11=C. D. |last12=Chu |first12=P.-H. |last13=Clark |first13=M. L. |last14=Cuesta |first14=C. |last15=Detwiler |first15=J. A. |date=13 October 2023 |title=Constraints on the Decay of ^180mTa |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=131 |issue=15 |arxiv=2306.01965 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.152501 |pmid=37897780}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehnert |first=Björn |last2=Hult |first2=Mikael |last3=Lutter |first3=Guillaume |last4=Zuber |first4=Kai |year=2017 |title=Search for the decay of nature's rarest isotope ^180mTa |journal=Physical Review C |volume=95 |issue=4 |arxiv=1609.03725 |bibcode=2017PhRvC..95d4306L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.95.044306 |s2cid=118497863}}</ref> Rushewar 180m a hankali180m Ana danganta 180m da babban juyawarsa (raka'a 9) da kuma ƙarancin juyawar yanayin ƙasa. Rushewar Gamma ko beta zai buƙaci a cire raka'a da yawa na motsin kusurwa a mataki ɗaya, don haka tsarin zai yi jinkiri sosai. Irin wannan dannewar rushewar gamma ko beta yana faruwa ga [[Isotopes of bismuth|^210m Bi]], wani mai fitar da alpha mai daɗewa. Saboda wannan kwanciyar hankali, 180m Ta wani nau'in nuclide ne na asali, wanda shine kawai isomer na nukiliya da ke faruwa a zahiri (ban da nuclides masu ɗan gajeren lokaci na rediyo da kuma na duniya). Ya gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin keta dokoki guda biyu da aka bayyana a fili na Mattauch isobar, ɗayan kuma ya shafi tellurium-123 . Haka kuma shine mafi ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta na farko a Duniya da aka lura da su ga kowane abu wanda ke da isotopes masu ƙarfi. A cikin yanayin taurari na s-process tare da makamashin zafi k <nowiki><sub id="mwAW4">B</sub></nowiki> T = {{Val|26}} (watau zafin jiki na kelvin miliyan 300), ana sa ran isomers na nukiliya za su kasance masu cikakken thermal, ma'ana cewa ¹⁸⁰ Ta yana daidaita tsakanin yanayin juyawa kuma ana hasashen rabin rayuwarsa gabaɗaya zai zama awanni 11. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=P. Mohr |last2=F. Kaeppeler |last3=R. Gallino |year=2007 |title=Survival of Nature's Rarest Isotope ¹⁸⁰Ta under Stellar Conditions |journal=Phys. Rev. C |volume=75 |arxiv=astro-ph/0612427 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.75.012802 |s2cid=44724195}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin nuclides guda biyar masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da adadin protons marasa daidaituwa da kuma adadin neutrons marasa daidaituwa, sauran ƙwayoyin nuclides guda huɗu masu daidaituwa sune <nowiki><sup id="mwAXk">2</sup></nowiki> H, <nowiki><sup id="mwAXs">6</sup></nowiki> Li, <nowiki><sup id="mwAX0">10</sup></nowiki> B da <nowiki><sup id="mwAX8">14</sup></nowiki> N. == Duba kuma == '''Kayayyakin 'ya mace banda tantalum''' * Isotopes na tungsten * Isotopes na hafnium * Isotopes na lutetium == Manazarta == oc1nw2of54o3aryya93ghdcaenz111k 0 178754 965524 2026-10-09T23:00:49Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365044241|8-Hydroxyguanosine]]" 965524 wikitext text/x-wiki 8-Hydroxyguanosine ( 8-OHG ) wani nau'in nucleoside ne na RNA wanda aka samo daga guanosine . Haɗa tushen da aka yi wa oxidation yawanci yana da illa ga tantanin halitta, amma tantanin halitta ya ƙirƙiro hanyoyin hana haɗa RNA da aka yi wa oxidized. Ana amfani da auna matakan 8-hydroxyguanosine a matsayin alamar alama ta damuwa ta oxidative da ke haifar da lalacewar RNA. Ana iya gano matakan da suka ƙaru na 8-OHG a cikin samfuran nama kuma su zama alamun alamun cutar da za a yi amfani da su don tantance cutar da wuri. == Halittar Halitta da Sakamakon Halitta == Nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga RNA na tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da samuwar 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nunomura |first=Akihiko |last2=Moreira |first2=Paula I. |last3=Castellani |first3=Rudy J. |last4=Lee |first4=Hyoung-Gon |last5=Zhu |first5=Xiongwei |last6=Smith |first6=Mark A. |last7=Perry |first7=George |date=2012-06-06 |title=Oxidative damage to RNA in aging and neurodegenerative disorders |journal=Neurotoxicity Research |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=231–248 |doi=10.1007/s12640-012-9331-x |issn=1476-3524 |pmid=22669748}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa mai yawa na oxidative, ƙwayoyin halitta suna tara matakan 8-OHG mafi girma a cikin RNA fiye da 8-oxo-dG a cikin DNA. Wannan bambancin zai iya kasancewa saboda dalilai da dama na tsari da muhalli. Ba kamar DNA ba, RNA galibi yana da single-stranded wanda ba shi da kariyar ƙarin haɗin hydrogen. Bugu da ƙari, babban ɓangare na RNA na tantanin halitta yana kusa da mitochondria, yana fallasa shi ga babban tushen ROS na tantanin halitta. Halin RNA na haɗuwa da ions na Fe2 ^{+ shi} ma yana ƙara haɗarin RNA ga lalacewar oxidative. Iron ɗin yayin da yake ɗaure da RNA, yana hulɗa da hydrogen peroxide ( _H2O2 ) ta hanyar sinadaran _Fenton, kuma yana samar da free radicals, wanda ke haifar da iskar shaka ta RNA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Min |last2=Gong |first2=Xin |last3=Alluri |first3=Ravi Kumar |last4=Wu |first4=Jinhua |last5=Sablo |first5=Tene' |last6=Li |first6=Zhongwei |date=2012-03-01 |title=Characterization of RNA damage under oxidative stress in Escherichia coli |journal=Biological Chemistry |volume=393 |issue=3 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1515/hsz-2011-0247 |issn=1437-4315 |pmc=3404489 |pmid=22718628}}</ref> Baya ga iskar shaka ta RNA kai tsaye ta hanyar ROS, ana iya samar da 8-OHG ta hanyar haɗa ribonucleotides da aka yi oxidized ta hanyar RNA polymerase yayin kwafi. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan tarin 8-OHG yana kawo cikas ga ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tsoma baki da kuma rage yawan sinadarin furotin. Kasancewar 8-OHG a cikin rubutun mRNA yana kuma kawo cikas ga amincin fassara yayin da 8-OHG zai iya haɗawa da adenine da cytosine, wanda ke haifar da haɗakar amino acid mara kyau a cikin sarkar polypeptide mai girma. Bugu da ƙari, haɗar tushen oxidized a cikin mRNA yana da wuya ya tsaya a ribosome, yana rage samar da furotin kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga tarin furotin. Domin hana lalacewa mai yawa daga ribonucleotides na oxidative, ƙwayoyin halitta sun daidaita hanyoyin rage tasirin illa. <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da ake rubutawa, RNA polymerase ta halitta tana haɗa 8-OH-GTP a ƙanƙantar da sauri idan aka kwatanta da takwararta ta yau da kullun ba tare da lalacewar oxidative ba. Bugu da ƙari, enzymes a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta kamar MutT suna sauƙaƙe samar da 8-OH-GTP zuwa 8-oxo-GMP, wanda ke rage yiwuwar haɗa shi cikin RNA. Idan aka haɗa tushen oxidized cikin RNA, sauyawar tantanin halitta tana aiki daga fassara zuwa lalacewa ta amfani da takamaiman sunadaran kamar PNPase, YB-1, da HNRNPD waɗanda ke ɗaure da kuma ɓoye RNA da ya lalace. Duk da cewa an tsara matakan kariya sosai, wanzuwar ainihin tsarin gyara don RNA mai oxidized har yanzu ba a warware shi ba. == Alamar Halitta == A lokacin damuwa ta oxidative, ana samar da 8-OHG a adadi mai yawa wanda ke aiki a matsayin alamar cutar oxidative. Tunda 8-OHG kuma ana juyawa cikin sauri a cikin jiki, wannan yana bawa 8-OHG damar aiki a matsayin alamar "mai dorewa", yana ba da damar hango girman lalacewar oxidative a lokacin da ake ciki. <ref name=":0" /> Marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon daji na hanji suna nuna yawan 8-OHG a cikin fitsari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Cheng |last2=Chen |first2=Qin |last3=Chen |first3=Jiani |last4=Yu |first4=Jiekai |last5=Hu |first5=Yiqiu |last6=Zhang |first6=Suzhan |last7=Zheng |first7=Shu |date=2020-01-01 |title=8-Hydroxyguanosine as a possible RNA oxidative modification marker in urine from colorectal cancer patients: Evaluation by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157002321931178X |journal=Journal of Chromatography B |volume=1136 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121931 |issn=1570-0232 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Baya ga ciwon daji, ana kuma ganin 8-OHG a cikin manyan matakai a cikin tsofaffi, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, da cututtukan da ke haifar da jijiyoyin jini, ciki har da cutar Alzheimer da cutar Parkinson. Saboda haka, gano 8-OHG a cikin fitsari na iya zama alamar cutar da ba ta da illa ga jiki don gano cutar da wuri. == Duba kuma == * 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine == Manazarta == dpahmifu28n5bks6ig361zz1j4imj9a 965526 965524 2026-10-09T23:03:16Z Baffa ali 47435 965526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 8-Hydroxyguanosine ( 8-OHG ) wani nau'in nucleoside ne na RNA wanda aka samo daga guanosine . Haɗa tushen da aka yi wa oxidation yawanci yana da illa ga tantanin halitta, amma tantanin halitta ya ƙirƙiro hanyoyin hana haɗa RNA da aka yi wa oxidized. Ana amfani da auna matakan 8-hydroxyguanosine a matsayin alamar alama ta damuwa ta oxidative da ke haifar da lalacewar RNA. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cattley RC, Glover SE |title=Elevated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in hepatic DNA of rats following exposure to peroxisome proliferators: relationship to carcinogenesis and nuclear localization |journal=Carcinogenesis |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=2495–2499 |year=1993 |pmid=8269617 |doi=10.1093/carcin/14.12.2495}}</ref>Ana iya gano matakan da suka ƙaru na 8-OHG a cikin samfuran nama kuma su zama alamun alamun cutar da za a yi amfani da su don tantance cutar da wuri. == Halittar Halitta da Sakamakon Halitta == Nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga RNA na tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da samuwar 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nunomura |first=Akihiko |last2=Moreira |first2=Paula I. |last3=Castellani |first3=Rudy J. |last4=Lee |first4=Hyoung-Gon |last5=Zhu |first5=Xiongwei |last6=Smith |first6=Mark A. |last7=Perry |first7=George |date=2012-06-06 |title=Oxidative damage to RNA in aging and neurodegenerative disorders |journal=Neurotoxicity Research |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=231–248 |doi=10.1007/s12640-012-9331-x |issn=1476-3524 |pmid=22669748}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa mai yawa na oxidative, ƙwayoyin halitta suna tara matakan 8-OHG mafi girma a cikin RNA fiye da 8-oxo-dG a cikin DNA. Wannan bambancin zai iya kasancewa saboda dalilai da dama na tsari da muhalli. Ba kamar DNA ba, RNA galibi yana da single-stranded wanda ba shi da kariyar ƙarin haɗin hydrogen. Bugu da ƙari, babban ɓangare na RNA na tantanin halitta yana kusa da mitochondria, yana fallasa shi ga babban tushen ROS na tantanin halitta. Halin RNA na haɗuwa da ions na Fe2 ^{+ shi} ma yana ƙara haɗarin RNA ga lalacewar oxidative. Iron ɗin yayin da yake ɗaure da RNA, yana hulɗa da hydrogen peroxide ( _H2O2 ) ta hanyar sinadaran _Fenton, kuma yana samar da free radicals, wanda ke haifar da iskar shaka ta RNA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Min |last2=Gong |first2=Xin |last3=Alluri |first3=Ravi Kumar |last4=Wu |first4=Jinhua |last5=Sablo |first5=Tene' |last6=Li |first6=Zhongwei |date=2012-03-01 |title=Characterization of RNA damage under oxidative stress in Escherichia coli |journal=Biological Chemistry |volume=393 |issue=3 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1515/hsz-2011-0247 |issn=1437-4315 |pmc=3404489 |pmid=22718628}}</ref> Baya ga iskar shaka ta RNA kai tsaye ta hanyar ROS, ana iya samar da 8-OHG ta hanyar haɗa ribonucleotides da aka yi oxidized ta hanyar RNA polymerase yayin kwafi. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan tarin 8-OHG yana kawo cikas ga ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tsoma baki da kuma rage yawan sinadarin furotin. Kasancewar 8-OHG a cikin rubutun mRNA yana kuma kawo cikas ga amincin fassara yayin da 8-OHG zai iya haɗawa da adenine da cytosine, wanda ke haifar da haɗakar amino acid mara kyau a cikin sarkar polypeptide mai girma. Bugu da ƙari, haɗar tushen oxidized a cikin mRNA yana da wuya ya tsaya a ribosome, yana rage samar da furotin kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga tarin furotin. Domin hana lalacewa mai yawa daga ribonucleotides na oxidative, ƙwayoyin halitta sun daidaita hanyoyin rage tasirin illa. <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin da ake rubutawa, RNA polymerase ta halitta tana haɗa 8-OH-GTP a ƙanƙantar da sauri idan aka kwatanta da takwararta ta yau da kullun ba tare da lalacewar oxidative ba. Bugu da ƙari, enzymes a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta kamar MutT suna sauƙaƙe samar da 8-OH-GTP zuwa 8-oxo-GMP, wanda ke rage yiwuwar haɗa shi cikin RNA. Idan aka haɗa tushen oxidized cikin RNA, sauyawar tantanin halitta tana aiki daga fassara zuwa lalacewa ta amfani da takamaiman sunadaran kamar PNPase, YB-1, da HNRNPD waɗanda ke ɗaure da kuma ɓoye RNA da ya lalace. Duk da cewa an tsara matakan kariya sosai, wanzuwar ainihin tsarin gyara don RNA mai oxidized har yanzu ba a warware shi ba. == Alamar Halitta == A lokacin damuwa ta oxidative, ana samar da 8-OHG a adadi mai yawa wanda ke aiki a matsayin alamar cutar oxidative. Tunda 8-OHG kuma ana juyawa cikin sauri a cikin jiki, wannan yana bawa 8-OHG damar aiki a matsayin alamar "mai dorewa", yana ba da damar hango girman lalacewar oxidative a lokacin da ake ciki. <ref name=":0" /> Marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon daji na hanji suna nuna yawan 8-OHG a cikin fitsari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Cheng |last2=Chen |first2=Qin |last3=Chen |first3=Jiani |last4=Yu |first4=Jiekai |last5=Hu |first5=Yiqiu |last6=Zhang |first6=Suzhan |last7=Zheng |first7=Shu |date=2020-01-01 |title=8-Hydroxyguanosine as a possible RNA oxidative modification marker in urine from colorectal cancer patients: Evaluation by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157002321931178X |journal=Journal of Chromatography B |volume=1136 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121931 |issn=1570-0232 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Baya ga ciwon daji, ana kuma ganin 8-OHG a cikin manyan matakai a cikin tsofaffi, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, ciwon suga na nau'in 2, da cututtukan da ke haifar da jijiyoyin jini, ciki har da cutar Alzheimer da cutar Parkinson. Saboda haka, gano 8-OHG a cikin fitsari na iya zama alamar cutar da ba ta da illa ga jiki don gano cutar da wuri. == Duba kuma == * 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine == Manazarta == h47wpelsueqcg3kgqo2d9aak1olcbn6 0 178755 965528 2026-10-09T23:15:49Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368745724|MUSE (spacecraft)]]" 965528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MUSE''' (Mission to Uranus for Science and Exploration ) wani shiri ne na Turai don sadaukar da kai ga duniyar Uranus don nazarin yanayi ta, ciki, watanni, zobe, da Magnetosphere.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Bocanegra-Bahamón |first=Tatiana |year=2015 |title=MUSE Mission to the Uranian System: Unveiling the evolution and formation of ice giants |url=https://mlaneuville.github.io/papers/Bocanegra+2015.pdf |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=2190–2216 |bibcode=2015AdSpR..55.2190B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.037}}</ref> An ba da shawarar a kaddamar da shi tare da Ariane 6 a cikin 2026, tafiya na shekaru 16.5 don isa Uranus a cikin 2044, kuma zai yi aiki har zuwa 2050.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Cibiyar Ayyukan Sararin samaniya ta Turai za ta saka idanu da sarrafa aikin, da kuma samar da sabbin bayanai. A cikin 2012, an kiyasta farashin a Yuro biliyan 1.8. Manufar tana magance jigogi na ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025. <ref name="Madrid 2012" /> An tsara wannan a matsayin aikin L-Class [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] babban aikin; duk da haka, ana iyakance shi da buƙatar RTGs.<ref name="adsabs.harvard.edu">{{Cite journal |last=Bocanegra-Bahamón |first=Tatiana |last2=Bracken |first2=Colm |last3=Costa Sitjà |first3=Marc |last4=Dirkx |first4=Dominic |last5=Gerth |first5=Ingo |last6=Konstantinidis |first6=Kostas |last7=Labrianidis |first7=Christos |last8=Laneuville |first8=Matthieu |last9=Luntzer |first9=Armin |date=2015-05-01 |title=MUSE – Mission to the Uranian system: Unveiling the evolution and formation of ice giants |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=2190–2216 |bibcode=2015AdSpR..55.2190B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.037 |issn=0273-1177}}</ref>  An kuma bincika MUSE a Amurka a matsayin aikin aji na Enhanced New Frontiers a cikin 2014. == Mai zagayawa == [[File:Uranus_moons.jpg|left|thumb| Uranus da manyan watanni shida da ke cikinta sun yi daidai da girmansu da kuma matsayinsu na dangi. Daga hagu zuwa dama: Puck, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, da Oberon]] Matakin kimiyyar kewayar sararin samaniya zai ƙunshi matakin Uranus Science Orbit ( '''USO''' ) na kimanin shekaru 2 a cikin zagaye mai siffar elliptical polar don samar da mafi kyawun bayanai na gravimetries, a lokacin da ake yin zagayen Uranus guda 36. <ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Daga baya, orbiter zai ci gaba zuwa matakin Moon Tour ('''MT'''), wanda zai dauki shekaru uku. A wannan lokacin, za a tashe periapsis, yana sauƙaƙa tashi tara na kowane ɗayan manyan watanni biyar na Uranus: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, da Oberon.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Saboda nesa mai tsawo daga Sun (20 AU a matsakaici), mai kewaye ba zai iya amfani da bangarorin hasken [[Rana]] ba, yana buƙatar maimakon haka hudu Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generators (ASRGs) da ESA za ta haɓaka.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Tsarin motsa jiki don canja wurin Duniya-Uranus zai zama sinadarai: Ana amfani da haɗin sinadarai na Monomethylhydrazine da Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen (MMH / MON).<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" />{{Clear}} == Binciken sararin samaniya == Fahimtar dalilin da ya sa Uranus ke fitar da irin wannan karamin zafi za'a iya yin shi ne kawai a cikin mahallin tsarin thermodynamic na yanayi (ƙuƙwalwa, matsin lamba, da zafin jiki). Sabili da haka, yanayin yana buƙatar a nuna shi daga duka abun da ke ciki da ra'ayi na thermodynamic. Bayanan sunadarai da za a dawo da su shine maida hankali, musamman na nau'in rashin daidaituwa, isotopic ratios da iskar gas mai kyau, a hade tare da bayanai game da rarraba barbashi na aerosol tare da zurfi. Kwanaki ashirin kafin shigarwa, binciken sararin samaniya zai rabu da jirgin sararin samaniya kuma ya shiga cikin yanayin waje na Uranus a tsawo na kilomita 700 a 21.8 km / s. &nbsp;&nbsp;Zai sauka ta hanyar faɗuwa kyauta kuma ya yi ma'aunin yanayi na kimanin minti 90 zuwa matsakaicin matsin lamba na sanduna 100 (1,500 .<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> == Kayan da aka tsara == Jimlar kasafin kuɗi don kayan aikin kimiyya shine {{Convert|150|kg}} kg (330 ; idan an zaɓi duk kayan aikin da aka tsara, za su tara jimlar nauyin kaya na {{Convert|108.4|kg}} . A cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, bango mai kore yana nuna kayan aiki don zuwa binciken shigarwa; sauran don orbiter ne.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kayan aiki !Bayyanawa !Girma, kewayon, ƙuduri !Tarihi |- |Gidajen da ke kusa |Ganuwa da Kusan Infrared Spectrometer |Radiation na lantarki:λ: 0.25-5 μm bands (1.8 nm da band) <br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Dawn {{Abbr|VIR|Visible and InfraRed spectrometer}} |- |IRS |Infrared Spectrometer na zafi |Radiation na electromagnetic:λ: 7.16-16.67 μm1×10 jerin 0.273 Mrad murabba'i<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|CIRS|Composite InfraRed Spectrometer}} |- |UVIS |Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph |Rashin radiation na lantarki:λ: 55.8-190 nm<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|UVIS|UltraViolet Imaging Spectrograph}} |- |RPW |Rediyo da Plasma Wave Instrument |Radiation na lantarki da raƙuman plasma: 1 Hz-16 MHz (tambuna daban-daban) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|RPWS|Radio and Plasma Wave Science}} |- |MAG |Fluxgate Magnetometer |Filin magnetic:0-20000 nT 3-axis<1 nT daidaito<br />&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp; |Juno MAG {{Abbr|VFM|Vector Field Magnetometer}}<br /> |- |TELFA |{{Abbr|TLF|tremendously low frequency}} da [[Extremely low frequency|ELF]] Antenna |Rashin radiation na lantarki: Rashin sauti naumann<br />Sakamakon Schumann |C/NOFS {{Abbr|VEFI|Vector Electric Field Instrument}} antennas |- |ICI |Kayan aiki na Ion |ions masu kyau:25 eV-40 keV (dE/E = 0.07) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Rosetta ICA <ref name="rosetta">{{Cite web |title=Rosetta Orbiter Instruments |url=https://sci.esa.int/web/rosetta/-/35061-instruments?fbodylongid=1644 |access-date=5 March 2023 |publisher=ESA}}</ref> |- |IES |Ion da Electron Sensor |Electrons da ions: 1 eV/e-22 keV/e (dE/E = 0.04) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Rosetta IES <ref name="rosetta" /> |- |EPD |Mai gano ƙwayoyin kuzari |Particles (free hasken rana da waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin belin radiation na Van Allen):Protons: 15 keV-3 MeVAlphas: 25 keV-3 meVCNO: 60 keV-30 MeV [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]Electrons: 15 meV-1 MeV<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Sabon Halitta PEPSSI |- |NAC |Kamara mai kusurwa |Rashin wutar lantarki: 350-1050 nm6 μrad/pixel<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|ISS|Imaging Science Subsystem}} |- |WAC |Kamara mai zurfi |Rashin wutar lantarki: 350-1050 nm60 μrad/pixel<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini ISS |- |RSE |Gwajin Kimiyya na Rediyo |[[X band|X]]-link" data-linkid="249" href="./S_band" id="mwAUU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="S band">S="cx-link" data-linkid="248" href="./Allan_variance" id="mwAUA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Allan variance">Bambancin Allan na oscillators na rediyo: T = 100 s na 1×10⁻¹³ Transponders aiki a S, X da K<nowiki><sub id="mwAUg">a</sub></nowiki> band<br />&nbsp;<br /> |Cassini {{Abbr|RSS|Radio Science Subsystem}} |- |MWR |Microwave Radiometer |Radiation electromagnetic: 0.6-22 GHz Samun har zuwa 80 dB yana ƙayyade yanayin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] har zuwa 200 bar matsin yanayi<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Juno MWR |- |DC |Mai Binciken Dust |Ƙarƙashin ƙura na duniya:10-15-10-9 [[Kilogram|kg]]-10 μm (radius) <br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|CDA|Cosmic Dust Analyzer}} Horizons SDC<br /> |- style="background:#98FB98;" |DWE |Gwajin Doppler Wind |Saurin iska:Rashin 1 m / sYana ƙayyade bayanin iska har zuwa matsin yanayi na 20 bar<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Huygens {{Abbr|DWE|Doppler Wind Experiment}} |- style="background:#98FB98;" |AP3 |Yanayin Yanayi na Yanayi |Yanayin zafi, matsin lamba da ƙididdigar ƙira: Rashin zurfi: 0-20 bar<br />&nbsp; |Huygens {{Abbr|HASI|Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument}} |- style="background:#98FB98;" |GCMS |Gas Chromatograph da Mass Spectrometer |[[Deuterium|D]]-linkid="287" href="./Atom" id="mwAY8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atom">Atoms da [[Carbon monoxide|CO]]" id="mwAZA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemical compound">mahaɗin: Abubuwa masu nauyi, iskar Gas mai daraja, mahimman isotopic ratios (H<nowiki><sub id="mwAZY">2</sub></nowiki>/He, D/H, PH<nowiki><sub id="mwAZo">3</sub></nowiki>, CO) da nau'in rashin daidaituwa<br />[[Disequilibrium species|Nau'in da ba su da daidaituwa]] |Huygens {{Abbr|GCMS|Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer}} |- style="background:#98FB98;" |AS & NEP |Tsarin Samfurin Aerosol da Nephelometer |Girman ƙwayoyin yanayi: 0.2-20 μm (radius) Yana aiki a maida hankali har zuwa 1 cm [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;  |Huygens {{Abbr|ACP|Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser}} GPNE [bayani da ake buƙata]<br />  |} == MUSE a matsayin sabon aikin New Frontiers == A cikin shekara ta 2014, an saki takarda da ke la'akari da MUSE a ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa na ingantaccen aikin New Frontiers. Wannan ya haɗa da farashin dala biliyan 1.5, kuma ɗayan manyan bambance-bambance shine amfani da rokar Atlas V 551. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin sararin samaniya na Uranus * Binciken Uranus * Watanni na Uranus ; Shirin aikin Uranus * Odinus * NASA Uranus orbiter da bincike * Oceanus * Mai gano hanyar Uranus == Manazarta == tdavzg8gzrd300mcl1hso43gjbe9bbo 965531 965528 2026-10-09T23:27:08Z Baffa ali 47435 965531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MUSE''' (Mission to Uranus for Science and Exploration ) wani shiri ne na Turai don sadaukar da kai ga duniyar Uranus don nazarin yanayi ta, ciki, watanni, zobe, da Magnetosphere.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Bocanegra-Bahamón |first=Tatiana |year=2015 |title=MUSE Mission to the Uranian System: Unveiling the evolution and formation of ice giants |url=https://mlaneuville.github.io/papers/Bocanegra+2015.pdf |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=2190–2216 |bibcode=2015AdSpR..55.2190B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.037}}</ref> An ba da shawarar a kaddamar da shi tare da Ariane 6 a cikin 2026, tafiya na shekaru 16.5 don isa Uranus a cikin 2044, kuma zai yi aiki har zuwa 2050.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Cibiyar Ayyukan Sararin samaniya ta Turai za ta saka idanu da sarrafa aikin, da kuma samar da sabbin bayanai. A cikin 2012, an kiyasta farashin a Yuro biliyan 1.8. Manufar tana magance jigogi na ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025. <ref name="Madrid 2012" /> An tsara wannan a matsayin aikin L-Class [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] babban aikin; duk da haka, ana iyakance shi da buƙatar RTGs.<ref name="adsabs.harvard.edu">{{Cite journal |last=Bocanegra-Bahamón |first=Tatiana |last2=Bracken |first2=Colm |last3=Costa Sitjà |first3=Marc |last4=Dirkx |first4=Dominic |last5=Gerth |first5=Ingo |last6=Konstantinidis |first6=Kostas |last7=Labrianidis |first7=Christos |last8=Laneuville |first8=Matthieu |last9=Luntzer |first9=Armin |date=2015-05-01 |title=MUSE – Mission to the Uranian system: Unveiling the evolution and formation of ice giants |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=2190–2216 |bibcode=2015AdSpR..55.2190B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.037 |issn=0273-1177}}</ref>  An kuma bincika MUSE a Amurka a matsayin aikin aji na Enhanced New Frontiers a cikin 2014. == Mai zagayawa == [[File:Uranus_moons.jpg|left|thumb| Uranus da manyan watanni shida da ke cikinta sun yi daidai da girmansu da kuma matsayinsu na dangi. Daga hagu zuwa dama: Puck, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, da Oberon]] Matakin kimiyyar kewayar sararin samaniya zai ƙunshi matakin Uranus Science Orbit ( '''USO''' ) na kimanin shekaru 2 a cikin zagaye mai siffar elliptical polar don samar da mafi kyawun bayanai na gravimetries, a lokacin da ake yin zagayen Uranus guda 36. <ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Daga baya, orbiter zai ci gaba zuwa matakin Moon Tour ('''MT'''), wanda zai dauki shekaru uku. A wannan lokacin, za a tashe periapsis, yana sauƙaƙa tashi tara na kowane ɗayan manyan watanni biyar na Uranus: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, da Oberon.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Saboda nesa mai tsawo daga Sun (20 AU a matsakaici), mai kewaye ba zai iya amfani da bangarorin hasken [[Rana]] ba, yana buƙatar maimakon haka hudu Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generators (ASRGs) da ESA za ta haɓaka.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> Tsarin motsa jiki don canja wurin Duniya-Uranus zai zama sinadarai: Ana amfani da haɗin sinadarai na Monomethylhydrazine da Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen (MMH / MON).<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" />{{Clear}} == Binciken sararin samaniya == Fahimtar dalilin da ya sa Uranus ke fitar da irin wannan karamin zafi za'a iya yin shi ne kawai a cikin mahallin tsarin thermodynamic na yanayi (ƙuƙwalwa, matsin lamba, da zafin jiki). Sabili da haka, yanayin yana buƙatar a nuna shi daga duka abun da ke ciki da ra'ayi na thermodynamic. Bayanan sunadarai da za a dawo da su shine maida hankali, musamman na nau'in rashin daidaituwa, isotopic ratios da iskar gas mai kyau, a hade tare da bayanai game da rarraba barbashi na aerosol tare da zurfi. Kwanaki ashirin kafin shigarwa, binciken sararin samaniya zai rabu da jirgin sararin samaniya kuma ya shiga cikin yanayin waje na Uranus a tsawo na kilomita 700 a 21.8 km / s. &nbsp;&nbsp;Zai sauka ta hanyar faɗuwa kyauta kuma ya yi ma'aunin yanayi na kimanin minti 90 zuwa matsakaicin matsin lamba na sanduna 100 (1,500 .<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> == Kayan da aka tsara == Jimlar kasafin kuɗi don kayan aikin kimiyya shine {{Convert|150|kg}} kg (330 ; idan an zaɓi duk kayan aikin da aka tsara, za su tara jimlar nauyin kaya na {{Convert|108.4|kg}} . A cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, bango mai kore yana nuna kayan aiki don zuwa binciken shigarwa; sauran don orbiter ne.<ref name="Bocanegra 2015" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kayan aiki !Bayyanawa !Girma, kewayon, ƙuduri !Tarihi |- |Gidajen da ke kusa |Ganuwa da Kusan Infrared Spectrometer |Radiation na lantarki:λ: 0.25-5 μm bands (1.8 nm da band) <br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Dawn {{Abbr|VIR|Visible and InfraRed spectrometer}} |- |IRS |Infrared Spectrometer na zafi |Radiation na electromagnetic:λ: 7.16-16.67 μm1×10 jerin 0.273 Mrad murabba'i<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|CIRS|Composite InfraRed Spectrometer}} |- |UVIS |Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph |Rashin radiation na lantarki:λ: 55.8-190 nm<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|UVIS|UltraViolet Imaging Spectrograph}} |- |RPW |Rediyo da Plasma Wave Instrument |Radiation na lantarki da raƙuman plasma: 1 Hz-16 MHz (tambuna daban-daban) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|RPWS|Radio and Plasma Wave Science}} |- |MAG |Fluxgate Magnetometer |Filin magnetic:0-20000 nT 3-axis<1 nT daidaito<br />&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp; |Juno MAG {{Abbr|VFM|Vector Field Magnetometer}}<br /> |- |TELFA |{{Abbr|TLF|tremendously low frequency}} da [[Extremely low frequency|ELF]] Antenna |Rashin radiation na lantarki: Rashin sauti naumann<br />Sakamakon Schumann |C/NOFS {{Abbr|VEFI|Vector Electric Field Instrument}} antennas |- |ICI |Kayan aiki na Ion |ions masu kyau:25 eV-40 keV (dE/E = 0.07) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Rosetta ICA <ref name="rosetta">{{Cite web |title=Rosetta Orbiter Instruments |url=https://sci.esa.int/web/rosetta/-/35061-instruments?fbodylongid=1644 |access-date=5 March 2023 |publisher=ESA}}</ref> |- |IES |Ion da Electron Sensor |Electrons da ions: 1 eV/e-22 keV/e (dE/E = 0.04) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Rosetta IES <ref name="rosetta" /> |- |EPD |Mai gano ƙwayoyin kuzari |Particles (free hasken rana da waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin belin radiation na Van Allen):Protons: 15 keV-3 MeVAlphas: 25 keV-3 meVCNO: 60 keV-30 MeV [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]Electrons: 15 meV-1 MeV<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |Sabon Halitta PEPSSI |- |NAC |Kamara mai kusurwa |Rashin wutar lantarki: 350-1050 nm6 μrad/pixel<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|ISS|Imaging Science Subsystem}} |- |WAC |Kamara mai zurfi |Rashin wutar lantarki: 350-1050 nm60 μrad/pixel<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini ISS |- |RSE |Gwajin Kimiyya na Rediyo |[[X band|X]]-link" data-linkid="249" href="./S_band" id="mwAUU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="S band">S="cx-link" data-linkid="248" href="./Allan_variance" id="mwAUA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Allan variance">Bambancin Allan na oscillators na rediyo: T = 100 s na 1×10⁻¹³ Transponders aiki a S, X da K<nowiki><sub id="mwAUg">a</sub></nowiki> band<br />&nbsp;<br /> |Cassini {{Abbr|RSS|Radio Science Subsystem}} |- |MWR |Microwave Radiometer |Radiation electromagnetic: 0.6-22 GHz Samun har zuwa 80 dB yana ƙayyade yanayin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] har zuwa 200 bar matsin yanayi<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Juno MWR |- |DC |Mai Binciken Dust |Ƙarƙashin ƙura na duniya:10-15-10-9 [[Kilogram|kg]]-10 μm (radius) <br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Cassini {{Abbr|CDA|Cosmic Dust Analyzer}} Horizons SDC<br /> |- style="background:#98FB98;" |DWE |Gwajin Doppler Wind |Saurin iska:Rashin 1 m / sYana ƙayyade bayanin iska har zuwa matsin yanayi na 20 bar<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |Huygens {{Abbr|DWE|Doppler Wind Experiment}} |- style="background:#98FB98;" |AP3 |Yanayin Yanayi na Yanayi |Yanayin zafi, matsin lamba da ƙididdigar ƙira: Rashin zurfi: 0-20 bar<br />&nbsp; |Huygens {{Abbr|HASI|Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument}} |- style="background:#98FB98;" |GCMS |Gas Chromatograph da Mass Spectrometer |[[Deuterium|D]]-linkid="287" href="./Atom" id="mwAY8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Atom">Atoms da [[Carbon monoxide|CO]]" id="mwAZA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemical compound">mahaɗin: Abubuwa masu nauyi, iskar Gas mai daraja, mahimman isotopic ratios (H<nowiki><sub id="mwAZY">2</sub></nowiki>/He, D/H, PH<nowiki><sub id="mwAZo">3</sub></nowiki>, CO) da nau'in rashin daidaituwa<br />[[Disequilibrium species|Nau'in da ba su da daidaituwa]] |Huygens {{Abbr|GCMS|Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer}} |- style="background:#98FB98;" |AS & NEP |Tsarin Samfurin Aerosol da Nephelometer |Girman ƙwayoyin yanayi: 0.2-20 μm (radius) Yana aiki a maida hankali har zuwa 1 cm [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;  |Huygens {{Abbr|ACP|Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser}} GPNE [bayani da ake buƙata]<br />  |} == MUSE a matsayin sabon aikin New Frontiers == A cikin shekara ta 2014, an saki takarda da ke la'akari da MUSE a ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa na ingantaccen aikin New Frontiers. Wannan ya haɗa da farashin dala biliyan 1.5, kuma ɗayan manyan bambance-bambance shine amfani da rokar Atlas V 551. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin sararin samaniya na Uranus * Binciken Uranus * Watanni na Uranus ; Shirin aikin Uranus * Odinus * NASA Uranus orbiter da bincike * Oceanus * Mai gano hanyar Uranus == Manazarta == efytt06nbe5gg723kozi7crcc9he4ep 0 178756 965596 2026-10-10T04:23:09Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[An kafa kuschei]] to [[Erigeron kuschei]] 965596 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Erigeron kuschei]] t7kgbl128bu7g4fkfbv6lqff456on0o 0 178757 965626 2026-10-10T05:58:42Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366975397|Clémentine Delait]]" 965626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Clémentine_Delait_1923c.jpg|thumb|Clémentine Delait a cikin 1923]] Clémentine Delait (née '''Clattaux'''; 5 Maris 1865 - 5 Afrilu 1939) ta kasance mai gidan cin abinci na Faransa, mai nishadantarwa kuma [[Uwargidan da ke da gemu|mace mai gemu]]. Bayan ta ba da gemu ya girma a cikin 1900, ta canza wurin cin abincin ta a Thaon-les-Vosges zuwa sanannen jan hankali, tana sayar da katunan tunawa kuma ta zama sananne a Faransa a farkon karni na ashirin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Madame Delait, la femme à barbe |url=https://www.europeana.eu/fr/stories/madame-delait-the-bearded-lady |access-date=23 June 2026 |website=Europeana}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=de Herder |first=Wouter W. |year=2019 |title=Clémentine Delait (1865–1934), the most famous bearded lady on the continent in the 20th century |journal=Gynecological Endocrinology |doi=10.1080/09513590.2019.1683823 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mijinta a 1928, Delait ta ba da kanta ga yawon shakatawa, ta bayyana a Paris, London, Belfast, Vienna, Berlin da [[Amsterdam]], da kuma Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /> Delait ya zama sananne sosai saboda siffarta ta jama'a da aka inganta a hankali. Ta sami izinin hukuma don sa tufafin maza a cikin 1904, ta sanya fiye da katunan tallafi 70 a cikin tufafin maza da mata, kuma ta shirya abubuwan talla ciki har da shiga cikin gidan zaki a baje kolin a Thaon-les-Vosges . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Marubutan zamani sun bayyana ta a matsayin "mafi kyawun mace mai gemu a Faransa" da kuma "cikakken misali na mace mai gashin gemu". An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Delait a Thaon-les-Vosges a cikin shekarun 1970s. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Clémentine Delait a ranar 5 ga Maris 1865 a Chaumousey, Lorraine, Faransa. Ita ce ƙaramar yar Joseph Marie Clattaux da Marie-Anne Géhin, tare da 'yan uwan Marie da Auguste.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> A cewar tarihinta, Delait ta fara bunkasa gemu tana da shekaru 18 a 1883. Da farko ta aske a kai a kai kuma ta ci gaba da yin hakan na shekaru da yawa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Aure da iyali == [[File:Madame_Delait_en_promenade.jpg|left|thumb|Katin tunawa da ke nuna Clémentine Delait a cikin tufafin mata.]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba 1885, tana da shekaru 20, Clémentine Clattaux ta auri mai yin burodi Paul Delait a kusa da Thaon-les-Vosges . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Bayan aurensu, ta yi aiki tare da mijinta a gidan burodi. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, a cikin 1892, ma'auratan sun buɗe kofi a garin. Bayan Delait ta daina aske gemu a cikin 1900, kasuwancin ya zama sananne da Le Café de la Femme à Barbe ("The Café of the Bearded Woman").<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fiye da shekaru 30 cikin aurensu, a 1919, Delaits sun karbi 'yar, Fernande, wacce iyayenta suka mutu a lokacin annobar mura ta Spain.<ref name=":3" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 63, bayan fiye da shekaru 40 na aure, Delait ya zama gwauruwa lokacin da Paul Delait ya mutu a 1928. <ref name=":3" /> Daga baya ta ba da kanta ga yawon shakatawa, ta bayyana a Paris, London, Belfast, Vienna, Berlin da [[Amsterdam]], da kuma Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == A cewar bayanan da suka biyo baya, Clémentine Delait ta kasance mai ƙanƙanta tun tana ƙarama, amma tana askewa a kai a kai. Wannan ya canza a cikin 1900, lokacin da ta ziyarci wani biki kuma ta ga wata [[Uwargidan da ke da gemu|mace mai gemu]] tare da wani abu mai ban sha'awa kuma ta yi alfaharin cewa za ta iya girma da gemu mafi kyau kanta. Mijinta ya yi fare 500 [[Franc|francs]] don tallafa mata. Kudin ya jawo hankalin kwastomomi da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Delaits kuma sun canza sunan zuwa Le Café de La Femme à Barbe, "Café na Mace mai Gishiri". <ref name=":4" /> Delait ta fara sayar da hotuna da katunan kanta kuma ta zama wani abu mai daraja. Ta fara yawon shakatawa a Turai, tana jan hankalin jama'a a Paris da London. Tawon shakatawa ya kara tsanantawa bayan ta zama gwauruwa a 1926. A cikin 1903, Delait ta jawo hankalin jama'a a wani baje kolin da ke Thaon-les-Vosges lokacin da ta shiga cikin gidan zaki a matsayin wani ɓangare na gabatarwar talla. Tare da mai horar da dabbobi Camilius, ta kwashe mintuna da yawa a tsakanin zakuna kafin ta fito ba tare da wata matsala ba, wani taron da ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai.<ref name=":3" /> Bayan gudanar da kofi a Thaon-les-Vosges sama da shekaru talatin, dangin sun sayar da shi a 1923 kuma suka koma Plombières-les-Bains, inda Delait ya buɗe shagon sayar da kayan ado, lace da lingerie yayin da suke ci gaba da sayar da katunan tunawa.<ref name=":3" /> == Bayyanawa da kuma siffar jama'a == [[File:Madame_Delait_en_gentleman.jpg|thumb|Katin tunawa da ke nuna Clémentine Delait a matsayin mutum. Fiye da 70 irin waɗannan katunan an samar da su kuma an sayar da su don inganta cafe da bayyanar jama'a.]] A lokacin da take da shekaru 35, a ranar Lahadi ta Pentikos a cikin 1900, Delait ta yanke shawarar daina aske gemu kuma ta rungumi gemu a matsayin fasalin bayyanarta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a cikin 1904, ta sami izini daga hukumomin Faransa don sa tufafin maza, a lokacin da dokokin Faransa gabaɗaya suka hana mata yin hakan ba tare da izini ba.<ref name=":4" /> Yayinda shahararta ta girma a farkon karni na 20, Delait ta tsaya don fiye da 70 na katunan tunawa, wanda ta sanya hannu kuma ta sayar don inganta kasuwancin ta.<ref name=":3" /> An dauki hotonta tana sanye da tufafin maza da mata, gami da riguna masu kyau, tufafin maza le hat din bowler, gami le hawa keke, tuka karusar da aka ja da doki, tana tsaye tare da karnukanta, kuma tana tsaye a waje da cafe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wadanda suka san Delait sun yi magana game da kulawar da ta ba da gemu. Charles Grossier, tsohon mai aski, daga baya ya tuna cewa za ta "duba shi kamar hawk" a duk lokacin da ya gyara shi. Grossier ta ziyarce ta sau uku a mako don wanke gemu da shampoo na musamman kuma ta ce tana gogewa da kuma shirya shi kowace rana. == Mutuwa == A cikin shekarunta na baya, Delait ta ci gaba da cutar rheumatism, wanda daga ƙarshe ya tilasta mata ta yi ritaya daga gudanar da kasuwancin ta da yin bayyanar jama'a.<ref name=":3" /> Delait ya mutu bayan ya kamu da bugun jini a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1939, yana da shekaru 74. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> An binne ta a Thaon-les-Vosges, inda ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> A cewar tarihinta, tana so a tuna da ita a matsayin "Mace mai gemu na Thaon", kuma daga baya an rubuta waɗannan kalmomin a kan kabarinta.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyauta == A cikin shekarun 1970s, an buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Clémentine Delait a Thaon-les-Vosges . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 83fq5x2cnem8d1uyswjrl43mwqxzvkg 965627 965626 2026-10-10T05:59:09Z Baffa ali 47435 965627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Clémentine_Delait_1923c.jpg|thumb|Clémentine Delait a cikin 1923]] Clémentine Delait (née '''Clattaux'''; 5 Maris 1865 - 5 Afrilu 1939) ta kasance mai gidan cin abinci na Faransa, mai nishadantarwa kuma [[Uwargidan da ke da gemu|mace mai gemu]]. Bayan ta ba da gemu ya girma a cikin 1900, ta canza wurin cin abincin ta a Thaon-les-Vosges zuwa sanannen jan hankali, tana sayar da katunan tunawa kuma ta zama sananne a Faransa a farkon karni na ashirin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Madame Delait, la femme à barbe |url=https://www.europeana.eu/fr/stories/madame-delait-the-bearded-lady |access-date=23 June 2026 |website=Europeana}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=de Herder |first=Wouter W. |year=2019 |title=Clémentine Delait (1865–1934), the most famous bearded lady on the continent in the 20th century |journal=Gynecological Endocrinology |doi=10.1080/09513590.2019.1683823 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mijinta a 1928, Delait ta ba da kanta ga yawon shakatawa, ta bayyana a Paris, London, Belfast, Vienna, Berlin da [[Amsterdam]], da kuma Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /> Delait ya zama sananne sosai saboda siffarta ta jama'a da aka inganta a hankali. Ta sami izinin hukuma don sa tufafin maza a cikin 1904, ta sanya fiye da katunan tallafi 70 a cikin tufafin maza da mata, kuma ta shirya abubuwan talla ciki har da shiga cikin gidan zaki a baje kolin a Thaon-les-Vosges . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Marubutan zamani sun bayyana ta a matsayin "mafi kyawun mace mai gemu a Faransa" da kuma "cikakken misali na mace mai gashin gemu". An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Delait a Thaon-les-Vosges a cikin shekarun 1970s. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Clémentine Delait a ranar 5 ga Maris 1865 a Chaumousey, Lorraine, Faransa. Ita ce ƙaramar yar Joseph Marie Clattaux da Marie-Anne Géhin, tare da 'yan uwan Marie da Auguste.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> A cewar tarihinta, Delait ta fara bunkasa gemu tana da shekaru 18 a 1883. Da farko ta aske a kai a kai kuma ta ci gaba da yin hakan na shekaru da yawa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Aure da iyali == [[File:Madame_Delait_en_promenade.jpg|left|thumb|Katin tunawa da ke nuna Clémentine Delait a cikin tufafin mata.]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba 1885, tana da shekaru 20, Clémentine Clattaux ta auri mai yin burodi Paul Delait a kusa da Thaon-les-Vosges . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Bayan aurensu, ta yi aiki tare da mijinta a gidan burodi. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, a cikin 1892, ma'auratan sun buɗe kofi a garin. Bayan Delait ta daina aske gemu a cikin 1900, kasuwancin ya zama sananne da Le Café de la Femme à Barbe ("The Café of the Bearded Woman").<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fiye da shekaru 30 cikin aurensu, a 1919, Delaits sun karbi 'yar, Fernande, wacce iyayenta suka mutu a lokacin annobar mura ta Spain.<ref name=":3" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 63, bayan fiye da shekaru 40 na aure, Delait ya zama gwauruwa lokacin da Paul Delait ya mutu a 1928. <ref name=":3" /> Daga baya ta ba da kanta ga yawon shakatawa, ta bayyana a Paris, London, Belfast, Vienna, Berlin da [[Amsterdam]], da kuma Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == A cewar bayanan da suka biyo baya, Clémentine Delait ta kasance mai ƙanƙanta tun tana ƙarama, amma tana askewa a kai a kai. Wannan ya canza a cikin 1900, lokacin da ta ziyarci wani biki kuma ta ga wata [[Uwargidan da ke da gemu|mace mai gemu]] tare da wani abu mai ban sha'awa kuma ta yi alfaharin cewa za ta iya girma da gemu mafi kyau kanta. Mijinta ya yi fare 500 [[Franc|francs]] don tallafa mata. Kudin ya jawo hankalin kwastomomi da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Delaits kuma sun canza sunan zuwa Le Café de La Femme à Barbe, "Café na Mace mai Gishiri". <ref name=":4" /> Delait ta fara sayar da hotuna da katunan kanta kuma ta zama wani abu mai daraja. Ta fara yawon shakatawa a Turai, tana jan hankalin jama'a a Paris da London. Tawon shakatawa ya kara tsanantawa bayan ta zama gwauruwa a 1926. A cikin 1903, Delait ta jawo hankalin jama'a a wani baje kolin da ke Thaon-les-Vosges lokacin da ta shiga cikin gidan zaki a matsayin wani ɓangare na gabatarwar talla. Tare da mai horar da dabbobi Camilius, ta kwashe mintuna da yawa a tsakanin zakuna kafin ta fito ba tare da wata matsala ba, wani taron da ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai.<ref name=":3" /> Bayan gudanar da kofi a Thaon-les-Vosges sama da shekaru talatin, dangin sun sayar da shi a 1923 kuma suka koma Plombières-les-Bains, inda Delait ya buɗe shagon sayar da kayan ado, lace da lingerie yayin da suke ci gaba da sayar da katunan tunawa.<ref name=":3" /> == Bayyanawa da kuma siffar jama'a == [[File:Madame_Delait_en_gentleman.jpg|thumb|Katin tunawa da ke nuna Clémentine Delait a matsayin mutum. Fiye da 70 irin waɗannan katunan an samar da su kuma an sayar da su don inganta cafe da bayyanar jama'a.]] A lokacin da take da shekaru 35, a ranar Lahadi ta Pentikos a cikin 1900, Delait ta yanke shawarar daina aske gemu kuma ta rungumi gemu a matsayin fasalin bayyanarta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a cikin 1904, ta sami izini daga hukumomin Faransa don sa tufafin maza, a lokacin da dokokin Faransa gabaɗaya suka hana mata yin hakan ba tare da izini ba.<ref name=":4" /> Yayinda shahararta ta girma a farkon karni na 20, Delait ta tsaya don fiye da 70 na katunan tunawa, wanda ta sanya hannu kuma ta sayar don inganta kasuwancin ta.<ref name=":3" /> An dauki hotonta tana sanye da tufafin maza da mata, gami da riguna masu kyau, tufafin maza le hat din bowler, gami le hawa keke, tuka karusar da aka ja da doki, tana tsaye tare da karnukanta, kuma tana tsaye a waje da cafe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wadanda suka san Delait sun yi magana game da kulawar da ta ba da gemu. Charles Grossier, tsohon mai aski, daga baya ya tuna cewa za ta "duba shi kamar hawk" a duk lokacin da ya gyara shi. Grossier ta ziyarce ta sau uku a mako don wanke gemu da shampoo na musamman kuma ta ce tana gogewa da kuma shirya shi kowace rana. == Mutuwa == A cikin shekarunta na baya, Delait ta ci gaba da cutar rheumatism, wanda daga ƙarshe ya tilasta mata ta yi ritaya daga gudanar da kasuwancin ta da yin bayyanar jama'a.<ref name=":3" /> Delait ya mutu bayan ya kamu da bugun jini a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1939, yana da shekaru 74. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> An binne ta a Thaon-les-Vosges, inda ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> A cewar tarihinta, tana so a tuna da ita a matsayin "Mace mai gemu na Thaon", kuma daga baya an rubuta waɗannan kalmomin a kan kabarinta.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyauta == A cikin shekarun 1970s, an buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Clémentine Delait a Thaon-les-Vosges . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ek1yazyzpjnt4waxm45smskmvr9g5v8 965628 965627 2026-10-10T06:00:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Bayyanawa da kuma siffar jama'a */ 965628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Clémentine_Delait_1923c.jpg|thumb|Clémentine Delait a cikin 1923]] Clémentine Delait (née '''Clattaux'''; 5 Maris 1865 - 5 Afrilu 1939) ta kasance mai gidan cin abinci na Faransa, mai nishadantarwa kuma [[Uwargidan da ke da gemu|mace mai gemu]]. Bayan ta ba da gemu ya girma a cikin 1900, ta canza wurin cin abincin ta a Thaon-les-Vosges zuwa sanannen jan hankali, tana sayar da katunan tunawa kuma ta zama sananne a Faransa a farkon karni na ashirin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Madame Delait, la femme à barbe |url=https://www.europeana.eu/fr/stories/madame-delait-the-bearded-lady |access-date=23 June 2026 |website=Europeana}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=de Herder |first=Wouter W. |year=2019 |title=Clémentine Delait (1865–1934), the most famous bearded lady on the continent in the 20th century |journal=Gynecological Endocrinology |doi=10.1080/09513590.2019.1683823 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar mijinta a 1928, Delait ta ba da kanta ga yawon shakatawa, ta bayyana a Paris, London, Belfast, Vienna, Berlin da [[Amsterdam]], da kuma Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /> Delait ya zama sananne sosai saboda siffarta ta jama'a da aka inganta a hankali. Ta sami izinin hukuma don sa tufafin maza a cikin 1904, ta sanya fiye da katunan tallafi 70 a cikin tufafin maza da mata, kuma ta shirya abubuwan talla ciki har da shiga cikin gidan zaki a baje kolin a Thaon-les-Vosges . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Marubutan zamani sun bayyana ta a matsayin "mafi kyawun mace mai gemu a Faransa" da kuma "cikakken misali na mace mai gashin gemu". An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Delait a Thaon-les-Vosges a cikin shekarun 1970s. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Clémentine Delait a ranar 5 ga Maris 1865 a Chaumousey, Lorraine, Faransa. Ita ce ƙaramar yar Joseph Marie Clattaux da Marie-Anne Géhin, tare da 'yan uwan Marie da Auguste.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> A cewar tarihinta, Delait ta fara bunkasa gemu tana da shekaru 18 a 1883. Da farko ta aske a kai a kai kuma ta ci gaba da yin hakan na shekaru da yawa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> == Aure da iyali == [[File:Madame_Delait_en_promenade.jpg|left|thumb|Katin tunawa da ke nuna Clémentine Delait a cikin tufafin mata.]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba 1885, tana da shekaru 20, Clémentine Clattaux ta auri mai yin burodi Paul Delait a kusa da Thaon-les-Vosges . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Bayan aurensu, ta yi aiki tare da mijinta a gidan burodi. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, a cikin 1892, ma'auratan sun buɗe kofi a garin. Bayan Delait ta daina aske gemu a cikin 1900, kasuwancin ya zama sananne da Le Café de la Femme à Barbe ("The Café of the Bearded Woman").<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fiye da shekaru 30 cikin aurensu, a 1919, Delaits sun karbi 'yar, Fernande, wacce iyayenta suka mutu a lokacin annobar mura ta Spain.<ref name=":3" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 63, bayan fiye da shekaru 40 na aure, Delait ya zama gwauruwa lokacin da Paul Delait ya mutu a 1928. <ref name=":3" /> Daga baya ta ba da kanta ga yawon shakatawa, ta bayyana a Paris, London, Belfast, Vienna, Berlin da [[Amsterdam]], da kuma Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == A cewar bayanan da suka biyo baya, Clémentine Delait ta kasance mai ƙanƙanta tun tana ƙarama, amma tana askewa a kai a kai. Wannan ya canza a cikin 1900, lokacin da ta ziyarci wani biki kuma ta ga wata [[Uwargidan da ke da gemu|mace mai gemu]] tare da wani abu mai ban sha'awa kuma ta yi alfaharin cewa za ta iya girma da gemu mafi kyau kanta. Mijinta ya yi fare 500 [[Franc|francs]] don tallafa mata. Kudin ya jawo hankalin kwastomomi da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Delaits kuma sun canza sunan zuwa Le Café de La Femme à Barbe, "Café na Mace mai Gishiri". <ref name=":4" /> Delait ta fara sayar da hotuna da katunan kanta kuma ta zama wani abu mai daraja. Ta fara yawon shakatawa a Turai, tana jan hankalin jama'a a Paris da London. Tawon shakatawa ya kara tsanantawa bayan ta zama gwauruwa a 1926. A cikin 1903, Delait ta jawo hankalin jama'a a wani baje kolin da ke Thaon-les-Vosges lokacin da ta shiga cikin gidan zaki a matsayin wani ɓangare na gabatarwar talla. Tare da mai horar da dabbobi Camilius, ta kwashe mintuna da yawa a tsakanin zakuna kafin ta fito ba tare da wata matsala ba, wani taron da ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai.<ref name=":3" /> Bayan gudanar da kofi a Thaon-les-Vosges sama da shekaru talatin, dangin sun sayar da shi a 1923 kuma suka koma Plombières-les-Bains, inda Delait ya buɗe shagon sayar da kayan ado, lace da lingerie yayin da suke ci gaba da sayar da katunan tunawa.<ref name=":3" /> == Bayyanawa da kuma siffar jama'a == [[File:Madame_Delait_en_gentleman.jpg|thumb|Katin tunawa da ke nuna Clémentine Delait a matsayin mutum. Fiye da 70 irin waɗannan katunan an samar da su kuma an sayar da su don inganta cafe da bayyanar jama'a.]] A lokacin da take da shekaru 35, a ranar Lahadi ta Pentikos a cikin 1900, Delait ta yanke shawarar daina aske gemu kuma ta rungumi gemu a matsayin fasalin bayyanarta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a cikin 1904, ta sami izini daga hukumomin Faransa don sa tufafin maza, a lokacin da dokokin Faransa gabaɗaya suka hana mata yin hakan ba tare da izini ba.<ref name=":4" /> Yayinda shahararta ta girma a farkon karni na 20, Delait ta tsaya don fiye da 70 na katunan tunawa, wanda ta sanya hannu kuma ta sayar don inganta kasuwancin ta.<ref name=":3" /> An dauki hotonta tana sanye da tufafin maza da mata, gami da riguna masu kyau, tufafin maza le hat din bowler, gami le hawa keke, tuka karusar da aka ja da doki, tana tsaye tare da karnukanta, kuma tana tsaye a waje da cafe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wadanda suka san Delait sun yi magana game da kulawar da ta ba da gemu. Charles Grossier, tsohon mai aski, daga baya ya tuna cewa za ta "duba shi kamar hawk" a duk lokacin da ya gyara shi. Grossier ta ziyarce ta sau uku a mako don wanke gemu da shampoo na musamman kuma ta ce tana gogewa da kuma shirya shi kowace rana.<ref name=":0" /> == Mutuwa == A cikin shekarunta na baya, Delait ta ci gaba da cutar rheumatism, wanda daga ƙarshe ya tilasta mata ta yi ritaya daga gudanar da kasuwancin ta da yin bayyanar jama'a.<ref name=":3" /> Delait ya mutu bayan ya kamu da bugun jini a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1939, yana da shekaru 74. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> An binne ta a Thaon-les-Vosges, inda ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> A cewar tarihinta, tana so a tuna da ita a matsayin "Mace mai gemu na Thaon", kuma daga baya an rubuta waɗannan kalmomin a kan kabarinta.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyauta == A cikin shekarun 1970s, an buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Clémentine Delait a Thaon-les-Vosges . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] trvv3m2uaqxpsnqld7jbubplvjt6kym 0 178758 965630 2026-10-10T06:10:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377440027|Buskin]]" 965630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Córdoba_(16509492188).jpg|thumb|Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro tare da buskins na ''cothurnus'', Tsohon Roman mosaic daga Corduba (Córdoba).]] '''Buskin''' takalmin gwiwa ne wanda aka yi da taya ko zane, wanda aka rufe shi da kayan aiki, kuma an ɗaure shi, daga sama da yatsunsu zuwa saman takalmin, kuma yana buɗewa a fadin yatsunsu. Kalmar buskin, kawai an rubuta ta a Turanci tun daga 1503 ma'ana "rabi takalmi", ba a san asalinsa ba, watakila daga Tsohon Faransanci brousequin (a cikin zamani na Faransanci brodequin) ko kai tsaye daga samfurin tsakiya na Dutch brosekin "ƙaramin takalmin fata". 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki (tragedy) a Athens sun kasance suna sanya takalmi mai tsayi da ake kira *buskin* (ko *kothornos* a Girkanci da *cothurnus* a Latin) domin su yi kama da masu tsayi.[1] Saboda haka, ana ganin *buskin* a matsayin alamar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki, wanda ake bambanta shi da *sock* (ko *soccus* a Latin)—wato takalmi mai ƙarancin tsayi da 'yan wasan barkwanci ke sawa.[2] Masu farauta, da sojoji a cikin al'ummomin Girka, Etruscan, da [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] sun sa buskin, don kare ƙananan ƙafafun daga ƙayoyi, datti, da sauransu. Sarkin Sarakuna na Byzantine an yi musu ado da buskins mai launin ruwan kasa, an yi musu da zinariya tare da gaggafa masu kai biyu. Jami'in diflomasiyyar Ingila na ƙarni na 17 Dudley Carleton ya bayyana Anne ta Denmark tana aiki a matsayin Pallas a cikin masque na 1604 The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses . Ta sa "buzzes biyu da duwatsu masu arziki". == Dubi kuma == * Tufafi a Roma ta dā * Caligae * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == kjds0g6kk0mt3e39v7xkm93wktb78xt 965633 965630 2026-10-10T06:13:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Córdoba_(16509492188).jpg|thumb|Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro tare da buskins na ''cothurnus'', Tsohon Roman mosaic daga Corduba (Córdoba).]] '''Buskin''' takalmin gwiwa ne wanda aka yi da taya ko zane, wanda aka rufe shi da kayan aiki, kuma an ɗaure shi, daga sama da yatsunsu zuwa saman takalmin, kuma yana buɗewa a fadin yatsunsu.<ref>Nunn, Joan (2000). Fashion in Costume, 1200-2000. Rowman & Littlefield. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-56663-279-9</nowiki>.</ref> Kalmar buskin, kawai an rubuta ta a Turanci tun daga 1503 ma'ana "rabi takalmi", ba a san asalinsa ba, watakila daga Tsohon Faransanci brousequin (a cikin zamani na Faransanci brodequin) ko kai tsaye daga samfurin tsakiya na Dutch brosekin "ƙaramin takalmin fata". 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki (tragedy) a Athens sun kasance suna sanya takalmi mai tsayi da ake kira *buskin* (ko *kothornos* a Girkanci da *cothurnus* a Latin) domin su yi kama da masu tsayi.[1] Saboda haka, ana ganin *buskin* a matsayin alamar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki, wanda ake bambanta shi da *sock* (ko *soccus* a Latin)—wato takalmi mai ƙarancin tsayi da 'yan wasan barkwanci ke sawa.<ref>Myers, Philip Van Ness (1898). A History of Greece: For Colleges and High Schools. Ginn & Company. p. 548. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</ref> Masu farauta, da sojoji a cikin al'ummomin Girka, Etruscan, da [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] sun sa buskin, don kare ƙananan ƙafafun daga ƙayoyi, datti, da sauransu. Sarkin Sarakuna na Byzantine an yi musu ado da buskins mai launin ruwan kasa, an yi musu da zinariya tare da gaggafa masu kai biyu. Jami'in diflomasiyyar Ingila na ƙarni na 17 Dudley Carleton ya bayyana Anne ta Denmark tana aiki a matsayin Pallas a cikin masque na 1604 The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses . Ta sa "buzzes biyu da duwatsu masu arziki". == Dubi kuma == * Tufafi a Roma ta dā * Caligae * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == set4xyj6goofhuzafu5ta68bd5atqf6 965635 965633 2026-10-10T06:16:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Córdoba_(16509492188).jpg|thumb|Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro tare da buskins na ''cothurnus'', Tsohon Roman mosaic daga Corduba (Córdoba).]] '''Buskin''' takalmin gwiwa ne wanda aka yi da taya ko zane, wanda aka rufe shi da kayan aiki, kuma an ɗaure shi, daga sama da yatsunsu zuwa saman takalmin, kuma yana buɗewa a fadin yatsunsu.<ref>Nunn, Joan (2000). Fashion in Costume, 1200-2000. Rowman & Littlefield. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-56663-279-9</nowiki>.</ref> Kalmar buskin, kawai an rubuta ta a Turanci tun daga 1503 ma'ana "rabi takalmi", ba a san asalinsa ba, watakila daga Tsohon Faransanci brousequin (a cikin zamani na Faransanci brodequin) ko kai tsaye daga samfurin tsakiya na Dutch brosekin "ƙaramin takalmin fata". 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki (tragedy) a Athens sun kasance suna sanya takalmi mai tsayi da ake kira *buskin* (ko *kothornos* a Girkanci da *cothurnus* a Latin) domin su yi kama da masu tsayi.[1] Saboda haka, ana ganin *buskin* a matsayin alamar wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki, wanda ake bambanta shi da *sock* (ko *soccus* a Latin)—wato takalmi mai ƙarancin tsayi da 'yan wasan barkwanci ke sawa.<ref>Myers, Philip Van Ness (1898). A History of Greece: For Colleges and High Schools. Ginn & Company. p. 548. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</ref> Masu farauta, da sojoji a cikin al'ummomin Girka, Etruscan, da [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] sun sa buskin, don kare ƙananan ƙafafun daga ƙayoyi, datti, da sauransu. Sarkin Sarakuna na Byzantine an yi musu ado da buskins mai launin ruwan kasa, an yi musu da zinariya tare da gaggafa masu kai biyu. Jami'in diflomasiyyar Ingila na ƙarni na 17 Dudley Carleton ya bayyana Anne ta Denmark tana aiki a matsayin Pallas a cikin masque na 1604 The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses . Ta sa "buzzes biyu da duwatsu masu arziki". == Dubi kuma == * Tufafi a Roma ta dā * Caligae * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == jeonz5jl3wp36h859sb9kp1wnkg61w9 0 178759 965632 2026-10-10T06:13:13Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373450840|6882 Sormano]]" 965632 wikitext text/x-wiki 6882 Sormano (sunan: 1995 CC1) wani dutse ne mai suna Eunomia asteroid daga tsakiyar yankin na belin asteroid, kimanin kilomita 7 (4.3 miles) a diamita. An gano shi ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1995, ta hanyar masu ilimin taurari na Italiya Piero Sicoli da [[Valter Giuliani]] a Sormano Astronomical Observatory a arewacin Italiya. An sanya sunan asteroid din ne don ƙauyen dutsen Italiya na Sormano da kuma wurin bincikensa. == Orbit da rarrabuwa == Sormano memba ne na Iyalin Eunomia, babban rukuni na asteroids na S-type kuma mafi shahararren iyali a cikin babban belin tsakiya. Yana kewaye da Rana a nesa da 2.3-2.8 AU sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 4 da wata 1 (kwana 1,489). &nbsp;Tsarinsa yana da eccentricity na 0.10 da kuma karkatawa na 14 [[Digiri (kwana)|°]] dangane da ecliptic. Binciken binciken asteroid ya fara shekaru 6 kafin gano shi, kamar yadda aka lura da shi a baya a matsayin 1989 OW a Palomar Observatory a shekarar 1989. == Sunayen == An sanya wa wannan ƙaramar duniyar suna don girmama ƙauyen dutsen Italiya na Sormano da kuma binciken da ke kusa. "Gruppo Astrofili Brianza" ne ke ba da kuɗin, aka gina shi kuma ke sarrafa shi, ƙungiyar masu ilimin taurari na Italiya waɗanda suka gano ƙananan taurari da yawa. Cibiyar Minor Planet Center ce ta buga bayanin sunan hukuma a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1996 ({{Small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 27130}}). == Halayen jiki == === Juyawa da siffar === A watan Satumbar 2010, an samo haske mai juyawa na Sormano daga abubuwan lura da aka yi a Palomar Transient Factory a California. Ya ba da Lokacin juyawa na awanni {{Val|3.6901}} tare da bambancin haske mai girma na 0.71, wanda ke nuna siffar da ba ta da siffar (U = 2). Irin wannan lokacin na awanni 3.998 an samo shi ne daga bayanan da aka sake fasalin bayanan Lowell photometric ({{Small|[[LCDB quality code|n.a.]]}}). === Diamita da albedo === Dangane da binciken da NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ya gudanar tare da aikin NEOWISE na gaba, Sormano ya auna kilomita 7.6 zuwa 8.0 a diamita kuma farfajiya tana da albedo tsakanin 0.269 da 0.300. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link ya ɗauki albedo 0.21 - wanda aka samo daga 15 Eunomia, babban memba na iyali kuma mai suna - kuma ya lissafa diamita na kilomita 6.69 tare da cikakkiyar girman 13.19 . == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php" id="mwAXo" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tambayar Bayanan Bayanai na Lightcurve] (LCDB), a www.minorplanet.info * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Kalmomin Ƙananan Sunaye], littattafan Google * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids da comets juyawa curves, CdR] - Geneva Observatory, [[Raoul Behrend]] * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Yanayin Bincike: Ƙananan Duniyoyi masu lamba (5001) - (10000)] - Ƙananan Duniya Cibiyar * {{AstDys|6882}} * {{JPL small body}} 256x4exodsqw8c7pfgux0c5dnb4fo2h 965634 965632 2026-10-10T06:13:49Z Baffa ali 47435 965634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 6882 Sormano (sunan: 1995 CC1) wani dutse ne mai suna Eunomia asteroid daga tsakiyar yankin na belin asteroid, kimanin kilomita 7 (4.3 miles) a diamita. An gano shi ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1995, ta hanyar masu ilimin taurari na Italiya Piero Sicoli da [[Valter Giuliani]] a Sormano Astronomical Observatory a arewacin Italiya. An sanya sunan asteroid din ne don ƙauyen dutsen Italiya na Sormano da kuma wurin bincikensa. == Orbit da rarrabuwa == Sormano memba ne na Iyalin Eunomia, babban rukuni na asteroids na S-type kuma mafi shahararren iyali a cikin babban belin tsakiya. Yana kewaye da Rana a nesa da 2.3-2.8 AU sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 4 da wata 1 (kwana 1,489). &nbsp;Tsarinsa yana da eccentricity na 0.10 da kuma karkatawa na 14 [[Digiri (kwana)|°]] dangane da ecliptic. Binciken binciken asteroid ya fara shekaru 6 kafin gano shi, kamar yadda aka lura da shi a baya a matsayin 1989 OW a Palomar Observatory a shekarar 1989. == Sunayen == An sanya wa wannan ƙaramar duniyar suna don girmama ƙauyen dutsen Italiya na Sormano da kuma binciken da ke kusa. "Gruppo Astrofili Brianza" ne ke ba da kuɗin, aka gina shi kuma ke sarrafa shi, ƙungiyar masu ilimin taurari na Italiya waɗanda suka gano ƙananan taurari da yawa. Cibiyar Minor Planet Center ce ta buga bayanin sunan hukuma a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1996 ({{Small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 27130}}). == Halayen jiki == === Juyawa da siffar === A watan Satumbar 2010, an samo haske mai juyawa na Sormano daga abubuwan lura da aka yi a Palomar Transient Factory a California. Ya ba da Lokacin juyawa na awanni {{Val|3.6901}} tare da bambancin haske mai girma na 0.71, wanda ke nuna siffar da ba ta da siffar (U = 2). Irin wannan lokacin na awanni 3.998 an samo shi ne daga bayanan da aka sake fasalin bayanan Lowell photometric ({{Small|[[LCDB quality code|n.a.]]}}). === Diamita da albedo === Dangane da binciken da NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ya gudanar tare da aikin NEOWISE na gaba, Sormano ya auna kilomita 7.6 zuwa 8.0 a diamita kuma farfajiya tana da albedo tsakanin 0.269 da 0.300. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link ya ɗauki albedo 0.21 - wanda aka samo daga 15 Eunomia, babban memba na iyali kuma mai suna - kuma ya lissafa diamita na kilomita 6.69 tare da cikakkiyar girman 13.19 . == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php" id="mwAXo" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tambayar Bayanan Bayanai na Lightcurve] (LCDB), a www.minorplanet.info * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Kalmomin Ƙananan Sunaye], littattafan Google * [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids da comets juyawa curves, CdR] - Geneva Observatory, [[Raoul Behrend]] * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Yanayin Bincike: Ƙananan Duniyoyi masu lamba (5001) - (10000)] - Ƙananan Duniya Cibiyar * {{AstDys|6882}} * {{JPL small body}} hdf14xthw10waenf1c4lrfnfxrr04ar 0 178760 965636 2026-10-10T06:17:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331237411|Calceology]]" 965636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Calceology''' (daga Latin ''calcei'' "[[takalma]]" da {{Lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''-logiā'', "-logy") shine nazarin [[Takalmi|takalma]], musamman takalma na [[tarihi]] ko dai a matsayin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, tarihin salon takalma, ko kuma in ba haka ba. Har yanzu ba a san shi a matsayin filin bincike ba. Calceology ya ƙunshi jarrabawa, rajista, bincike da kiyaye raguwar [[takalma]] fata. Wani ma'anar da ya fi girma ya haɗa da nazarin takalma na dā, tarihin zamantakewa da al'adu, fannoni na fasaha na [[Yin takalma]] kafin masana'antu da kasuwancin fata da ke tattare da su, da kuma sake gina takalma na archaeological. == Tarihin calceology == Daga cikin binciken farko na takalma daga binciken archaeological na Turai, takalma na zamanin Roman sun kasance sanannun, wanda ya biyo bayan abubuwan da aka gano na zamani. An fara amfani da bincike na kimiyya ga abubuwan da aka gano a zamanin Roman kuma daga baya don takalma na [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] da na asali. Tare da ci gaban tsarin ƙididdigar Goubitz, za a iya gabatar da fannoni na fasaha na ɓangarorin takalma da aka dawo da su a sarari, suna ba masu bincike damar ingantaccen tushen kimiyya don takardun kayan fata da fassarar da ta dace. Sha'awar tarihin tsohuwar salon takalma ya fara ne a karni na 17. Fassarar halayen zamantakewa da al'adu na tarihi ya nuna muhimmancin takalma a cikin yanayin archaeological. Littafin bincike don nazarin calceological ya rufe tsawon lokaci daga tarihin Turai (Neolithic, Bronze da Iron Ages), zamanin Roman, Tsakiyar Tsakiya zuwa karni na 19. Nazarin Calceological a waje da Turai yana magance shafuka bayan 1600 a gabar gabas da bays na Arewacin Amurka, da kuma shafuka na [[Arewacin Afirka]] da ke da alaƙa da zamanin Masar, Roman da Coptic. == Hanyoyi == === Tsaro === Ana adana kayan tarihi na fata na archaeological a cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa, ko dai a cikin wurare masu zafi, [[wiktionary:dry|bushewa]] ko daskarewa. Har ila yau, turare suna adana kayan tarihi na fata da fata, amma ta hanyar sake fasalin. Shafukan archaeological da aka yi da ruwa suna ba da yanayin da ya dace don adana fata mai laushi. A matsayin kayan halitta, ana buƙatar daidaita fata na archaeological ta hanyar hanyar kiyayewa mai dacewa. Ana iya samun yanayin bushewa a cikin hamada da tsaunuka masu tsawo amma kuma a cikin ganuwar gine-ginen zamani da na baya inda aka ɓoye takalma na fata saboda dalilai na camfi. Filin kankara, tundra da kankara na iya adana kayan tarihi na fata na dā a wasu lokuta ta hanyar daskarewa koyaushe. == Binciken takalma da aka gano == Abubuwan da aka gano da ruwa yawanci sun kunshi abubuwan da ba su da tushe tun lokacin da [[Zare|zaren]] da aka yi amfani da su don [[Dinki|sutura]] abubuwa tare ba ya tsira daga binnewa zafi. Ya kamata a yi amfani da tsarin bin diddigin don kiyaye abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin bincike da hanyoyin kiyayewa. Don fata mai laushi na archaeological, mataki na farko shine tsaftacewa a hankali a cikin ruwa tare da karamin buroshi mai laushi. Ana yin kiyayewa bayan matakin rubuce-rubuce. Takardun sun ƙunshi [[Zane|zane-zane]] da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban, bayanan hoto ba su da amfani tunda fata mai baƙar fata ba ya nuna cikakkun bayanai da kyau. Mataki na farko don rajistar alamar Goubitz shine ainihin bin diddigin fasalin fasalin, yawanci ana sanya hatsi a gefen ƙasa, nama a gefen sama. Sa'an nan kuma alamomi da ke nuna nau'in sutura da sutura ana zana su a wurin da ya dace a cikin tsari. Gine-gine guda ɗaya (hanyar da aka gyara sassan sama na takalmin zuwa takalmin), [[Kusa|Hanyar ɗaurewa]] da haɗin abubuwan da aka haɗa daga takalmin guda ɗaya da kuma nau'in [[dabba]], kaurin fata, folds da creases yawanci ana bincika su. Idan akwai, ana yin rikodin nau'in kayan ado da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita. Yawancin kayan tarihi na fata da aka gano na archaeological sune sassan takalma kuma ana iya haɗa su da itace, fiber ko sassan ƙarfe. Ana amfani da cikakkun bayanai na fasaha kamar fasahar gina takalma, hanyar ɗaurewa da abubuwan zamani don kafa nau'in don takamaiman rukunin ganowa. Nau'in takalma yana nuna nau'ikan takalma kamar takalma, takalma, pattens, takalma da sauransu. Hanyar takalma ita ce haɗuwa mai daidaituwa na hanyar ɗaurewa, tsawo, kayan ado da kayan ado a kan takalma masu yawa da aka dawo da su. An kafa sunan salon da ya danganci sunan wurin da aka gano don abubuwan da aka gano a zamanin Roman.[1] Saboda canje-canje a cikin kayan ado da kuma gaskiyar cewa takalma suna da iyakantaccen rayuwa saboda amfani, takalma kayan aiki ne na zamani kuma yana wakiltar tushen lokaci-lokaci na ilimin kimiyyar tarihi. Yanayin ganowa, sanyawa na stratigraphic da sauran hanyoyin soyayya suna taimakawa wajen kafa takamaiman jerin lokuta. Ƙarin bincike don kwatankwacin misalai masu kama da juna tsakanin tarihin archaeological na yanzu (tattarawa, wallafe-wallafe, rahotanni) yana taimakawa wajen bayyana jerin lokuta na dangi don nau'ikan takalma da salon. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Magana * [[Ilimin ɗan adam]] * Ilimin halittu * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Bata == Manazarta == s4yhrbj53q29n0wrf8qd2d6449zeudj 965637 965636 2026-10-10T06:20:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Calceology''' (daga Latin ''calcei'' "[[takalma]]" da {{Lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''-logiā'', "-logy") shine nazarin [[Takalmi|takalma]], musamman takalma na [[tarihi]] ko dai a matsayin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, tarihin salon takalma, ko kuma in ba haka ba. Har yanzu ba a san shi a matsayin filin bincike ba. Calceology ya ƙunshi jarrabawa, rajista, bincike da kiyaye raguwar [[takalma]] fata. Wani ma'anar da ya fi girma ya haɗa da nazarin takalma na dā, tarihin zamantakewa da al'adu, fannoni na fasaha na [[Yin takalma]] kafin masana'antu da kasuwancin fata da ke tattare da su, da kuma sake gina takalma na archaeological.<ref>O. Goubitz “Calceology: a new hobby: the drawing and recording of archaeological footwear.” Recent Research in Archaeological Footwear, Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors, Technical Paper No. 8, 1987, pp. 1–28</ref> == Tarihin calceology == Daga cikin binciken farko na takalma daga binciken archaeological na Turai, takalma na zamanin Roman sun kasance sanannun, wanda ya biyo bayan abubuwan da aka gano na zamani.<ref>L. Lindenschmit, Die Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit Band 4, Römisch-Geranisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz 1900</ref> An fara amfani da bincike na kimiyya ga abubuwan da aka gano a zamanin Roman kuma daga baya don takalma na [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] da na asali. Tare da ci gaban tsarin ƙididdigar Goubitz, za a iya gabatar da fannoni na fasaha na ɓangarorin takalma da aka dawo da su a sarari, suna ba masu bincike damar ingantaccen tushen kimiyya don takardun kayan fata da fassarar da ta dace. Sha'awar tarihin tsohuwar salon takalma ya fara ne a karni na 17. Fassarar halayen zamantakewa da al'adu na tarihi ya nuna muhimmancin takalma a cikin yanayin archaeological. Littafin bincike don nazarin calceological ya rufe tsawon lokaci daga tarihin Turai (Neolithic, Bronze da Iron Ages), zamanin Roman, Tsakiyar Tsakiya zuwa karni na 19. Nazarin Calceological a waje da Turai yana magance shafuka bayan 1600 a gabar gabas da bays na Arewacin Amurka, da kuma shafuka na [[Arewacin Afirka]] da ke da alaƙa da zamanin Masar, Roman da Coptic. == Hanyoyi == === Tsaro === Ana adana kayan tarihi na fata na archaeological a cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa, ko dai a cikin wurare masu zafi, [[wiktionary:dry|bushewa]] ko daskarewa. Har ila yau, turare suna adana kayan tarihi na fata da fata, amma ta hanyar sake fasalin. Shafukan archaeological da aka yi da ruwa suna ba da yanayin da ya dace don adana fata mai laushi. A matsayin kayan halitta, ana buƙatar daidaita fata na archaeological ta hanyar hanyar kiyayewa mai dacewa. Ana iya samun yanayin bushewa a cikin hamada da tsaunuka masu tsawo amma kuma a cikin ganuwar gine-ginen zamani da na baya inda aka ɓoye takalma na fata saboda dalilai na camfi. Filin kankara, tundra da kankara na iya adana kayan tarihi na fata na dā a wasu lokuta ta hanyar daskarewa koyaushe.<ref>J. Curle, A Roman Frontier Post and its PeopleGlasgow 1910</ref> == Binciken takalma da aka gano == Abubuwan da aka gano da ruwa yawanci sun kunshi abubuwan da ba su da tushe tun lokacin da [[Zare|zaren]] da aka yi amfani da su don [[Dinki|sutura]] abubuwa tare ba ya tsira daga binnewa zafi. Ya kamata a yi amfani da tsarin bin diddigin don kiyaye abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin bincike da hanyoyin kiyayewa. Don fata mai laushi na archaeological, mataki na farko shine tsaftacewa a hankali a cikin ruwa tare da karamin buroshi mai laushi. Ana yin kiyayewa bayan matakin rubuce-rubuce. Takardun sun ƙunshi [[Zane|zane-zane]] da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban, bayanan hoto ba su da amfani tunda fata mai baƙar fata ba ya nuna cikakkun bayanai da kyau. Mataki na farko don rajistar alamar Goubitz shine ainihin bin diddigin fasalin fasalin, yawanci ana sanya hatsi a gefen ƙasa, nama a gefen sama. Sa'an nan kuma alamomi da ke nuna nau'in sutura da sutura ana zana su a wurin da ya dace a cikin tsari. Gine-gine guda ɗaya (hanyar da aka gyara sassan sama na takalmin zuwa takalmin), [[Kusa|Hanyar ɗaurewa]] da haɗin abubuwan da aka haɗa daga takalmin guda ɗaya da kuma nau'in [[dabba]], kaurin fata, folds da creases yawanci ana bincika su. Idan akwai, ana yin rikodin nau'in kayan ado da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita. Yawancin kayan tarihi na fata da aka gano na archaeological sune sassan takalma kuma ana iya haɗa su da itace, fiber ko sassan ƙarfe. Ana amfani da cikakkun bayanai na fasaha kamar fasahar gina takalma, hanyar ɗaurewa da abubuwan zamani don kafa nau'in don takamaiman rukunin ganowa. Nau'in takalma yana nuna nau'ikan takalma kamar takalma, takalma, pattens, takalma da sauransu. Hanyar takalma ita ce haɗuwa mai daidaituwa na hanyar ɗaurewa, tsawo, kayan ado da kayan ado a kan takalma masu yawa da aka dawo da su. An kafa sunan salon da ya danganci sunan wurin da aka gano don abubuwan da aka gano a zamanin Roman.[1] Saboda canje-canje a cikin kayan ado da kuma gaskiyar cewa takalma suna da iyakantaccen rayuwa saboda amfani, takalma kayan aiki ne na zamani kuma yana wakiltar tushen lokaci-lokaci na ilimin kimiyyar tarihi. Yanayin ganowa, sanyawa na stratigraphic da sauran hanyoyin soyayya suna taimakawa wajen kafa takamaiman jerin lokuta. Ƙarin bincike don kwatankwacin misalai masu kama da juna tsakanin tarihin archaeological na yanzu (tattarawa, wallafe-wallafe, rahotanni) yana taimakawa wajen bayyana jerin lokuta na dangi don nau'ikan takalma da salon. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Magana * [[Ilimin ɗan adam]] * Ilimin halittu * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Bata == Manazarta == 4vcaggsebzt2us5a2xaq082f8dkgz6v 0 178761 965638 2026-10-10T06:21:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318197698|Calceus]]" 965638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Calceus.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Calcei a cikin wani fresco na Romawa daga Paestum, a kudancin Italiya]] '''calceus''' (pl.: '''calcei''') ita ce takalma na maza na Jamhuriyar Roma da Daular. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa da fata kuma an yi saukowa, yana da shimfiɗa kuma yawanci ya kai ga ƙananan ƙafar, gaba ɗaya yana rufe ƙafa da idon sa. An ɗaure shi da ƙetare ko laces. Daidai da gajeren takalma ko takalma mai tsawo, ya fi sauƙi fiye da Caliga na soja amma ya fi taya fiye da takalma masu zamewa kamar [[soccus]] kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauƙin amfani da waje. == Sunan == Kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|calceus}} ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|calx}} ("ƙafar ƙafa") da kuma yawanci Girkanci suffix {{Lang|la|-eus}}, ma'ana ainihin "heely" ko "wani abu don diddige". Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin kalmar Latin gabaɗaya don kowane [[takalma]] da aka rufe [1] wanda ya bambanta da takalma, takalma, da takalma. Theodor Mommsen har ma ya yi la'akari da shi a wasu lokuta yana da niyyar takalma.[2]Hakazalika, Latin na zamani ya yi amfani da adjective {{Lang|la|[[discalced|discalceātus]]}} don nuna umarni masu bara wanda kawai ya yi amfani dashi da takalma da waɗanda suka tafi gaba ɗaya. == Tsarin == [[File:Périgueux_Vesunna_Museum_-_Bronze_1_Calceus.jpg|right|thumb|269x269px|Calceus na tagulla a Gidan Tarihi na Vesunna Gallo-RomanGidan kayan gargajiya na Vesunna Gallo-Roman]] Yawancin lokaci ana yin shi da fata kuma an yi shi da ƙuƙwalwa, calceus yana da ƙuƙi kuma yawanci ya kai ga ƙananan ƙuƙwalwar, gaba ɗaya yana rufe ƙafar da idon sa. An ɗaure shi da ƙetare ko laces. Daidai da gajeren takalma ko takalma mai tsawo, ya fi sauƙi fiye da Caliga na soja amma ya fi taya fiye da takalma masu zamewa kamar [[soccus]] kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauƙin amfani da waje.[3] An dauki Calcei a matsayin wani bangare na musamman na tufafin kasa na mazajen Romawa, tare da toga. Haɗin toga da calcei ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, amma kuma mai zafi da rashin jin daɗi. Marubucin Roman Martial ya yi iƙirarin cewa, a lokacin hutun su da kuma a cikin Yaƙi kyawun yanayin rayuwar karkara, kusan babu wanda ya yi amfani da shi a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka.[4]Ko da a Roma, wasu manyan 'yan ƙasa sun fi son sa takalma na Girka ko [[Soccus|socci]] maimakon calcei don "tafi tare da taron".[5][6] == Nau'o'in == [[File:Pé_co_"calceus_senatorius"._Bronce..jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|An gano wani sanata na tagulla a Spain]] Calcei na mafi yawan plebs an yi su ne da fata mara launi amma fata mai laushi. (Fassarar da aka yi da rawhide da ba a san shi ba a maimakon haka an san shi da pero.) "(calceus patricius)" (calceus patricio) da alama sau da yawa an canza shi da ja, Tyrian purple, ko wasu kwatankwacin.[7]Sanatoci da firistoci masu matsayi mafi girma ana sa ran su sa mulleus ko "ja calceus" (calceus mulleus) tare da jan-gefe toga praetexta yayin da suke aiki a ayyukan jama'a. Festus ya yi iƙirarin cewa sarakunan Alba Longa ne suka yi amfani da mulleus kafin a karbe shi da patricians.[1] Cassius Dio ya bayyana cewa takalma na P an yi musu alama da harafin R, kodayake siffofin farko na Latin sun yi amfani da R kusa da siffar P. Francis X. Ryan ya ba da cewa wannan bambancin aji a cikin takalma - maimakon matsayi na tsari - na iya kasancewa da alhakin sunan senatores pedarii. [2][2]Cato the Elder ya bayyana cewa, a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar, mutanen da suka kai Ofishin Kurulu sun cancanci takalma na tsohon patrician.[1] Janar din Plebeian kamar Marius wanda ya yi bikin nasara an kuma ba su izinin sa su.[10]Talbert ya bayyana cewa a zamanin mulkin mallaka babu wata hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa takalma sun ci gaba da bambanta tsakanin azuzuwan gaba ɗaya, watakila saboda sarakuna sun fara ƙuntata amfani da wasu alamun matsayi ga kansu. [2][11] Sauran calcei sun bambanta da kayan ado. "{{Nowrap|({{lang|la|'''calceus equestris'''}}}}" (calceus equesris ko {{Lang|la|'''equester'''}}) sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙuƙwalwa. "{{Nowrap|({{lang|la|'''calceus senatorius'''}})}}" (calceus senatoriaus) an rarrabe shi ta hanyar kayan ado mai kama da karami, Lunu na hauren giwa da aka haɗe a bayan takalmin.[12]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}A tsakiyar zamanin mulkin mallaka, wannan mai yiwuwa an yi shi da fata baƙar fata.[13] "Calcius mai juyawa" (New Latin {{Lang|la|'''calceus repandus'''}}) wani nau'in takalma ne na Etruscan wanda ba shi da alaƙa, wanda ya sami sunansa daga wani sashi a cikin [[Cicero]] inda ya yi nuni da {{Lang|la|calceoli repandi}} na Juno Sospita, "slippers masu kaifi".[14][15] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Tufafi a Roma ta dā * [[Soccus]], Solea, da Caligae * Rashin takalma == Manazarta == 625pavnhbh7bo9bxs4cwvcyuf2bgbew 965640 965638 2026-10-10T06:22:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Calceus.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Calcei a cikin wani fresco na Romawa daga Paestum, a kudancin Italiya]] '''calceus''' (pl.: '''calcei''') ita ce takalma na maza na Jamhuriyar Roma da Daular. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa da fata kuma an yi saukowa, yana da shimfiɗa kuma yawanci ya kai ga ƙananan ƙafar, gaba ɗaya yana rufe ƙafa da idon sa. An ɗaure shi da ƙetare ko laces. Daidai da gajeren takalma ko takalma mai tsawo, ya fi sauƙi fiye da Caliga na soja amma ya fi taya fiye da takalma masu zamewa kamar [[soccus]] kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauƙin amfani da waje. == Sunan == Kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|calceus}} ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|calx}} ("ƙafar ƙafa") da kuma yawanci Girkanci suffix {{Lang|la|-eus}}, ma'ana ainihin "heely" ko "wani abu don diddige". Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin kalmar Latin gabaɗaya don kowane [[takalma]] da aka rufe [1] wanda ya bambanta da takalma, takalma, da takalma. Theodor Mommsen har ma ya yi la'akari da shi a wasu lokuta yana da niyyar takalma.[2]Hakazalika, Latin na zamani ya yi amfani da adjective {{Lang|la|[[discalced|discalceātus]]}} don nuna umarni masu bara wanda kawai ya yi amfani dashi da takalma da waɗanda suka tafi gaba ɗaya.<ref>Chrisman (1920), p. 235.</ref> == Tsarin == [[File:Périgueux_Vesunna_Museum_-_Bronze_1_Calceus.jpg|right|thumb|269x269px|Calceus na tagulla a Gidan Tarihi na Vesunna Gallo-RomanGidan kayan gargajiya na Vesunna Gallo-Roman]] Yawancin lokaci ana yin shi da fata kuma an yi shi da ƙuƙwalwa, calceus yana da ƙuƙi kuma yawanci ya kai ga ƙananan ƙuƙwalwar, gaba ɗaya yana rufe ƙafar da idon sa. An ɗaure shi da ƙetare ko laces. Daidai da gajeren takalma ko takalma mai tsawo, ya fi sauƙi fiye da Caliga na soja amma ya fi taya fiye da takalma masu zamewa kamar [[soccus]] kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauƙin amfani da waje.[3] An dauki Calcei a matsayin wani bangare na musamman na tufafin kasa na mazajen Romawa, tare da toga. Haɗin toga da calcei ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, amma kuma mai zafi da rashin jin daɗi. Marubucin Roman Martial ya yi iƙirarin cewa, a lokacin hutun su da kuma a cikin Yaƙi kyawun yanayin rayuwar karkara, kusan babu wanda ya yi amfani da shi a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka.[4]Ko da a Roma, wasu manyan 'yan ƙasa sun fi son sa takalma na Girka ko [[Soccus|socci]] maimakon calcei don "tafi tare da taron".<ref>Purser (1890)</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[File:Pé_co_"calceus_senatorius"._Bronce..jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|An gano wani sanata na tagulla a Spain]] Calcei na mafi yawan plebs an yi su ne da fata mara launi amma fata mai laushi. (Fassarar da aka yi da rawhide da ba a san shi ba a maimakon haka an san shi da pero.) "(calceus patricius)" (calceus patricio) da alama sau da yawa an canza shi da ja, Tyrian purple, ko wasu kwatankwacin.[7]Sanatoci da firistoci masu matsayi mafi girma ana sa ran su sa mulleus ko "ja calceus" (calceus mulleus) tare da jan-gefe toga praetexta yayin da suke aiki a ayyukan jama'a. Festus ya yi iƙirarin cewa sarakunan Alba Longa ne suka yi amfani da mulleus kafin a karbe shi da patricians.[1] Cassius Dio ya bayyana cewa takalma na P an yi musu alama da harafin R, kodayake siffofin farko na Latin sun yi amfani da R kusa da siffar P. Francis X. Ryan ya ba da cewa wannan bambancin aji a cikin takalma - maimakon matsayi na tsari - na iya kasancewa da alhakin sunan senatores pedarii. [2][2]Cato the Elder ya bayyana cewa, a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar, mutanen da suka kai Ofishin Kurulu sun cancanci takalma na tsohon patrician.[1] Janar din Plebeian kamar Marius wanda ya yi bikin nasara an kuma ba su izinin sa su.[10]Talbert ya bayyana cewa a zamanin mulkin mallaka babu wata hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa takalma sun ci gaba da bambanta tsakanin azuzuwan gaba ɗaya, watakila saboda sarakuna sun fara ƙuntata amfani da wasu alamun matsayi ga kansu. [2][11] Sauran calcei sun bambanta da kayan ado. "{{Nowrap|({{lang|la|'''calceus equestris'''}}}}" (calceus equesris ko {{Lang|la|'''equester'''}}) sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙuƙwalwa. "{{Nowrap|({{lang|la|'''calceus senatorius'''}})}}" (calceus senatoriaus) an rarrabe shi ta hanyar kayan ado mai kama da karami, Lunu na hauren giwa da aka haɗe a bayan takalmin.[12]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}A tsakiyar zamanin mulkin mallaka, wannan mai yiwuwa an yi shi da fata baƙar fata.[13] "Calcius mai juyawa" (New Latin {{Lang|la|'''calceus repandus'''}}) wani nau'in takalma ne na Etruscan wanda ba shi da alaƙa, wanda ya sami sunansa daga wani sashi a cikin [[Cicero]] inda ya yi nuni da {{Lang|la|calceoli repandi}} na Juno Sospita, "slippers masu kaifi".[14][15] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Tufafi a Roma ta dā * [[Soccus]], Solea, da Caligae * Rashin takalma == Manazarta == a9klfc0ko3f2rss966k6vlc1k00am1c 965641 965640 2026-10-10T06:23:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Calceus.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Calcei a cikin wani fresco na Romawa daga Paestum, a kudancin Italiya]] '''calceus''' (pl.: '''calcei''') ita ce takalma na maza na Jamhuriyar Roma da Daular. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa da fata kuma an yi saukowa, yana da shimfiɗa kuma yawanci ya kai ga ƙananan ƙafar, gaba ɗaya yana rufe ƙafa da idon sa. An ɗaure shi da ƙetare ko laces. Daidai da gajeren takalma ko takalma mai tsawo, ya fi sauƙi fiye da Caliga na soja amma ya fi taya fiye da takalma masu zamewa kamar [[soccus]] kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauƙin amfani da waje. == Sunan == Kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|calceus}} ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|calx}} ("ƙafar ƙafa") da kuma yawanci Girkanci suffix {{Lang|la|-eus}}, ma'ana ainihin "heely" ko "wani abu don diddige". Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin kalmar Latin gabaɗaya don kowane [[takalma]] da aka rufe [1] wanda ya bambanta da takalma, takalma, da takalma. Theodor Mommsen har ma ya yi la'akari da shi a wasu lokuta yana da niyyar takalma.[2]Hakazalika, Latin na zamani ya yi amfani da adjective {{Lang|la|[[discalced|discalceātus]]}} don nuna umarni masu bara wanda kawai ya yi amfani dashi da takalma da waɗanda suka tafi gaba ɗaya.<ref>Chrisman (1920), p. 235.</ref> == Tsarin == [[File:Périgueux_Vesunna_Museum_-_Bronze_1_Calceus.jpg|right|thumb|269x269px|Calceus na tagulla a Gidan Tarihi na Vesunna Gallo-RomanGidan kayan gargajiya na Vesunna Gallo-Roman]] Yawancin lokaci ana yin shi da fata kuma an yi shi da ƙuƙwalwa, calceus yana da ƙuƙi kuma yawanci ya kai ga ƙananan ƙuƙwalwar, gaba ɗaya yana rufe ƙafar da idon sa. An ɗaure shi da ƙetare ko laces. Daidai da gajeren takalma ko takalma mai tsawo, ya fi sauƙi fiye da Caliga na soja amma ya fi taya fiye da takalma masu zamewa kamar [[soccus]] kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauƙin amfani da waje.[3] An dauki Calcei a matsayin wani bangare na musamman na tufafin kasa na mazajen Romawa, tare da toga. Haɗin toga da calcei ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, amma kuma mai zafi da rashin jin daɗi. Marubucin Roman Martial ya yi iƙirarin cewa, a lokacin hutun su da kuma a cikin Yaƙi kyawun yanayin rayuwar karkara, kusan babu wanda ya yi amfani da shi a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka.[4]Ko da a Roma, wasu manyan 'yan ƙasa sun fi son sa takalma na Girka ko [[Soccus|socci]] maimakon calcei don "tafi tare da taron".<ref>Purser (1890)</ref> == Nau'o'in == [[File:Pé_co_"calceus_senatorius"._Bronce..jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|An gano wani sanata na tagulla a Spain]] Calcei na mafi yawan plebs an yi su ne da fata mara launi amma fata mai laushi. (Fassarar da aka yi da rawhide da ba a san shi ba a maimakon haka an san shi da pero.) "(calceus patricius)" (calceus patricio) da alama sau da yawa an canza shi da ja, Tyrian purple, ko wasu kwatankwacin.[7]Sanatoci da firistoci masu matsayi mafi girma ana sa ran su sa mulleus ko "ja calceus" (calceus mulleus) tare da jan-gefe toga praetexta yayin da suke aiki a ayyukan jama'a. Festus ya yi iƙirarin cewa sarakunan Alba Longa ne suka yi amfani da mulleus kafin a karbe shi da patricians.[1] Cassius Dio ya bayyana cewa takalma na P an yi musu alama da harafin R, kodayake siffofin farko na Latin sun yi amfani da R kusa da siffar P. Francis X. Ryan ya ba da cewa wannan bambancin aji a cikin takalma - maimakon matsayi na tsari - na iya kasancewa da alhakin sunan senatores pedarii. [2][2]Cato the Elder ya bayyana cewa, a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar, mutanen da suka kai Ofishin Kurulu sun cancanci takalma na tsohon patrician.[1] Janar din Plebeian kamar Marius wanda ya yi bikin nasara an kuma ba su izinin sa su.[10]Talbert ya bayyana cewa a zamanin mulkin mallaka babu wata hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa takalma sun ci gaba da bambanta tsakanin azuzuwan gaba ɗaya, watakila saboda sarakuna sun fara ƙuntata amfani da wasu alamun matsayi ga kansu. [2][11] Sauran calcei sun bambanta da kayan ado. "{{Nowrap|({{lang|la|'''calceus equestris'''}}}}" (calceus equesris ko {{Lang|la|'''equester'''}}) sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙuƙwalwa. "{{Nowrap|({{lang|la|'''calceus senatorius'''}})}}" (calceus senatoriaus) an rarrabe shi ta hanyar kayan ado mai kama da karami, Lunu na hauren giwa da aka haɗe a bayan takalmin.[12]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}A tsakiyar zamanin mulkin mallaka, wannan mai yiwuwa an yi shi da fata baƙar fata.[13] "Calcius mai juyawa" (New Latin {{Lang|la|'''calceus repandus'''}}) wani nau'in takalma ne na Etruscan wanda ba shi da alaƙa, wanda ya sami sunansa daga wani sashi a cikin [[Cicero]] inda ya yi nuni da {{Lang|la|calceoli repandi}} na Juno Sospita, "slippers masu kaifi".[14][15] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Tufafi a Roma ta dā * [[Soccus]], Solea, da Caligae * Rashin takalma == Manazarta == pw9l9p8xtg6a14cum1661gj72wj2qvn 0 178762 965642 2026-10-10T06:23:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374047615|Caligae]]" 965642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Caligae_from_side.jpg|thumb|Ɗauki na ''Caliga'' na Romawa]] [[File:Caligae_with_nails.jpg|thumb|Daga ƙasa, nuna hobnails]] '''''{{Lang|la|caliga}}''''' ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]]; sing.: caliga) takalma ne na soja mai nauyi sandal Sojoji da mataimakan suka sa su a matsayin al'ada. == Tarihi == [[File:Caliga_Qasr_Ibrim.jpg|left|thumb|Wani asalin {{Lang|la|caliga}} da aka samo a [[Qasr Ibrim]], [[Misra|Misira]], {{Circa}} karni na 1 BC - karni na 1 AD]] ''''Caliga'''' (sing.: caliga) takalma ne masu nauyi, takalma masu kauri, tare da takalma masu tsayi. Ƙananan rukunin sojan doki da sojoji ne ke sawa, kuma mai yiwuwa wasu centurions ne ke sawa.<ref name="Gilliam1946">{{Cite journal |last=Gilliam |first=J. F. |date=1946 |title=Milites Caligati |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=77 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.2307/283455 |jstor=283455}}</ref> Haɗin kai mai ɗorewa na ''Caligae'' tare da sojoji na yau da kullun a bayyane yake a cikin bayanin na ƙarshe a matsayin ''Caligati'' ("waɗanda aka sauka"). <ref name="Goldman1994">{{Cite book|edition=Larissa}}</ref> A farkon karni na 1 AD, sojoji sun ba da lakabi ga mai shekaru biyu ko uku "caligula" ("ƙaramin takalma"), saboda ya sa kayan soja, cikakke tare da ƙananan ''Caligae''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malloch |first=S J V |date=2009 |title=Gaius' Persecution of the nobiles. A Study in the Politics of Memory and Nomenclature |journal=Athenaeum |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=489–506 |oclc=506184150}}</ref>&nbsp; Lokaci-lokaci, dole ne Caliga da aka yi amfani da shi ya zama abin da ba shi da kyau, musamman a kan wurare masu wuya; Josephus ya bayyana kisan wani babban sojan Roma wanda ya zame a kan bene na marmara na Haikali na Urushalima yayin wani hari.[1] Duk da haka, ƙirar Caliga ta ba da izini don daidaitawa, wanda zai taimaka wajen rage haushi; mai yiwuwa ya yi "kyakkyawan takalmin tafiya", da kuma "sauti mai ƙarfi na hari da sojojin da aka yi wa lakabi (Caligati) dole ne ya kasance mai ban tsoro". [2][3] Lalle ne, Tannaim (masu hikima na Yahudawa ko Chazal) na Romawa Yahudiya sun iyakance amfani da al'ummarsu na Caligae don mayar da martani ga wani misali lokacin da Yahudawa da yawa da ke ɓoyewa suka yi kuskuren fassara sautin su kamar na kusanci Romawa kuma an kashe su a cikin sakamakon (duba Talmud na Babila, Shabbat 60a). ''Caligae'' zai kasance mai sanyi a kan tafiya fiye da takalma masu rufewa. A cikin yanayin zafi, yanayin Bahar Rum, wannan na iya zama fa'ida. A cikin sanyi na arewacin Burtaniya, yanayin rigar, ƙarin takalma da aka yi da su ko kayan ado na ulu a cikin hunturu na iya taimakawa wajen rufe ƙafafun, amma kamar an watsar da ''Caligae'' a can a ƙarshen karni na 2 AD, don tallafawa salon farar hula "takalma masu rufewa" (''carbatinae''). <ref name="van Driel-Murray 2001">{{Cite journal |last=van Driel-Murray |first=Carol |date=2001 |title=Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear |journal=Britannia |volume=32 |pages=185–197 |doi=10.2307/526955 |jstor=526955 |pmid=19681218 |s2cid=39749356}}</ref> &nbsp;A ƙarshen ƙarni na 4, wannan da alama an yi amfani da shi a duk faɗin Daular. Dokar Diocletian ta sarki a kan Farashi mafi girma (301) ta haɗa da farashin takalma da aka bayyana a matsayin ''Caligae'', amma ba tare da hobnails ba, an yi wa fararen hula maza, mata da yara.<ref name="Goldman1994" /> == Zane da ƙerawa == An yanke [[Takalma|tsakiya]] na caliga da kuma budewa na sama daga guda daya na saniya mai inganci ko fatar shanu. An ɗaure [[Takalma|waje]] outsole zuwa tsakiyar-sole, ta amfani da clinching hobnails, yawanci na baƙin ƙarfe amma wani lokaci tagulla. An rufe ƙarshen ƙusa mai juyawa da ƙusa ta hanyar insole. Kamar dukkan takalma na Romawa, ''Caliga'' tana da ƙafafun ƙafa. An ɗaure shi a tsakiyar ƙafar kuma a saman idon sa. Masanin Mutanen Espanya Isidore na Seville ya yi imanin cewa sunan "''Caliga''" ya samo asali ne daga Latin ''callus'' ("gashi mai wuya"), ko kuma daga gaskiyar cewa an ɗaure takalmin ko a ɗaure shi (ligere). Hanyoyin zane-zane sun bambanta daga mai yin zuwa mai yin da yanki zuwa yanki. Matsayi na hobnails ba shi da canji; an sanya su don ba da mafi kyawun riƙewa da goyon bayan ƙafa, kamar takalmin wasanni na zamani. Akalla an gano wani mai ƙera lardin na ''Caligae'' na soja da suna.<ref name="Goldman1994" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Calceus * [[Soccus]] * Hanyoyin Romawa * Takalma na Ho Chi Minh == Manazarta == jlfrxw1a0oyc27bcdhjl3639aenv0hs 965644 965642 2026-10-10T06:25:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Caligae_with_nails.jpg|thumb|Daga ƙasa, nuna hobnails]] '''''{{Lang|la|caliga}}''''' ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]]; sing.: caliga) takalma ne na soja mai nauyi sandal Sojoji da mataimakan suka sa su a matsayin al'ada. == Tarihi == [[File:Caliga_Qasr_Ibrim.jpg|left|thumb|Wani asalin {{Lang|la|caliga}} da aka samo a [[Qasr Ibrim]], [[Misra|Misira]], {{Circa}} karni na 1 BC - karni na 1 AD]] ''''Caliga'''' (sing.: caliga) takalma ne masu nauyi, takalma masu kauri, tare da takalma masu tsayi. Ƙananan rukunin sojan doki da sojoji ne ke sawa, kuma mai yiwuwa wasu centurions ne ke sawa.<ref name="Gilliam1946">{{Cite journal |last=Gilliam |first=J. F. |date=1946 |title=Milites Caligati |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=77 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.2307/283455 |jstor=283455}}</ref> Haɗin kai mai ɗorewa na ''Caligae'' tare da sojoji na yau da kullun a bayyane yake a cikin bayanin na ƙarshe a matsayin ''Caligati'' ("waɗanda aka sauka"). <ref name="Goldman1994">{{Cite book|edition=Larissa}}</ref> A farkon karni na 1 AD, sojoji sun ba da lakabi ga mai shekaru biyu ko uku "caligula" ("ƙaramin takalma"), saboda ya sa kayan soja, cikakke tare da ƙananan ''Caligae''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malloch |first=S J V |date=2009 |title=Gaius' Persecution of the nobiles. A Study in the Politics of Memory and Nomenclature |journal=Athenaeum |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=489–506 |oclc=506184150}}</ref>&nbsp; Lokaci-lokaci, dole ne Caliga da aka yi amfani da shi ya zama abin da ba shi da kyau, musamman a kan wurare masu wuya; Josephus ya bayyana kisan wani babban sojan Roma wanda ya zame a kan bene na marmara na Haikali na Urushalima yayin wani hari.[1] Duk da haka, ƙirar Caliga ta ba da izini don daidaitawa, wanda zai taimaka wajen rage haushi; mai yiwuwa ya yi "kyakkyawan takalmin tafiya", da kuma "sauti mai ƙarfi na hari da sojojin da aka yi wa lakabi (Caligati) dole ne ya kasance mai ban tsoro". [2][3] Lalle ne, Tannaim (masu hikima na Yahudawa ko Chazal) na Romawa Yahudiya sun iyakance amfani da al'ummarsu na Caligae don mayar da martani ga wani misali lokacin da Yahudawa da yawa da ke ɓoyewa suka yi kuskuren fassara sautin su kamar na kusanci Romawa kuma an kashe su a cikin sakamakon (duba Talmud na Babila, Shabbat 60a). ''Caligae'' zai kasance mai sanyi a kan tafiya fiye da takalma masu rufewa. A cikin yanayin zafi, yanayin Bahar Rum, wannan na iya zama fa'ida. A cikin sanyi na arewacin Burtaniya, yanayin rigar, ƙarin takalma da aka yi da su ko kayan ado na ulu a cikin hunturu na iya taimakawa wajen rufe ƙafafun, amma kamar an watsar da ''Caligae'' a can a ƙarshen karni na 2 AD, don tallafawa salon farar hula "takalma masu rufewa" (''carbatinae''). <ref name="van Driel-Murray 2001">{{Cite journal |last=van Driel-Murray |first=Carol |date=2001 |title=Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear |journal=Britannia |volume=32 |pages=185–197 |doi=10.2307/526955 |jstor=526955 |pmid=19681218 |s2cid=39749356}}</ref> &nbsp;A ƙarshen ƙarni na 4, wannan da alama an yi amfani da shi a duk faɗin Daular. Dokar Diocletian ta sarki a kan Farashi mafi girma (301) ta haɗa da farashin takalma da aka bayyana a matsayin ''Caligae'', amma ba tare da hobnails ba, an yi wa fararen hula maza, mata da yara.<ref name="Goldman1994" /> == Zane da ƙerawa == An yanke [[Takalma|tsakiya]] na caliga da kuma budewa na sama daga guda daya na saniya mai inganci ko fatar shanu. An ɗaure [[Takalma|waje]] outsole zuwa tsakiyar-sole, ta amfani da clinching hobnails, yawanci na baƙin ƙarfe amma wani lokaci tagulla. An rufe ƙarshen ƙusa mai juyawa da ƙusa ta hanyar insole. Kamar dukkan takalma na Romawa, ''Caliga'' tana da ƙafafun ƙafa. An ɗaure shi a tsakiyar ƙafar kuma a saman idon sa. Masanin Mutanen Espanya Isidore na Seville ya yi imanin cewa sunan "''Caliga''" ya samo asali ne daga Latin ''callus'' ("gashi mai wuya"), ko kuma daga gaskiyar cewa an ɗaure takalmin ko a ɗaure shi (ligere). Hanyoyin zane-zane sun bambanta daga mai yin zuwa mai yin da yanki zuwa yanki. Matsayi na hobnails ba shi da canji; an sanya su don ba da mafi kyawun riƙewa da goyon bayan ƙafa, kamar takalmin wasanni na zamani. Akalla an gano wani mai ƙera lardin na ''Caligae'' na soja da suna.<ref name="Goldman1994" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Calceus * [[Soccus]] * Hanyoyin Romawa * Takalma na Ho Chi Minh == Manazarta == 3zc98ans5zpvi3b7ls5khlaq1z6r2li 0 178763 965645 2026-10-10T06:26:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320163856|Carbatina]]" 965645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michelina_Di_Cesare_circa_1860.jpg|thumb|Wata mace ta Casertan a kusa da 1860 tana sanye da carbatina da tufafin gargajiya na Campanian]] '''carbatina''' (pl. '''carbatinae''') wani nau'in [[takalma]] ne na kowa tsakanin matalauta na yankunan karkara na tsohuwar Girka da [[Romawa na Da|Roma]] daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa kusan karni na 3, wanda ya kunshi wani yanki na rawhide da aka ja a kusa da ƙafa sannan aka ɗaure shi don riƙe shi a wurin. Ba tare da kafafu na [[Sole (shoe)|sole]])" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Upper (shoe)">sama ko daban ba, carbatina yana daga cikin mafi sauki nau'ikan [[Takalmi|takalma]] a duniya kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman sunan gama gari don irin wannan takalma a wasu al'adu. == Sunan == [[File:Carbatinae.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Hoton 1884 na carbatinae [1]]] [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|{{linktext|carbatina}}}} wani fassarar ''karbatínē'' ne na Helenanci ({{Lang|grc|καρβατίνη}}), mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da ''karphō'' ({{Lang|grc|κἁρφω}}) kuma asalin yana nufin wani abu kamar "an yi shi da busassun fata" ko "ɓoye".[2]Maimakon ambaton dukkan takalma na fata, duk da haka, amfani da alama an ƙuntata shi gaba ɗaya ga nau'ikan takalma masu sauƙi da talakawa ke sawa ko takalma da aka tattara da sauri daga kayan da aka iyakance.[2][3]An yi amfani da shi a cikin [[Aristotle]] don irin wannan murfin da aka yi amfani da su don kare ƙafafun [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] kuma a cikin [[Philo]] don takalmin fata mai kauri da aka yi da shi azaman kariya daga maharan a lokacin kewaye. [6] == Tsarin == [[File:Schoes_of_Damendorf-Man.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|The carbatinae recovered from the bog body now known as Damendorf Man ({{Circa|300 BC}})]] Carbatina na yau da kullun na Girkanci yanki ne guda ɗaya na rawhide tare da gefen waje da aka yanke cikin ƙusa ko kuma yana da ramuka don a saka ƙusa.[2] An sa shi ta hanyar tsayawa a kan bude fata, jan bangarorin sama da ƙafa, da kuma ɗaure ƙuƙwalwar tare don tabbatar da shi.[7]Carbatinae wani lokacin ana cewa suna kama da [[Sole (shoe)|sole]]" id="mwZg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ballet shoe">Takalma na ballet na zamani ko moccasins, amma wannan gaskiya ne kawai a ma'anar samun sauki kuma mafi yawa ba a biya ba.[8][9] Saboda sauki sole, a tsakiyar zamani ana amfani da [[Safa|takalma]] na carbatina-style tare da wasu nau'ikan footwrap, sock, ko wasu padding. Sauƙin, mai arha, kuma yana buƙatar sauyawa akai-akai, ba a yi wa carbatinae ado da yawa, kodayake an dawo da ɗayan da aka buɗe tare da buɗewa a Praetorium Agrippinae a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] na zamani kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin kansu a wasu lokuta kuma a haɗa su cikin hanyoyi masu rikitarwa kamar aikin buɗewa.[10] Wasu marubutan sun haɗa da carbatinae kowane nau'in fata mai kyau ko ƙirar da ta fi rikitarwa inda aka ɗaga rawhide kuma aka ɗora shi tare a gefe ɗaya don ƙirƙirar diddige kuma ya samar da mafi kyawun dacewa ko kuma inda aka ɗora ɓoye a kan yatsunsu don ƙarfafa shi don amfani da shi mafi tsawo. [10][8] == Tarihi == [[File:Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Adrien Guignet's {{Circa|1843}} ''Scene from the Retreat of the Ten Thousand'', showing the {{Nowrap|401 BC}} Battle of Cunaxa]] Carbatinae an sa su ne a zamanin d ̄ a ta mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya, Girka, da Romawa Italiya. Da sauƙi a yi ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ko horo ba, su ne takalma na gaggawa da 'yan kwangila dubu goma suka yi amfani da su yayin da suka koma Girka bayan satrap Tissaphernes ya kashe shugabannin su.[2]A lokacin Daular Romawa, ana amfani da shi ne kawai ga matalauta na ƙauyuka [1] kodayake sun kasance mataki ne daga tafiya tsirara, wanda a lokacin alama ce ta matsanancin talauci ko Bautar. [9]Carbatinae ba a amfani da su ba har ma da talakawa Romawa a ƙarni na 3, ta lokacin da aka maye gurbin su da takalma, takalma, tabarau, da sauran takalma.[11] Koyaya, takalma masu kama da juna sun ci gaba da sawa da tsoffin Jamusawa, ta batutuwan jihohin da suka maye gurbin su, da kuma matalautan karkara gabaɗaya a cikin Zamanin Tsakiya da Zamanin zamani na Farko. * Tufafi a tsohuwar Girka da Roma * [[Takalmi|Tarihin]] [[takalma]] da takalma * Jerin salon takalma * Calceus, Caliga, da [[Soccus]] * Ciocie * Pampootie * Abarka == Manazarta == hi58xydzd3xnb3lsp48n66u3iuhm253 965646 965645 2026-10-10T06:29:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michelina_Di_Cesare_circa_1860.jpg|thumb|Wata mace ta Casertan a kusa da 1860 tana sanye da carbatina da tufafin gargajiya na Campanian]] '''carbatina''' (pl. '''carbatinae''') wani nau'in [[takalma]] ne na kowa tsakanin matalauta na yankunan karkara na tsohuwar Girka da [[Romawa na Da|Roma]] daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa kusan karni na 3, wanda ya kunshi wani yanki na rawhide da aka ja a kusa da ƙafa sannan aka ɗaure shi don riƙe shi a wurin. Ba tare da kafafu na [[Sole (shoe)|sole]])" <ref>Purser (1890), p. 361.</ref>sama ko daban ba, carbatina yana daga cikin mafi sauki nau'ikan [[Takalmi|takalma]] a duniya kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman sunan gama gari don irin wannan takalma a wasu al'adu. == Sunan == [[File:Carbatinae.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Hoton 1884 na carbatinae [1]]] [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|{{linktext|carbatina}}}} wani fassarar ''karbatínē'' ne na Helenanci ({{Lang|grc|καρβατίνη}}), mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da ''karphō'' ({{Lang|grc|κἁρφω}}) kuma asalin yana nufin wani abu kamar "an yi shi da busassun fata" ko "ɓoye".[2]Maimakon ambaton dukkan takalma na fata, duk da haka, amfani da alama an ƙuntata shi gaba ɗaya ga nau'ikan takalma masu sauƙi da talakawa ke sawa ko takalma da aka tattara da sauri daga kayan da aka iyakance.[2][3]An yi amfani da shi a cikin [[Aristotle]] don irin wannan murfin da aka yi amfani da su don kare ƙafafun [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] kuma a cikin [[Philo]] don takalmin fata mai kauri da aka yi da shi azaman kariya daga maharan a lokacin kewaye. [6] == Tsarin == [[File:Schoes_of_Damendorf-Man.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|The carbatinae recovered from the bog body now known as Damendorf Man ({{Circa|300 BC}})]] Carbatina na yau da kullun na Girkanci yanki ne guda ɗaya na rawhide tare da gefen waje da aka yanke cikin ƙusa ko kuma yana da ramuka don a saka ƙusa.[2] An sa shi ta hanyar tsayawa a kan bude fata, jan bangarorin sama da ƙafa, da kuma ɗaure ƙuƙwalwar tare don tabbatar da shi.[7]Carbatinae wani lokacin ana cewa suna kama da<ref>Grafton (1994), p. 65.</ref>Takalma na ballet na zamani ko moccasins, amma wannan gaskiya ne kawai a ma'anar samun sauki kuma mafi yawa ba a biya ba.[8][9] Saboda sauki sole, a tsakiyar zamani ana amfani da [[Safa|takalma]] na carbatina-style tare da wasu nau'ikan footwrap, sock, ko wasu padding. Sauƙin, mai arha, kuma yana buƙatar sauyawa akai-akai, ba a yi wa carbatinae ado da yawa, kodayake an dawo da ɗayan da aka buɗe tare da buɗewa a Praetorium Agrippinae a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] na zamani kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin kansu a wasu lokuta kuma a haɗa su cikin hanyoyi masu rikitarwa kamar aikin buɗewa.[10] Wasu marubutan sun haɗa da carbatinae kowane nau'in fata mai kyau ko ƙirar da ta fi rikitarwa inda aka ɗaga rawhide kuma aka ɗora shi tare a gefe ɗaya don ƙirƙirar diddige kuma ya samar da mafi kyawun dacewa ko kuma inda aka ɗora ɓoye a kan yatsunsu don ƙarfafa shi don amfani da shi mafi tsawo. [10][8] == Tarihi == [[File:Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Adrien Guignet's {{Circa|1843}} ''Scene from the Retreat of the Ten Thousand'', showing the {{Nowrap|401 BC}} Battle of Cunaxa]] Carbatinae an sa su ne a zamanin d ̄ a ta mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya, Girka, da Romawa Italiya. Da sauƙi a yi ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ko horo ba, su ne takalma na gaggawa da 'yan kwangila dubu goma suka yi amfani da su yayin da suka koma Girka bayan satrap Tissaphernes ya kashe shugabannin su.[2]A lokacin Daular Romawa, ana amfani da shi ne kawai ga matalauta na ƙauyuka [1] kodayake sun kasance mataki ne daga tafiya tsirara, wanda a lokacin alama ce ta matsanancin talauci ko Bautar. [9]Carbatinae ba a amfani da su ba har ma da talakawa Romawa a ƙarni na 3, ta lokacin da aka maye gurbin su da takalma, takalma, tabarau, da sauran takalma.[11] Koyaya, takalma masu kama da juna sun ci gaba da sawa da tsoffin Jamusawa, ta batutuwan jihohin da suka maye gurbin su, da kuma matalautan karkara gabaɗaya a cikin Zamanin Tsakiya da Zamanin zamani na Farko. * Tufafi a tsohuwar Girka da Roma * [[Takalmi|Tarihin]] [[takalma]] da takalma * Jerin salon takalma * Calceus, Caliga, da [[Soccus]] * Ciocie * Pampootie * Abarka == Manazarta == bxfg7j6xwkvd5jijyk11y58cwprqtvg 965647 965646 2026-10-10T06:29:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Michelina_Di_Cesare_circa_1860.jpg|thumb|Wata mace ta Casertan a kusa da 1860 tana sanye da carbatina da tufafin gargajiya na Campanian]] '''carbatina''' (pl. '''carbatinae''') wani nau'in [[takalma]] ne na kowa tsakanin matalauta na yankunan karkara na tsohuwar Girka da [[Romawa na Da|Roma]] daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa kusan karni na 3, wanda ya kunshi wani yanki na rawhide da aka ja a kusa da ƙafa sannan aka ɗaure shi don riƙe shi a wurin. Ba tare da kafafu na [[Sole (shoe)|sole]])" <ref>Purser (1890), p. 361.</ref>sama ko daban ba, carbatina yana daga cikin mafi sauki nau'ikan [[Takalmi|takalma]] a duniya kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman sunan gama gari don irin wannan takalma a wasu al'adu. == Sunan == [[File:Carbatinae.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Hoton 1884 na carbatinae [1]]] [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|{{linktext|carbatina}}}} wani fassarar ''karbatínē'' ne na Helenanci ({{Lang|grc|καρβατίνη}}), mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da ''karphō'' ({{Lang|grc|κἁρφω}}) kuma asalin yana nufin wani abu kamar "an yi shi da busassun fata" ko "ɓoye".[2]Maimakon ambaton dukkan takalma na fata, duk da haka, amfani da alama an ƙuntata shi gaba ɗaya ga nau'ikan takalma masu sauƙi da talakawa ke sawa ko takalma da aka tattara da sauri daga kayan da aka iyakance.[2][3]An yi amfani da shi a cikin [[Aristotle]] don irin wannan murfin da aka yi amfani da su don kare ƙafafun [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]] kuma a cikin [[Philo]] don takalmin fata mai kauri da aka yi da shi azaman kariya daga maharan a lokacin kewaye. [6] == Tsarin == [[File:Schoes_of_Damendorf-Man.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|The carbatinae recovered from the bog body now known as Damendorf Man ({{Circa|300 BC}})]] Carbatina na yau da kullun na Girkanci yanki ne guda ɗaya na rawhide tare da gefen waje da aka yanke cikin ƙusa ko kuma yana da ramuka don a saka ƙusa.[2] An sa shi ta hanyar tsayawa a kan bude fata, jan bangarorin sama da ƙafa, da kuma ɗaure ƙuƙwalwar tare don tabbatar da shi.[7]Carbatinae wani lokacin ana cewa suna kama da<ref>Grafton (1994), p. 65.</ref>Takalma na ballet na zamani ko moccasins, amma wannan gaskiya ne kawai a ma'anar samun sauki kuma mafi yawa ba a biya ba.[8][9] Saboda sauki sole, a tsakiyar zamani ana amfani da [[Safa|takalma]] na carbatina-style tare da wasu nau'ikan footwrap, sock, ko wasu padding. Sauƙin, mai arha, kuma yana buƙatar sauyawa akai-akai, ba a yi wa carbatinae ado da yawa, kodayake an dawo da ɗayan da aka buɗe tare da buɗewa a Praetorium Agrippinae a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] na zamani kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin kansu a wasu lokuta kuma a haɗa su cikin hanyoyi masu rikitarwa kamar aikin buɗewa.[10] Wasu marubutan sun haɗa da carbatinae kowane nau'in fata mai kyau ko ƙirar da ta fi rikitarwa inda aka ɗaga rawhide kuma aka ɗora shi tare a gefe ɗaya don ƙirƙirar diddige kuma ya samar da mafi kyawun dacewa ko kuma inda aka ɗora ɓoye a kan yatsunsu don ƙarfafa shi don amfani da shi mafi tsawo. [10][8] == Tarihi == [[File:Adrien_Guignet_-_Retreat_of_the_ten_thousand.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Adrien Guignet's {{Circa|1843}} ''Scene from the Retreat of the Ten Thousand'', showing the {{Nowrap|401 BC}} Battle of Cunaxa]] Carbatinae an sa su ne a zamanin d ̄ a ta mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya, Girka, da Romawa Italiya. Da sauƙi a yi ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ko horo ba, su ne takalma na gaggawa da 'yan kwangila dubu goma suka yi amfani da su yayin da suka koma Girka bayan satrap Tissaphernes ya kashe shugabannin su.[2]A lokacin Daular Romawa, ana amfani da shi ne kawai ga matalauta na ƙauyuka [1] kodayake sun kasance mataki ne daga tafiya tsirara, wanda a lokacin alama ce ta matsanancin talauci ko Bautar. [9]Carbatinae ba a amfani da su ba har ma da talakawa Romawa a ƙarni na 3, ta lokacin da aka maye gurbin su da takalma, takalma, tabarau, da sauran takalma.[11] Koyaya, takalma masu kama da juna sun ci gaba da sawa da tsoffin Jamusawa, ta batutuwan jihohin da suka maye gurbin su, da kuma matalautan karkara gabaɗaya a cikin Zamanin Tsakiya da Zamanin zamani na Farko. * Tufafi a tsohuwar Girka da Roma * [[Takalmi|Tarihin]] [[takalma]] da takalma * Jerin salon takalma * Calceus, Caliga, da [[Soccus]] * Ciocie * Pampootie * Abarka == Manazarta == s08tsqd130781xloz21yojcjrknv9xd 0 178764 965648 2026-10-10T06:31:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336735398|Chopine]]" 965648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shoemuseum_Lausanne-IMG_7291.JPG|thumb|Sake gina wani nau'in Venetian na ƙarni na 16. Ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihin Takalma a Lausanne.]] [[File:(Venice)_Calcagnetti_-_Correr_Museum.jpg|thumb|Calcagnetti (Chopine) - Gidan Tarihi na CorrerGidan kayan gargajiya na Correr]] '''Chopin''' wani nau'in takalmin mata ne wanda ya shahara a ƙarni na 15, 16 da 17. An yi amfani da chopines da farko a matsayin patten, clog, ko Overhoe don kare takalma da riguna daga laka da ƙasa ta titi. == Tarihi da shahara == A birnin Venice, mata masu sana'ar nishadantar da maza (courtesans) da kuma matan manyan gidaje (patricians) sun saba sanya takalman *chopines* tsakanin shekarun 1400 zuwa 1700. Baya ga amfaninsu na yau da kullum, tsawon takalmin ya zama alamar matsayin mutum a fannin al'ada da zamantakewa; gwargwadon yadda takalmin ya fi tsayi, haka matsayin mai sanya shi ya fi girma.[1] Irin wadannan takalma masu tsayi sun bai wa mata damar yin tsayi fiye da sauran mutane. A zamanin Renaissance, *chopines* sun zama wani bangare na salon kwalliyar mata kuma aka rika kara tsawonsu; wasu daga cikin wadanda ake da su har yau sun wuce tsawon inci 20 (santimita 50). A karni na 15, an kuma shahara da sanya *chopines* a kasar Spain. Shahararsu a Spain ta kai matakin da ya sa aka ware mafi yawan kayan *cork* (irin bawon bishiyar da ake amfani da shi wajen yin takalma) na kasar domin kera wadannan takalma. Wasu suna jayayya cewa salon ya samo asali ne a Spain, saboda akwai misalai da yawa da ke akwai da kuma adadi mai yawa na hoto da rubuce-rubuce da suka koma karni na 14. Chopines na salon Mutanen Espanya sun fi sau da yawa conical da daidaitawa, yayin da takwarorinsu na Venetian sun fi ƙera fasaha. Wannan ba yana nufin, duk da haka, cewa ba a yi wa chopines na Mutanen Espanya ado ba; akasin haka, akwai shaidar kayan ado, rubutun zinariya tare da kewaye (abin da ke rufe cork ko tushe na katako), kayan aiki, da kuma zane-zane a kan chopines na Spain. Mafi tsayi da aka wanzu suna cikin Museo Correr a Venice, Italiya. A cikin 1430 dokar Venetian ta iyakance tsawo na chopines zuwa inci uku, amma an yi watsi da wannan ka'idar. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] ya yi ba'a game da tsayin ''tsawo'' na chopines a cikin salon a zamaninsa ta hanyar amfani da kalmar altitude (''Hamlet'' 2.2, yarima ya gaishe daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka ziyarci - saurayi wanda zai taka rawar mata a cikin ƙungiyar maza - ta hanyar lura da yadda "kusa da sama" yaron ya girma tun lokacin da ya gan shi a ƙarshe "ta hanyar tsawo nachopine").&nbsp;&nbsp; == Misalan da suka tsira == Sau da yawa ana yin chopines da suka tsira da [[Katako|itace]] ko cork, kuma waɗanda ke cikin salon Mutanen Espanya wani lokacin ana haɗa su da [[ƙarfe]]. Ana rufe sassan da suka wanzu da fata, brocades, ko velvet mai lu'u-lu'u. Sau da yawa, masana'antar chopine ta dace da rigar ko takalmin, amma ba koyaushe ba. Duk da cewa an yi musu ado sosai, sau da yawa ana ɓoye su a ƙarƙashin rigar mai sa, ba a samuwa ga kowane kallo mai mahimmanci ba, amma ƙirar takalman ya sa mai sa ya sami "tafiye mai ban dariya". == Matsalolin da suka dace == A cewar wasu malamai, chopines ya haifar da tafiya mara kyau da rashin kyau. Manyan mata da ke sanye da su na iya buƙatar ma'aikata biyu don tafiya lafiya - mutanenta na iya tallafawa kanta a kafaɗun ma'aikatan.[1] Sauran malamai sun yi jayayya cewa tare da yin aiki mace za ta iya tafiya har ma da rawa da kyau.[2] A cikin littafinsa na rawa Nobilità di dame (1600), masanin rawa na Italiya Fabritio Caroso ya rubuta cewa tare da kulawa mace da ke horar da ita ta iya motsawa "tare da alheri, kama, da kyau" har ma da "rawan da ke bunƙasa da bambancin Galliard".[3] Sau da yawa ana sanya chopines tare da taimakon bayin biyu. == Dubi kuma == * Geta (footwear) - Takalma na katako na gargajiya na Jafananci * List of shoe styles == Manazarta == sbukeojrv1jwqrxjvnh7yhfodti16dg 965649 965648 2026-10-10T06:32:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shoemuseum_Lausanne-IMG_7291.JPG|thumb|Sake gina wani nau'in Venetian na ƙarni na 16. Ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihin Takalma a Lausanne.]] [[File:(Venice)_Calcagnetti_-_Correr_Museum.jpg|thumb|Calcagnetti (Chopine) - Gidan Tarihi na CorrerGidan kayan gargajiya na Correr]] '''Chopin''' wani nau'in takalmin mata ne wanda ya shahara a ƙarni na 15, 16 da 17. An yi amfani da chopines da farko a matsayin patten, clog, ko Overhoe don kare takalma da riguna daga laka da ƙasa ta titi.<ref>Anderson, Ruth Matilda (1979). Hispanic Costume, 1480-1530. Hispanic Society of America. pp. 229–235. <nowiki>ISBN 0-87535-126-3</nowiki>.</ref> == Tarihi da shahara == A birnin Venice, mata masu sana'ar nishadantar da maza (courtesans) da kuma matan manyan gidaje (patricians) sun saba sanya takalman *chopines* tsakanin shekarun 1400 zuwa 1700. Baya ga amfaninsu na yau da kullum, tsawon takalmin ya zama alamar matsayin mutum a fannin al'ada da zamantakewa; gwargwadon yadda takalmin ya fi tsayi, haka matsayin mai sanya shi ya fi girma.[1] Irin wadannan takalma masu tsayi sun bai wa mata damar yin tsayi fiye da sauran mutane. A zamanin Renaissance, *chopines* sun zama wani bangare na salon kwalliyar mata kuma aka rika kara tsawonsu; wasu daga cikin wadanda ake da su har yau sun wuce tsawon inci 20 (santimita 50). A karni na 15, an kuma shahara da sanya *chopines* a kasar Spain. Shahararsu a Spain ta kai matakin da ya sa aka ware mafi yawan kayan *cork* (irin bawon bishiyar da ake amfani da shi wajen yin takalma) na kasar domin kera wadannan takalma.<ref>DeMello, Margo (2009). Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. p. 311. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-35714-5</nowiki>.</ref> Wasu suna jayayya cewa salon ya samo asali ne a Spain, saboda akwai misalai da yawa da ke akwai da kuma adadi mai yawa na hoto da rubuce-rubuce da suka koma karni na 14. Chopines na salon Mutanen Espanya sun fi sau da yawa conical da daidaitawa, yayin da takwarorinsu na Venetian sun fi ƙera fasaha. Wannan ba yana nufin, duk da haka, cewa ba a yi wa chopines na Mutanen Espanya ado ba; akasin haka, akwai shaidar kayan ado, rubutun zinariya tare da kewaye (abin da ke rufe cork ko tushe na katako), kayan aiki, da kuma zane-zane a kan chopines na Spain. Mafi tsayi da aka wanzu suna cikin Museo Correr a Venice, Italiya. A cikin 1430 dokar Venetian ta iyakance tsawo na chopines zuwa inci uku, amma an yi watsi da wannan ka'idar. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] ya yi ba'a game da tsayin ''tsawo'' na chopines a cikin salon a zamaninsa ta hanyar amfani da kalmar altitude (''Hamlet'' 2.2, yarima ya gaishe daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka ziyarci - saurayi wanda zai taka rawar mata a cikin ƙungiyar maza - ta hanyar lura da yadda "kusa da sama" yaron ya girma tun lokacin da ya gan shi a ƙarshe "ta hanyar tsawo nachopine").&nbsp;&nbsp; == Misalan da suka tsira == Sau da yawa ana yin chopines da suka tsira da [[Katako|itace]] ko cork, kuma waɗanda ke cikin salon Mutanen Espanya wani lokacin ana haɗa su da [[ƙarfe]]. Ana rufe sassan da suka wanzu da fata, brocades, ko velvet mai lu'u-lu'u. Sau da yawa, masana'antar chopine ta dace da rigar ko takalmin, amma ba koyaushe ba. Duk da cewa an yi musu ado sosai, sau da yawa ana ɓoye su a ƙarƙashin rigar mai sa, ba a samuwa ga kowane kallo mai mahimmanci ba, amma ƙirar takalman ya sa mai sa ya sami "tafiye mai ban dariya". == Matsalolin da suka dace == A cewar wasu malamai, chopines ya haifar da tafiya mara kyau da rashin kyau. Manyan mata da ke sanye da su na iya buƙatar ma'aikata biyu don tafiya lafiya - mutanenta na iya tallafawa kanta a kafaɗun ma'aikatan.[1] Sauran malamai sun yi jayayya cewa tare da yin aiki mace za ta iya tafiya har ma da rawa da kyau.[2] A cikin littafinsa na rawa Nobilità di dame (1600), masanin rawa na Italiya Fabritio Caroso ya rubuta cewa tare da kulawa mace da ke horar da ita ta iya motsawa "tare da alheri, kama, da kyau" har ma da "rawan da ke bunƙasa da bambancin Galliard".[3] Sau da yawa ana sanya chopines tare da taimakon bayin biyu. == Dubi kuma == * Geta (footwear) - Takalma na katako na gargajiya na Jafananci * List of shoe styles == Manazarta == 6g7opoy5rq9gidkfwww71z6iba8cukm 965650 965649 2026-10-10T06:34:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Shoemuseum_Lausanne-IMG_7291.JPG|thumb|Sake gina wani nau'in Venetian na ƙarni na 16. Ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihin Takalma a Lausanne.]] [[File:(Venice)_Calcagnetti_-_Correr_Museum.jpg|thumb|Calcagnetti (Chopine) - Gidan Tarihi na CorrerGidan kayan gargajiya na Correr]] '''Chopin''' wani nau'in takalmin mata ne wanda ya shahara a ƙarni na 15, 16 da 17. An yi amfani da chopines da farko a matsayin patten, clog, ko Overhoe don kare takalma da riguna daga laka da ƙasa ta titi.<ref>Anderson, Ruth Matilda (1979). Hispanic Costume, 1480-1530. Hispanic Society of America. pp. 229–235. <nowiki>ISBN 0-87535-126-3</nowiki>.</ref> == Tarihi da shahara == A birnin Venice, mata masu sana'ar nishadantar da maza (courtesans) da kuma matan manyan gidaje (patricians) sun saba sanya takalman *chopines* tsakanin shekarun 1400 zuwa 1700. Baya ga amfaninsu na yau da kullum, tsawon takalmin ya zama alamar matsayin mutum a fannin al'ada da zamantakewa; gwargwadon yadda takalmin ya fi tsayi, haka matsayin mai sanya shi ya fi girma.[1] Irin wadannan takalma masu tsayi sun bai wa mata damar yin tsayi fiye da sauran mutane. A zamanin Renaissance, *chopines* sun zama wani bangare na salon kwalliyar mata kuma aka rika kara tsawonsu; wasu daga cikin wadanda ake da su har yau sun wuce tsawon inci 20 (santimita 50). A karni na 15, an kuma shahara da sanya *chopines* a kasar Spain. Shahararsu a Spain ta kai matakin da ya sa aka ware mafi yawan kayan *cork* (irin bawon bishiyar da ake amfani da shi wajen yin takalma) na kasar domin kera wadannan takalma.<ref>DeMello, Margo (2009). Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. p. 311. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-35714-5</nowiki>.</ref> Wasu suna jayayya cewa salon ya samo asali ne a Spain, saboda akwai misalai da yawa da ke akwai da kuma adadi mai yawa na hoto da rubuce-rubuce da suka koma karni na 14. Chopines na salon Mutanen Espanya sun fi sau da yawa conical da daidaitawa, yayin da takwarorinsu na Venetian sun fi ƙera fasaha. Wannan ba yana nufin, duk da haka, cewa ba a yi wa chopines na Mutanen Espanya ado ba; akasin haka, akwai shaidar kayan ado, rubutun zinariya tare da kewaye (abin da ke rufe cork ko tushe na katako), kayan aiki, da kuma zane-zane a kan chopines na Spain. Mafi tsayi da aka wanzu suna cikin Museo Correr a Venice, Italiya. A cikin 1430 dokar Venetian ta iyakance tsawo na chopines zuwa inci uku, amma an yi watsi da wannan ka'idar. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] ya yi ba'a game da tsayin ''tsawo'' na chopines a cikin salon a zamaninsa ta hanyar amfani da kalmar altitude (''Hamlet'' 2.2, yarima ya gaishe daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka ziyarci - saurayi wanda zai taka rawar mata a cikin ƙungiyar maza - ta hanyar lura da yadda "kusa da sama" yaron ya girma tun lokacin da ya gan shi a ƙarshe "ta hanyar tsawo nachopine").&nbsp;&nbsp; == Misalan da suka tsira == Sau da yawa ana yin chopines da suka tsira da [[Katako|itace]] ko cork, kuma waɗanda ke cikin salon Mutanen Espanya wani lokacin ana haɗa su da [[ƙarfe]]. Ana rufe sassan da suka wanzu da fata, brocades, ko velvet mai lu'u-lu'u. Sau da yawa, masana'antar chopine ta dace da rigar ko takalmin, amma ba koyaushe ba. Duk da cewa an yi musu ado sosai, sau da yawa ana ɓoye su a ƙarƙashin rigar mai sa, ba a samuwa ga kowane kallo mai mahimmanci ba, amma ƙirar takalman ya sa mai sa ya sami "tafiye mai ban dariya". == Matsalolin da suka dace == A cewar wasu malamai, chopines ya haifar da tafiya mara kyau da rashin kyau. Manyan mata da ke sanye da su na iya buƙatar ma'aikata biyu don tafiya lafiya - mutanenta na iya tallafawa kanta a kafaɗun ma'aikatan.[1] Sauran malamai sun yi jayayya cewa tare da yin aiki mace za ta iya tafiya har ma da rawa da kyau.[2] A cikin littafinsa na rawa Nobilità di dame (1600), masanin rawa na Italiya Fabritio Caroso ya rubuta cewa tare da kulawa mace da ke horar da ita ta iya motsawa "tare da alheri, kama, da kyau" har ma da "rawan da ke bunƙasa da bambancin Galliard".[3] Sau da yawa ana sanya chopines tare da taimakon bayin biyu. == Dubi kuma == * Geta (footwear) - Takalma na katako na gargajiya na Jafananci * List of shoe styles == Manazarta == 2tj9tkgnkm3164u0buyno278c1180wx 0 178765 965651 2026-10-10T06:35:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364964670|Coiled sewn sandals]]" 965651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pair_of_Sandals_MET_eg28.jpg|thumb|Takalma Biyu na , ca. 1580-1479 KZ; Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan]] Takalma masu sutura sune takalma na tsohuwar Masar da aka gina ta amfani da wata dabara mai kama da wacce aka yi amfani da ita a cikin kwando tare da wata da'ira inda aka ɗora coils tare da wannan kayan da aka yi amfani dashi wajen gina coils. Ana yin takalma ta amfani da ciyawa. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Waraji == Manazarta == 4uwxx2w1dm0y3ljq5b7d70u7gjn4jki 965652 965651 2026-10-10T06:37:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pair_of_Sandals_MET_eg28.jpg|thumb|Takalma Biyu na , ca. 1580-1479 KZ; Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan]]{{Databox}} Takalma masu sutura sune takalma na tsohuwar Masar da aka gina ta amfani da wata dabara mai kama da wacce aka yi amfani da ita a cikin kwando tare da wata da'ira inda aka ɗora coils tare da wannan kayan da aka yi amfani dashi wajen gina coils. Ana yin takalma ta amfani da ciyawa.<ref>Veldmeijer, André J. "Studies of ancient Egyptian footwear.Technological aspects. Part VII. Coiled sewn sandals" (PDF). The British Museum. Retrieved 2017-04-09.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Waraji == Manazarta == cxr31y7ohf7tlp6bl6iz2bed2g41vbp 0 178766 965653 2026-10-10T06:37:50Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329421758|Papal shoes]]" 965653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Papal_Shoes.jpg|right|thumb|Takalman Paparoma Pius VII (1808) ]] Takalman papal sune takalman waje na jan fata da Paparoma ya sa. Sun bambanta da takalma na papal na cikin gida ko takalma na episcopal, wanda shine takalma na liturgical wanda ya dace da duk bishops na [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Latin Church. == Tarihi == Kamar yadda mutane masu daraja da yawa suka saba yi, Paparoma yana sanya takalman silifa (pantofole) a cikin gidajensa, yayin da yake sanya takalman fata a waje. Ana yin takalman silifar da Paparoma ke sawa a ciki da masana'ar *velvet* ko siliki mai launin ja, kuma ana kawata su sosai da zaren zinariya, tare da sanya alamar gicciye ta zinariya a tsakiya. [ana buƙatar hujja] A cikin tarihin Ikilisiya, an zaɓi ja da gangan don wakiltar jinin shahidai na Katolika da aka zubo a cikin ƙarni da suka biyo baya a cikin sawun Kristi. Har ila yau, takalman papal suna da alaƙa da ƙafafun Kristi masu jini yayin da aka tura shi, aka yi masa bulala, kuma aka tura shi tare da Via Dolorosa a kan hanyarsa zuwa gicciye, wanda ya ƙare da fure hannayensa da ƙafafunsa a kan gicciye. Har ila yau, jan takalma suna nuna alamar biyayya ga Paparoma ga ikon karshe na Yesu Kristi. Bayan wannan, an ce takalman papal suna nuna ƙaunar Allah ga bil'adama kamar yadda aka nuna a lokacin Fentikos lokacin da ake sanya jan riguna don tunawa da saukowar Ruhu Mai Tsarki a kan manzanni kamar yadda harsunan wuta ke kwance a kan kawunansu. Takalman papal, tare da mantum da papal mozzetta, su ne jan riguna da Paparoma ya sa bayan zabensa, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin littattafan Pontifical tun daga karni na 13. === 1950–2013 === Kafin 1969, Paparoma, kamar duk bishops da prelates, sun sa takalma na bishop a lokacin Mass.Launi na takalma na bishop ya bambanta don ya dace da Launi na liturgical na Mass. Bayan 1958, Paparoma John XXIII ya kara buckles na zinariya ga takalman papal na waje, yana mai da su kama da jan takalman da kaddinali ke sawa a waje da Roma. Paparoma Paul VI ya kawar da gicciye na zinariya kuma ya dakatar da al'adar sumbace ƙafafun papal gaba ɗaya. Ana iya ganin Paul VI yana sanye da takalma masu ja a cikin hotuna daga tafiyarsa ta 1964 zuwa Urushalima. A shekara ta 1969, Paul VI ya soke buckles daga dukkan takalma na coci, wanda aka saba buƙata a Kotun Papal da kuma prelates. Ya kuma dakatar da amfani da takalmin papal na cikin gida da Paschal mozzetta da takalma. Paul VI ya sa takalma masu launin ja a duk lokacin da ya kasance pontificate. Paparoma John Paul I, wanda ya kasance Paparoma na kwanaki 33 kawai, ya ci gaba da sanya takalma na jan fata kamar yadda Paul VI ya sa. Da farko a cikin pontificate Paparoma John Paul II ya sa jan takalma; duk da haka, daga baya ya ɗauki saka takalma na burgundy. An binne Paul VI, John Paul I, da John Paul II a cikin takalma na jan fata na papal. [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya dawo da amfani da jan takalma na papal, wanda mai ba da takalma, Adriano Stefanelli na Novara ya bayar. A cikin 2008, Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya kuma dawo da amfani da fararen siliki na Paschal mozzetta, wanda a baya aka sa shi da fararen takalma na siliki. === Tun daga shekara ta 2013 === Bayan ya yi murabus, Benedict ya fara sa takalma baƙar fata. Don pontificate dinsa, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya zaɓi sanya takalma baƙar fata maimakon takalma na gargajiya don pontificate. Paparoma Leo XIV, yana bin aikin Paparoma Francis, ya kuma zaɓi sa takalma baƙar fata. == Manazarta == s6a6z5gokbwn3od1d9z5psx1uaol0t5 965657 965653 2026-10-10T06:40:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 "From red to white", L'Osservatore Romano, VA, archived from the original on 3 December 2013 965657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Papal_Shoes.jpg|right|thumb|Takalman Paparoma Pius VII (1808) ]] Takalman papal sune takalman waje na jan fata da Paparoma ya sa. Sun bambanta da takalma na papal na cikin gida ko takalma na episcopal, wanda shine takalma na liturgical wanda ya dace da duk bishops na [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Latin Church. == Tarihi == Kamar yadda mutane masu daraja da yawa suka saba yi, Paparoma yana sanya takalman silifa (pantofole) a cikin gidajensa, yayin da yake sanya takalman fata a waje. Ana yin takalman silifar da Paparoma ke sawa a ciki da masana'ar *velvet* ko siliki mai launin ja, kuma ana kawata su sosai da zaren zinariya, tare da sanya alamar gicciye ta zinariya a tsakiya. [ana buƙatar hujja] A cikin tarihin Ikilisiya, an zaɓi ja da gangan don wakiltar jinin shahidai na Katolika da aka zubo a cikin ƙarni da suka biyo baya a cikin sawun Kristi. Har ila yau, takalman papal suna da alaƙa da ƙafafun Kristi masu jini yayin da aka tura shi, aka yi masa bulala, kuma aka tura shi tare da Via Dolorosa a kan hanyarsa zuwa gicciye, wanda ya ƙare da fure hannayensa da ƙafafunsa a kan gicciye. Har ila yau, jan takalma suna nuna alamar biyayya ga Paparoma ga ikon karshe na Yesu Kristi. Bayan wannan, an ce takalman papal suna nuna ƙaunar Allah ga bil'adama kamar yadda aka nuna a lokacin Fentikos lokacin da ake sanya jan riguna don tunawa da saukowar Ruhu Mai Tsarki a kan manzanni kamar yadda harsunan wuta ke kwance a kan kawunansu. Takalman papal, tare da mantum da papal mozzetta, su ne jan riguna da Paparoma ya sa bayan zabensa, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin littattafan Pontifical tun daga karni na 13. === 1950–2013 === Kafin 1969, Paparoma, kamar duk bishops da prelates, sun sa takalma na bishop a lokacin Mass.Launi na takalma na bishop ya bambanta don ya dace da Launi na liturgical na Mass. Bayan 1958, Paparoma John XXIII ya kara buckles na zinariya ga takalman papal na waje, yana mai da su kama da jan takalman da kaddinali ke sawa a waje da Roma. Paparoma Paul VI ya kawar da gicciye na zinariya kuma ya dakatar da al'adar sumbace ƙafafun papal gaba ɗaya. Ana iya ganin Paul VI yana sanye da takalma masu ja a cikin hotuna daga tafiyarsa ta 1964 zuwa Urushalima. A shekara ta 1969, Paul VI ya soke buckles daga dukkan takalma na coci, wanda aka saba buƙata a Kotun Papal da kuma prelates. Ya kuma dakatar da amfani da takalmin papal na cikin gida da Paschal mozzetta da takalma. Paul VI ya sa takalma masu launin ja a duk lokacin da ya kasance pontificate. Paparoma John Paul I, wanda ya kasance Paparoma na kwanaki 33 kawai, ya ci gaba da sanya takalma na jan fata kamar yadda Paul VI ya sa. Da farko a cikin pontificate Paparoma John Paul II ya sa jan takalma; duk da haka, daga baya ya ɗauki saka takalma na burgundy. An binne Paul VI, John Paul I, da John Paul II a cikin takalma na jan fata na papal. [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya dawo da amfani da jan takalma na papal, wanda mai ba da takalma, Adriano Stefanelli na Novara ya bayar. A cikin 2008, Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya kuma dawo da amfani da fararen siliki na Paschal mozzetta, wanda a baya aka sa shi da fararen takalma na siliki.<ref>"Red shoes and the room of tears"</ref> === Tun daga shekara ta 2013 === Bayan ya yi murabus, Benedict ya fara sa takalma baƙar fata. Don pontificate dinsa, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya zaɓi sanya takalma baƙar fata maimakon takalma na gargajiya don pontificate. Paparoma Leo XIV, yana bin aikin Paparoma Francis, ya kuma zaɓi sa takalma baƙar fata. == Manazarta == gf40ti2yllqkbofs45e94zse296lp43 965658 965657 2026-10-10T06:41:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Papal_Shoes.jpg|right|thumb|Takalman Paparoma Pius VII (1808) ]] Takalman papal sune takalman waje na jan fata da Paparoma ya sa. Sun bambanta da takalma na papal na cikin gida ko takalma na episcopal, wanda shine takalma na liturgical wanda ya dace da duk bishops na [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Latin Church. == Tarihi == Kamar yadda mutane masu daraja da yawa suka saba yi, Paparoma yana sanya takalman silifa (pantofole) a cikin gidajensa, yayin da yake sanya takalman fata a waje. Ana yin takalman silifar da Paparoma ke sawa a ciki da masana'ar *velvet* ko siliki mai launin ja, kuma ana kawata su sosai da zaren zinariya, tare da sanya alamar gicciye ta zinariya a tsakiya. [ana buƙatar hujja] A cikin tarihin Ikilisiya, an zaɓi ja da gangan don wakiltar jinin shahidai na Katolika da aka zubo a cikin ƙarni da suka biyo baya a cikin sawun Kristi. Har ila yau, takalman papal suna da alaƙa da ƙafafun Kristi masu jini yayin da aka tura shi, aka yi masa bulala, kuma aka tura shi tare da Via Dolorosa a kan hanyarsa zuwa gicciye, wanda ya ƙare da fure hannayensa da ƙafafunsa a kan gicciye. Har ila yau, jan takalma suna nuna alamar biyayya ga Paparoma ga ikon karshe na Yesu Kristi. Bayan wannan, an ce takalman papal suna nuna ƙaunar Allah ga bil'adama kamar yadda aka nuna a lokacin Fentikos lokacin da ake sanya jan riguna don tunawa da saukowar Ruhu Mai Tsarki a kan manzanni kamar yadda harsunan wuta ke kwance a kan kawunansu. Takalman papal, tare da mantum da papal mozzetta, su ne jan riguna da Paparoma ya sa bayan zabensa, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin littattafan Pontifical tun daga karni na 13. === 1950–2013 === Kafin 1969, Paparoma, kamar duk bishops da prelates, sun sa takalma na bishop a lokacin Mass.Launi na takalma na bishop ya bambanta don ya dace da Launi na liturgical na Mass. Bayan 1958, Paparoma John XXIII ya kara buckles na zinariya ga takalman papal na waje, yana mai da su kama da jan takalman da kaddinali ke sawa a waje da Roma. Paparoma Paul VI ya kawar da gicciye na zinariya kuma ya dakatar da al'adar sumbace ƙafafun papal gaba ɗaya. Ana iya ganin Paul VI yana sanye da takalma masu ja a cikin hotuna daga tafiyarsa ta 1964 zuwa Urushalima. A shekara ta 1969, Paul VI ya soke buckles daga dukkan takalma na coci, wanda aka saba buƙata a Kotun Papal da kuma prelates. Ya kuma dakatar da amfani da takalmin papal na cikin gida da Paschal mozzetta da takalma. Paul VI ya sa takalma masu launin ja a duk lokacin da ya kasance pontificate. Paparoma John Paul I, wanda ya kasance Paparoma na kwanaki 33 kawai, ya ci gaba da sanya takalma na jan fata kamar yadda Paul VI ya sa. Da farko a cikin pontificate Paparoma John Paul II ya sa jan takalma; duk da haka, daga baya ya ɗauki saka takalma na burgundy. An binne Paul VI, John Paul I, da John Paul II a cikin takalma na jan fata na papal. [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] ya dawo da amfani da jan takalma na papal, wanda mai ba da takalma, Adriano Stefanelli na Novara ya bayar. A cikin 2008, Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya kuma dawo da amfani da fararen siliki na Paschal mozzetta, wanda a baya aka sa shi da fararen takalma na siliki.<ref>"Red shoes and the room of tears"</ref> === Tun daga shekara ta 2013 === Bayan ya yi murabus, Benedict ya fara sa takalma baƙar fata. Don pontificate dinsa, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya zaɓi sanya takalma baƙar fata maimakon takalma na gargajiya don pontificate. Paparoma Leo XIV, yana bin aikin Paparoma Francis, ya kuma zaɓi sa takalma baƙar fata. == Manazarta == 2myaqngk8aq5p2bycjof9tqaypa3rtm 0 178767 965654 2026-10-10T06:38:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360651016|Duckbill shoe]]" 965654 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''takalmin duckbill''', wanda aka fi sani da '''takalmin bearpaw''' ko '''Takalmin baki na saniya''', wani salon takalmin ne mai zurfi wanda ya kasance mai salo a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16. Wannan salon ya fara ne da Charles na takwas na Faransa, wanda ke da Ƙarin yatsan hannu, kuma daga baya [[Henry VIII|Henry na takwas na Ingila]] ya sa shi. Ya maye gurbin yatsan da ya fi tsayi na poulaine amma kuma ya zama mara amfani, yayin da ya zama babba tare da cikawa da ƙaho don haka zai iya zama ƙafa mai faɗi, yana ba mai ɗaukar sautin yawo. Hakanan ana iya yin ado da slashes don nuna kyakkyawan lining, kuma an gabatar da dokoki masu mahimmanci don ƙuntata duk waɗannan wuce gona da iri. Takalman [[Agwagwa|Duck]] sun kasance kamar lissafin duck; takalman cowsmouth sun fadada kwatsam a yatsunsu; kuma takalman bearsclaw suna da slashes a layi daya da yatsunsu, don haka yatsunsu na iya fadadawa a gefe. Akwai zane mai rai don takalmin duckbill na Albrecht Dürer; ya bayyana shi kamar yadda aka yi a kan madaidaiciya, na ƙarshe, kuma kamar yadda yake da cikakkiyar takalma mai kauri biyu na fata. Takalman da ya tsara sun kasance suna da madauri a kan matakai.[1] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Pigache - salon takalma mai kaifi wanda ya kasance sananne a baya a Turai ta zamani == Manazarta == njzwq0c95t19kvejjkxrii3xkrxa24z 965660 965654 2026-10-10T06:43:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965660 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> {{Databox}} '''Takalmin duckbill''', wanda aka fi sani da '''takalmin bearpaw''' ko '''Takalmin baki na saniya''', wani salon takalmin ne mai zurfi wanda ya kasance mai salo a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16. Wannan salon ya fara ne da Charles na takwas na Faransa, wanda ke da Ƙarin yatsan hannu, kuma daga baya [[Henry VIII|Henry na takwas na Ingila]] ya sa shi. Ya maye gurbin yatsan da ya fi tsayi na poulaine amma kuma ya zama mara amfani, yayin da ya zama babba tare da cikawa da ƙaho don haka zai iya zama ƙafa mai faɗi, yana ba mai ɗaukar sautin yawo. Hakanan ana iya yin ado da slashes don nuna kyakkyawan lining, kuma an gabatar da dokoki masu mahimmanci don ƙuntata duk waɗannan wuce gona da iri. Takalman [[Agwagwa|Duck]] sun kasance kamar lissafin duck; takalman cowsmouth sun fadada kwatsam a yatsunsu; kuma takalman bearsclaw suna da slashes a layi daya da yatsunsu, don haka yatsunsu na iya fadadawa a gefe.<ref>Marie-Josèphe Bossan (2017), The Art of the Shoe, Litres, pp. 32–33, ISBN 9785040614394</ref> Akwai zane mai rai don takalmin duckbill na Albrecht Dürer; ya bayyana shi kamar yadda aka yi a kan madaidaiciya, na ƙarshe, kuma kamar yadda yake da cikakkiyar takalma mai kauri biyu na fata. Takalman da ya tsara sun kasance suna da madauri a kan matakai.[1] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin salon takalma * Pigache - salon takalma mai kaifi wanda ya kasance sananne a baya a Turai ta zamani == Manazarta == fb0zfrvwr3t6hfqmyoghd1rr8pfikh4 0 178768 965655 2026-10-10T06:38:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334716413|Pampootie]]" 965655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pampooties''' takalma ne na rawhide, waɗanda aka yi da su a Tsibirin Aran na County Galway, Ireland. An kafa su ne daga wani yanki guda na fata wanda ba a rufe shi ba wanda aka ninka a kusa da ƙafa kuma aka ɗora shi da igiya ko madauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pampootie |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01017/Historyofshoes1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227133037/http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01017/Historyofshoes1.html |archive-date=2011-02-27 |access-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=[[Thinkquest]]}}</ref> An fi amfani da ɓoyewa daga ƙafar hannu. Yawancin lokaci ana barin gashi kuma wannan ya inganta riƙe takalmin.[1] Ana kiyaye fatar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba ta hanyar amfani da yanayin zafi na Yammacin Ireland. Koyaya takalma ba a yi su har abada ba. Suna iya ruɓewa kuma yawanci ana kiyaye su na wata ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka.[2] Pampooties suna kama da takalman cuaran na Scotland, kuma sune farkon ghillies, takalman rawa na Celtic. Har ila yau suna da kama da bayyanar moccasins na Amurka.<ref name="appin">{{Cite web |title=Pampooties |url=http://www.appins.org/pampooties.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610133909/http://www.appins.org/pampooties.htm |archive-date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=[[Appin Historical Society]]}}</ref> Tsohon takalma da aka samo daga Stone Age Turai suna da irin wannan ƙirar.<ref name="bangkok">{{Cite web |title=5,500-year leather mocassin world's oldest shoe |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/180748/5500-year-leather-mocassin-world-oldest-shoe |access-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]]}}</ref> Sunan "pampootie" ba shi da asalinsa; yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da [[papoosh]] na Turkiyya, wani nau'in takalma. Mutanen tsibirin Aran kawai sun kira su brógaí úrlehair, "takalma na fata mara sutura".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PAMPOOTIE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pampootie |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Carbatina * Jerin salon takalma * Tufafin Irish == Manazarta == 544mgu3j8vbj6d4qyc5m4w250s3ketc 965661 965655 2026-10-10T06:43:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 965661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pampooties''' takalma ne na rawhide, waɗanda aka yi da su a Tsibirin Aran na County Galway, Ireland. An kafa su ne daga wani yanki guda na fata wanda ba a rufe shi ba wanda aka ninka a kusa da ƙafa kuma aka ɗora shi da igiya ko madauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pampootie |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01017/Historyofshoes1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227133037/http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01017/Historyofshoes1.html |archive-date=2011-02-27 |access-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=[[Thinkquest]]}}</ref> An fi amfani da ɓoyewa daga ƙafar hannu. Yawancin lokaci ana barin gashi kuma wannan ya inganta riƙe takalmin.[1] Ana kiyaye fatar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba ta hanyar amfani da yanayin zafi na Yammacin Ireland. Koyaya takalma ba a yi su har abada ba. Suna iya ruɓewa kuma yawanci ana kiyaye su na wata ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka.[2] Pampooties suna kama da takalman cuaran na Scotland, kuma sune farkon ghillies, takalman rawa na Celtic. Har ila yau suna da kama da bayyanar moccasins na Amurka.<ref name="appin">{{Cite web |title=Pampooties |url=http://www.appins.org/pampooties.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610133909/http://www.appins.org/pampooties.htm |archive-date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=[[Appin Historical Society]]}}</ref> Tsohon takalma da aka samo daga Stone Age Turai suna da irin wannan ƙirar.<ref name="bangkok">{{Cite web |title=5,500-year leather mocassin world's oldest shoe |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/180748/5500-year-leather-mocassin-world-oldest-shoe |access-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]]}}</ref> Sunan "pampootie" ba shi da asalinsa; yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da [[papoosh]] na Turkiyya, wani nau'in takalma. Mutanen tsibirin Aran kawai sun kira su brógaí úrlehair, "takalma na fata mara sutura".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PAMPOOTIE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pampootie |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Carbatina * Jerin salon takalma * Tufafin Irish == Manazarta == rdrnwf24fldwu49aq1a9z6d6telu979 0 178769 965656 2026-10-10T06:39:03Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378973972|Trypsin]]" 965656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trypsins''' wani nau'in enzyme ne wanda sau da yawa ke aiki azaman Enzymes na narkewa a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi. Su ne wani nau'in protease wanda ke nufin suna aiki ta hanyar taimakawa wajen karya alaƙa tsakanin amino acid a cikin sunadarai. Tripsins na narkewa wani bangare ne na matsakaici na narkewar furotin, inda suke yanke dogon sarkar [[Amino acid]] zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori kusa da farkon ƙananan hanji. Fiye da haka, trypsins sune enzymes na [[Trypsin-3|3]]" href="./Serine_protease" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Serine protease">serine protease daga dangin PA, kuma a cikin mutane akwai nau'ikan gargajiya guda uku: trypsin 1, 2, da 3. Trypsins an kafa su ne a cikin ƙananan hanji lokacin da aka kunna proenzymes da aka samar da pancreas, wanda aka sani da trypsinogens, tare da taimakon enteropeptidase, protease da aka samu a cikin hanji. Trypsin yana yanke sarkar [[peptide]] galibi a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] na amino acid lysine da arginine. Ana amfani dashi sosai a aikace-aikacen biotechnology da yawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da bincike. Ayyukan enzymatic na trypsin galibi ana kiransa trypsinogen proteolysis ko tripsinization, kuma sunadarai da aka narke ko kuma aka bi da trypsin an ce an yi musu trypsinized. Wilhelm Kühne ne ya gano Trypsin a 1876. Yawancin kafofin ba daidai ba ne suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kühne ya samo sunan trypsin daga kalmar Helenanci ta Dā don shafawa, ''tripsis'', saboda an fara ware enzyme ta hanyar shafa pancreas da gilashin foda da barasa; a zahiri Kühne mai suna trypsin ne daga kalmar Helenaki ta Dā ''trýpto'', ma'ana "Na karya" ko "Na karya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girolami |first=Gregory S. |date=2024 |title=Origin and Likely Etymology of the Word 'Trypsin' |journal=Bull. Hist. Chem. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=59–60}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin duodenum, trypsin yana haɓaka hydrolysis na haɗin peptide, yana rushe sunadarai zuwa ƙananan peptides. Ana ƙara amfani da samfuran peptide a cikin amino acid ta hanyar wasu proteases, suna ba da su don shawo kan jini. Gyara abinci na Tryptic wani mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin furotin, saboda sunadarai gabaɗaya sun fi girma da za a shawo kansu ta hanyar lining na ƙananan hanji.<ref name="tdmu.edu.ua">{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015<!--last mod date from page info--> |title=Digestion of Proteins |url=http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2%20course/Elective%20course%20(Clinical%20biochemistry)/10.%20METABOLISM%20OF%20AMINOACIDS.%20DIGESTION%20OF%20%20PROTEINS..htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808171058/http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |website=Elective course (Clinical biochemistry) |publisher=Ternopil National Medical University}}</ref> Ana samar da Trypsin a matsayin zymogen trypsinogen mara aiki a cikin pancreas. Lokacin da ake motsa pancreas ta hanyar cholecystokinin, sai a ɓoye shi a cikin ɓangaren farko na ƙananan hanji (duodenum) ta hanyar bututun pancreatic. Da zarar a cikin ƙananan hanji, enzyme enterokinase (wanda ake kira enteropeptidase) yana kunna trypsinogen a cikin trypsin ta hanyar rarraba proteolytic. Tripsin sannan ya kunna ƙarin trypsin, Chymotrypsin da carboxypeptidase. == Hanyar aiki == Tsarin enzyme ɗin yayi kama da na sauran sunadarai masu ɗauke da sinadarin serine. Waɗannan enzymes suna ɗauke da wani sinadari mai suna catalytic triad wanda ya ƙunshi histidine -57, aspartate -102, da serine -195. <ref name="pmid16003488">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Polgár L |date=October 2005 |title=The catalytic triad of serine peptidases |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=19–20 |pages=2161–72 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5160-x |pmc=11139141 |pmid=16003488 |s2cid=3343824}}</ref> Wannan triad mai catalytic an daɗe ana kiransa da tsarin relay na caji, wanda ke nufin cire protons daga serine zuwa histidine da kuma daga histidine zuwa aspartate, amma saboda shaidar da NMR ta bayar cewa nau'in serine mai alkoxide da ke haifar da shi zai fi ƙarfin jan proton fiye da zoben imidazole na histidine, tunanin yanzu yana da'awar cewa serine da histidine kowannensu suna da daidai gwargwado na proton, suna samar da gajerun haɗin hydrogen masu ƙarancin shinge tare da su.   Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙarfin nucleophilicity na wurin aiki na serine yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa kai hari ga amide carbon yayin proteolysis. Hawan enzyme da trypsin ke haifarwa yana da kyau a yanayin zafi, amma yana buƙatar kuzarin kunnawa mai mahimmanci (ba shi da kyau a fannin motsa jiki ). Bugu da ƙari, trypsin ya ƙunshi "ramin oxianion" wanda aka samar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hydrogen na amide na baya na Gly-193 da Ser-195, waɗanda ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ke daidaita cajin mara kyau wanda ke taruwa akan oxygen na amide bayan harin nucleophilic akan planar amide carbon ta hanyar iskar oxygen na serine yana sa carbon ɗin ya ɗauki yanayin tetrahedral. Irin wannan daidaito na wannan matsakaicin tetrahedral yana taimakawa wajen rage shingen makamashi na samuwarsa kuma yana tare da rage ƙarfin kuzari na yanayin sauyawa. Daurewar yanayin sauyawa muhimmin abu ne a cikin sinadaran enzyme. Rashin aspartate mara kyau (Asp 189) wanda ke cikin aljihun catalytic (S1) na trypsin yana da alhakin jan hankali da daidaita lysine da / ko arginine, kuma, saboda haka, yana da alƙawarin takamaiman enzyme. Wannan yana nufin cewa trypsin yafi rarraba sunadarai a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] (ko "gefen C-terminal") na [[Amino acid]] lysine da arginine sai dai idan ko dai an ɗaure shi da C-terminar proline, <ref name="urlwww.promega.com">{{Cite web |date=2007-04-01 |title=Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin |url=http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519223600/http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-date=2003-05-19 |access-date=2009-02-08 |publisher=promega.com}}</ref> kodayake manyan bayanai na spectrometry suna ba da shawarar rarraba yana faruwa har ma da proline.<ref name="pmid18067249">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez J, Gupta N, Smith RD, Pevzner PA |date=January 2008 |title=Does trypsin cut before proline? |url=http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=300–5 |doi=10.1021/pr0705035 |pmid=18067249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233625/http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> Trypsin ana ɗaukarsa endopeptidase, watau, rarraba yana faruwa a cikin sarkar polypeptide maimakon a ƙarshen amino acid da ke ƙarshen [[Peptide|polypeptides]]. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Tripsin dabba yana da mafi kyawun zafin jiki na kimanin 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chelulei Cheison S, Brand J, Leeb E, Kulozik U |date=March 2011 |title=Analysis of the effect of temperature changes combined with different alkaline pH on the β-lactoglobulin trypsin hydrolysis pattern using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS |url=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1470049 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=1572–81 |bibcode=2011JAFC...59.1572C |doi=10.1021/jf1039876 |pmid=21319805}}</ref> &nbsp;Sabanin haka, Atlantic cod yana da nau'ikan trypsins da yawa don kifin poikilotherm ya tsira a yanayin jiki daban-daban. Cod trypsins sun haɗa da trypsin I tare da kewayon aiki na 4 zuwa 65 ° C (39 zuwa 149 ° F) da kuma mafi girman aiki a {{Convert|55|°C|°F}} ° C (131 ° F), da kuma trypsin Y tare da kewaye na 2 zuwa 30 ° C (36 zuwa 86 ° F) kuma mafi girman aikin a {{Convert|21|°C|°F}} ° C (70 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gudmundsdóttir A, Pálsdóttir HM |year=2005 |title=Atlantic cod trypsins: from basic research to practical applications |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–88 |bibcode=2005MarBt...7...77G |doi=10.1007/s10126-004-0061-9 |pmid=15759084 |s2cid=42480996}}</ref> A matsayin furotin, trypsin yana da nauyin kwayoyin daban-daban dangane da tushen. Misali, an bayar da rahoton nauyin kwayoyin 23.3 kDa don trypsin daga tushen shanu da alade. Ayyukan trypsin ba su da tasiri daga mai hana enzyme tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK, wanda ke kashe Chymotrypsin. Ya kamata a adana Trypsin a yanayin sanyi sosai (tsakanin -20 da -80 °C) don hana autolysis, wanda kuma ana iya hana shi ta hanyar adana trypsin a pH 3 ko ta amfani da trypsin da aka gyara ta hanyar [[Reductive methylation|rage methylation]]. &nbsp;Lokacin da aka daidaita pH zuwa pH 8, aikin ya dawo. == Isozymes == Wadannan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam suna ƙunshe da sunadarai tare da aikin enzymatic na trypsin: {| |- valign="top" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin 1|protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9475|Symbol=[[Trypsin 1|PRSS1]]|AltSymbols=TRY1|EntrezGene=5644|OMIM=276000|RefSeq=NM_002769|UniProt=P07477|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=32|LocusSupplementaryData=-qter}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-2|protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9483|Symbol=[[PRSS2]]|AltSymbols=TRYP2|EntrezGene=5645|OMIM=601564|RefSeq=NM_002770|UniProt=P07478|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=35|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-3|protease, serine, 3 (mesotrypsin)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9486|Symbol=[[PRSS3]]|AltSymbols=PRSS4|EntrezGene=5646|OMIM=613578|RefSeq=NM_002771|UniProt=P35030|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=9|Arm=p|Band=13|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |} Sauran isoforms na trypsin kuma ana iya samun su a wasu kwayoyin. == Muhimmancin asibiti == Ayyukan trypsin daga tsagewar proteolytic na trypsinogen a cikin pancreas na iya haifar da jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da narkewar kai, wanda ke haifar da pancreatitis. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon cutar autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis shine rashi a cikin jigilar trypsin da sauran enzymes na narkewa daga pancreas. Wannan yana haifar da rikicewar da ake kira meconium ileus, wanda ya haɗa da toshewar hanji (ileus) saboda meconium mai kauri, wanda yawanci ya rushe ta hanyar trypsin da sauran proteases, sannan ya wuce cikin datti.<ref name="pmid11729110">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noone PG, Zhou Z, Silverman LM, Jowell PS, Knowles MR, Cohn JA |date=December 2001 |title=Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/4b29bf69m |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1310–9 |doi=10.1053/gast.2001.29673 |pmid=11729110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Trypsin yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin pancreases, kuma ana iya tsarkake shi cikin sauƙi. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin matakai daban-daban na biotechnology. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na al'adun nama, ana amfani da trypsin don sake farfado da ƙwayoyin da ke manne da bango na al'adu na sel yayin aiwatar da girbi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) |url=http://www.stemcell.com/en/Products/All-Products/TrypsinEDTA-025.aspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |publisher=Stem Cell Technologies}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan sel suna mannewa a bangarorin da kasa na tasa lokacin da aka shuka su ''in vitro''. Ana amfani da Trypsin don rarraba sunadarai da ke riƙe da ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa tasa, don a iya cire ƙwayoyin daga faranti. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta (alal misali, kafin gyarawa da rarraba tantanin halitta). Ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rushe casein a cikin madarar nono. Idan an kara trypsin a cikin maganin madara foda, rushewar casein yana haifar da madara ta zama mai haske. Za'a iya auna yawan amsawa ta hanyar amfani da adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don madara ta juya mai haske. Ana amfani da Trypsin a cikin binciken halittu yayin gwaje-gwaje na proteomics don narke sunadarai cikin peptides don nazarin spectrometry, misali narkewar in-gel. Trypsin ya dace da wannan musamman, tunda yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadyadaddun, saboda yana narkewa ne kawai da haɗin peptide wanda ƙungiyar carbonyl ke ba da gudummawa ko dai ta hanyar arginine ko lysine. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don narkar da jini a cikin nau'in microbial da kuma magance kumburi a cikin nau-cikin hanta. A cikin likitan dabbobi, trypsin sinadarin ne a cikin kayan shafawa na rauni, kamar Debrisol, don narkar da gawawwakin da pus a cikin raunuka a cikin dawakai, shanu, karnuka, da cats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debrisol |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/debrisol.html |publisher=drugs.com}}</ref> A Indiya, ana ba da Trypsin - Chymotrypsin don rage kumburi yayin laryngitis da farfadowa. Amfani a waje da Indiya ba a rubuce shi da kyau ba kuma yawancin takardun da aka rubuta game da tasirinsa a cikin yanayin da aka ambata a sama an ba da kuɗin ne daga Torrent Pharmaceuticals wanda shine babban alama wanda ke yin waɗannan allunan a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah D, Mital K |date=2017 |title=The Role of Trypsin:Chymotrypsin in Tissue Repair |journal=Advances in Therapy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1007/s12325-017-0648-y |pmc=5778189 |pmid=29209994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin - Chymotrypsin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions & More &#124; CARE Hospitals |url=https://www.carehospitals.com/medicine-detail/trypsin-chymotrypsin}}</ref> === A cikin abinci === Shirye-shiryen protease na kasuwanci yawanci sun ƙunshi cakuda nau'ikan enzymes na protease daban-daban waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da trypsin. Ana amfani da waɗannan shirye-shiryen sosai a cikin sarrafa abinci: <ref name="urlProtease - GMO Database">{{Cite web |date=2010-07-10 |title=Protease - GMO Database |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164346/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-date=2015-02-24 |access-date=2012-01-01 |website=GMO Compass |publisher=European Union}}</ref> * a matsayin enzyme na yin burodi don inganta aikin gurasar * a cikin cire kayan yaji da dandano daga kayan lambu ko sunadarai na dabba da kuma a cikin masana'antar sauce * don sarrafa samar da ƙanshi a cikin cuku da kayan madara * don inganta yanayin kayan kifi * don mai da hankali ga nama * a lokacin sanyi na giya * a cikin samar da abinci mai guba inda proteases ke rushe takamaiman sunadarai masu guba a cikin wadanda ba su da guba, alal misali, ana amfani da proteases don samar da abinci na jariri mai guba daga madarar saniya, don haka rage haɗarin jarirai da ke fama da rashin lafiyan madara. == Mai hana Trypsin == Don hana aikin trypsin mai aiki a cikin pancreas, wanda zai iya zama mai lalacewa sosai, masu hanawa kamar BPTI da SPINK1 a cikin pancrea da α1-antitrypsin a cikin serum suna nan a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariya daga kunnawa mara kyau. Duk wani trypsin da aka kafa da wuri daga trypsinogen mara aiki sai mai hanawa ya ɗaure shi. Ma'amala da furotin-furotin tsakanin trypsin da masu hana shi yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙuntataccen ɗaure, kuma trypsin yana ɗaure da wasu daga cikin masu hanawa kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba.[1] Ya bambanta da kusan dukkanin sanannun tarurrukan furotin, wasu hadaddun trypsin da aka ɗaure ta masu hana shi ba sa sa iya rarraba bayan magani tare da 8M urea. Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki azaman kayan aiki yayin magance cututtukan metabolism da kiba. An san cututtukan metabolism, kiba, da kuma yawan kiba don kara yaduwar cututtukat da ba za a iya yaduwa ba.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cristina Oliveira de Lima V, Piuvezam G, Leal Lima Maciel B, Heloneida de Araújo Morais A |date=December 2019 |title=Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders? |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2018.1542387 |pmc=6327991 |pmid=30734596}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don rage wannan lamarin ciki har da amfani da masu hana trypsin. Wadannan masu hanawa suna da damar rage hanji, nono, fata, da ciwon daji na prostate ta hanyar aikin kariya ta radiyo da anticarcinogenic. Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki a matsayin hanyoyin sarrafawa don sarrafa sakin neutrophil proteases da kuma guje wa mummunar lalacewar nama.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019" /> Dangane da yanayin zuciya da ke da alaƙa da aikin serine protease mara amfani, masu hana trypsin na iya toshe ayyukansu a cikin tarin platelet, fibrinolysis, coagulation, da jini. Ayyuka da yawa na masu hana trypsin sun haɗa da kasancewa masu hana protease don aikin AMP.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Souza Nascimento AM, de Oliveira Segundo VH, Felipe Camelo Aguiar AJ, Piuvezam G, Souza Passos T, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KS, de Araújo Morais AH |date=December 2022 |title=Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=749–759 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2022.2039918 |pmc=8856033 |pmid=35168466}}</ref> Duk da yake hanyoyin aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na masu hana trypsin ba su da tabbas, binciken ya yi niyyar nazarin hanyoyin su a matsayin aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin maganin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Bincike da binciken microscopy sun nuna tasirin antibacterial a kan membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Masu hana Trypsin daga fata na amphibian sun nuna ci gaban mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya shafi bangon tantanin halitta da membrane na ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Nazarin ya kuma bincika ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin trypsin inhibitor peptides, sunadarai, da ''E. coli''. Sakamakon ya nuna isasshen rigakafin ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, masu hana trypsin dole ne su cika wasu ka'idoji da za a yi amfani da su a cikin abinci da jiyya.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> == Sauran hanyoyin Trypsin == Gyaran Trypsin na karin matrix na salula al'ada ce a cikin al'adun salula. Koyaya, wannan lalacewar enzymatic na sel na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ƙwayoyin halitta da alamomi na farfajiyar, musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa fiye da trypsin kamar Accutase wanda ba ya tasiri ga alamun farfajiyar kamar cd14, cd117, cd49f, cd292 .<ref name="pmid23481571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quan Y, Yan Y, Wang X, Fu Q, Wang W, Wu J, Yang G, Ren J, Wang Y |date=2012 |title=Impact of cell dissociation on identification of breast cancer stem cells |journal=Cancer Biomarkers |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=125–33 |doi=10.3233/CBM-130300 |pmid=23481571}}</ref><ref name="pmid30983404">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skog M, Sivlér P, Steinvall I, Aili D, Sjöberg F, Elmasry M |date=May 2019 |title=The Effect of Enzymatic Digestion on Cultured Epithelial Autografts |journal=Cell Transplantation |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=638–644 |doi=10.1177/0963689719833305 |pmc=7103596 |pmid=30983404}}</ref> Koyaya Accutase yana rage matakan farfajiyar FasL da Mai karɓar fas a kan macrophages, waɗannan masu karɓa suna da alaƙa da Cytotoxicity na tantanin halitta a cikin tsarin rigakafi kuma suna iya sauƙaƙa mutuwar tantanin halitta mai alaƙa da apoptosis.<ref name="pmid35383242">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai TY, Cao J, Ou-Yang P, Tsai CY, Lin CW, Chen CC, Tsai MK, Lee CY |date=April 2022 |title=Different methods of detaching adherent cells and their effects on the cell surface expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=5713 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.5713L |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-09605-y |pmc=8983651 |pmid=35383242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase kuma na iya zama madadin Trypsin a aikace-aikacen proteomic.<ref name="Samodova_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samodova D, Hosfield CM, Cramer CN, Giuli MV, Cappellini E, Franciosa G, Rosenblatt MM, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV |date=December 2020 |title=ProAlanase is an Effective Alternative to Trypsin for Proteomics Applications and Disulfide Bond Mapping |journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2139–2157 |doi=10.1074/mcp.tir120.002129 |pmc=7710147 |pmid=33020190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase wani ''Aspergillus niger'' fungus protease ne wanda zai iya cimma babban aikin proteolytic da takamaiman don narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase, acidic prolyl-endopeptidase protease, wanda aka yi nazari a matsayin An-PEP, an lura da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don bayyana takamaiman sa.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase ya yi kyau sosai a aikace-aikacen LC-MS tare da gajeren lokacin narkewa da pH mai zafi sosai.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar nazarin halittu == Manazarta ==   == Haɗin waje == * Bayanan MEROPS na kan layi don peptidases da masu hana su: Trypsin 1 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.151 S01.151] An adana shi 2008-04-05 a , Trypsin 2 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.258 S01.258] An adana masa 2019-09-19 a Wayback Engine, Trypsina 3 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.174 S01.174] An adana mata 2019-0919 a ">Wayback Machine * Trypsin Inhibitors da Trypsin Test Method a Sigma-Aldrich * Trypsina cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 64uaevxjeelcjm6p9d1n7jr4zinblyy 965659 965656 2026-10-10T06:41:26Z Baffa ali 47435 965659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trypsins''' wani nau'in enzyme ne wanda sau da yawa ke aiki azaman Enzymes na narkewa a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi. Su ne wani nau'in protease wanda ke nufin suna aiki ta hanyar taimakawa wajen karya alaƙa tsakanin amino acid a cikin sunadarai. Tripsins na narkewa wani bangare ne na matsakaici na narkewar furotin, inda suke yanke dogon sarkar [[Amino acid]] zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori kusa da farkon ƙananan hanji. Fiye da haka, trypsins sune enzymes na [[Trypsin-3|3]]" href="./Serine_protease" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Serine protease">serine protease daga dangin PA, kuma a cikin mutane akwai nau'ikan gargajiya guda uku: trypsin 1, 2, da 3. Trypsins an kafa su ne a cikin ƙananan hanji lokacin da aka kunna proenzymes da aka samar da pancreas, wanda aka sani da trypsinogens, tare da taimakon enteropeptidase, protease da aka samu a cikin hanji. Trypsin yana yanke sarkar [[peptide]] galibi a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] na amino acid lysine da arginine. Ana amfani dashi sosai a aikace-aikacen biotechnology da yawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da bincike. Ayyukan enzymatic na trypsin galibi ana kiransa trypsinogen proteolysis ko tripsinization, kuma sunadarai da aka narke ko kuma aka bi da trypsin an ce an yi musu trypsinized. Wilhelm Kühne ne ya gano Trypsin a 1876. Yawancin kafofin ba daidai ba ne suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kühne ya samo sunan trypsin daga kalmar Helenanci ta Dā don shafawa, ''tripsis'', saboda an fara ware enzyme ta hanyar shafa pancreas da gilashin foda da barasa; a zahiri Kühne mai suna trypsin ne daga kalmar Helenaki ta Dā ''trýpto'', ma'ana "Na karya" ko "Na karya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girolami |first=Gregory S. |date=2024 |title=Origin and Likely Etymology of the Word 'Trypsin' |journal=Bull. Hist. Chem. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=59–60}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin duodenum, trypsin yana haɓaka hydrolysis na haɗin peptide, yana rushe sunadarai zuwa ƙananan peptides. Ana ƙara amfani da samfuran peptide a cikin amino acid ta hanyar wasu proteases, suna ba da su don shawo kan jini. Gyara abinci na Tryptic wani mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin furotin, saboda sunadarai gabaɗaya sun fi girma da za a shawo kansu ta hanyar lining na ƙananan hanji.<ref name="tdmu.edu.ua">{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015<!--last mod date from page info--> |title=Digestion of Proteins |url=http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2%20course/Elective%20course%20(Clinical%20biochemistry)/10.%20METABOLISM%20OF%20AMINOACIDS.%20DIGESTION%20OF%20%20PROTEINS..htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808171058/http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |website=Elective course (Clinical biochemistry) |publisher=Ternopil National Medical University}}</ref> Ana samar da Trypsin a matsayin zymogen trypsinogen mara aiki a cikin pancreas. Lokacin da ake motsa pancreas ta hanyar cholecystokinin, sai a ɓoye shi a cikin ɓangaren farko na ƙananan hanji (duodenum) ta hanyar bututun pancreatic. Da zarar a cikin ƙananan hanji, enzyme enterokinase (wanda ake kira enteropeptidase) yana kunna trypsinogen a cikin trypsin ta hanyar rarraba proteolytic. Tripsin sannan ya kunna ƙarin trypsin, Chymotrypsin da carboxypeptidase. == Hanyar aiki == Tsarin enzyme ɗin yayi kama da na sauran sunadarai masu ɗauke da sinadarin serine. Waɗannan enzymes suna ɗauke da wani sinadari mai suna catalytic triad wanda ya ƙunshi histidine -57, aspartate -102, da serine -195. <ref name="pmid16003488">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Polgár L |date=October 2005 |title=The catalytic triad of serine peptidases |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=19–20 |pages=2161–72 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5160-x |pmc=11139141 |pmid=16003488 |s2cid=3343824}}</ref> Wannan triad mai catalytic an daɗe ana kiransa da tsarin relay na caji, wanda ke nufin cire protons daga serine zuwa histidine da kuma daga histidine zuwa aspartate, amma saboda shaidar da NMR ta bayar cewa nau'in serine mai alkoxide da ke haifar da shi zai fi ƙarfin jan proton fiye da zoben imidazole na histidine, tunanin yanzu yana da'awar cewa serine da histidine kowannensu suna da daidai gwargwado na proton, suna samar da gajerun haɗin hydrogen masu ƙarancin shinge tare da su.   Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙarfin nucleophilicity na wurin aiki na serine yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa kai hari ga amide carbon yayin proteolysis. Hawan enzyme da trypsin ke haifarwa yana da kyau a yanayin zafi, amma yana buƙatar kuzarin kunnawa mai mahimmanci (ba shi da kyau a fannin motsa jiki ). Bugu da ƙari, trypsin ya ƙunshi "ramin oxianion" wanda aka samar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hydrogen na amide na baya na Gly-193 da Ser-195, waɗanda ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ke daidaita cajin mara kyau wanda ke taruwa akan oxygen na amide bayan harin nucleophilic akan planar amide carbon ta hanyar iskar oxygen na serine yana sa carbon ɗin ya ɗauki yanayin tetrahedral. Irin wannan daidaito na wannan matsakaicin tetrahedral yana taimakawa wajen rage shingen makamashi na samuwarsa kuma yana tare da rage ƙarfin kuzari na yanayin sauyawa. Daurewar yanayin sauyawa muhimmin abu ne a cikin sinadaran enzyme. Rashin aspartate mara kyau (Asp 189) wanda ke cikin aljihun catalytic (S1) na trypsin yana da alhakin jan hankali da daidaita lysine da / ko arginine, kuma, saboda haka, yana da alƙawarin takamaiman enzyme. Wannan yana nufin cewa trypsin yafi rarraba sunadarai a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] (ko "gefen C-terminal") na [[Amino acid]] lysine da arginine sai dai idan ko dai an ɗaure shi da C-terminar proline, <ref name="urlwww.promega.com">{{Cite web |date=2007-04-01 |title=Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin |url=http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519223600/http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-date=2003-05-19 |access-date=2009-02-08 |publisher=promega.com}}</ref> kodayake manyan bayanai na spectrometry suna ba da shawarar rarraba yana faruwa har ma da proline.<ref name="pmid18067249">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez J, Gupta N, Smith RD, Pevzner PA |date=January 2008 |title=Does trypsin cut before proline? |url=http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=300–5 |doi=10.1021/pr0705035 |pmid=18067249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233625/http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> Trypsin ana ɗaukarsa endopeptidase, watau, rarraba yana faruwa a cikin sarkar polypeptide maimakon a ƙarshen amino acid da ke ƙarshen [[Peptide|polypeptides]]. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Tripsin dabba yana da mafi kyawun zafin jiki na kimanin 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chelulei Cheison S, Brand J, Leeb E, Kulozik U |date=March 2011 |title=Analysis of the effect of temperature changes combined with different alkaline pH on the β-lactoglobulin trypsin hydrolysis pattern using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS |url=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1470049 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=1572–81 |bibcode=2011JAFC...59.1572C |doi=10.1021/jf1039876 |pmid=21319805}}</ref> &nbsp;Sabanin haka, Atlantic cod yana da nau'ikan trypsins da yawa don kifin poikilotherm ya tsira a yanayin jiki daban-daban. Cod trypsins sun haɗa da trypsin I tare da kewayon aiki na 4 zuwa 65 ° C (39 zuwa 149 ° F) da kuma mafi girman aiki a {{Convert|55|°C|°F}} ° C (131 ° F), da kuma trypsin Y tare da kewaye na 2 zuwa 30 ° C (36 zuwa 86 ° F) kuma mafi girman aikin a {{Convert|21|°C|°F}} ° C (70 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gudmundsdóttir A, Pálsdóttir HM |year=2005 |title=Atlantic cod trypsins: from basic research to practical applications |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–88 |bibcode=2005MarBt...7...77G |doi=10.1007/s10126-004-0061-9 |pmid=15759084 |s2cid=42480996}}</ref> A matsayin furotin, trypsin yana da nauyin kwayoyin daban-daban dangane da tushen. Misali, an bayar da rahoton nauyin kwayoyin 23.3 kDa don trypsin daga tushen shanu da alade. Ayyukan trypsin ba su da tasiri daga mai hana enzyme tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK, wanda ke kashe Chymotrypsin. Ya kamata a adana Trypsin a yanayin sanyi sosai (tsakanin -20 da -80 °C) don hana autolysis, wanda kuma ana iya hana shi ta hanyar adana trypsin a pH 3 ko ta amfani da trypsin da aka gyara ta hanyar [[Reductive methylation|rage methylation]]. &nbsp;Lokacin da aka daidaita pH zuwa pH 8, aikin ya dawo. == Isozymes == Wadannan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam suna ƙunshe da sunadarai tare da aikin enzymatic na trypsin: {| |- valign="top" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin 1|protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9475|Symbol=[[Trypsin 1|PRSS1]]|AltSymbols=TRY1|EntrezGene=5644|OMIM=276000|RefSeq=NM_002769|UniProt=P07477|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=32|LocusSupplementaryData=-qter}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-2|protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9483|Symbol=[[PRSS2]]|AltSymbols=TRYP2|EntrezGene=5645|OMIM=601564|RefSeq=NM_002770|UniProt=P07478|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=35|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-3|protease, serine, 3 (mesotrypsin)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9486|Symbol=[[PRSS3]]|AltSymbols=PRSS4|EntrezGene=5646|OMIM=613578|RefSeq=NM_002771|UniProt=P35030|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=9|Arm=p|Band=13|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |} Sauran isoforms na trypsin kuma ana iya samun su a wasu kwayoyin. == Muhimmancin asibiti == Ayyukan trypsin daga tsagewar proteolytic na trypsinogen a cikin pancreas na iya haifar da jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da narkewar kai, wanda ke haifar da pancreatitis. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon cutar autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis shine rashi a cikin jigilar trypsin da sauran enzymes na narkewa daga pancreas. Wannan yana haifar da rikicewar da ake kira meconium ileus, wanda ya haɗa da toshewar hanji (ileus) saboda meconium mai kauri, wanda yawanci ya rushe ta hanyar trypsin da sauran proteases, sannan ya wuce cikin datti.<ref name="pmid11729110">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noone PG, Zhou Z, Silverman LM, Jowell PS, Knowles MR, Cohn JA |date=December 2001 |title=Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/4b29bf69m |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1310–9 |doi=10.1053/gast.2001.29673 |pmid=11729110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Trypsin yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin pancreases, kuma ana iya tsarkake shi cikin sauƙi. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin matakai daban-daban na biotechnology. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na al'adun nama, ana amfani da trypsin don sake farfado da ƙwayoyin da ke manne da bango na al'adu na sel yayin aiwatar da girbi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) |url=http://www.stemcell.com/en/Products/All-Products/TrypsinEDTA-025.aspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |publisher=Stem Cell Technologies}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan sel suna mannewa a bangarorin da kasa na tasa lokacin da aka shuka su ''in vitro''. Ana amfani da Trypsin don rarraba sunadarai da ke riƙe da ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa tasa, don a iya cire ƙwayoyin daga faranti. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta (alal misali, kafin gyarawa da rarraba tantanin halitta). Ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rushe casein a cikin madarar nono. Idan an kara trypsin a cikin maganin madara foda, rushewar casein yana haifar da madara ta zama mai haske. Za'a iya auna yawan amsawa ta hanyar amfani da adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don madara ta juya mai haske. Ana amfani da Trypsin a cikin binciken halittu yayin gwaje-gwaje na proteomics don narke sunadarai cikin peptides don nazarin spectrometry, misali narkewar in-gel. Trypsin ya dace da wannan musamman, tunda yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadyadaddun, saboda yana narkewa ne kawai da haɗin peptide wanda ƙungiyar carbonyl ke ba da gudummawa ko dai ta hanyar arginine ko lysine. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don narkar da jini a cikin nau'in microbial da kuma magance kumburi a cikin nau-cikin hanta. A cikin likitan dabbobi, trypsin sinadarin ne a cikin kayan shafawa na rauni, kamar Debrisol, don narkar da gawawwakin da pus a cikin raunuka a cikin dawakai, shanu, karnuka, da cats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debrisol |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/debrisol.html |publisher=drugs.com}}</ref> A Indiya, ana ba da Trypsin - Chymotrypsin don rage kumburi yayin laryngitis da farfadowa. Amfani a waje da Indiya ba a rubuce shi da kyau ba kuma yawancin takardun da aka rubuta game da tasirinsa a cikin yanayin da aka ambata a sama an ba da kuɗin ne daga Torrent Pharmaceuticals wanda shine babban alama wanda ke yin waɗannan allunan a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah D, Mital K |date=2017 |title=The Role of Trypsin:Chymotrypsin in Tissue Repair |journal=Advances in Therapy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1007/s12325-017-0648-y |pmc=5778189 |pmid=29209994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin - Chymotrypsin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions & More &#124; CARE Hospitals |url=https://www.carehospitals.com/medicine-detail/trypsin-chymotrypsin}}</ref> === A cikin abinci === Shirye-shiryen protease na kasuwanci yawanci sun ƙunshi cakuda nau'ikan enzymes na protease daban-daban waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da trypsin. Ana amfani da waɗannan shirye-shiryen sosai a cikin sarrafa abinci: <ref name="urlProtease - GMO Database">{{Cite web |date=2010-07-10 |title=Protease - GMO Database |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164346/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-date=2015-02-24 |access-date=2012-01-01 |website=GMO Compass |publisher=European Union}}</ref> * a matsayin enzyme na yin burodi don inganta aikin gurasar * a cikin cire kayan yaji da dandano daga kayan lambu ko sunadarai na dabba da kuma a cikin masana'antar sauce * don sarrafa samar da ƙanshi a cikin cuku da kayan madara * don inganta yanayin kayan kifi * don mai da hankali ga nama * a lokacin sanyi na giya * a cikin samar da abinci mai guba inda proteases ke rushe takamaiman sunadarai masu guba a cikin wadanda ba su da guba, alal misali, ana amfani da proteases don samar da abinci na jariri mai guba daga madarar saniya, don haka rage haɗarin jarirai da ke fama da rashin lafiyan madara. == Mai hana Trypsin == Don hana aikin trypsin mai aiki a cikin pancreas, wanda zai iya zama mai lalacewa sosai, masu hanawa kamar BPTI da SPINK1 a cikin pancrea da α1-antitrypsin a cikin serum suna nan a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariya daga kunnawa mara kyau. Duk wani trypsin da aka kafa da wuri daga trypsinogen mara aiki sai mai hanawa ya ɗaure shi. Ma'amala da furotin-furotin tsakanin trypsin da masu hana shi yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙuntataccen ɗaure, kuma trypsin yana ɗaure da wasu daga cikin masu hanawa kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba.[1] Ya bambanta da kusan dukkanin sanannun tarurrukan furotin, wasu hadaddun trypsin da aka ɗaure ta masu hana shi ba sa sa iya rarraba bayan magani tare da 8M urea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levilliers N, Péron M, Arrio B, Pudles J | title = On the mechanism of action of proteolytic inhibitors. IV. Effect of 8 M urea on the stability of trypsin in trypsin-inhibitor complexes | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 140 | issue = 2 | pages = 474–83 | date = October 1970 | pmid = 5528741 | doi = 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90091-3 }}</ref> Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki azaman kayan aiki yayin magance cututtukan metabolism da kiba. An san cututtukan metabolism, kiba, da kuma yawan kiba don kara yaduwar cututtukat da ba za a iya yaduwa ba.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cristina Oliveira de Lima V, Piuvezam G, Leal Lima Maciel B, Heloneida de Araújo Morais A |date=December 2019 |title=Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders? |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2018.1542387 |pmc=6327991 |pmid=30734596}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don rage wannan lamarin ciki har da amfani da masu hana trypsin. Wadannan masu hanawa suna da damar rage hanji, nono, fata, da ciwon daji na prostate ta hanyar aikin kariya ta radiyo da anticarcinogenic. Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki a matsayin hanyoyin sarrafawa don sarrafa sakin neutrophil proteases da kuma guje wa mummunar lalacewar nama.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019" /> Dangane da yanayin zuciya da ke da alaƙa da aikin serine protease mara amfani, masu hana trypsin na iya toshe ayyukansu a cikin tarin platelet, fibrinolysis, coagulation, da jini. Ayyuka da yawa na masu hana trypsin sun haɗa da kasancewa masu hana protease don aikin AMP.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Souza Nascimento AM, de Oliveira Segundo VH, Felipe Camelo Aguiar AJ, Piuvezam G, Souza Passos T, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KS, de Araújo Morais AH |date=December 2022 |title=Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=749–759 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2022.2039918 |pmc=8856033 |pmid=35168466}}</ref> Duk da yake hanyoyin aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na masu hana trypsin ba su da tabbas, binciken ya yi niyyar nazarin hanyoyin su a matsayin aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin maganin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Bincike da binciken microscopy sun nuna tasirin antibacterial a kan membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Masu hana Trypsin daga fata na amphibian sun nuna ci gaban mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya shafi bangon tantanin halitta da membrane na ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Nazarin ya kuma bincika ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin trypsin inhibitor peptides, sunadarai, da ''E. coli''. Sakamakon ya nuna isasshen rigakafin ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, masu hana trypsin dole ne su cika wasu ka'idoji da za a yi amfani da su a cikin abinci da jiyya.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> == Sauran hanyoyin Trypsin == Gyaran Trypsin na karin matrix na salula al'ada ce a cikin al'adun salula. Koyaya, wannan lalacewar enzymatic na sel na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ƙwayoyin halitta da alamomi na farfajiyar, musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa fiye da trypsin kamar Accutase wanda ba ya tasiri ga alamun farfajiyar kamar cd14, cd117, cd49f, cd292 .<ref name="pmid23481571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quan Y, Yan Y, Wang X, Fu Q, Wang W, Wu J, Yang G, Ren J, Wang Y |date=2012 |title=Impact of cell dissociation on identification of breast cancer stem cells |journal=Cancer Biomarkers |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=125–33 |doi=10.3233/CBM-130300 |pmid=23481571}}</ref><ref name="pmid30983404">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skog M, Sivlér P, Steinvall I, Aili D, Sjöberg F, Elmasry M |date=May 2019 |title=The Effect of Enzymatic Digestion on Cultured Epithelial Autografts |journal=Cell Transplantation |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=638–644 |doi=10.1177/0963689719833305 |pmc=7103596 |pmid=30983404}}</ref> Koyaya Accutase yana rage matakan farfajiyar FasL da Mai karɓar fas a kan macrophages, waɗannan masu karɓa suna da alaƙa da Cytotoxicity na tantanin halitta a cikin tsarin rigakafi kuma suna iya sauƙaƙa mutuwar tantanin halitta mai alaƙa da apoptosis.<ref name="pmid35383242">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai TY, Cao J, Ou-Yang P, Tsai CY, Lin CW, Chen CC, Tsai MK, Lee CY |date=April 2022 |title=Different methods of detaching adherent cells and their effects on the cell surface expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=5713 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.5713L |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-09605-y |pmc=8983651 |pmid=35383242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase kuma na iya zama madadin Trypsin a aikace-aikacen proteomic.<ref name="Samodova_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samodova D, Hosfield CM, Cramer CN, Giuli MV, Cappellini E, Franciosa G, Rosenblatt MM, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV |date=December 2020 |title=ProAlanase is an Effective Alternative to Trypsin for Proteomics Applications and Disulfide Bond Mapping |journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2139–2157 |doi=10.1074/mcp.tir120.002129 |pmc=7710147 |pmid=33020190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase wani ''Aspergillus niger'' fungus protease ne wanda zai iya cimma babban aikin proteolytic da takamaiman don narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase, acidic prolyl-endopeptidase protease, wanda aka yi nazari a matsayin An-PEP, an lura da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don bayyana takamaiman sa.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase ya yi kyau sosai a aikace-aikacen LC-MS tare da gajeren lokacin narkewa da pH mai zafi sosai.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar nazarin halittu == Manazarta ==   == Haɗin waje == * Bayanan MEROPS na kan layi don peptidases da masu hana su: Trypsin 1 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.151 S01.151] An adana shi 2008-04-05 a , Trypsin 2 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.258 S01.258] An adana masa 2019-09-19 a Wayback Engine, Trypsina 3 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.174 S01.174] An adana mata 2019-0919 a ">Wayback Machine * Trypsin Inhibitors da Trypsin Test Method a Sigma-Aldrich * Trypsina cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p4w8wmvyf6ph8w33t1d9lvjffp2zwfa 965662 965659 2026-10-10T06:46:43Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Mai hana Trypsin */ 965662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trypsins''' wani nau'in enzyme ne wanda sau da yawa ke aiki azaman Enzymes na narkewa a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi. Su ne wani nau'in protease wanda ke nufin suna aiki ta hanyar taimakawa wajen karya alaƙa tsakanin amino acid a cikin sunadarai. Tripsins na narkewa wani bangare ne na matsakaici na narkewar furotin, inda suke yanke dogon sarkar [[Amino acid]] zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori kusa da farkon ƙananan hanji. Fiye da haka, trypsins sune enzymes na [[Trypsin-3|3]]" href="./Serine_protease" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Serine protease">serine protease daga dangin PA, kuma a cikin mutane akwai nau'ikan gargajiya guda uku: trypsin 1, 2, da 3. Trypsins an kafa su ne a cikin ƙananan hanji lokacin da aka kunna proenzymes da aka samar da pancreas, wanda aka sani da trypsinogens, tare da taimakon enteropeptidase, protease da aka samu a cikin hanji. Trypsin yana yanke sarkar [[peptide]] galibi a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] na amino acid lysine da arginine. Ana amfani dashi sosai a aikace-aikacen biotechnology da yawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da bincike. Ayyukan enzymatic na trypsin galibi ana kiransa trypsinogen proteolysis ko tripsinization, kuma sunadarai da aka narke ko kuma aka bi da trypsin an ce an yi musu trypsinized. Wilhelm Kühne ne ya gano Trypsin a 1876. Yawancin kafofin ba daidai ba ne suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kühne ya samo sunan trypsin daga kalmar Helenanci ta Dā don shafawa, ''tripsis'', saboda an fara ware enzyme ta hanyar shafa pancreas da gilashin foda da barasa; a zahiri Kühne mai suna trypsin ne daga kalmar Helenaki ta Dā ''trýpto'', ma'ana "Na karya" ko "Na karya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girolami |first=Gregory S. |date=2024 |title=Origin and Likely Etymology of the Word 'Trypsin' |journal=Bull. Hist. Chem. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=59–60}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin duodenum, trypsin yana haɓaka hydrolysis na haɗin peptide, yana rushe sunadarai zuwa ƙananan peptides. Ana ƙara amfani da samfuran peptide a cikin amino acid ta hanyar wasu proteases, suna ba da su don shawo kan jini. Gyara abinci na Tryptic wani mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin furotin, saboda sunadarai gabaɗaya sun fi girma da za a shawo kansu ta hanyar lining na ƙananan hanji.<ref name="tdmu.edu.ua">{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015<!--last mod date from page info--> |title=Digestion of Proteins |url=http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2%20course/Elective%20course%20(Clinical%20biochemistry)/10.%20METABOLISM%20OF%20AMINOACIDS.%20DIGESTION%20OF%20%20PROTEINS..htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808171058/http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |website=Elective course (Clinical biochemistry) |publisher=Ternopil National Medical University}}</ref> Ana samar da Trypsin a matsayin zymogen trypsinogen mara aiki a cikin pancreas. Lokacin da ake motsa pancreas ta hanyar cholecystokinin, sai a ɓoye shi a cikin ɓangaren farko na ƙananan hanji (duodenum) ta hanyar bututun pancreatic. Da zarar a cikin ƙananan hanji, enzyme enterokinase (wanda ake kira enteropeptidase) yana kunna trypsinogen a cikin trypsin ta hanyar rarraba proteolytic. Tripsin sannan ya kunna ƙarin trypsin, Chymotrypsin da carboxypeptidase. == Hanyar aiki == Tsarin enzyme ɗin yayi kama da na sauran sunadarai masu ɗauke da sinadarin serine. Waɗannan enzymes suna ɗauke da wani sinadari mai suna catalytic triad wanda ya ƙunshi histidine -57, aspartate -102, da serine -195. <ref name="pmid16003488">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Polgár L |date=October 2005 |title=The catalytic triad of serine peptidases |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=19–20 |pages=2161–72 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5160-x |pmc=11139141 |pmid=16003488 |s2cid=3343824}}</ref> Wannan triad mai catalytic an daɗe ana kiransa da tsarin relay na caji, wanda ke nufin cire protons daga serine zuwa histidine da kuma daga histidine zuwa aspartate, amma saboda shaidar da NMR ta bayar cewa nau'in serine mai alkoxide da ke haifar da shi zai fi ƙarfin jan proton fiye da zoben imidazole na histidine, tunanin yanzu yana da'awar cewa serine da histidine kowannensu suna da daidai gwargwado na proton, suna samar da gajerun haɗin hydrogen masu ƙarancin shinge tare da su.   Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙarfin nucleophilicity na wurin aiki na serine yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa kai hari ga amide carbon yayin proteolysis. Hawan enzyme da trypsin ke haifarwa yana da kyau a yanayin zafi, amma yana buƙatar kuzarin kunnawa mai mahimmanci (ba shi da kyau a fannin motsa jiki ). Bugu da ƙari, trypsin ya ƙunshi "ramin oxianion" wanda aka samar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hydrogen na amide na baya na Gly-193 da Ser-195, waɗanda ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ke daidaita cajin mara kyau wanda ke taruwa akan oxygen na amide bayan harin nucleophilic akan planar amide carbon ta hanyar iskar oxygen na serine yana sa carbon ɗin ya ɗauki yanayin tetrahedral. Irin wannan daidaito na wannan matsakaicin tetrahedral yana taimakawa wajen rage shingen makamashi na samuwarsa kuma yana tare da rage ƙarfin kuzari na yanayin sauyawa. Daurewar yanayin sauyawa muhimmin abu ne a cikin sinadaran enzyme. Rashin aspartate mara kyau (Asp 189) wanda ke cikin aljihun catalytic (S1) na trypsin yana da alhakin jan hankali da daidaita lysine da / ko arginine, kuma, saboda haka, yana da alƙawarin takamaiman enzyme. Wannan yana nufin cewa trypsin yafi rarraba sunadarai a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] (ko "gefen C-terminal") na [[Amino acid]] lysine da arginine sai dai idan ko dai an ɗaure shi da C-terminar proline, <ref name="urlwww.promega.com">{{Cite web |date=2007-04-01 |title=Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin |url=http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519223600/http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-date=2003-05-19 |access-date=2009-02-08 |publisher=promega.com}}</ref> kodayake manyan bayanai na spectrometry suna ba da shawarar rarraba yana faruwa har ma da proline.<ref name="pmid18067249">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez J, Gupta N, Smith RD, Pevzner PA |date=January 2008 |title=Does trypsin cut before proline? |url=http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=300–5 |doi=10.1021/pr0705035 |pmid=18067249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233625/http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> Trypsin ana ɗaukarsa endopeptidase, watau, rarraba yana faruwa a cikin sarkar polypeptide maimakon a ƙarshen amino acid da ke ƙarshen [[Peptide|polypeptides]]. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Tripsin dabba yana da mafi kyawun zafin jiki na kimanin 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chelulei Cheison S, Brand J, Leeb E, Kulozik U |date=March 2011 |title=Analysis of the effect of temperature changes combined with different alkaline pH on the β-lactoglobulin trypsin hydrolysis pattern using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS |url=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1470049 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=1572–81 |bibcode=2011JAFC...59.1572C |doi=10.1021/jf1039876 |pmid=21319805}}</ref> &nbsp;Sabanin haka, Atlantic cod yana da nau'ikan trypsins da yawa don kifin poikilotherm ya tsira a yanayin jiki daban-daban. Cod trypsins sun haɗa da trypsin I tare da kewayon aiki na 4 zuwa 65 ° C (39 zuwa 149 ° F) da kuma mafi girman aiki a {{Convert|55|°C|°F}} ° C (131 ° F), da kuma trypsin Y tare da kewaye na 2 zuwa 30 ° C (36 zuwa 86 ° F) kuma mafi girman aikin a {{Convert|21|°C|°F}} ° C (70 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gudmundsdóttir A, Pálsdóttir HM |year=2005 |title=Atlantic cod trypsins: from basic research to practical applications |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–88 |bibcode=2005MarBt...7...77G |doi=10.1007/s10126-004-0061-9 |pmid=15759084 |s2cid=42480996}}</ref> A matsayin furotin, trypsin yana da nauyin kwayoyin daban-daban dangane da tushen. Misali, an bayar da rahoton nauyin kwayoyin 23.3 kDa don trypsin daga tushen shanu da alade. Ayyukan trypsin ba su da tasiri daga mai hana enzyme tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK, wanda ke kashe Chymotrypsin. Ya kamata a adana Trypsin a yanayin sanyi sosai (tsakanin -20 da -80 °C) don hana autolysis, wanda kuma ana iya hana shi ta hanyar adana trypsin a pH 3 ko ta amfani da trypsin da aka gyara ta hanyar [[Reductive methylation|rage methylation]]. &nbsp;Lokacin da aka daidaita pH zuwa pH 8, aikin ya dawo. == Isozymes == Wadannan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam suna ƙunshe da sunadarai tare da aikin enzymatic na trypsin: {| |- valign="top" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin 1|protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9475|Symbol=[[Trypsin 1|PRSS1]]|AltSymbols=TRY1|EntrezGene=5644|OMIM=276000|RefSeq=NM_002769|UniProt=P07477|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=32|LocusSupplementaryData=-qter}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-2|protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9483|Symbol=[[PRSS2]]|AltSymbols=TRYP2|EntrezGene=5645|OMIM=601564|RefSeq=NM_002770|UniProt=P07478|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=35|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-3|protease, serine, 3 (mesotrypsin)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9486|Symbol=[[PRSS3]]|AltSymbols=PRSS4|EntrezGene=5646|OMIM=613578|RefSeq=NM_002771|UniProt=P35030|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=9|Arm=p|Band=13|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |} Sauran isoforms na trypsin kuma ana iya samun su a wasu kwayoyin. == Muhimmancin asibiti == Ayyukan trypsin daga tsagewar proteolytic na trypsinogen a cikin pancreas na iya haifar da jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da narkewar kai, wanda ke haifar da pancreatitis. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon cutar autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis shine rashi a cikin jigilar trypsin da sauran enzymes na narkewa daga pancreas. Wannan yana haifar da rikicewar da ake kira meconium ileus, wanda ya haɗa da toshewar hanji (ileus) saboda meconium mai kauri, wanda yawanci ya rushe ta hanyar trypsin da sauran proteases, sannan ya wuce cikin datti.<ref name="pmid11729110">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noone PG, Zhou Z, Silverman LM, Jowell PS, Knowles MR, Cohn JA |date=December 2001 |title=Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/4b29bf69m |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1310–9 |doi=10.1053/gast.2001.29673 |pmid=11729110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Trypsin yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin pancreases, kuma ana iya tsarkake shi cikin sauƙi. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin matakai daban-daban na biotechnology. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na al'adun nama, ana amfani da trypsin don sake farfado da ƙwayoyin da ke manne da bango na al'adu na sel yayin aiwatar da girbi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) |url=http://www.stemcell.com/en/Products/All-Products/TrypsinEDTA-025.aspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |publisher=Stem Cell Technologies}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan sel suna mannewa a bangarorin da kasa na tasa lokacin da aka shuka su ''in vitro''. Ana amfani da Trypsin don rarraba sunadarai da ke riƙe da ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa tasa, don a iya cire ƙwayoyin daga faranti. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta (alal misali, kafin gyarawa da rarraba tantanin halitta). Ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rushe casein a cikin madarar nono. Idan an kara trypsin a cikin maganin madara foda, rushewar casein yana haifar da madara ta zama mai haske. Za'a iya auna yawan amsawa ta hanyar amfani da adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don madara ta juya mai haske. Ana amfani da Trypsin a cikin binciken halittu yayin gwaje-gwaje na proteomics don narke sunadarai cikin peptides don nazarin spectrometry, misali narkewar in-gel. Trypsin ya dace da wannan musamman, tunda yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadyadaddun, saboda yana narkewa ne kawai da haɗin peptide wanda ƙungiyar carbonyl ke ba da gudummawa ko dai ta hanyar arginine ko lysine. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don narkar da jini a cikin nau'in microbial da kuma magance kumburi a cikin nau-cikin hanta. A cikin likitan dabbobi, trypsin sinadarin ne a cikin kayan shafawa na rauni, kamar Debrisol, don narkar da gawawwakin da pus a cikin raunuka a cikin dawakai, shanu, karnuka, da cats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debrisol |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/debrisol.html |publisher=drugs.com}}</ref> A Indiya, ana ba da Trypsin - Chymotrypsin don rage kumburi yayin laryngitis da farfadowa. Amfani a waje da Indiya ba a rubuce shi da kyau ba kuma yawancin takardun da aka rubuta game da tasirinsa a cikin yanayin da aka ambata a sama an ba da kuɗin ne daga Torrent Pharmaceuticals wanda shine babban alama wanda ke yin waɗannan allunan a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah D, Mital K |date=2017 |title=The Role of Trypsin:Chymotrypsin in Tissue Repair |journal=Advances in Therapy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1007/s12325-017-0648-y |pmc=5778189 |pmid=29209994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin - Chymotrypsin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions & More &#124; CARE Hospitals |url=https://www.carehospitals.com/medicine-detail/trypsin-chymotrypsin}}</ref> === A cikin abinci === Shirye-shiryen protease na kasuwanci yawanci sun ƙunshi cakuda nau'ikan enzymes na protease daban-daban waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da trypsin. Ana amfani da waɗannan shirye-shiryen sosai a cikin sarrafa abinci: <ref name="urlProtease - GMO Database">{{Cite web |date=2010-07-10 |title=Protease - GMO Database |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164346/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-date=2015-02-24 |access-date=2012-01-01 |website=GMO Compass |publisher=European Union}}</ref> * a matsayin enzyme na yin burodi don inganta aikin gurasar * a cikin cire kayan yaji da dandano daga kayan lambu ko sunadarai na dabba da kuma a cikin masana'antar sauce * don sarrafa samar da ƙanshi a cikin cuku da kayan madara * don inganta yanayin kayan kifi * don mai da hankali ga nama * a lokacin sanyi na giya * a cikin samar da abinci mai guba inda proteases ke rushe takamaiman sunadarai masu guba a cikin wadanda ba su da guba, alal misali, ana amfani da proteases don samar da abinci na jariri mai guba daga madarar saniya, don haka rage haɗarin jarirai da ke fama da rashin lafiyan madara. == Mai hana Trypsin == Don hana aikin trypsin mai aiki a cikin pancreas, wanda zai iya zama mai lalacewa sosai, masu hanawa kamar BPTI da SPINK1 a cikin pancrea da α1-antitrypsin a cikin serum suna nan a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariya daga kunnawa mara kyau. Duk wani trypsin da aka kafa da wuri daga trypsinogen mara aiki sai mai hanawa ya ɗaure shi. Ma'amala da furotin-furotin tsakanin trypsin da masu hana shi yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙuntataccen ɗaure, kuma trypsin yana ɗaure da wasu daga cikin masu hanawa kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Voet D, Voet JG | title = Biochemistry | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/396 396–400] | edition = 2nd | year = 1995 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-0-471-58651-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/396 }}</ref> Ya bambanta da kusan dukkanin sanannun tarurrukan furotin, wasu hadaddun trypsin da aka ɗaure ta masu hana shi ba sa sa iya rarraba bayan magani tare da 8M urea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levilliers N, Péron M, Arrio B, Pudles J | title = On the mechanism of action of proteolytic inhibitors. IV. Effect of 8 M urea on the stability of trypsin in trypsin-inhibitor complexes | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 140 | issue = 2 | pages = 474–83 | date = October 1970 | pmid = 5528741 | doi = 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90091-3 }}</ref> Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki azaman kayan aiki yayin magance cututtukan metabolism da kiba. An san cututtukan metabolism, kiba, da kuma yawan kiba don kara yaduwar cututtukat da ba za a iya yaduwa ba.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cristina Oliveira de Lima V, Piuvezam G, Leal Lima Maciel B, Heloneida de Araújo Morais A |date=December 2019 |title=Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders? |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2018.1542387 |pmc=6327991 |pmid=30734596}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don rage wannan lamarin ciki har da amfani da masu hana trypsin. Wadannan masu hanawa suna da damar rage hanji, nono, fata, da ciwon daji na prostate ta hanyar aikin kariya ta radiyo da anticarcinogenic. Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki a matsayin hanyoyin sarrafawa don sarrafa sakin neutrophil proteases da kuma guje wa mummunar lalacewar nama.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019" /> Dangane da yanayin zuciya da ke da alaƙa da aikin serine protease mara amfani, masu hana trypsin na iya toshe ayyukansu a cikin tarin platelet, fibrinolysis, coagulation, da jini. Ayyuka da yawa na masu hana trypsin sun haɗa da kasancewa masu hana protease don aikin AMP.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Souza Nascimento AM, de Oliveira Segundo VH, Felipe Camelo Aguiar AJ, Piuvezam G, Souza Passos T, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KS, de Araújo Morais AH |date=December 2022 |title=Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=749–759 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2022.2039918 |pmc=8856033 |pmid=35168466}}</ref> Duk da yake hanyoyin aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na masu hana trypsin ba su da tabbas, binciken ya yi niyyar nazarin hanyoyin su a matsayin aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin maganin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Bincike da binciken microscopy sun nuna tasirin antibacterial a kan membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Masu hana Trypsin daga fata na amphibian sun nuna ci gaban mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya shafi bangon tantanin halitta da membrane na ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Nazarin ya kuma bincika ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin trypsin inhibitor peptides, sunadarai, da ''E. coli''. Sakamakon ya nuna isasshen rigakafin ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, masu hana trypsin dole ne su cika wasu ka'idoji da za a yi amfani da su a cikin abinci da jiyya.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> == Sauran hanyoyin Trypsin == Gyaran Trypsin na karin matrix na salula al'ada ce a cikin al'adun salula. Koyaya, wannan lalacewar enzymatic na sel na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ƙwayoyin halitta da alamomi na farfajiyar, musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa fiye da trypsin kamar Accutase wanda ba ya tasiri ga alamun farfajiyar kamar cd14, cd117, cd49f, cd292 .<ref name="pmid23481571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quan Y, Yan Y, Wang X, Fu Q, Wang W, Wu J, Yang G, Ren J, Wang Y |date=2012 |title=Impact of cell dissociation on identification of breast cancer stem cells |journal=Cancer Biomarkers |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=125–33 |doi=10.3233/CBM-130300 |pmid=23481571}}</ref><ref name="pmid30983404">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skog M, Sivlér P, Steinvall I, Aili D, Sjöberg F, Elmasry M |date=May 2019 |title=The Effect of Enzymatic Digestion on Cultured Epithelial Autografts |journal=Cell Transplantation |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=638–644 |doi=10.1177/0963689719833305 |pmc=7103596 |pmid=30983404}}</ref> Koyaya Accutase yana rage matakan farfajiyar FasL da Mai karɓar fas a kan macrophages, waɗannan masu karɓa suna da alaƙa da Cytotoxicity na tantanin halitta a cikin tsarin rigakafi kuma suna iya sauƙaƙa mutuwar tantanin halitta mai alaƙa da apoptosis.<ref name="pmid35383242">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai TY, Cao J, Ou-Yang P, Tsai CY, Lin CW, Chen CC, Tsai MK, Lee CY |date=April 2022 |title=Different methods of detaching adherent cells and their effects on the cell surface expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=5713 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.5713L |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-09605-y |pmc=8983651 |pmid=35383242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase kuma na iya zama madadin Trypsin a aikace-aikacen proteomic.<ref name="Samodova_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samodova D, Hosfield CM, Cramer CN, Giuli MV, Cappellini E, Franciosa G, Rosenblatt MM, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV |date=December 2020 |title=ProAlanase is an Effective Alternative to Trypsin for Proteomics Applications and Disulfide Bond Mapping |journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2139–2157 |doi=10.1074/mcp.tir120.002129 |pmc=7710147 |pmid=33020190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase wani ''Aspergillus niger'' fungus protease ne wanda zai iya cimma babban aikin proteolytic da takamaiman don narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase, acidic prolyl-endopeptidase protease, wanda aka yi nazari a matsayin An-PEP, an lura da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don bayyana takamaiman sa.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase ya yi kyau sosai a aikace-aikacen LC-MS tare da gajeren lokacin narkewa da pH mai zafi sosai.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar nazarin halittu == Manazarta ==   == Haɗin waje == * Bayanan MEROPS na kan layi don peptidases da masu hana su: Trypsin 1 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.151 S01.151] An adana shi 2008-04-05 a , Trypsin 2 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.258 S01.258] An adana masa 2019-09-19 a Wayback Engine, Trypsina 3 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.174 S01.174] An adana mata 2019-0919 a ">Wayback Machine * Trypsin Inhibitors da Trypsin Test Method a Sigma-Aldrich * Trypsina cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k0imqz9x0odprk4i86qjov22vpjxy1e 965663 965662 2026-10-10T06:47:19Z Baffa ali 47435 965663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trypsins''' wani nau'in enzyme ne wanda sau da yawa ke aiki azaman Enzymes na narkewa a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi. Su ne wani nau'in protease wanda ke nufin suna aiki ta hanyar taimakawa wajen karya alaƙa tsakanin amino acid a cikin sunadarai. Tripsins na narkewa wani bangare ne na matsakaici na narkewar furotin, inda suke yanke dogon sarkar [[Amino acid]] zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori kusa da farkon ƙananan hanji. Fiye da haka, trypsins sune enzymes na [[Trypsin-3|3]]" href="./Serine_protease" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Serine protease">serine protease daga dangin PA, kuma a cikin mutane akwai nau'ikan gargajiya guda uku: trypsin 1, 2, da 3. Trypsins an kafa su ne a cikin ƙananan hanji lokacin da aka kunna proenzymes da aka samar da pancreas, wanda aka sani da trypsinogens, tare da taimakon enteropeptidase, protease da aka samu a cikin hanji. Trypsin yana yanke sarkar [[peptide]] galibi a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] na amino acid lysine da arginine. Ana amfani dashi sosai a aikace-aikacen biotechnology da yawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da bincike. Ayyukan enzymatic na trypsin galibi ana kiransa trypsinogen proteolysis ko tripsinization, kuma sunadarai da aka narke ko kuma aka bi da trypsin an ce an yi musu trypsinized. Wilhelm Kühne ne ya gano Trypsin a 1876. Yawancin kafofin ba daidai ba ne suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kühne ya samo sunan trypsin daga kalmar Helenanci ta Dā don shafawa, ''tripsis'', saboda an fara ware enzyme ta hanyar shafa pancreas da gilashin foda da barasa; a zahiri Kühne mai suna trypsin ne daga kalmar Helenaki ta Dā ''trýpto'', ma'ana "Na karya" ko "Na karya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girolami |first=Gregory S. |date=2024 |title=Origin and Likely Etymology of the Word 'Trypsin' |journal=Bull. Hist. Chem. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=59–60}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin duodenum, trypsin yana haɓaka hydrolysis na haɗin peptide, yana rushe sunadarai zuwa ƙananan peptides. Ana ƙara amfani da samfuran peptide a cikin amino acid ta hanyar wasu proteases, suna ba da su don shawo kan jini. Gyara abinci na Tryptic wani mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadarin furotin, saboda sunadarai gabaɗaya sun fi girma da za a shawo kansu ta hanyar lining na ƙananan hanji.<ref name="tdmu.edu.ua">{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2015<!--last mod date from page info--> |title=Digestion of Proteins |url=http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2%20course/Elective%20course%20(Clinical%20biochemistry)/10.%20METABOLISM%20OF%20AMINOACIDS.%20DIGESTION%20OF%20%20PROTEINS..htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808171058/http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/distance/lectures_stud/English/2 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |website=Elective course (Clinical biochemistry) |publisher=Ternopil National Medical University}}</ref> Ana samar da Trypsin a matsayin zymogen trypsinogen mara aiki a cikin pancreas. Lokacin da ake motsa pancreas ta hanyar cholecystokinin, sai a ɓoye shi a cikin ɓangaren farko na ƙananan hanji (duodenum) ta hanyar bututun pancreatic. Da zarar a cikin ƙananan hanji, enzyme enterokinase (wanda ake kira enteropeptidase) yana kunna trypsinogen a cikin trypsin ta hanyar rarraba proteolytic. Tripsin sannan ya kunna ƙarin trypsin, Chymotrypsin da carboxypeptidase. == Hanyar aiki == Tsarin enzyme ɗin yayi kama da na sauran sunadarai masu ɗauke da sinadarin serine. Waɗannan enzymes suna ɗauke da wani sinadari mai suna catalytic triad wanda ya ƙunshi histidine -57, aspartate -102, da serine -195. <ref name="pmid16003488">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Polgár L |date=October 2005 |title=The catalytic triad of serine peptidases |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=62 |issue=19–20 |pages=2161–72 |doi=10.1007/s00018-005-5160-x |pmc=11139141 |pmid=16003488 |s2cid=3343824}}</ref> Wannan triad mai catalytic an daɗe ana kiransa da tsarin relay na caji, wanda ke nufin cire protons daga serine zuwa histidine da kuma daga histidine zuwa aspartate, amma saboda shaidar da NMR ta bayar cewa nau'in serine mai alkoxide da ke haifar da shi zai fi ƙarfin jan proton fiye da zoben imidazole na histidine, tunanin yanzu yana da'awar cewa serine da histidine kowannensu suna da daidai gwargwado na proton, suna samar da gajerun haɗin hydrogen masu ƙarancin shinge tare da su.   Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙarfin nucleophilicity na wurin aiki na serine yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙa kai hari ga amide carbon yayin proteolysis. Hawan enzyme da trypsin ke haifarwa yana da kyau a yanayin zafi, amma yana buƙatar kuzarin kunnawa mai mahimmanci (ba shi da kyau a fannin motsa jiki ). Bugu da ƙari, trypsin ya ƙunshi "ramin oxianion" wanda aka samar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin hydrogen na amide na baya na Gly-193 da Ser-195, waɗanda ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ke daidaita cajin mara kyau wanda ke taruwa akan oxygen na amide bayan harin nucleophilic akan planar amide carbon ta hanyar iskar oxygen na serine yana sa carbon ɗin ya ɗauki yanayin tetrahedral. Irin wannan daidaito na wannan matsakaicin tetrahedral yana taimakawa wajen rage shingen makamashi na samuwarsa kuma yana tare da rage ƙarfin kuzari na yanayin sauyawa. Daurewar yanayin sauyawa muhimmin abu ne a cikin sinadaran enzyme. Rashin aspartate mara kyau (Asp 189) wanda ke cikin aljihun catalytic (S1) na trypsin yana da alhakin jan hankali da daidaita lysine da / ko arginine, kuma, saboda haka, yana da alƙawarin takamaiman enzyme. Wannan yana nufin cewa trypsin yafi rarraba sunadarai a gefen [[Carboxylic acid|carboxyl]] (ko "gefen C-terminal") na [[Amino acid]] lysine da arginine sai dai idan ko dai an ɗaure shi da C-terminar proline, <ref name="urlwww.promega.com">{{Cite web |date=2007-04-01 |title=Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin |url=http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519223600/http://www.promega.com/tbs/9piv511/9piv511.pdf |archive-date=2003-05-19 |access-date=2009-02-08 |publisher=promega.com}}</ref> kodayake manyan bayanai na spectrometry suna ba da shawarar rarraba yana faruwa har ma da proline.<ref name="pmid18067249">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez J, Gupta N, Smith RD, Pevzner PA |date=January 2008 |title=Does trypsin cut before proline? |url=http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=300–5 |doi=10.1021/pr0705035 |pmid=18067249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813233625/http://proteomics.ucsd.edu/pavel/papers/does_trypsin_cut_before_proline.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> Trypsin ana ɗaukarsa endopeptidase, watau, rarraba yana faruwa a cikin sarkar polypeptide maimakon a ƙarshen amino acid da ke ƙarshen [[Peptide|polypeptides]]. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Tripsin dabba yana da mafi kyawun zafin jiki na kimanin 37 ° C.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chelulei Cheison S, Brand J, Leeb E, Kulozik U |date=March 2011 |title=Analysis of the effect of temperature changes combined with different alkaline pH on the β-lactoglobulin trypsin hydrolysis pattern using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS |url=http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1470049 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=1572–81 |bibcode=2011JAFC...59.1572C |doi=10.1021/jf1039876 |pmid=21319805}}</ref> &nbsp;Sabanin haka, Atlantic cod yana da nau'ikan trypsins da yawa don kifin poikilotherm ya tsira a yanayin jiki daban-daban. Cod trypsins sun haɗa da trypsin I tare da kewayon aiki na 4 zuwa 65 ° C (39 zuwa 149 ° F) da kuma mafi girman aiki a {{Convert|55|°C|°F}} ° C (131 ° F), da kuma trypsin Y tare da kewaye na 2 zuwa 30 ° C (36 zuwa 86 ° F) kuma mafi girman aikin a {{Convert|21|°C|°F}} ° C (70 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gudmundsdóttir A, Pálsdóttir HM |year=2005 |title=Atlantic cod trypsins: from basic research to practical applications |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–88 |bibcode=2005MarBt...7...77G |doi=10.1007/s10126-004-0061-9 |pmid=15759084 |s2cid=42480996}}</ref> A matsayin furotin, trypsin yana da nauyin kwayoyin daban-daban dangane da tushen. Misali, an bayar da rahoton nauyin kwayoyin 23.3 kDa don trypsin daga tushen shanu da alade. Ayyukan trypsin ba su da tasiri daga mai hana enzyme tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK, wanda ke kashe Chymotrypsin. Ya kamata a adana Trypsin a yanayin sanyi sosai (tsakanin -20 da -80 °C) don hana autolysis, wanda kuma ana iya hana shi ta hanyar adana trypsin a pH 3 ko ta amfani da trypsin da aka gyara ta hanyar [[Reductive methylation|rage methylation]]. &nbsp;Lokacin da aka daidaita pH zuwa pH 8, aikin ya dawo. == Isozymes == Wadannan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam suna ƙunshe da sunadarai tare da aikin enzymatic na trypsin: {| |- valign="top" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin 1|protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9475|Symbol=[[Trypsin 1|PRSS1]]|AltSymbols=TRY1|EntrezGene=5644|OMIM=276000|RefSeq=NM_002769|UniProt=P07477|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=32|LocusSupplementaryData=-qter}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-2|protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9483|Symbol=[[PRSS2]]|AltSymbols=TRYP2|EntrezGene=5645|OMIM=601564|RefSeq=NM_002770|UniProt=P07478|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=7|Arm=q|Band=35|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{infobox protein|Name=[[Trypsin-3|protease, serine, 3 (mesotrypsin)]]|caption=|image=|width=|HGNCid=9486|Symbol=[[PRSS3]]|AltSymbols=PRSS4|EntrezGene=5646|OMIM=613578|RefSeq=NM_002771|UniProt=P35030|PDB=|ECnumber=3.4.21.4|Chromosome=9|Arm=p|Band=13|LocusSupplementaryData=}} |} Sauran isoforms na trypsin kuma ana iya samun su a wasu kwayoyin. == Muhimmancin asibiti == Ayyukan trypsin daga tsagewar proteolytic na trypsinogen a cikin pancreas na iya haifar da jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da narkewar kai, wanda ke haifar da pancreatitis. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon cutar autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis shine rashi a cikin jigilar trypsin da sauran enzymes na narkewa daga pancreas. Wannan yana haifar da rikicewar da ake kira meconium ileus, wanda ya haɗa da toshewar hanji (ileus) saboda meconium mai kauri, wanda yawanci ya rushe ta hanyar trypsin da sauran proteases, sannan ya wuce cikin datti.<ref name="pmid11729110">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noone PG, Zhou Z, Silverman LM, Jowell PS, Knowles MR, Cohn JA |date=December 2001 |title=Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/4b29bf69m |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1310–9 |doi=10.1053/gast.2001.29673 |pmid=11729110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == Trypsin yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin pancreases, kuma ana iya tsarkake shi cikin sauƙi. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin matakai daban-daban na biotechnology. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na al'adun nama, ana amfani da trypsin don sake farfado da ƙwayoyin da ke manne da bango na al'adu na sel yayin aiwatar da girbi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) |url=http://www.stemcell.com/en/Products/All-Products/TrypsinEDTA-025.aspx |access-date=2012-02-23 |publisher=Stem Cell Technologies}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan sel suna mannewa a bangarorin da kasa na tasa lokacin da aka shuka su ''in vitro''. Ana amfani da Trypsin don rarraba sunadarai da ke riƙe da ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa tasa, don a iya cire ƙwayoyin daga faranti. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta (alal misali, kafin gyarawa da rarraba tantanin halitta). Ana iya amfani da Trypsin don rushe casein a cikin madarar nono. Idan an kara trypsin a cikin maganin madara foda, rushewar casein yana haifar da madara ta zama mai haske. Za'a iya auna yawan amsawa ta hanyar amfani da adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don madara ta juya mai haske. Ana amfani da Trypsin a cikin binciken halittu yayin gwaje-gwaje na proteomics don narke sunadarai cikin peptides don nazarin spectrometry, misali narkewar in-gel. Trypsin ya dace da wannan musamman, tunda yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadyadaddun, saboda yana narkewa ne kawai da haɗin peptide wanda ƙungiyar carbonyl ke ba da gudummawa ko dai ta hanyar arginine ko lysine. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Trypsin don narkar da jini a cikin nau'in microbial da kuma magance kumburi a cikin nau-cikin hanta. A cikin likitan dabbobi, trypsin sinadarin ne a cikin kayan shafawa na rauni, kamar Debrisol, don narkar da gawawwakin da pus a cikin raunuka a cikin dawakai, shanu, karnuka, da cats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debrisol |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/debrisol.html |publisher=drugs.com}}</ref> A Indiya, ana ba da Trypsin - Chymotrypsin don rage kumburi yayin laryngitis da farfadowa. Amfani a waje da Indiya ba a rubuce shi da kyau ba kuma yawancin takardun da aka rubuta game da tasirinsa a cikin yanayin da aka ambata a sama an ba da kuɗin ne daga Torrent Pharmaceuticals wanda shine babban alama wanda ke yin waɗannan allunan a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shah D, Mital K |date=2017 |title=The Role of Trypsin:Chymotrypsin in Tissue Repair |journal=Advances in Therapy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1007/s12325-017-0648-y |pmc=5778189 |pmid=29209994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trypsin - Chymotrypsin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage, Precautions & More &#124; CARE Hospitals |url=https://www.carehospitals.com/medicine-detail/trypsin-chymotrypsin}}</ref> === A cikin abinci === Shirye-shiryen protease na kasuwanci yawanci sun ƙunshi cakuda nau'ikan enzymes na protease daban-daban waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da trypsin. Ana amfani da waɗannan shirye-shiryen sosai a cikin sarrafa abinci: <ref name="urlProtease - GMO Database">{{Cite web |date=2010-07-10 |title=Protease - GMO Database |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164346/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html |archive-date=2015-02-24 |access-date=2012-01-01 |website=GMO Compass |publisher=European Union}}</ref> * a matsayin enzyme na yin burodi don inganta aikin gurasar * a cikin cire kayan yaji da dandano daga kayan lambu ko sunadarai na dabba da kuma a cikin masana'antar sauce * don sarrafa samar da ƙanshi a cikin cuku da kayan madara * don inganta yanayin kayan kifi * don mai da hankali ga nama * a lokacin sanyi na giya * a cikin samar da abinci mai guba inda proteases ke rushe takamaiman sunadarai masu guba a cikin wadanda ba su da guba, alal misali, ana amfani da proteases don samar da abinci na jariri mai guba daga madarar saniya, don haka rage haɗarin jarirai da ke fama da rashin lafiyan madara. == Mai hana Trypsin == Don hana aikin trypsin mai aiki a cikin pancreas, wanda zai iya zama mai lalacewa sosai, masu hanawa kamar BPTI da SPINK1 a cikin pancrea da α1-antitrypsin a cikin serum suna nan a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariya daga kunnawa mara kyau. Duk wani trypsin da aka kafa da wuri daga trypsinogen mara aiki sai mai hanawa ya ɗaure shi. Ma'amala da furotin-furotin tsakanin trypsin da masu hana shi yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙuntataccen ɗaure, kuma trypsin yana ɗaure da wasu daga cikin masu hanawa kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Voet D, Voet JG | title = Biochemistry | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/396 396–400] | edition = 2nd | year = 1995 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-0-471-58651-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/396 }}</ref> Ya bambanta da kusan dukkanin sanannun tarurrukan furotin, wasu hadaddun trypsin da aka ɗaure ta masu hana shi ba sa sa iya rarraba bayan magani tare da 8M urea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levilliers N, Péron M, Arrio B, Pudles J | title = On the mechanism of action of proteolytic inhibitors. IV. Effect of 8 M urea on the stability of trypsin in trypsin-inhibitor complexes | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 140 | issue = 2 | pages = 474–83 | date = October 1970 | pmid = 5528741 | doi = 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90091-3 }}</ref> Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki azaman kayan aiki yayin magance cututtukan metabolism da kiba. An san cututtukan metabolism, kiba, da kuma yawan kiba don kara yaduwar cututtukat da ba za a iya yaduwa ba.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cristina Oliveira de Lima V, Piuvezam G, Leal Lima Maciel B, Heloneida de Araújo Morais A |date=December 2019 |title=Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders? |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2018.1542387 |pmc=6327991 |pmid=30734596}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don rage wannan lamarin ciki har da amfani da masu hana trypsin. Wadannan masu hanawa suna da damar rage hanji, nono, fata, da ciwon daji na prostate ta hanyar aikin kariya ta radiyo da anticarcinogenic. Masu hana Trypsin na iya aiki a matsayin hanyoyin sarrafawa don sarrafa sakin neutrophil proteases da kuma guje wa mummunar lalacewar nama.<ref name="Cristina_Oliveira_de_Lima_2019" /> Dangane da yanayin zuciya da ke da alaƙa da aikin serine protease mara amfani, masu hana trypsin na iya toshe ayyukansu a cikin tarin platelet, fibrinolysis, coagulation, da jini. Ayyuka da yawa na masu hana trypsin sun haɗa da kasancewa masu hana protease don aikin AMP.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Souza Nascimento AM, de Oliveira Segundo VH, Felipe Camelo Aguiar AJ, Piuvezam G, Souza Passos T, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KS, de Araújo Morais AH |date=December 2022 |title=Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=749–759 |doi=10.1080/14756366.2022.2039918 |pmc=8856033 |pmid=35168466}}</ref> Duk da yake hanyoyin aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na masu hana trypsin ba su da tabbas, binciken ya yi niyyar nazarin hanyoyin su a matsayin aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin maganin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Bincike da binciken microscopy sun nuna tasirin antibacterial a kan membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Masu hana Trypsin daga fata na amphibian sun nuna ci gaban mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya shafi bangon tantanin halitta da membrane na ''Staphylococcus aureus'' . <ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> Nazarin ya kuma bincika ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin trypsin inhibitor peptides, sunadarai, da ''E. coli''. Sakamakon ya nuna isasshen rigakafin ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, masu hana trypsin dole ne su cika wasu ka'idoji da za a yi amfani da su a cikin abinci da jiyya.<ref name="de Souza Nascimento_2022" /> == Sauran hanyoyin Trypsin == Gyaran Trypsin na karin matrix na salula al'ada ce a cikin al'adun salula. Koyaya, wannan lalacewar enzymatic na sel na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ƙwayoyin halitta da alamomi na farfajiyar, musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa fiye da trypsin kamar Accutase wanda ba ya tasiri ga alamun farfajiyar kamar cd14, cd117, cd49f, cd292 .<ref name="pmid23481571">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Quan Y, Yan Y, Wang X, Fu Q, Wang W, Wu J, Yang G, Ren J, Wang Y |date=2012 |title=Impact of cell dissociation on identification of breast cancer stem cells |journal=Cancer Biomarkers |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=125–33 |doi=10.3233/CBM-130300 |pmid=23481571}}</ref><ref name="pmid30983404">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skog M, Sivlér P, Steinvall I, Aili D, Sjöberg F, Elmasry M |date=May 2019 |title=The Effect of Enzymatic Digestion on Cultured Epithelial Autografts |journal=Cell Transplantation |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=638–644 |doi=10.1177/0963689719833305 |pmc=7103596 |pmid=30983404}}</ref> Koyaya Accutase yana rage matakan farfajiyar FasL da Mai karɓar fas a kan macrophages, waɗannan masu karɓa suna da alaƙa da Cytotoxicity na tantanin halitta a cikin tsarin rigakafi kuma suna iya sauƙaƙa mutuwar tantanin halitta mai alaƙa da apoptosis.<ref name="pmid35383242">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai TY, Cao J, Ou-Yang P, Tsai CY, Lin CW, Chen CC, Tsai MK, Lee CY |date=April 2022 |title=Different methods of detaching adherent cells and their effects on the cell surface expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=5713 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.5713L |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-09605-y |pmc=8983651 |pmid=35383242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase kuma na iya zama madadin Trypsin a aikace-aikacen proteomic.<ref name="Samodova_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Samodova D, Hosfield CM, Cramer CN, Giuli MV, Cappellini E, Franciosa G, Rosenblatt MM, Kelstrup CD, Olsen JV |date=December 2020 |title=ProAlanase is an Effective Alternative to Trypsin for Proteomics Applications and Disulfide Bond Mapping |journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=2139–2157 |doi=10.1074/mcp.tir120.002129 |pmc=7710147 |pmid=33020190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ProAlanase wani ''Aspergillus niger'' fungus protease ne wanda zai iya cimma babban aikin proteolytic da takamaiman don narkewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase, acidic prolyl-endopeptidase protease, wanda aka yi nazari a matsayin An-PEP, an lura da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don bayyana takamaiman sa.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> ProAlanase ya yi kyau sosai a aikace-aikacen LC-MS tare da gajeren lokacin narkewa da pH mai zafi sosai.<ref name="Samodova_2020" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar nazarin halittu   == Haɗin waje == * Bayanan MEROPS na kan layi don peptidases da masu hana su: Trypsin 1 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.151 S01.151] An adana shi 2008-04-05 a , Trypsin 2 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.258 S01.258] An adana masa 2019-09-19 a Wayback Engine, Trypsina 3 [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=S01.174 S01.174] An adana mata 2019-0919 a ">Wayback Machine * Trypsin Inhibitors da Trypsin Test Method a Sigma-Aldrich * Trypsina cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == rcqrewzfml5t04iy50zoe5o3sel2xg9 0 178770 965670 2026-10-10T07:20:48Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376851628|University of Perugia]]" 965670 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jami'ar [[Perugia]]''' (Italian Università degli Studi di Perugia) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Perugia, Italiya . An kafa ta a cikin 1308, kamar yadda Bull da Paparoma Clement V ya bayar ya tabbatar da haihuwar Studium Generale . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-12 |title=Home - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/en/ |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=www.unipg.it |language=en}}</ref> Alamar jami'ar ta nuna Saint Herculan, daya daga cikin tsarkaka masu kula, da kuma griffin mai kambi, wanda shine alamar birni; suna wakiltar ikon coci da na farar hula, bi da bi, wanda ya haifar da jami'an a [[Zamanin Tsakiya]]. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in "kyauta" na Italiya, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa ''studium generale'' a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1308, ta hanyar Bull "Super specula" na Clement V. Makarantar zane-zane ta wanzu kusan 1200, inda aka koyar da magani da doka ba da daɗewa ba, tare da jajircewa mai ƙarfi da aka bayyana ta takardun hukuma na Majalisar Birnin Perugia((((((((One of the "free" universities of Italy, it was elevated into a ''studium generale'' on September 8, 1308, by the Bull "Super specula" of [[:en:Clement_V|Clement V]]. A school of arts existed by about 1200, in which medicine and law were soon taught, with a strong commitment expressed by official documents of the City Council of Perugia. Before 1300 there were several ''universitates scholiarum''. [[:en:Jacobus_de_Belviso|Jacobus de Belviso]], a civil jurist, taught here from 1316 to 1321. By Bull on August 1, 1318, [[:en:John_XXII|John XXII]] granted the privilege of conferring degrees)))))))) Kafin 1300 akwai jami'o'i da yawa scholiarum. Jacobus na Belviso, masanin shari'a, ya koyar a nan daga 1316 zuwa 1321. Ta hanyar Bull a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1318, Yahaya XXII ya ba da damar ba da digiri a cikin dokar farar hula da canon, kuma a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1321, a cikin magani da zane-zane. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1355, sarki Charles na IV ya ba da bujimi wanda ya tabbatar da ɗaukaka papal kuma ya ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin jami'ar mulkin mallaka. An ba da wannan alamar ni'ima mai ban mamaki don taimakawa Perugia bayan mummunar annoba ta 1348-49. A cikin 1362 ne Kadanal Nicolò Capocci ya kafa ''Collegium Gregorianum'' (daga baya ake kira ''Sapienza vecchia'') don kula da matasa arba'in. Gregory XI, ta hanyar Brief na Oktoba 11, 1371, ya ba da dama na studium generale ga sabon ikon tauhidin. An dakatar da wannan baiwa kuma dukiyarta ta haɗu da jami'ar a cikin 1811. Benedetto Guidalotti, Bishop na Recanatias ne ya kafa ''Collegio di S. Girolamo'' kyauta ce ga baƙi marasa kudi waɗanda ke son karatun doka da magani a cikin 1426, tare da amincewar Martin V, kuma an canja su (a matsayin ''Sapienza nuova'') zuwa jami'a. Faransanci sun murkushe shi a cikin 1798, Pius VII ya sake buɗe shi a cikin 1807 a matsayin Collegio Pio . A cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 27 ga Agusta, 1824, Leo XII ya sanya wannan babban kwalejin jami'ar. Tare da hadin kan Italiya a 1860 an kafa Jami'ar Perugia a ƙarƙashin ikon shugaban da Majalisar Birnin, waɗanda suka ba da dokoki da gwamnati ta amince da su. Daga 1944 zuwa yanzu, Jami'ar Perugia ta sami kyakkyawan suna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i a Italiya. Tun daga lokacin Napoleon I, jami'ar ta mamaye tsohuwar gidan ibada na Olivetan na Monte Morcino. Akwai fannin lissafi har zuwa 1884. Dokokin an tsara su ne a kan na Bologna. Adadin dalibai a lokuta daban-daban ya kasance 142 a 1339, 79 a 1881, 350 a 1911. == Ƙungiya == Jami'ar Perugia tana da fannoni 16 kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko, na biyu da na guda ɗaya. Yana ba da manyan darussansa a [[Perugia]] da Tuni, da ƙarin shirye-shirye a duk yankin Umbria a cikin biranen Assisi, Foligno, da Narni. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Kwalejin da aka raba jami'ar sune:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Abinci da Kimiyya ta Muhalli[[Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science|Aikin noma, Abinci da Kimiyya ta Muhalli]] * Ma'aikatar ilmin sinadarai, ilmin halitta da ilimin halitta[[Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology|Chemistry, Biology da Biotechnology]] * Ma'aikatar Injiniya da MuhalliInjiniyanci da na muhalli * Ma'aikatar [[Ikonomi|Tattalin Arziki]] * Ma'aikatar [[Injinia.|Injiniya]] * Ma'aikatar [[Humanities, Ancient and Modern Languages, Literature and Cultures|Humanities, Tsohon da na zamani, Littattafai da Al'adu]] * Ma'aikatar Shari'a[[Doka|Dokar]] * Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Aiki[[Medicine and Surgery|Magunguna da tiyata]] * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Magunguna * Ma'aikatar [[Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education|Falsafa, Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Ilimi]] * Ma'aikatar [[Physics and Geology|Physics da Geology]] * Ma'aikatar [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta Siyasa]] * Ma'aikatar Kiwon LafiyaMagungunan dabbobi Shirye-shiryen bincikensa ana gudanar da su ta sassan 14 tare da jimlar ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci 1,200. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Ayyukan jami'ar sun hada da kungiyoyin sabis 25 da cibiyoyin bincike da kuma dakunan karatu 11 tare da tarin kayayyaki da kayan aiki. Tana da jimlar rajista na sama da dalibai 27,000 don shekara ta 2021-2022. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == Hukumomin ilimi == * Rector [[Prof. Maurizio Oliviero|Farfesa Maurizio Oliviero]] Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/rector Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] * Mai gabatar da kara [[Prof. Fausto Elisei|Farfesa Fausto Elisei]] Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/vice-rector Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] * Mataimakin Rectors Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/deputy-rectors Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] ** [[Prof. Luca Bartocci|Farfesa Luca Bartocci]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luca Bartocci - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/luca.bartocci}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Paolo Belardi|Farfesa Paolo Belardi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paolo Belardi - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/paolo.belardi}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Stefano Brancorsini|Farfesa Stefano Brancorsini]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefano Brancorsini - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/stefano.brancorsini}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Gabriele Cruciani|Farfesa Gabriele Cruciani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabriele Cruciani - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/gabriele.cruciani |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Fausto Elisei|Farfesa Fausto Elisei]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fausto Elisei - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/fausto.elisei}}</ref> ** [[Prof.ssa Carla Emiliani|Farfesa Carla Emiliani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carla Emiliani - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/carla.emiliani |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Daniele Parbuono|Farfesa Daniele Parbuono]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniele Parbuono - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/daniele.parbuono}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Daniele Porena|Farfesa Daniele Porena]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniele Porena - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/daniele.porena |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Roberto Rettori|Farfesa Roberto Rettori]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roberto Rettori - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/roberto.rettori}}</ref> ** [[Prof.ssa Stefania Stefanelli|Farfesa Stefania Stefanelli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefania Stefanelli - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/stefania.stefanelli}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Mario Tosti|Farfesa Mario Tosti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mario Tosti - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/mario.tosti}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Helios Vocca|Farfesa Helios Vocca]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helios Vocca - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/helios.vocca}}</ref> == Shahararrun malamai da tsofaffi == Daga cikin fitattun malamai sune: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * [[Luca Pacioli]] (c. 1447-1517), mahaifin lissafi * Jacobus na Belviso (c. 1270-1335), lauya * [[Johannes Andreas]], marubucin littattafai * Cino da Pistoia, (1270-1336), mawaki kuma lauya * Bartolus na Saxoferrato, (1314-1357), sanannen lauyan farar hula * Baldus na Ubaldis (1327-1400), lauya, (an wakilce adadinsa a duk takaddun shaida na difloma) * Gentile da Foligno (ya mutu a shekara ta 1348), likita * Albericus Gentilis, wanda ya kafa kimiyyar dokar kasa da kasa * Francesco della Rovere Paparoma (Sixtus IV) * [[Annibale Mariotti]], likita * [[Annibale Vecchi]], likitan magani * Domenico Bruschi, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke * {{Interlanguage link|Bernardo Dessau|it}} masanin kimiyyar lissafi[it] * [[Giuseppe Antinori]], arcadian da classicist * Francesco Coppola, ɗan siyasa * Anita Seppilli, masanin ilimin al'adu Daga cikin ɗalibanta sun kasance: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * Nicholas na huɗu * Gregory XI (c. 1329-1378, r. 1370-1378) * Cesare Borgia (c. 1490-1491) * Innocent na bakwai * Martin na biyar * Pius na Uku * Julius na II * Julius na Uku * Urban VII * Gregory na goma sha huɗu * Clement na takwas * Bulus na biyar * Ruggero Oddi, likita * Michaëlle Jean, tsohon Gwamna Janar na Kanada kuma babban sakatare na yanzu na La FrancophonieSakatare Janar na La Francophonie * Monica Bellucci, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Suze Rotolo * Pier Paolo Pandolfi * Tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative Party na Burtaniya Iain Duncan Smith ya yi iƙirarin a cikin CV dinsa cewa ya kammala karatu a jami'ar amma, a zahiri, ya shafe ɗan gajeren lokaci yana karatu a [[Perugia]]" id="mwARg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University for Foreigners Perugia">Jami'ar Baƙi a Perugia, inda bai kammala karatunsa ba kuma bai sami cancanta ba.<ref name="newsnight2002">{{cite news |date=19 December 2002 |title=Newsnight reveals inaccuracies in Iain Duncan Smith's CV |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/12_december/19/newsnight_ids_cv.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/12_december/19/newsnight_ids_cv.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=8 December 2009 |work=BBC Press Office Release}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, lambun tsire-tsire na jami'ar{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Fim din 1973 Torso, wani ''giallo'' wanda Sergio Martino ya jagoranta, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "fim din firamare" na farko, an saita shi a Jami'ar Perugia da wuraren da ke kewaye. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jami'o'in Italiya * Jerin jami'o'i na zamani * [[Perugia]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d10frge2sh0351gp7xs3mq5931jt57h 965671 965670 2026-10-10T07:22:07Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 965671 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jami'ar [[Perugia]]''' (Italian Università degli Studi di Perugia) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Perugia, Italiya . An kafa ta a cikin 1308, kamar yadda Bull da Paparoma Clement V ya bayar ya tabbatar da haihuwar Studium Generale . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-12 |title=Home - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/en/ |access-date=2026-09-10 |website=www.unipg.it |language=en}}</ref> Alamar jami'ar ta nuna Saint Herculan, daya daga cikin tsarkaka masu kula, da kuma griffin mai kambi, wanda shine alamar birni; suna wakiltar ikon coci da na farar hula, bi da bi, wanda ya haifar da jami'an a [[Zamanin Tsakiya]]. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in "kyauta" na Italiya, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa ''studium generale'' a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1308, ta hanyar Bull "Super specula" na Clement V. Makarantar zane-zane ta wanzu kusan 1200, inda aka koyar da magani da doka ba da daɗewa ba, tare da jajircewa mai ƙarfi da aka bayyana ta takardun hukuma na Majalisar Birnin Perugia Kafin 1300 akwai jami'o'i da yawa scholiarum. Jacobus na Belviso, masanin shari'a, ya koyar a nan daga 1316 zuwa 1321. Ta hanyar Bull a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1318, Yahaya XXII ya ba da damar ba da digiri a cikin dokar farar hula da canon, kuma a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1321, a cikin magani da zane-zane. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1355, sarki Charles na IV ya ba da bujimi wanda ya tabbatar da ɗaukaka papal kuma ya ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin jami'ar mulkin mallaka. An ba da wannan alamar ni'ima mai ban mamaki don taimakawa Perugia bayan mummunar annoba ta 1348-49. A cikin 1362 ne Kadanal Nicolò Capocci ya kafa ''Collegium Gregorianum'' (daga baya ake kira ''Sapienza vecchia'') don kula da matasa arba'in. Gregory XI, ta hanyar Brief na Oktoba 11, 1371, ya ba da dama na studium generale ga sabon ikon tauhidin. An dakatar da wannan baiwa kuma dukiyarta ta haɗu da jami'ar a cikin 1811. Benedetto Guidalotti, Bishop na Recanatias ne ya kafa ''Collegio di S. Girolamo'' kyauta ce ga baƙi marasa kudi waɗanda ke son karatun doka da magani a cikin 1426, tare da amincewar Martin V, kuma an canja su (a matsayin ''Sapienza nuova'') zuwa jami'a. Faransanci sun murkushe shi a cikin 1798, Pius VII ya sake buɗe shi a cikin 1807 a matsayin Collegio Pio . A cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 27 ga Agusta, 1824, Leo XII ya sanya wannan babban kwalejin jami'ar. Tare da hadin kan Italiya a 1860 an kafa Jami'ar Perugia a ƙarƙashin ikon shugaban da Majalisar Birnin, waɗanda suka ba da dokoki da gwamnati ta amince da su. Daga 1944 zuwa yanzu, Jami'ar Perugia ta sami kyakkyawan suna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i a Italiya. Tun daga lokacin Napoleon I, jami'ar ta mamaye tsohuwar gidan ibada na Olivetan na Monte Morcino. Akwai fannin lissafi har zuwa 1884. Dokokin an tsara su ne a kan na Bologna. Adadin dalibai a lokuta daban-daban ya kasance 142 a 1339, 79 a 1881, 350 a 1911. == Ƙungiya == Jami'ar Perugia tana da fannoni 16 kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko, na biyu da na guda ɗaya. Yana ba da manyan darussansa a [[Perugia]] da Tuni, da ƙarin shirye-shirye a duk yankin Umbria a cikin biranen Assisi, Foligno, da Narni. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Kwalejin da aka raba jami'ar sune:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Abinci da Kimiyya ta Muhalli[[Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science|Aikin noma, Abinci da Kimiyya ta Muhalli]] * Ma'aikatar ilmin sinadarai, ilmin halitta da ilimin halitta[[Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology|Chemistry, Biology da Biotechnology]] * Ma'aikatar Injiniya da MuhalliInjiniyanci da na muhalli * Ma'aikatar [[Ikonomi|Tattalin Arziki]] * Ma'aikatar [[Injinia.|Injiniya]] * Ma'aikatar [[Humanities, Ancient and Modern Languages, Literature and Cultures|Humanities, Tsohon da na zamani, Littattafai da Al'adu]] * Ma'aikatar Shari'a[[Doka|Dokar]] * Ma'aikatar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Aiki[[Medicine and Surgery|Magunguna da tiyata]] * Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Magunguna * Ma'aikatar [[Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education|Falsafa, Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Ilimi]] * Ma'aikatar [[Physics and Geology|Physics da Geology]] * Ma'aikatar [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta Siyasa]] * Ma'aikatar Kiwon LafiyaMagungunan dabbobi Shirye-shiryen bincikensa ana gudanar da su ta sassan 14 tare da jimlar ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci 1,200. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Ayyukan jami'ar sun hada da kungiyoyin sabis 25 da cibiyoyin bincike da kuma dakunan karatu 11 tare da tarin kayayyaki da kayan aiki. Tana da jimlar rajista na sama da dalibai 27,000 don shekara ta 2021-2022. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == Hukumomin ilimi == * Rector [[Prof. Maurizio Oliviero|Farfesa Maurizio Oliviero]] Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/rector Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] * Mai gabatar da kara [[Prof. Fausto Elisei|Farfesa Fausto Elisei]] Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/vice-rector Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] * Mataimakin Rectors Università degli Studi di Perugia[https://www.unipg.it/en/university/deputy-rectors Jami'ar Studi ta Perugia] ** [[Prof. Luca Bartocci|Farfesa Luca Bartocci]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luca Bartocci - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/luca.bartocci}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Paolo Belardi|Farfesa Paolo Belardi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paolo Belardi - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/paolo.belardi}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Stefano Brancorsini|Farfesa Stefano Brancorsini]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefano Brancorsini - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/stefano.brancorsini}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Gabriele Cruciani|Farfesa Gabriele Cruciani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabriele Cruciani - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/gabriele.cruciani |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Fausto Elisei|Farfesa Fausto Elisei]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fausto Elisei - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/fausto.elisei}}</ref> ** [[Prof.ssa Carla Emiliani|Farfesa Carla Emiliani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carla Emiliani - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/carla.emiliani |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Daniele Parbuono|Farfesa Daniele Parbuono]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniele Parbuono - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/daniele.parbuono}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Daniele Porena|Farfesa Daniele Porena]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniele Porena - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/daniele.porena |website=www.unipg.it}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Roberto Rettori|Farfesa Roberto Rettori]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roberto Rettori - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/roberto.rettori}}</ref> ** [[Prof.ssa Stefania Stefanelli|Farfesa Stefania Stefanelli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefania Stefanelli - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/stefania.stefanelli}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Mario Tosti|Farfesa Mario Tosti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mario Tosti - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/mario.tosti}}</ref> ** [[Prof. Helios Vocca|Farfesa Helios Vocca]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helios Vocca - Università degli Studi di Perugia |url=https://www.unipg.it/personale/helios.vocca}}</ref> == Shahararrun malamai da tsofaffi == Daga cikin fitattun malamai sune: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * [[Luca Pacioli]] (c. 1447-1517), mahaifin lissafi * Jacobus na Belviso (c. 1270-1335), lauya * [[Johannes Andreas]], marubucin littattafai * Cino da Pistoia, (1270-1336), mawaki kuma lauya * Bartolus na Saxoferrato, (1314-1357), sanannen lauyan farar hula * Baldus na Ubaldis (1327-1400), lauya, (an wakilce adadinsa a duk takaddun shaida na difloma) * Gentile da Foligno (ya mutu a shekara ta 1348), likita * Albericus Gentilis, wanda ya kafa kimiyyar dokar kasa da kasa * Francesco della Rovere Paparoma (Sixtus IV) * [[Annibale Mariotti]], likita * [[Annibale Vecchi]], likitan magani * Domenico Bruschi, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke * {{Interlanguage link|Bernardo Dessau|it}} masanin kimiyyar lissafi[it] * [[Giuseppe Antinori]], arcadian da classicist * Francesco Coppola, ɗan siyasa * Anita Seppilli, masanin ilimin al'adu Daga cikin ɗalibanta sun kasance: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} * Nicholas na huɗu * Gregory XI (c. 1329-1378, r. 1370-1378) * Cesare Borgia (c. 1490-1491) * Innocent na bakwai * Martin na biyar * Pius na Uku * Julius na II * Julius na Uku * Urban VII * Gregory na goma sha huɗu * Clement na takwas * Bulus na biyar * Ruggero Oddi, likita * Michaëlle Jean, tsohon Gwamna Janar na Kanada kuma babban sakatare na yanzu na La FrancophonieSakatare Janar na La Francophonie * Monica Bellucci, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Suze Rotolo * Pier Paolo Pandolfi * Tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative Party na Burtaniya Iain Duncan Smith ya yi iƙirarin a cikin CV dinsa cewa ya kammala karatu a jami'ar amma, a zahiri, ya shafe ɗan gajeren lokaci yana karatu a [[Perugia]]" id="mwARg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University for Foreigners Perugia">Jami'ar Baƙi a Perugia, inda bai kammala karatunsa ba kuma bai sami cancanta ba.<ref name="newsnight2002">{{cite news |date=19 December 2002 |title=Newsnight reveals inaccuracies in Iain Duncan Smith's CV |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/12_december/19/newsnight_ids_cv.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/12_december/19/newsnight_ids_cv.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=8 December 2009 |work=BBC Press Office Release}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, lambun tsire-tsire na jami'ar{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Fim din 1973 Torso, wani ''giallo'' wanda Sergio Martino ya jagoranta, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "fim din firamare" na farko, an saita shi a Jami'ar Perugia da wuraren da ke kewaye. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jami'o'in Italiya * Jerin jami'o'i na zamani * [[Perugia]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chjea2pdjqjozy7v542fbqs67f8arqe 0 178771 965696 2026-10-10T07:38:07Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351094290|Nigerian Institute of Management]]" 965696 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya''' ('''NIM''') wata cibiyar ba da riba ce wacce ke bayyana ƙwarewa da ake buƙata da ƙa'idodi ga masu sana'a, kuma tana ba da darussan da ke kaiwa ga difloma a cikin Gudanarwa. == Tarihi == An kafa Kungiyar Gudanar da [[Najeriya]] a 1961 a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta farko a Najeriya. An sake sunan kungiyar a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya a 1964 kuma an kafa ta a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa. A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2003 Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da Dokar Kafa Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya ta shekara ta 2003. Wannan ya ba NIM ikon tsara aikin gudanarwa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NIM Chartered |url=http://www.nim.ng/index.php/about-us |access-date=2011-12-22 |publisher=Nigerian Institute of Management}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 Cibiyar tana jiran gwamnatin [[Jihar Jigawa]] don samar da shafin da cibiyar za ta iya gina cibiyar gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aliyu Dangida |date=14 December 2005 |title=NIM to Establish Management Centre in Jigawa |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200512140228.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> == Dandalin shugabannin kasuwanci == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006 Shugaban NIM Alhaji Mohammed Abubakar, bayan ya bayyana yadda shugabannin siyasa suka sace dala biliyan 480 tun daga shekara ta 1960, ya ce dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki suna fama da gazawar gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndubuisi Ugah |date=10 November 2006 |title=Corruption - 'Past Leaders Misappropriate $480bn' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200611100107.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 sabon shugaban NIM((((((((Mohammed Abubakar, after describing how political leaders had stolen $480 billion since 1960, said that all sectors of the economy were suffering from endemic management failure.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ndubuisi Ugah |date=10 November 2006 |title=Corruption - 'Past Leaders Misappropriate $480bn' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200611100107.html |accessdate=2011-12-22 |work=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref> In December 2007 the new NIM President Sir Peter Edeoghon said he would focus on ways to improve the institute's performance in regulating the industry and promoting)))))))) Sir Peter Edeoghon ya ce zai mai da hankali kan hanyoyin inganta aikin cibiyar wajen tsara masana'antu da inganta ayyukan mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndubuisi Ugah |date=30 December 2007 |title=Best Practices Will Be My Focal Point - NIM Boss |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200712310871.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, Edeoghon ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta kara saka hannun jari a bangaren da ba na mai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 11, 2008 |title=NIM urges FG to invest in non-oil sector |url=http://www.yourindustrynews.com/nim+urges+fg+to+invest+in+non-oil+sector_15097.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608001535/http://www.yourindustrynews.com/nim+urges+fg+to+invest+in+non-oil+sector_15097.html |archive-date=2012-06-08 |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Taron Gudanar da Kasa da Kasa na Nuwamba 2008 na NIM ya ƙare tare da kira don canji a cikin jaddadawar gwamnati zuwa mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar dukiya maimakon rage talauci. An gudanar da taron na kwana biyu tare da kungiyar kungiyoyin gudanarwa a Afirka (AMOA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2008 |title=NIM, AMOA Task Govt On Capacity Building |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200811190812.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Leadership (Abuja)]]}}</ref> == Dandalin 'yan siyasa == Taron NIM yana ba da dama ga 'yan siyasa su yi magana da manyan shugabannin kasuwanci. A watan Agustan 2002 Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya yi kira ga mambobin NIM da su jagoranci yaki da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Programme summary |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97E5E154EC2F42&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=NTA TV, Abuja}}</ref> A taron shekara-shekara na NIM a watan Satumbar 2009, Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya yaba wa NIM saboda jajircewarta ga ci gaban Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkechi Isaac |date=28 September 2009 |title=NIM Has Demonstrated Commitment - Yar'Adua |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909290471.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Leadership (Abuja)]]}}</ref> A taron shekara-shekara na Satumba 2010 Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], wanda Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jama'a Stephen Oronsaye ya wakilta, ya yi alkawarin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa kuma ya bukaci mambobin su taimaka a wannan dalili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2010 |title=We Shall Fight Corruption With All our Might - Jonathan |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201009210183.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011 Cif [[Emeka Anyaoku]] ya ba da lacca na zinariya na NIM a kan batun: "Nijeriya a 50: Kalubale na Nationhood". Da yake magana game da harin da 'yan kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] suka kai kwanan nan a [[Abuja]] ya yi kira ga taron kasa kan tsaro don sake duba matsalolin tsarin Najeriya da kuma kawo karshen rigakafin manyan' yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dotun Ibiwoye |date=17 July 2011 |title=Boko Haram - the Way Out - Anyaoku |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107180767.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == j7ai22h9z73wwgzoexe9mbdge5jdow9 965697 965696 2026-10-10T07:38:59Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 965697 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya''' ('''NIM''') wata cibiyar ba da riba ce wacce ke bayyana ƙwarewa da ake buƙata da ƙa'idodi ga masu sana'a, kuma tana ba da darussan da ke kaiwa ga difloma a cikin Gudanarwa. == Tarihi == An kafa Kungiyar Gudanar da [[Najeriya]] a 1961 a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta farko a Najeriya. An sake sunan kungiyar a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya a 1964 kuma an kafa ta a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa. A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2003 Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da Dokar Kafa Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya ta shekara ta 2003. Wannan ya ba NIM ikon tsara aikin gudanarwa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NIM Chartered |url=http://www.nim.ng/index.php/about-us |access-date=2011-12-22 |publisher=Nigerian Institute of Management}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 Cibiyar tana jiran gwamnatin [[Jihar Jigawa]] don samar da shafin da cibiyar za ta iya gina cibiyar gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aliyu Dangida |date=14 December 2005 |title=NIM to Establish Management Centre in Jigawa |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200512140228.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> == Dandalin shugabannin kasuwanci == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006 Shugaban NIM Alhaji Mohammed Abubakar, bayan ya bayyana yadda shugabannin siyasa suka sace dala biliyan 480 tun daga shekara ta 1960, ya ce dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki suna fama da gazawar gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndubuisi Ugah |date=10 November 2006 |title=Corruption - 'Past Leaders Misappropriate $480bn' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200611100107.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 sabon shugaban NIM Sir Peter Edeoghon ya ce zai mai da hankali kan hanyoyin inganta aikin cibiyar wajen tsara masana'antu da inganta ayyukan mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndubuisi Ugah |date=30 December 2007 |title=Best Practices Will Be My Focal Point - NIM Boss |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200712310871.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[ThisDay]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, Edeoghon ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta kara saka hannun jari a bangaren da ba na mai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 11, 2008 |title=NIM urges FG to invest in non-oil sector |url=http://www.yourindustrynews.com/nim+urges+fg+to+invest+in+non-oil+sector_15097.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608001535/http://www.yourindustrynews.com/nim+urges+fg+to+invest+in+non-oil+sector_15097.html |archive-date=2012-06-08 |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Taron Gudanar da Kasa da Kasa na Nuwamba 2008 na NIM ya ƙare tare da kira don canji a cikin jaddadawar gwamnati zuwa mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar dukiya maimakon rage talauci. An gudanar da taron na kwana biyu tare da kungiyar kungiyoyin gudanarwa a Afirka (AMOA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2008 |title=NIM, AMOA Task Govt On Capacity Building |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200811190812.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Leadership (Abuja)]]}}</ref> == Dandalin 'yan siyasa == Taron NIM yana ba da dama ga 'yan siyasa su yi magana da manyan shugabannin kasuwanci. A watan Agustan 2002 Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya yi kira ga mambobin NIM da su jagoranci yaki da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Programme summary |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97E5E154EC2F42&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=NTA TV, Abuja}}</ref> A taron shekara-shekara na NIM a watan Satumbar 2009, Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya yaba wa NIM saboda jajircewarta ga ci gaban Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkechi Isaac |date=28 September 2009 |title=NIM Has Demonstrated Commitment - Yar'Adua |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909290471.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Leadership (Abuja)]]}}</ref> A taron shekara-shekara na Satumba 2010 Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]], wanda Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jama'a Stephen Oronsaye ya wakilta, ya yi alkawarin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa kuma ya bukaci mambobin su taimaka a wannan dalili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2010 |title=We Shall Fight Corruption With All our Might - Jonathan |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201009210183.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011 Cif [[Emeka Anyaoku]] ya ba da lacca na zinariya na NIM a kan batun: "Nijeriya a 50: Kalubale na Nationhood". Da yake magana game da harin da 'yan kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] suka kai kwanan nan a [[Abuja]] ya yi kira ga taron kasa kan tsaro don sake duba matsalolin tsarin Najeriya da kuma kawo karshen rigakafin manyan' yan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dotun Ibiwoye |date=17 July 2011 |title=Boko Haram - the Way Out - Anyaoku |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107180767.html |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == bpz7rookmmimhahc9f255zjv9j1q2wb 0 178772 965711 2026-10-10T08:51:21Z Mahmud maby 33237 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328740929|Performance studies]]" 965711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Performance studies''' is an interdisciplinary academic field that teaches the development of performance skills and uses performance as a lens and a tool to study the world. The term ''performance'' is broad, and can include artistic and aesthetic performances like concerts, theatrical events, and performance art; sporting events; social, political and religious events like rituals, ceremonies, proclamations and public decisions; certain kinds of language use; and those components of identity which require someone to do, rather than just be, something. Performance studies draws from theories and methods of the performing arts, [[Ilimin ɗan adam|anthropology]], [[Kimiyar al'umma|sociology]], literary theory, culture studies, critical theory, communication studies, and others. Performance studies tends to concentrate on a mix of [[Bincike|research methods]]. The application of practice-led or practice-based research methods has become a widespread phenomenon not just in the anglophone world. As such research projects integrate established methods like literature research and oral history with performance practice, i.e. artistic auto-ethnographic approaches and verbatim theatre. The documentation of ''Practice-as-Research in Performance'' (PARIP), a devoted research project conducted at the University of Bristol between 2001 and 2006, offers a number of inspiring articles and portraits of such research projects and was key for a breakthrough of using creative thinking within this subject field. == Origins and basic concepts == Performance studies has been charged as an emerging discipline. As an academic field it is difficult to pin down; which could be the nature of the field itself or it is still too young to tell. In either case, many academics have been critical of its instability. There are, however, numerous degree-granting programs that train researchers being offered by universities. Some have referred to it as an "inter discipline" or a "post discipline." Scholars in today's field of performance studies may trace their roots to a number of other fields such as elocution, interpretation, theatre, anthropology, and speech communication. According to Diana Taylor, "what they have in common is their shared object of study: performance—in the broadest possible sense—as a process, praxis, and episteme, a mode of transmission, an accomplishment, and a means of intervening in the world." Richard Schechner states that performance studies examine performances in two categories, the first being ''artistic performance'', marked and understood as art. This includes solo-performance, performance art, performance of literature, theatrical storytelling, plays, and performance poetry. Artistic performance considers performance as an art form. The second category is ''cultural performance'', which includes events that occur in everyday life, in which a culture's values are displayed for their perpetuation: rituals such as parades, religious ceremonies, community festivals, controversial storytelling, and performances of social and professional roles, and individual performances of race, gender, sexuality and class are all considered a form of cultural performance. The oldest roots of performance studies are in elocution, sometimes referred to as declamation. This early approach to public speech delivery focused on verbal diction, physical gestures, stance, tone, and even dress. A revival of its practices during the eighteenth century, also known as The Elocution Movement, contributed to the emergence of Elocution as an academic discipline in its own right. One of the major figures of the Elocution Movement was actor and scholar Thomas Sheridan. Sheridan's lectures on elocution, collected in Lectures on Elocution (1762) and his Lectures on Reading (1775), provided directions for marking and reading aloud passages from literature. Another actor, John Walker, published his two-volume Elements of Elocution in 1781, which provided detailed instruction on voice control, gestures, pronunciation, and emphasis. The elocution movement took hold in the West; schools and departments of elocution and oratory cropped up across England and the United States throughout much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most significant of these to performance studies today is the Northwestern University School of Oratory, established in 1894 by Robert McLean Cumnock<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northwestern University Archives |url=https://findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/agents/people/1060}}</ref> to teach speech education on the principles of elocution. The School of Oratory housed their Department of Interpretation which focused on literature and on the art of interpretation as a means of understanding literature and bringing it to life through oral reading. In 1984, the Department of Interpretation was named the Department of Performance Studies to incorporate a broader definition of texts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2020 |title=Major in Performance Studies &#124; Northwestern School of Communication |url=https://www.communication.northwestern.edu/academic-programs/major-in-performance-studies/#:~:text=The%20History%20of%20the%20Department&text=The%20department%27s%20name%20was%20changed,range%20of%20experiences%20and%20events. |website=Performance Studies Department History}}</ref> On the literature front, [[Wallace Bacon]] (1914–2001) was considered by many to be someone who pioneered performance theory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=James Janega, Tribune Staff |date=16 February 2001 |title=WALLACE A. BACON, 87, NU PROFESSOR |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-02-16-0102160209-story.html |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=chicagotribune.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Bacon taught performance of literature as the ultimate act of humility. In his defining statement of performance theory, "Our center is in the interaction between readers and texts which enriches, extends, clarifies, and (yes) alters the interior and even the exterior lives of students [and performers and audiences] through the power of texts" (''Literature in Performance'', Vol 5 No 1, 1984; p.&nbsp;84). In addition, Robert Breen's text ''Chamber Theatre'' is a cornerstone in the field for staging narrative texts, though it remains controversial in its assertions about the place of narrative details in chamber productions. Breen is also regarded by many as a founding theorist for the discipline, along with advocate Louise Rosenblatt. More recently, performance theorist and novelist Barbara Browning has suggested that narrative fiction itself—and particularly the novel—demands the performative participation of the reader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browning |first=Barbara |date=14 November 2013 |title='Dear Reader': The Novel's Call to Perform |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1m4uWyRjvo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Y1m4uWyRjvo |archive-date=2021-12-12 |access-date=12 August 2014 |website=YouTube |publisher=The Book Lovers}}</ref> === Theatre and anthropology === On the theatrical and anthropological front, this origin is often regarded as the research collaborations of director Richard Schechner and anthropologist Victor Turner. This origin narrative emphasizes a definition of performance as being "between theatre and anthropology" and often stresses the importance of intercultural performances as an alternative to either traditional proscenium theatre or traditional Dwight Conquergood developed a branch of performance ethnography that centered the political nature of the practice and advocated for methodological dialogism from the point of encounter to the practices of research reporting. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett has contributed an interest in tourist productions and ethnographic showmanship to the field, Judd Case has adapted performance to the study of media and religion, Diana Taylor has brought a hemispheric perspective on Latin American performance and theorized the relationship between the archive and the performance repertoire, while Corinne Kratz developed a mode of performance analysis that emphasizes the role of multimedia communication in performance. Laurie Frederik argues for the importance of ethnographic research and a solid theoretical base in anthropological perspective. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gvjakgy4c536o9hskn1lxa2t6gg6zv6 0 178773 965716 2026-10-10T09:08:57Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Mulkin Mallaka a Gombe''' ya kasance wani ɓangare na faɗaɗa ikon Birtaniya a yankin Arewacin Najeriya a farkon ƙarni na 20. A wannan lokaci, sojojin Birtaniya sun faɗaɗa ikonsu zuwa yankunan masarautu da al'ummomin da ke ƙarƙashin tasirin Khalifancin Sakkwato. Yankin Gombe ya shiga tsarin mulkin mallaka a lokacin da Birtaniya ke kafa sabbin hanyoyin gudanar da mulki a yankin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate wi... 965716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mulkin Mallaka a Gombe''' ya kasance wani ɓangare na faɗaɗa ikon Birtaniya a yankin Arewacin Najeriya a farkon ƙarni na 20. A wannan lokaci, sojojin Birtaniya sun faɗaɗa ikonsu zuwa yankunan masarautu da al'ummomin da ke ƙarƙashin tasirin Khalifancin Sakkwato. Yankin Gombe ya shiga tsarin mulkin mallaka a lokacin da Birtaniya ke kafa sabbin hanyoyin gudanar da mulki a yankin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate with particular Reference to the Creation of the District Head System, 1902–1920 |journal=Chiefaincy and Security in Nigeria |year=2008 |url=https://auadamu.com/phocadownload/Books/2008%20Chiefaincy%20and%20Security%20in%20Nigeria%202008.pdf}}</ref> == Tarihi kafin mulkin mallaka == Kafin zuwan mulkin mallaka, masarautar Gombe ta kasance wani muhimmin tsarin siyasa a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. An kafa masarautar a farkon ƙarni na 19 a lokacin jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio, inda Buba Yero ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ta. Gombe Abba ta kasance cibiyar mulkin masarautar kafin sauya babban birninta zuwa wasu wurare. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Audu |first=Bem Japhet |last2=Audu |first2=Sedenu Jimoh |last3=Ibrahim |first3=S. |title=Military Campaigns of Modibo Buba Yero and the Emergence of Gombe Emirate, 1804–1902: A Study in Sokoto Jihad |journal=Kashere Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences |url=https://journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kjhmss/article/view/54}}</ref> Yankin da daga baya ya zama Jihar Gombe ya ƙunshi al'ummomi daban-daban, ciki har da Fulani, Tangale, Waja, Tera, Bolewa da Jukun. Waɗannan al'ummomi suna da nasu tsarin shugabanci, al'adu da hanyoyin gudanar da harkokin tattalin arziki kafin zuwan mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> == Zuwan Birtaniya da kafa ikon mallaka == A farkon shekarun 1900, Birtaniya ta ƙara faɗaɗa ikon mulkinta a Arewacin Najeriya. A yankin Gombe, an yi arangama tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya da wasu rundunonin yankin, musamman a lokacin yaƙin Tongo a shekarar 1902. Wannan ya taimaka wajen raunana ikon siyasar da ta gabata tare da buɗe hanya ga kafa tsarin mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Emirate |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Bayan shigar Birtaniya, an fara sake tsara tsarin gudanar da masarautar Gombe domin ya dace da manufofin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. An ci gaba da amfani da sarakunan gargajiya a wasu fannoni, amma ikonsu ya kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar jami'an mulkin mallaka. Wannan tsarin ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin mulkin kai-tsaye, wato *Indirect Rule*, da Birtaniya ta yi amfani da shi a yankunan Arewacin Najeriya. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate with particular Reference to the Creation of the District Head System, 1902–1920 |journal=Chiefaincy and Security in Nigeria |year=2008 |url=https://auadamu.com/phocadownload/Books/2008%20Chiefaincy%20and%20Security%20in%20Nigeria%202008.pdf}}</ref> == Sauya babban birnin masarautar == Gombe Abba ce cibiyar mulkin masarautar Gombe kafin zuwan Birtaniya. Bayan kafa ikon mulkin mallaka, an sauya cibiyar gudanar da mulki zuwa Nafada a shekarar 1913, sannan aka sake mayar da ita Gombe-Doma a shekarar 1919. Sauye-sauyen sun shafi matsayin Gombe Abba a harkokin siyasa da gudanarwa, yayin da sabon garin Gombe ya ƙara zama muhimmin cibiyar mulki. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British |work=Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british/}}</ref> Sauya babban birnin ya kasance wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin mulkin mallaka a Gombe. Ya nuna yadda gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi amfani da wuraren da take ganin sun fi dacewa wajen kula da yankuna, sadarwa da gudanar da harkokin mulki. Duk da haka, cikakken tasirin wannan sauyi a rayuwar mazauna ya bambanta daga gari zuwa gari. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British |work=Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british/}}</ref> == Tsarin shugabancin gundumomi == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan sauye-sauyen da Birtaniya ta kawo shi ne kafa tsarin shugabannin gundumomi, wato *District Heads*. An haɗa ƙauyuka da yankuna cikin gundumomi, sannan aka ba shugabannin da aka naɗa alhakin kula da harkokin mulki a yankunansu. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu hanyoyin shugabanci na kafin mulkin mallaka, waɗanda suka danganta da iyalai, dangogi da alaƙar mutum da shugaba. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate with particular Reference to the Creation of the District Head System, 1902–1920 |journal=Chiefaincy and Security in Nigeria |year=2008 |url=https://auadamu.com/phocadownload/Books/2008%20Chiefaincy%20and%20Security%20in%20Nigeria%202008.pdf}}</ref> Shugabannin gundumomi sun taka rawa wajen karɓar haraji, tabbatar da bin dokokin gwamnati da kula da zaman lafiya. Haka kuma, tsarin ya taimaka wa Birtaniya wajen rage yawan matakan da ake bi wajen karɓar haraji da aiwatar da umarnin gwamnati. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa wannan tsarin ya sauya dangantakar iko tsakanin jama'a da shugabanninsu, tare da ƙarfafa ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a yankunan karkara. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate with particular Reference to the Creation of the District Head System, 1902–1920 |journal=Chiefaincy and Security in Nigeria |year=2008 |url=https://auadamu.com/phocadownload/Books/2008%20Chiefaincy%20and%20Security%20in%20Nigeria%202008.pdf}}</ref> == Mulkin kai-tsaye == Mulkin kai-tsaye ya kasance hanyar gudanar da mulki da Birtaniya ta yi amfani da ita ta hanyar barin wasu sarakunan gargajiya su ci gaba da gudanar da harkoki, amma ƙarƙashin ikon jami'an mulkin mallaka. A Gombe, Sarkin Gombe ya ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmin shugaban gargajiya, amma gwamnatin Birtaniya ce ke da ikon ƙarshe kan muhimman al'amuran mulki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Emirate |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Wannan tsarin ya sauƙaƙa wa Birtaniya gudanar da mulki a yankin da ke da al'ummomi da harsuna daban-daban. Sai dai, ya kuma ba gwamnatin mulkin mallaka damar yin tasiri wajen naɗa shugabanni, tsara gundumomi da amfani da hukumomin gargajiya wajen aiwatar da manufofinta. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate with particular Reference to the Creation of the District Head System, 1902–1920 |journal=Chiefaincy and Security in Nigeria |year=2008 |url=https://auadamu.com/phocadownload/Books/2008%20Chiefaincy%20and%20Security%20in%20Nigeria%202008.pdf}}</ref> == Gombe da Tangale-Waja a lokacin mulkin mallaka == A lokacin mulkin mallaka, yankin da yanzu yake cikin Jihar Gombe ya ƙunshi manyan hukumomin gargajiya guda biyu: hukumar Gombe a arewa da hukumar Tangale-Waja a kudanci. Waɗannan hukumomi sun kasance muhimman sassan tsarin gudanarwa na mulkin mallaka, kuma sun taimaka wajen tsara yadda aka gudanar da yankin kafin samun 'yancin kai. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> Bambancin harsuna, al'adu da tsarin shugabanci a yankin ya sa gudanar da mulki ya buƙaci hulɗa da shugabannin al'ummomi daban-daban. Hukumomin gargajiya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen warware rikice-rikice da kula da al'amuran jama'a, amma suna aiki cikin tsarin da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tsara. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> == Haraji da tattalin arziki == Karɓar haraji na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tsarin mulkin mallaka. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi amfani da shugabannin gundumomi da hukumomin gargajiya wajen tattara haraji da aiwatar da wasu umarnin gwamnati. Wannan ya ƙara wa shugabannin gundumomi nauyin gudanarwa tare da sauya dangantakar da ke tsakanin jama'a da hukumomin mulki. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba |first=Isa Alkali |title=Local Authority in Gombe Emirate with particular Reference to the Creation of the District Head System, 1902–1920 |journal=Chiefaincy and Security in Nigeria |year=2008 |url=https://auadamu.com/phocadownload/Books/2008%20Chiefaincy%20and%20Security%20in%20Nigeria%202008.pdf}}</ref> Noma, kiwo, kamun kifi da cinikayya sun kasance muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a yankin Gombe. Duk da cewa akwai canje-canje a tsarin gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ba duk sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki ne za a iya danganta su kai tsaye da Birtaniya ba. Ana buƙatar takamaiman bayanan tarihi domin tantance tasirin manufofin mulkin mallaka a kan noma, kasuwanni da rayuwar yau da kullum. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> == Tasirin mulkin mallaka a Gombe == Mulkin mallaka ya sauya tsarin siyasa da gudanarwa a Gombe ta hanyar kafa gundumomi, ƙarfafa tsarin karɓar haraji da sanya hukumomin gargajiya ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnatin Birtaniya. Sauya babban birnin masarautar daga Gombe Abba zuwa Nafada sannan zuwa Gombe-Doma ya kuma shafi matsayin wasu garuruwa a harkokin mulki. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British |work=Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |url=https://dailytrust.com/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british/}}</ref> Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen, sarakunan gargajiya da hukumomin yankin sun ci gaba da taka rawa a harkokin al'umma. Wasu daga cikin tsarin da aka kafa a lokacin mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da tasiri a tsarin gudanarwar yankin bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> == Ƙarshen mulkin mallaka == Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka kai tsaye a yankin Gombe, ko da yake tsarin hukumomin gargajiya da wasu hanyoyin gudanarwar da aka gina a zamanin mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da tasiri a siyasar yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an ci gaba da sake tsara tsarin gudanarwar yankin. An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, kuma daga baya aka raba yankin zuwa ƙananan hukumomi da dama. Waɗannan sauye-sauye sun kasance matakan tarihi na bayan mulkin mallaka, ba wani ɓangare na mulkin Birtaniya kai tsaye ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Strategic Education Sector Plan 2019–2028 |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 57gpjssw63tcqhx0d37wplxt039is2y 0 178774 965718 2026-10-10T09:15:04Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Gandun Dazuzzuka na Jihar Gombe''' su ne yankunan da aka ware domin kare dazuzzuka, ciyayi, bishiyoyi da sauran albarkatun muhalli a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Waɗannan wurare suna da muhimmanci wajen kiyaye halittu, rage zaizayar ƙasa, tallafa wa rayuwar al'ummomin karkara da kuma samar da albarkatun daji. Binciken kimiyya da aka gudanar a jihar ya nuna cewa gandun dazuzzukan suna taka rawa wajen kiyaye nau'o'in halittu da samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga mazauna yankunan d... 965718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gandun Dazuzzuka na Jihar Gombe''' su ne yankunan da aka ware domin kare dazuzzuka, ciyayi, bishiyoyi da sauran albarkatun muhalli a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Waɗannan wurare suna da muhimmanci wajen kiyaye halittu, rage zaizayar ƙasa, tallafa wa rayuwar al'ummomin karkara da kuma samar da albarkatun daji. Binciken kimiyya da aka gudanar a jihar ya nuna cewa gandun dazuzzukan suna taka rawa wajen kiyaye nau'o'in halittu da samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga mazauna yankunan da ke kewaye da su. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Mbaya |first=Lazarus Abore |last2=Hashidu |first2=Muhammad Saad |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}</ref> == Tarihi da kafa gandun dazuzzuka == Gandun dazuzzukan Gombe sun kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin kula da albarkatun muhalli da gandun daji a yankin. Rahoton jaridar ''Punch'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta gano tare da bayyana a hukumance aƙalla wuraren kiwo da gandun dazuzzuka guda 88, waɗanda suka haɗa da wuraren kiwo guda 58 da gandun dazuzzuka guda 30. Wannan adadi yana nuna bayanin da aka bayar a shekarar 2021, ba lallai ya zama sabon ƙididdigar dukkan wuraren da ake da su a yanzu ba. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=88 forest, grazing reserves facing threat of encroachment – Gombe |work=Punch |date=11 June 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/88-forest-grazing-reserves-facing-threat-of-encroachment-gombe/}}</ref> Daga cikin gandun dazuzzukan da aka yi nazari a kansu akwai Kanawa, Wawa da Lembi. Masu bincike sun zaɓi waɗannan wurare domin nazarin bambancin halittun daji da dangantakarsu da rayuwar al'ummomin karkara. Binciken ya taimaka wajen bayyana muhimmancin gandun dazuzzuka wajen kiyaye bishiyoyi da sauran albarkatun muhalli a jihar. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Mbaya |first=Lazarus Abore |last2=Hashidu |first2=Muhammad Saad |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}</ref> == Manyan gandun dazuzzuka == === Gandun Dajin Kanawa === Gandun Dajin Kanawa yana cikin ƙaramar hukumar Yamaltu/Deba ta Jihar Gombe. Yana daga cikin gandun dazuzzukan da aka gudanar da binciken kimiyya a kansu domin fahimtar yanayin ciyayi, nau'o'in bishiyoyi da tasirin amfani da albarkatun daji a kan rayuwar al'umma. A shekarar 2026, an buɗe sansanin rundunar Agro Rangers ta Hukumar NSCDC a cikin wannan gandun daji domin taimakawa wajen kare kadarorin noma da inganta tsaro a yankin. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=NSCDC unveils Agro Rangers base to secure Gombe’s agricultural assets |work=Punch |date=5 May 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/nscdc-unveils-agro-rangers-base-to-secure-gombes-agricultural-assets/}}</ref> === Gandun Dajin Wawa === Wawa yana daga cikin gandun dazuzzukan da aka yi nazari a kansu a Jihar Gombe. Binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya haɗa shi da Kanawa da Lembi wajen nazarin bambancin halittun daji da tasirin gandun dazuzzuka ga rayuwar al'ummomin karkara. Haka kuma, rahoton ''Punch'' na shekarar 2021 ya ambaci Wawa-Zange a cikin bayanan wuraren kiwo na jihar, amma Wawa-Zange da Gandun Dajin Wawa bai kamata a ɗauke su a matsayin wuri guda ba tare da ƙarin hujja ba. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Mbaya |first=Lazarus Abore |last2=Hashidu |first2=Muhammad Saad |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=88 forest, grazing reserves facing threat of encroachment – Gombe |work=Punch |date=11 June 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/88-forest-grazing-reserves-facing-threat-of-encroachment-gombe/}}</ref> === Gandun Dajin Lembi === Lembi yana cikin gandun dazuzzukan da aka zaɓa domin nazarin bambancin halittun daji a Jihar Gombe. Masu bincike sun haɗa shi da Kanawa da Wawa wajen tantance yanayin albarkatun daji da tasirinsu ga rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kusa. Sai dai, ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai daga hukumomin gandun daji domin tabbatar da iyakokinsa, girmansa da cikakken tarihin kafa shi. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Mbaya |first=Lazarus Abore |last2=Hashidu |first2=Muhammad Saad |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}</ref> == Muhimmancin gandun dazuzzuka == === Kiyaye halittu === Gandun dazuzzuka suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye nau'o'in bishiyoyi da sauran halittu, tare da samar da wuraren zama ga tsuntsaye, ƙwari da sauran dabbobi. Binciken gandun dazuzzukan Kanawa, Wawa da Lembi ya nuna muhimmancin nazarin bambancin halittu domin fahimtar yanayin muhalli da yadda ake iya kiyaye shi. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Mbaya |first=Lazarus Abore |last2=Hashidu |first2=Muhammad Saad |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}</ref> === Kare ƙasa da muhalli === Bishiyoyi da ciyayi suna taimakawa wajen rage zaizayar ƙasa, riƙe danshi da kuma rage illolin sare bishiyoyi. Idan aka lalata gandun daji, ƙasa na iya rasa kariya daga iska da ruwan sama, wanda zai iya rage ingancinta da lalata muhallin halittu. Nazarin yanayin ciyayi a Kanawa ya jaddada muhimmancin kula da gandun dajin da kuma amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar da ba za ta lalata albarkatun muhalli ba. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science |year=2025 |doi=10.26765/DRJAFS307685291 |url=https://journals.directresearchpublisher.org/index.php/drjafs/article/download/18/13/24}}</ref> === Tallafa wa rayuwar al'umma === Al'ummomin karkara na iya dogaro da albarkatun daji wajen samun itacen girki, wasu kayan aikin gida da sauran kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullum. Binciken da aka gudanar a Jihar Gombe ya yi nazari kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gandun dazuzzuka da rayuwar al'ummomin karkara. Duk da haka, amfani da albarkatun daji yana buƙatar kulawa domin kada ya jawo lalacewar gandun dajin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Mbaya |first=Lazarus Abore |last2=Hashidu |first2=Muhammad Saad |title=Status of forest reserves (savanna woodland) biodiversity and rural livelihoods in Gombe state |journal=International Journal of Development and Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=2017 |pages=2173–2192 |url=https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v6n12-20.pdf}}</ref> == Matsalolin da gandun dazuzzuka ke fuskanta == === Mamaye filaye da sare bishiyoyi === Mamaye wuraren da aka ware domin gandun daji da sare bishiyoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba na daga cikin matsalolin da aka bayyana a Jihar Gombe. A shekarar 2021, gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cewa yawancin wuraren kiwo da gandun dazuzzuka da aka tanada sun fuskanci mamaya da lalacewa. Wannan yanayi yana nuna buƙatar ƙarfafa sa ido, tabbatar da iyakokin wuraren da aka ware da kuma wayar da kan al'umma game da muhimmancin kare albarkatun muhalli. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=88 forest, grazing reserves facing threat of encroachment – Gombe |work=Punch |date=11 June 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/88-forest-grazing-reserves-facing-threat-of-encroachment-gombe/}}</ref> === Matsalolin tsaro da rikice-rikicen amfani da ƙasa === Rikice-rikicen da suka shafi manoma da makiyaya da kuma amfani da wuraren da aka ware domin kiwo na iya shafar gudanar da gandun dazuzzuka. A shekarar 2026, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta fara aiwatar da shawarwarin wani rahoton gwamnati game da wuraren kiwo, gandun dazuzzuka, wuraren ajiyar namun daji da hanyoyin shanu. An kuma buɗe sansanin Agro Rangers a Kanawa domin ƙarfafa kariyar kadarorin noma da taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin tsaro. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe enforces grazing, forest reforms to boost security |work=Punch |date=5 March 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-enforces-grazing-forest-reforms-to-boost-security/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=NSCDC unveils Agro Rangers base to secure Gombe’s agricultural assets |work=Punch |date=5 May 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/nscdc-unveils-agro-rangers-base-to-secure-gombes-agricultural-assets/}}</ref> == Matakan kare gandun dazuzzuka == Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ɗauki matakai na sake duba yadda ake gudanar da wuraren kiwo, gandun dazuzzuka da sauran wuraren da aka ware domin amfani na musamman. A shekarar 2026, an kafa kwamitin aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton gwamnati domin tsara yadda za a aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da suka shafi waɗannan wurare. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe unveils committee on grazing, forest reserve reforms |work=Punch |date=15 January 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-unveils-committee-on-grazing-forest-reserve-reforms/}}</ref> Haka kuma, horar da jami'an kula da gandun daji da kafa sansanonin tsaro na daga cikin matakan da aka ɗauka domin ƙarfafa kariyar yankunan karkara da albarkatun noma. A watan Maris na shekarar 2026, an kai jami'an kula da gandun daji daga Gombe domin samun horo a jihar Osun. Tasirin waɗannan matakai ga rage sare bishiyoyi da kare halittu zai buƙaci sa ido da tantance sakamakonsu a nan gaba. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=Gombe deploys 700 forest guard recruits for training in Osun |work=Punch |date=11 March 2026 |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-deploys-700-forest-guard-recruits-for-training-in-osun/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Gandun Dajin Kanawa]] * [[Muhalli a Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1hqtfcwsg4hio5vtd7uwm8ugpp1bd4h 0 178775 965721 2026-10-10T09:23:16Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Kogunan Jihar Gombe''' su ne koguna da rafuka da suke gudana a cikin Jihar Gombe, da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Albarkatun ruwan jihar suna da muhimmanci ga noma, kamun kifi, samar da ruwan sha da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin muhimman tsarin kogunan yankin akwai Kogin Gongola, wanda ya haɗa da yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Dadin Kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper B... 965721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogunan Jihar Gombe''' su ne koguna da rafuka da suke gudana a cikin Jihar Gombe, da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Albarkatun ruwan jihar suna da muhimmanci ga noma, kamun kifi, samar da ruwan sha da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin muhimman tsarin kogunan yankin akwai Kogin Gongola, wanda ya haɗa da yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Dadin Kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10}}</ref> == Manyan koguna == === Kogin Gongola === '''Kogin Gongola''' yana daga cikin manyan kogunan Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, kuma yana daga cikin manyan rafukan da suke kwarara zuwa Kogin Benue. Kogin yana gudana ta yankuna da dama na arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, ciki har da wasu sassan Jihar Gombe. Ruwan kogin da rafukansa suna ƙaruwa a lokacin damina, musamman a watannin Agusta da Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Kingsley |title=Buhari flags-off search for petroleum in Gongola Basin |url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-flags-off-search-for-petroleum-in-gongola-basin/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Kogin Gongola yana da muhimmanci ga al'ummomin da suke zaune a gefensa. Ana amfani da ruwan yankin wajen ayyukan noma da kamun kifi, yayin da wasu al'ummomi suke dogara da hanyoyin ruwa domin zirga-zirga. A shekarar 2025, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin sufurin ruwa a ƙauyen Kupto da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Funakaye, a kan ɓangaren sama na Kogin Gongola, tare da samar da rigunan kariya ga fasinjojin kwale-kwale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sani |first=Najib |title=Gombe launches marine service, supplies 700 life jackets for boat passengers |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-launches-marine-service-supplies-700-life-jackets-for-boat-passengers/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-09-09}}</ref> === Kogin da ke samar da Tafkin Dadin Kowa === Kogin Gongola yana ciyar da madatsar ruwa ta Dadin Kowa, wadda take kusa da ƙauyen Dadin Kowa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Yamaltu/Deba ta Jihar Gombe. Madatsar ta samar da babban tafki da ake kira Tafkin Dadin Kowa, wanda yake da muhimmanci wajen adana ruwa da gudanar da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha, ban-ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2024, Ma'aikatar Yaɗa Labarai da Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta wallafa rahoton ziyarar ministan albarkatun ruwa zuwa madatsar Dadin Kowa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa ana gudanar da sa ido da bincike akai-akai domin tabbatar da tsaron madatsar da ingancin aikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin-Kowa Dam is Secure and Fully Functional, Says Minister of Water Resources and Sanitation |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/dadin-kowa-dam-is-secure-and-fully-functional-says-minister-of-water-resources-and-sanitation/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=2024-09-04}}</ref> == Muhimmancin kogunan jihar == === Noma da ban-ruwa === Koguna da tafkunan da ke Jihar Gombe suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwa ga ayyukan noma. Musamman, tsarin ban-ruwa na Dadin Kowa yana amfani da ruwan madatsar domin taimaka wa manoma wajen noman amfanin gona. Wannan yana da muhimmanci a yankin da ake fuskantar sauyin yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin lokacin damina da lokacin rani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Irrigation Scheme (DKIS) |url=https://www.triming.org/schemes/dadin-kowa-irrigation-scheme-dkis/ |website=Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria |access-date=2026-10-10}}</ref> === Kamun kifi da tattalin arziki === Ruwan Kogin Gongola da Tafkin Dadin Kowa suna samar da muhalli ga kifaye, tare da ba wasu mazauna yankin damar gudanar da kamun kifi da sana'o'in da suka danganci albarkatun ruwa. Haka kuma, samar da hanyoyin sufurin ruwa a wasu yankuna yana taimaka wa zirga-zirgar jama'a, musamman a al'ummomin karkara da suke kusa da kogin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sani |first=Najib |title=Gombe launches marine service, supplies 700 life jackets for boat passengers |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-launches-marine-service-supplies-700-life-jackets-for-boat-passengers/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-09-09}}</ref> === Ruwan sha da samar da wutar lantarki === Madatsar Dadin Kowa tana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa a jihar. An tsara ta ne domin amfani da ruwa wajen ban-ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, sannan ayyukan samar da ruwan sha sun taimaka wajen kai ruwa ga birnin Gombe da wasu al'ummomin da ke kusa. Hukumar kula da rafin Upper Benue ce take wallafa bayanai game da ayyukan madatsar da shirye-shiryen ban-ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10}}</ref> == Matsaloli da kare muhalli == Koguna da tafkunan jihar na iya fuskantar matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina, zaizayar ƙasa, gurɓacewar ruwa da kuma matsin lamba daga ayyukan ɗan Adam. Saboda haka, sa ido kan matakin ruwa, kiyaye muhalli da bin ƙa'idojin tsaron sufurin ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen kare rayuka da dukiyoyi. A shekarar 2025, rahotannin ƙasa baki ɗaya sun nuna cewa Kogin Gongola yana cikin kogunan da za su iya taimakawa wajen ƙara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa idan matakan ruwan suka yi yawa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ochojila |first=Ameh |title=NiHSA issues red alert as major dams overflow |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nihsa-issues-red-alert-as-major-dams-overflow/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-09-18}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kogin Gongola]] * [[Madatsar Ruwa ta Dadin Kowa]] * [[Tafkin Dadin Kowa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 829abca8pgcvnuvtqv3yi1uc0lr0ipg 2 178776 965739 2026-10-10T10:21:23Z Asbssg 9150 /* */ Mu Page 965739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Abubakar S. Bazuka|image=[[File:Abubakar_S._Bazuka.png]]|caption=Bazuka at his residence near [[Zuma Rock]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=30|1987|10|2}}|birth_place=[[Gombe, Gombe State]],<br>[[Nigeria]]|residence=[[Suleja]], [[Nigeria]]|alma_mater=[[GCDSS PMB 088 Gombe]]|occupation=Volunteer at Wikipedia and Google, Electrical Engineer, Social Media Expert.|years_active=2007-present|spouses={{marriage|Balkeesu Jibrin<br>|2011}} * {{marriage |Habiba Salihu<br>|2025}}|children=1- Aishat 2- Hafsat 3- Muhammad 4- Jibrin 5- Hauwa'u 6- Maryam|website={{URL|www.facebook.com/asbazuka}}}} '''Abubakar S. Bazuka ''' (born '''Abubakar Shehu Bazuka ''' on 2 October 1987) [[Anguwar Jakada]], [[Gombe, Gombe State]] is a [[Nigerian]] Wikipedia and Google Volunteer, Political Commentator, Electrical engineer and Social Media Expert, He served several years in contributing to the Wikipedia, Google Map and other Social Media platforms, he travels across all the thirty six (36) states of the Federal Republic of [[Nigeria]]. [[Fayil:My_file_Mr._ASB.png]] '''Bazuka near Kofa Dam''' [[Suleja]] 3udajv1k2crz9qxp7rkplh13d7t3xqt 965743 965739 2026-10-10T10:41:45Z Asbssg 9150 /* */ 965743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Abubakar S. Bazuka|image=[[File:Abubakar_S._Bazuka.png]]|caption=Bazuka at his residence near [[Zuma Rock]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=30|1987|10|2}}|birth_place=[[Gombe, Gombe State]],<br>[[Nigeria]]|residence=[[Suleja]], [[Nigeria]]|alma_mater=[[GCDSS PMB 088 Gombe]]|occupation= Mai bada gudumawa a Wikipedia da Google, Engineer a fannin lantarki, mai sharhi a shafukan Sada zumunta.|years_active=2007-present|spouses={{marriage|Balkeesu Jibrin<br>|2011}} * {{marriage |Habiba Salihu<br>|2025}}|children=1- Aishat 2- Hafsat 3- Muhammad 4- Jibrin 5- Hauwa'u 6- Maryam|website={{URL|www.facebook.com/asbazuka}}}} '''Abubakar S. Bazuka ''' (haihuwa '''Abubakar Shehu Bazuka ''' a ranar 2 ga watan October 1987) a [[Anguwar Jakada]] dake a garin [[Gombe, Gombe State]] a [[Nigerian]], shi mai bada gudumawa ne a Wikipedia da Google sannan mai sharhi akan al'amuran yau da kullum a harkar siyasa, Engineer ne a fannin lantarki kuma mai sharhi akan al'amura na yau da kullum a shafukan Sada zumunta, ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci yana bada gudumawa a shafukan Wikipedia da Google Map da ma wasu shafukan na yanar gizo, matafiyine kuma ya zaga dukkanin Jihohin Nijeriya guda 36 da Abuja [[Fayil:My_file_Mr._ASB.png]] '''Bazuka near Kofa Dam''' [[Suleja]] 5dpxa250nwlxekbchvpb67n474vhzt2 965748 965743 2026-10-10T10:46:18Z Asbssg 9150 /* */ 965748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Abubakar S. Bazuka|image=[[File:Abubakar_S._Bazuka.png]]|caption=Bazuka at his residence near [[Zuma Rock]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=30|1987|10|2}}|birth_place=[[Gombe, Gombe State]],<br>[[Nigeria]]|residence=[[Suleja]], [[Nigeria]]|alma_mater=[[GCDSS PMB 088 Gombe]]|occupation= Mai bada gudumawa a Wikipedia da Google, Engineer a fannin lantarki, mai sharhi a shafukan Sada zumunta.|years_active=2007-zuwa yau|spouses={{marriage|Balkeesu Jibrin<br>|2011}} * {{marriage |Habiba Salihu<br>|2025}}|children=1- Aishat 2- Hafsat 3- Muhammad 4- Jibrin 5- Hauwa'u 6- Maryam|website={{URL|www.facebook.com/asbazuka}}}} '''Abubakar S. Bazuka ''' (haihuwa '''Abubakar Shehu Bazuka ''' a ranar 2 ga watan October 1987) a [[Anguwar Jakada]] dake a garin [[Gombe, Gombe State]] a [[Nigerian]], shi mai bada gudumawa ne a Wikipedia da Google sannan mai sharhi akan al'amuran yau da kullum a harkar siyasa, Engineer ne a fannin lantarki kuma mai sharhi akan al'amura na yau da kullum a shafukan Sada zumunta, ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci yana bada gudumawa a shafukan Wikipedia da Google Map da ma wasu shafukan na yanar gizo, matafiyine kuma ya zaga dukkanin Jihohin Nijeriya guda 36 da Abuja [[Fayil:My_file_Mr._ASB.png]] '''Bazuka near Kofa Dam''' [[Suleja]] d4q25a1amwefk405ysew8odyj2s9r5b 3 178777 965745 2026-10-10T10:43:47Z M7 3588 M7 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Andrei Stroe]] to [[Tattaunawar user:SlartibartfastT]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Andrei Stroe|Andrei Stroe]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SlartibartfastT|SlartibartfastT]]" 965745 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:SlartibartfastT]] pcpgztyltz7bq7a0zw4a28d3nkkcvb2 0 178778 965755 2026-10-10T11:41:53Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351238342|Martha's Vineyard Summer Institute]]" 965755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar bazara ta Martha's Vineyard''' ita ce [[makarantar bazara]] ta farko ga malamai a Amurka. An fara makarantar a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1878 kuma aka rufe ta a watan Yunin shekarar 1906. Tana cikin Cottage City, [[Massachusetts]], Cottage City tana kusa da ƙarshen gabashin tsibirin Martha's Vineyard kuma {{Convert|6|miles}} daga Wood's Hole a babban ƙasar. Cibiyar ta yi amfani da nau'ikan azuzuwa guda uku, tana koyar da fannoni na musamman na ilimi, fasaha, da kuma koyarwa . Lokacin da aka fara aikinta, yanayin ra'ayin jama'a ya yi muni. Daga baya, wannan ra'ayi ya canza. == Tarihi == [[File:Homer_Baxter_Sprague_1916_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Homer B. Sprague]] [[File:Portrait_of_W.J._Rolfe.jpg|thumb| William James Rolfe]] [[Fayil:William_A._Mowry_(The_School_Journal,_1905).png|thumb| William Augustus Mowry]] Wanda ya kafa wannan kamfani shi ne Col. Homer B. Sprague, Ph.D., a wancan lokacin, babban malamin makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata da ke Boston. Tsawon shekaru da dama, ya tsara tsare-tsaren makarantar kuma ya sanya su cikin nasara a cikin aikin. Ya zaɓi wurin, yana sha'awar wasu a cikin shirin, ya fara aiki da shirin, sannan ya ci gaba da gudanar da makarantar har sai an kafa ta a ƙarƙashin dokokin Commonwealth of Massachusetts, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na dindindin na jihar. Ya gina wani gini, wanda ya isa ga manufar, inda za a iya yin karatun ayoyi goma sha shida a cikin awa ɗaya. Ya fara ne da wasu malamai kaɗan, galibi daga [[Boston]], da kuma ƙaramin adadin ɗalibai, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman. A zaman farko, ɗalibai 75 ko 80 ne suka halarci. Gininsa na farko kuma mafi girma, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da girmamawa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta wanda ya fara kafa makarantar bazara a Tsibirin Penikese, "Agassiz Hall", an gina shi a shekarar 1882, kuma an fara gina shi ne a wannan shekarar. A wancan lokacin Sprague ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ƙasar ya tafi Turai. Sprague ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1878 zuwa 1882. Dr. William James Rolfe, masanin Shakespeare, ya gaje shi, wanda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga 1882 zuwa 1887. Sai kuma William Augustus Mowry wanda ya biyo bayan Rolfe. Gina wani babban gini don amfanin cibiyar kawai ya hau kan Farfesa Benjamin W. Putnam, wanda tsawon shekaru da yawa ya kasance magatakardar cibiyar kuma babban manaja. A shekarar 1886, lokacin da Mowry ya fara koyarwa a cibiyar, ba ta cikin yanayi mai kyau na kuɗi. A ƙarshen zaman, ana bin ta bashin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na wancan lokacin da na shekarun da suka gabata, har zuwa kimanin {{US$|2300}} . An rarraba takardar biyan kuɗi tsakanin malamai da wasu mutane, kuma an tara kimanin {{US$|1200}} don biyan wannan bashin. An biya dukkan bashin daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga na cibiyar a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ciki har da 1880-90. Jimillar malamai, cibiyar ta taimaka wa malamai tsakanin 7,500 zuwa 10,000. Amma a shekarar 1905, an fahimci cewa ba a buƙatar ayyukanta ba domin an buɗe makarantu masu kyau a duk sassan ƙasar, inda malamai za su iya samun koyarwa mai kyau a farashi mai rahusa fiye da tafiya zuwa Cottage City. A wannan shekarar, daraktocin da kamfanonin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don rufe makarantar. An naɗa Mowry wakili don sayar da kadarorin, na gaske da na sirri, da kuma biyan duk wasu kuɗaɗen da aka biya wa cibiyar. Ba a sami wani mai siye a wancan lokacin don kadarorin ba, kuma an mallaki bankin ajiyar kuɗi, wanda ke riƙe da jinginar gida a kai. A watan Yunin 1906, an sayar da kadarorin mutum, kuma an biya dukkan kuɗaɗen. Saboda haka, kasuwancin cibiyar ya rufe. == Malamai == [[Fayil:Andrew_W._Edson_(The_Journal_of_Education,_1902).png|left|thumb| Andrew W. Edson]] An yi gyaran tsarin gudanarwa a shekarar 1888, kuma an ƙara sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga makarantar. Sabuwar fasalin da ta fi shahara ita ce "Makarantar Hanyoyi", wadda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Andrew W. Edson]], wakilin hukumar ilimi ta Massachusetts. Wannan sashen, kowace shekara tun daga lokacin, yana gudanar da zaman makonni uku ko huɗu, tare da malamai 12-15 a fannin Hanyoyin Koyarwa a rassan makarantun gama gari na Amurka. Waɗannan fannoni sune: Lissafi, zane-zanen allo, zane, labarin ƙasa, tarihi, makarantar yara, harshe, ilimin halittar jiki, kimiyyar halitta, ilimin tarbiyya, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, aikin rubutu, motsa jiki, kula da makaranta, da kiɗan murya. Baya ga darussan firamare da sakandare da aka saba yi, Makarantar Hanyoyi ta kuma bayar da kwas na gaba ɗaya wanda ya haɗa da karatun yara, koyarwa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma tarurrukan teburi na yau da kullun kan aikin masu kula da makarantu da masu kula da su. == Gine-gine da kayan aiki == An gina wani ginin cafe mai kayan girki da ɗakin cin abinci mai kyau a shekarun 1880. A shekarar 1890, cibiyar ta ƙara ɗakin kwanan dalibai a sauran wuraren da take. A shekara mai zuwa, daraktocin sun yi muhimman gyare-gyare a gidan. An gina wani babban ƙari ga ɗakin girkin, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|25|x|25|ft}} . Duk gine-ginen - jimilla biyar - an yi musu fenti sosai kuma an yi musu tsari mai kyau, yayin da aka yi wa gidan shayin ado. An yi wa bankin tsakuwa da ke gefen kudu na cibiyar gwaji sannan aka shuka shi da hatsi da irin ciyawa. Gabaɗaya, tsakanin 1889 da 1894, an kashe kimanin {{US$|5000}} akan kadarar, wanda aka biya duka da wuri daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga. Ba a ware kuɗin makaranta don waɗannan gyare-gyare na dindindin ba. A shekarar 1894, an gina sabon babban ɗakin taro, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|50|x|65|ft}}, tare da ɗakunan ƙasa don dalilai na aji. == Rayuwar ɗalibi == Kowace shekara, makarantar ta faɗaɗa shirinta na aiki tare da ƙara yawan masu zuwa makaranta. Ci gaban kayayyakinta ya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da karuwar adadi. Ingancin malaman ya inganta sosai. A shekarar 1888, matsakaicin albashin malaman da suka halarci taron shekara-shekara bai kai {{US$|400}} ba a kowace shekara. Bayan haka, adadin malamai da ke karɓar ƙaramin albashi ya ƙaru, kamar yadda kuma waɗanda ke cikin manyan matsayi na aiki suka ƙaru, kamar malamai da shugabannin makarantun sakandare, makarantun horarwa, makarantun yau da kullun, da makarantu, farfesoshi a kwalejoji, da kuma shugabannin makarantu. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa matsakaicin albashin shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa sosai har a shekarar 1894, ya wuce {{US$|700}}, kuma a shekarar 1904, ya wuce {{US$|900}} . Matsakaicin ya kasance daga ƙasa da {{US$|167}} a shekara zuwa {{US$|3000}}, kuma a wani yanayi, {{US$|6000}}, mafi girma. A shekarar 1894, malamai sama da 700 ne suka halarci taron, wadanda suka wakilci jihohi da kasashe 35. An dakatar da azuzuwan kowace rana daga ƙarfe 11:30 na dare&nbsp;na safe har zuwa 2:00&nbsp;yamma don yin iyo da kuma lokacin cin abincin dare. == Manazarta == tcx5pz2uqybso3q04jkjo1wuf3ri84n 965756 965755 2026-10-10T11:42:35Z Arcdanumma047 38699 965756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar bazara ta Martha's Vineyard''' ita ce [[makarantar bazara]] ta farko ga malamai a Amurka. An fara makarantar a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1878 kuma aka rufe ta a watan Yunin shekarar 1906. Tana cikin Cottage City, [[Massachusetts]], Cottage City tana kusa da ƙarshen gabashin tsibirin Martha's Vineyard kuma {{Convert|6|miles}} daga Wood's Hole a babban ƙasar. Cibiyar ta yi amfani da nau'ikan azuzuwa guda uku, tana koyar da fannoni na musamman na ilimi, fasaha, da kuma koyarwa . Lokacin da aka fara aikinta, yanayin ra'ayin jama'a ya yi muni. Daga baya, wannan ra'ayi ya canza. == Tarihi == [[File:Homer_Baxter_Sprague_1916_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Homer B. Sprague]] [[File:Portrait_of_W.J._Rolfe.jpg|thumb| William James Rolfe]] [[Fayil:William_A._Mowry_(The_School_Journal,_1905).png|thumb| William Augustus Mowry]] Wanda ya kafa wannan kamfani shi ne Col. Homer B. Sprague, Ph.D., a wancan lokacin, babban malamin makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata da ke Boston. Tsawon shekaru da dama, ya tsara tsare-tsaren makarantar kuma ya sanya su cikin nasara a cikin aikin. Ya zaɓi wurin, yana sha'awar wasu a cikin shirin, ya fara aiki da shirin, sannan ya ci gaba da gudanar da makarantar har sai an kafa ta a ƙarƙashin dokokin Commonwealth of Massachusetts, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na dindindin na jihar. Ya gina wani gini, wanda ya isa ga manufar, inda za a iya yin karatun ayoyi goma sha shida a cikin awa ɗaya. Ya fara ne da wasu malamai kaɗan, galibi daga [[Boston]], da kuma ƙaramin adadin ɗalibai, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman. A zaman farko, ɗalibai 75 ko 80 ne suka halarci. Gininsa na farko kuma mafi girma, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da girmamawa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta wanda ya fara kafa makarantar bazara a Tsibirin Penikese, "Agassiz Hall", an gina shi a shekarar 1882, kuma an fara gina shi ne a wannan shekarar. A wancan lokacin Sprague ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ƙasar ya tafi Turai. Sprague ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1878 zuwa 1882. Dr. William James Rolfe, masanin Shakespeare, ya gaje shi, wanda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga 1882 zuwa 1887. Sai kuma William Augustus Mowry wanda ya biyo bayan Rolfe. Gina wani babban gini don amfanin cibiyar kawai ya hau kan Farfesa Benjamin W. Putnam, wanda tsawon shekaru da yawa ya kasance magatakardar cibiyar kuma babban manaja. A shekarar 1886, lokacin da Mowry ya fara koyarwa a cibiyar, ba ta cikin yanayi mai kyau na kuɗi. A ƙarshen zaman, ana bin ta bashin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na wancan lokacin da na shekarun da suka gabata, har zuwa kimanin {{US$|2300}} . An rarraba takardar biyan kuɗi tsakanin malamai da wasu mutane, kuma an tara kimanin {{US$|1200}} don biyan wannan bashin. An biya dukkan bashin daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga na cibiyar a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ciki har da 1880-90. Jimillar malamai, cibiyar ta taimaka wa malamai tsakanin 7,500 zuwa 10,000. Amma a shekarar 1905, an fahimci cewa ba a buƙatar ayyukanta ba domin an buɗe makarantu masu kyau a duk sassan ƙasar, inda malamai za su iya samun koyarwa mai kyau a farashi mai rahusa fiye da tafiya zuwa Cottage City. A wannan shekarar, daraktocin da kamfanonin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don rufe makarantar. An naɗa Mowry wakili don sayar da kadarorin, na gaske da na sirri, da kuma biyan duk wasu kuɗaɗen da aka biya wa cibiyar. Ba a sami wani mai siye a wancan lokacin don kadarorin ba, kuma an mallaki bankin ajiyar kuɗi, wanda ke riƙe da jinginar gida a kai. A watan Yunin 1906, an sayar da kadarorin mutum, kuma an biya dukkan kuɗaɗen. Saboda haka, kasuwancin cibiyar ya rufe. == Malamai == [[Fayil:Andrew_W._Edson_(The_Journal_of_Education,_1902).png|left|thumb| Andrew W. Edson]] An yi gyaran tsarin gudanarwa a shekarar 1888, kuma an ƙara sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga makarantar. Sabuwar fasalin da ta fi shahara ita ce "Makarantar Hanyoyi", wadda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Andrew W. Edson]], wakilin hukumar ilimi ta Massachusetts. Wannan sashen, kowace shekara tun daga lokacin, yana gudanar da zaman makonni uku ko huɗu, tare da malamai 12-15 a fannin Hanyoyin Koyarwa a rassan makarantun gama gari na Amurka. Waɗannan fannoni sune: Lissafi, zane-zanen allo, zane, labarin ƙasa, tarihi, makarantar yara, harshe, ilimin halittar jiki, kimiyyar halitta, ilimin tarbiyya, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, aikin rubutu, motsa jiki, kula da makaranta, da kiɗan murya. Baya ga darussan firamare da sakandare da aka saba yi, Makarantar Hanyoyi ta kuma bayar da kwas na gaba ɗaya wanda ya haɗa da karatun yara, koyarwa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma tarurrukan teburi na yau da kullun kan aikin masu kula da makarantu da masu kula da su. == Gine-gine da kayan aiki == An gina wani ginin cafe mai kayan girki da ɗakin cin abinci mai kyau a shekarun 1880. A shekarar 1890, cibiyar ta ƙara ɗakin kwanan dalibai a sauran wuraren da take. A shekara mai zuwa, daraktocin sun yi muhimman gyare-gyare a gidan. An gina wani babban ƙari ga ɗakin girkin, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|25|x|25|ft}} . Duk gine-ginen - jimilla biyar - an yi musu fenti sosai kuma an yi musu tsari mai kyau, yayin da aka yi wa gidan shayin ado. An yi wa bankin tsakuwa da ke gefen kudu na cibiyar gwaji sannan aka shuka shi da hatsi da irin ciyawa. Gabaɗaya, tsakanin 1889 da 1894, an kashe kimanin {{US$|5000}} akan kadarar, wanda aka biya duka da wuri daga ƙarin kuɗin shiga. Ba a ware kuɗin makaranta don waɗannan gyare-gyare na dindindin ba. A shekarar 1894, an gina sabon babban ɗakin taro, wanda girmansa ya kai {{Convert|50|x|65|ft}}, tare da ɗakunan ƙasa don dalilai na aji. == Rayuwar ɗalibi == Kowace shekara, makarantar ta faɗaɗa shirinta na aiki tare da ƙara yawan masu zuwa makaranta. Ci gaban kayayyakinta ya ci gaba da tafiya daidai da karuwar adadi. Ingancin malaman ya inganta sosai. A shekarar 1888, matsakaicin albashin malaman da suka halarci taron shekara-shekara bai kai {{US$|400}} ba a kowace shekara. Bayan haka, adadin malamai da ke karɓar ƙaramin albashi ya ƙaru, kamar yadda kuma waɗanda ke cikin manyan matsayi na aiki suka ƙaru, kamar malamai da shugabannin makarantun sakandare, makarantun horarwa, makarantun yau da kullun, da makarantu, farfesoshi a kwalejoji, da kuma shugabannin makarantu. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa matsakaicin albashin shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa sosai har a shekarar 1894, ya wuce {{US$|700}}, kuma a shekarar 1904, ya wuce {{US$|900}} . Matsakaicin ya kasance daga ƙasa da {{US$|167}} a shekara zuwa {{US$|3000}}, kuma a wani yanayi, {{US$|6000}}, mafi girma. A shekarar 1894, malamai sama da 700 ne suka halarci taron, wadanda suka wakilci jihohi da kasashe 35. An dakatar da azuzuwan kowace rana daga ƙarfe 11:30 na dare&nbsp;na safe har zuwa 2:00&nbsp;yamma don yin iyo da kuma lokacin cin abincin dare. == Manazarta == 7kyip7v3nvks7hbry8o6mozwnp7ohcn 0 178779 965760 2026-10-10T11:48:00Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373837516|International school]]" 965760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ISPP_International_School_of_Phnom_Penh_Cambodia.jpg|thumb| Makarantar Duniya ta Phnom Penh Cambodia]] '''Makarantun ƙasashen duniya''' makarantu ne na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke haɓaka ilimi a cikin yanayi ko tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa . Duk da cewa babu wani tsari ko sharudda iri ɗaya, makarantun ƙasashen duniya galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ma'aikata na ƙasashen duniya, koyarwa a harsuna da yawa, manhajoji da suka mayar da hankali kan ra'ayoyi da darussa na duniya, da kuma haɓaka ra'ayoyi kamar zama ɗan ƙasa na duniya, [[Sadarwar al'adu|fahimtar]] al'adu daban -daban; <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=What Makes a School International? {{!}} The International Educator (TIE Online) |url=https://www.tieonline.com/article/87/what-makes-a-school-international- |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.tieonline.com |language=EN}}</ref> yawancinsu makarantu ne masu zaman kansu. Many international schools adopt a curriculum from programmes and organisations such as the International Baccalaureate, Cambridge International Education, European Baccalaureate, Edexcel, FOBISIA, International Primary Curriculum, or Advanced Placement. International schools often follow a curriculum different from the host country, catering mainly to foreign students, such as members of expatriate communities, international businesses or organisations, diplomatic missions, or missionary programmes. Admission is sometimes open to local students to provide qualifications for employment or higher education in a foreign country, offer high-level language instruction, and/or foster cultural and global awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-19 |title=The Importance of International Schools |url=https://ambassadorpolt.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/the-importance-of-international-schools/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Ambassador Michael C. Polt (ret) |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Makarantar farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa za a iya samo ta ne daga Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Geneva, wacce Arthur Sweetser da Ludwik Rajchman suka kafa a shekarar 1924, tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin harsuna biyu ( [[Turanci]] da [[Faransanci]] ). Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an kafa Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Yokohama a Yamate, [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fundamentals of Educational Planning – 92 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000180396 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Waɗannan makarantu suna kula da yara 'yan asalin ƙasashen waje. Waɗannan za su iya haɗawa da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu wa'azi, sojoji, ma'aikatan kasuwanci da aka tura zuwa ofisoshin ƙasashen waje, da sauransu. Misali zai zama yaran sojojin Amurka da ke halartar Makarantar Tsaro Masu Dogara (DoDDS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense Primer: DOD Dependents Overseas Schools (DODDS) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13070 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> == Sharuɗɗa == A wani taro da aka gudanar a [[Italiya]] a shekarar 2009, Ƙungiyar Kula da Laburare ta Makarantu ta Duniya ta fitar da jerin sharuɗɗa don bayyana makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Makes a School International? {{!}} The International Educator (TIE Online) |url=https://www.tieonline.com/view_article.cfm?ArticleID=87 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.tieonline.com |language=EN}}</ref> * Canja wurin ilimin ɗalibi a makarantun ƙasashen duniya * Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaura (fiye da na makarantun jiha ko na gwamnati) * Ƙungiyar ɗalibai masu harsuna daban-daban da na ƙasa da ƙasa * Manhajar karatu ta ƙasa da ƙasa * Takardar shaidar ƙasa da ƙasa (misali Majalisar Makarantun Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Babbar Digiri ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Babbar Digiri ta Turai, Karatun Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Cambridge da sauransu) * Malamai na wucin gadi da na ƙasashen duniya daban-daban * Rijistar ɗalibai ba ta zaɓe ba * Yawanci, [[Turanci|harshen Turanci]] na koyarwa, tare da wajibcin ɗaukar aƙalla ƙarin harshe ɗaya akan Duk da haka, malamai ba sa jituwa kan ainihin ƙa'idodin da ya kamata a mayar da hankali a kansu. Abubuwa kamar tarihin ƙasashen duniya, al'adu, da hangen nesa a cikin manhajar ilimi suna sa makaranta ta zama "ta duniya". Duk da cewa ƙasar ɗalibai tana taka muhimmiyar rawa, yadda ake isar da ilimin yana da mahimmanci. <ref name=":1" /> == Harsunan koyarwa == Duk da cewa makarantun ƙasashen duniya masu harshen Ingilishi su ne suka fi yawa, akwai makarantu da yawa na ƙasashen duniya da ke koyarwa galibi a cikin wasu harsuna. Misali, akwai makarantu 140 na Jamus a ƙasashen waje waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ta Jamus ta amince da su kuma wani ɓangare nasu suna ba da kuɗaɗen tallafi ta hanyar Hukumar Tsakiya ta Makarantun Jamus a Ƙasashen Waje ( ''Zentralstelle für das Auslandschulwesen'' ) da Ofishin Gudanarwa na Tarayya ( ''Bundesverwaltungsamt'' ) wanda ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta gwamnatin Jamus ( ''Bundesministerium des Innern'' ) ''.'' A cewar Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Jamus, goyon bayan da gwamnati ke bai wa waɗannan makarantu "yana taimakawa wajen shawo kan shingayen al'adu, don isar da hoton ƙasarmu na zamani da bambancin ra'ayi, da kuma ƙarfafa ƙwarewar harshen Jamus a wasu ƙasashe." <ref>{{Cite web |title=German schools abroad – where children from different cultures meet |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/kulturdialog/04-schulen |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Federal Foreign Office |publisher=Government of Germany}}</ref> Sauran misalan makarantun ƙasashen waje waɗanda ba na Ingilishi ba sun haɗa da: * Makarantun Faransa a ƙasashen waje sun sami karbuwa daga Hukumar Ilimin Faransanci na Gwamnatin Faransa a Waje ( {{Lang|fr|Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger}} ). * Nihonjin gakkō - Makarantun Japan da ke ƙasashen waje waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta gwamnatin Japan ta amince da su ({{Lang|ja|文部科学省, Monbu-kagaku-shō}} ). == Manhaja ta Manhaja == Manhajojin karatu a makarantun ƙasashen duniya da ake amfani da su a harshen Ingilishi galibi suna dogara ne akan ilimi a Burtaniya, ilimi a Amurka, ko manhajoji da aka tsara musamman don makarantun ƙasashen duniya, kamar Takaddun Shaidar Ilimi na Gabaɗaya na Duniya ko Shirin Difloma na IB . Waɗannan manhajojin ilimi na ƙasashen duniya sun himmatu ga ƙasashen duniya, suna haɓaka ɗan ƙasa na duniya, suna samar da yanayi don koyo mai kyau, da kuma koyarwa a cikin yanayi na duniya wanda ke haɓaka fahimta, 'yancin kai, dogaro da juna, da haɗin gwiwa . Kamar sauran makarantu, makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa suna koyar da fasahar harshe, lissafi, kimiyya, ilimin ɗan adam, fasaha, ilimin motsa jiki, fasahar bayanai, da fasahar ƙira. Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a makarantun firamare sun haɗa da Shirin Shekarun Firamare na IB (PYP) da Manhajar Firamare ta Duniya (IPC). Ana bayar da ilimin sakandare ta hanyar sake ƙaddamar da Shirin Tsakiyar Shekaru na IB (MYP) da kuma sake haɓaka Manhajar Karatu ta Tsakiya ta Duniya (IMYC). Kwanan nan, ƙaddamar da Manhajar Karatu ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta Shekarun Farko (IEYC) a shekarar 2016 ya samar da manhajar karatu ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ɗaliban farko masu shekaru 2-5, wanda ya kai makarantu 500 da kuma wuraren karatu na farko tsakanin 2016 da 2021. A shekarar 2013, makarantu 3,063 ne ke bayar da manhajar karatun digiri na biyu a duniya a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ofqual finds that the IB Diploma Programme prepares students well for university study |url=http://www.ibo.org/facts/schoolstats/progcombinationsbyregion.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050328/http://www.ibo.org/facts/schoolstats/progcombinationsbyregion.cfm |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.ibo.org}}</ref> da kuma makarantu sama da 1000 da ke bayar da IEYC, IPC da/ko IMYC a duk faɗin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crystal |date=2021-04-22 |title=International Primary Curriculum {{!}} Fieldwork Education |url=https://fieldworkeducation.com/curriculums/primary-years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422205257/https://fieldworkeducation.com/curriculums/primary-years |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Fieldwork Education |language=en-gb}}</ref> Manhajar karatun za ta iya dogara ne akan ilimin ƙasar da makarantar ta fara samu. Makarantun da ke cikin Ƙungiyar Makarantun Duniya (iSC) suna ba da manhajar karatu ta Rarraba Ilimi ta Ƙasashen Duniya ( ISCED ). Wannan shine tsarin koyarwa na yau da kullun ga makarantun Amurka. Ilimi a makarantar sakandare ya haɗa da manyan azuzuwan kamar [[Turanci]], Harsunan Waje, [[Lissafi]], Ilimin Jiki, [[Ilmi|Kimiyya]], [[Ilimin zamantakewa|Nazarin Zamantakewa]], da Fasaha Mai Kyau, tare da ƙarin azuzuwan ESL ( Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu ) ga ɗaliban da za su iya buƙatarsu. Bugu da ƙari, ɗalibai na iya zaɓar shirye-shiryen Advanced Placement (AP) don shirya don ilimin matakin kwaleji, musamman a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . == Malaman makarantu na duniya == Malamai a makarantun ƙasashen duniya galibi suna samun takardar shaidar ko kuma suna da takardar shaidar ƙasashen da suka fito. <ref name="Savva, M. 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Savva |first=M. |year=2013 |title=International schools as gateways to the intercultural development of North-American teachers |journal=Journal of Research in International Education |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=214–227 |doi=10.1177/1475240913512589 |s2cid=147492246}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-06 |title=iran international school |url=https://hakim.school/en/ |access-date=2026-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana yawan yin ɗaukar ma'aikata a manyan bukukuwan baje kolin ayyukan yi na ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda Majalisar Makarantun Ƙasashen Duniya (CIS) ke gudanarwa, inda makarantu za su iya yin hira da kuma ɗaukar malamai da dama a lokaci guda. <ref name="CIS">{{Cite web |title=Recruitment Fairs |url=http://www.cois.org/page.cfm?p=1104 |access-date=2025-10-28 |publisher=Council of International Schools}}</ref> Akwai kuma wasu hukumomi kaɗan da suka ƙware wajen ɗaukar malamai daga ƙasashen waje. Tsawon shekaru ya zama da wahala a ɗauki matasa malamai daga ƙasashen waje, wani ɓangare saboda damuwar tsaro da kuma yanayin da ake ciki na rashin kyawun tsarin biyan diyya. A wasu ƙasashe, kamar [[Koriya ta Kudu]], canje-canjen biza na baya-bayan nan sun sa ya fi wahala a sami malamai masu cancanta da waɗanda ba su cancanta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea closes B.C. school: 14 teachers caught in 'bureaucratic nightmare' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/offshore-international-school-south-korean-cbis-1.4087304 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.cbc.ca}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kashi 33% na makarantun ƙasashen duniya an rarraba su a matsayin masu magana da harsuna biyu, tare da Turanci a matsayin babban harshen. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Continued growth for international K-12 schools with greater emphasis on mid-market segment |url=https://monitor.icef.com/2020/09/continued-growth-for-international-k-12-schools-with-greater-emphasis-on-mid-market-segment/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=ICEF Monitor - Market intelligence for international student recruitment |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kashi 52% na makarantun ƙasashen duniya suna ba da tsarin ilimi na Burtaniya, kusan kashi 20% suna ba da Shirin Baccalaureate na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, kuma kashi 21% suna ba da ilimin irin na Amurka. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Machin |first=Dr Denry |date=2020-11-08 |title=International Schooling: A story of growth, growth and growth (so far…) |url=https://medium.com/eddi-educational-digest/international-schooling-a-story-of-growth-growth-and-growth-so-far-e32d67c78c8f |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=EDDi: Educational Digest |language=en}}</ref> A kididdiga, ɗaliban makarantun ƙasashen waje sun sami maki mafi girma na jarrabawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya: * Matsakaicin maki na IBDP a makarantun ƙasashen duniya ya kasance 33.6 cikin 45. Matsakaicin ɗaliban IBDP a duniya ya kasance 29.63. <ref name=":4" /> * A cikin cancantar shiga Jami'a ta Ci gaba a Amurka, ɗaliban makarantun ƙasashen waje sun sami matsakaicin maki na jarrabawar AP na 3.54 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin maki na 2.91 a duniya. Matsakaicin maki shine 5. <ref name=":4" /> * A cikin Matakan A na Duniya, kaso na maki A ya kasance 34%, yayin da matsakaicin Burtaniya ya kasance 25.5%. <ref name=":4" /> An kuma sami ƙaruwa a Manhajar Ƙasa ta Ingila da Manhajar Cambridge a matsayin zaɓin manhaja a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata. <ref name=":4" /> Makarantu kuma suna ɗaukar tsarin koyarwa da koyo iri ɗaya don samar da ƙarin sassauci. <ref name=":4" /> [[File:Harrow_International_School_Bangkok.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Makarantar Harrow International School Bangkok, wata makaranta ta duniya a Thailand]] == Girma == Tare da ƙaruwar yanayi kamar ƙaura daga jami'an diflomasiyya ko tafiye-tafiyen mishan, an sami ƙaruwar buƙatar makarantun ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":0" /> Musamman a farkon karni na 20, an sami ci gaba a makarantun ƙasashen duniya a duk faɗin duniya. A shekarar 2011, an kafa makarantu 345 na ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":1" /> A cewar Bayanan Bincike na ISC, akwai jimillar makarantu 7,655 na ƙasashen duniya da aka yi wa rijista a duk faɗin duniya. Wannan ya kai ga makarantu 12,373 na ƙasashen duniya da aka yi wa rijista a watan Yulin 2021. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Data |url=https://iscresearch.com/data/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=ISC Research |language=en-GB}}</ref> Adadin ɗaliban da ke halartar makarantun ƙasashen duniya ya kuma ƙaru daga miliyan 3.54 zuwa miliyan 5.68 tun daga shekarar 2011. <ref name=":2" /> A watan Afrilun 2007, akwai makarantu 4,179 na ƙasashen duniya da ke amfani da Turanci, waɗanda ake sa ran za su tashi tare da haɗin gwiwar duniya . A [[New Delhi|birnin New Delhi]], masu shiga gasar kammala karatun sakandare ta Cambridge International Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) a duk duniya sun karu da kusan kashi 20% idan aka kwatanta da sauran daliban da suka shiga gasar a bara. Wannan ci gaban ya tabbatar da matsayin Cambridge IGCSE a matsayin manhajar karatu ta duniya mafi shahara a duniya, da kuma ta [[Indiya]] ga yara 'yan shekara 14 zuwa 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Casa dei Bambini Montessori Preschool |url=https://casadeibambini.edu.vn/ |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Student accommodation close to the University of Birmingham {{!}} Unihousing |url=https://unihousing.co/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=unihousing.co}}</ref> Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya su ne manyan wurare a fannin ci gaban makarantu na duniya. Rijistar ɗalibai a makarantun ƙasashen duniya da ke [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta ƙaru da kashi 20% tun daga shekarar 2015, inda ta kai ɗalibai miliyan 1.7 da suka yi rajista. <ref name=":3" /> Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya karu da kashi 35.5% kuma gabashin Asiya ya karu da kashi 33.3% tun daga lokacin. Kudancin Asiya ta sami mafi girman hauhawar ci gaba da kashi 64.6% tun daga shekarar 2015. <ref name=":3" /> A shekarar 2023, Adam Poole na [[Jami'ar Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta Beijing|Jami'ar Nazarin Harkokin Waje ta Beijing]] da Tristan Bunnell na Jami'ar Bath sun bayyana cewa akwai makarantu kusan 900 a China "wadanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa"; a cewar marubutan, kusan kashi 66% na waɗannan makarantu sun mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar ɗaliban 'yan ƙasar Sin kuma galibin malaman 'yan ƙasar Sin ne, Poole da Bunnell sun yi jayayya cewa waɗannan makarantun "wani lokaci ana sanya su a matsayin 'makarantun ƙasa ''da'' ƙasa'". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poole |first=Adam |last2=Bunnell |first2=Tristan |date=March 26, 2023 |title=Diluting, decoupling, and dovetailing: Considering new metaphors for understanding the changing international school landscape in China |journal=[[Journal of Research in International Education]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/14752409231160710}}</ref> == Suka == Hannah Smith ta ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' ta rubuta a shekarar 2013 cewa ɗaliban makarantun ƙasashen duniya da yawa suna ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe da wurare akai-akai. Da yawa sun ruwaito cewa suna jin cewa ba su da wani wuri da suke da asali ko asali. Yawancin ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya ana kiransu da yara na al'adu na uku (TCKs). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mayberry |first=Kate |date=18 November 2016 |title=Third Culture Kids: Citizens of everywhere and nowhere |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20161117-third-culture-kids-citizens-of-everywhere-and-nowhere |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi == Ƙungiyoyin makarantu na duniya da ayyukan yi: * CIS * Ƙungiyar Makarantun Kirista ta Duniya * FOBISIA * Cognita * Ayyukan Makarantun Ƙasashen Duniya * Ilimi na Nord Anglia * Kwalejojin Duniya na Ƙasar * Makarantun Inganci na Ƙasashen Duniya * Makarantun da ke ba da Digiri na Ƙasashen Duniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3bxcgu71843xmbppnbxqirwg9o45nzt 965761 965760 2026-10-10T11:48:32Z Arcdanumma047 38699 965761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ISPP_International_School_of_Phnom_Penh_Cambodia.jpg|thumb| Makarantar Duniya ta Phnom Penh Cambodia]] '''Makarantun ƙasashen duniya''' makarantu ne na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke haɓaka ilimi a cikin yanayi ko tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa . Duk da cewa babu wani tsari ko sharudda iri ɗaya, makarantun ƙasashen duniya galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ma'aikata na ƙasashen duniya, koyarwa a harsuna da yawa, manhajoji da suka mayar da hankali kan ra'ayoyi da darussa na duniya, da kuma haɓaka ra'ayoyi kamar zama ɗan ƙasa na duniya, [[Sadarwar al'adu|fahimtar]] al'adu daban -daban; <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=What Makes a School International? {{!}} The International Educator (TIE Online) |url=https://www.tieonline.com/article/87/what-makes-a-school-international- |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.tieonline.com |language=EN}}</ref> yawancinsu makarantu ne masu zaman kansu. Many international schools adopt a curriculum from programmes and organisations such as the International Baccalaureate, Cambridge International Education, European Baccalaureate, Edexcel, FOBISIA, International Primary Curriculum, or Advanced Placement. International schools often follow a curriculum different from the host country, catering mainly to foreign students, such as members of expatriate communities, international businesses or organisations, diplomatic missions, or missionary programmes. Admission is sometimes open to local students to provide qualifications for employment or higher education in a foreign country, offer high-level language instruction, and/or foster cultural and global awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-19 |title=The Importance of International Schools |url=https://ambassadorpolt.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/the-importance-of-international-schools/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Ambassador Michael C. Polt (ret) |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Makarantar farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa za a iya samo ta ne daga Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Geneva, wacce Arthur Sweetser da Ludwik Rajchman suka kafa a shekarar 1924, tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin harsuna biyu ( [[Turanci]] da [[Faransanci]] ). Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an kafa Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Yokohama a Yamate, [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fundamentals of Educational Planning – 92 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000180396 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Waɗannan makarantu suna kula da yara 'yan asalin ƙasashen waje. Waɗannan za su iya haɗawa da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu wa'azi, sojoji, ma'aikatan kasuwanci da aka tura zuwa ofisoshin ƙasashen waje, da sauransu. Misali zai zama yaran sojojin Amurka da ke halartar Makarantar Tsaro Masu Dogara (DoDDS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense Primer: DOD Dependents Overseas Schools (DODDS) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13070 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> == Sharuɗɗa == A wani taro da aka gudanar a [[Italiya]] a shekarar 2009, Ƙungiyar Kula da Laburare ta Makarantu ta Duniya ta fitar da jerin sharuɗɗa don bayyana makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Makes a School International? {{!}} The International Educator (TIE Online) |url=https://www.tieonline.com/view_article.cfm?ArticleID=87 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.tieonline.com |language=EN}}</ref> * Canja wurin ilimin ɗalibi a makarantun ƙasashen duniya * Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaura (fiye da na makarantun jiha ko na gwamnati) * Ƙungiyar ɗalibai masu harsuna daban-daban da na ƙasa da ƙasa * Manhajar karatu ta ƙasa da ƙasa * Takardar shaidar ƙasa da ƙasa (misali Majalisar Makarantun Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Babbar Digiri ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Babbar Digiri ta Turai, Karatun Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Cambridge da sauransu) * Malamai na wucin gadi da na ƙasashen duniya daban-daban * Rijistar ɗalibai ba ta zaɓe ba * Yawanci, [[Turanci|harshen Turanci]] na koyarwa, tare da wajibcin ɗaukar aƙalla ƙarin harshe ɗaya akan Duk da haka, malamai ba sa jituwa kan ainihin ƙa'idodin da ya kamata a mayar da hankali a kansu. Abubuwa kamar tarihin ƙasashen duniya, al'adu, da hangen nesa a cikin manhajar ilimi suna sa makaranta ta zama "ta duniya". Duk da cewa ƙasar ɗalibai tana taka muhimmiyar rawa, yadda ake isar da ilimin yana da mahimmanci. <ref name=":1" /> == Harsunan koyarwa == Duk da cewa makarantun ƙasashen duniya masu harshen Ingilishi su ne suka fi yawa, akwai makarantu da yawa na ƙasashen duniya da ke koyarwa galibi a cikin wasu harsuna. Misali, akwai makarantu 140 na Jamus a ƙasashen waje waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ta Jamus ta amince da su kuma wani ɓangare nasu suna ba da kuɗaɗen tallafi ta hanyar Hukumar Tsakiya ta Makarantun Jamus a Ƙasashen Waje ( ''Zentralstelle für das Auslandschulwesen'' ) da Ofishin Gudanarwa na Tarayya ( ''Bundesverwaltungsamt'' ) wanda ke cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta gwamnatin Jamus ( ''Bundesministerium des Innern'' ) ''.'' A cewar Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Jamus, goyon bayan da gwamnati ke bai wa waɗannan makarantu "yana taimakawa wajen shawo kan shingayen al'adu, don isar da hoton ƙasarmu na zamani da bambancin ra'ayi, da kuma ƙarfafa ƙwarewar harshen Jamus a wasu ƙasashe." <ref>{{Cite web |title=German schools abroad – where children from different cultures meet |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/kulturdialog/04-schulen |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Federal Foreign Office |publisher=Government of Germany}}</ref> Sauran misalan makarantun ƙasashen waje waɗanda ba na Ingilishi ba sun haɗa da: * Makarantun Faransa a ƙasashen waje sun sami karbuwa daga Hukumar Ilimin Faransanci na Gwamnatin Faransa a Waje ( {{Lang|fr|Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger}} ). * Nihonjin gakkō - Makarantun Japan da ke ƙasashen waje waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta gwamnatin Japan ta amince da su ({{Lang|ja|文部科学省, Monbu-kagaku-shō}} ). == Manhaja ta Manhaja == Manhajojin karatu a makarantun ƙasashen duniya da ake amfani da su a harshen Ingilishi galibi suna dogara ne akan ilimi a Burtaniya, ilimi a Amurka, ko manhajoji da aka tsara musamman don makarantun ƙasashen duniya, kamar Takaddun Shaidar Ilimi na Gabaɗaya na Duniya ko Shirin Difloma na IB . Waɗannan manhajojin ilimi na ƙasashen duniya sun himmatu ga ƙasashen duniya, suna haɓaka ɗan ƙasa na duniya, suna samar da yanayi don koyo mai kyau, da kuma koyarwa a cikin yanayi na duniya wanda ke haɓaka fahimta, 'yancin kai, dogaro da juna, da haɗin gwiwa . Kamar sauran makarantu, makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa suna koyar da fasahar harshe, lissafi, kimiyya, ilimin ɗan adam, fasaha, ilimin motsa jiki, fasahar bayanai, da fasahar ƙira. Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a makarantun firamare sun haɗa da Shirin Shekarun Firamare na IB (PYP) da Manhajar Firamare ta Duniya (IPC). Ana bayar da ilimin sakandare ta hanyar sake ƙaddamar da Shirin Tsakiyar Shekaru na IB (MYP) da kuma sake haɓaka Manhajar Karatu ta Tsakiya ta Duniya (IMYC). Kwanan nan, ƙaddamar da Manhajar Karatu ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta Shekarun Farko (IEYC) a shekarar 2016 ya samar da manhajar karatu ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ɗaliban farko masu shekaru 2-5, wanda ya kai makarantu 500 da kuma wuraren karatu na farko tsakanin 2016 da 2021. A shekarar 2013, makarantu 3,063 ne ke bayar da manhajar karatun digiri na biyu a duniya a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ofqual finds that the IB Diploma Programme prepares students well for university study |url=http://www.ibo.org/facts/schoolstats/progcombinationsbyregion.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050328/http://www.ibo.org/facts/schoolstats/progcombinationsbyregion.cfm |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.ibo.org}}</ref> da kuma makarantu sama da 1000 da ke bayar da IEYC, IPC da/ko IMYC a duk faɗin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crystal |date=2021-04-22 |title=International Primary Curriculum {{!}} Fieldwork Education |url=https://fieldworkeducation.com/curriculums/primary-years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422205257/https://fieldworkeducation.com/curriculums/primary-years |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Fieldwork Education |language=en-gb}}</ref> Manhajar karatun za ta iya dogara ne akan ilimin ƙasar da makarantar ta fara samu. Makarantun da ke cikin Ƙungiyar Makarantun Duniya (iSC) suna ba da manhajar karatu ta Rarraba Ilimi ta Ƙasashen Duniya ( ISCED ). Wannan shine tsarin koyarwa na yau da kullun ga makarantun Amurka. Ilimi a makarantar sakandare ya haɗa da manyan azuzuwan kamar [[Turanci]], Harsunan Waje, [[Lissafi]], Ilimin Jiki, [[Ilmi|Kimiyya]], [[Ilimin zamantakewa|Nazarin Zamantakewa]], da Fasaha Mai Kyau, tare da ƙarin azuzuwan ESL ( Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu ) ga ɗaliban da za su iya buƙatarsu. Bugu da ƙari, ɗalibai na iya zaɓar shirye-shiryen Advanced Placement (AP) don shirya don ilimin matakin kwaleji, musamman a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . == Malaman makarantu na duniya == Malamai a makarantun ƙasashen duniya galibi suna samun takardar shaidar ko kuma suna da takardar shaidar ƙasashen da suka fito. <ref name="Savva, M. 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Savva |first=M. |year=2013 |title=International schools as gateways to the intercultural development of North-American teachers |journal=Journal of Research in International Education |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=214–227 |doi=10.1177/1475240913512589 |s2cid=147492246}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-06 |title=iran international school |url=https://hakim.school/en/ |access-date=2026-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana yawan yin ɗaukar ma'aikata a manyan bukukuwan baje kolin ayyukan yi na ƙasashen duniya, kamar waɗanda Majalisar Makarantun Ƙasashen Duniya (CIS) ke gudanarwa, inda makarantu za su iya yin hira da kuma ɗaukar malamai da dama a lokaci guda. <ref name="CIS">{{Cite web |title=Recruitment Fairs |url=http://www.cois.org/page.cfm?p=1104 |access-date=2025-10-28 |publisher=Council of International Schools}}</ref> Akwai kuma wasu hukumomi kaɗan da suka ƙware wajen ɗaukar malamai daga ƙasashen waje. Tsawon shekaru ya zama da wahala a ɗauki matasa malamai daga ƙasashen waje, wani ɓangare saboda damuwar tsaro da kuma yanayin da ake ciki na rashin kyawun tsarin biyan diyya. A wasu ƙasashe, kamar [[Koriya ta Kudu]], canje-canjen biza na baya-bayan nan sun sa ya fi wahala a sami malamai masu cancanta da waɗanda ba su cancanta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea closes B.C. school: 14 teachers caught in 'bureaucratic nightmare' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/offshore-international-school-south-korean-cbis-1.4087304 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.cbc.ca}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kashi 33% na makarantun ƙasashen duniya an rarraba su a matsayin masu magana da harsuna biyu, tare da Turanci a matsayin babban harshen. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Continued growth for international K-12 schools with greater emphasis on mid-market segment |url=https://monitor.icef.com/2020/09/continued-growth-for-international-k-12-schools-with-greater-emphasis-on-mid-market-segment/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=ICEF Monitor - Market intelligence for international student recruitment |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kashi 52% na makarantun ƙasashen duniya suna ba da tsarin ilimi na Burtaniya, kusan kashi 20% suna ba da Shirin Baccalaureate na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, kuma kashi 21% suna ba da ilimin irin na Amurka. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Machin |first=Dr Denry |date=2020-11-08 |title=International Schooling: A story of growth, growth and growth (so far…) |url=https://medium.com/eddi-educational-digest/international-schooling-a-story-of-growth-growth-and-growth-so-far-e32d67c78c8f |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=EDDi: Educational Digest |language=en}}</ref> A kididdiga, ɗaliban makarantun ƙasashen waje sun sami maki mafi girma na jarrabawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya: * Matsakaicin maki na IBDP a makarantun ƙasashen duniya ya kasance 33.6 cikin 45. Matsakaicin ɗaliban IBDP a duniya ya kasance 29.63. <ref name=":4" /> * A cikin cancantar shiga Jami'a ta Ci gaba a Amurka, ɗaliban makarantun ƙasashen waje sun sami matsakaicin maki na jarrabawar AP na 3.54 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin maki na 2.91 a duniya. Matsakaicin maki shine 5. <ref name=":4" /> * A cikin Matakan A na Duniya, kaso na maki A ya kasance 34%, yayin da matsakaicin Burtaniya ya kasance 25.5%. <ref name=":4" /> An kuma sami ƙaruwa a Manhajar Ƙasa ta Ingila da Manhajar Cambridge a matsayin zaɓin manhaja a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata. <ref name=":4" /> Makarantu kuma suna ɗaukar tsarin koyarwa da koyo iri ɗaya don samar da ƙarin sassauci. <ref name=":4" /> [[File:Harrow_International_School_Bangkok.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Makarantar Harrow International School Bangkok, wata makaranta ta duniya a Thailand]] == Girma == Tare da ƙaruwar yanayi kamar ƙaura daga jami'an diflomasiyya ko tafiye-tafiyen mishan, an sami ƙaruwar buƙatar makarantun ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":0" /> Musamman a farkon karni na 20, an sami ci gaba a makarantun ƙasashen duniya a duk faɗin duniya. A shekarar 2011, an kafa makarantu 345 na ƙasashen duniya. <ref name=":1" /> A cewar Bayanan Bincike na ISC, akwai jimillar makarantu 7,655 na ƙasashen duniya da aka yi wa rijista a duk faɗin duniya. Wannan ya kai ga makarantu 12,373 na ƙasashen duniya da aka yi wa rijista a watan Yulin 2021. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Data |url=https://iscresearch.com/data/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=ISC Research |language=en-GB}}</ref> Adadin ɗaliban da ke halartar makarantun ƙasashen duniya ya kuma ƙaru daga miliyan 3.54 zuwa miliyan 5.68 tun daga shekarar 2011. <ref name=":2" /> A watan Afrilun 2007, akwai makarantu 4,179 na ƙasashen duniya da ke amfani da Turanci, waɗanda ake sa ran za su tashi tare da haɗin gwiwar duniya . A [[New Delhi|birnin New Delhi]], masu shiga gasar kammala karatun sakandare ta Cambridge International Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) a duk duniya sun karu da kusan kashi 20% idan aka kwatanta da sauran daliban da suka shiga gasar a bara. Wannan ci gaban ya tabbatar da matsayin Cambridge IGCSE a matsayin manhajar karatu ta duniya mafi shahara a duniya, da kuma ta [[Indiya]] ga yara 'yan shekara 14 zuwa 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Casa dei Bambini Montessori Preschool |url=https://casadeibambini.edu.vn/ |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Student accommodation close to the University of Birmingham {{!}} Unihousing |url=https://unihousing.co/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=unihousing.co}}</ref> Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya su ne manyan wurare a fannin ci gaban makarantu na duniya. Rijistar ɗalibai a makarantun ƙasashen duniya da ke [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta ƙaru da kashi 20% tun daga shekarar 2015, inda ta kai ɗalibai miliyan 1.7 da suka yi rajista. <ref name=":3" /> Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya karu da kashi 35.5% kuma gabashin Asiya ya karu da kashi 33.3% tun daga lokacin. Kudancin Asiya ta sami mafi girman hauhawar ci gaba da kashi 64.6% tun daga shekarar 2015. <ref name=":3" /> A shekarar 2023, Adam Poole na [[Jami'ar Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta Beijing|Jami'ar Nazarin Harkokin Waje ta Beijing]] da Tristan Bunnell na Jami'ar Bath sun bayyana cewa akwai makarantu kusan 900 a China "wadanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin makarantun ƙasa da ƙasa"; a cewar marubutan, kusan kashi 66% na waɗannan makarantu sun mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar ɗaliban 'yan ƙasar Sin kuma galibin malaman 'yan ƙasar Sin ne, Poole da Bunnell sun yi jayayya cewa waɗannan makarantun "wani lokaci ana sanya su a matsayin 'makarantun ƙasa ''da'' ƙasa'". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poole |first=Adam |last2=Bunnell |first2=Tristan |date=March 26, 2023 |title=Diluting, decoupling, and dovetailing: Considering new metaphors for understanding the changing international school landscape in China |journal=[[Journal of Research in International Education]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/14752409231160710}}</ref> == Suka == Hannah Smith ta ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' ta rubuta a shekarar 2013 cewa ɗaliban makarantun ƙasashen duniya da yawa suna ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe da wurare akai-akai. Da yawa sun ruwaito cewa suna jin cewa ba su da wani wuri da suke da asali ko asali. Yawancin ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya ana kiransu da yara na al'adu na uku (TCKs). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mayberry |first=Kate |date=18 November 2016 |title=Third Culture Kids: Citizens of everywhere and nowhere |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20161117-third-culture-kids-citizens-of-everywhere-and-nowhere |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi == Ƙungiyoyin makarantu na duniya da ayyukan yi: * CIS * Ƙungiyar Makarantun Kirista ta Duniya * FOBISIA * Cognita * Ayyukan Makarantun Ƙasashen Duniya * Ilimi na Nord Anglia * Kwalejojin Duniya na Ƙasar * Makarantun Inganci na Ƙasashen Duniya * Makarantun da ke ba da Digiri na Ƙasashen Duniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1kcqrgpk0zifvfnbd0gg2bvoq2uigxa